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Social Psychology Canadian 7th Edition Myers Test Bank

Chapter 01 - Introducing Social Psychology

Chapter 01
Introducing Social Psychology

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following questions is NOT likely to be addressed by social psychologists?

A. Are our social beliefs self-fulfilling?
B. In what ways do other people influence our attitudes and actions?
C. What situations trigger people to be helpful or greedy?
D. Is human development a continuous process or does it proceed through a series of stages?

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Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 01-01 What is Social Psychology?
Topic: 01-01 What Is Social Psychology?

2. Compared with ______, social psychology focuses less on differences among individuals,
and more on how individuals, in general, view and affect one another.
A. sociology
B. clinical psychology
C. personality psychology
D. cultural psychology

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Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 01-01 What is Social Psychology?
Topic: 01-01 What Is Social Psychology?

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Chapter 01 - Introducing Social Psychology

3. Cinderella's Prince had trouble recognizing her in her home as opposed to the ballroom
where they met. This observation reflects
A. the power of the situation.
B. the importance of cognition.
C. the power of the person.
D. common-sense psychology.

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Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 01-01 What is Social Psychology?
Topic: 01-01 What Is Social Psychology?

4. Social psychology is the scientific study of

A. how people influence one another.
B. how people change over time.
C. how people interact with one another.
D. how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.

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Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 01-01 What is Social Psychology?
Topic: 01-01 What Is Social Psychology?

5. The first social psychology text was published

A. in the early 1930s, when researchers examined the effects of deprivation on aggression and
altruism.
B. in World War I, when psychologists conducted studies of social conflict and cooperation.
C. in World War II, when researchers performed studies of persuasion and soldier morale.
D. in the early 1900s, shortly after social psychology experiments began to be conducted.

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Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 01-01 What is Social Psychology?
Topic: 01-01 What Is Social Psychology?

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Chapter 01 - Introducing Social Psychology

6. The first social psychology experiments were reported

A. just two centuries ago.
B. just over a century ago.
C. just 75 years ago.
D. just after World War I.

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Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 01-01 What is Social Psychology?
Topic: 01-01 What Is Social Psychology?

7. According to the text, which of the following processes shape(s) human behaviour?
A. Intuitions only
B. Personal attitudes and dispositions only
C. Social influences only
D. Intuitions, personal attitudes and dispositions, and social influences

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Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 01-02 What are the Major Themes of Social Psychology?
Topic: 01-02 How Much of Our Social World is Just in Our Heads?
Topic: 01-04 Would You Help Others? Or Help Yourself?

8. Sarah is taking a psychology class and has a particular view about human behaviour. She
strongly believes that humans are bio-psycho-social organisms, and that biological processes
are the roots of social behaviour. Sarah is most likely to endorse what type of perspective on
human behaviour?
A. Sociological
B. Social psychology
C. Social neuroscience
D. Biological

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Learning Objective: 01-02 What are the Major Themes of Social Psychology?
Topic: 01-10 Social Behaviour Is Biologically Rooted

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difference to the chiropractor whether the condition was called bronchitis
or bronchopneumonia, for if adjustments are given at the beginning
results will be obtained before a diagnostician would be able to make a
positive diagnosis.
Children with pneumonia should not be permitted to lie in one
position for any length of time. A constant change in the position is
essential to prevent the accumulation of the exudate in a localized area.
The child may be more easily cared for and made more comfortable by
being held in the arms of an adult. This will permit frequent changing of
the child’s position with very little disturbance to the child. In all cases of
pneumonia plenty of fresh air is essential, but if there is any bronchitis,
care must be exercised that the air is not too cold. In cases involving
hepatization there is no danger of having the air too cold.

Symptoms of Lobar Pneumonia

Lobar pneumonia is not so frequent in infants as is bronchopneumonia

although it does occur occasionally in early infancy. The previous health
of the child seems to make little difference, since it often occurs in the
strong and robust children. As a matter of fact, the strong child is more
likely to contract this form of pneumonia.
There are three stages in lobar pneumonia. There is: first, the
congestion; second, the red hepatization, in which the lung becomes
filled with a fibrant exudate containing red blood corpuscles; the third
stage, that of gray hepatization, wherein the exudate undergoes a
decomposition. These stages are of little importance to the chiropractor,
except to indicate the degree of momentum attained by the
incoördination. The first symptoms usually consist in loss of appetite,
general weakness and headache. There is restlessness, excessive thirst,
dry skin and a high temperature. There is rapid pulse and the respirations
are from forty to fifty per minute. During the night the child is restless
and slightly delirious. Occasionally there are convulsions, but this is very
rare.

Equation and Family

The chiropractor is concerned chiefly in the location of the

incoördination and the family involved. In order to determine the family
it is first necessary to know the functions that are abnormally involved.
From the symptoms given we observe readily that all cases of
pneumonia, of whatever type, will be in the fever family, but it is quite
obvious that this is not the only family involved. From the symptoms
manifest we recognize that there is hyperemia and exudate, that this
exudate undergoes degeneration and thus becomes of a toxic nature. The
fever, or C+ condition, is exaggerated by the presence of this poison
being retained in the body. This gives us an overlapping of the poison
and the fever families.

Major Adjustment

The major for the poison family is K.P.; for the fever family C.P., the
local being Lu.P.; therefore, the combination major is lung place, center
place, and kidney place. In making an analysis of the infant with
pneumonia it is of the utmost importance to select the specific vertebra in
these different regions. Although the patient will have quite a
temperature, in many cases a hot box may be detected in the spine. In
endeavoring to find a hot box in the spine of an infant the back of the
patient should be exposed for sufficient length of time to eliminate the
possibility of the temperature being greater at one point than at another
because of clothing that may have been heavier at one point than at
another.
The vertebra causing the impingement at lung place may be either
second or third dorsal. This should be determined by very careful
palpation and by the presence of the hot box. We cannot emphasize too
greatly the necessity for very careful palpation, since in the child nerve
tracing can very seldom be used. In severe cases it may be necessary to
adjust as often as once every six hours. With careful conscientious work
on the part of the chiropractor, there should be very little danger in losing
a patient, even in the most severe cases, and if the adjustments are given
in the early stages of the dis-ease, the more marked symptoms will not
develop, results will be shown in a very few hours and the child will
recover in a short time.

ASTHMA

The type of asthma found among adults very seldom affects infants.
The most common form is associated with mild attacks of bronchitis and
is of a catarrhal nature. The attacks are very likely to accompany or be
associated with different incoördinations involving the bronchi. In some
cases the attacks seem to be exaggerated by certain kinds of food which
the child eats. It is thought by some that attacks are brought on by the
indigestion of some foreign protein. These proteins are very numerous
and it is very difficult to determine the particular food in which the
offending protein is found. In some patients an attack of asthma may be
brought on by the eating of eggs. From a chiropractic standpoint we do
not consider that the cause of asthma is in the food which the child eats,
although there might be an interference with transmission which would
impede the normal processes of digestion, this would result in the
production of a poison which might produce certain symptoms. This,
however, does not change the fact that when the subluxations are
properly adjusted the incoördinations will disappear, regardless of the
kind of food that the patient eats.

Symptoms

The acute attack of asthma is accompanied with slight fever and acute
catarrhal symptoms. Later the typical asthmatic symptoms appear in
which there is a constriction of the bronchi due to spasms of the
unstriped muscular fibers. There is hyperemia in the mucous membrane
and a slight exudate. Usually the tonsils are enlarged and there are
adenoid growths. There is more or less severe dyspnea, moderate
cyanosis and, in severe cases, prostration. The peculiarity in respiration
consists in a short inhalation with slow, labored exhalation. Dyspnea may
be so severe that it is impossible for the child to breathe lying down.
There is an almost constant dry teasing cough. Many infants suffering
from asthma are inclined to be rachitic.

Equation

The functions involved are motor and calorific; C+ for the heat in the
mucous membrane lining the bronchi and M+ for the contraction,
muscular contraction in the bronchi, with T+ for the accumulation of the
mucin.

Family

This condition involves two families, the fever and spasms family.
Major Adjustment

Asthma is caused by a subluxation in the lower cervical or the upper

dorsal region, producing pressure upon the nerves which transmit mental
impulses to the pharynx and bronchi, interfering primarily with the
motor function. The major adjustment is lower cervical or upper dorsal
in combination with kidney place.
 CHAPTER VI
DIGESTIVE TRACT
 CHAPTER VI
DIGESTIVE TRACT

GASTRITIS

Incoördinations of the stomach alone are less frequent in infancy than

are those of the intestines. Usually the stomach and intestines are
involved at the same time and it becomes impossible to differentiate the
two. The greater part of digestion during infancy takes place in the
intestinal tract, the stomach acting more as a receptacle for the milk from
which food passes slowly into the intestinal tract to be properly digested.
In an infant one month old the stomach will be empty one and one-half
hours after nursing; in bottle-fed babies it will take a little longer. From
two to eight months of age the time is about two hours for breast-fed
babies and from two and a half to three hours for those taking cow’s
milk.

Symptoms

The symptoms of gastritis come on very suddenly with pain and

tenderness in the epigastric region, and with a high temperature which
after the onset decreases. There is thirst, loss of appetite, and vomiting.
The vomited matter is usually sour and may be streaked with blood. If
there is an excessive amount of blood it indicates ulcers. This is rather
unusual, however, in small children. Vomiting is excited by anything
taken into the stomach. The thirst is intense, although the water will be
vomited as soon as taken. The tongue is heavily coated and the breath is
foul. If these symptoms continue intestinal symptoms will soon develop.
The different kinds of gastritis are given as: catarrhal, ulcerative,
membranous and corrosive; but the symptoms are all very much the
same and from a chiropractic standpoint a knowledge of the particular
pathology would be of no value as the adjustment would be the same. In
these cases the difference, or rather specific diagnosis, cannot be made,
medically, until after the autopsy. In the ulcerative type the condition is
more prolonged and there is a greater tendency to hemorrhage which
results in a greater amount of blood in the material vomited. Corrosive
gastritis is the result of a corrosive poison being taken into the stomach,
such as carbolic acid.
Major Adjustment

From a chiropractic standpoint it is immaterial what form of gastritis

the child may be suffering from with the exception of the corrosive type
which may require the administration of an antidote. In this event the
condition passes out of the realm of Chiropractic the same as any other
traumatic condition. The adjustment in all cases of gastritis the same as
in any other incoördination of the stomach is S.P. If there are symptoms
which indicate that the poison family is involved the combination would
include K.P.
If adjustments are given at the onset results will be obtained almost
instantly. The temperature will soon be reduced, the pain will be relieved
and in a remarkably short time the symptoms will all disappear.

CHRONIC GASTRITIS

There are no characteristic peculiarities associated with gastritis when

it becomes chronic. There is no advantage in differentiating the chronic
from the acute. The symptoms are somewhat less severe, and run a
longer course. There is vomiting following meals. Between meals there
will be a regurgitation of the food. This form of indigestion is not
common among infants but may be found with older children. The most
prominent symptom is that of malnutrition. There is restlessness at night,
loss of appetite, constant loss of weight and anemia.

Major Adjustment

The adjustment in the case of chronic gastritis is the same as in the

acute attacks. Stomach place is the condition of the stomach with kidney
place for the elimination of the waste products which result from the lack
of digestion. The kidney place adjustment is also to correct any
abnormality in the serous circulation resulting from faulty digestion.

STOMATITIS

Dr. James N. Firth, in his “Chiropractic Symptomatology,” states that

“There are five forms of stomatitis, viz.: simple, ulcerative, follicular,
thrush and gangrenous.” It is not our thought to cover this subject in
detail as he has done, but only to point out that which is characteristic of
stomatitis in infants and small children. In this incoördination the
mucous membrane lining the mouth becomes inflamed and swollen. The
mouth is hot and the lips dry. The child is fretful and even though hungry
refuses to nurse or will cry while trying to nurse. There is quite an
increase in the secretion of saliva.
Stomatitis in infants often accompanies the acute febrile dis-eases or
may appear alone. There will be more or less indigestion with possibly
some diarrhea. If the condition remains for a great length of time the
child becomes emaciated from the lack of food ingestion.
It is not necessary for us to take up the different forms of stomatitis
since the adjustment is the same in all cases. Upon the first indication of
stomatitis or the slightest symptom of sore mouth, the infant should
receive prompt attention. Strict hygienic measures should be used,
especially if the child is being bottle fed.

Equation

In stomatitis the equation is C+ for the simple form; for the

suppurative form it is N.C.R.

Family

Simple stomatitis is classified in the fever family. The other forms

involve the poison and degeneration families.

Major Adjustment

The adjustment for simple stomatitis is S.P. in combination with

M.C.P. If there is any suppuration involving the poison and
degenerations family the major will include K.P.

GLOSSITIS

Glossitis is not very common among infants. It is an inflammatory

condition of the tongue with hyperemia and swelling. There is usually a
slight temperature and the swelling may involve the mucous membrane
of the mouth. The tongue may be so greatly swollen that it becomes very
difficult for the child to take food. Glossitis is often associated with
stomatitis or any involvement of the mucous membrane of the mouth.
Equation

The equation for glossitis is C+ with T+ for the hyperemia. If there is

suppuration it is N.C.R.

Family

This condition is in the fever family overlapping the degenerations

family in case of suppuration.

Major Adjustment

The major adjustment for glossitis is S.P. and in cases involving

suppuration K.P.

STENOSIS OF THE PYLORUS

There are two types of stenosis of the pylorus in infancy. One is a

stenosis due to a muscular spasm of the pylorus called a pylorospasm.
The other is a stenosis due to a hypertrophy of the pylorus known as
hypertrophic stenosis of the pylorus. It is possible for both conditions to
be present at the same time. The stenosis may be congenital and is
usually called stenosis of infancy. It is considered a serious condition and
the mortality is very high.
This incoördination is characterized by constipation, persistent
wasting, projectile vomiting, and a marked visible tumor.

Symptoms

The symptoms begin to appear during the first or second week of life.
Up to this time the child may have been gaining and showing all signs of
perfect health. Vomiting is usually the first symptom to appear and this
may be at irregular times but without apparent cause. It soon becomes
very forcible and later projectile. The symptoms of indigestion are
absent; there is no eructations of gas; the breath is sweet and the appetite
is good. There is no evidence of pain and there is no fever, yet the child
steadily wastes and loses in weight.
 The contests of the stomach are sometimes expelled with such force
that the food will be thrown a distance of two or three feet. The food
sometimes comes through the nose. The vomiting takes place
immediately after feeding and sometimes while the child is nursing. The
fact that the child will nurse after vomiting and sometimes will leave the
breast only while the food contents of the stomach are being ejected
shows that the vomiting is not the result of indigestion; the fact that the
food is all expelled at one time and not regurgitated at intervals is further
proof. The food seldom remains in the stomach long enough for gastric
digestion to take place, therefore the vomited food is not digested but it
is just about in the same stage as it was when taken into the stomach. In
some cases, however, the vomiting may not take place immediately; in
some cases the food may even be retained for two or three feedings,
although this is unusual.
The constipation is very obstinate from the fact that the food is
vomited and does not pass into the intestinal tract. In the severe cases the
stools resemble meconium. There is very little fecal matter in the stool.
In the severe cases there is persistent loss of weight which may amount
to two or three ounces per day. The constipation is very marked and the
urine is scanty.
In the mild cases the symptoms are all less marked. The vomiting may
be only occasional, the loss of weight is not so great, fecal matter is
passed in the stools and there may even be a gain in weight at times.
Due to the character of the vomiting which is projectile the symptoms
are sometimes mistaken for cerebral symptoms. The scanty urine and the
vomiting confuse the condition with renal dis-ease. It is not difficult to
distinguish stenosis of the pylorus from gastric indigestion. The latter
rarely develops suddenly, but is very common in infants. The vomiting
usually occurs shortly after feeding.

Equation

If the condition is the result of hypertrophy of the pylorus the equation

is X+. If it is a case of pylorospasm the equation would be M+. The
equation for the loss of weight and wasting is N-.

Family
 The family of the hypertrophic condition of the pylorus would be
tumor family while the pylorospasm would come in the spasms family.

Major Adjustment

The adjustment for this condition would be stomach place in

combination with kidney place. The adjustment results in a relaxation of
the muscular fibers of the pylorus and permits the food to pass from the
stomach. In case of hypertrophic stenosis of the pylorus there is not only
a relaxation of the muscular fibers, but Innate Intelligence removes the
hypertrophy and thus enables the food to pass from the stomach.
Excellent results are obtained in these cases. Care should be exercised in
making the analysis and the adjustments should be given as early in the
progress of the condition as possible.

ACUTE INTESTINAL INDIGESTION

This is quite a common incoördination and is very much more

prevalent in hot weather. It is found often in very young infants, but
more often in children during their second summer. There are many
forms and degrees of acute intestinal indigestion among infants and
small children. The attacks come on usually very abruptly and may be
severe from the beginning. The most outstanding feature of the
incoördination is the characteristic diarrhea. In the mild form the
symptoms develop suddenly with marked gastric disturbances. At the
beginning there is colicky pain and tympanites. There is great
restlessness and typical symptoms of colic. The diarrhea appears in a
very short time. The color of the stool is at first yellow, then it becomes a
yellowish green and finally a grass green. It will usually contain
undigested foods. The odor is very foul, grass green, and very much
thinner than normal. This mild form may develop into the more severe
type or the more severe form may develop suddenly from the very
beginning. The temperature rises rapidly. The skin is hot and dry. At the
beginning the child is very restless and cries a great deal, but later he lies
in a stupor, the eyes are sunken, pulse is weak and there is all the
appearance of an attack of serious illness. There may be anorexia. There
is usually great thirst and nausea and vomiting. In a few hours there is
marked diarrhea. The stools are yellow and of a thin consistency with a
very offensive odor. There is usually much gas expelled. There may be
as many as four or five stools an hour. This incoördination is responsible
for a great many deaths among children. They respond, however, very
quickly to chiropractic adjustments.

Major Adjustment

The subluxation responsible for intestinal indigestion will be found in

the lumbar region, usually upper lumbar. It may be necessary to include
kidney place for the elimination of the products of the indigestion. This
condition is in the fever family overlapping the poison family.

CHOLERA INFANTUM

When the severe type of intestinal indigestion is accompanied with

gastric disturbances and severe vomiting, it is known as cholera
infantum. In this form the temperature rises rapidly and the symptoms
develop quickly and become very severe in a remarkably short time. The
vomiting is very severe and usually appears simultaneously with the
diarrhea. After the stomach has been emptied of food the vomitus
becomes serum and mucous. The contents of the small intestines may
regurgitate into the stomach and be vomited up. Vomiting may be
induced by taking water into the stomach. The stools are frequent, are of
a pale green, yellow or brownish color at the beginning, but later become
almost entirely serous. In the severe cases the bowels may be evacuated
every few minutes. This type differs from that previously described in
that the stools are practically odorless. In rare cases, however, they may
be exceedingly offensive. There is probably no other incoördination
during childhood in which there is such a rapid loss of weight. The
picture which the patient presents is characteristic. There is great
weakness and prostration from the very beginning. The fontanel is
depressed and in some cases there may even be an overlapping of the
cranial bones. The features become sharp, the eyes are deeply sunken
and the angle of the mouth is drawn down. The nose is pinched, the skin
over the forehead is tense and dry, the temples are sunken. There is
pallor, stupor, marked relaxation of the lips and there will be convulsions
and collapse. Statistics show that under medical treatment fully three-
fourths of the cases die.

Major Adjustment
 Most excellent results are obtained in these cases under chiropractic
adjustments. In the severe attacks it will be found necessary to adjust the
child as often as once every six hours. The subluxations will be found at
stomach place and kidney place and middle lumbar. Some very severe
cases have come under our personal observation and in the cases that we
have handled personally the results have been 100%. Such cases must be
analyzed very carefully, and must have the very best care in every way.

CHRONIC INTESTINAL INDIGESTION

Chronic intestinal indigestion is a very common incoördination

affecting children. It is more likely to be found among children who are
artificially fed. Intestinal indigestion is responsible for a great variety of
symptoms that are sometimes considered separate dis-eases.

Symptoms

Children suffering with intestinal indigestion usually present

symptoms of malnutrition. They are anemic, the extremities being
usually very small. The most striking feature of such a case will be the
extremely large abdomen. The colon is usually dilated as are also the
small intestines. There is marked tympanites, which usually increases
during the daytime but diminishes during the night. This is one of the
principal symptoms which differentiate intestinal indigestion from
tubercular peritonitis. Such children are easily fatigued, have a very
sallow complexion with dark rings under the eyes. They are usually very
much below the average weight and are very cross and irritable. They do
not sleep well, often grinding their teeth and crying out in their sleep.
There is usually alternating constipation and diarrhea, the odor of the
stools being very offensive. In extreme cases there may be convulsions
and other cerebral symptoms. There is seldom any fever.

Major Adjustment

The local major subluxation will be found in the lumbar region with
the combination at kidney place. Kidney place is used only when there
has been an accumulation of products of indigestion which makes it
necessary to increase elimination to take care of these products. In many
of these cases the liver is involved and therefore will call for liver place
in combination with kidney place and the local lumbar. These cases will
respond very readily to chiropractic adjustments.

COLIC

Colic is a common incoördination of infancy and is very prevalent

during the first three months. Colic is a symptom rather than a dis-ease
and usually indicates intestinal indigestion or some inflammatory
condition of the intestines. It is characterized by sharp paroxysmal pains
in the intestines. A child who is subject to colic will usually be suffering
also from constipation. The crying of a colicky child is characteristic,
being very violent and paroxysmal, which presently subsides only to be
followed with another attack. During these spells the lower extremities
will be drawn up and the abdomen will be tense from the accumulation
of gas. In mild cases the child will not cry out but will be fretful. This
may be wrongly construed to be the result of hunger. When the attacks of
colic come on the child will show a desire to nurse and will take the
breast as though very hungry. This may be followed by relief from the
pain, but this relief is only temporary and when the pain returns it is
usually more severe. There is probably no incoördination of childhood
that is quite so trying to a chiropractor as an acute attack of colic, due to
the violent crying of the child and the eager desire on the part of the
chiropractor and the attendants to relieve the pain. It is often quite hard
to obtain a correct analysis in such cases because of the difficulty
experienced in getting the child into a proper position for palpation. In
making the palpation the chiropractor should take plenty of time and
should never endeavor to force the child to be still, rather he should
adapt himself to the constant moving about of the infant.

Major Adjustment

The major varies somewhat in these cases so far as a specific vertebra

is concerned, but the local will always be found in the lumbar region,
usually the first or second lumbar vertebra. Kidney place should be used
as a combination.

VOMITING

During nursing the infant swallows quite a little air and not
infrequently this is the cause of vomiting immediately following feeding.
It is not uncommon for an infant to vomit without effort after overfilling
the stomach. This is a natural thing among healthy children and needs no
attention from a corrective standpoint. In such cases the milk is but little
changed.
In gastric indigestion and gastritis vomiting is always present, but in
these cases it does not take place until some time after feeding, perhaps
several hours. In gastritis the vomiting is more constant. In the more
severe cases there will be not only the partially digested food but also
bile and mucus and sometimes traces of blood.
Obstructive vomiting is sometimes found among infants and may be
due to intestinal obstruction or to an obstruction of the pyloris. The
obstruction may be congenital or it may develop after birth. Obstruction
of the pyloris may be the result of hypertrophic stenosis. In this condition
the child vomits immediately following feeding and with great force.
This is thoroughly described in the article on Hypertrophic Stenosis of
the Pylorus. If the obstruction is in the intestinal tract it may be the result
of a congenital malformation or due to intussusception. The vomiting is
forceful and the vomitus may contain fecal matter.
Vomiting is often associated with peritonitis and appendicitis. In these
conditions there is distention of the abdomen with abdominal pains
which may be localized. There may also be a slight temperature.
Vomiting is purely adaptative on the part of Innate Intelligence. The food
cannot be digested and carried through the digestive tract so Innate
realizes that the best thing to do is to free the body from it in the quickest
manner.
Vomiting often precedes such incoördinations as pneumonia, scarlet
fever and malaria and may precede any of the febrile dis-eases. Vomiting
may be produced by the accumulation and absorption of toxines in the
body.
Infants suffering with nervous disorders such as acute meningitis,
tumors of the brain and other central conditions will often have cerebral
vomiting. In this event the vomiting is spontaneous and does not
necessarily occur at feeding time. Other cerebral symptoms present will
aid in determining the analysis.
Vomiting may be produced by the presence of worms that come up
into the throat from the stomach and intestinal tract. Hunger may
occasionally bring on an attack of vomiting. This is more common in
older children than in infants.

RECURRENT VOMITING

This is also known as cyclic vomiting and periodical vomiting. It is

characterized by recurrent attacks which may be weeks or months apart.
They come on without any apparent cause and from the descriptions and
explanations given in medical science very little can be done medically
to control the vomiting which at the end of two or three days will cease
spontaneously. The attacks recur at different intervals, usually less often,
gradually decreasing until they cease altogether when the patient is about
the age of ten or twelve years.

Symptoms

There is loss of appetite and malaise. The pulse becomes rapid and in
some cases there is slight temperature. There is usually headache and
excessive thirst. During the attack of vomiting there is extreme retching
and great distress. The symptoms are similar to migraine in adults. This
condition must be differentiated from tubercular meningitis in which
there is vomiting without apparent cause. The course of the symptoms
will soon enable a positive differentiation. In acute indigestion there is
vomiting, but the history of the case reveals the fact that the attack was
brought on by undigested food. It is very easy to distinguish this type of
vomiting from that of appendicitis, since in appendicitis there is marked
tenderness at McBurney’s point, also pain and the characteristic rigidity
and muscular contraction. In intussusception the symptoms are usually
more severe and there is blood and mucus in the stool.

Major Adjustment

Since there seems to be no particular indication of indigestion or

impaired functions, and no pathological changes, it is evident that the
function involved is that of motor. But regardless of the primary function
that is interfered with a subluxation will be found at S. P. and in most
cases there will be a hot box during the acute attack. The vertebra most
commonly subluxated is the sixth dorsal. In most cases there is no
combination and results will be obtained in a very short time by
adjusting nothing but the S.P. subluxation. In the severe cases it may be
necessary to adjust as often as once every six hours until the vomiting
ceases. Ordinarily the vomiting will cease in a short time and in most
cases marked improvement will be noted after the first adjustment.
Vomiting occurs in gastric indigestion, intussusception, meningitis,
peritonitis, pyloric stenosis, uremic poisoning, and in many other acute
incoördinations.

CONSTIPATION

The first bowel movement after birth is known as meconium and is a

dark brownish-green color, and of a semi-solid consistency. During the
first two or three days the bowels move from four to six times daily. On
the third day the character of the stools begin to change and by the fourth
day the feces has become normal.
The normal stool of a normal nursing infant is about the color of the
yolk of an egg, and may be slightly green. The average amount is about
two ounces daily. The stools should never be watery, but of a butter-like
consistency. During the first few weeks the infant’s bowels will move on
an average of four times daily. After about six weeks the average will be
two a day. The stool changes in character as soon as the child is placed
upon a mixed diet. It then becomes more like that of an adult but remains
softer.
Constipation is one of the most common incoördinations of infancy
and childhood. There are many factors to be considered and many things
that contribute to the condition. In older children habit plays no small
part in aggravating constipation. For this reason the child should be very
carefully trained early in life to obey the first call on Nature in this
respect.
Normally the infant should have two bowel movements a day,
although some have more while others may have only one. Frequent
movements do not, however, mean that the child is not constipated or
costive. With two or three dry hard stools per day the child would be
costive. Constipation is the result of a lack of motor function in the
muscular walls of the intestines while costiveness is the result of a lack
of secretion due to interference with transmission of secretory mental
impulses. The two conditions are often associated. When there is a lack
of motor function in the muscular walls the fecal matter will not be
forced out of the intestinal tract fast enough and much of the moisture
will be absorbed, thus leaving the fecal matter dry and hard. This is not a
true costiveness and should not be mistaken for such.
In costiveness there may be colicky pains which may be increased,
and may at times be quite severe, when the hard dry fecal matter is
passed. The general health of the child may be seemingly normal. In
severe cases hemorrhoids and even hernia may be developed from the
constant straining.

Major Adjustment

These cases are simple and respond readily to chiropractic

adjustments. The combination varies somewhat in different cases. In
constipation the major will be a lumbar vertebra. In costiveness, where
secretions are involved, the combination will include a Li.P. and K. P. In
some cases excellent results are obtained by adjusting ninth dorsal.

INTUSSUSCEPTION

Intussusception is a condition wherein there is a telescoping of the

intestines in which one portion passes into the adjacent portion and
produces an obstruction.
This condition occurs most often in early infancy, although not very
commonly. The most frequent site is at the ileocecal valve. It may,
however, occur at any point in the intestinal tract. When it occurs in the
small intestine it is known as enteric intussusception; in the colon as
colic; and at the ileocecal valve as ilecocecal.
Intussusception may be chronic or acute. In the chronic cases there
may be adhesions which will make it very difficult for Innate to
accomplish a reduction.

Symptoms

The onset is usually accompanied with paroxysmals of pains and

vomiting. The pains may be very severe and the vomiting projectile. The
pain may be mistaken for that of ordinary colic, but it is much more
severe and may continue through the entire attack.
The vomiting is persistent, especially at the onset, and occurs as soon
as food enters the stomach. In older children it may be stercoraceous
after the third or fourth day. It never occurs, however, in infancy. The
vomiting is the result of the intestinal obstruction and is adaptative on the
part of Innate Intelligence. It is quite obvious that it is better not to have
food in the stomach than it is to have it and not be able to complete the
process of intestinal digestion.
The character of the stools is of importance. At first the bowel
movements may be diarrheal and later there will be no fecal matter, but
the stool will contain nothing but blood and mucus. A paroxysm of
colicky pain may be followed by a mucous and bloody stool several
times daily. At the onset the abdominal walls are soft and relaxed, or
may even be retracted. Tympanites may occur about the second or third
day.
The symptoms in the acute cases are those of shock. There is an
extremely anxious look on the face which is pallid, cold extremities,
subnormal temperature and cold perspiration. There is restlessness and in
many cases convulsions. Later there will be stupor. A sudden rise in
temperature indicates a turn for the worse and may mean death in a short
time. In the chronic cases there is marked inanition which progresses
very rapidly.

Major Adjustment

The subluxation interfering with the transmission of mental impulses

causing intussusception will be found in the lumbar region, the specific
vertebra depending upon the location of the intussusception, whether in
the upper or lower intestinal tract. Most excellent results have been
obtained in these cases, and there should be no hesitancy in adjusting.
The function involved is motor, which prevents a coördinate action of
the muscular walls of the intestines. As soon as this action becomes
normal Innate Intelligence will correct the condition and all symptoms
will subside.

ICTERUS

Icterus is a rather common incoördination of infancy. It is

characterized by yellowish discoloration of the skin produced by the
accumulation of bile pigment. This is the result of an occlusion usually
of the common bile duct, which prevents the bile from passing into the
duodenum. There are two forms: the physiological and the pathological.
In the physiological there is an inflammation in the mucous membrane
lining the common bile duct. This causes a decrease in the size of the
lumen, which obstructs the flow of bile. In the pathological there may be
a complete obstruction due to malformation or there may be a congenital
absence of the bile duct. While the common bile duct is the most
common seat of the pathological type, yet the hepatic and cystic ducts
may also be involved.

Symptoms

The most prominent symptoms is the discoloration of the skin. In the

severe obstructive jaundice the stools are white, the urine dark brown
and bile-stained and the liver and spleen often enlarged. There may be
severe convulsions. In the more common and less exaggerated cases the
foregoing symptoms are present but in a milder form. There is typical
jaundiced discoloration which in some cases will appear soon after birth.
This will continue for a few days and may become quite marked. The
stools will be colorless, while the urine will be highly colored.

Equation and Family

The equation is secretion plus (T+) and excretion minus (E-) for the
accumulation of the bile. The family is the poison family. In case of
temperature it overlaps the fever family.

Major Adjustment

The chiropractor must not conclude that the case is one of congenital
malformation or absence of the bile duct merely because of the extreme
discoloration of the infant. Cases have come under our observation in
which the symptoms would all indicate that the case was hopeless, but
under chiropractic adjustments they have recovered. It must be
recognized, of course, that if there is a congenital absence of the bile
duct the case is hopeless, but since there is no way of determining
whether it is a mere obstruction or congenital absence, the case should
by no means be considered hopeless. Every effort should be made to
locate and adjust the subluxation. The subluxation will be found at liver
place which must be adjusted in combination with kidney place. Kidney
place is required for the elimination of the accumulated bile. These cases