Portal Frame I

General Layout

vertical bracing
horizontal bracing ? = 30 - 60

Portal frame ( main system)

B

purlins

spacing
(4-8m)
S

end gable
4 - 8m
h

L
h > 6.0 m
Used if

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 Portal Frame I

1.5 - 2.0 m purlin

10:1

L/10 - L/20
1.5 - 2.0 1.0 m
1.0 - 1.5

2.0 - 3.0

span = L

Main frame

corrugated steel purlin

10:1
side girts

window

end girts gate

4.0-8.0 m
end gable column

End Gable Section

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 Portal Frame I

Design Of Portal Frame

Loaded area on each

Frame

h S

1-Loads on portal frame:

1) Dead load :
• O.W. of the steel structure which include ( purlins, rafters, bracings)
WS = (20 – 35) kg/m2 "depend on span L ".

• Weight of steel cover

WC = (5 – 8) kg/m2 for single layer.
= (12 – 18) kg/m2 for double layer.

Wd.L. = ( (WC / cos ) + WS ) x S

2) Live load :
• L.L. = 60 – 66.67 tan "for inaccessible roofs"
= 200 – 300 tan "for accessible roofs"

WL.L. = L.L. x S

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3) Wind load :
Wwind = ( Ce x K x q ) x S
W W
2 3
K= 1.0 for h 10 m
= 1.1 for h 20 m
q = 70 kg/m2 in Cairo C
2
C
3

Pressure side
W C Pressure Suction C W
o Vertical surface " surface 1" 1 1 4 4
side side
Ce = +0.8
W1 = 0.8 x 1.0 x 70 x S

o Inclined Surface " surface 2"

Ce = depends on inclination of surface
For tan < 0.4 - Ce = -0.8
For tan > 0.8 - Ce = +0.8
For 0.8 < tan < 0.4 - Ce = we have 2 values

For slopes 5:1 to 20:1 tan < 0.4 Ce = -0.8

W2 = -0.8 x 1.0 x 70 x S
Ce

Suction side +0.8

o Vertical surface " surface 3"
Ce = -0.5
W3 = -0.5 x 1.0 x 70 x S
0.4 tan
0.8
o Inclined Surface " surface 4"
Ce = -0.5 -0.8
W4 = -0.5 x 1.0 x 70 x S

2-Straining actions in portal frames

We solve the frame as 2 hinged frame using computer program or by using virtual work
method.
"In case of using computer program take Icol = (2 – 3) Igirder"

* In case of neglecting Wind Loads we can calculate approximate value of B.M.

M-ve = WT x L2 / (13 – 15)

M -ve 2 M -ve

1 M +ve 3
M +ve = (0.55 – 0.60) x M-ve 4
Ncol = WT x L / 2
Case (A) D.L. + L.L.

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Wind effect

3
2 2
3
1 1
4

Case of wind Case of wind

Neglected May be critical

For all sections 1, 2&3 For sections 1&2

Taking wind load will decrease the Taking wind load will decrease the
moment moment
So neglect the wind effect So neglect the wind effect

For sections 3&4

Taking wind load will increase the
moment
So we must study the effect of that
increase

MA = MD + ML Case A
MB = MD + M L + M W Case B

If (MB – MA) / MA < 20% neglect

wind

Design on MA case A, else design on

MB case B

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Design of rafter

a
M 3
Mh
M 2

* We will divide the rafter in

M1
3 sections , M2 max +ve
M3 max –ve X
h
Mh at end of haunch X
o

* The design of rafter is based

on the Mmax of M2 or Mh ,
we will use haunch to safeguard
section M3.

* The rafter is subjected to

both M , N
but we can neglect N as it is very small.
WT
Calculation of haunch length and zero moment point
x tan
Sec 5-5: End of the haunch
To get the position of sec 5-5 ( position of the end of the haunch )
If not given, we have to calculate the M-ve at any point on the rafter. x
h
From the figure by taking a section at distance X from column

Mx = Q ( h + X tan ) + WT X2 / 2 – Y x X Q

1 to get Xh put Mx = M 2 Y
2 to get the point of Zero Moment “beginning of the –ve moment zone " Xo
put Mx = zero

• L / 20 Xh L /10

Mmax in the max of Mh and M2

1- Choice of Section:

M max
fb = ≤ Fbcx
Sx
Assume fb = 1.536 t/cm2 " compact section "
M
and get the Sx required = max cm3
1.536
and from the tables we choose the appropriate IPE .

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2- Check

1- Check for compact Section

2- Lumax = min of 20 b f / fy

1380 Af Cb / ( fy d ) " Cb = 1.3 "

Sec 2-2: Max +ve

Luact = a " at positive moment zone,compression is on upper flange purlins are
laterally supporting the upper flange "

Luact = a < Lumax so Fbcx = ( 1.4 if non compact

1.536 if compact sec ).
> Lumax so Fbcx = Fltb

Fbx = M2 / Sx < Fbcx

Sec 5-5: End of the haunch

Luact = Xo " at negative moment zone,compression is on lower flange "

Luact = Xo < Lumax so sec 5-5 is safe as sec 2-2

> Lu max so use knee bracing at every purlin to decrease Luact = a

and so Fbcx = ( 1.4 if non compact sec

1.536 if compact sec
Fltb if Luact = a > Lu max ).

L 80X80X8

Purlin

L 60X60X6
PL 10MM Y

h
Sec 3-3: Max -ve
Ix = tw x (2h)3 / 12 + 2 ( bf x tf )( h – tf / 2 )2
Sx = Ix / y = Ix / h X X
Fbcx = ( 1.4 if non compact
h
1.536 if compact sec ).
tf
Fbx = M3 / Sx < Fbcx
bf
Y
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 Portal Frame I

Design of column

Choose the critical section 1 " without wind " or 4 " with wind "

1-Choice of Section:

Mx
fb = ≤ Fbcx
Sx
Mx
Assume fb = (0.8 to 1.2) t/cm2 and get the Sx required = cm3
fb
and from the tables we choose the appropriate IPE .

2-Check

f ca f bcx
Finally get fca, Fc, fbcx, Fbcx and A1 and check + × A1 ≤ 1.00 as previously described
Fc Fbcx
in design of rolled columns.

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End Gable Column

The end gable column is the supporting element of the end girts, its statical system is hinged
base and roller connection with the rafter as shown in figure, so there is no normal force transmitted
from the rafter to the end gable.

Design Procedure:

1- The acting loads:

a. Dead Load:
i. Own weight (40 – 60) kg/m’.
ii. Weight of the steel sheets wc = (5-8) kg/m2 for single layer.
iii. Weight of the end girts wg = (10 – 20) kg/m’.

b. Wind load:
i. In this case the wind load will be a main load so it will be a case A
ii. Wwind = ((Ce + Ci ) x K x q) x S1

Ce = 0.8 for pressure case, 0.5 for suction case

Ci = 0.3 for pressure case
K= 1.0 for h ≤ 10 m
= 1.1 for h ≤ 20 m
q = 70 kg/m2 in Cairo

2- The straining actions:

c. Wx = due to wind load only

Wx = Wwind

WX × h2
MX =
8

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d. N = due to dead loads only

N = wc x (S1 x (h - hwall)) + o.w. x h + wg x ( number of girts ) x S1
Where
S1 = the span of end girts = spacing between end gables columns.
h = the end gable height.

3- Choice of Section:
M
f b = x ≤ Fbcx
Sx
Mx
Assume fb = 1.2 t/cm2 and get the Sx required = cm3
1.2
And from the tables we choose the appropriate IPE.

4- Check

1- lbin = lby = the bigger of ( distance between end girts or height of wall ) .
2- lbout = lbx = h

3- Check for compact Section

4- Luact = distance between end girts or height of wall for pressure case.
= h "for case of suction (compression flange is the inner flange), we can use knee
bracing to reduce it."

20 × b f
Fy
5- Calculate Lu max = Cb = 1.13
1380 × A f
× Cb
Fy × d
f ca f bcx
6- And finaly get fca ,Fc , fbcx , Fbcx and A1 and check + × A1 ≤ 1.00 as previously
Fc Fbcx
described in design of rolled columns.

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Example:

It is required for the shown industrial building to:-

42 m

24 m

a. Draw with a suitable scale a complete layout for the main system "2 hinged steel frame" of
clear height 8 m.

b. Calculate the loads on the frame for the diff. cases of loading.

c. Design the Col, Rafter.

d. Design the end gable column and draw its connection with the rafter.

e. Design and draw the connection between the rafter and the column
Use M24 grade (10.9) bolts, T = 22.23 ton Ps = 7.11 ton.

f. Design and draw the connection between the two rafters

Use M24 grade (10.9) bolts, T = 22.23 ton Ps = 7.11 ton.

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Solution:-

A ) The general layout.

2.0 m

8
7
6
5
42.0 m
4
3
2
6.0 m

6.0 m
1

6.0 m
4.0 m 4.0 m
24.0 m

Vertical Bracing Plan

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2.0 m

10:1

1.5 m 1.0 m
8.0 m
1.0 m

2.5 m

24.0 m

Elevation
@ axis 2 to 7
10:1

1.5 m
8.0 m
1.0 m

2.5 m

6.0 m
24.0 m

End Gable Section

@ axis 1

1.5 m
8.0 m
1.0 m

2.5 m

6.0 m
24.0 m

End Gable Section

@ axis 8

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B – Loads on frame:
tan = 0.1 = 5.71o
1) Dead load :
• WS = 25 kg/m2
• WC = 5 kg/m2

Wd = ( (WC / cos ) + WS ) x S = ( (5 / cos 5.71) + 25 ) x 6 = 180 kg/m

2) Live load :
• L.L. = 60 – 66.67 tan = 60 – 66.67 x 0.1 = 53.33 kg/m2
WL = L.L. x S = 53.33 x 6 = 320 kg/m

3) Wind load :
Wwind = ( Ce x K x q ) x S
W W
2 3
K= 1.0 for h 10 m
= 1.1 for h 20 m
q = 70 kg/m2 in Cairo C
2
C
3

Pressure side
W C Pressure Suction C W
o Vertical surface " surface 1" 1 1 4 4
side side
Ce = +0.8
W1 = 0.8 x 1.0 x 70 x 6 = 340 kg/m

o Inclined Surface " surface 2"

tan = 0.1 < 0.4 Ce = -0.8
W2 = -0.8 x 1.0 x 70 x 6 = -340 kg/m

Suction side
o Vertical surface " surface 3"
Ce = -0.5
W3 = -0.5 x 1.0 x 70 x 6 = - 200 kg/m

o Inclined Surface " surface 4"

Ce = -0.5
W4 = -0.5 x 1.0 x 70 x 6 = -200 kg/m

WT = Wd + WL = 0.32 + 0.18 = 0.5 t/m

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Original system
W2 W
3
WT

W Pressure Suction W
1 side side 4

Case (A) D.L. + L.L. Case (B) W.L.

Modified system
W2 W
3
WT

W W
1 4

4.32 ton

6 ton 6 ton 3.53 ton 1.84 ton

Case (A) D.L. + L.L. Case (B) W.L.

23.7 mt 0.64 mt 6.4 mt

9 mt 36 mt

Mo Total load Mo Wind load

9.2 mt
6.12 mt 3.6 mt
8 mt 8 mt 23.7 mt 0.64 mt 6.4 mt

2.72 mt 1.6 mt

1 ton
M1 Mo Wind load

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From case A .( Dead + Live Only )

10 = 2 ( 36 x 12 / 2 x –( 8 + 2/3 x 1.2 ) + ( 2/3 x 9 x 12 ) x –( 8/2 + 9.2/2 )) = -5040

11 = 2 ( 8 x 8 / 2 x 2/3 x 8 + 8 x 12 x ( 8/2 + 9.2/2 ) + 1.2 x 12/2 x (8 + 2/3 x 1.2 )) = 2119.25

10 + X1 x 11 =0
X1 = 2.378

From case B .( Wind Load)

10 = - 2/3 x 2.72 x 8 x 4 – 23.7 x 8/2 x 2/3 x 8

+ 2/3 x 6.12 x12 x 8.6 – 23.06 x 12/2 x 8.4 – 0.64 x 12 x 2 x 8.6
+ 2/3 x 3.6 x 12 x 8.6 – 5.75 x 12/2 x 8.4
+ 2/3 x 8 x 1.6 x 4 – 6.4 x 8/2 x 2/3 x 8 = -1581.4

11 = 2 ( 8 x 8 / 2 x 2/3 x 8 + 8 x 12 x ( 8/2 + 9.2/2 ) + 1.2 x 12/2 x (8 + 2/3 x 1.2 )) = 2119.25

10 + X1 x 11 =0
X1 = 0.746

Final Moment

6.22 mt
20mt 2 20 mt 3
2

1 13 mt 3 1
4
17.7 mt 0.432 mt
Case (A) D.L. + L.L.
Case of wind
neglected

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Design of rafter:

M2 = 13 mt M3 = 20 mt N = neglected 0.5

Calculation of haunch length and zero moment point x tan

Sec 5-5: End of the haunch

x
2 8
Mx = Q ( h + X tan ) + WT X / 2 – Y x X

20/8 = 2.5
Mx = 2.5 ( 8 + X x 0.1 ) + 0.5 X2 / 2 – 9 x X

= 0.25 X2 – 5.75 X + 20 6
1 to get Xh put Mx = M2
13 = 0.25 Xh2 – 5.75 Xh + 20
Xh = 1.29 take length of haunch = 1.5 m

2 to get the point of Zero Shear "beginning of the –ve moment zone" Xo
Put Mx = zero
0 = 0.25 Xo2 – 5.75 Xo + 20
Xo = 4.27 m

24 / 20 = 1.2 m < Xh = 1.5 m < 24 / 10 = 2.4 m so Mmax = M2 = Mh = 13 mt

Choice of sec:

Assume f = 1.536 t/cm2 Sx = 13 x 100 / 1.536 = 850 cm3

Choose I.P.E 360

Check:

Dw / tw = ( 36 – 4 x 1.27 ) / 0.8 = 38.6 < 82

C / tf = 8.5 / 1.27 = 6.7 < 10.9

Lumax = 20 bf / Fy = 20 x 17 / 2.4 = 219

Sec 2-2: M+ve

Luact = a = 200 cm < Lumax = 219

Sec is compact

Fbcx = 1.536 t / cm2

Fbx = Mx / Sx = 1300 / 904 = 1.438 t / cm2 < Fbcx = 1.536 t / cm2 Safe

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Sec 5-5: End of the haunch

Y
Luact = Xo = 4.27 m > Lu max
so use knee bracing at each purlin Luact = 2 m < 2.19 m

and so Fbcx = 1.536 t/cm2 safe as sec 2-2 36

X X
Sec 3-3: Max -ve
Ix = tw x (2h)3 / 12 + 2 ( bf x tf )( h – tf / 2 )2 36
Ix = 0.8 x (72)3 / 12 + 2 ( 17 x 1.27 )( 36 – 1.27 / 2 )2
= 78887 cm4 1.27
Sx = Ix / y = 78887 / 36 = 2191.6 cm3 17
Fbcx = 1.536 t/cm2 Y

Fbx = M3 / Sx = 2000 / 2191.6 = 0.91 t/cm2 < Fbcx

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Design of column
Choice of sec 1 – 1 :

Mx = 20 mt N = 6 ton

Assume f = 1.2 t/cm2 Sx = 20 x 100 / 1.2 = 1666.6 cm3

Choose I.P.E 500

Check:

Fca / Fc + A1 fbcx / Fbcx 1 case A

Fca = 6 / 116 = .052 t/cm2

fbcx = Mx / Sx = 2000 / 1930 = 1.036 t / cm2

Fc:
Lbin = K x 8

GA = 10 hinged base
GB = ( Ic / Lc ) / ( Ig / Lg ) = ( 48200 / 8 ) / ( 16270 / 24 ) = 8.8 K = 2.90

Lbin = 2.90 x 8 = 23.20 m, Lbout = 4.0 m

in =Lbx / rx = 2330 / 20.4 = 113.7 < 180

out =Lby / ry = 400 / 4.31 = 92.8 < 180
max = 113.7 > 100

Fc = 7500 /(113.7)2 = 0.58 t/cm2

Fca / Fc = .09

Fbcx :
1- Local buckling "compact and non-compact"
C = 10 cm , dw = 50 – 4 x 1.6 = 43.6

For flange C / tf = 10 / 1.6 = 6.25 < 10.9 compact

1 6 699 2.4
For Web , = ( + 1) =0.528 > 0.5 compare with = 76.6
2 43.6 × 1.02 × 2.4 (13α − 1)

Dw / tw = 43.6 / 1.02 = 42.7 < 76.6 compact

Regarding local buckling section is compact

2- L.T.B.

Luact = 400 cm > Lumax = 20 bf / Fy = 20 x 20 / 2.4 = 258.2

Section is non compact

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Column height is devided out plane in 2 parts by the hz member, critical one is sec 1 .

= Msmall / Mbig = - 10 / 20 = -.5

20
2 1
Cb = 1.75 + 1.05 + .3 = 1.3

Fltb = 800 Af Cb / ( Lu d ) = 800 x 20 x 1.6 x 1.3 / ( 400 x 50 ) = 1.66 > 1.4

10
2
Fbcx = 1.4 t / cm

A1:

Fca / Fc = .09 < .15 A1 = 1.0

Applying interaction equation :

.09 + 1.0 x 1.036 / 1.4 = 0.83 < 1 "case A" safe.

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D ) End gable colum:

1- The acting loads:

h = 8 + 12 x 0.1 = 9.2 m
a. Dead Load:
i. Own weight 50 kg/m’.
ii. Weight of the steel sheets wc = 6 kg/m2.
iii. Weight of the end girts wg = 20 kg/m’.

b. Wind load:
i. In this case the wind load will be a main load so it will be a case A
ii. Wwind = ((Ce + Ci ) x K x q) x S1

Ce = 0.8, Ci = 0.3
K= 1.0 for h ≤ 10 m
q = 70 kg/m2 in Cairo

2- The straining actions:

a. Case of wind pressure

Wx = due to wind load only
Wx = Wwind = 1.1 x 1 x 70 x 6 = 0.462 t/m'

WX × h2
MX = = 0.462 x 9.22 / 8 = 4.88 mt
8
b. Case of wind suction
Wx = due to wind load only
Wx = Wwind = 0.5 x 1 x 70 x 6 = 0.21 t/m'

WX × h2
MX = = 0.21 x 9.22 / 8 = 2.22 mt
8

c. N = due to dead loads only

N = wc x (S1 x ( h – hwall)) + o.w. x h + wg x ( number of girts ) x S1
N = (6 x (6 x 4.2) + 50 x 9.2 + 20 x ( 5 ) x 6)/1000 = 1.21 ton

Choice of sec:
From wind pressure case
Mx = 4.88 mt N = 1.21 ton

Assume f = 1.2 t/cm2 Sx = 4.88 x 100 / 1.2 = 406 cm3

Choose I.P.E 270

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Check:

1- Wind pressure case:

Fca / Fc + A1 fbx / Fbcx 1

fca = 1.21 / 45.9 = .026 t/cm2

fbcx = Mx / Sx = 488 / 429 = 1.13 t / cm2

Fc:
Lbin = 2.5 m "wall height" , Lbout = 9.2 m
in = Lby / ry = 250 / 3.02 = 82.8 < 180
out = Lbx / rx = 920 / 11.2 = 82.14 < 180
max = 83 < 100

Fc = 1.4 – 6.5 x 10 -5 (83)2 = 0.95 t/cm2

Fca / Fc = .027

Fbcx :
1- Local buckling "compact and non-compact"
C = 6.4 cm , dw = 27 – 4 x 1.02 = 22.92

For flange C / tf = 6.4 / 1.02 = 6.27 < 10.9 compact

1 1.21 699 2.4

For Web, = ( + 1) =0.51 > 0.5, compare with = 78.33
2 22.92 × 0.66 × 2.4 (13α − 1)

d w / tw = 22.92 / 0.66 = 34.72 < 78.33 compact

Regarding local buckling section is compact

2- L.T.B.

Luact = 250 cm > Lumax = 20 bf / Fy = 20 x 13.5 / 2.4 = 174.3

Section is non compact

Cb = 1.13

Fltb = 800 Af Cb / ( Lu d ) = 800 x 13.5 x 1.02 x 1.13 / ( 250 x 27 ) = 1.84 > 1.4

Fbcx = 1.4 t / cm2

A1:
Fca / Fc = .027 < .15 A1 = 1.0

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Applying interaction equation :

.027+ 1.0 x 1.13 / 1.4 = 0.84 < 1 "case A" safe.

2- Wind suction case:

fbcx = Mx / Sx = 222 / 429 = 0.517 t / cm2

Fbcx :

Regarding local buckling section is compact as before

1- L.T.B.

Luact = 920 cm > Lumax = 20 bf / Fy = 20 x 13.5 / 2.4 = 174.3 cm

Section is non compact ,Cb = 1.13

Fltb = 800 Af Cb / ( Lu d ) = 800 x 13.5 x 1.02 x 1.13 / ( 920 x 27 ) = 0.5 > 1.4

Try to reduce Luact by using knee bracing each side girt.

Luact = max of (wall height or distance between side girts) = 250

Fltb = 800 Af Cb / (Lu d) = 800 x 13.5 x 1.02 x 1.13 / ( 250 x 27 ) = 1.84 > 1.4
Fbcx = 1.4 t / cm2

A1:
Fca / Fc = .027 < .15 A1 = 1.0

Applying interaction equation :

.027 + 1.0 x 0.517 / 1.4 = 0.39 < 1 "case A" safe.

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E )connection between rafter and column:

Mact = 20 mt , Qact = 6 ton

PL. 10 MM
1
STEEL SHEET
RAIN GUTTER .7MM

IPE 360

PART OF IPE 360

17.0
1
1.27 2.0 fb
4.0 11.27
8.0 f1
36.0
26.73
H = 2 + 36 + 36 + 2 = 76 cm

Ix = B H3 / 12 = 17 x 763 / 12 = 621882.667 cm4

Y = H / 2 = 38 cm 36.0
X1 = 2 + tf + e + P /2 = 2 + 1.27 + 4 + 4 = 11.27 cm
X2 = H / 2 – X1 = 38 – 11.27 = 26.73 cm
2.0
fb = Mmax Y / Ix = 2000 x 38 / 621882.6 = 0.12 t/cm2
f1 = Mmax X2 / Ix = 2000 x 26.73 / 621882.6 = 0.086 t/cm2 SEC 1-1
Check bending stress on bolts :
Text,b1,M = 1 / 2 ( ( 0.12 + 0.08 ) /2 x ( 17 x 11.27 ) ) = 9.886 < 0.8 T = 17.84 safe

Text,b2,M = 1 / 2 ( ( 0.08 + 0 ) /2 x ( 17 x 26.73 ) ) = 9.76 < 0.8 T safe

Check shear stress on bolts :

Qact / n = 6 / 6 = 1 ton < Ps = 7.11 ton safe

Thickness of head plate:

As before

Check on weld between head plate and rafter section:

Properties of the weld :

Assume size of weld S = 8 mm for web
and S flange = 10 mm

Awvl = 4 x 28 x 0.8 = 89.6 cm2

Ix = 2 (17 x 1 x 36.52 + 2 x 6 x 1.0 x (36 – 1.27 – 0.5)2

+ 2 x 0.8 x 283 / 12 + 2 x 0.8 x 28 x 182)
= 108301.4 cm4

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17.0
Checks:

At point 1-

q1 = 0 t/cm2
f1 = 2000 x ( 36 + 1 ) / 108301.4 = 0.69 t/cm2 < 0.72 t/cm2 6.0

At point 2-

q2 = 6 / 89.6 = 0.067 t/cm2

f2 = 2000 x ( 18 + 28 / 2 ) / 108301.4 = 0.59 t/cm2 28.0
R1 = ( 0.592 + 3x0.0672 ) = 0.6 t/cm2 < 0.72 t/cm2 x 1.1

F )connection between2 rafter:

Mact = 13 mt , Qact = 0

1
RIDGE CAP .7MM

L 80X80X8 C 140X65X4

IPE 360 IPE 360

17.0

1.27 2.0
4.0
H = 2 + 36 + 36 + 2 = 76 cm
36.0
Ix = B H3 / 12 = 17 x 763 / 12 = 621882.667 cm4
Y = H / 2 = 38 cm
X1 = 2 + tf + e + P /2 = 2 + 1.27 + 4 + 4 = 11.27 cm
X2 = H / 2 – X1 = 38 – 11.27 = 26.73 cm 26.73
fb = Mmax Y / Ix = 1300 x 38 / 621882.6 = 0.079 t/cm2 36.0
f1 = Mmax X2 / Ix = 1300 x 26.73 / 621882.6 = 0.056 t/cm2 8.0 f1
4.0 11.27
1.27 2.0 fb

Check bending stress on bolts :

SEC 1-1
Text,b1,M = 1 / 2 ( ( 0.079 + 0.056 ) /2 x ( 17 x 11.27 ) ) = 6.46 < 0.8 T = 17.84 safe

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Text,b2,M = 1 / 2 ( ( 0.056 + 0 ) /2 x ( 17 x 26.73 ) ) = 6.36 < 0.8 T safe

Check shear stress on bolts :

Qact / n = 0 / 6 = 0 ton < Ps = 7.11 ton safe

Thickness of head plate:

As before

Check on weld between head plate and rafter section:

Properties of the weld : 17.0

Assume size of weld S = 6 mm

Ix = 2 ( 17 x 0.6 x 36.32 + 2 x 6 x 0.6 x ( 36 – 1.27 – 0.3 )2

+ 2 x 0.6 x 283 / 12 + 2 x 0.6 x 28 x 182 )
= 70213.472 cm4
6.0
Checks:
No shear so only point 1 is critical
At point 1-

q1 = 0 t/cm2 28.0
f1 = 1300 x ( 36 + 0.6 ) / 70213.472 = 0.67 t/cm2 < 0.72 t/cm2

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 Portal Frame II

Side and End grits

Both side and end girts are used to mount the side or end cladding, the difference between
the two is that the side girts are supported on the main column and the end girts are supported on the
end gables column.

Design Procedure:

1- The acting loads:

• Dead Load:
- Own weight (10 – 20) kg/m.
- Weight of the steel sheets wc = (5-8) kg/m2 for single layer.

• Live Load :

- For case of maintenance there is a concentrated load of 100 kg

• Wind load:
- In this case the wind load will be a main load so it will be a case A
- Wwind = ( (Ce + Ci ) x K x q ) x a

Ce = 0.8 , Ci = 0.3
K= 1.0 for h ≤ 10 m
= 1.1 for h ≤ 20 m
q = 70 kg/m2 in Cairo

2- The straining actions:

• Wx = due to wind load only
Wx = Wwind

WX × S 2 W ×S
MX = , QX = X
8 2

• Wy = due to dead loads and live load

Wy = wc x a + o.w.
Py = 100 kg
W × S 2 PY × S W × S PY
MY = Y + , QY = Y +
8 4 2 2

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Where S is:
The span of side girts = spacing between main frames columns.
The span of end girts = spacing between end gables columns.
And a is the spacing between side or end girts.

3- Choice of Section:

Mx My
fb = + ≤ Fbcx
Sx Sy

As the channels are non-compact or slender sections so Fbcx = 1.4 t/cm2

Assume Sx = 7 Sy for hot rolled C sec. or Sx = 6 Sy for cold formed sec.

M x + (6or 7)M y
By solving the first equation we get the Sx required = cm3
1.4
And from the tables we choose the appropriate channel.

4- Checks
1- Bending stress:
M My
fb = x + ≤ Fbcx = 1.4t / cm 2
Sx Sy
2- Shear stress:
Q
q x = x ≤ 0.35Fy
A web
Qy
qy = ≤ 0.35Fy
A flanges

2- Deflection "due to live load only":

P ×S 3 span
δ act = <
48E × IY 300
N.B.:
In case of not satisfied we increase the channel section or use tie rod to reduce S in the Y
direction, and so we decrease My and the deflection.

MY with 1 tie = 1 / 4 MY without tie rod

MY with 2 tie = 1 / 9 MY without tie rod

For case of using cold formed section we must use tie rod, to safeguard the deflection

N.B.
We have to check another case of wind, if wind is suction, Ce = 0.5
Wx = Wwind = 0.5 x K x q x a
W ×S2
MX = X And Luact = span
8

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 Portal Frame II

Rafter Splices

- What is the splice?

It is a connection joining 2 parts of the rafter together.

- Why and where we put the splice?

The splice is put to divide the rafter in parts so the max part length is less than 12 m
to be able to transport it to site.
It is preferred to be as near as possible from the point of zero moment.

- Design straining actions :

As the rafter section is subjected to M , N , Q so the splice will be subjected to the
same straining actions.

• N is small and can be neglected

• Q is the actual shear force at the position of the splice. Qact = Y -WT . X of splice
• M is the max moment capacity of the section. Mmax = Sx x Fbcx "at splice section"

Splice
WT
x tan?
?
< 12 m < 12 m
x of splice
h

L / 2 > 12 m
X
span = L

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 Portal Frame II
2 head plate splice. " using Pretensioned bolts "

M max

Q act
B
2 fb
tf
X1 e
p f1
X
2 h H
I

Pretension bolts: “as before page 9 to 16 E.C.2”

Arrange bolts
As the connection is designed on max moment, so it must be symmetric.

By using pretensioned bolts the head plate is fully effective, so Ix = B H3 / 12, Y = H / 2

fb = Mmax Y / Ix = 6 Mmax / B H2

f1 = Mmax X2 / Ix X1 = 2 + tf + e + P /2
X2 = H / 2 – X 1

Check bolts : " Always N is neglected for bolts as it decreases tension on bolts"
Text,b1,M = 1 / 2 ( ( fb + f1 ) /2 x ( B x X1 ) ) 0.8 T

Text,b2,M = 1 / 2 ( ( f1 + 0 ) /2 x ( B x X2 ) ) 0.8 T

Check shear stress on bolts :

Qact / n Ps n is the total number of bolts.

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Check on weld between head plate and rafter section:

Properties of the weld :

b f -2S
Awhz = ( bf – 2S ) S x 2 + 4 x 0.4 x bf x S
Awvl = 2 x 0.8 x h x S
Awtot = Awhz + Awvl 0.4 b f

Ix = 2 ( S x (0.8h)3 / 12 ) + 2 ( b f – 2S ) S x (( h + S ) / 2)2 0.8h

+ 4 ( 0.4 bf x S ) x ( h / 2 – S / 2 – tf )2

Checks:

At point 1-

q1 = 0
f1 = N / Awtot + Mmax x ( h /2 + S ) / Ix 0.72 t/cm2

At point 2-

q2 = Qact / Awvl
f2 = N / Awtot + Mmax x ( 0.8 h / 2 ) / Ix
R2 = ( f22 + 3q22 ) 0.72 t/cm2 x 1.1

N.B.: if N is neglected put N=0

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Example:

It is required for the previous example:

a. Design and draw the rafter splice at 4m from column

Use M24 grade (10.9) bolts.

b. Design Side girts as : 1 – Hot rolled C section

2 – Cold formed C section

Solution:

a. Rafter splice:

At splice sec:-
Qact = Y -WT . X of splice = 6 – 0.5 x 4 = 4 ton
Mmax = Sx x Fbcx = 1.536 x 904 = 1388 cmt

Splice Type I

17.0
1.27 2 fb
X1 4.0
8.0 f1 M
X2
36 40

H = 36 + 2 + 2 = 40 cm
Q act
Ix = B H3 / 12 = 17 x 403 / 12 = 90666.6 cm4
Y = H / 2 = 20 cm
X1 = 2 + tf + e + P /2 = 2 + 1.27 + 4 + 4 = 11.27 cm
X2 = H / 2 – X1 = 20 – 11.27 = 8.73 cm
fb = Mmax Y / Ix = 1388 x 20 / 90666.66 = 0.3 t/cm2
f1 = Mmax X2 / Ix = 1388 x 8.73 / 90666.66 = 0.13 t/cm2

Check bending stress on bolts :

Text,b1,M = 1 / 2 ( ( 0.3 + 0.13 ) /2 x ( 17 x 11.27 ) ) = 20.6 > 0.8 T = 17.84 unsafe

Text,b2,M = 1 / 2 ( ( 0.13 + 0 ) /2 x ( 17 x 8.73 ) ) = 4.82 < 0.8 T safe

Try to safeguard the first row by putting 4 bolts / row ,

but B / 2 = 17 / 2 = 8.5 cm < tw / 2 + 2 e + p = 0.4 + 2 x 4 + 8 = 16.4 we cant use 4 bolts / row.
Increase H and move second row of bolts up the flange

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 Portal Frame II

4.0
fb
H = 36 + 8 + 8 = 52 cm 8.0
4.0
1.2 7
4.0 f1
Ix = B H3 / 12 = 17 x 523 / 12 = 199194.66 cm4
Y = H / 2 = 26 cm 52.0 36.0

X1 = tf / 2 + 2e = 1.27 / 2 + 2 x 4 = 8.63 cm
X2 = H / 2 – X1 = 26 – 8.63 = 17.37 cm 8.0
fb = Mmax Y / Ix = 1388 x 26 / 199194.66 = 0.181 t/cm2
f1 = Mmax X2 / Ix = 1388 x 17.37 / 199194.66= 0.12 t/cm2
S T . P L 1 0m m
Check bolts :
Text,b1,M = 1 / 2 ( ( 0.181 + 0.12 ) /2 x ( 17 x 8.63 ) ) = 11 < 0.8 T = 17.84 safe

Text,b2,M = 1 / 2 ( ( 0.12 + 0 ) /2 x ( 17 x 17.37 ) ) = 8.8 < 0.8 T safe

Check shear on bolts :

Qact / n = 4 / 8 = 0.5 ton < Ps = 7.11 ton safe

Thickness of head plate:

We take a strip of width b/2 = 17/2 = 8.5cm, we calculate the

moment from this strip Mp = force in bolt x e = 11 x 4 = 44cmt
MP t 44 t
fb = ×( P ) = × ( P ) = Fb = 0.72Fy t/cm2
h ×t 3
2 8 ×t P
3
2
( 1 P) ( )
12 12
so tp = 4.4 cm very big

Check on weld between head plate and rafter section:

Properties of the weld: 0.8x8

Assume size of weld S = 8 mm for web
and S flange and stiff = 12 mm
Awhz = 8 x 0.4 x 17 x 1.2 = 65.28 cm2
Awvl = 2 x 0.8 x 36 x 0.8 + 0.8 x 8 x 4 x 1.2 = 76.8 cm2
Awtot = Awhz + Awvl = 142.08 cm2 0.8x36

Ix = 2 (0.8 x (0.8 x 36)3 / 12) + 4 (0.4 x 17 x 1.2) x ((36 + 1.2) / 2)2

+ 4 (0.4 x 17 x 1.2) x ( 36 / 2 – 1.2 / 2 – 1.27)2
+ 4 (1.2 x (0.8 x 8)3 / 12) + 4 (0.8 x 8 x 1.2) x (36 / 2 + 0.5 x 8)2
= 37942.7 cm4

Checks:
At point 1- 0.4x17

q1 = 4 / 76.8 = 0.052 t/cm2

f1 = 1388 x (18 + 8) / 37942.7 = 0.95 t/cm2
R1 = (0.952 + 3x0.0522) = 0.96 t/cm2 > 0.72 t/cm2 x 1.1 try to increase stiff length and recheck

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 Portal Frame II

b. Design of Side girts

1- As hot rolled C section

1- The acting loads:

• Dead Load:
- Own weight 20 kg/m.
- Weight of the steel sheets wc = 6 kg/m2 .

• Live Load :

- Py = 100 kg

• Wind load:
- Wwind = ( (Ce + Ci) x K x q ) x a

Ce = 0.8, Ci = 0.3
K= 1.0 for h ≤ 10 m
q = 70 kg/m2 in Cairo

2- The straining actions:

• Wx = due to wind load only

Wx = Wwind = 1.1 x 1 x 70 x 1.5 = 115.5 kg /m = 0.115 t/m'

WX × S 2 0.115 × 62
MX = = = 0.517 mt
8 8
W ×S 0.115 × 6
QX = X = = 0.345 t
2 2

• Wy = due to dead loads and live load

Wy = wc x a + o.w. = 6 x 1.5 + 20 = 29 kg/m = 0.029 t/m'
Py = 100 kg = 0.1 t
W × S 2 PY × S 0.029 × 62 0.1× 6
MY = Y + = + = 0.28 mt
8 4 8 4
W × S Py 0.029 × 6 0.1
Qy = y + = + = 0.137 t
2 2 2 2

3- Choice of Section:

Mx My
fb = + ≤ Fbcx
Sx Sy

As the channels are non compact sections so Fbcx = 1.4 t/cm2

Assume Sx = 7 Sy for hot rolled sec.

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M x + 7M y
Sx required = = (51.7 + 7 x 28) / 1.4 = 176.9 cm3
1.4
Choose C 200

4- Check
1- Bending stress:
Luact = zero as the compression flange is fully laterally supported by the corrugated sheets.
Section is non-compact as we are using channels
Fbcx = 1.4 t/cm2
M M 51.7 28
fb = x + y = + = 1.3 < Fbcx = 1.4t / cm 2
Sx Sy 191 27

2- Shear stress:
Q 0.345
qx = x = = 0.02 ≤ 0.35Fy
A web 20 × 0.85
Qy 0.137
qy = = = 0.008 ≤ 0.35Fy
A flanges 2 × 7.5 × 1.15

3- Deflection "due to live load only":

P ×S 3 0.1× 6003 span 600

δ act = = = 1.44cm < = = 2cm
48E × IY 48 × 2100 ×148 300 300

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 Portal Frame II

2- As cold formed C section

1- The acting loads:

• Dead Load:
- Own weight 10 kg/m.
- Weight of the steel sheets wc = 6 kg/m2.

• Live Load :

- Py = 100 kg

• Wind load:
- Wwind = (( (Ce + Ci) x K x q ) x a

Ce = 0.8, Ci = 0.3
K= 1.0 for h ≤ 10 m
q = 70 kg/m2 in Cairo

2- The straining actions:

We will use 2 tie rods
• Wx = due to wind load only
Wx = Wwind = 1.1 x 1 x 70 x 1.5 = 115.5 kg /m = 0.115 t/m'

WX × S 2 0.115 × 62
MX = = = 0.517 mt
8 8
W ×S 0.115 × 6
QX = X = = 0.345 t
2 2

• Wy = due to dead loads and live load

Wy = wc x a + o.w. = 6 x 1.5 + 10 = 19 kg/m = 0.019 t/m'
Py = 100 kg = 0.1 t
As there is 2 tie rods S = 6/3 = 2.0 m
W × S 2 PY × S 0.019 × 22 0.1× 2
MY = Y + = + = 0.0595 mt
8 4 8 4
W × S Py 0.019 × 2 0.1
Qy = y + = + = 0.07 t
2 2 2 2
3- Choice of Section:

Mx My
fb = + ≤ Fbcx
Sx Sy

As the channels are non compact sections so Fbcx = 1.4 t/cm2

Assume Sx = 6 Sy for cold formed sec.
M x + 6 M y 51.7 + 6 × 5.95
Sx required = = = 62.5 cm3
1.4 1.4
Choose C180x75x4

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4- Checks:-
a- Code limits for slender sections.

For web subjected to moment

h = H – 2r – 2 t = 180 – 2(6)-2(4) = 160 mm
h 160
= = 40 < 200 Ok
t 4

For Unstiff. flange

b = B – r – t = 75 – 6 – 4 = 65 mm
b 65
= = 16.25 < 40 Ok
t 4

Section satisfies code limits.

b- Determine the effective parts of the section.

1- Flange
Unstiffened flange subjected to compression = 1 , K = 0.43

b = 65 mm
b t Fy 65 4 2.4
λP = = = 0.87
44 K σ 44 0.43
λ − 0.15 − 0.05ψ 0.87 − 0.15 − 0.05 ×1
ρ= P = = 0.885 < 1
λP2 0.87 2

be = b = 0.885 x 65 = 57.53 mm

2- Web
Stiff. Web subjected to moment = -1 , K = 23.9

h = 160 mm
b t Fy 160 4 2.4
λP = = = 0.29
44 K σ 44 23.9
λP − 0.15 − 0.05ψ 0.29 − 0.15 − 0.05 × −1
ρ= = = 2.25 > 1
λP2 0.292

The web is fully effective.

As the flange is not fully effective so we must calculate the new

properties of the section.

IX eff = IX table – IX of the reduced part = 606.25 – 0.747x0.4 (9-0.2)2 = 583.11 cm4

0.4×0.7473 0.747 2
IY eff = IY table – IY of the reduced part = 67.2 – ( + 0.4×0.747×(7.5 −1.9 − ) ) = 59cm4
12 2

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 Portal Frame II

a- Check bending stress.

Luact = zero as the compression flange is fully laterally supported by
the corrugated sheets.
Fbcx = 1.4 t/cm2

MX MY 51.7 5.95
fbc = y + x = 9+ (7.5 − 1.9) =1.36 < 1.4 t/cm2
IX IY 583.11 59
b- Check shear stress.

Very small shear force, shear stress will be safe

Q 0.345
qx = x = = 0.05 ≤ 0.35Fy
A web 18 × 0.4
Qy 0.07
qy = = = 0.012 ≤ 0.35Fy
A flanges 2 × 7.5 × 0.4 − 0.7 × 0.4

c- Check deflection. "due to live load only"

P ×S 3 0.1× 2003 span 200

δ act = = = 0.13cm < = = 0.66cm
48E × IY 48 × 2100 × 59 300 300

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