ABSTRACT

Entrepreneurship is a worldwide phenomenon with economic growth across the globe

that is rendered by the emergence of new and innovative business start-ups. Therefore,
the primary goal of this study was to simulate the effect of entrepreneurial mindsets on
the intention of students at DON VICENTE RAMA MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH to
engage in self-employment. The study's goal was met by using a survey research
methodology. The instruments utilized were a questionnaire and an interview, and a
random selection procedure was employed to choose 30 respondents from an academic
session. Descriptive statistics were used by the researcher to examine the data. The
descriptive findings showed that the respondents are open to working for themselves.
The findings of this study show that (1) Time Management of a student is significant to
have a good performance. Effective Time Management increases the students focus and
improve their productivity, (2) The attitude of the students towards entrepreneurship is the
desire of an individual to become an entrepreneur that precedes entrepreneurial intention,
and it forms the intention of a person to behave in certain manners. The attitude towards
entrepreneurship had a positive relationship with entrepreneurial intention in which a
person with a positive attitude towards entrepreneurship tends to prefer self-employment,
(3) Perceived behavioral control has a significant positive effect on Entrepreneurial
intentions. Perceived behavioral control or self-efficacy represents the seeming ability and
ease of entrepreneurial actions, (4) Examining entrepreneurial intention can improve our
understanding of the potential entrepreneurial behavior. The researcher recommend that
students should be exposed to educational system which emphasized on developing
entrepreneurial skills, and knowledge, and that a specific intervention program needs to
be done to improve entrepreneurship self-efficacy and entrepreneurial interest among the
students.

1
 CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Rationale

An economy's growth is significantly influenced by entrepreneurship through

encouraging innovation, playing a vital role in enhancing economic structures, promoting
technology, and providing jobs that contribute to the prosperity and wealth of the economy
(Gurel, Altinay, and Daniele 2010; Kwaramba et al. 2012; Li et al. 2008; Nabi and Holden
2008). Economic institutions with targeted strategies to encourage self-employment in the
general public are typically found in countries with high unemployment rates where
economic systems look for other ways to generate work (Cuadros et.al, 2021). Shinmar
and his team (2018), concluded that the key concern of relevant authorities in diverse
contexts is to provide employment possibilities for all students. In several nations,
encouraging young people to choose entrepreneurship as a career path is seen as a key
tactic for lowering the unemployment rate among university graduates.
The intention of being self-employed usually begins when starting a business. The
youth must be encouraged to pursue self-employment and become future entrepreneurs
(Ozaralli, 2018). Entrepreneurship produces the most economic activity, interest in the
importance of entrepreneurship in economic development has grown (Molnar, 2018).In
many advanced economies, there is now much more emphasis in encouraging
entrepreneurship. Start-ups and new firms appear to be essential to enhancing economic
conditions, creating new jobs, and contributing value to society. Economic institutions with
specific policies to promote self-employment in the general population, particularly for
university graduates, are typically found in nations with high unemployment rates where
economic systems look for alternative ways to create work (Ayalew & Zaleke, 2018).

Over time, experts have discovered a link between entrepreneurship and economic

1 development and growth. (Audretsch et al., 2009; Stoica et al., 2020). Researchers and
policymakers alike are driven in their effort to gain a thorough understanding of

2
entrepreneurial intention because of the favorable outcomes connected with
entrepreneurial activity. The most important component for the future establishment of
entrepreneurial endeavors is thought to be entrepreneurial intention (EI). (Nguyen et al.,
2019). The effects of entrepreneurship classes and student entrepreneurship have been
studied in the past.
In order to create a more conducive atmosphere for entrepreneurship, various
elements (such as gender) may interact with or be influenced by entrepreneurship
education (EE). (Entrialgo & Iglesias, 2016). Personal characteristics including age,
gender, education, vicarious experience, and experiences of changing various traits have
an impact on conviction and entrepreneurial goals, according to Davidsson
(1995).Previous research have offered empirical proof about students' entrepreneurial
intent from a variety of angles. (Trivedi, 2016; Zhang et al., 2014). While some academics
contend that specialised entrepreneurship education can foster entrepreneurial motivation
(Souitaris et al., 2007), others disagree and wonder if instruction can foster
entrepreneurial motivation. (Colette et al., 2005).
In this study, the researchers investigate the perceptions of students who wants to
run a small scale business in Don Vicente Rama Memorial National High School. This
study will search for related topics and will conduct a survey to uncover possible reasons
of entrepreneurial intentions of students. Additional understanding of this topic will be
favorable to school, facilitator, students and future researchers. The gap of the study is
limited on what student opinion and their experiences on running a small scale business.
The study also aims to explore on how students cope with their struggles on
opening a small scale business. In this study, a mixed-method approach was used,
combining both quantitative and qualitative approaches because the quantitative
approach gives a broad overview of the research problem, while the qualitative approach
gives explanation for the statistical findings obtained by more in-depth exploration of the
participants' opinions or experiences. (Creswell, 2002).

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Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this study is to know the perception of students who wants to run
a small scale business in Don Vicente Rama Memorial National High School. Academic
Year 2022-2023
The first set of questions is for the quantitative phase of the current study are:

1. The Demographic profile of the respondents in terms of

1.1 Age
1.2 Sex
1.3 Year Level
2. What is the level of agreement of students with regards to the following factors:
2.1 Time Management
2.2 Attitudes towards entrepreneurship
2.3 Perceived Behavioral Control
2.4 Entrepreneurial Intentions
3. Is there a significant relationship between demographic profile and to agreement of the
factors that affect students to run a small scale business?

The second set of questions if for the qualitative phase of the current study are:

1. What urge students to run a small scale business?

2. How do students mange their time as a small scale business owner?
3. What are the knowledge needed to run a small scale business?
4. What were the hindrances of being a small scale business owner?
5. What are the possible solutions to sustain your small scale business?
6. What are the personal benefits of running a small scale business?

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Statement of the Hypothesis

1. H1: higher level of attitudes towards entrepreneurship is associated with higher level
of self-employment intention.
2. H2: entrepreneurial education/training is positively related to self-employment
intention.
3. H3: demographic factors such as gender, age, and marital status are associated with
self-employment intentions.

Significance of the Study

The students perception on running a small scale business will help students in
grade 12 level to determine if it is effective to run a small scale business.This study is
beneficial to the students who are interested or having their own research of running a
small scale business among the grade 12 students

To the students who can know more on how to handle a business and be
independent. handling businesses while still studying could give students the first-hand
experience of their lessons. his gave them simple know-how in the field of
entrepreneurship. Parents are also encouraged to support their children in their business
endeavors
To the parents who learn from this study, to teach students how to deal with
various challenges, and to promote mindfulness by providing advice and tools.
To the teachers and administration of the school who can counsel the students
on the factors and causes of pupils encountering difficulties on occasion and attempting
to meet the required outputs.

To the RESEARCHERS will be able to know more about the effectiveness of the
running a small scale business and gain more knowledge about entrepreneurship. This
will also give the researchers the ideas in improving their study.

To the future researchers this study can be used for further knowledge and this
can also be useful for their research.

5
Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study's primary goal is to investigate the students perception in running a

small scale business in Don Vicente Rama Memorial National High School. The study is
restricted to determining the impacts using data collection methods like a questionnaire
and in-depth interviews; it is not allowed to conduct experiments on students or
manipulate their behavior.

Definition of Terms
Business - a type of economic activity that involves the production, exchange, and sale
of products and services with the goal of making a profit and meeting consumer demand.
Entrepreneurial Intentions - position to owning a business or becoming self-employed
Entrepreneurship - is a willingness and ability to plan, set up, and manage a business
activity, including all of its potential risks, in order to turn a profit.
Self-employment -refers to working for oneself as instead of an employer who pays one's
salary.
Small Scale Business - a business which functions on a small scale level involves less
capital investment

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 CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

A fulfilling method to earn a living is through self-employment. Working for yourself

and creating a successful business requires perseverance, effort, and resourcefulness.

The work environment that comes with self-employment has the ability to have many

benefits, which is the best part. Working as a solo entrepreneur or independent contractor

is what it means to be self-employed. Self-employed people make and declare their own

income rather than working for a certain company that pays their salaries.

As per Markham et al. According to al. (2002), what drives people to act in an

entrepreneurial manner is not a person's actual competence, but rather their opinions of

their own efficacy. Self-efficacy is influenced by contextual circumstances including

education and prior experiences, in contrast to other personality qualities of

entrepreneurship that are largely static.

The literature review included in this study aims to provide an overview of

numerous important studies on a variety of subjects related to the perception of the

benefits and drawbacks of students who want to start small businesses and

entrepreneurial intention, behavioral control (about entrepreneurship), and attitude

toward entrepreneurship.

Skills needed by students who are self-employed

Leadership. Entrepreneurship forces students to learn leadership quickly. Student

entrepreneurs are the ones in charge of developing their business from the ground up.

7
They are often navigating managing other students, employees, partners, contractors and

other professionals, coordinating them to function efficiently. Student entrepreneurs can

seek out leadership building through books, podcasts, online courses and more. One of

the best ways to help guide a student through learning leadership is by giving them

practice within their own extracurricular clubs; they can look for solutions within existing

organizations As noted by Shane and Venkataraman (2000), one can ask whether

research in entrepreneurship predicts phenomena beyond what is known in other fields

(p. 217). If the constructs and results of such research are not sufficiently unique, then

knowledge related to both the birth of firms and the management of small businesses

should be subsumed under the heading of other fields (e.g., leadership or interpersonal

influence). Arguably, entrepreneurship needs to be defined with reference to a setting or

context (e.g., start-up firms) and in terms of actions taken by an individual within such a

specific setting,

Creative problem-solving. Most businesses don't go the way they're initially planned.

That's because unforeseen obstacles and new developments (like competitors entering

the market) can stand in an entrepreneur's way, and if they're a high school student, they

have not likely faced that problem before. Student entrepreneurs do best when they

develop creative problem-solving skills, allowing them to see and resolve issues in novel

ways. Creativity and innovation are essential to the success of businesses in the

networked information society of the twenty-first century (Florida, 2003; McWilliam, 2007;

Wood et al., 2011). Our graduating students therefore need to be creative problem solvers

and have the capacity to "persevere in the face of complexity and unresolvability"

8
(McWilliam & Haukka, 2008, p. 660). The benefits of introducing creativity within the

marketing curriculum have been widely reported in the literature (see, for example, Titus,

2000).
Overcoming adversity. Entrepreneurship also teaches students about failure and allows

entrepreneurs to embrace the challenges of adversity. After owning a business,

entrepreneurs become more resilient to setbacks and more willing to move past mistakes.

In situations where groups of stakeholders are concerned about a common issue or

problem, such as environmental degradation, the only route to achieving change is by

developing collaborative solutions (Gray 1989; Hardy and Phillips 1998; Trist 1983) and

a ‘collective logic of action’ (Lincoln et al. 1996).

Time management tips

You’re in charged. If you’re self-employed, the only person setting the agenda is you,

hence you’re in charge of how much or how little you want to do. et, time and time-

sensitive processes play a key role in entrepreneurship, from the timing of startup

decisions, growth activities, and market entry to the management of entrepreneurs’ time,

considered their “most valuable and scarcest resource of all” (Zachary, Gianiodis, Payne,

& Markman, 2015, 1402).

Work when everyone else isn’t. Employees don’t actually play on the same field as

people who work for themselves, thus it makes sense that they can take time off. In

contrast, everything rests in your hands when you work for yourself. You

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constantly need to put out fires, plan for growth, and keep up with the daily tasks that

keep the lights on. Lacking time in early-stage development can also threaten a startup

by making it appear less promising than entrepreneurs or investors initially thought and,

as a result, it could “die” prematurely. “Yes, money is nice. It can buy you more time to

get things going, but without investing more time into growth, your business is going to

be stuck on a plateau forever” (Locke, 2018).

Every time slot counts. There’s no such thing as “free time” when you’re working for

yourself. Any time not spent working or resting is wasted time. This stuff isn’t free — Every

ounce counts. , a lack of time is a threat to entrepreneurs; in particular, it forces them to

make significant trade-offs, including spending time to address recurring crises versus

growing the business (Yoo, Corbett, & Roels, 2016a).

Attitudes toward entrepreneurship.

Creative. the tendency to generate or recognize ideas, alternatives, or possibilities that

may be useful in solving problems, communicating with others, and entertaining ourselves

and others. Attitude toward a behavior refers to “the degree to which a person has a

favorable or unfavorable evaluation or appraisal of the behavior in question” (Ajzen, 1991,

p. 188). In the entrepreneurship context, attitude toward self-employment has been

defined as “the difference between perceptions of personal desirability in becoming self-

employed and organizationally employed” (Souitaris, Zerbinati, & Al-Laham, 2007, p.

570).

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Communicative. the process of sharing information between employees within and

outside a company. According to Crystal (1997),Peters (2004), and Graddol (2006) about

80 per cent of the world’s trade and financial business is transacted in the English

language. Hence, enterprises worldwide have noted the necessity of having a workforce

that is able to communicate in English if they are to take advantage of the opportunities

in the global marketplace (Mckay2002). Heath and Bryant (2000) see communication as

giving, receiving or exchanging ideas, information, signals or messages through

appropriate media enabling individuals or groups to persuade, seek and give information.

It is a two-way process of reaching mutual understanding, one in which participants not

only exchange (encode-decode) information but also create and share meaning. Thus

according toVarey (2002), it is any act by which one person gives or receives information

about needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge and affective states.

highly motivated to succeed, yet open to risk and failure. Risk-taking enables and

encourages innovation, which can be an important product/service differentiator. Failed

risks aren't always negative. Sometimes, they provide the most valuable business lessons

an entrepreneur can learn. Failure helps shape future business strategies and can

eventually lead to business growth. e call for a more balanced approach to

entrepreneurship education and training by developing a sense of success and a sense

of failure among would-be entrepreneurs. The sense of success acts of a promotion of

entrepreneurial behaviour and encompasses elements such as the start-up intentions,

expectations and ability. Conversely, the sense of failure acts as prevention and draws

on negative experience, responsibility and awareness of pitfalls. We posit that the

11
combination of both senses can reduce the large number of business failures which leads

to huge economic, political and psychological losses (ritz Oser & Thierry Volery 2012)

Entrepreneurial intentions

Craving for achievements. Successful entrepreneurs are achievement-oriented. They

value accomplishment and the intrinsic rewards that go along with achieving difficult

goals. It is a strong motivator for most business owners.

locus of control. An internal locus of control refers to the belief that actions and

consequences are under an individual? Control (e.g. Through hard work), whereas an

external locus of control refers to consequences occurring as a result of external

circumstances. Preference for entrepreneurship, which according to Kolvereid (1996a,

1996b) and Verheul et al. (2012) reflects what Ajzen and Fishbein (1980) have called

“choice intention,” is also referred to as “latent entrepreneurship” defined as an individual

preferring to be self-employed instead of being a salaried employee (Grilo & Irigoyen,

2006; Kolvereid, 1996a, 1996b; Verheul et al., 2012).

Risk-taking. Risk-taking in entrepreneurship is the process of identifying, evaluating,

mitigating, and trying out potential opportunities and strategies that may help you build or

grow your business but could also lead to personal or professional loss. Such activities

include gathering knowledge by attending seminars on entrepreneurship, building social

and financial capital, planning for facilities and equipment, and shaping and refining an

idea for a new product or service (Aldrich & Martinez, 2001; Korunka, Frank, Lueger, &

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Mugler, 2003; McGee, Peterson, Mueller, & Sequeira, 2009; Reynolds, 1997). This

dynamic view of entrepreneurial intention formation, as a process that occurs over time

and consists of escalating levels of entrepreneurial involvement, has been described as

“entrepreneurial ladder” (van der Zwan et al., 2010)

Perceived behavioral control. PBC is considered as the most controversial construct in

the TPB in part because of the inconsistency in the empirical findings related to its

influence on intention and in part because of the disagreement regarding its

conceptualization and operationalization (Yap, Othman, & Wee, 2013). The PBC concept,

when introduced by Ajzen (1991) as another antecedent factor that can predict intention,

was defined as a “person’s perception of the ease or difficulty of performing the behavior

of interest” (Ajzen, 1991, p. 183). Initially, Ajzen (2002) conceived PBC as a

unidimensional construct, almost equivalent to Bandura’s (1977, 1982) social learning

construct of self-efficacy which is an individual’s perception of his or her capability to

execute courses of action required to deal with prospective situations. The view that PBC

and self-efficacy are essentially similar constructs led a number of researchers to replace

in their studies PBC with self-efficacy (Kolvereid & Isaksen, 2006; Krueger et al., 2000;

Liñán, Urbano, & Guerrero, 2011; Moriano, Gorgievski, Laguna, Stephan, & Zarafshani,

2012; van Gelderen et al., 2008).

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Other researchers (e.g., Armitage & Conner, 2001; Kraft et al., 2005), however, have

noticed and provided evidence that PBC, as conceived by Ajzen (2002), has two

constituting elements: self-efficacy and perceived controllability.

Hindrances of being self-employed student

Lack of Funds. Nothing can hold a business back like money problems. This is even
more true for small businesses. While most larger companies have enough cash flow to
keep up with payroll and keep the lights on, small businesses are often in a less stable
situation.
Lack of Time. You are the one responsible for executing business plans and winning
new business, but you might also be answering the phones, filing the paperwork, and
dealing with vendors.
Difficulties Balancing Growth and Quality. For small businesses, growth often comes
with growing pains. In many instances, you have to make the choice between working
long hours—and asking your staff to do the same—or finding ways to cut corners. Neither
is a great solution, meaning that, ultimately, you will have to find a way to grow your
business without hurting your business.

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Conceptual framework

This concept of self-employment or Self-employed individuals typically find their own job rather

than receiving employment from an employer, and they generate revenue through a trade or

business that they own and operate.

The theoretical basis for this advice is that intentionality is a decision or mental state that focuses

someone's attention on a specific topic in order to accomplish a specific goal. Researchers now

acknowledge intention as one element of wider psychological processes. Entrepreneur ia l

objectives can be to launch a brand-new company or grow an already successful one. However,

the intention may be influenced by a number of factors prior to engaging in entrepreneurial activity,

such as needs, wants, values, and beliefs.

This idea will be utilized in the current study to demonstrate the entrepreneurial goal, behavioral

themselves in terms of wanting to work for themselves.

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 PERCEPTIONS OF
STUDENTS WHO
WANTS TO RUN
SMALL SCALE
BUSINESS

ATTITUDE TOWARDS
PERCIEVED
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
BEHAVIORAL
CONTROL ➢ Creative
➢ Communicative
➢ Highly motivated to
succeed, yet open to risk
and failure

ENTREPRENEURIAL TIME MANAGEMENT TIPS

INTENTIONS
➢ You’re in charge
➢ Craving for ➢ Work when everyone
achievements isn’t
➢ Locus of control ➢ Every time slot counts
➢ Risk taking

HINDRANCES IN BEING
SELF- EMPLOYED
STUDENT
➢ Lack of funds
➢ Lack of time
➢ Difficulties
balancing growth
and quality

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 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides a description of the methodology that was used in the study. The
research design, data sources, instrumentation, data collecting, and data analysis techniques are all
briefly covered in this chapter.

Method
The study utilizes mixed method design (Tashakkori and Teddlie, 2003) is a methodology
for gathering, breaking down and "blending" both quantitative and subjective information at some
phase of the examination cycle inside a solitary report, to comprehend an exploration issue all the
more totally (Creswell, 2002). The reasoning for blending is that neither quantitative nor subjective
techniques are adequate without anyone else to catch the patterns and subtleties of the
circumstances. At the point when utilized in blend, quantitative and subjective techniques
supplement one another and take into account more complete examination (Green, Caracelli, and
Graham, 1989, Tashakkori and Teddlie, 1998).

Research Design
In the quantitative phase, the study utilizes a descriptive-survey research design using a
survey questionnaire. Descriptive Research Design is used in this study to determine the
perceptions of students who wants to run a small scale business. According to Creswell (2005) that
a second approach to conducting descriptive research is survey research. Descriptive-survey is
primarily a quantitative research technique in which the researcher administers some sort of
questionnaire or survey to sample or population to describe their attitudes, opinions behaviors,
experiences or other characteristics of the population. The Data that the researchers collected was
based from the perceptions of students who wants to run a small scale business. A survey on the
students who wants to run a small scale business.

17
 In the qualitative phase, the researchers use the phenomenological study which is an
approach on qualitative research focusing on the community of lived experiences of a certain
people especially who wants to run a small scale business. Interviews were conducted through the
interview –type of questionnaire with follow up questions the researchers made for the respondents
which were the senior high school students of Don Vicente Rama Memorial National Highschool.

Research Environment
The locale of this study is in Don Vicente Rama Memorial National High School
(DVRMNHS) since the following respondents are found in this location which are the Senior High
School students. It is located on Macopa Street, Basak Pardo Cebu City.

Respondents
The study collected data of the Senior Highschool students from Don Vicente Rama
Memorial National Highschool which are their perceptions to run a small scale business. The
sampling used by the researchers was random and convenience sampling. The researchers choose
the respondents based on their interests and their perceptions in running a small scale business.

Sampling Technique
A Simple Random Sampling Technique was used in conducting the survey because of the
fact that the researchers selected a group of students randomly in a way that every possible sample
could be selected in a group. The researchers choose thirty (30) students randomly from Grade
Senior High Students of Don Vicente Rama Memorial National High School with the age range
of 17-21 years old. The researchers spent almost an hour convincing the respondents to answer. In
addition to these preliminary actions, the researchers targeted a few acquaintances who qualified
for the study.

While in the qualitative approach, the sampling technique is still simple random sampling
under probability sampling technique. The sample size were respondents who have high interest

18
in running a small scale business. It has recently been suggested that qualitative studies require a
base example size of at least 5-12 to arrive at data saturation (Creswell, 1998).

Instrument
The instrument utilized to meet the requirements of the study in quantitative approach is
Survey Questionnaire. The data was gathered through the use of Likert Scale type questionna ire
to focus on the entrepreneurial behavior of students. The indicators of this questionnaire are: 1-
Strongly Disagree, 2- Disagree, 3- Agree and 4- Strongly Agree which enables the researchers to
measure the respondents' level of agreement with the circumstances. This type of questionnaire is
used to evaluate the respondents' attitude towards entrepreneurship.
The instrument applied to fulfill the requirements of the study in qualitative approach is
Interview. In order to emphasize the perceptions of students towards entrepreneurship, the type of
interview questionnaire used is Semi Structured for flexibility and additional inquiries.

Validity and Realibility of Research Instrument

In the quantitative approach, the study included 20-items questionnaire with the use of
Likert Scale type of questionnaire which was created by the researchers personally but with the
help of a professional—their research teacher, CHONA S. REYES, Ph. D. (CAR) which rendered
their research instrument credible and trustworthy.
In the qualitative approach, the study included 6-items questionnaire with the intervie w
type which was made by the researchers altogether but with the guidance of a professional—the ir
research teacher, CHONA S. REYES, Ph. D. (CAR) which rendered their research instrume nt
valid and reliable. Also, 1 respondent was used for the pilot testing, and adjustments were made
after that.

Data Gathering

Before the survey was performed the researchers constructed revised questionnaires for
the data collection. The researchers chose the students that are interested in entrepreneurship.
Survey Questionnaires consists of 20 sections with a unique set of questions and data. A consent
agreement for the respondents' awareness in filling out the survey is found in the questionnaire.
In the qualitative study, it was conducted with the use of Semi Structured Interview
consisting 6-itemed questions. Face to face interview was conducted in a private place for the data
gathering. The respondents will be informed that the interview will be recorded for documentatio n
purposes. The instructions were thoroughly explained to the respondents, and they were urged to
select their preferred responses honestly.

19
Data Analysis
The research approach utilized in the study was a mixed method, which involves gathering,
analyzing, and integrating data from both quantitative and qualitative sources.

Within the quantitative approach, descriptive method was adapted. Participants' collected
data were systematically evaluated and interpreted. The responses provided by each of the
respondents are utilized as initial data to help the researchers understand the perceptions of students
who wish to start a small scale business.

Within the qualitative approach, Colaizzi’s (1978) descriptive phenomenological method

was used. To find, comprehend, characterize, and express the perceptions of students, the
researchers employed Colaizzi's (1978. This approach will be applied accordingly.

First, familiarization, researchers familiarize themselves with the data that can be achieved
by reading the transcript several times.
Second, identifying significant statements, in this stage of analysis, significant statements
and phrases pertaining to body image changes and coping strategies were extracted from each
transcript.

Third, formulating meanings, meanings were formulated from the significant statements.
Each underlying meaning was coded in one category as they reflect an exhaustive description.

Fourth, clustering themes, after having an agreement toward all formulated meanings, the
process of grouping all these formulated meanings into categories that reflect a unique structure of
clusters of themes was initiated. Each cluster of theme was coded to include all formulated
meanings related to that group of meanings. After that, groups of clusters of themes that reflect a
particular vision issue were incorporated together to form a distinctive construct of theme.
Fifth, developing an exhaustive description, at this stage of analysis, all emergent themes
were defined into an exhaustive description.

Sixth, producing the fundamental structure, in this step a reduction of findings was done in
which redundant, misused or overestimated descriptions were eradicated from the overall
structure.

Seventh, seeking verification of the fundamental structure, this step aimed to validate study
findings using "member checking" technique. It was undertaken through returning the research
findings to the participants and discussing the results with them.

20
21
 CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data

gathered through survey and interview questionnaire, whose main objective is to know
the perception of students who wants to run a small scale business in Don Vicente Rama
Memorial National High School.

Demographic Profile of Respondents

Gender

Ma le
27%

Female
73%

Ma l e Female

Figure1: Gender of the Respondents

Figure 1 presents the Demographic Profile of the respondents. In terms of gender, out of
30 students, there are 8 (27%) males and 22 (73%) females. This reveals that there are more female
students who wants to run a small scale business.

22
 Age

13%

34%

53%

17 18 19

Figure2: Age of the respondents

In terms of age group, there are 10 (33.33%) with an age group of 17 years old; 18 (53.33%)
with an age group of 18 years old and 4 (13.33%) who are 19 above years old. This reveals that
majority of the respondents are 18 years old

Year
Level

11
12
0%

100%
Figure 3: Year Level of the respondents

In terms of year level, there are 30 (100%) students who are in Grade 12. This shows that
the all of the respondents are Grade 12 student

23
 Table 1
Time Management
INDICATOR WEIGHTED MEAN INTERPRETATION
1.I will plan an extensive task by breaking it 3 Agree
down into smaller activities.
2.I organize, prioritize and cluster. 3.3 Agree
3.I can do multitasking. 3.1 Agree
4.I define my task and goal. 3.2 Agree
5.I set up a daily planner. 2.9 Agree
Total 3.1 Agree
Legend:
Range Description
3.26-4.00 Strongly Agree
2.51-3.25 Agree
1.76-2.50 Disagree
1.00-1.75 Strongly Disagree
This table represents the Time Management of the senior high school students.
The total weighted mean is 3.1 which is interpreted as Agree. This indicates that the
students Time Management is High. Time Management of a student is significant to have
a good performance. Effective Time Management increases the students focus and
improve their productivity. According to (Shazia Nasrullah and Muhammad Saqib Khan
2015) Time management is very important and it may actually affect individual's overall
performance and achievements.

This means that the respondents has a effective Time Managemnt. Conducive
settings and environment will surely promote positive outcomes to the students, A good
time management is vital for students to shine. Time management plays a vital role in
improving student’s academic performance and achievements. Each and every student
should have time management ability which includes setting goals & priorities, using time
management mechanism and being organized in using time. (Brigitte, Claessens, Eerde,
& Rutte, 2005)

24
 Table 2
Attitudes Towards Entrepreneurship
INDICATOR WEIGHTED MEAN INTERPRETATION
1.I’am mentally mature to start my own 2.3 Disagree
business.
2.I have a good social relation with others to 2.5 Agree
be an entrepreneur.
3.I have a leadership qualities and skills that 2.4 Disagree
are needed to be an entrepreneur.
4.Being an entrepreneur implies more 2.8 Agree
advantage than disadvantage to me.
5.If I had the opportunity and resources, I’d 3.0 Agree
like to start my own firm.
Total 2.6 Agree

This table represents the Attitudes of Students towards Entrepreneurship. The total
weighted mean is 2.6 which interpreted as Agree. This means that the Attitudes Towards
Entrepreneurship of the student is High. The way in which students view entrepreneurs
is crucial since it may also indicate how appealing and desirable they find it to pursue
entrepreneurship as a career in the future. According to Dioneo-Adetay (2006) The youth
involvement in the economic struggle is of paramount importance. Developing them to
have the spirit and drive towards entrepreneurship would mean preparing them to
become successful and useful in the society and in the same manner making the society
entrepreneurial.

The attitude of the students towards entrepreneurship is the desire of an individual

to become an entrepreneur that precedes entrepreneurial intention, and it forms the
intention of a person to behave in certain manners. The attitude towards entrepreneurship
had a positive relationship with entrepreneurial intention in which a person with a positive
attitude towards entrepreneurship tends to prefer self-employment (Douglas and
Shepherd, 2002; Agolla et al., 2019).

25
 Table 3
Perceived Behavioral Control
INDICATOR WEIGHTED MEAN INTERPRETATION
1.I can control the creation process of an new 2.3 Disagree
firm.
2.I know how to develop an entrepreneurial 2.5 Agree
project.
3.I know the necessary practical details to 2.5 Agree
start a firm.
4.If I’ am involve in any business project, I 2.9 Agree
believe I can perform well.
5.I like challenges and opportunities. 4.5 Strongly Agree
Total 2.9 Agree

This table represents the Perceived Behavioral Control of the students. The total
weighted mean is 2.9 which interpreted as Agree. This means that the Perceived
Behavioral Control of the students with regards to entrepreneurship is High. Perceived
behavioral control has a significant positive effect on Entrepreneurial intentions.
Perceived behavioural control or self-efficacy represents the seeming ability and ease of
entrepreneurial actions (Linan et al., 2013). It is also the apparent simplicity in executing
behavioural actions (Ajzen). Those that presumed to be competent enough in
entrepreneurial actions are more likely to proclaim the entrepreneurial process as feasible
(Krueger et al., 2000).

This gives the idea of what attitudes and behavior should a student possess to
become a entrepreneur. Entrepreneurial perceived behavioral control (PBC) is
understood as the perception of the ease or difficulty of becoming an entrepreneur (Liñán,
F.; Chen, Y.W. 2009.), therefore referring to the subjective evaluation of a person’s own
entrepreneurial ability, resources, and the possibility of entrepreneurial success it is
widely used as a stand-alone concept because it encompasses not only the feeling of
being able but also the perception about the controllability of the behavior. Although the
available resources to start up a business and the entrepreneurial abilities possessed by
an individual could be seen as objective factors which are incremental for the success of
the entrepreneurial activity

26
 Table 4
Entrepreneurial Intention
INDICATOR WEIGHTED MEAN INTERPRETATION
1.I am ready to anything to be an 2.4 Disagree
entrepreneur.
2.I have got the firm intention to start a 2..4 Disagree
company.
3.I will make every effort to start and run my 2.9 Agree
own enterprise.
4.My professional goal is to be an 2.5 Agree
entrepreneur.
5.I’am determine to create a firm in the future 3 Agree
Total 2.6 Agree

This table represents the Perceived Behavioral Control of the students. The total
weighted mean is 2.9 which interpreted as Agree. This means that the Perceived
Behavioral Control of the students with regards to entrepreneurship is High. This Indicates
that the students Intention to become Entrepreneurial is High. Examining entrepreneurial
intention can improve our understanding of the potential entrepreneurial behavior. With
the aim of improving the entrepreneurial intention in countries with entrepreneurial rates
which are lower than the average, there is a growing interest in developing education
programmes to encourage and enhance entrepreneurship. ( Arias, Barba-Sánchez,
Carrión, & Casado, 2018)

This means that the respondents want to become an entrepreneur.

entrepreneurship policy and practice, and ultimately on getting more grip on the complex
relation between entrepreneurship and economic development (Niels Bosma, 2013.)
positive relationship between entrepreneurship education and intentions and perceived
desirability while no relation existed with perceived feasibility or self-efficacy. Given the
significance and importance of entrepreneurship, it is desirable to reform the educational
system to encourage creativity and innovativeness of students (Hala W. Hattab Volume
23, Issue 1)

27
Qualitative Approach
This section examines the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data through
qualitative method.

Table 5
The eagerness of running a small scale business

Example of Formulated Meanings Theme Clusters

* Participant said that it is just influenced by her cousin to

overcome boredom

(Transcript 1, Line 4)

* Participant said that it is just influenced by her special

someone to overcome boredom

(Transcript 2 , Line 30)

* Participant said that it helps his studies so that his

parents will not worry about the expenses on school. They are influenced by close peers
and it helps in sustaining personal and
(Transcript 5 , Line 96) family needs.

* Participant wants to have a income and wants to have a

financially stable life

(Transcript 4 , Line 76)

* Participant that it is all about passion about doing

something you love and to satisfy your customers.

(Transcript 3 , Line 47)

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 Table 6
Time management of the small scale business owner

Example of Formulated Meanings Theme Cluster

* Participant said that you need to give time to both

school and business to have a stable and balanced
career on both paths.

(Transcript 4, Line 82)

* Participant said that you need to have time

management to be able to manage well the works that
needed to be done

(Transcript 2, Line 32)

* Participant said that you need to have a full

You need full commitment and ability to
commitment and time manage so that you can balance
both studies and business. multitask.

(Transcript 5 , Line 98)

* Participant said that you need to set aside time for

studying and you need to finish it so that you have more
time to devote to business.

(Transcript 1 , Line 8)

* Participant said that you need to multitask to support

the business.

(Transcript 3, Line 51)

29
 Table 7
Information needed when running a small scale business

Example of Formulated Meanings Theme Cluster

* Participant said that there’s no need to be an expert to

obtain business but as long as you know how to
compute, to have strategies and to do sales talk.

(Transcript 1, Line 12)

* Participant said that you must know how to compute the

product sales and you need to have good sales talking
skills.

(Transcript 2, Line 34)

* Participant said that having a deeper knowledge in You should be knowledgeable

financing will help in managing the money. enough to handle financials and your
customers.
(Transcript 4 , Line 80)

* Participant said that you need to have financial

knowledge so that you can have a big profit.

(Transcript 5 , Line 100)

* Participant said that you need communication skills,

good decision making and patience towards your
customers.

(Transcript 3, Line 55)

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 Table 8
Hardships and hindrances of running a small scale business

Example of Formulated Meanings Theme Cluster

* Participant said that one of the hindrances is to give

trust to the customers because some of them are
scammers so alertness is needed.

(Transcript 1 , Line 16)

* Participant said that getting the trust of the customers is

hard and some of them are scammers.

(Transcript 2 , Line 36)

* Participant said that capital and time management is his They encounter scammers and have
main problem poor time management.

(Transcript 5 , Line 102)

* Participant said that time management is one of the

hindrances she is experiencing as she is balancing
school and work.

(Transcript 4 , Line 82)

* Participant said that in life there is ups and downs and

you can’t get big profits every time

(Transcript 3, Line 61)

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 Table 9
The solutions to business sustainability

Example of Formulated Meanings Theme Cluster

* Participant said that researching about time management

will help

(Transcript 4 , Line 84)

* Participant said that boost posting is needed to be able to

sustain a certain business.

(Transcript 1 , Line 20)

* Participant said the messaging them directly and lending

on any items that he is currently selling is one of the ways
Boost posting and having your secret
he is using
ingredients helps in sustaining
business.
(Transcript 2 , Line 38)

* Participant said that having secret ingredients and good

communication skills can still make a sale and will make
the customers buy again your goods

(Transcript 3, Line 63)

* Participant said that you need to study about business to

widen your knowledge and perseverance if you want your
business to be successful.

(Transcript 5 , Line 104)

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 Table 10
Personal benefits of running a small scale business

Example of Formulated Meanings Theme Cluster

* Participant said that having a small scale business helps

their family from financial difficulties and career.

(Transcript 4, Line 86)

* Participant said that having your own business can sustain

your personal needs and wants because you have your own
income.

(Transcript 1, Line 22, 25)

* Participant said that he can benefit from his business

because it sustains his expenses like school allowances
It helps to sustain financial needs.
(Transcript 2, Line 40)

* Participant said that you can buy your own needs and it can
support your family in terms of financial needs

(Transcript 3, Line 67)

* Participant said that he can buy his own needs without

asking his parents and even helps them in terms of financial
needs

(Transcript 5, Line 105)

33
 TALBE 11
FINAL THEMATIC MAP
Theme 1 Theme 2 Theme 3 Theme 4 Theme 5 Theme 6

The Time Information Hardships and The solutions Personal benefits

eagerness management of needed when hindrances of to business of running a small
of running the small scale running a running a sustainability scale business
a small business owner small scale small scale
scale business business
business

“They are “You need full “You should be “They encounter “Boost posting “It helps in to sustain
influenced commitment and knowledgeable scammers and and having your in financial needs.”
by close ability to enough to have poor time secret ingredients
peers and it multitask.” handle financials management.” helps in sustaining
helps in and your business.”
sustaining customers.”
personal and
family
needs. “

The Six Indicative Themes

Theme 1. The eagerness of running a small scale business

In running a small scale business their eagerness came from the following reason
in theme cluster; (1) They are influenced by close peers and it helps in sustaining personal
and family needs. Research on the eagerness of running a small scale business explores
the motivations and drivers behind individuals who choose to start and operate their own
businesses. This theme examines the personal and professional goals of small business
owners, as well as the challenges and risks they face in pursuing their entrepreneurial
dreams. Studies in this area may also explore the impact of cultural, social, and economic
factors on the decision to start a small business.

Theme 2. Time management of the small scale business owner

Effective time management is a critical skill for small business owners, who must
balance multiple responsibilities and priorities on a daily basis. Here’s the theme cluster
based on the answers of the participants; (1) You need full commitment and ability to

34
multitask. Research in this area may explore the strategies and tools that small
business owners use to manage their time, as well as the challenges they face in doing
so.

Theme 3. Information needed when running a small scale business

Running a successful small business requires access to a wide range of

information and resources, from the theme cluster that answered by the participants; (1)
You should be knowledgeable enough to handle financials and your customers. Research
in this area may explore the types of information that small business owners need to make
informed decisions, as well as the sources and channels through which they access this
information.

Theme 4. Hardships and hindrances of running a small scale business

Business owners’ hardships and hindrances were determined to be either (1)

Encountering scammers or (2) Poor time management. Alertness should be observed
when taking orders from a customer. A participant who studies and operate business find
it difficult to balance time.

Theme 5. The solutions to business sustainability

Business owners have different solutions towards business sustainability. For the
theme cluster, it suggested that boost posting and having your own ingredients will help
sustain business.

Theme 6. Personal benefits of running a small scale business

Researchers discovered that business owners gain financial independence through
their business. For the theme cluster, participants were able to buy and sustain their own
needs with their own income.

Summary of Findings
Overall, from the date collected in the quantitative, it is found out that most of the
participants agreed that the Perception of students who wants to run a small scale
business turns to be significant from their time management to their attitudes towards
Entrepreneurship, Perceived Behavioral Control and also Entrepreneurial Intention. Most

35
of the participants also acknowledge the importance to run a scale business is effective
and it is recommended.

In qualitative phase, Most of the participants [Five (5) out of (5)] agreed that running
a small scale business should be recommended.And it seems that those participants has
been influence by their partners to start their own business rather than just staying at
home using their cellphones. And also to those who wants to start a business learn to be
strategic in terms of selling your products. It's okay not to be so knowledgeable about
business but you have the commitment on your mind.

Comparison in Literature
One of the extracurricular programs offered in educational institutions, including
elementary and secondary schools, has been expanding quickly. Offering ECA
(extracurricular activity) to pupils at school is one effort to increase their interest in
entrepreneurship education. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of this
extracurricular activity program. The school principals and teachers who oversaw the
program served as the study's key informants. Through observations, document analysis,
and interviews, the researchers gathered the data. Adisel, Andriany, Suryati, and Putra
P. 956 According to Shobron, Amrin, and Rosyadi (2020), one of the current trends in
education is the availability of entrepreneurship education (then EE) in schools. According
to the European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice (2016), EE is a practical kind of education
that encourages students to actively participate in the curriculum, learn about
entrepreneurship, and hone their entrepreneurial skills.
The pupils are taught how to start manufacturing and developing their ideas in a
way that an entrepreneur would typically do through this schooling. Such education
relates to instructional style and pedagogical material. Entrepreneur education
encourages the development of a specific knowledge base. By encouraging students to
act, feel, and do things based on their information and experience gained, it has increased

students' entrepreneurial attitudes and developed their entrepreneurial mindsets (Fayolle

& Gailly, 2013).

36
37
 CHAPTER V

This chapter presents the conclusion drawn and the recommendation made on
outgrowth of this study. The current study aims to uncover the perception of students who
wants to run a small scale business.

Conclusion
Therefore, the result of this study shows what are students perceptions towards
having a small scale business. Four tables representing several sets of questions that
various Students responded to were used to set the information being concluded. The
study of the result shows that that the students Intention to become Entrepreneurial is
High. Examining entrepreneurial intention can improve our understanding of the potential
entrepreneurial behavior. With the aim of improving the entrepreneurial intention in
countries with entrepreneurial rates which are lower than the average, there is a growing
interest in developing education programmes to encourage and enhance
entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the respondents also gives the idea of attitude of the
students towards entrepreneurship desire of an individual to become an entrepreneur that
precedes entrepreneurial intention, and it forms the intention of a person to behave in
certain manners.
Given the significance and importance of entrepreneurship, it is desirable to reform
the educational system to encourage creativity and innovativeness of students (Hala W.
Hattab Volume 23, Issue 1)
It is further supported by (Liñán, F.; Chen, Y.W. 2009.), referring to the subjective
evaluation of a person's own entrepreneurial ability, resources, and the possibility of
entrepreneurial success it is widely used as a stand-alone concept because it
encompasses not only the feeling of being able but also the perception about the
controllability of the behavior.

Overall, researchers discovered that the perception of students who wants to run
small scale business was because they gain financial independence through having small
scale business

38
RECOMMENDATION

Based on the results and conclusion of the study presents, the researcher have
following recommendations that suggest:
The researcher recommend that students should be exposed to educational
system which emphasized on developing entrepreneurial skills, and knowledge.
Entrepreneurial education should highlight on perceived feasibility in order to create
interest in becoming entrepreneur.
The researcher found out that university should add more value to their graduates
if they incorporate into their curriculum elements that enhance the development of
entrepreneurial attitudes and self-efficacy, since these are beneficial to both a self-
employment and employment career path. A more widespread offering of International
Entrepreneurship classes in the future will help entrepreneurial students to carefully
consider the opportunities and threats of start-up projects in a globalized world. (Scott A.
Jones et. Al.)
The researcher suggested that a specific intervention program needs to be done
to improve entrepreneurship self-efficacy and entrepreneurial interest among the
students. The interventions to promote entrepreneurship take place in the form of lectures,
workshops, case studies, and mentoring sessions.

The researcher strongly recommends that in order to improve entrepreneurship

education as a driver to foster sustainable entrepreneurship among students, more
research should be done to identify the appropriate teaching methods for different groups
of students. Future studies should use an extended sample and compare various methods
for teaching entrepreneurship to students from different study areas. The outcomes of
entrepreneurship education might be different when different teaching methods that
employ entrepreneurial role models are used (for instance, learning from failure, not only
from successful entrepreneurial stories; learning by doing; or learning through support),
so this should be further investigated in a future study.

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