Research ROTC Group-3
Research ROTC Group-3
Research ROTC Group-3
A Research Paper
Presented to
The Senior High School Faculty of the
Ilocos Norte College of Arts and Trades
By
December 2022
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter I: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study.................................................................................................................4
Statement of the Problem.................................................................................................................6
Significance of the Study.................................................................................................................6
Scope and Delimitation....................................................................................................................8
Definition of Terms..........................................................................................................................8
Chapter II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Local Literatures…………………………………………………………………………………10
Local Studies……………………………………………………………………………………..11
Foreign Literatures……………………………………………………………………………….12
Foreign Studies…………………………………………………………………………………..14
Synthesis…………………………………………………………………………………………16
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Chapter V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary........................................................................................................................................32
Conclusions....................................................................................................................................34
Recommendations..........................................................................................................................35
Bibliography..................................................................................................................................37
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CHAPTER I
Introduction
organization that trains people to become officers in the armed forces, so that they are
ground for army reserve members. “The most prominent argument on behalf of ROTC is
the traditional “citizen soldier” rationale, which emphasizes how ROTC can broaden the
military’s exposure to high levels of the civilian mind. In this line of argument, officers
trained by ROTC are more likely to balance military virtues with a commitment to the
Discontent over ROTC - its content, conduct, the competence of its training staff
and the corruption that often plagued the individual units - had been well known for
years. Casual surfing of Filipino student websites often reveals short essays or articles
about the perceived pointlessness of the program. Student groups also occasionally took
up the matter in their roster of grievances." (ARESCOM, 2016) Not only was its
application deemed ineffective, but students also suffer from unjust offices who abuse
their powers.
ROTC made its most controversial past in 2001 when a student of the University
of Santo Tomas filed a formal complaint against his superiors exposing heavy allegations
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of corruption in his ROTC unit. His lifeless body was seen floating in Pasig River on
March 18, 2001. The incident triggered student groups to held rallies; signature
campaigns for the abolition of the ROTC program and paved the way for the passage of
Republic Act 9163 better known as the National Service Training Program Act of 2001
which was eventually signed into law on January 23, 2002. (PINEDA-ALVAREZ, 2022)
“Bong bong Marcos, Jr. urges the law makers to pass is the mandatory Reserve Officers
Training Corps (ROTC) for students. This created a huge scene on the internet especially
the senior high school students expressing their thoughts not favoring it, but some still
slammed President Ferdinand Marcos Jr.’s push to make the Reserve Officers’ Training
Corps (ROTC) and the National Service Training Program (NSTP) mandatory for senior
high school programs (grades 11 and 12). “Amid a crisis on student dropouts and mental
health problems, Marcos’ solution is to add to the burden of students by forcing them to
go under ROTC,” said Akbayan Youth, the Student Council Alliance of the Philippines
The issue has driven the researchers to study about it. The researchers aim to
discover the prospected results of joining the mandatory ROTC and how they view the
said program. The researchers will select Senior High School Students at Ilocos Norte
College of Arts and Trades, they are chosen as they are the one who is most likely to be
Corps Program for Senior High School by President Ferdinand Bongbong Marcos Jr.
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Statement of the Problem
At the end of the study, the researchers aim to answer the following questions with
regards to the Perceptions of Senior High School Students in Ilocos Norte College of Arts and
1.1 Age
1.2 Sex
1.4 Track
1.5 Strand
2. What are the Perceptions of Senior High School Students to the Reinstatement of
3. What are the Perceived Problems can arise when ROTC will be implemented
mandatorily?
This study aims to know the Perception of Senior High School students at Ilocos Norte
College of Arts and Trades to the Reinstatement of Mandatory Reserve Officers Training Corps
To the Students: The goal of this study is to increase awareness among Senior
High School Students who will participate in the ROTC program, whether its mandatory
implementation is ever made a reality. Students can use this as a reference point to help
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To the Parents or Guardians: They are the ones who are responsible for guiding
and taking care of their children. They can utilize this study as a reading tool whether
To the Teachers: It is beneficial to the teachers as they are the one who are
guiding the students in their academics. Hence, them being aware about how their
students viewed the program can be a basis on what advice they could give.
To the School Administrators: They can encourage, direct, and advise teachers
in the use of instructional approaches, principles, and tools. And to help the teacher do his
To the DepEd: The result of this study can be a basis for their decision making.
They can get information that could help them in knowing what to improve and what the
To the ROTC Officers: They can utilize this study as a reading resource that can
increase their understanding of the program's issues. The officers play a significant part
program.
To the Future Researchers: They can utilize this study to assist researchers in
being aware of and informed about the procedures entailed in the ROTC program. They
would become better analysts as a result, and it would be useful as a future source of
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Scope and Delimitation
This study will focus on the Perceptions of the Senior High School students in the
Reinstatement of Mandatory Reserve Officers’ Training Corps in the Philippines under President
Ferdinand Bongbong Marcos Jr. Administration. The respondents of the study will compose of
The researchers believe that they can obtain non-bias Perceptions of Senior High School
Students in INCAT towards the Reinstatement of Mandatory ROTC, as the school is one of the
Definition of Terms
as a law or custom.
• ROTC - The Reserve Officers Training Corps is a military institution that prepares
individuals to enter the military as officers so they are prepared to participate in military
• Senior High School- SHS refers to Grades 11 and 12, the final two years of the K to 12
Basic Education Program. Students in SHS must complete a basic curriculum as well as
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• Strand – an area of study under an academic track that senior high school students must
• Track- The choice of career track will define the content of the subjects a student will
take in Grades 11 and 12. Each student in Senior High School can choose among three
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CHAPTER II
Presented in this chapter are foreign and local literatures and studies gathered from books
and online resources used by the researchers in the pursuit of this paper in order to have a more
accurate study. This helped the researchers have a better understanding and a wider perspective
on this study
LOCAL LITERATURES
Republic Act No. 9163: An act establishing the national service training program
(NSTP) for the tertiary level students, amending for the purpose RA No. 7077 PD No. 1706,
Following the passage of Republic Act 9163, an Act Establishing the National Service
Training Program (NSTP), unlike the ROTC, on the other hand, lets college students to choose
and complete at least one of its three components to be able to graduate for a period of only two
(2) academic semesters (6) : the ROTC program, which provides military training; Literacy
Training Service (LTS), which provides training on teaching basic reading and math; and Civic
community welfare, such as caring for the environment, public safety, health, sports, and
In an interview with Ramon Farolan of the Philippine Daily Inquirer. July 8, 2013
“What is needed to support the Armed Forces is a citizen army of well-trained reserves
that can make life difficult for any invader. Just as the threat of war with Japan served as an
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impetus for the build-up of our Armed Forces before World War II, let us use the threats that
come from bullies in the neighborhood to prepare our youth for the defense of the homeland. It is
time to restore the mandatory two-year basic ROTC military training program that existed in the
past. Whatever mistakes or abuses were committed then should not be allowed to happen again.”
Said Brig. Gen. Rolando Jungco, Commander, Armed Forces of the Philippines Civil Relations
Service (CRS).
LOCAL STUDIES
Senator Sherwin Gatchalian said Wednesday the survey he commissioned Pulse Asia to
conduct has resulted in 69 percent of Filipinos agreeing to the proposed implementation of the
Gatchalian said about 71 percent of the respondents in the National Capital Region and
78 percent in the Visayas support mandatory ROTC in senior high school while 67 percent in
Balance Luzon and 64 percent in Mindanao also say they support the proposal.
B, C (71 percent) and D (71 percent), compared to Class E (54 percent). The survey had 1,200
University in terms of Human Resource, Physical Facilities, Budget and Finance, Policy and
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Guidelines and Training were assessed as Serious. However, with regards to Logistics and
Equipment this was assessed as Moderately Serious. It shows that there are several problems
The Senior High School students agreed on the implementation of mandatory ROTC but
some students mentioned that ROTC must not be mandatory. Leadership has the most common
answers by the respondents. The Senior High School of Philippine Pasay Chung Hua Academy
said that the ROTC can make Filipino to be more patriotic since they will go through on how to
focus as a leader and protect themselves, as well as the people around them.
FOREIGN LITERATURE
Service in different countries has three foremost objectives namely: to allow students to grasp
basic military skills and theory and enhance their understanding of defense and consciousness of
national security. On an article by John Chan in World Socialist Web Site on the 10th day of
May 2007- Chinese government is imposing nationwide military training for students of the
country to achieve not only the three main goals of the latter but also to strengthen the
government should call for a compulsory national military training for students in high school
and tertiary level and how it will affect their educational record.
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ROTC, the Citizen-Soldiers, and the Civil-Military Gap
Scholarship is one of the reasons why a student of the American government underwent
this course. On the article written by David L. Leal, Students in Uniform: ROTC, the Citizen-
Soldiers, and the Civil-Military Gap, it tells in details how and when the ROTC rooted in the
country, what are the parallel benefit if a student will participate in the said course and the equal
The Pendulum Swing: The Fall and Return of ROTC to Elite Campuses, and Why It
Matters
In the United States of America there was a time that this course was banned mainly
because of lack of academic standards and some instructors and students believed that this is just
a dummy for the military during the Vietnam War last 1960. Universities that banned this
program include the most notable institutions in the United States like Harvard, Yale, Princeton,
Brown, Dartmouth, Stanford and Columbia, also known as the elite schools in higher education.
In the article “The Pendulum Swing: The Fall and Return of ROTC to Elite Campuses, and Why
It Matters” by Donald Downs, the author/writer give the good standing why the ROTC is needed
to be reinstated in the elite universities and how this program can be beneficial with the school
Who will be best fit to enter the ROTC in America? Young fitted men or women? This
was the question answered in the book of Michael S. Neiberg entitled: Making Citizen-Soldiers:
ROTC and the Ideology of American Military Service. In this book, it focuses the discussion on
the history of ROTC in America; its creation and evolution, who founded the program and where
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the concept came from. It also gives a short review on the pathways that the course had gone
Does the Probability of Compulsory Military Training Pose a Problem for the Public
Schools?
During the time of the Pres. Roosevelt, those young boys aged 16 to 19 are put in training
with the compulsory in nature. There are several records showing the rise and fall of the number
of young boys who entered the said course. The best place to have this training was in a public
school. This has been justified in the article of Lewis Paul Todd, “Does the Probability of
FOREIGN STUDIES
Bidding for Army Career Specialties: Improving the ROTC Branching Mechanism
Tayfun Sonmez, “Bidding for Army Career Specialties: Improving the ROTC Branching
Mechanism”, this study gave a reasonable solution on how to increase the number of participants
of the training corps. It tackles on modifying the merit and incentives system so that it will
encourage numbers of students and they will no doubt participate in the program of the
institution. This study gave an emphasis on the “priority-based system” which is most effective
Developing Leaders through High School Junior ROTC: Integrating Theory with Practice
Developing Leaders through High School Junior ROTC: Integrating Theory with Practice
of Robert C. Funk is a study that deals on how to develop leadership at the high school level.
This study aims to maximize the participation of the high school student in the leadership
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training dubbed as JROTC. The author viewed that it would enhance the knowledge of the
student in leadership skills, their understanding of their part as a citizen of the country and their
personal growth.
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SYNTHESIS
Since its inception, ROTC has aimed to instill in young people a sense of nationalism and
patriotism through appropriate instruction, preparing them to become disciplined leaders and
citizens who can join the militia to defend the nation. As per the history of ROTC in the country,
the program was developed with the intention of improving students as citizens and the
heightened quality protection that they can provide. The objectives of ROTC are entirely
nationalistic in nature, despite issues that have arisen during their execution in the past and in the
present. The objectives of ROTC in other nations, meanwhile, focus more on helping students to
understand military theory and skills as well as increasing public awareness of defense and
national security. In contrast, they are more militaristic in nature and pay less attention to how
ROTC might help students develop their leadership and sense of self. Although American studies
investigated strategies to expand the number of students who enroll in ROTC and proposed
alterations to the program’s operation to encourage more students to engage and develop their
leadership abilities. All the literatures have shown information about ROTC that could give the
readers a motivation as a determining factor for them whether to enter or not to the ROTC
program. Local studies have shown that students do agree on the ROTC program but there are
several problems that needs to be address to as per seen to the previous implementations at
Taguig City University. While the given foreign studies focus on giving the information that ties
to the benefits a person can attain upon joining ROTC. The studies given in general, reflects the
motivations of ROTC implementation in schools across many nations, demonstrating if they are
more patriotic or military in nature and engage in the self-development of the students.
Furthermore, the acquired information can be utilized as guide to help ROTC in the Philippines
be improve for a better and more thorough application that can reduce the abuse that arises from
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incorrect implementation of the program. Moreover, all the given literatures and studies gives the
researchers a basis and an additional knowledge in conducting the study entitled; Perceptions of
Senior High School Students in Ilocos Norte College of Arts and Trades to the Reinstatement of
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This Chapter presents the procedure and processes employed in the conduct of the study.
It includes the research design, locale of the study, population and sampling technique,
RESEARCH DESIGN
The researchers will conduct this study using Case Study research design. A case study is a
its real-world context. It is a well-established research design that is widely utilized in many
fields, particularly the social sciences. (Crowe et al., 2011). The researchers believe that this
research design is appropriate in conducting the study as they are to obtain insights from the
Corps Program. Qualitative research is a process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks an in-depth
understanding of social phenomena within their natural setting. It focuses on the "why" rather
than the "what" of social phenomena and relies on the direct experiences of human beings as
meaning-making agents in their everyday lives. (University of Utah College of Nursing, (n.d.).)
The researchers will conduct this study at the Ilocos Norte College of Arts and Trades
located along P. Gomez St. 5 San Pedro, Laoag City, Ilocos Norte. In 1908, Ilocos Norte College
of Arts and Trades was founded as the Laoag Provincial Trade School. In the year 2021, the
school was opened for a complete elementary and two-year secondary trade curriculum. But the
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Elementary Department was phased out in 1934 due to the increase of the number of enrollment
and retaining the Secondary Trade Curriculum which now include Home Economics for girls.
Republic Act 906 was passed converting the Laoag Provincial Trade School into National
School of Arts and Trades known as “Ilocos Norte College of Arts and Trades”, and the
Mission. To protect and promote the right of every Filipino to quality, equitable, culture-
based, and complete basic education where: Students learn in a child-friendly, gender-sensitive,
safe and motivating environment. Teachers facilitate learning and nurture every learner.
Administrators and staff, as stewards of the institution, ensure an enabling and supportive
environment for effective learning to happen. Family, community, and other stakeholders are
Vision. We dream of Filipinos who passionately love their country and whose values and
competencies enable them to realize their full potential and contribute meaningfully to building
the nation.
The target population of this study is the Grade 11 and 12 students both Academic and
Technical Vocational and Livelihood Track from the Ilocos Norte College of Arts and Trades.
The researchers will choose their respondents using a Quota Sampling Technique. Quota
who represent a population. These individuals are chosen by researchers based on unique
characteristics or attributes. They decide and create quotas in order for research samples to be
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useful in data collection. These samples are representative of the overall population. Fleetwood
(n.d.)
The researchers will determine their total number of samples using the Slovin’s Formula.
Slovins’s formula is used to calculate an appropriate sample size from a population. Glen, (n.d.).
After the researchers determined their total sample size, they’re going to distribute their
respondents.
Slovin’s Formula:
𝑁
𝑛=
1 + 𝑁𝑒 2
Where:
n= Number of Samples
N= Total Population
e= Error Tolerance
Given:
n= ?
N= 1876
e= 10% or 0.10
Solution:
1676
𝑛=
1 + 1676(0.10)2
n= 94.37 or 94
Distribution of Respondents
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Formula:
Distribution of Respondents
Grade 11
Academics
ABM
Ayala 42 2
Sy 41 2
Caktiong 44 2
Gokongwei 38 2
HUMSS
Carino 45 3
Carandang 48 3
Castillo 47 3
Corona 47 3
Canlas 47 3
Concepcion 47 3
TVL
Sison 33 2
Daza 27 2
Gatcalian 36 2
Hallden 32 2
Mariott 34 2
Ford 41 2
Edison 47 3
Franklin 46 3
Daichi 51 3
Robert 40 2
Strauss 38 2
51
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Table 2. Distribution of Respondents (Grade 12)
Distribution of Respondents
Grade 12
Academics
ABM
Ernst 40 2
Gorres 39 2
Sycip 41 2
Velayo 39 2
Young 42 2
HUMSS
Bernas 39 2
Briones 43 2
Monsod 43 2
Ocampo 42 2
Salonga 39 2
Santiago 42 2
TVL
Ramsay 46 3
Sentosa 44 2
Hyatt 48 3
Altis 35 2
Vios 35 2
Ohms 50 3
Alcaraz 30 2
Gates 42 2
Palafox 26 2
43
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INSTRUMENTATION FOR DATA GATHERING
The researchers will use a survey questionnaire and interview to gather the necessary data.
The questions are designed to know the Perception of the Implementation of Mandatory ROTC
for Senior High School students of Ilocos Norte College of Arts and Trades.
The questionnaire is divided into three parts. The first part is used to determine the profile
of the respondents. The variables needed were determined and asked for in the profile part of the
questionnaire. The second part was the questions designed for obtaining the Perceptions of the
Senior High School Students to the Reinstatement of Mandatory Reserve Officers’ Training
Corps Program. The third part is used to determine the perceived problems if ROTC will be
Open-ended questions are questions that do not provide participants with a predetermined set of
answer choices, instead allowing the participants to provide responses in their own words,
Albudaiwi (n.d.).
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CHAPTER IV
This chapter presents detailed evaluation of data analysis and the results of this study.
The researchers interpret the results thoroughly from the 94 respondents’ answer from the survey
questionnaire given which aims to determine the Perceptions of Senior High School Students in
Ilocos Norte College of Arts and Trades to the Reinstatement of Mandatory Reserve Officers
A technique known as narrative analysis was used in this study. The purpose of narrative
Researchers could employ this strategy to work with small groups of participants to collect
diverse and open-ended speech in order to achieve a better grasp of the meanings people attach
First, the researchers thoroughly organized the responses gathered. The study of raw data
resulted in the initial identification of the relevant codes. The researchers then evaluated these
codes throughout time, noting similarities and differences in order to group them. Based on
groups of comparable codes, the categories were constructed and structured to address the
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First Section: Respondent’s Profile
Moving on to the second section which contains the main questions for the study, there
were five themes that emerged in the perceptions of Senior High School Students to the
The first theme that was generated is it mobilized students for military defense
preparedness and disaster preparedness. Respondent 9 “highlighted this by stating that this
program will include basic military training to motivate, train, organize, and utilize students for
national defense preparedness.” Respondent 41 also added, “for its benefits, we can learn about
the basic self-defense, and it will teach us to not rely on anyone but yourself. It also provide
students with basic military education and training for military defense.” Also, respondent 42
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said “to be prepared for possible service in the defense establishment during the event of an
emergency.” It is clear that those respondents who agree weigh its benefits of attaining
preparedness not only in the military of the country but also during at times of emergency such
as disasters. The involvement of universities and colleges in the ROTC program is essential in
supporting the implementation of the program. The educational institutions will be able to
observe how students will contribute to the country’s peace, security and national development
program. More so, the program provides students with significant opportunities and benefits. The
young-molded cadets can acquire tacit knowledge on leadership and national defense
preparedness allowing them to become scholars and be among those to participate in the ROTC
For the second theme namely, good head start or training ground to immerse yourself in
pursuing a military career, respondent 62 said that “people seeking for military career in the
future can have a head start and apply the skills they obtain in college.” Given that ROTC entails
military training, it can be an edge for those individuals who will partake in a military career
journey in college. Likewise, respondent 43 states that “it benefits me since I’m planning to
pursue a military career in college.” Respondent 43 viewed this program as an opportunity for
him. He believes that entering this program may help him to attain prior knowledge before going
to college and take a military course. Prior knowledge has long been considered the most
important factor influencing learning and student achievement. The amount and quality of prior
knowledge positively influence both knowledge acquisition and the capacity to apply higher-
In connection to that, another theme was revealed in this study namely, it provides world
class leadership development. Respondent 32 said that “This program offers world-class
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leadership development as well as possibilities for team building and networking." To
corroborate her answer, here’s an article of Montesi published in 2018, The ROTC program
provides world-class leadership development, as well as valuable team building and networking
opportunities. It also opens the door to specialized training with your local unit, which could
include airborne, air assault, medical training, and other technical skills. If you’re interested in
The theme threat to safety as fraternity and Sorority is prone to arise with this kind of
things. Respondent 6 highlighted that “the process of joining these groups is unbearable and is
terribly wrong. Hazing and Abuse between cadets and commander may arise which is
detrimental to the core purpose of reinstating Mandatory ROTC to Senior High Schools which
President Ferdinand Bongbong Marcos Jr. stated.” Respondent 18 added that “hazing has been a
huge issue in military schools, thus hazing might arise during the mandatory ROTC program.”
Also, respondent 51 said that “hazing and abuse is one of the potential issues that might arise.
Some instructors might be harsh to the students, although it has not happened, it is a big
possibility.” The reasons of the respondents for why they disagree about ROTC’s reinstatement
is mostly due to their safety, given that fraternities and sororities have high possibility to arise.
Hazing includes, but is not limited, to any form of initiation "rite of passage" or congratulatory
act that involves physically striking another in order to inflict pain; piercing another’s skin in any
manner; forcing or requiring the consumption of excessive amounts of food, alcohol, drugs, or
acts. Soliciting or coercing another to participate in any such activity is also considered hazing.
Hazing need not involve physical contact among or between military members or employees; it
can be verbal or psychological in nature. Hazing has at times occurred during graduation
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ceremonies or similar military "rites of passage." However, it may also happen in day-to-day
As for the theme unbearable intense training and will just add unnecessary burden to
students. Respondent 3 added that “many of the students will complain about their time being
use in ROTC instead of having some rest after a long weekday”; also, the statement of
respondent 18 that “he does not feel comfortable with the suggestion of reinstating ROTC since
such journey might be unbearable due to intense physical training. However, he recognizes still
that it is essential for the protection of the country.” The training a student receives in Army
ROTC provides leadership development, military skills and career training, Today’s Military,
(n.d.). Intensive training will be held at a military camp in Bagacay village, Hinabangan Samar.
After the rigid training, they will be enlisted into the Philippine Army with the rank of
private, Meniano S. (2019). Those two articles are relevant to the answers of the highlighted
answers of the two respondents. Given that, the two are hesitant due to unbearable journey of
intense training, these two articles confirmed it that ROTC training entails training like a military
skills training; the second one states that a military training here in the Philippines was intense.
ROTC
With the gathered data, majority of the respondents agreed to the Reinstatement of
Mandatory ROTC Program given that it can enhance their abilities both physical and social skills
or capabilities. The respondents believe that implementing the ROTC program will benefit their
physical and character development, such as alertness, bravery, being more skilled, disciplined,
and respectful. As respondent 69 said, “it may improve my self-confidence, physical body,
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endurance, stamina and help you discipline yourself”; Respondent 71, “this program help
students to be more brave, skilled, to be well-disciplined, and also respectful”; and respondent
83, “it enhances one’s mental skills to build confidence, concentration, and composure.”
According to the various perspectives of senior high school students, the ROTC Program can
“mobilize students for military defense preparedness and disaster preparedness.” Respondent 66
said that “I agree to its reinstatement as its sole objective is to train and mobilize students for
national defense preparedness”; Respondent 77, “Like South Korea, our country need this as
well, in order to immerse the youth to be ready to any emergency or disaster in our country.”
Additionally, the respondents recognized that “ROTC instills nationalism and patriotism” and
can be “an advanced practice to those who will take military-related courses in college.” The
respondents believe that ROTC is seen to promote a culture of discipline and responsibility;
and provides training that will develop students' leadership skills. However, contrary to the given
perceptions that are mentioned, there are also respondents who disagreed some of them noted
that “joining can yield to brotherhood within but it should be voluntary.” They also stated that “it
should not be mandatory but voluntary instead since not all have the same health conditions”.
Respondents also noted that the said program can “add burden to students’ since there is already
a lot of work to do in school and is giving stress and pressure to them. And last, some of the
students said that it shouldn't be mandatory because not everyone seeks to be in a military career
and the journey might be unbearable and a brutal act is highly possible to appear if ever the
program is implemented.
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Benefits of Joining ROTC
According to the data acquired, respondents list common advantages of joining the ROTC.
First on the list is learning the basics of self-defense, which, by joining it, not only enables them
to defend themselves but also others. Additionally, training aids in their emotional and physical
fitness. Being able to defend yourself raises your confidence and sense of self-worth. These
advantages are only a few of the many advantages of learning self- defense. Respondents'
answers also say that it can help foster a culture of discipline and responsibility. It's not
necessary to teach students how to carry and discharge a gun when ROTC is a school
requirement. The ROTC teaches valuable values that will shape young people into responsible
citizens, such as discipline, voluntarism, and compassion for others. Respondents believe that
joining the ROTC program will be a good head start or training ground to immerse themselves in
pursuing a military career. ROTC provides them with the training needed to succeed in
tomorrow's competitive world while pursuing a military career and a rewarding future. Preparing
for a lifetime of success in the corporate world begins with ROTC, which enables them to
develop leadership and management skills that give them a competitive edge. Respondents also
noted that the said program can provide world-class leadership development. Leaders inspire
others inside and beyond the chain of command to pursue actions, concentrate thinking, and
shape decisions for the benefit of the organization by enlisting in the ROTC. Giving orders is
only a small part of what it takes to be a leader. There are several ways you can have an impact
on people. And lastly, respondents said that it would improve patriotism. The purpose of the
ROTC program is to lay a strong foundation for instilling nationalism and patriotism in young
people so they can grow up to be valuable members of society who have the abilities,
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knowledge, and moral fiber to support and defend the national institutions and sovereignty of
their country.
If mandatory ROTC is implemented, the respondents assume that "physical abuse and
violence" can possibly arise if they are joining ROTC. The other respondents also answered it
can affect their "physical and mental health". As noted in respondent 70’s answer,
According to the various respondents of Senior High School students, the ROTC program can
"unbearable intense training and will just add unnecessary burden to students" as the statement of
respondent 18 goes “he does not feel comfortable with the suggestion of reinstating ROTC since
such journey might be unbearable due to intense physical training. However, he recognizes still
that it is essential for the protection of the country.” Additionally, "Sexism to the LGBTQ
members is also one of the perceived problems" because they believe of due to its contempt and
lack of compliance with the actual gender that is eligible for ROTC, many respondents oppose it
and don't agree with it. As noted in respondent 64’s answer, “it only promotes discrimination and
sexism especially to gay students.” Sexism refers to discrimination or prejudice based on gender
or sex, typically against women. Stanford Student Affairs (n.d.) Lastly, the respondents also said
that it gives "Threat to safety as Fraternity and Sorority is prone to arise with this kind of thing".
Since other gangs like these just want conflict due to their fighting prowess and expertise.
Respondent 76 said that “haze and abuse by cadet has a big possibility to happen.” Fraternities
and sororities, more importantly, have serious issues that need to be talked about more. Sexual
assault happens often in fraternities and racism, which is easily excused. One of the most
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dangerous things in Greek life is hazing, known as the process of joining a sorority or fraternity.
Bruen, (2022).
CHAPTER V
This chapter presents an overall summary of the research work undertaken, the conclusions
drawn, and the recommendations made as an outgrowth on the Perceptions of Senior High
School Students in Ilocos Norte College of Arts and Trades to the Reinstatement of Mandatory
Summary
The primary objective of this study was to determine the Perceptions of Senior High
School Students in Ilocos Norte College of Arts and Trades to the Reinstatement of Mandatory
Reserve Officers’ Training Corps Program. In addition, the findings and results of this study
To identify their different perceptions on how they view the said program, the researchers
used Snowball sampling technique to ensure the participation of all students in their respective
track and strand. Moreover, the researchers used a survey questionnaire as their data instrument,
and it was distributed to 94 Senior High School Students as their respondents in Ilocos Norte
College of Arts and Trades. Based on a thorough analyzation of data gathered, the following are
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• It was revealed that the common reasons why a senior high school student agreed upon
its implementation are: will benefit their physical and character development, such as
alertness, bravery, being more skilled, disciplined, and respectful; Mobilize students for
• The reasons behind those students who disagreed upon its mandatory implementation are:
it should not be mandatory but voluntary instead since not all have the same health
• It was also revealed that the respondents recognized some of the benefits of joining this
program. These are learning the basics of self-defense, aids in their emotional and
physical fitness, help foster a culture of discipline and responsibility, good head start or
• The perceived issues that might arise if ever that Mandatory Reserve Officers’ Training
Corps Program will be implemented are: Physical abuse and violence; Mental health
issues may arise due to stress during trainings; Inconsideration of physical/medical issues
such as asthma and other health problems; Unbearable intense training and will just add
unnecessary burden to students; Sexism to the LGBTQ members; And threat to safety as
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Conclusions
• The researcher concludes that the benefits of joining the mandatory ROTC namely, learn
preparedness.
o Learning the basic self-defense can be a benefit to the students of the mandatory
behave and have a controlled manner. ROTC trains the students to be disciplined
o ROTC can also help the students to be a leader and help them to be more
too.
o Military preparedness will also the benefits of joining the mandatory ROTC.
Students who are exposed on trainings will have the opportunity to be prepared in
• The researchers conclude that the perceived problems if ROTC will be implemented that
arose with our respondents namely, physical abuse and violence, burden to students, it
affect their physical and mental health, lack of financial, threat to safety as fraternity and
sorority.
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o Physical abuse and violence can be one of the reasons why students can't support
o Burden to students is also one of the perceived problems of the students because
many of them have other responsibilities to work on. This problem can definitely
affect their studies. Instead of doing the school-works, some students spend their
time on training.
o Students also answered that it can affect their physical and mental health.
Students also said that mandatory ROTC can cause stress to some students.
During training it can affect their physical health such as increased heart and
o Students also answered that lack of finance is the perceived problem if the ROTC
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusion presented, the following recommendations are
suggested:
asked questions regarding mandatory reserve officers training corps program. They
may organize various seminars to further informing the students about its benefits and
perceived problems that might arise and how are those can be prevented.
implementation was granted, it should be open for both male and females.
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• The researchers suggest to the Cadet Officers to be mindful in their actions and not to
be very abusive and exploitative. Since one of the common reasons o those who
disagreed upon its mandatory implementation is “physical abuses.” They must not be
• Finally, the researchers recommends to the future researchers to study about the
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Bibliography
The Freeman (2022) ROTC inculcates values to prepare Filipino youth in nation-building. The
freeman. https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2022/09/08/2208142/rotc-inculcates-
values-prepare-filipino-youth-nation-building
content/uploads/sites/4/2017/08/army-policy-hazing.pdf
Montesi J. (October 25, 2018) ROTC Benefits: The Financial and Personal Advantages of
Participation. https://www.apu.edu/articles/rotc-benefits-the-financial-and-personal-advantages-
of-participation/
Bruen M. (June 7, 2022) The Lamp Online. The Toxicity of Fraternities and
Sororities.https://hclamponline.com/4138/features/the-toxicity-of-fraternities-and-
sororities/#:~:text=Fraternities%20and%20sororities%2C%20more%20importantly,joining%20a
%20sorority%20or%20fraternity.
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