DB2 V8 Application Programming and SQL Guide

DB2 Universal Database for z/OS

Version 8
Application Programming
and SQL Guide
SC18-7415-00
®

Version 8
and SQL Guide
SC18-7415-00
Note
Before using this information and the product it supports, be sure to read the general information under “Notices” on page
1037.
First Edition (March 2004)

This edition applies to Version 8 of IBM DB2 Universal Database for z/OS (DB2 UDB for z/OS), product number
5625-DB2, and to any subsequent releases until otherwise indicated in new editions. Make sure you are using the
correct edition for the level of the product.
Specific changes are indicated by a vertical bar to the left of a change. A vertical bar to the left of a figure caption
indicates that the figure has changed. Editorial changes that have no technical significance are not noted.
© Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 1983, 2004. All rights reserved.
US Government Users Restricted Rights – Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract
with IBM Corp.
Contents
About this book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Who should read this book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Terminology and citations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
How to read the syntax diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx
Accessibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
How to send your comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Summary of changes to this book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Part 1. Using SQL queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 1. Retrieving data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Result tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Data types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Selecting columns: SELECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Selecting all columns: SELECT * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Selecting some columns: SELECT column-name . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Selecting derived columns: SELECT expression . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Eliminating duplicate rows: DISTINCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Naming result columns: AS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Selecting rows using search conditions: WHERE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Putting the rows in order: ORDER BY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Specifying the sort key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Referencing derived columns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Summarizing group values: GROUP BY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Subjecting groups to conditions: HAVING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Merging lists of values: UNION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Using UNION to eliminate duplicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Using UNION ALL to keep duplicates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
| Creating common table expressions: WITH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
| Using WITH instead of CREATE VIEW: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
| Using common table expressions with CREATE VIEW: . . . . . . . . . 15
| Using common table expressions when you use INSERT: . . . . . . . . 15
| Using recursive SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Accessing DB2 data that is not in a table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Using 15-digit and 31-digit precision for decimal numbers . . . . . . . . . 16
Finding information in the DB2 catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Displaying a list of tables you can use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Displaying a list of columns in a table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Chapter 2. Working with tables and modifying data . . . . . . . . . . 19

Working with tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Creating your own tables: CREATE TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Working with temporary tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Dropping tables: DROP TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Working with views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Defining a view: CREATE VIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Changing data through a view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Dropping views: DROP VIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Modifying DB2 data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Inserting rows: INSERT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
| Selecting values as you insert: SELECT from INSERT . . . . . . . . . 31
Updating current values: UPDATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
© Copyright IBM Corp. 1983, 2004 iii
Deleting rows: DELETE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Chapter 3. Joining data from more than one table . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Inner join . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Full outer join . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Left outer join . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Right outer join . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
SQL rules for statements containing join operations . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Using more than one join in an SQL statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Using nested table expressions and user-defined table functions in joins . . . 46
Using correlated references in table specifications in joins . . . . . . . . . 47
Chapter 4. Using subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Conceptual overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Correlated and uncorrelated subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Subqueries and predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
The subquery result table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Tables in subqueries of UPDATE, DELETE, and INSERT statements . . . . 51
How to code a subquery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Basic predicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Quantified predicate : ALL, ANY, or SOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
IN keyword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
EXISTS keyword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Using correlated subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
An example of a correlated subquery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Using correlation names in references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Using correlated subqueries in an UPDATE statement . . . . . . . . . 55
Using correlated subqueries in a DELETE statement . . . . . . . . . . 55
Chapter 5. Executing SQL from your terminal using SPUFI . . . . . . . 59

Allocating an input data set and using SPUFI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Changing SPUFI defaults (optional) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Entering SQL statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Using the ISPF editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
| Retrieving Unicode UTF-16 graphic data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Entering comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Setting the SQL terminator character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Processing SQL statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Browsing the output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Format of SELECT statement results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Content of the messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Part 2. Coding SQL in your host application program . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Chapter 6. Basics of coding SQL in an application program . . . . . . . 69

Conventions used in examples of coding SQL statements . . . . . . . . . 70
Delimiting an SQL statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Declaring table and view definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Accessing data using host variables, variable arrays, and structures . . . . . 71
Using host variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
| Using host variable arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Using host structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Checking the execution of SQL statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Using the SQL communication area (SQLCA) . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
SQLCODE and SQLSTATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Using the WHENEVER statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
iv Application Programming and SQL Guide

Handling arithmetic or conversion errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
| Using the GET DIAGNOSTICS statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Calling DSNTIAR to display SQLCA fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Chapter 7. Using a cursor to retrieve a set of rows . . . . . . . . . . 93

Accessing data by using a row-positioned cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Step 1: Declare the cursor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Step 2: Open the cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Step 3: Specify what to do at end-of-data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Step 4: Execute SQL statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Step 5: Close the cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
| Accessing data by using a rowset-positioned cursor . . . . . . . . . . . 98
| Step 1: Declare the rowset cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
| Step 2: Open the rowset cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
| Step 3: Specify what to do at end-of-data for a rowset cursor . . . . . . . 99
| Step 4: Execute SQL statements with a rowset cursor . . . . . . . . . 99
| Step 5: Close the rowset cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Types of cursors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Scrollable and non-scrollable cursors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Held and non-held cursors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Examples of using cursors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Chapter 8. Generating declarations for your tables using DCLGEN . . . 121 .

Invoking DCLGEN through DB2I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 .
Including the data declarations in your program . . . . . . . . . . . 122 .
DCLGEN support of C, COBOL, and PL/I languages . . . . . . . . . 123 .
Example: Adding a table declaration and host-variable structure to a library 124
Step 1. Specify COBOL as the host language . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Step 2. Create the table declaration and host structure . . . . . . . . . 125
Step 3. Examine the results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Chapter 9. Embedding SQL statements in host languages . . . . . . . 129

Coding SQL statements in an assembler application. . . . . . . . . . . 129
Defining the SQL communications area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Defining SQL descriptor areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Embedding SQL statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Using host variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Declaring host variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Determining equivalent SQL and assembler data types . . . . . . . . 136
Determining compatibility of SQL and assembler data types . . . . . . . 140
Using indicator variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Handling SQL error return codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Macros for assembler applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Coding SQL statements in a C or C++ application . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Defining the SQL communication area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
| Using host variables and host variable arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
| Declaring host variable arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Determining equivalent SQL and C data types . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Determining compatibility of SQL and C data types . . . . . . . . . . 166
Using indicator variables and indicator variable arrays . . . . . . . . . 167
Coding considerations for C and C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Contents v
Coding SQL statements in a COBOL application . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Determining equivalent SQL and COBOL data types . . . . . . . . . 194
Determining compatibility of SQL and COBOL data types . . . . . . . . 198
Coding considerations for object-oriented extensions in COBOL . . . . . 202
Coding SQL statements in a Fortran application . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Determining equivalent SQL and Fortran data types . . . . . . . . . . 208
Determining compatibility of SQL and Fortran data types . . . . . . . . 211
Coding SQL statements in a PL/I application . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Determining equivalent SQL and PL/I data types . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Determining compatibility of SQL and PL/I data types . . . . . . . . . 228
Coding considerations for PL/I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Coding SQL statements in a REXX application . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Accessing the DB2 REXX Language Support application programming
interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Embedding SQL statements in a REXX procedure . . . . . . . . . . 235
Using cursors and statement names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Using REXX host variables and data types . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Setting the isolation level of SQL statements in a REXX procedure . . . . 241
Chapter 10. Using constraints to maintain data integrity . . . . . . . . 243

Using check constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Check constraint considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
When check constraints are enforced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
How check constraints set check pending status . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Using referential constraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Parent key columns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Defining a parent key and a unique index . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Defining a foreign key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
vi Application Programming and SQL Guide

| Referential constraints on tables with multilevel security with row-level
| granularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
| Using informational referential constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
| Chapter 11. Using DB2-generated values as keys . . . . . . . . . . 253

| Using ROWID columns as keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
| Defining a ROWID column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
| Direct row access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
| Considerations for using ROWID columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
| Using identity columns as keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
| Defining an identity column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
| Parent keys and foreign keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
| Considerations for using identity columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
| Using values obtained from sequence objects as keys . . . . . . . . . . 257
| Creating a sequence object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
| Referencing a sequence object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
| Keys across multiple tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
| Considerations for using sequence numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Chapter 12. Using triggers for active data . . . . . . . . . . . . .

261
Example of creating and using a trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
261
Parts of a trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
263
Trigger name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
263
Subject table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
263
Trigger activation time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
263
Triggering event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
263
Granularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
264
Transition variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
265
Transition tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
266
Triggered action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
267
Invoking stored procedures and user-defined functions from triggers . . . . .
269
Passing transition tables to user-defined functions and stored procedures 270
Trigger cascading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Ordering of multiple triggers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Interactions between triggers and referential constraints . . . . . . . . . 272
| Interactions between triggers and tables that have multilevel security with
| row-level granularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Creating triggers to obtain consistent results . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Part 3. Using DB2 object-relational extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Chapter 13. Introduction to DB2 object-relational extensions . . . . . . 279
Chapter 14. Programming for large objects (LOBs) . . . . . . . . . . 281

Introduction to LOBs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Declaring LOB host variables and LOB locators . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
LOB materialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Using LOB locators to save storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Deferring evaluation of a LOB expression to improve performance . . . . 289
Indicator variables and LOB locators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Valid assignments for LOB locators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Chapter 15. Creating and using user-defined functions . . . . . . . . 293

Overview of user-defined function definition, implementation, and invocation 293
Example of creating and using a user-defined scalar function . . . . . . 294
User-defined function samples shipped with DB2 . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Contents vii
Defining a user-defined function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Components of a user-defined function definition . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Examples of user-defined function definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Implementing an external user-defined function . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Writing a user-defined function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Preparing a user-defined function for execution . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Testing a user-defined function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Implementing an SQL scalar function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Invoking a user-defined function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Syntax for user-defined function invocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Ensuring that DB2 executes the intended user-defined function . . . . . 339
Casting of user-defined function arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
What happens when a user-defined function abnormally terminates . . . . 346
Nesting SQL Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Recommendations for user-defined function invocation . . . . . . . . . 347
Chapter 16. Creating and using distinct types . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Introduction to distinct types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Using distinct types in application programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Comparing distinct types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Assigning distinct types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Using distinct types in UNIONs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Invoking functions with distinct types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Combining distinct types with user-defined functions and LOBs . . . . . . 354
Part 4. Designing a DB2 database application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Chapter 17. Planning for DB2 program preparation . . . . . . . . . . 363

Planning to process SQL statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Planning to bind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Deciding how to bind DBRMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Planning for changes to your application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Chapter 18. Planning for concurrency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

Definitions of concurrency and locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Effects of DB2 locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Timeout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Deadlock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Basic recommendations to promote concurrency . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Recommendations for database design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Recommendations for application design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Aspects of transaction locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
The size of a lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
The duration of a lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
The mode of a lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
The object of a lock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Lock tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Bind options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Isolation overriding with SQL statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
The statement LOCK TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Access paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
LOB locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Relationship between transaction locks and LOB locks . . . . . . . . . 408
Hierarchy of LOB locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
LOB and LOB table space lock modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
viii Application Programming and SQL Guide

Duration of locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Instances when locks on LOB table space are not taken . . . . . . . . 411
LOCK TABLE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Chapter 19. Planning for recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

Unit of work in TSO batch and online . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Unit of work in CICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Unit of work in IMS online . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Planning ahead for program recovery: Checkpoint and restart . . . . . . 417
When are checkpoints important? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Checkpoints in MPPs and transaction-oriented BMPs . . . . . . . . . 418
Checkpoints in batch-oriented BMPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Specifying checkpoint frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Unit of work in DL/I batch and IMS batch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Commit and rollback coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Restart and recovery in IMS batch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Using savepoints to undo selected changes within a unit of work . . . . . . 421
Chapter 20. Planning to access distributed data . . . . . . . . . . . 423

Introduction to accessing distributed data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Coding for distributed data by two methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Using three-part table names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Using explicit CONNECT statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Coding considerations for access methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Preparing programs for DRDA access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
Preparing a package for DRDA access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
Binding a package for DRDA access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Binding a plan for DRDA access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Checking BIND PACKAGE options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Coordinating updates to two or more data sources . . . . . . . . . . . 433
How to have coordinated updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
What you can do without two-phase commit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Miscellaneous topics for distributed data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Improving performance for remote access . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Maximizing LOB performance in a distributed environment . . . . . . . 436
Use bind options that improve performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Use block fetch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Limiting the number of DRDA network transmissions . . . . . . . . . 442
Limiting the number of rows returned to DRDA clients . . . . . . . . . 446
DB2 UDB for z/OS support for the rowset parameter . . . . . . . . . 447
Accessing data with a scrollable cursor when the requester is down-level 447
| Accessing data with a rowset-positioned cursor when the requester is
| down-level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Maintaining data currency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Copying a table from a remote location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Transmitting mixed data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Retrieving data from ASCII or Unicode tables . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Moving from DB2 private protocol access to DRDA access . . . . . . . 449
| Executing long SQL statements in a distributed environment . . . . . . 450
| Including packages or DBRMs at the requester . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Part 5. Developing your application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Chapter 21. Preparing an application program to run . . . . . . . . . 453

Steps in program preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Step 1: Process SQL statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Contents ix
Step 2: Compile (or assemble) and link-edit the application . . . . . . . 471
Step 3: Bind the application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
Step 4: Run the application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Using JCL procedures to prepare applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Available JCL procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Including code from SYSLIB data sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
Starting the precompiler dynamically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
An alternative method for preparing a CICS program . . . . . . . . . 493
Using JCL to prepare a program with object-oriented extensions . . . . . 495
Using ISPF and DB2 Interactive (DB2I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
DB2I help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
DB2I Primary Option Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Chapter 22. Testing an application program . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499

Establishing a test environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Designing a test data structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Filling the tables with test data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Testing SQL statements using SPUFI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
Debugging your program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
Debugging programs in TSO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
Debugging programs in IMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Debugging programs in CICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Locating the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Analyzing error and warning messages from the precompiler . . . . . . 509
SYSTERM output from the precompiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
SYSPRINT output from the precompiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
Chapter 23. Processing DL/I batch applications . . . . . . . . . . . 515

Planning to use DL/I batch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Features and functions of DB2 DL/I batch support . . . . . . . . . . 515
Requirements for using DB2 in a DL/I batch job . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Program design considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Address spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Commits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
SQL statements and IMS calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Checkpoint calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Application program synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Checkpoint and XRST considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Synchronization call abends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
Input and output data sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
DB2 DL/I batch Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
DB2 DL/I batch output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Program preparation considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Precompiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Link-editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Loading and running . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Restart and recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
JCL example of a batch backout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
JCL example of restarting a DL/I batch job . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Finding the DL/I batch checkpoint ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
Part 6. Additional programming techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Chapter 24. Coding dynamic SQL in application programs . . . . . . . 535
x Application Programming and SQL Guide

Choosing between static and dynamic SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
Host variables make static SQL flexible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
Dynamic SQL is completely flexible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
What dynamic SQL cannot do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
What an application program using dynamic SQL does . . . . . . . . 537
Performance of static and dynamic SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Caching dynamic SQL statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Using the dynamic statement cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
Keeping prepared statements after commit points . . . . . . . . . . 541
Limiting dynamic SQL with the resource limit facility . . . . . . . . . . . 543
Writing an application to handle reactive governing . . . . . . . . . . 544
Writing an application to handle predictive governing . . . . . . . . . 544
Using predictive governing and downlevel DRDA requesters . . . . . . . 544
Using predictive governing and enabled requesters . . . . . . . . . . 544
Choosing a host language for dynamic SQL applications . . . . . . . . . 545
Dynamic SQL for non-SELECT statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Dynamic execution using EXECUTE IMMEDIATE. . . . . . . . . . . 546
Dynamic execution using PREPARE and EXECUTE . . . . . . . . . 547
| Dynamic execution of a multiple-row INSERT statement . . . . . . . . 549
Using DESCRIBE INPUT to put parameter information in an SQLDA . . . 551
Dynamic SQL for fixed-list SELECT statements . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
What your application program must do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
Dynamic SQL for varying-list SELECT statements . . . . . . . . . . . 554
Preparing a varying-list SELECT statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Executing a varying-list SELECT statement dynamically . . . . . . . . 564
Executing arbitrary statements with parameter markers . . . . . . . . 565
How bind options REOPT(ALWAYS) and REOPT(ONCE) affect dynamic
SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
Using dynamic SQL in COBOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Chapter 25. Using stored procedures for client/server processing . . . . 569

Introduction to stored procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
An example of a simple stored procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
Setting up the stored procedures environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
Defining your stored procedure to DB2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Refreshing the stored procedures environment (for system administrators) 579
Moving stored procedures to a WLM-established environment (for system
administrators) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
Writing and preparing an external stored procedure . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Language requirements for the stored procedure and its caller . . . . . . 581
Calling other programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
Using reentrant code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
Writing a stored procedure as a main program or subprogram . . . . . . 583
Restrictions on a stored procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Using COMMIT and ROLLBACK statements in a stored procedure . . . . 586
Using special registers in a stored procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
Accessing other sites in a stored procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Writing a stored procedure to access IMS databases . . . . . . . . . 590
Writing a stored procedure to return result sets to a DRDA client . . . . . 590
Preparing a stored procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
Binding the stored procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Writing a REXX stored procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
Writing and preparing an SQL procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Comparison of an SQL procedure and an external procedure . . . . . . 598
Statements that you can include in a procedure body . . . . . . . . . 600
Contents xi
Declaring and using variables in an SQL procedure . . . . . . . . . . 601
Parameter style for an SQL procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
Terminating statements in an SQL procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
Handling SQL conditions in an SQL procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Examples of SQL procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Preparing an SQL procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Writing and preparing an application to use stored procedures . . . . . . . 621
Forms of the CALL statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Authorization for executing stored procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Linkage conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Using indicator variables to speed processing . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Declaring data types for passed parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Writing a DB2 UDB for z/OS client program or SQL procedure to receive
result sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
Accessing transition tables in a stored procedure . . . . . . . . . . . 654
Calling a stored procedure from a REXX Procedure . . . . . . . . . . 654
Preparing a client program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
Running a stored procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
How DB2 determines which version of a stored procedure to run . . . . . 660
Using a single application program to call different versions of a stored
procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
Running multiple stored procedures concurrently . . . . . . . . . . . 661
| Running multiple instances of a stored procedure concurrently . . . . . . 662
Accessing non-DB2 resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Testing a stored procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
Debugging the stored procedure as a stand-alone program on a workstation 664
Debugging with the Debug Tool and IBM VisualAge COBOL . . . . . . . 665
Debugging an SQL procedure or C language stored procedure with the
Debug Tool and C/C++ Productivity Tools for z/OS . . . . . . . . . 665
Debugging with Debug Tool for z/OS interactively and in batch mode . . . 666
Using the MSGFILE run-time option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Using driver applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Using SQL INSERT statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
Chapter 26. Tuning your queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

General tips and questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Is the query coded as simply as possible? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Are all predicates coded correctly? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Are there subqueries in your query? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
Does your query involve aggregate functions? . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
Do you have an input variable in the predicate of an SQL query? . . . . . 674
Do you have a problem with column correlation? . . . . . . . . . . . 674
Can your query be written to use a noncolumn expression? . . . . . . . 674
| Can materialized query tables help your query performance? . . . . . . 674
| Does the query contain encrypted data? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Writing efficient predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Properties of predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Predicates in the ON clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
General rules about predicate evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Order of evaluating predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Summary of predicate processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680
Examples of predicate properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
Predicate filter factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
Column correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
DB2 predicate manipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694
| Predicates with encrypted data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698
xii Application Programming and SQL Guide

Using host variables efficiently . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698
| Changing the access path at run time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
Rewriting queries to influence access path selection. . . . . . . . . . 702
Writing efficient subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
Correlated subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
Noncorrelated subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706
Subquery transformation into join . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
Subquery tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
Using scrollable cursors efficiently . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710
| Writing efficient queries on tables with data-partitioned secondary indexes 711
Special techniques to influence access path selection . . . . . . . . . . 713
Obtaining information about access paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
Fetching a limited number of rows: FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY . . . . 714
Minimizing overhead for retrieving few rows: OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS 714
| Favoring index access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
| Using the CARDINALITY clause to improve the performance of queries with
| user-defined table function references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
Reducing the number of matching columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718
Creating indexes for efficient star join processing . . . . . . . . . . . 720
Rearranging the order of tables in a FROM clause . . . . . . . . . . 723
Updating catalog statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723
Using a subsystem parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724
Chapter 27. Using EXPLAIN to improve SQL performance . . . . . . . 727

Obtaining PLAN_TABLE information from EXPLAIN . . . . . . . . . . . 728
Creating PLAN_TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728
Populating and maintaining a plan table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
Reordering rows from a plan table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736
Asking questions about data access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Is access through an index? (ACCESSTYPE is I, I1, N or MX) . . . . . . 737
Is access through more than one index? (ACCESSTYPE=M) . . . . . . 737
How many columns of the index are used in matching? (MATCHCOLS=n) 738
Is the query satisfied using only the index? (INDEXONLY=Y) . . . . . . 739
Is direct row access possible? (PRIMARY_ACCESSTYPE = D) . . . . . 739
Is a view or nested table expression materialized? . . . . . . . . . . 743
Was a scan limited to certain partitions? (PAGE_RANGE=Y) . . . . . . 743
What kind of prefetching is expected? (PREFETCH = L, S, D, or blank) 744
Is data accessed or processed in parallel? (PARALLELISM_MODE is I, C,
or X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744
Are sorts performed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744
Is a subquery transformed into a join? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
When are aggregate functions evaluated? (COLUMN_FN_EVAL) . . . . . 745
| How many index screening columns are used? . . . . . . . . . . . 745
| Is a complex trigger WHEN clause used? (QBLOCKTYPE=TRIGGR) . . . 746
Interpreting access to a single table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746
Table space scans (ACCESSTYPE=R PREFETCH=S) . . . . . . . . . 746
Index access paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747
UPDATE using an index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
Interpreting access to two or more tables (join) . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
Definitions and examples of join operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
Nested loop join (METHOD=1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
Merge scan join (METHOD=2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
Hybrid join (METHOD=4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758
Star join (JOIN_TYPE=’S’) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760
Interpreting data prefetch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767
Sequential prefetch (PREFETCH=S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767
Contents xiii
| Dynamic prefetch (PREFETCH=D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768
List prefetch (PREFETCH=L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768
Sequential detection at execution time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
Determining sort activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
Sorts of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
Sorts of RIDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772
The effect of sorts on OPEN CURSOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772
Processing for views and nested table expressions . . . . . . . . . . . 773
Merge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773
Materialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774
Using EXPLAIN to determine when materialization occurs . . . . . . . 776
Using EXPLAIN to determine UNION activity and query rewrite . . . . . 777
Performance of merge versus materialization . . . . . . . . . . . . 778
Estimating a statement’s cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779
Creating a statement table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780
Populating and maintaining a statement table . . . . . . . . . . . . 782
Retrieving rows from a statement table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782
Understanding the implications of cost categories . . . . . . . . . . . 782
Chapter 28. Parallel operations and query performance . . . . . . . . 785

Comparing the methods of parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785
Enabling parallel processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788
When parallelism is not used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789
Interpreting EXPLAIN output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790
A method for examining PLAN_TABLE columns for parallelism . . . . . . 790
PLAN_TABLE examples showing parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . . 790
Tuning parallel processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792
Disabling query parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793
Chapter 29. Programming for the Interactive System Productivity Facility

(ISPF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795
Using ISPF and the DSN command processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795
Invoking a single SQL program through ISPF and DSN . . . . . . . . . 796
Invoking multiple SQL programs through ISPF and DSN . . . . . . . . . 797
Invoking multiple SQL programs through ISPF and CAF . . . . . . . . . 797
Chapter 30. Programming for the call attachment facility (CAF) . . . . . 799
Call attachment facility capabilities and restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . 799
Capabilities when using CAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799
CAF requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800
How to use CAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802
Summary of connection functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804
Accessing the CAF language interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805
General properties of CAF connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806
CAF function descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807
CONNECT: Syntax and usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809
OPEN: Syntax and usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813
CLOSE: Syntax and usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815
DISCONNECT: Syntax and usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816
TRANSLATE: Syntax and usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818
Summary of CAF behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819
Sample scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820
A single task with implicit connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820
A single task with explicit connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
Several tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
Exit routines from your application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
xiv Application Programming and SQL Guide

Attention exit routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
Recovery routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822
Error messages and dsntrace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822
CAF return codes and reason codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822
Subsystem support subcomponent codes (X’00F3’) . . . . . . . . . . 823
Program examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823
Sample JCL for using CAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823
Sample assembler code for using CAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824
Loading and deleting the CAF language interface . . . . . . . . . . . 824
Establishing the connection to DB2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824
Checking return codes and reason codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826
Using dummy entry point DSNHLI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828
Variable declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829
Chapter 31. Programming for the Resource Recovery Services

attachment facility (RRSAF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
RRSAF capabilities and restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
Capabilities of RRSAF applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
RRSAF requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832
How to use RRSAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834
| Implicit connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835
Accessing the RRSAF language interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836
General properties of RRSAF connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838
RRSAF function descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840
Summary of RRSAF behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865
A single task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867
Multiple tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867
Calling SIGNON to reuse a DB2 thread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867
Switching DB2 threads between tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867
RRSAF return codes and reason codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868
Sample JCL for using RRSAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869
Loading and deleting the RRSAF language interface . . . . . . . . . 869
Establishing a connection to DB2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870
Chapter 32. Programming considerations for CICS . . . . . . . . . . 873

Controlling the CICS attachment facility from an application . . . . . . . . 873
Improving thread reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873
Detecting whether the CICS attachment facility is operational . . . . . . . 873
| Chapter 33. Using WebSphere MQ functions from DB2 applications . . . 875

| Introduction to WebSphere MQ message handling and the AMI . . . . . . 875
| Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875
| Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876
| Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876
| Capabilities of WebSphere MQ functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876
| Commit environment for WebSphere MQ functions . . . . . . . . . . . 878
| Single-phase commit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878
| Two-phase commit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879
| How to use WebSphere MQ functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879
| Basic messaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879
| Sending messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880
| Retrieving messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881
Contents xv
| Application-to-application connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882
Chapter 34. Programming techniques: Questions and answers . . . . . 887

Providing a unique key for a table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
Scrolling through previously retrieved data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
Using a scrollable cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
Using a ROWID or identity column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888
Scrolling through a table in any direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889
Updating data as it is retrieved from the database . . . . . . . . . . . 890
Updating previously retrieved data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890
Updating thousands of rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890
Retrieving thousands of rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
Using SELECT * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
Optimizing retrieval for a small set of rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
Adding data to the end of a table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892
Translating requests from end users into SQL statements . . . . . . . . . 892
Changing the table definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892
Storing data that does not have a tabular format . . . . . . . . . . . . 893
Finding a violated referential or check constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . 893
Part 7. Appendixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895
Appendix A. DB2 sample tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897

Activity table (DSN8810.ACT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897
Department table (DSN8810.DEPT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898
Employee table (DSN8810.EMP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899
Employee photo and resume table (DSN8810.EMP_PHOTO_RESUME) . . . 902
Project table (DSN8810.PROJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904
Project activity table (DSN8810.PROJACT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905
Employee to project activity table (DSN8810.EMPPROJACT) . . . . . . . 906
| Unicode sample table (DSN8810.DEMO_UNICODE) . . . . . . . . . . 907
Relationships among the sample tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907
Views on the sample tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908
Storage of sample application tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911
Storage group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912
Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912
Table spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913
Appendix B. Sample applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915

Types of sample applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915
Using the applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917
TSO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918
IMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920
CICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920
Appendix C. Running the productivity-aid sample programs . . . . . . 921

Running DSNTIAUL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922
Running DSNTIAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926
Running DSNTEP2 and DSNTEP4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927
Appendix D. Programming examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931

Sample COBOL dynamic SQL program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931
Pointers and based variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931
Storage allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931
Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932
Sample dynamic and static SQL in a C program . . . . . . . . . . . . 944
xvi Application Programming and SQL Guide

Sample DB2 REXX application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947
Sample COBOL program using DRDA access . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961
Sample COBOL program using DB2 private protocol access . . . . . . . 969
Examples of using stored procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975
Calling a stored procedure from a C program . . . . . . . . . . . . 976
Calling a stored procedure from a COBOL program . . . . . . . . . . 979
Calling a stored procedure from a PL/I program . . . . . . . . . . . 982
C stored procedure: GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983
C stored procedure: GENERAL WITH NULLS . . . . . . . . . . . . 986
COBOL stored procedure: GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988
COBOL stored procedure: GENERAL WITH NULLS . . . . . . . . . . 991
PL/I stored procedure: GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993
PL/I stored procedure: GENERAL WITH NULLS . . . . . . . . . . . 994
| Appendix E. Recursive common table expression examples . . . . . . 997
Appendix F. REBIND subcommands for lists of plans or packages 1003

Overview of the procedure for generating lists of REBIND commands . . . . 1003
Sample SELECT statements for generating REBIND commands . . . . . . 1003
Sample JCL for running lists of REBIND commands . . . . . . . . . . 1006
Appendix G. SQL reserved words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009
Appendix H. Characteristics of SQL statements in DB2 UDB for z/OS 1013

Actions allowed on SQL statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013
SQL statements allowed in external functions and stored procedures . . . . 1016
SQL statements allowed in SQL procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1018
Appendix I. Program preparation options for remote packages . . . . . 1023
Appendix J. DB2-supplied stored procedures . . . . . . . . . . . 1025

WLM environment refresh stored procedure (WLM_REFRESH) . . . . . . 1025
Environment for WLM_REFRESH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
Authorization required for WLM_REFRESH . . . . . . . . . . . . 1026
WLM_REFRESH syntax diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1026
WLM_REFRESH option descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1026
Example of WLM_REFRESH invocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027
WLM_REFRESH option descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028
Example of WLM_REFRESH invocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028
The CICS transaction invocation stored procedure (DSNACICS) . . . . . . 1029
Environment for DSNACICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029
Authorization required for DSNACICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029
DSNACICS syntax diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029
DSNACICS option descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
DSNACICX user exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1032
Example of DSNACICS invocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1034
DSNACICS output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1035
DSNACICS restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036
DSNACICS debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036
Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037
Programming interface information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1038
Trademarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041
Contents xvii
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X-1
.
xviii Application Programming and SQL Guide

About this book
This book discusses how to design and write application programs that access DB2
Universal Database for z/OS (DB2), a highly flexible relational database
management system (DBMS).
Important
In this version of DB2 UDB for z/OS, the DB2 Utilities Suite is available as an
optional product. You must separately order and purchase a license to such
utilities, and discussion of those utility functions in this publication is not
intended to otherwise imply that you have a license to them. See Part 1 of
DB2 Utility Guide and Reference for packaging details.
Visit the following Web site for information about ordering DB2 books and obtaining
other valuable information about DB2 UDB for z/OS:
www.ibm.com/software/data/db2/zos/library.html
Who should read this book

This book is for DB2 application developers who are familiar with Structured Query
Language (SQL) and who know one or more programming languages that DB2
supports.
Terminology and citations

In this information, DB2 Universal Database™ for z/OS™ is referred to as "DB2 UDB
for z/OS." In cases where the context makes the meaning clear, DB2 UDB for z/OS
is referred to as "DB2®." When this information refers to titles of books in this
library, a short title is used. (For example, "See DB2 SQL Reference" is a citation to
IBM® DB2 Universal Database for z/OS SQL Reference.)
When referring to a DB2 product other than DB2 UDB for z/OS, this information
uses the product’s full name to avoid ambiguity.
The following terms are used as indicated:

DB2 Represents either the DB2 licensed program or a particular DB2
subsystem.
DB2 PM
Refers to the DB2 Performance Monitor tool, which can be used on its own
or as part of the DB2 Performance Expert for z/OS product.
C, C++, and C language
Represent the C or C++ programming language.
CICS® Represents CICS Transaction Server for z/OS or CICS Transaction Server
for OS/390®.
IMS™ Represents the IMS Database Manager or IMS Transaction Manager.
™
MVS Represents the MVS element of the z/OS operating system, which is
equivalent to the Base Control Program (BCP) component of the z/OS
operating system.
© Copyright IBM Corp. 1983, 2004 xix

RACF®
Represents the functions that are provided by the RACF component of the
z/OS Security Server.
How to read the syntax diagrams

The following rules apply to the syntax diagrams that are used in this book:
v Read the syntax diagrams from left to right, from top to bottom, following the path
of the line.
The ─── symbol indicates the beginning of a statement.
The ─── symbol indicates that the statement syntax is continued on the next
line.
The ─── symbol indicates that a statement is continued from the previous line.
The ─── symbol indicates the end of a statement.
v Required items appear on the horizontal line (the main path).
required_item
v Optional items appear below the main path.
required_item
optional_item
If an optional item appears above the main path, that item has no effect on the
execution of the statement and is used only for readability.
optional_item
required_item
v If you can choose from two or more items, they appear vertically, in a stack.
If you must choose one of the items, one item of the stack appears on the main
path.
required_item required_choice1
required_choice2
If choosing one of the items is optional, the entire stack appears below the main
path.
required_item
optional_choice1
optional_choice2
If one of the items is the default, it appears above the main path and the
remaining choices are shown below.
default_choice
required_item
optional_choice
optional_choice
v An arrow returning to the left, above the main line, indicates an item that can be
repeated.
xx Application Programming and SQL Guide

required_item repeatable_item
If the repeat arrow contains a comma, you must separate repeated items with a
comma.
required_item repeatable_item
A repeat arrow above a stack indicates that you can repeat the items in the
stack.
v Keywords appear in uppercase (for example, FROM). They must be spelled exactly
as shown. Variables appear in all lowercase letters (for example, column-name).
They represent user-supplied names or values.
v If punctuation marks, parentheses, arithmetic operators, or other such symbols
are shown, you must enter them as part of the syntax.
Accessibility
Accessibility features help a user who has a physical disability, such as restricted
mobility or limited vision, to use software products. The major accessibility features
in z/OS products, including DB2 UDB for z/OS, enable users to:
v Use assistive technologies such as screen reader and screen magnifier software
v Operate specific or equivalent features by using only a keyboard
v Customize display attributes such as color, contrast, and font size
Assistive technology products, such as screen readers, function with the DB2 UDB
for z/OS user interfaces. Consult the documentation for the assistive technology
products for specific information when you use assistive technology to access these
interfaces.
Online documentation for Version 8 of DB2 UDB for z/OS is available in the DB2
Information Center, which is an accessible format when used with assistive
technologies such as screen reader or screen magnifier software. The DB2
Information Center for z/OS solutions is available at the following Web site:
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/db2zhelp.
How to send your comments

Your feedback helps IBM to provide quality information. Please send any comments
that you have about this book or other DB2 UDB for z/OS documentation. You can
use the following methods to provide comments:
v Send your comments by e-mail to db2pubs@vnet.ibm.com and include the name
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you are commenting on specific text, please list the location of the text (for
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v You can also send comments from the Web. Visit the library Web site at:
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This Web site has a feedback page that you can use to send comments.
About this book xxi

v Print and fill out the reader comment form located at the back of this book. You
can give the completed form to your local IBM branch office or IBM
representative, or you can send it to the address printed on the reader comment
form.
xxii Application Programming and SQL Guide

Summary of changes to this book
| The principal changes to this book are:
| v Chapter 1, “Retrieving data,” on page 3 explains how to create and use common
| table expressions in SELECT, CREATE VIEW, and INSERT statements, and also
| describes how to use common table expressions to create recursive SQL.
| v Chapter 2, “Working with tables and modifying data,” on page 19 explains how to
| select column values as you insert rows into a table by using the SELECT from
| INSERT statement.
| v Chapter 6, “Basics of coding SQL in an application program,” on page 69
| contains information on how to use:
| – Host variable arrays, and their indicator arrays, in a multiple-row INSERT
| statement (in a C or C++, COBOL, or PL/I program).
| – The GET DIAGNOSTICS statement to return diagnostic information about the
| last SQL statement that was executed (for example, information about input
| data errors during the execution of a multiple-row INSERT statement).
| v Chapter 7, “Using a cursor to retrieve a set of rows,” on page 93 explains how to
| use:
| – Static and dynamic scrollable cursors.
| – A rowset-positioned cursor in a multiple-row FETCH statement (in a C or C++,
| COBOL, or PL/I program).
| – Positioned updates and deletes with a rowset-positioned cursor.
| v Chapter 9, “Embedding SQL statements in host languages,” on page 129
| contains information on how to declare host variable arrays (for C or C++,
| COBOL, and PL/I) for use with multiple-row INSERT and FETCH statements.
| v Chapter 10, “Using constraints to maintain data integrity,” on page 243 describes
| informational referential constraints (not enforced by DB2), describes referential
| constraints on tables with multi-level security with row-level granularity, and
| explains how to maintain referential integrity when using data encryption.
| v Chapter 11, “Using DB2-generated values as keys,” on page 253 is a new
| chapter that describes the use of ROWID columns for direct row access, identity
| columns as parent keys and foreign keys, and values generated from sequence
| objects as keys across multiple tables.
| v Chapter 12, “Using triggers for active data,” on page 261 describes interactions
| between triggers and tables that use multi-level security with row-level
| granularity.
| v Chapter 21, “Preparing an application program to run,” on page 453 describes
| the new SQL processing options:
| – CCSID, which specifies the CCSID in which the source program is written.
| – NEWFUN, which indicates whether to accept the syntax for DB2 Version 8
| new functions.
| – For C programs, PADNSTR or NOPADNSTR, which indicates whether or not
| output host variables that are NUL-terminated strings are padded with blanks.
| This chapter also describes how the CURRENT PACKAGE PATH special register
| is used in identifying the collection for packages at run time.
| v Chapter 24, “Coding dynamic SQL in application programs,” on page 535
| describes how to use a descriptor when you prepare and execute a multiple-row
| INSERT statement. This chapter also includes information about how bind option
| REOPT(ONCE) affects dynamic SQL statements.
© Copyright IBM Corp. 1983, 2004 xxiii

| v Chapter 25, “Using stored procedures for client/server processing,” on page 569
| describes how to invoke DSNTPSMP (the SQL Procedure Processor that
| prepares SQL procedures for execution) with the SQL CALL statement. This
| chapter also describes new SQL procedure statements and describes how to run
| multiple instances of the same stored procedure at the same time.
| v Chapter 31, “Programming for the Resource Recovery Services attachment
| facility (RRSAF),” on page 831 contains information about using implicit
| connections to DB2 when applications include SQL statements.
| v Chapter 33, “Using WebSphere MQ functions from DB2 applications,” on page
| 875 is a new chapter that describes how to use DB2 WebSphere® MQ functions
| in SQL statements to combine DB2 database access with WebSphere MQ
| message handling.
| v Appendix E, “Recursive common table expression examples,” on page 997 is a
| new appendix that includes examples of using common table expressions to
| create recursive SQL in a bill of materials application.
xxiv Application Programming and SQL Guide

Part 1. Using SQL queries
Chapter 1. Retrieving data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Result tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Data types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Selecting columns: SELECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Selecting all columns: SELECT * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Selecting some columns: SELECT column-name . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Selecting derived columns: SELECT expression . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Eliminating duplicate rows: DISTINCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Naming result columns: AS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Selecting rows using search conditions: WHERE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Putting the rows in order: ORDER BY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Specifying the sort key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Referencing derived columns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Summarizing group values: GROUP BY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Subjecting groups to conditions: HAVING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Merging lists of values: UNION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Using UNION to eliminate duplicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Using UNION ALL to keep duplicates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
| Creating common table expressions: WITH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
| Using WITH instead of CREATE VIEW: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
| Using common table expressions with CREATE VIEW: . . . . . . . . . 15
| Using common table expressions when you use INSERT: . . . . . . . . 15
| Using recursive SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Accessing DB2 data that is not in a table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Using 15-digit and 31-digit precision for decimal numbers . . . . . . . . . 16
Finding information in the DB2 catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Displaying a list of tables you can use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Displaying a list of columns in a table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Chapter 2. Working with tables and modifying data . . . . . . . . . . 19

Working with tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Creating your own tables: CREATE TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Identifying defaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Creating work tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Creating a new department table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Creating a new employee table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Working with temporary tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Working with created temporary tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Working with declared temporary tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Dropping tables: DROP TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Working with views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Defining a view: CREATE VIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Changing data through a view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Dropping views: DROP VIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Modifying DB2 data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Inserting rows: INSERT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Inserting a single row . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Inserting rows into a table from another table . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Other ways to insert data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Inserting data into a ROWID column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Inserting data into an identity column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
| Selecting values as you insert: SELECT from INSERT . . . . . . . . . 31
| Result table of the INSERT operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
© Copyright IBM Corp. 1983, 2004 1

| Selecting values when you insert a single row . . . . . . . . . . . 32
| Selecting values when you insert data into a view . . . . . . . . . . 33
| Selecting values when you insert multiple rows . . . . . . . . . . . 33
| Result table of the cursor when you insert multiple rows . . . . . . . . 34
| What happens if an error occurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Updating current values: UPDATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Deleting rows: DELETE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Deleting every row in a table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Chapter 3. Joining data from more than one table . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Inner join . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Full outer join . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Left outer join . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Right outer join . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
SQL rules for statements containing join operations . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Using more than one join in an SQL statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Using nested table expressions and user-defined table functions in joins . . . 46
Using correlated references in table specifications in joins . . . . . . . . . 47
Chapter 4. Using subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Conceptual overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Correlated and uncorrelated subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Subqueries and predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
The subquery result table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Tables in subqueries of UPDATE, DELETE, and INSERT statements . . . . 51
How to code a subquery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Basic predicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Quantified predicate : ALL, ANY, or SOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Using the ALL predicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Using the ANY or SOME predicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
IN keyword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
EXISTS keyword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Using correlated subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
An example of a correlated subquery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Using correlation names in references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Using correlated subqueries in an UPDATE statement . . . . . . . . . 55
Using correlated subqueries in a DELETE statement . . . . . . . . . . 55
Using tables with no referential constraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Using a single table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Using tables with referential constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Chapter 5. Executing SQL from your terminal using SPUFI . . . . . . . 59

Allocating an input data set and using SPUFI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Changing SPUFI defaults (optional) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Entering SQL statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Using the ISPF editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
| Retrieving Unicode UTF-16 graphic data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Entering comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Setting the SQL terminator character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Processing SQL statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Browsing the output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Format of SELECT statement results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Content of the messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2 Application Programming and SQL Guide

Chapter 1. Retrieving data
You can retrieve data using the SQL statement SELECT to specify a result table.
This chapter describes how to interactively use SELECT statements to retrieve data
from DB2 tables.
For more advanced topics on using SELECT statements, see Chapter 4, “Using
subqueries,” on page 49, and Chapter 20, “Planning to access distributed data,” on
page 423.
Examples of SQL statements illustrate the concepts that this chapter discusses.
Consider developing SQL statements similar to these examples and then running
them dynamically using SPUFI or DB2 Query Management Facility (DB2 QMF).
Result tables
The data retrieved through SQL is always in the form of a table, which is called a
result table. Like the tables from which you retrieve the data, a result table has rows
and columns. A program fetches this data one row at a time.
Example: SELECT statement: The following SELECT statement retrieves the last
name, first name, and phone number of employees in department D11 from the
sample employee table:
SELECT LASTNAME, FIRSTNME, PHONENO
FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE WORKDEPT = ’D11’
ORDER BY LASTNAME;
The result table looks similar to the following output:

LASTNAME FIRSTNME PHONENO
================ ============== ==========
ADAMSON BRUCE 4510
BROWN DAVID 4501
JOHN REBA 0672
JONES WILLIAM 0942
LUTZ JENNIFER 0672
PIANKA ELIZABETH 3782
SCOUTTEN MARILYN 1682
STERN IRVING 6432
WALKER JAMES 2986
YAMAMOTO KIYOSHI 2890
YOSHIMURA MASATOSHI 2890
Data types
When you create a DB2 table, you define each column to have a specific data type.
The data type can be a built-in data type or a distinct type. This section discusses
built-in data types. For information about distinct types, see Chapter 16, “Creating
and using distinct types,” on page 349. The data type of a column determines what
you can and cannot do with the column. When you perform operations on columns,
the data must be compatible with the data type of the referenced column. For
example, you cannot insert character data, like a last name, into a column whose
data type is numeric. Similarly, you cannot compare columns containing
incompatible data types.
To better understand the concepts that are presented in this chapter, you must
understand the data types of the columns to which an example refers. As shown in
Figure 1, built-in data types have four general categories: datetime, string, numeric,
and row identifier (ROWID).
Figure 1. DB2 data types
For more detailed information about each data type, see Chapter 2 of DB2 SQL
Reference.
Table 1 on page 5 shows whether operands of any two data types are compatible,
Y (Yes), or incompatible, N (No). Numbers in the table, either as superscript of Y or
N, or as a value in the column, indicates a note at the bottom of the table.

Table 1. Compatibility of data types for assignments and comparisons. Y indicates that the data types are compatible.
N indicates no compatibility. For any number in a column, read the corresponding note at the bottom of the table.
Binary Decimal Floating Character Graphic Binary Time- Row Distinct
Operands integer number point string string string Date Time stamp ID type
Binary Integer Y Y Y N N N N N N N 2
Decimal Y Y Y N N N N N N N 2
Number
Floating Point Y Y Y N N N N N N N 2
4,5 3
Character N N N Y Y N 1 1 1 N 2
String
Graphic String N N N Y4,5 Y N 1,4 1,4 1,4 N 2
3
Binary String N N N N N Y N N N N 2
Date N N N 1 1,4 N Y N N N 2
Time N N N 1 1,4 N N Y N N 2
Timestamp N N N 1 1,4 N N N Y N 2
Row ID N N N N N N N N N Y 2
Distinct Type 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Y2
Notes:
1. The compatibility of datetime values is limited to assignment and comparison:
v Datetime values can be assigned to string columns and to string variables, as explained in Chapter 2 of DB2
SQL Reference.
v A valid string representation of a date can be assigned to a date column or compared to a date.
v A valid string representation of a time can be assigned to a time column or compared to a time.
v A valid string representation of a timestamp can be assigned to a timestamp column or compared to a
timestamp.
2. A value with a distinct type is comparable only to a value that is defined with the same distinct type. In general,
DB2 supports assignments between a distinct type value and its source data type. For additional information, see
Chapter 2 of DB2 SQL Reference.
3. All character strings, even those with subtype FOR BIT DATA, are not compatible with binary strings.
4. On assignment and comparison from Graphic to Character, the resulting length in bytes is 3 * (LENGTH(graphic
string)), depending on the CCSIDs.
5. Character strings with subtype FOR BIT DATA are not compatible with Graphic Data.
Selecting columns: SELECT

You have several options for selecting columns from a database for your result
tables. This section describes how to select columns using a variety of techniques.
Selecting all columns: SELECT *

You do not need to know the column names to select DB2 data. Use an asterisk (*)
in the SELECT clause to indicate that you want to retrieve all columns of each
selected row of the named table.
Example: SELECT *: The following SQL statement selects all columns from the
department table:
SELECT *
FROM DSN8810.DEPT;
Chapter 1. Retrieving data 5

DEPTNO DEPTNAME MGRNO ADMRDEPT LOCATION
====== ============================== ====== ======== ========
A00 SPIFFY COMPUTER SERVICES DIV. 000010 A00 --------
B01 PLANNING 000020 A00 --------
C01 INFORMATION CENTER 000030 A00 --------
D01 DEVELOPMENT CENTER ------ A00 --------
D11 MANUFACTURING CENTER 000060 D01 --------
D21 ADMINSTRATION SYSTEMS 000070 D01 --------
E01 SUPPORT SERVICES 000050 A00 --------
E11 OPERATIONS 000090 E01 --------
E21 SOFTWARE SUPPORT 000100 E01 --------
F22 BRANCH OFFICE F2 ------ E01 --------
G22 BRANCH OFFICE G2 ------ E01 --------
H22 BRANCH OFFICE H2 ------ E01 --------
I22 BRANCH OFFICE I2 ------ E01 --------
J22 BRANCH OFFICE J2 ------ E01 --------
Because the example does not specify a WHERE clause, the statement retrieves
data from all rows.
The dashes for MGRNO and LOCATION in the result table indicate null values.
SELECT * is recommended mostly for use with dynamic SQL and view definitions.
You can use SELECT * in static SQL, but this is not recommended; if you add a
column to the table to which SELECT * refers, the program might reference
columns for which you have not defined receiving host variables. For more
information about host variables, see “Accessing data using host variables, variable
arrays, and structures” on page 71.
If you list the column names in a static SELECT statement instead of using an
asterisk, you can avoid the problem created by using SELECT *. You can also see
the relationship between the receiving host variables and the columns in the result
table.
Selecting some columns: SELECT column-name

Select the column or columns you want to retrieve by naming each column. All
columns appear in the order you specify, not in their order in the table.
Example: SELECT column-name: The following SQL statement selects only the
MGRNO and DEPTNO columns from the department table:
SELECT MGRNO, DEPTNO
FROM DSN8810.DEPT;

MGRNO DEPTNO
====== ======
000010 A00
000020 B01
000030 C01
------ D01
000050 E01
000060 D11
000070 D21
000090 E11
000100 E21
------ F22
------ G22
------ H22
------ I22
------ J22

With a single SELECT statement, you can select data from one column or as many
as 750 columns.
Selecting derived columns: SELECT expression

You can select columns derived from a constant, an expression, or a function.
Example: SELECT with an expression: This SQL statement generates a result

table in which the second column is a derived column that is generated by adding
the values of the SALARY, BONUS, and COMM columns.
SELECT EMPNO, (SALARY + BONUS + COMM)
FROM DSN8810.EMP;
Derived columns in a result table, such as (SALARY + BONUS + COMM), do not

have names. You can use the AS clause to give a name to an unnamed column of
the result table. For information about using the AS clause, see “Naming result
columns: AS.”
To order the rows in a result table by the values in a derived column, specify a
name for the column by using the AS clause, and specify that name in the ORDER
BY clause. For information about using the ORDER BY clause, see “Putting the
rows in order: ORDER BY” on page 9.
Eliminating duplicate rows: DISTINCT

The DISTINCT keyword removes duplicate rows from your result table, so that each
row contains unique data.
Example: SELECT DISTINCT: The following SELECT statement lists unique

department numbers for administrating departments:
SELECT DISTINCT ADMRDEPT
FROM DSN8810.DEPT;

ADMRDEPT
========
A00
D01
E01
Naming result columns: AS

With the AS clause, you can name result columns in a SELECT statement. This is
particularly useful for a column that is derived from an expression or a function. For
syntax and more information about the AS clause, see Chapter 4 of DB2 SQL
Reference.
The following examples show different ways to use the AS clause.
Example: SELECT with AS CLAUSE: The following example of the SELECT

statement gives the expression SALARY+BONUS+COMM the name TOTAL_SAL.
SELECT SALARY+BONUS+COMM AS TOTAL_SAL
FROM DSN8810.EMP
ORDER BY TOTAL_SAL;
Example: CREATE VIEW with AS clause: You can specify result column names in
the select-clause of a CREATE VIEW statement. You do not need to supply the

column list of CREATE VIEW, because the AS keyword names the derived column.
The columns in the view EMP_SAL are EMPNO and TOTAL_SAL.
CREATE VIEW EMP_SAL AS
SELECT EMPNO,SALARY+BONUS+COMM AS TOTAL_SAL
FROM DSN8810.EMP;
| For more information about using the CREATE VIEW statement, see “Defining a
| view: CREATE VIEW” on page 25.
Example: UNION ALL with AS clause: You can use the AS clause to give the
same name to corresponding columns of tables in a union. The third result column
from the union of the two tables has the name TOTAL_VALUE, even though it
contains data derived from columns with different names:
SELECT ’On hand’ AS STATUS, PARTNO, QOH * COST AS TOTAL_VALUE
FROM PART_ON_HAND
UNION ALL
SELECT ’Ordered’ AS STATUS, PARTNO, QORDER * COST AS TOTAL_VALUE
FROM ORDER_PART
ORDER BY PARTNO, TOTAL_VALUE;
The column STATUS and the derived column TOTAL_VALUE have the same name
in the first and second result tables, and are combined in the union of the two result
tables, which is similar to the following partial output:
STATUS PARTNO TOTAL_VALUE
======= ====== ===========
On hand 00557 345.60
Ordered 00557 150.50
.
.
.
For information about unions, see “Merging lists of values: UNION” on page 13.
Example: GROUP BY derived column: You can use the AS clause in a FROM
clause to assign a name to a derived column that you want to refer to in a GROUP
BY clause. This SQL statement names HIREYEAR in the nested table expression,
which lets you use the name of that result column in the GROUP BY clause:
SELECT HIREYEAR, AVG(SALARY)
FROM (SELECT YEAR(HIREDATE) AS HIREYEAR, SALARY
FROM DSN8810.EMP) AS NEWEMP
GROUP BY HIREYEAR;
You cannot use GROUP BY with a name that is defined with an AS clause for the
derived column YEAR(HIREDATE) in the outer SELECT, because that name does
not exist when the GROUP BY runs. However, you can use GROUP BY with a
name that is defined with an AS clause in the nested table expression, because the
| nested table expression runs before the GROUP BY that references the name. For
| more information about using the GROUP BY clause, see “Summarizing group
| values: GROUP BY” on page 11.
Selecting rows using search conditions: WHERE

Use a WHERE clause to select the rows that meet certain conditions. A WHERE
clause specifies a search condition. A search condition consists of one or more
predicates. A predicate specifies a test you want DB2 to apply to each table row.
DB2 evaluates a predicate for each row as true, false, or unknown. Results are
unknown only if an operand is null.

If a search condition contains a column of a distinct type, the value to which that
column is compared must be of the same distinct type, or you must cast the value
to the distinct type. See Chapter 16, “Creating and using distinct types,” on page
349 for more information about distinct types.
Table 2 lists the type of comparison, the comparison operators, and an example of
how each type of comparison that you can use in a predicate in a WHERE clause.
Table 2. Comparison operators used in conditions
Type of comparison Comparison operator Example
Equal to = DEPTNO = ’X01’
Not equal to <> DEPTNO <> ’X01’
Less than < AVG(SALARY) < 30000
Less than or equal to <= AGE <= 25
Not less than >= AGE >= 21
Greater than > SALARY > 2000
Greater than or equal to >= SALARY >= 5000
Not greater than <= SALARY <= 5000
Equal to null IS NULL PHONENO IS NULL
| Not equal to or one IS DISTINCT FROM PHONENO IS DISTINCT FROM
| value is equal to null :PHONEHV
Similar to another value LIKE NAME LIKE ’%SMITH%’ or STATUS
LIKE ’N_’
At least one of two OR HIREDATE < ’1965-01-01’ OR SALARY
conditions < 16000
Both of two conditions AND HIREDATE < ’1965-01-01’ AND
SALARY < 16000
Between two values BETWEEN SALARY BETWEEN 20000 AND 40000
Equals a value in a set IN (X, Y, Z) DEPTNO IN (’B01’, ’C01’, ’D01’)
Note: SALARY BETWEEN 20000 AND 40000 is equivalent to SALARY >= 20000 AND
SALARY <= 40000. For more information about predicates, see Chapter 2 of DB2 SQL
Reference.
You can also search for rows that do not satisfy one of the preceding conditions by
using the NOT keyword before the specified condition.
| You can search for rows that do not satisfy the IS DISTINCT FROM predicate by
| using either of the following predicates:
| v value IS NOT DISTINCT FROM value
| v NOT(value IS DISTINCT FROM value)
| Both of these forms of the predicate create an expression where one value is equal
| to another value or both values are equal to null.
Putting the rows in order: ORDER BY

To retrieve rows in a specific order, use the ORDER BY clause. Using ORDER BY
is the only way to guarantee that your rows are ordered as you want them. The
following sections show you how to use the ORDER BY clause.

Specifying the sort key
The order of the selected rows depends on the sort keys that you identify in the
ORDER BY clause. A sort key can be a column name, an integer that represents
the number of a column in the result table, or an expression. DB2 orders the rows
by the first sort key, followed by the second sort key, and so on.
You can list the rows in ascending or descending order. Null values appear last in
an ascending sort and first in a descending sort.
DB2 sorts strings in the collating sequence associated with the encoding scheme of
the table. DB2 sorts numbers algebraically and sorts datetime values
chronologically.
Example: ORDER BY clause with a column name as the sort key: Retrieve the
employee numbers, last names, and hire dates of employees in department A00 in
ascending order of hire dates:
SELECT EMPNO, LASTNAME, HIREDATE
FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE WORKDEPT = ’A00’
ORDER BY HIREDATE ASC;

EMPNO LASTNAME HIREDATE
===== ========= ==========
000110 LUCCHESI 1958-05-16
000120 O’CONNELL 1963-12-05
000010 HAAS 1965-01-01
200010 HEMMINGER 1965-01-01
200120 ORLANDO 1972-05-05
Example: ORDER BY clause with an expression as the sort key: The following
subselect retrieves the employee numbers, salaries, commissions, and total
compensation (salary plus commission) for employees with a total compensation
greater than 40000. Order the results by total compensation:
SELECT EMPNO, SALARY, COMM, SALARY+COMM AS "TOTAL COMP"
FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE SALARY+COMM > 40000
ORDER BY SALARY+COMM;
The intermediate result table looks similar to the following output:

EMPNO SALARY COMM TOTAL COMP
====== ======== ======= ==========
000030 38250.00 3060.00 41310.00
000050 40175.00 3214.00 43389.00
000020 41250.00 3300.00 44550.00
000110 46500.00 3720.00 50220.00
200010 46500.00 4220.00 50720.00
000010 52750.00 4220.00 56970.00
Referencing derived columns

If you use the AS clause to name an unnamed column in a SELECT statement, you
can use that name in the ORDER BY clause.
Example: ORDER BY clause using a derived column name: The following SQL
statement orders the selected information by total salary:
SELECT EMPNO, (SALARY + BONUS + COMM) AS TOTAL_SAL
FROM DSN8810.EMP
ORDER BY TOTAL_SAL;

Summarizing group values: GROUP BY
| Use GROUP BY to group rows by the values of one or more columns or by the
| results of an expression. You can then apply aggregate functions to each group.
Except for the columns that are named in the GROUP BY clause, the SELECT
statement must specify any other selected columns as an operand of one of the
aggregate functions.
Example: GROUP BY clause using one column: The following SQL statement
lists, for each department, the lowest and highest education level within that
department:
SELECT WORKDEPT, MIN(EDLEVEL), MAX(EDLEVEL)
FROM DSN8810.EMP
GROUP BY WORKDEPT;
If a column that you specify in the GROUP BY clause contains null values, DB2
considers those null values to be equal. Thus, all nulls form a single group.
When it is used, the GROUP BY clause follows the FROM clause and any WHERE
clause, and precedes the ORDER BY clause.
You can group the rows by the values of more than one column.
Example: GROUP BY clause using more than one column: The following
statement finds the average salary for men and women in departments A00 and
C01:
SELECT WORKDEPT, SEX, AVG(SALARY) AS AVG_SALARY
FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE WORKDEPT IN (’A00’, ’C01’)
GROUP BY WORKDEPT, SEX;

WORKDEPT SEX AVG_SALARY
======== === ==============
A00 F 49625.00000000
A00 M 35000.00000000
C01 F 29722.50000000
DB2 groups the rows first by department number and then (within each department)
by sex before it derives the average SALARY value for each group.
| You can also group the rows by the results of an expression
| Example: GROUP BY clause using a expression: The following statement lists,

| for each department, the lowest and highest education level within that department
| and groups the results by the highest education level:
| SELECT WORKDEPT, MIN(EDLEVEL), MAX(EDLEVEL)
| FROM DSN8810.EMP
| GROUP BY MAX(EDLEVEL);

Subjecting groups to conditions: HAVING
Use HAVING to specify a search condition that each retrieved group must satisfy.
The HAVING clause acts like a WHERE clause for groups, and contains the same
kind of search conditions you specify in a WHERE clause. The search condition in
the HAVING clause tests properties of each group rather than properties of
individual rows in the group.
Example: HAVING clause: The following SQL statement includes a HAVING

clause that specifies a search condition for groups of work departments in the
employee table:
SELECT WORKDEPT, AVG(SALARY) AS AVG_SALARY
FROM DSN8810.EMP
GROUP BY WORKDEPT
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1
ORDER BY WORKDEPT;

WORKDEPT AVG_SALARY
======== ==============
A00 40850.00000000
C01 29722.50000000
D11 25147.27272727
D21 25668.57142857
E11 21020.00000000
E21 24086.66666666
Compare the preceding example with the second example shown in “Summarizing
group values: GROUP BY” on page 11. The clause, HAVING COUNT(*) > 1, ensures
that only departments with more than one member are displayed. In this case,
departments B01 and E01 do not display because the HAVING clause tests a
property of the group.
Example: HAVING clause used with a GROUP BY clause: Use the HAVING
clause to retrieve the average salary and minimum education level of women in
each department for which all female employees have an education level greater
than or equal to 16. Assuming you only want results from departments A00 and
D11, the following SQL statement tests the group property, MIN(EDLEVEL):
SELECT WORKDEPT, AVG(SALARY) AS AVG_SALARY,
MIN(EDLEVEL) AS MIN_EDLEVEL
FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE SEX = ’F’ AND WORKDEPT IN (’A00’, ’D11’)
GROUP BY WORKDEPT
HAVING MIN(EDLEVEL) >= 16;

WORKDEPT AVG_SALARY MIN_EDLEVEL
======== ============== ===========
A00 49625.00000000 18
D11 25817.50000000 17
When you specify both GROUP BY and HAVING, the HAVING clause must follow
the GROUP BY clause. A function in a HAVING clause can include DISTINCT if you
have not used DISTINCT anywhere else in the same SELECT statement. You can
also connect multiple predicates in a HAVING clause with AND and OR, and you
can use NOT for any predicate of a search condition.

Merging lists of values: UNION
Using the UNION keyword, you can combine two or more SELECT statements to
form a single result table. When DB2 encounters the UNION keyword, it processes
each SELECT statement to form an interim result table, and then combines the
interim result table of each statement. If you use UNION to combine two columns
with the same name, the result table inherits that name.
When you use the UNION statement, the SQLNAME field of the SQLDA contains
the column names of the first operand.
Using UNION to eliminate duplicates

You can use UNION to eliminate duplicates when merging lists of values obtained
from several tables.
Example: UNION clause: You can obtain a combined list of employee numbers
that includes both of the following:
v People in department D11
v People whose assignments include projects MA2112, MA2113, and AD3111.
The following SQL statement gives a combined result table containing employee
numbers in ascending order with no duplicates listed:
SELECT EMPNO
FROM DSN8810.EMP
UNION
SELECT EMPNO
FROM DSN8810.EMPPROJACT
WHERE PROJNO = ’MA2112’ OR
PROJNO = ’MA2113’ OR
PROJNO = ’AD3111’
ORDER BY EMPNO;
If you have an ORDER BY clause, it must appear after the last SELECT statement
that is part of the union. In this example, the first column of the final result table
determines the final order of the rows.
Using UNION ALL to keep duplicates

If you want to keep duplicates in the final result table of a UNION, specify the
optional keyword ALL after the UNION keyword.
Example: UNION ALL clause: The following SQL statement gives a combined
result table containing employee numbers in ascending order, and includes
duplicate numbers:
SELECT EMPNO
FROM DSN8810.EMP
UNION ALL
SELECT EMPNO
WHERE PROJNO = ’MA2112’ OR
PROJNO = ’MA2113’ OR
PROJNO = ’AD3111’
ORDER BY EMPNO;

| Creating common table expressions: WITH
| A common table expression is like a temporary view that is defined and used for the
| duration of a SQL statement. You can define a common table expression for the
| SELECT, INSERT, and CREATE VIEW statements.
| Each common table expression must have a unique name and be defined only
| once. However, you can reference a common table expression many times in the
| same SQL statement. Unlike regular views or nested table expressions, which
| derive their result tables for each reference, all references to common table
| expressions in a given statement share the same result table.
| A common table expression can be used in the following situations:

| v When you want to avoid creating a view (when general use of the view is not
| required and positioned updates or deletes are not used)
| v When the desired result table is based on host variables
| v When the same result table needs to be shared in a fullselect
| v When the results need to be derived using recursion
| Using WITH instead of CREATE VIEW:

| Using the WITH clause to create a common table expression saves you the
| overhead of needing to create and drop a regular view that you only need to use
| once. Also, during statement preparation, DB2 does not need to access the catalog
| for the view, which saves you additional overhead.
| You can use a common table expression in a SELECT statement by using the
| WITH clause at the beginning of the statement.
| Example: WITH clause in a SELECT statement: The following statement finds the
| department with the highest total pay. The query involves two levels of aggregation.
| First, you need to determine the total pay for each department by using the SUM
| function and order the results by using the GROUP BY clause. You then need to
| find the department with maximum total pay based on the total pay for each
| department.
| WITH DTOTAL (deptno, totalpay) AS
| (SELECT deptno, sum(salary+bonus)
| FROM DSN8810.EMP
| GROUP BY deptno)
| SELECT deptno
| FROM DTOTAL
| WHERE totalpay = (SELECT max(totalpay)
| FROM DTOTAL);
| The result table for the common table expression, DTOTAL, contains the
| department number and total pay for each department in the employee table. The
| fullselect in the previous example uses the result table for DTOTAL to find the
| department with the highest total pay. The result table for the entire statement looks
| similar to the following results:
| DEPTNO
| ======
| D11

| Using common table expressions with CREATE VIEW:
| You can use common table expressions before a fullselect in a CREATE VIEW
| statement. The common table expression must be placed immediately inside of the
| statement. This is useful if you need to use the results of a common table
| expression in more than one query.
| Example: Using a WITH clause in a CREATE VIEW statement: The following

| statement finds the departments that have a greater than average total pay and
| saves the results as the view RICH_DEPT:
| CREATE VIEW RICH_DEPT (deptno) AS
| WITH DTOTAL (deptno, totalpay) AS
| (SELECT deptno, sum(salary+bonus)
| FROM DSN8810.EMP
| GROUP BY deptno)
| SELECT deptno
| FROM DTOTAL
| WHERE totalpay > (SELECT AVG(totalpay)
| FROM DTOTAL);
| The fullselect in the previous example uses the result table for DTOTAL to find the
| departments that have a greater than average total pay. The result table is saved as
| the RICH_DEPT view and looks similar to the following results:
| DEPTNO
| ======
| A00
| D11
| D21
| Using common table expressions when you use INSERT:

| You can use common table expressions before a fullselect in an INSERT statement.
| The common table expression must be placed immediately inside of the statement.
| Example: Using a WITH clause in an INSERT statement: The following example

| illustrates the use of a common table expression in an INSERT statement.
| INSERT INTO vital_mgr (mgrno) AS
| WITH VITALDEPT (deptno, se_count) AS
| (SELECT deptno, count(*)
| FROM DSN8810.EMP
| WHERE job = ’senior engineer’
| GROUP BY deptno)
| SELECT d.manager
| FROM DSN8810.DEPT d, VITALDEPT s
| WHERE d.deptno = s.deptno
| AND s.se_count > (SELECT AVG(se_count)
| FROM VITALDEPT);
| The fullselect in the previous example uses the result table for VITALDEPT to find
| the manager’s number for departments that have a greater than average number of
| senior engineers. The manager’s number is then inserted into the vital_mgr table.
| Using recursive SQL

| You can use common table expressions to create recursive SQL. If a fullselect of a
| common table expression contains a reference to itself in a FROM clause, the
| common table expression is a recursive common table expression. Queries that use
| recursion are useful in applications like bill of materials applications, network
| planning applications, and reservation systems.
| Recursive common table expressions must follow these rules:

| v The first fullselect of the first union (the initialization fullselect) must not include a
| reference to the common table expression
| v Each fullselect that is part of the recursion cycle must:
| – Start with SELECT or SELECT ALL. SELECT DISTINCT is not allowed
| – Include only one reference to the common table expression that is part of the
| recursion cycle in it’s FROM clause
| – Not include aggregate functions, a GROUP BY clause, or a HAVING clause
| v The column names must be specified following the table name of the common
| table expression
| v The data types, lengths, and CCSIDs of the column names from the common
| table expression that are referenced in the iterative fullselect must match
| v The UNION statements must be UNION ALL
| v Outer joins must not be part of any recursion cycle
| v Subquery must not be part on any recursion cycle
| It is possible to introduce an infinite loop when developing a recursive common

| table expression. A recursive common table expression is expected to include a
| predicate that will prevent an infinite loop. A warning is issued if one of the following
| is not found in the iterative fullselect of a recursive common table expression:
| v An integer column that increments by a constant
| v A predicate in the WHERE clause in the form of counter_column < constant or
| counter_column < :host variable
| See Appendix E, “Recursive common table expression examples,” on page 997 for
| examples of bill of materials applications that use recursive common table
| expressions.
Accessing DB2 data that is not in a table

You can access DB2 data that is not in a table by returning the value of an SQL
expression in a host variable. The expression does not include a column of a table.
The three ways to return a value in a host variable are as follows:
v Set the contents of a host variable to the value of an expression by using the
SET host-variable assignment statement.
EXEC SQL SET :hvrandval = RAND(:hvrand);
v Use the VALUES INTO statement to return the value of an expression in a host
variable.
EXEC SQL VALUES RAND(:hvrand)
INTO :hvrandval;
v Select the expression from the DB2-provided EBCDIC table, named
SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1, which consists of one row.
EXEC SQL SELECT RAND(:hvrand)
INTO :hvrandval
FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;
Using 15-digit and 31-digit precision for decimal numbers

DB2 allows two sets of rules for determining the precision and scale of the result of
an operation with decimal numbers.
v DEC15 rules allow a maximum precision of 15 digits in the result of an operation.
DEC15 rules are in effect when both operands have a precision of 15 or less, or
unless the DEC31 rules apply.

v DEC31 rules allow a maximum precision of 31 digits in the result. DEC31 rules
are in effect if any of the following conditions is true:
– Either operand of the operation has a precision greater than 15 digits.
– The operation is in a dynamic SQL statement, and any of the following
conditions is true:
- The current value of special register CURRENT PRECISION is DEC31 or
D31.s. s is a number between one and nine and represents the minimum
scale to be used for division operations.
| - The installation option for DECIMAL ARITHMETIC on panel DSNTIP4 is
DEC31, D31.s, or 31; the installation option for USE FOR
| DYNAMICRULES on panel DSNTIP4 is YES; and the value of CURRENT
PRECISION has not been set by the application.
- The SQL statement has bind, define, or invoke behavior; the statement is in
an application precompiled with option DEC(31); the installation option for
| USE FOR DYNAMICRULES on panel DSNTIP4 is NO; and the value of
CURRENT PRECISION has not been set by the application. See “Using
DYNAMICRULES to specify behavior of dynamic SQL statements” on page
479 for an explanation of bind, define, and invoke behavior.
– The operation is in an embedded (static) SQL statement that you precompiled
with the DEC(31), DEC31, or D31.s option, or with the default for that option
when the install option DECIMAL ARITHMETIC is DEC31 or 31. s is a number
between one and nine and represents the minimum scale to be used for
division operations. See “Step 1: Process SQL statements” on page 454 for
information about precompiling and for a list of all precompiler options.
Recommendation: Choose DEC31 or D31.s to reduce the chance of overflow, or

when dealing with a precision greater than 15 digits. s is a number between one
and nine and represents the minimum scale to be used for division operations.
Avoiding decimal arithmetic errors: For static SQL statements, the simplest way
to avoid a division error is to override DEC31 rules by specifying the precompiler
option DEC(15). In some cases you can avoid a division error by specifying D31.s.
This specification reduces the probability of errors for statements that are
embedded in the program. s is a number between one and nine and represents the
minimum scale to be used for division operations.
If the dynamic SQL statements have bind, define, or invoke behavior and the value
| of the installation option for USE FOR DYNAMICRULES on panel DSNTIP4 is NO,
you can use the precompiler option DEC(15), DEC15, or D15.s to override DEC31
rules.
For a dynamic statement, or for a single static statement, use the scalar function
DECIMAL to specify values of the precision and scale for a result that causes no
errors.
Before you execute a dynamic statement, set the value of special register
CURRENT PRECISION to DEC15 or D15.s.
Even if you use DEC31 rules, multiplication operations can sometimes cause
overflow because the precision of the product is greater than 31. To avoid overflow
from multiplication of large numbers, use the MULTIPLY_ALT built-in function
instead of the multiplication operator.

Finding information in the DB2 catalog
The following examples show you how to access the DB2 system catalog tables to
list the following objects:
v The tables that you can access
v The column names of a table
The contents of the DB2 system catalog tables can be a useful reference tool when
you begin to develop an SQL statement or an application program.
Displaying a list of tables you can use

The catalog table, SYSIBM.SYSTABAUTH, lists table privileges granted to
authorization IDs. To display the tables that you have authority to access (by
privileges granted either to your authorization ID or to PUBLIC), you can execute an
SQL statement similar to the one shown in the following example. To do this, you
must have the SELECT privilege on SYSIBM.SYSTABAUTH.
SELECT DISTINCT TCREATOR, TTNAME
FROM SYSIBM.SYSTABAUTH
WHERE GRANTEE IN (USER, ’PUBLIC’, ’PUBLIC*’) AND GRANTEETYPE = ’ ’;
In this query, the predicate GRANTEETYPE = ’ ’ selects authorization IDs.
If your DB2 subsystem uses an exit routine for access control authorization, you
cannot rely on catalog queries to tell you the tables you can access. When such an
exit routine is installed, both RACF and DB2 control table access.
Displaying a list of columns in a table

Another catalog table, SYSIBM.SYSCOLUMNS, describes every column of every
table. Suppose you run the previous SQL statements to display a list of tables you
can access and you now want to display information about table DSN8810.DEPT.
To execute the following example, you must have the SELECT privilege on
SYSIBM.SYSCOLUMNS.
SELECT NAME, COLTYPE, SCALE, LENGTH
FROM SYSIBM.SYSCOLUMNS
WHERE TBNAME = ’DEPT’
AND TBCREATOR = ’DSN8810’;
If you display column information about a table that includes LOB or ROWID
columns, the LENGTH field for those columns contains the number of bytes those
column occupy in the base table, rather than the length of the LOB or ROWID data.
To determine the maximum length of data for a LOB or ROWID column, include the
LENGTH2 column in your query, as in the following example:
SELECT NAME, COLTYPE, LENGTH, LENGTH2
FROM SYSIBM.SYSCOLUMNS
WHERE TBNAME = ’EMP_PHOTO_RESUME’
AND TBCREATOR = ’DSN8810’;

Chapter 2. Working with tables and modifying data
This chapter discusses these topics:
v Creating your own tables: CREATE TABLE
v “Working with temporary tables” on page 21
v “Dropping tables: DROP TABLE” on page 25
v “Defining a view: CREATE VIEW” on page 25
v “Changing data through a view” on page 26
v “Dropping views: DROP VIEW” on page 27
v “Inserting rows: INSERT” on page 27
| v “Selecting values as you insert: SELECT from INSERT” on page 31
v “Updating current values: UPDATE” on page 36
v “Deleting rows: DELETE” on page 37
See DB2 SQL Reference for more information about working with tables and data.
Working with tables

This section discusses how to work with tables. As you work with tables, you might
need to create new tables, copy existing tables, add columns, add or drop
referential and check constraints, drop the tables you are working with, or make any
number of changes.
Creating your own tables: CREATE TABLE

Use the CREATE TABLE statement to create a table. The following SQL statement
creates a table named PRODUCT:
CREATE TABLE PRODUCT
(SERIAL CHAR(8) NOT NULL,
DESCRIPTION VARCHAR(60) DEFAULT,
MFGCOST DECIMAL(8,2),
MFGDEPT CHAR(3),
MARKUP SMALLINT,
SALESDEPT CHAR(3),
CURDATE DATE DEFAULT);
The preceding CREATE statement has the following elements:

v CREATE TABLE, which names the table PRODUCT.
v A list of the columns that make up the table. For each column, specify the
following information:
– The column’s name (for example, SERIAL).
– The data type and length attribute (for example, CHAR(8)). For more
information about data types, see “Data types” on page 3.
– Optionally, a default value. See “Identifying defaults.”
– Optionally, a referential constraint or check constraint. See “Using referential
constraints” on page 245 and “Using check constraints” on page 243.
You must separate each column description from the next with a comma, and
enclose the entire list of column descriptions in parentheses.
Identifying defaults
If you want to constrain the input or identify the default of a column, you can use
the following values:
v NOT NULL, when the column cannot contain null values.

v UNIQUE, when the value for each row must be unique, and the column cannot
contain null values.
v DEFAULT, when the column has one of the following DB2-assigned defaults:
– For numeric columns, zero is the default value.
– For fixed-length strings, blank is the default value.
– For variable-length strings, including LOB strings, the empty string (string of
zero-length) is the default value.
– For datetime columns, the current value of the associated special register is
the default value.
v DEFAULT value, when you want to identify one of the following values as the
default value:
– A constant
– NULL
– USER, which specifies the value of the USER special register at the time that
an INSERT statement assigns a default value to the column in the row that is
being inserted
– CURRENT SQLID, which specifies the value of the CURRENT SQLID special
register at the time that an INSERT statement assigns a default value to the
column in the row that is being inserted
– The name of a cast function that casts a default value (of a built-in data type)
to the distinct type of a column
Creating work tables

Before testing SQL statements that insert, update, and delete rows, you should
create work tables (duplicates of the DSN8810.EMP and DSN8810.DEPT tables),
so that the original sample tables remain intact. This section shows how to create
two work tables and how to fill a work table with the contents of another table.
Each example shown in this chapter assumes that you logged on using your own
authorization ID. The authorization ID qualifies the name of each object you create.
For example, if your authorization ID is SMITH, and you create table YDEPT, the
name of the table is SMITH.YDEPT. If you want to access table DSN8810.DEPT,
you must refer to it by its complete name. If you want to access your own table
YDEPT, you need only to refer to it as YDEPT.
Creating a new department table

Use the following statements to create a new department table called YDEPT,
modeled after the existing table, DSN8810.DEPT, and an index for YDEPT:
CREATE TABLE YDEPT
LIKE DSN8810.DEPT;
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX YDEPTX
ON YDEPT (DEPTNO);
If you want DEPTNO to be a primary key, as in the sample table, explicitly define
the key. Use an ALTER TABLE statement, as in the following example:
ALTER TABLE YDEPT
PRIMARY KEY(DEPTNO);
You can use an INSERT statement to copy the rows of the result table of a
fullselect from one table to another. The following statement copies all of the rows
from DSN8810.DEPT to your own YDEPT work table.
INSERT INTO YDEPT
SELECT *
FROM DSN8810.DEPT;

For information about using the INSERT statement, see “Inserting rows: INSERT”
on page 27.
Creating a new employee table

You can use the following statements to create a new employee table called YEMP.
CREATE TABLE YEMP
(EMPNO CHAR(6) PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
FIRSTNME VARCHAR(12) NOT NULL,
MIDINIT CHAR(1) NOT NULL,
LASTNAME VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
WORKDEPT CHAR(3) REFERENCES YDEPT
ON DELETE SET NULL,
PHONENO CHAR(4) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
HIREDATE DATE ,
JOB CHAR(8) ,
EDLEVEL SMALLINT ,
SEX CHAR(1) ,
BIRTHDATE DATE ,
SALARY DECIMAL(9, 2) ,
BONUS DECIMAL(9, 2) ,
COMM DECIMAL(9, 2) );
This statement also creates a referential constraint between the foreign key in
YEMP (WORKDEPT) and the primary key in YDEPT (DEPTNO). It also restricts all
phone numbers to unique numbers.
If you want to change a table definition after you create it, use the statement ALTER
TABLE. If you want to change a table name after you create it, use the statement
RENAME TABLE.
| You can change a table definition by using the ALTER TABLE statement only in
| certain ways. For example, you can add and drop constraints on columns in a table.
| You can also change the data type of a column within character data types, within
| numeric data types, and within graphic data types. You can add a column to a
| table. However, you cannot drop a column from a table.
| For more information about changing a table definition by using ALTER TABLE, see
| Part 2 (Volume 1) of DB2 Administration Guide. For other details about the ALTER
| TABLE and RENAME TABLE statements, see Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL Reference.
Working with temporary tables

When you need a table only for the duration of an application process, you can
create a temporary table. There are two kinds of temporary tables:
v Created temporary tables, which you define using a CREATE GLOBAL
TEMPORARY TABLE statement
v Declared temporary tables, which you define using a DECLARE GLOBAL
TEMPORARY TABLE statement
SQL statements that use temporary tables can run faster because of the following
reasons:
v DB2 does no logging (for created temporary tables) or limited logging (for
declared temporary tables).
v DB2 does no locking (for created temporary tables) or limited locking (for
declared temporary tables).
Temporary tables are especially useful when you need to sort or query intermediate
result tables that contain a large number of rows, but you want to store only a small
subset of those rows permanently.
Chapter 2. Working with tables and modifying data 21

Temporary tables can also return result sets from stored procedures. For more
information, see “Writing a stored procedure to return result sets to a DRDA client”
on page 590. The following sections provide more details on created temporary
tables and declared temporary tables.
Working with created temporary tables

You create the definition of a created temporary table using the SQL statement
CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE.
Example: The following statement creates the definition of a table called

TEMPPROD:
CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE TEMPPROD
(SERIAL CHAR(8) NOT NULL,
DESCRIPTION VARCHAR(60) NOT NULL,
MFGDEPT CHAR(3),
MARKUP SMALLINT,
SALESDEPT CHAR(3),
CURDATE DATE NOT NULL);
Example: You can also create this same definition by copying the definition of a
base table using the LIKE clause:
CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE TEMPPROD LIKE PROD;
The SQL statements in the previous examples create identical definitions, even
though table PROD contains two columns, DESCRIPTION and CURDATE, that are
defined as NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT. Unlike the PROD sample table, the
DESCRIPTION and CURDATE columns in the TEMPPROD table are defined as
NOT NULL and do not have defaults, because created temporary tables do not
support non-null default values.
After you run one of the two CREATE statements, the definition of TEMPPROD
exists, but no instances of the table exist. To drop the definition of TEMPPROD, you
must run the following statement:
DROP TABLE TEMPPROD;
To create an instance of TEMPPROD, you must use TEMPPROD in an application.

DB2 creates an instance of the table when TEMPPROD is specified in one of the
following SQL statements:
v OPEN
v SELECT
v INSERT
v DELETE
An instance of a created temporary table exists at the current server until one of the
following actions occurs:
v The application process ends.
v The remote server connection through which the instance was created
terminates.
v The unit of work in which the instance was created completes.
When you run a ROLLBACK statement, DB2 deletes the instance of the created
temporary table. When you run a COMMIT statement, DB2 deletes the instance
of the created temporary table unless a cursor for accessing the created
temporary table is defined WITH HOLD and is open.

Example: Suppose that you create a definition of TEMPPROD and then run an
application that contains the following statements:
EXEC SQL DECLARE C1 CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM TEMPPROD;
EXEC SQL INSERT INTO TEMPPROD SELECT * FROM PROD;
EXEC
. SQL OPEN C1;
.
.
EXEC
. SQL COMMIT;
.
.
EXEC SQL CLOSE C1;
When you run the INSERT statement, DB2 creates an instance of TEMPPROD and
populates that instance with rows from table PROD. When the COMMIT statement
is run, DB2 deletes all rows from TEMPPROD. However, assume that you change
the declaration of cursor C1 to the following declaration:
EXEC SQL DECLARE C1 CURSOR WITH HOLD
FOR SELECT * FROM TEMPPROD;
In this case, DB2 does not delete the contents of TEMPPROD until the application
ends because C1, a cursor defined WITH HOLD, is open when the COMMIT
statement is run. In either case, DB2 drops the instance of TEMPPROD when the
application ends.
Working with declared temporary tables

You create an instance of a declared temporary table using the SQL statement
DECLARE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE. That instance is known only to the
application process in which the table is declared, so you can declare temporary
tables with the same name in different applications. The qualifier for a declared
temporary table is SESSION.
Before you can define declared temporary tables, you must create a special
database and table spaces for them. You do that by running the CREATE
DATABASE statement with the AS TEMP clause, and then creating segmented
table spaces in that database. A DB2 subsystem can have only one database for
declared temporary tables, but that database can contain more than one table
| space. There must be at least one table space with a 8-KB page size in the TEMP
| database to declare a temporary table.
Example: The following statements create a database and table space for declared
temporary tables:
CREATE DATABASE DTTDB AS TEMP;
CREATE TABLESPACE DTTTS IN DTTDB
SEGSIZE 4;
You can define a declared temporary table in any of the following ways:
v Specify all the columns in the table.
Unlike columns of created temporary tables, columns of declared temporary
tables can include the WITH DEFAULT clause.
v Use a LIKE clause to copy the definition of a base table, created temporary
table, or view.
If the base table or created temporary table that you copy has identity columns,
you can specify that the corresponding columns in the declared temporary table
are also identity columns. Do that by specifying the INCLUDING IDENTITY
COLUMN ATTRIBUTES clause when you define the declared temporary table.
v Use a fullselect to choose specific columns from a base table, created temporary
table, or view.

If the base table, created temporary table, or view from which you select columns
has identity columns, you can specify that the corresponding columns in the
declared temporary table are also identity columns. Do that by specifying the
INCLUDING IDENTITY COLUMN ATTRIBUTES clause when you define the
declared temporary table.
If you want the declared temporary table columns to inherit the defaults for
columns of the table or view that is named in the fullselect, specify the
INCLUDING COLUMN DEFAULTS clause. If you want the declared temporary
table columns to have default values that correspond to their data types, specify
the USING TYPE DEFAULTS clause.
Example: The following statement defines a declared temporary table called

TEMPPROD by explicitly specifying the columns.
DECLARE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE TEMPPROD
(SERIAL CHAR(8) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT ’99999999’,
DESCRIPTION VARCHAR(60) NOT NULL,
PRODCOUNT INTEGER GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY,
MFGDEPT CHAR(3),
MARKUP SMALLINT,
SALESDEPT CHAR(3),
CURDATE DATE NOT NULL);

TEMPPROD by copying the definition of a base table. The base table has an
identity column that the declared temporary table also uses as an identity column.
DECLARE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE TEMPPROD LIKE BASEPROD
INCLUDING IDENTITY COLUMN ATTRIBUTES;

TEMPPROD by selecting columns from a view. The view has an identity column
that the declared temporary table also uses as an identity column. The declared
temporary table inherits its default column values from the default column values of
a base table underlying the view.
DECLARE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE TEMPPROD
AS (SELECT * FROM PRODVIEW)
DEFINITION ONLY
INCLUDING IDENTITY COLUMN ATTRIBUTES
INCLUDING COLUMN DEFAULTS;
After you run a DECLARE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE statement, the definition
of the declared temporary table exists as long as the application process runs. If
you need to delete the definition before the application process completes, you can
do that with the DROP TABLE statement. For example, to drop the definition of
TEMPPROD, run the following statement:
DROP TABLE SESSION.TEMPPROD;
DB2 creates an empty instance of a declared temporary table when it runs the
DECLARE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE statement. You can populate the
declared temporary table using INSERT statements, modify the table using
searched or positioned UPDATE or DELETE statements, and query the table using
SELECT statements. You can also create indexes on the declared temporary table.
The ON COMMIT clause that you specify in the DECLARE GLOBAL TEMPORARY
TABLE statement determines whether DB2 keeps or deletes all the rows from the
table when you run a COMMIT statement in an application with a declared
temporary table. ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS, which is the default, causes all

rows to be deleted from the table at a commit point, unless there is a held cursor
open on the table at the commit point. ON COMMIT PRESERVE ROWS causes the
rows to remain past the commit point.
Example: Suppose that you run the following statement in an application program:
EXEC SQL DECLARE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE TEMPPROD
AS (SELECT * FROM BASEPROD)
DEFINITION ONLY
INCLUDING IDENTITY COLUMN ATTRIBUTES
INCLUDING COLUMN DEFAULTS
ON COMMIT PRESERVE ROWS;
EXEC
. SQL INSERT INTO SESSION.TEMPPROD SELECT * FROM BASEPROD;
.
.
EXEC
. SQL COMMIT;
.
.
When DB2 runs the preceding DECLARE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE

statement, DB2 creates an empty instance of TEMPPROD. The INSERT statement
populates that instance with rows from table BASEPROD. The qualifier, SESSION,
must be specified in any statement that references TEMPPROD. When DB2
executes the COMMIT statement, DB2 keeps all rows in TEMPPROD because
TEMPPROD is defined with ON COMMIT PRESERVE ROWS. When the program
ends, DB2 drops TEMPPROD.
Dropping tables: DROP TABLE

The following SQL statement drops the YEMP table:
DROP TABLE YEMP;
Use the DROP TABLE statement with care: Dropping a table is NOT equivalent
to deleting all its rows. When you drop a table, you lose more than its data and its
definition. You lose all synonyms, views, indexes, and referential and check
constraints associated with that table. You also lose all authorities granted on the
table.
For more information about the DROP statement, see Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL
Reference.
Working with views

This section discusses how to use CREATE VIEW and DROP VIEW to control your
views of existing tables. Although you cannot modify an existing view, you can drop
it and create a new one if your base tables change in a way that affects the view.
Dropping and creating views does not affect the base tables or their data.
Defining a view: CREATE VIEW

A view does not contain data; it is a stored definition of a set of rows and columns.
A view can present any or all of the data in one or more tables and, in most cases,
is interchangeable with a table. Using views can simplify writing SQL statements.
Use the CREATE VIEW statement to define a view and give the view a name, just
as you do for a table. The view created with the following statement shows each
department manager’s name with the department data in the DSN8810.DEPT table.
CREATE VIEW VDEPTM AS
SELECT DEPTNO, MGRNO, LASTNAME, ADMRDEPT
FROM DSN8810.DEPT, DSN8810.EMP
WHERE DSN8810.EMP.EMPNO = DSN8810.DEPT.MGRNO;

When a program accesses the data defined by a view, DB2 uses the view definition
to return a set of rows the program can access with SQL statements. To see the
departments administered by department D01 and the managers of those
departments, run the following statement, which returns information from the
VDEPTM view:
SELECT DEPTNO, LASTNAME
FROM VDEPTM
WHERE ADMRDEPT = ’DO1’;
When you create a view, you can reference the USER and CURRENT SQLID
special registers in the CREATE VIEW statement. When referencing the view, DB2
uses the value of the USER or CURRENT SQLID that belongs to the user of the
SQL statement (SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT, or DELETE) rather than the creator of
the view. In other words, a reference to a special register in a view definition refers
to its run-time value.
A column in a view might be based on a column in a base table that is an identity

column. The column in the view is also an identity column, except under any of the
following circumstances:
v The column appears more than once in the view.
v The view is based on a join of two or more tables.
v The view is based on the union of two or more tables.
v Any column in the view is derived from an expression that refers to an identity
column.
You can use views to limit access to certain kinds of data, such as salary
information. You can also use views for the following actions:
v Make a subset of a table’s data available to an application. For example, a view
based on the employee table might contain rows only for a particular department.
v Combine columns from two or more tables and make the combined data
available to an application. By using a SELECT statement that matches values in
one table with those in another table, you can create a view that presents data
from both tables. However, you can only select data from this type of view. You
cannot update, delete, or insert data using a view that joins two or more
tables.
v Combine rows from two or more tables and make the combined data available to
an application. By using two or more subselects that are connected by UNION or
UNION ALL operators, you can create a view that presents data from several
tables. However, you can only select data from this type of view. You cannot
update, delete, or insert data using a view that contains UNION operations.
v Present computed data, and make the resulting data available to an application.
You can compute such data using any function or operation that you can use in a
SELECT statement.
Changing data through a view

Some views are read-only; other views are subject to update or insert restrictions.
(See Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL Reference for more information about read-only views.)
If a view does not have update restrictions, some additional considerations include:
v You must have the appropriate authorization to insert, update, or delete rows
using the view.
v When you use a view to insert a row into a table, the view definition must specify
all the columns in the base table that do not have a default value. The row being
inserted must contain a value for each of those columns.

v Views that you can use to update data are subject to the same referential
constraints and check constraints as the tables you used to define the views.
v You can use the WITH CHECK option of the CREATE VIEW statement to specify
the constraint that every row that is inserted or updated through the view must
conform to the definition of the view. You can select every row that is inserted or
updated through a view that specifies WITH CHECK.
Dropping views: DROP VIEW

When you drop a view, you also drop all views that are defined on the following
view. This SQL statement drops the VDEPTM view:
DROP VIEW VDEPTM;
Modifying DB2 data

This section discusses how to add or modify data in an existing table using the
statements INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE:
v “Inserting rows: INSERT”
v “Selecting values as you insert: SELECT from INSERT” on page 31
v “Updating current values: UPDATE” on page 36
v “Deleting rows: DELETE” on page 37
Inserting rows: INSERT

Use an INSERT statement to add new rows to a table or view. Using an INSERT
statement, you can do the following actions:
v Specify the column values to insert a single row. You can specify constants, host
variables, expressions, DEFAULT, or NULL by using the VALUES clause.
“Inserting a single row” on page 28 explains how to use the VALUES clause of
the INSERT statement to add a single row of column values to a table.
| v In an application program, specify arrays of column values to insert multiple rows
| into a table. “Inserting multiple rows of data from host variable arrays” on page
| 79 explains how to use host variable arrays in the VALUES clause of the
| INSERT FOR n ROWS statement to add multiple rows of column values to a
| table.
v Include a SELECT statement in the INSERT statement to tell DB2 that another
table or view contains the data for the new row or rows. “Inserting rows into a
table from another table” on page 29 explains how to use the SELECT statement
within an INSERT statement to add multiple rows to a table.
In each case, for every row you insert, you must provide a value for any column
that does not have a default value. For a column that meets one of the following
conditions, you can specify DEFAULT to tell DB2 to insert the default value for that
column:
v Is nullable.
v Is defined with a default value.
v Has data type ROWID. ROWID columns always have default values.
v Is an identity column. Identity columns always have default values.
The values that you can insert into a ROWID column or an identity column depend
on whether the column is defined with GENERATED ALWAYS or GENERATED BY
DEFAULT. See “Inserting data into a ROWID column” on page 30 and “Inserting
data into an identity column” on page 30 for more information.

Inserting a single row
You can use the VALUES clause of the INSERT statement to insert a single row of
column values into a table. You can either name all of the columns for which you
are providing values, or you can omit the list of column names. If you omit the
column name list, you must specify values for all of the columns.
Recommendation: For static INSERT statements, name all of the columns for
which you are providing values for because of the following reasons:
v Your INSERT statement is independent of the table format. (For example, you do
not need to change the statement when a column is added to the table.)
v You can verify that you are giving the values in order.
v Your source statements are more self-descriptive.
If you do not name the columns in a static INSERT statement, and a column is
added to the table, an error can occur if the INSERT statement is rebound. An error
will occur after any rebind of the INSERT statement unless you change the INSERT
statement to include a value for the new column. This is true even if the new
column has a default value.
When you list the column names, you must specify their corresponding values in
the same order as in the list of column names.
Example: The following statement inserts information about a new department into
the YDEPT table.
INSERT INTO YDEPT (DEPTNO, DEPTNAME, MGRNO, ADMRDEPT, LOCATION)
VALUES (’E31’, ’DOCUMENTATION’, ’000010’, ’E01’, ’ ’);
After inserting a new department row into your YDEPT table, you can use a
SELECT statement to see what you have loaded into the table. The following SQL
statement shows you all the new department rows that you have inserted:
SELECT *
FROM YDEPT
WHERE DEPTNO LIKE ’E%’
ORDER BY DEPTNO;

====== ==================================== ====== ======== ===========
E01 SUPPORT SERVICES 000050 A00 -----------
E11 OPERATIONS 000090 E01 -----------
E21 SOFTWARE SUPPORT 000100 E01 -----------
E31 DOCUMENTATION 000010 E01 -----------
Example: The following statement inserts information about a new employee into
the YEMP table. Because YEMP has a foreign key, WORKDEPT, referencing the
primary key, DEPTNO, in YDEPT, the value inserted for WORKDEPT (E31) must be
a value of DEPTNO in YDEPT or null.
INSERT INTO YEMP
VALUES (’000400’, ’RUTHERFORD’, ’B’, ’HAYES’, ’E31’, ’5678’, ’1983-01-01’,
’MANAGER’, 16, ’M’, ’1943-07-10’, 24000, 500, 1900);
Example: The following statement also inserts a row into the YEMP table. Because
the unspecified columns allow nulls, DB2 inserts null values into the columns that
you do not specify. Because YEMP has a foreign key, WORKDEPT, referencing the
primary key, DEPTNO, in YDEPT, the value inserted for WORKDEPT (D11) must be
a value of DEPTNO in YDEPT or null.

INSERT INTO YEMP
(EMPNO, FIRSTNME, MIDINIT, LASTNAME, WORKDEPT, PHONENO, JOB)
VALUES (’000410’, ’MILLARD’, ’K’, ’FILLMORE’, ’D11’, ’4888’, ’MANAGER’);
Inserting rows into a table from another table

You can copy data from one table into another table. Use a fullselect within an
INSERT statement to select rows from one table to insert into another table.
Example: The following SQL statement creates a table named TELE:

CREATE TABLE TELE
(NAME2 VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
NAME1 VARCHAR(12) NOT NULL,
PHONE CHAR(4));
The following statement copies data from DSN8810.EMP into the newly created
table:
INSERT INTO TELE
SELECT LASTNAME, FIRSTNME, PHONENO
FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE WORKDEPT = ’D21’;
The two previous statements create and fill a table, TELE, that looks similar to the
following table:
NAME2 NAME1 PHONE
=============== ============ =====
PULASKI EVA 7831
JEFFERSON JAMES 2094
MARINO SALVATORE 3780
SMITH DANIEL 0961
JOHNSON SYBIL 8953
PEREZ MARIA 9001
MONTEVERDE ROBERT 3780
The CREATE TABLE statement example creates a table which, at first, is empty.
The table has columns for last names, first names, and phone numbers, but does
not have any rows.
The INSERT statement fills the newly created table with data selected from the
DSN8810.EMP table: the names and phone numbers of employees in department
D21.
Example: The following CREATE statement creates a table that contains an

employee’s department name as well as phone number. The fullselect within the
INSERT statement fills the DLIST table with data from rows selected from two
existing tables, DSN8810.DEPT and DSN8810.EMP.
CREATE TABLE DLIST
(DEPT CHAR(3) NOT NULL,
DNAME VARCHAR(36) ,
LNAME VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
FNAME VARCHAR(12) NOT NULL,
INIT CHAR ,
PHONE CHAR(4) );
INSERT INTO DLIST
SELECT DEPTNO, DEPTNAME, LASTNAME, FIRSTNME, MIDINIT, PHONENO
FROM DSN8810.DEPT, DSN8810.EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = WORKDEPT;
Other ways to insert data

Besides using stand-alone INSERT statements, you can use the following two ways
to insert data into a table:
v You can write an application program to prompt for and enter large amounts of
data into a table. For details, see Part 2, “Coding SQL in your host application
program,” on page 65.
v You can also use the DB2 LOAD utility to enter data from other sources. See
Part 2 of DB2 Utility Guide and Reference for more information about the LOAD
utility.
Inserting data into a ROWID column

A ROWID column is a column that is defined with a ROWID data type. You must
have a column with a ROWID data type in a table that contains a LOB column. The
ROWID column is stored in the base table and is used to look up the actual LOB
data in the LOB table space. In addition, a ROWID column enables you to write
queries that navigate directly to a row in a table. For information about using
ROWID columns for direct-row access, see “Using ROWID columns as keys” on
page 253.
Before you insert data into a ROWID column, you must know how the ROWID
column is defined. ROWID columns can be defined as GENERATED ALWAYS or
GENERATED BY DEFAULT. GENERATED ALWAYS means that DB2 generates a
value for the column, and you cannot insert data into that column. If the column is
defined as GENERATED BY DEFAULT, you can insert a value, and DB2 provides a
default value if you do not supply one.
Example: Suppose that tables T1 and T2 have two columns: an integer column and
a ROWID column. For the following statement to run successfully, ROWIDCOL2
must be defined as GENERATED BY DEFAULT.
INSERT INTO T2 (INTCOL2,ROWIDCOL2)
SELECT * FROM T1;
If ROWIDCOL2 is defined as GENERATED ALWAYS, you cannot insert the ROWID

column data from T1 into T2, but you can insert the integer column data. To insert
only the integer data, use one of the following methods:
v Specify only the integer column in your INSERT statement, as in the following
statement:
INSERT INTO T2 (INTCOL2)
SELECT INTCOL1 FROM T1;
v Specify the OVERRIDING USER VALUE clause in your INSERT statement to tell
DB2 to ignore any values that you supply for system-generated columns, as in
the following statement:
INSERT INTO T2 (INTCOL2,ROWIDCOL2) OVERRIDING USER VALUE
SELECT * FROM T1;
Inserting data into an identity column

An identity column is a numeric column, defined in a CREATE TABLE or ALTER
TABLE statement, that has ascending or descending values. For an identity column
to be as useful as possible, its values should also be unique. The column has a
SMALLINT, INTEGER, or DECIMAL(p,0) data type and is defined with the AS
IDENTITY clause. The AS IDENTITY clause specifies that the column is an identity
column. For information about using identity columns to uniquely identify rows, see
“Using identity columns as keys” on page 254
Before you insert data into an identity column, you must know how the column is
defined. Identity columns are defined with the GENERATED ALWAYS or
GENERATED BY DEFAULT clause. GENERATED ALWAYS means that DB2
generates a value for the column, and you cannot insert data into that column. If

the column is defined as GENERATED BY DEFAULT, you can insert a value, and
DB2 provides a default value if you do not supply one.
Example: Suppose that tables T1 and T2 have two columns: a character column
and an integer column that is defined as an identity column. For the following
statement to run successfully, IDENTCOL2 must be defined as GENERATED BY
DEFAULT.
INSERT INTO T2 (CHARCOL2,IDENTCOL2)
SELECT * FROM T1;
If IDENTCOL2 is defined as GENERATED ALWAYS, you cannot insert the identity

column data from T1 into T2, but you can insert the character column data. To
insert only the character data, use one of the following methods:
v Specify only the character column in your INSERT statement, as in the following
statement:
INSERT INTO T2 (CHARCOL2)
SELECT CHARCOL1 FROM T1;
v Specify the OVERRIDING USER VALUE clause in your INSERT statement to tell
DB2 to ignore any values that you supply for system-generated columns, as in
the following statement:
INSERT INTO T2 (CHARCOL2,IDENTCOL2) OVERRIDING USER VALUE
SELECT * FROM T1;
| Selecting values as you insert: SELECT from INSERT

| You can select values from rows that are being inserted by specifying the INSERT
| statement in the FROM clause of the SELECT statement. When you insert one or
| more new rows into a table, you can retrieve:
| v The value of an automatically generated column such as a ROWID or identity
| column
| v Any default values for columns
| v All values for an inserted row, without specifying individual column names
| v All values that are inserted by a multiple-row INSERT operation
| v Values that are changed by a BEFORE INSERT trigger
| Example: In addition to examples that use the DB2 sample tables, the examples in
| this section use an EMPSAMP table that has the following definition:
| CREATE TABLE EMPSAMP
| (EMPNO INTEGER GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY,
| NAME CHAR(30),
| SALARY DECIMAL(10,2),
| DEPTNO SMALLINT,
| LEVEL CHAR(30),
| HIRETYPE VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT ’New Hire’,
| HIREDATE DATE NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT);
| Assume that you need to insert a row for a new employee into the EMPSAMP
| table. To find out the values for the generated EMPNO, HIRETYPE, and HIREDATE
| columns, use the following SELECT from INSERT statement:
| SELECT EMPNO, HIRETYPE, HIREDATE
| FROM FINAL TABLE (INSERT INTO EMPSAMP (NAME, SALARY, DEPTNO, LEVEL)
| VALUES(’Mary Smith’, 35000.00, 11, ’Associate’));
| The SELECT statement returns the DB2-generated identity value for the EMPNO
| column, the default value ’New Hire’ for the HIRETYPE column, and the value of
| the CURRENT DATE special register for the HIREDATE column.

| Recommendation: Use the SELECT from INSERT statement to insert a row into a
| parent table and retrieve the value of a primary key that was generated by DB2 (a
| ROWID or identity column). In another INSERT statement, specify this generated
| value as a value for a foreign key in a dependent table. For an example of this
| method, see “Parent keys and foreign keys” on page 256.
| Result table of the INSERT operation

| The rows that are inserted into the target table produce a result table whose
| columns can be referenced in the SELECT list of the query. The columns of the
| result table are affected by the columns, constraints, and triggers that are defined
| for the target table:
| v The result table includes DB2-generated values for identity columns, ROWID
| columns, or columns that are based on expressions.
| v Before DB2 generates the result table, it enforces any constraints that affect the
| insert operation (that is, check constraints, unique index constraints, and
| referential integrity constraints).
| v The result table includes any changes that result from a BEFORE trigger that is
| activated by the insert operation. An AFTER trigger does not affect the values in
| the result table. For information about triggers, see Chapter 12, “Using triggers
| for active data,” on page 261.
| Example: Suppose a BEFORE INSERT trigger is created on table EMPSAMP to

| give all new employees at the Associate level a $5000 increase in salary. The
| trigger has the following definition:
| CREATE TRIGGER NEW_ASSOC
| NO CASCADE BEFORE INSERT ON EMPSAMP
| REFERENCING NEW AS NEWSALARY
| FOR EACH ROW MODE DB2SQL
| WHEN LEVEL = ’Associate’
| BEGIN ATOMIC
| SET NEWSALARY.SALARY = NEWSALARY.SALARY + 5000.00;
| END;
| The INSERT statement in the FROM clause of the following SELECT statement
| inserts a new employee into the EMPSAMP table:
| SELECT NAME, SALARY
| FROM FINAL TABLE (INSERT INTO EMPSAMP (NAME, SALARY, LEVEL)
| VALUES(’Mary Smith’, 35000.00, ’Associate’));
| The SELECT statement returns a salary of 40000.00 for Mary Smith instead of the
| initial salary of 35000.00 that was explicitly specified in the INSERT statement.
| Selecting values when you insert a single row

| When you insert a new row into a table, you can retrieve any column in the result
| table of the SELECT from INSERT statement. When you embed this statement in
| an application, you retrieve the row into host variables by using the SELECT ...
| INTO form of the statement. For information about using host variables and
| SELECT ... INTO, see “Using host variables” on page 72.
| Example: You can retrieve all the values for a row that is inserted into a structure:
| EXEC SQL SELECT * INTO :empstruct
| FROM FINAL TABLE (INSERT INTO EMPSAMP (NAME, SALARY, DEPTNO, LEVEL)
| VALUES(’Mary Smith’, 35000.00, 11, ’Associate’));
| For this example, :empstruct is a host variable structure that is declared with
| variables for each of the columns in the EMPSAMP table.

| Selecting values when you insert data into a view
| If the INSERT statement references a view that is defined with a search condition,
| that view must be defined with the WITH CASCADED CHECK OPTION. When you
| insert data into the view, the result table of the SELECT from INSERT statement
| includes only rows that satisfy the view definition.
| Example: Because view V1 is defined with the WITH CASCADED CHECK

| OPTION, you can reference V1 in the INSERT statement:
| CREATE VIEW V1 AS
| SELECT C1, I1 FROM T1 WHERE I1 > 10
| WITH CASCADED CHECK OPTON;
|
| SELECT C1 FROM
| FINAL TABLE (INSERT INTO V1 (I1) VALUES(12));
| The value 12 satisfies the search condition of the view definition, and the result
| table consists of the value for C1 in the inserted row.
| If you use a value that does not satisfy the search condition of the view definition,
| the insert operation fails, and DB2 returns an error.
| Selecting values when you insert multiple rows

| In an application program, to retrieve values from the insertion of multiple rows,
| declare a cursor so that the INSERT statement is in the FROM clause of the
| SELECT statement of the cursor. For information about using cursors, see
| Chapter 7, “Using a cursor to retrieve a set of rows,” on page 93.
| Example: Inserting rows with ROWID values: To see the values of the ROWID
| columns that are inserted into the employee photo and resume table, you can
| declare the following cursor:
| EXEC SQL DECLARE CS1 CURSOR FOR
| SELECT EMP_ROWID
| FROM FINAL TABLE (INSERT INTO DSN8810.EMP_PHOTO_RESUME (EMPNO)
| SELECT EMPNO FROM DSN8810.EMP);
| Example: Using the FETCH FIRST clause: To see only the first five rows that are
| inserted into the employee photo and resume table, use the FETCH FIRST clause:
| SELECT EMP_ROWID
| SELECT EMPNO FROM DSN8810.EMP)
| FETCH FIRST 5 ROWS ONLY;
| Example: Using the INPUT SEQUENCE clause: To retrieve rows in the order in
| which they are inserted, use the INPUT SEQUENCE clause:
| SELECT EMP_ROWID
| VALUES(:hva_empno)
| FOR 5 ROWS)
| ORDER BY INPUT SEQUENCE;
| The INPUT SEQUENCE clause can be specified only if an INSERT statement is in

| the FROM clause of the SELECT statement. In this example, the rows are inserted
| from an array of employee numbers. For information about the multiple-row INSERT
| statement, see “Inserting multiple rows of data from host variable arrays” on page
| 79.

| Example: Inserting rows with multiple encoding CCSIDs: Suppose that you
| want to populate an ASCII table with values from an EBCDIC table and then see
| selected values from the ASCII table. You can use the following cursor to select the
| EBCDIC columns, populate the ASCII table, and then retrieve the ASCII values:
| SELECT C1, C2
| FROM FINAL TABLE (INSERT INTO ASCII_TABLE
| SELECT * FROM EBCDIC_TABLE);
| Result table of the cursor when you insert multiple rows

| In an application program, when you insert multiple rows into a table, you declare a
| cursor so that the INSERT statement is in the FROM clause of the SELECT
| statement of the cursor. The result table of the cursor is determined during OPEN
| cursor processing. The result table may or may not be affected by other processes
| in your application.
| Effect on cursor sensitivity: When you declare a scrollable cursor, the cursor
| must be declared with the INSENSITIVE keyword if an INSERT statement is in the
| FROM clause of the cursor specification. The result table is generated during OPEN
| cursor processing and does not reflect any future changes. You cannot declare the
| cursor with the SENSITIVE DYNAMIC or SENSITIVE STATIC keywords. For
| information about cursor sensitivity, see “Using a scrollable cursor” on page 104.
| Effect of searched updates and deletes: When you declare a non-scrollable

| cursor, any searched updates or deletes do not affect the result table of the cursor.
| The rows of the result table are determined during OPEN cursor processing.
| Example: Assume that your application declares a cursor, opens the cursor,
| performs a fetch, updates the table, and then fetches additional rows:
| SELECT SALARY
| FROM FINAL TABLE (INSERT INTO EMPSAMP (NAME, SALARY, LEVEL)
| SELECT NAME, INCOME, BAND FROM OLD_EMPLOYEE);
| EXEC SQL OPEN CS1;
| EXEC SQL FETCH CS1 INTO :hv_salary;
| /* print fetch result */
| ...
| EXEC SQL UPDATE EMPSAMP SET SALARY = SALARY + 500;
| while (SQLCODE == 0) {
| EXEC SQL FETCH CS1 INTO :hv_salary;
| /* print fetch result */
| ...
| }
| The fetches that occur after the update processing return the rows that were
| generated during OPEN cursor processing. However, if you use a simple SELECT
| (with no INSERT statement in the FROM clause), the fetches might return the
| updated values, depending on the access path that DB2 uses.
| Effect of WITH HOLD: When you declare a cursor with the WITH HOLD option,
| and open the cursor, all of the rows are inserted into the target table. The WITH
| HOLD option has no effect on the SELECT from INSERT statement of the cursor
| definition. After your application performs a commit, you can continue to retrieve all
| of the inserted rows. For information about held cursors, see “Held and non-held
| cursors” on page 112.
| Example: Assume that the employee table in the DB2 sample application has five
| rows. Your application declares a WITH HOLD cursor, opens the cursor, fetches two
| rows, performs a commit, and then fetches the third row successfully:

| EXEC SQL DECLARE CS2 CURSOR WITH HOLD FOR
| SELECT EMP_ROWID
| EXEC SQL OPEN CS2; /* Inserts 5 rows */
| EXEC SQL FETCH CS2 INTO :hv_rowid; /* Retrieves ROWID for 1st row */
| EXEC SQL FETCH CS2 INTO :hv_rowid; /* Retrieves ROWID for 2nd row */
| EXEC SQL COMMIT; /* Commits 5 rows */
| EXEC SQL FETCH CS2 INTO :hv_rowid; /* Retrieves ROWID for 3rd row */
| Effect of SAVEPOINT and ROLLBACK: When you set a savepoint prior to

| opening the cursor and then roll back to that savepoint, all of the insertions are
| undone. For information about savepoints and ROLLBACK processing, see “Using
| savepoints to undo selected changes within a unit of work” on page 421.
| Example: Assume that your application declares a cursor, sets a savepoint, opens
| the cursor, sets another savepoint, rolls back to the second savepoint, and then
| rolls back to the first savepoint:
| SELECT EMP_ROWID
| EXEC SQL SAVEPOINT A ON ROLLBACK RETAIN CURSORS; /* Sets 1st savepoint */
| EXEC SQL OPEN CS3;
| EXEC SQL SAVEPOINT B ON ROLLBACK RETAIN CURSORS; /* Sets 2nd savepoint */
| ...
| EXEC SQL ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT B; /* Rows still in DSN8810.EMP_PHOTO_RESUME */
| ...
| EXEC SQL ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT A; /* All inserted rows are undone */
| What happens if an error occurs

| In an application program, when you insert one or more rows into a table by using
| the SELECT from INSERT statement, the result table of the insert operation may or
| may not be affected depending on where the error occurred in the application
| processing.
| During SELECT INTO processing: If the insert processing or the select

| processing fails during a SELECT INTO statement, no rows are inserted into the
| target table, and no rows are returned from the result table of the insert operation.
| Example: Assume that the employee table of the DB2 sample application has one
| row, and that the SALARY column has a value of 9 999 000.00.
| EXEC SQL SELECT EMPNO INTO :hv_empno
| FROM FINAL TABLE (INSERT INTO EMPSAMP (NAME, SALARY)
| SELECT FIRSTNAME || MIDINIT || LASTNAME,
| SALARY + 10000.00
| FROM DSN8810.EMP)
| The addition of 10000.00 causes a decimal overflow to occur, and no rows are
| inserted into the EMPSAMP table.
| During OPEN cursor processing: If the insertion of any row fails during the
| OPEN cursor processing, all previously successful insertions are undone. The result
| table of the INSERT is empty.
| During FETCH processing: If the FETCH statement fails while retrieving rows
| from the result table of the insert operation, a negative SQLCODE is returned to the
| application, but the result table still contains the original number of rows that was
| determined during the OPEN cursor processing. At this point, you can undo all of
| the inserts.

| Example: Assume that the result table contains 100 rows and the 90th row that is
| being fetched from the cursor returns a negative SQLCODE:
| SELECT EMPNO
| FROM FINAL TABLE (INSERT INTO EMPSAMP (NAME, SALARY)
| SELECT FIRSTNAME || MIDINIT || LASTNAME, SALARY + 10000.00
| FROM DSN8810.EMP);
| EXEC SQL OPEN CS1; /* Inserts 100 rows */
| while (SQLCODE == 0)
| EXEC SQL FETCH CS1 INTO :hv_empno;
| if (SQLCODE == -904) /* If SQLCODE is -904, undo all inserts */
| EXEC SQL ROLLBACK;
| else /* Else, commit inserts */
| EXEC SQL COMMIT;
| Updating current values: UPDATE

To change the data in a table, use the UPDATE statement. You can also use the
UPDATE statement to remove a value from a row’s column (without removing the
row) by changing the column’s value to null.
Example: Suppose an employee relocates. To update several items of the

employee’s data in the YEMP work table to reflect the move, you can execute:
UPDATE YEMP
SET JOB = ’MANAGER ’,
PHONENO =’5678’
WHERE EMPNO = ’000400’;
You cannot update rows in a created temporary table, but you can update rows in a
The SET clause names the columns that you want to update and provides the
values you want to assign to those columns. You can replace a column value in the
SET clause with any of the following items:
v A null value
The column to which you assign the null value must not be defined as NOT
NULL.
v An expression
An expression can be any of the following items:
– A column
– A constant
– A fullselect that returns a scalar
– A host variable
– A special register
In addition, you can replace one or more column values in the SET clause with the
column values in a row that is returned by a fullselect.
Next, identify the rows to update:

v To update a single row, use a WHERE clause that locates one, and only one,
row
v To update several rows, use a WHERE clause that locates only the rows you
want to update.
If you omit the WHERE clause, DB2 updates every row in the table or view with
the values you supply.

If DB2 finds an error while executing your UPDATE statement (for example, an
update value that is too large for the column), it stops updating and returns an error.
No rows in the table change. Rows already changed, if any, are restored to their
previous values. If the UPDATE statement is successful, SQLERRD(3) is set to the
number of rows that are updated.
Example: The following statement supplies a missing middle initial and changes the
job for employee 000200.
UPDATE YEMP
SET MIDINIT = ’H’, JOB = ’FIELDREP’
The following statement gives everyone in department D11 a raise of 400.00. The
statement can update several rows.
UPDATE YEMP
SET SALARY = SALARY + 400.00
WHERE WORKDEPT = ’D11’;
The following statement sets the salary and bonus for employee 000190 to the
average salary and minimum bonus for all employees.
UPDATE YEMP
SET (SALARY, BONUS) =
(SELECT AVG(SALARY), MIN(BONUS)
FROM EMP)
Deleting rows: DELETE

You can use the DELETE statement to remove entire rows from a table. The
DELETE statement removes zero or more rows of a table, depending on how many
rows satisfy the search condition you specify in the WHERE clause. If you omit a
WHERE clause from a DELETE statement, DB2 removes all the rows from the
table or view you have named. The DELETE statement does not remove specific
columns from the row.
You can use DELETE to remove all rows from a created temporary table or
declared temporary table. However, you can use DELETE with a WHERE clause to
remove only selected rows from a declared temporary table.
This DELETE statement deletes each row in the YEMP table that has an employee
number 000060.
DELETE FROM YEMP
When this statement executes, DB2 deletes any row from the YEMP table that
meets the search condition.
If DB2 finds an error while executing your DELETE statement, it stops deleting data
and returns error codes in the SQLCODE and SQLSTATE host variables or related
fields in the SQLCA. The data in the table does not change.
If the DELETE is successful, SQLERRD(3) in the SQLCA contains the number of

deleted rows. This number includes only the number of deleted rows in the table
that is specified in the DELETE statement. Rows that are deleted (in other tables)
according to the CASCADE rule are not included in SQLERRD(3).

Deleting every row in a table
The DELETE statement is a powerful statement that deletes all rows of a table
unless you specify a WHERE clause to limit it. (With segmented table spaces,
deleting all rows of a table is very fast.) For example, the following statement
deletes every row in the YDEPT table:
DELETE FROM YDEPT;
If the statement executes, the table continues to exist (that is, you can insert rows
into it), but it is empty. All existing views and authorizations on the table remain
intact when using DELETE. By comparison, using DROP TABLE drops all views
and authorizations, which can invalidate plans and packages. For information about
the DROP statement, see “Dropping tables: DROP TABLE” on page 25.

Chapter 3. Joining data from more than one table
Sometimes the information that you want to see is not in a single table. To form a
row of the result table, you might want to retrieve some column values from one
table and some column values from another table. You can use a SELECT
statement to retrieve and join column values from two or more tables into a single
row.
DB2 supports the following types of joins: inner join, left outer join, right outer join,
and full outer join. You can specify joins in the FROM clause of a query.
The examples in this section use the following two tables to show various types of
joins:
The PARTS table The PRODUCTS table
PART PROD# SUPPLIER PROD# PRODUCT PRICE
======= ===== ============ ===== =========== =====
WIRE 10 ACWF 505 SCREWDRIVER 3.70
OIL 160 WESTERN_CHEM 30 RELAY 7.55
MAGNETS 10 BATEMAN 205 SAW 18.90
PLASTIC 30 PLASTIK_CORP 10 GENERATOR 45.75
BLADES 205 ACE_STEEL
Figure 2 illustrates how these two tables can be combined using the three outer join
functions.
Figure 2. Three outer joins from the PARTS and PRODUCTS tables
The result table contains data joined from all of the tables, for rows that satisfy the
search conditions.
The result columns of a join have names if the outermost SELECT list refers to
base columns. But, if you use a function (such as COALESCE or VALUE) to build a
column of the result, that column does not have a name unless you use the AS
clause in the SELECT list.

Inner join
To request an inner join, execute a SELECT statement in which you specify the
tables that you want to join in the FROM clause, and specify a WHERE clause or
an ON clause to indicate the join condition. The join condition can be any simple or
compound search condition that does not contain a subquery reference. See
Chapter 4 of DB2 SQL Reference for the complete syntax of a join condition.
In the simplest type of inner join, the join condition is column1=column2.
Example: You can join the PARTS and PRODUCTS tables on the PROD# column
to get a table of parts with their suppliers and the products that use the parts.
To do this, you can use either one of the following SELECT statements:
SELECT PART, SUPPLIER, PARTS.PROD#, PRODUCT
FROM PARTS, PRODUCTS
WHERE PARTS.PROD# = PRODUCTS.PROD#;
FROM PARTS INNER JOIN PRODUCTS
ON PARTS.PROD# = PRODUCTS.PROD#;
The result table looks like the following output:

PART SUPPLIER PROD# PRODUCT
======= ============ ===== =========
WIRE ACWF 10 GENERATOR
MAGNETS BATEMAN 10 GENERATOR
PLASTIC PLASTIK_CORP 30 RELAY
BLADES ACE_STEEL 205 SAW
Notice three things about this example:

v A part in the parts table (OIL) has product (#160), which is not in the products
table. A product (SCREWDRIVER, #505) has no parts listed in the parts table.
Neither OIL nor SCREWDRIVER appears in the result of the join.
An outer join, however, includes rows where the values in the joined columns do
not match.
v You can explicitly specify that this join is an inner join (not an outer join). Use
INNER JOIN in the FROM clause instead of the comma, and use ON to specify
the join condition (rather than WHERE) when you explicitly join tables in the
FROM clause.
v If you do not specify a WHERE clause in the first form of the query, the result
table contains all possible combinations of rows for the tables identified in the
FROM clause. You can obtain the same result by specifying a join condition that
is always true in the second form of the query, as in the following statement:
ON 1=1;
In either case, the number of rows in the result table is the product of the number
of rows in each table.
You can specify more complicated join conditions to obtain different sets of results.
For example, to eliminate the suppliers that begin with the letter A from the table of
parts, suppliers, product numbers and products, write a query like the following
query:

ON PARTS.PROD# = PRODUCTS.PROD#
AND SUPPLIER NOT LIKE ’A%’;
The result of the query is all rows that do not have a supplier that begins with A.
The result table looks like the following output:
======= ============ ===== ==========
Example of joining a table to itself by using an inner join: In the following

example, A indicates the first instance of table DSN8810.PROJ and B indicates the
second instance of this table. The join condition is such that the value in column
PROJNO in table DSN8810.PROJ A must be equal to a value in column MAJPROJ
in table DSN8810.PROJ B.
The following SQL statement joins table DSN8810.PROJ to itself and returns the
number and name of each major project followed by the number and name of the
project that is part of it:
SELECT A.PROJNO, A.PROJNAME, B.PROJNO, B.PROJNAME
FROM DSN8810.PROJ A, DSN8810.PROJ B
WHERE A.PROJNO = B.MAJPROJ;

PROJNO PROJNAME PROJNO PROJNAME
====== ======================== ======= ========================
AD3100 ADMIN SERVICES AD3110 GENERAL AD SYSTEMS
AD3110 GENERAL AD SYSTEMS AD3111 PAYROLL PROGRAMMING
AD3110
. GENERAL AD SYSTEMS AD3112 PERSONNEL PROGRAMMG
.
.
OP2010 SYSTEMS SUPPORT OP2013 DB/DC SUPPORT
In this example, the comma in the FROM clause implicitly specifies an inner join,
and it acts the same as if the INNER JOIN keywords had been used. When you
use the comma for an inner join, you must specify the join condition on the WHERE
clause. When you use the INNER JOIN keywords, you must specify the join
condition on the ON clause.
Full outer join

The clause FULL OUTER JOIN includes unmatched rows from both tables. If any
column of the result table does not have a value, that column has the null value in
the result table.
The join condition for a full outer join must be a simple search condition that
compares two columns or an invocation of a cast function that has a column name
as its argument.
Example: The following query performs a full outer join of the PARTS and
PRODUCTS tables:
FROM PARTS FULL OUTER JOIN PRODUCTS
The result table from the query looks similar to the following output:
Chapter 3. Joining data from more than one table 41

======= ============ ===== ==========
OIL WESTERN_CHEM 160 -----------
------- ------------ --- SCREWDRIVER
Example of Using COALESCE or VALUE: COALESCE is the keyword specified

by the SQL standard as a synonym for the VALUE function. This function, by either
name, can be particularly useful in full outer join operations, because it returns the
first non-null value from the pair of join columns.
The product number in the result of the example for “Full outer join” on page 41 is
null for SCREWDRIVER, even though the PRODUCTS table contains a product
number for SCREWDRIVER. If you select PRODUCTS.PROD# instead, PROD# is
null for OIL. If you select both PRODUCTS.PROD# and PARTS.PROD#, the result
contains two columns, both of which contain some null values. You can merge data
from both columns into a single column, eliminating the null values, by using the
COALESCE function.
With the same PARTS and PRODUCTS tables, the following example merges the
non-null data from the PROD# columns:
SELECT PART, SUPPLIER,
COALESCE(PARTS.PROD#, PRODUCTS.PROD#) AS PRODNUM, PRODUCT

PART SUPPLIER PRODNUM PRODUCT
======= ============ ======= ===========
------- ------------ 505 SCREWDRIVER
The AS clause (AS PRODNUM) provides a name for the result of the COALESCE
function.
Left outer join

The clause LEFT OUTER JOIN includes rows from the table that is specified before
LEFT OUTER JOIN that have no matching values in the table that is specified after
LEFT OUTER JOIN.
As in an inner join, the join condition can be any simple or compound search
condition that does not contain a subquery reference.
Example: To include rows from the PARTS table that have no matching values in
the PRODUCTS table, and to include prices that exceed $10.00 , run the following
query:
SELECT PART, SUPPLIER, PARTS.PROD#, PRODUCT, PRICE
FROM PARTS LEFT OUTER JOIN PRODUCTS
ON PARTS.PROD#=PRODUCTS.PROD#
AND PRODUCTS.PRICE>10.00;

PART SUPPLIER PROD# PRODUCT PRICE
======= ============ ===== ========== =====
WIRE ACWF 10 GENERATOR 45.75
MAGNETS BATEMAN 10 GENERATOR 45.75
PLASTIC PLASTIK_CORP 30 ----------- -------
BLADES ACE_STEEL 205 SAW 18.90
OIL WESTERN_CHEM 160 ----------- -------
A row from the PRODUCTS table is in the result table only if its product number
matches the product number of a row in the PARTS table and the price is greater
than $10.00 for that row. Rows in which the PRICE value does not exceed $10.00
are included in the result of the join, but the PRICE value is set to null.
In this result table, the row for PROD# 30 has null values on the right two columns
because the price of PROD# 30 is less than $10.00. PROD# 160 has null values on
the right two columns because PROD# 160 does not match another product
number.
Right outer join

The clause RIGHT OUTER JOIN includes rows from the table that is specified after
RIGHT OUTER JOIN that have no matching values in the table that is specified
before RIGHT OUTER JOIN.
As in an inner join, the join condition can be any simple or compound search
condition that does not contain a subquery reference.
Example: To include rows from the PRODUCTS table that have no corresponding
rows in the PARTS table, execute this query:
SELECT PART, SUPPLIER, PRODUCTS.PROD#, PRODUCT, PRICE
FROM PARTS RIGHT OUTER JOIN PRODUCTS
AND PRODUCTS.PRICE>10.00;

PART SUPPLIER PROD# PRODUCT PRICE
======= ============ ===== ========== =====
WIRE ACWF 10 GENERATOR 45.75
MAGNETS BATEMAN 10 GENERATOR 45.75
BLADES ACE_STEEL 205 SAW 18.90
---------- ------------ 30 RELAY 7.55
---------- ------------ 505 SCREWDRIVER 3.70
A row from the PARTS table is in the result table only if its product number matches
the product number of a row in the PRODUCTS table and the price is greater than
10.00 for that row.
Because the PRODUCTS table can have rows with nonmatching product numbers
in the result table, and the PRICE column is in the PRODUCTS table, rows in which
PRICE is less than or equal to 10.00 are included in the result. The PARTS
columns contain null values for these rows in the result table.

SQL rules for statements containing join operations
SQL rules dictate that the result of a SELECT statement look as if the clauses had
been evaluated in this order:
v FROM
v WHERE
v GROUP BY
v HAVING
v SELECT
A join operation is part of a FROM clause; therefore, for the purpose of predicting
which rows will be returned from a SELECT statement containing a join operation,
assume that the join operation is performed first.
Example: Suppose that you want to obtain a list of part names, supplier names,
product numbers, and product names from the PARTS and PRODUCTS tables. You
want to include rows from either table where the PROD# value does not match a
PROD# value in the other table, which means that you need to do a full outer join.
You also want to exclude rows for product number 10. Consider the following
SELECT statement:
VALUE(PARTS.PROD#,PRODUCTS.PROD#) AS PRODNUM, PRODUCT
WHERE PARTS.PROD# <> ’10’ AND PRODUCTS.PROD# <> ’10’;
The following result is not what you wanted:

======= ============ ======= ===========
DB2 performs the join operation first. The result of the join operation includes rows
from one table that do not have corresponding rows from the other table. However,
the WHERE clause then excludes the rows from both tables that have null values
for the PROD# column.
The following statement is a correct SELECT statement to produce the list:

VALUE(X.PROD#, Y.PROD#) AS PRODNUM, PRODUCT
FROM
(SELECT PART, SUPPLIER, PROD# FROM PARTS WHERE PROD# <> ’10’) X
FULL OUTER JOIN
(SELECT PROD#, PRODUCT FROM PRODUCTS WHERE PROD# <> ’10’) Y
ON X.PROD# = Y.PROD#;
For this statement, DB2 applies the WHERE clause to each table separately. DB2
then performs the full outer join operation, which includes rows in one table that do
not have a corresponding row in the other table. The final result includes rows with
the null value for the PROD# column and looks similar to the following output:
======= ============ ======= ===========
------- ------------ 505 SCREWDRIVER

Using more than one join in an SQL statement
Using more than one join: You can join more than two tables. Suppose you want
a result table that shows employees who have projects that they are responsible
for, their projects, and their department names. You need to join three tables to get
all the information. You can use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT EMPNO, LASTNAME, DEPTNAME, PROJNO
FROM DSN8810.EMP, DSN8810.PROJ, DSN8810.DEPT
WHERE EMPNO = RESPEMP
AND WORKDEPT = DSN8810.DEPT.DEPTNO;

EMPNO LASTNAME DEPTNAME PROJNO
====== ========= =========================== ======
000010 HAAS SPIFFY COMPUTER SERVICE DIV AD3100
000010 HAAS SPIFFY COMPUTER SERVICE DIV MA2100
000020 THOMPSON PLANNING PL2100
000030 KWAN INFORMATION CENTER IF1000
000030 KWAN INFORMATION CENTER IF2000
000050 GEYER SUPPORT SERVICES OP1000
000050 GEYER SUPPORT SERVICES OP2000
000060 STERN MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS MA2110
000070 PULASKI ADMINISTRATION SYSTEMS AD3110
000090 HENDERSON OPERATIONS OP1010
000100 SPENSER SOFTWARE SUPPORT OP2010
000150 ADAMSON MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS MA2112
000160 PIANKA MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS MA2113
000220 LUTZ MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS MA2111
000230 JEFFERSON ADMINISTRATION SYSTEMS AD3111
000250 SMITH ADMINISTRATION SYSTEMS AD3112
000270 PEREZ ADMINISTRATION SYSTEMS AD3113
000320 MEHTA SOFTWARE SUPPORT OP2011
000330 LEE SOFTWARE SUPPORT OP2012
000340 GOUNOT SOFTWARE SUPPORT OP2013
DB2 determines the intermediate and final results of the previous query by
performing the following logical steps:
1. Join the employee and project tables on the employee number, dropping the
rows with no matching employee number in the project table.
2. Join the intermediate result table with the department table on matching
department numbers.
3. Process the select list in the final result table, leaving only four columns.
Using more than one join type: You can use more than one join type in the
FROM clause. Suppose that you want a result table that shows employees whose
last name begins with ’S’ or a letter after ’S’, their department names, and the
projects that they are responsible for, if any. You can use the following SELECT
statement:
SELECT EMPNO, LASTNAME, DEPTNAME, PROJNO
FROM DSN8810.EMP INNER JOIN DSN8810.DEPT
ON WORKDEPT = DSN8810.DEPT.DEPTNO
LEFT OUTER JOIN DSN8810.PROJ
ON EMPNO = RESPEMP
WHERE LASTNAME > ’S’;
The result table looks like similar to the following output:

EMPNO LASTNAME DEPTNAME PROJNO
====== ========= ====================== ======
000020 THOMPSON PLANNING PL2100
000060 STERN MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS MA2110
000100 SPENSER SOFTWARE SUPPORT OP2010

000170 YOSHIMURA MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS ------
000180 SCOUTTEN MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS ------
000190 WALKER MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS ------
000250 SMITH ADMINISTRATION SYSTEMS AD3112
000280 SCHNEIDER OPERATIONS ------
000300 SMITH OPERATIONS ------
000310 SETRIGHT OPERATIONS ------
200170 YAMAMOTO MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS ------
200280 SCHWARTZ OPERATIONS ------
200310 SPRINGER OPERATIONS ------
200330 WONG SOFTWARE SUPPORT ------
DB2 determines the intermediate and final results of the previous query by
performing the following logical steps:
1. Join the employee and department tables on matching department numbers,
dropping the rows where the last name begins with a letter before ’S’.
2. Join the intermediate result table with the project table on the employee number,
keeping the rows with no matching employee number in the project table.
3. Process the select list in the final result table, leaving only four columns.
Using nested table expressions and user-defined table functions in

joins
An operand of a join can be more complex than the name of a single table. You can
use:
v A nested table expression, which is a fullselect enclosed in parentheses and
followed by a correlation name
v A user-defined table function, which is a user-defined function that returns a table
Example of using a nested table expression as the right operand of a join:

The following query contains a fullselect as the right operand of a left outer join with
the PROJECTS table. The correlation name is TEMP.
SELECT PROJECT, COALESCE(PROJECTS.PROD#, PRODNUM) AS PRODNUM,
PRODUCT, PART, UNITS
FROM PROJECTS LEFT JOIN
(SELECT PART,
COALESCE(PARTS.PROD#, PRODUCTS.PROD#) AS PRODNUM,
PRODUCTS.PRODUCT
ON PARTS.PROD# = PRODUCTS.PROD#) AS TEMP
ON PROJECTS.PROD# = PRODNUM;
The following statement is the nested table expression:

(SELECT PART,
PRODUCTS.PRODUCT
Example of using correlated references: In the following example, the correlation

name that is used for the nested table expression is CHEAP_PARTS. The
correlated references are CHEAP_PARTS.PROD# and CHEAP_PARTS.PRODUCT.
SELECT CHEAP_PARTS.PROD#, CHEAP_PARTS.PRODUCT
FROM (SELECT PROD#, PRODUCT
FROM PRODUCTS
WHERE PRICE < 10) AS CHEAP_PARTS;

PROD# PRODUCT
===== ===========
505 SCREWDRIVER
30 RELAY
The correlated references are valid because they do not occur in the table
expression where CHEAP_PARTS is defined. The correlated references are from a
table specification at a higher level in the hierarchy of subqueries.
Example of using a nested table expression as the left operand of a join: The
following query contains a fullselect as the left operand of a left outer join with the
PRODUCTS table. The correlation name is PARTX.
SELECT PART, SUPPLIER, PRODNUM, PRODUCT
FROM (SELECT PART, PROD# AS PRODNUM, SUPPLIER
FROM PARTS
WHERE PROD# < ’200’) AS PARTX
LEFT OUTER JOIN PRODUCTS
ON PRODNUM = PROD#;

======= ============ ======= ==========
OIL WESTERN_CHEM 160 ----------
Because PROD# is a character field, DB2 does a character comparison to

determine the set of rows in the result. Therefore, because ’30’ is greater than ’200’,
the row in which PROD# is equal to ’30’ does not appear in the result.
Example: Using a table function as an operand of a join: You can join the
results of a user-defined table function with a table, just as you can join two tables.
For example, suppose CVTPRICE is a table function that converts the prices in the
PRODUCTS table to the currency you specify and returns the PRODUCTS table
with the prices in those units. You can obtain a table of parts, suppliers, and product
prices with the prices in your choice of currency by executing a query similar to the
following query:
SELECT PART, SUPPLIER, PARTS.PROD#, Z.PRODUCT, Z.PRICE
FROM PARTS, TABLE(CVTPRICE(:CURRENCY)) AS Z
WHERE PARTS.PROD# = Z.PROD#;
Using correlated references in table specifications in joins

You can include correlated references in nested table expressions or as arguments
to table functions. The basic rule that applies for both of these cases is that the
correlated reference must be from a table specification at a higher level in the
hierarchy of subqueries. You can also use a correlated reference and the table
specification to which it refers in the same FROM clause if the table specification
appears to the left of the correlated reference and the correlated reference is in one
of the following clauses:
v A nested table expression preceded by the keyword TABLE
v The argument of a table function
For more information about correlated references, see “Using correlation names in
references” on page 54.

A table function or a table expression that contains correlated references to other
tables in the same FROM clause cannot participate in a full outer join or a right
outer join. The following examples illustrate valid uses of correlated references in
table specifications.
Example: In this example, the correlated reference T.C2 is valid because the table
specification, to which it refers, T, is to its left.
SELECT T.C1, Z.C5
FROM T, TABLE(TF3(T.C2)) AS Z
WHERE T.C3 = Z.C4;
If you specify the join in the opposite order, with T following TABLE(TF3(T.C2), then
T.C2 is invalid.
Example: In this example, the correlated reference D.DEPTNO is valid because the
nested table expression within which it appears is preceded by TABLE and the table
specification D appears to the left of the nested table expression in the FROM
clause.
SELECT D.DEPTNO, D.DEPTNAME,
EMPINFO.AVGSAL, EMPINFO.EMPCOUNT
FROM DEPT D,
TABLE(SELECT AVG(E.SALARY) AS AVGSAL,
COUNT(*) AS EMPCOUNT
FROM EMP E
WHERE E.WORKDEPT=D.DEPTNO) AS EMPINFO;
If you remove the keyword TABLE, D.DEPTNO is invalid.

Chapter 4. Using subqueries
When you need to narrow your search condition based on information in an interim
table, you can use a subquery. For example, you might want to find all employee
numbers in one table that also exist for a given project in a second table.
This chapter presents a conceptual overview of subqueries, shows how to include

subqueries in either a WHERE or a HAVING clause, and shows how to use
correlated subqueries.
Conceptual overview
Suppose that you want a list of the employee numbers, names, and commissions of
all employees working on a particular project, whose project number is MA2111.
The first part of the SELECT statement is easy to write:
SELECT EMPNO, LASTNAME, COMM
FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE EMPNO
.
.
.
But you cannot proceed because the DSN8810.EMP table does not include project
number data. You do not know which employees are working on project MA2111
without issuing another SELECT statement against the DSN8810.EMPPROJACT
table.
You can use a subquery to solve this problem. A subquery is a subselect or a

fullselect in a WHERE clause. The SELECT statement surrounding the subquery is
called the outer SELECT.
FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE EMPNO IN
(SELECT EMPNO
WHERE PROJNO = ’MA2111’);
To better understand the results of this SQL statement, imagine that DB2 goes
through the following process:
1. DB2 evaluates the subquery to obtain a list of EMPNO values:
(SELECT EMPNO
WHERE PROJNO = ’MA2111’);
The result is in an interim result table, similar to the one shown in the following
output:
from EMPNO
=====
200
200
220
2. The interim result table then serves as a list in the search condition of the outer
SELECT. Effectively, DB2 executes this statement:
FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE EMPNO IN
(’000200’, ’000220’);

As a consequence, the result table looks similar to the following output:
EMPNO LASTNAME COMM
====== ======== ====
000200 BROWN 2217
000220 LUTZ 2387
Correlated and uncorrelated subqueries

Subqueries supply information that is needed to qualify a row (in a WHERE clause)
or a group of rows (in a HAVING clause). The subquery produces a result table that
is used to qualify the row or group of selected rows. The subquery executes only
once, if the subquery is the same for every row or group.
This kind of subquery is uncorrelated. In the previous query, for example, the
content of the subquery is the same for every row of the table DSN8810.EMP.
Subqueries that vary in content from row to row or group to group are correlated
subqueries. For information about correlated subqueries, see “Using correlated
subqueries” on page 53. All of the following information that precedes the section
about correlated subqueries applies to both correlated and uncorrelated subqueries.
Subqueries and predicates

A subquery is always part of a predicate. The predicate is of the form:
operand operator (subquery)
The predicate can be part of a WHERE or HAVING clause. A WHERE or HAVING

clause can include predicates that contain subqueries. A predicate containing a
subquery, like any other search predicate, can be enclosed in parentheses, can be
preceded by the keyword NOT, and can be linked to other predicates through the
keywords AND and OR. For example, the WHERE clause of a query can look
something like the following clause:
WHERE X IN (subquery1) AND (Y > SOME (subquery2) OR Z IS NULL)
Subqueries can also appear in the predicates of other subqueries. Such subqueries
are nested subqueries at some level of nesting. For example, a subquery within a
subquery within an outer SELECT has a nesting level of 2. DB2 allows nesting
down to a level of 15, but few queries require a nesting level greater than 1.
The relationship of a subquery to its outer SELECT is the same as the relationship
of a nested subquery to a subquery, and the same rules apply, except where
otherwise noted.
The subquery result table

A subquery must produce a result table that has the same number of columns as
the number of columns on the left side of the comparison operator. For example,
both of the following SELECT statements are acceptable:
SELECT EMPNO, LASTNAME
FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE SALARY =
(SELECT AVG(SALARY)
FROM DSN8810.EMP);
SELECT EMPNO, LASTNAME
FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE (SALARY, BONUS) IN
(SELECT AVG(SALARY), AVG(BONUS)
FROM DSN8810.EMP);

Except for a subquery of a basic predicate, the result table can contain more than
one row. For more information, see “Basic predicate.”
Tables in subqueries of UPDATE, DELETE, and INSERT statements

The following rules apply to a table that is used in a subquery for an UPDATE,
DELETE, or INSERT statement:
v When you use a subquery in an INSERT statement, the subquery can use the
same table as the INSERT statement.
v When you use a subquery in a searched UPDATE or DELETE statement (an
UPDATE or DELETE that does not use a cursor), the subquery can use the
same table as the UPDATE or DELETE statement.
v When you use a subquery in a positioned UPDATE or DELETE statement (an
UPDATE or DELETE that uses a cursor), the subquery cannot use the same
table as the UPDATE or DELETE statement.
How to code a subquery

You can specify a subquery in either a WHERE or HAVING clause by using:
v A basic predicate
v A quantified predicate: ALL, ANY, or SOME
v The IN keyword
v The EXISTS keyword
Basic predicate
You can use a subquery immediately after any of the comparison operators. If you
do, the subquery can return at most one value. DB2 compares that value with the
value to the left of the comparison operator.
Example: The following SQL statement returns the employee numbers, names, and
salaries for employees whose education level is higher than the average
company-wide education level.
SELECT EMPNO, LASTNAME, SALARY
FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE EDLEVEL >
(SELECT AVG(EDLEVEL)
FROM DSN8810.EMP);
Quantified predicate : ALL, ANY, or SOME

You can use a subquery after a comparison operator, followed by the keyword ALL,
ANY, or SOME. The number of columns and rows that the subquery can return for
a quantified predicate depends on the type of quantified predicate:
v For = SOME, = ANY, or <> ALL, the subquery can return one or many rows and
one or many columns. The number of columns in the result table must match the
number of columns on the left side of the operator.
v For all other quantified predicates, the subquery can return one or many rows,
but no more than one column.
If a subquery that returns one or more null values gives you unexpected results,
see the description of quantified predicates in Chapter 2 of DB2 SQL Reference.
Using the ALL predicate

Use ALL to indicate that the operands on the left side of the comparison must
compare in the same way with all of the values that the subquery returns. For
example, suppose you use the greater-than comparison operator with ALL:
Chapter 4. Using subqueries 51

WHERE column > ALL (subquery)
To satisfy this WHERE clause, the column value must be greater than all of the
values that the subquery returns. A subquery that returns an empty result table
satisfies the predicate.
Now suppose that you use the <> operator with ALL in a WHERE clause like this:
WHERE (column1, column1, ... columnn) <> ALL (subquery)
To satisfy this WHERE clause, each column value must be unequal to all of the
values in the corresponding column of the result table that the subquery returns. A
subquery that returns an empty result table satisfies the predicate.
Using the ANY or SOME predicate

Use ANY or SOME to indicate that the values on the left side of the operator must
compare in the indicated way to at least one of the values that the subquery
returns. For example, suppose you use the greater-than comparison operator with
ANY:
WHERE expression > ANY (subquery)
To satisfy this WHERE clause, the value in the expression must be greater than at
least one of the values (that is, greater than the lowest value) that the subquery
returns. A subquery that returns an empty result table does not satisfy the predicate.
Now suppose that you use the = operator with SOME in a WHERE clause like this:
WHERE (column1, column1, ... columnn) = SOME (subquery)
To satisfy this WHERE clause, each column value must be equal to at least one of
the values in the corresponding column of the result table that the subquery returns.
A subquery that returns an empty result table does not satisfy the predicate.
IN keyword
You can use IN to say that the value or values on the left side of the IN operator
must be among the values that are returned by the subquery. Using IN is equivalent
to using = ANY or = SOME.
Example: The following query returns the names of department managers:

SELECT EMPNO,LASTNAME
FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE EMPNO IN
(SELECT DISTINCT MGRNO
FROM DSN8810.DEPT);
EXISTS keyword
In the subqueries presented thus far, DB2 evaluates the subquery and uses the
result as part of the WHERE clause of the outer SELECT. In contrast, when you
use the keyword EXISTS, DB2 simply checks whether the subquery returns one or
more rows. Returning one or more rows satisfies the condition; returning no rows
does not satisfy the condition.
Example: The search condition in the following query is satisfied if any project that
is represented in the project table has an estimated start date that is later than 1
January 2005:

SELECT EMPNO,LASTNAME
FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT *
FROM DSN8810.PROJ
WHERE PRSTDATE > ’2005-01-01’);
The result of the subquery is always the same for every row that is examined for
the outer SELECT. Therefore, either every row appears in the result of the outer
SELECT or none appears. A correlated subquery is more powerful than the
uncorrelated subquery that is used in this example because the result of a
correlated subquery is evaluated for each row of the outer SELECT.
As shown in the example, you do not need to specify column names in the
subquery of an EXISTS clause. Instead, you can code SELECT *. You can also use
the EXISTS keyword with the NOT keyword in order to select rows when the data
or condition you specify does not exist; that is, you can code the following clause:
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT ...);
Using correlated subqueries

In an uncorrelated subquery, DB2 executes the subquery once, substitutes the
result of the subquery in the right side of the search condition, and evaluates the
outer SELECT based on the value of the search condition. You can also write a
subquery that DB2 re-evaluates when it examines a new row (in a WHERE clause)
or group of rows (in a HAVING clause) as it executes the outer SELECT. This is
called a correlated subquery.
User-defined functions in correlated subqueries: Use care when you invoke a

user-defined function in a correlated subquery, and that user-defined function uses
a scratchpad. DB2 does not refresh the scratchpad between invocations of the
subquery. This can cause undesirable results because the scratchpad keeps values
across the invocations of the subquery.
An example of a correlated subquery

Suppose that you want a list of all the employees whose education levels are
higher than the average education levels in their respective departments. To get this
information, DB2 must search the DSN8810.EMP table. For each employee in the
table, DB2 needs to compare the employee’s education level to the average
education level for that employee’s department.
For this example, you need to use a correlated subquery, which differs from an
uncorrelated subquery. An uncorrelated subquery compares the employee’s
education level to the average of the entire company, which requires looking at the
entire table. A correlated subquery evaluates only the department that corresponds
to the particular employee.
In the subquery, you tell DB2 to compute the average education level for the
department number in the current row. A query that does this follows:
SELECT EMPNO, LASTNAME, WORKDEPT, EDLEVEL
FROM DSN8810.EMP X
WHERE EDLEVEL >
FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE WORKDEPT = X.WORKDEPT);

A correlated subquery looks like an uncorrelated one, except for the presence of
one or more correlated references. In the example, the single correlated reference
is the occurrence of X.WORKDEPT in the WHERE clause of the subselect. In this
clause, the qualifier X is the correlation name that is defined in the FROM clause of
the outer SELECT statement. X designates rows of the first instance of
DSN8810.EMP. At any time during the execution of the query, X designates the row
of DSN8810.EMP to which the WHERE clause is being applied.
Consider what happens when the subquery executes for a given row of
DSN8810.EMP. Before it executes, X.WORKDEPT receives the value of the
WORKDEPT column for that row. Suppose, for example, that the row is for
Christine Haas. Her work department is A00, which is the value of WORKDEPT for
that row. Therefore, the following is the subquery that is executed for that row:
FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE WORKDEPT = ’A00’);
The subquery produces the average education level of Christine’s department. The
outer SELECT then compares this average to Christine’s own education level. For
some other row for which WORKDEPT has a different value, that value appears in
the subquery in place of A00. For example, in the row for Michael L Thompson, this
value is B01, and the subquery for his row delivers the average education level for
department B01.
The result table produced by the query is similar to the following output:
EMPNO LASTNAME WORKDEPT EDLEVEL
====== ========= ======== =======
000010 HASS A00 18
000030 KWAN C01 20
000070 PULASKI D21 16
000090 HENDERSON E11 16
Using correlation names in references

A correlated reference can appear in a subquery, in a nested table expression, or
as an argument of a user-defined table function. For information about correlated
references in nested table expressions and table functions, see “Using nested table
expressions and user-defined table functions in joins” on page 46. In a subquery,
the reference should be of the form X.C, where X is a correlation name and C is
the name of a column in the table that X represents.
Any number of correlated references can appear in a subquery, with no restrictions

on variety. For example, you can use one correlated reference in the outer
SELECT, and another in a nested subquery.
When you use a correlated reference in a subquery, the correlation name can be
defined in the outer SELECT or in any of the subqueries that contain the reference.
Suppose, for example, that a query contains subqueries A, B, and C, and that A
contains B and B contains C. The subquery C can use a correlation reference that
is defined in B, A, or the outer SELECT.
You can define a correlation name for each table name in a FROM clause. Specify
the correlation name after its table name. Leave one or more blanks between a
table name and its correlation name. You can include the word AS between the
table name and the correlation name to increase the readability of the SQL
statement.

The following example demonstrates the use of a correlated reference in the search
condition of a subquery:
SELECT EMPNO, LASTNAME, WORKDEPT, EDLEVEL
FROM DSN8810.EMP AS X
WHERE EDLEVEL >
FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE WORKDEPT = X.WORKDEPT);
The following example demonstrates the use of a correlated reference in the select
list of a subquery:
UPDATE BP1TBL T1
SET (KEY1, CHAR1, VCHAR1) =
(SELECT VALUE(T2.KEY1,T1.KEY1), VALUE(T2.CHAR1,T1.CHAR1),
VALUE(T2.VCHAR1,T1.VCHAR1)
FROM BP2TBL T2
WHERE (T2.KEY1 = T1.KEY1))
WHERE KEY1 IN
(SELECT KEY1
FROM BP2TBL T3
WHERE KEY2 > 0);
Using correlated subqueries in an UPDATE statement

When you use a correlated subquery in an UPDATE statement, the correlation
name refers to the rows you are updating. For example, when all activities of a
project must complete before September 2004, your department considers that
project to be a priority project. You can use the following SQL statement to evaluate
the projects in the DSN8810.PROJ table, and write a 1 (a flag to indicate
PRIORITY) in the PRIORITY column (a column you have added to DSN8810.PROJ
for this purpose) for each priority project:
UPDATE DSN8810.PROJ X
SET PRIORITY = 1
WHERE DATE(’2004-09-01’) >
(SELECT MAX(ACENDATE)
FROM DSN8810.PROJACT
WHERE PROJNO = X.PROJNO);
As DB2 examines each row in the DSN8810.PROJ table, it determines the

maximum activity end date (the ACENDATE column) for all activities of the project
(from the DSN8810.PROJACT table). If the end date of each activity associated
with the project is before September 2004, the current row in the DSN8810.PROJ
table qualifies and DB2 updates it.
Using correlated subqueries in a DELETE statement

When you use a correlated subquery in a DELETE statement, the correlation name
represents the row you delete. DB2 evaluates the correlated subquery once for
each row in the table that is named in the DELETE statement to decide whether or
not to delete the row.
Using tables with no referential constraints

Suppose that a department considers a project to be complete when the combined
amount of time currently spent on it is half a person’s time or less. The department
then deletes the rows for that project from the DSN8810.PROJ table. In the
examples in this section, PROJ and PROJACT are independent tables; that is, they
are separate tables with no referential constraints defined on them.

DELETE FROM DSN8810.PROJ X
WHERE .5 >
(SELECT SUM(ACSTAFF)
FROM DSN8810.PROJACT
To process this statement, DB2 determines for each project (represented by a row
in the DSN8810.PROJ table) whether or not the combined staffing for that project is
less than 0.5. If it is, DB2 deletes that row from the DSN8810.PROJ table.
To continue this example, suppose DB2 deletes a row in the DSN8810.PROJ table.
You must also delete rows related to the deleted project in the DSN8810.PROJACT
table. To do this, use:
DELETE FROM DSN8810.PROJACT X
WHERE NOT EXISTS
(SELECT *
FROM DSN8810.PROJ
DB2 determines, for each row in the DSN8810.PROJACT table, whether a row with
the same project number exists in the DSN8810.PROJ table. If not, DB2 deletes the
row in DSN8810.PROJACT.
Using a single table

A subquery of a searched DELETE statement (a DELETE statement that does not
use a cursor) can reference the same table from which rows are deleted. In the
following statement, which deletes the employee with the highest salary from each
department, the employee table appears in the outer DELETE and in the subselect:
DELETE FROM YEMP X
WHERE SALARY = (SELECT MAX(SALARY) FROM YEMP Y
WHERE X.WORKDEPT =Y.WORKDEPT);
This example uses a copy of the employee table for the subquery.
The following statement, without a correlated subquery, yields equivalent results:

DELETE FROM YEMP
WHERE (SALARY, WORKDEPT) IN (SELECT MAX(SALARY), WORKDEPT
FROM YEMP
GROUP BY WORKDEPT);
Using tables with referential constraints

DB2 restricts delete operations for dependent tables that are involved in referential
constraints. If a DELETE statement has a subquery that references a table that is
involved in the deletion, the last delete rule in the path to that table must be
| RESTRICT or NO ACTION if the result of the subquery is not materialized before
| the deletion occurs. However, if the result of the subquery is materialized before the
| deletion, the delete rule can also be CASCADE or SET NULL.
Example: Without referential constraints, the following statement deletes

departments from the department table whose managers are not listed correctly in
the employee table:
DELETE FROM DSN8810.DEPT THIS
WHERE NOT DEPTNO =
(SELECT WORKDEPT
FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE EMPNO = THIS.MGRNO);

With the referential constraints that are defined for the sample tables, this statement
| causes an error because the result table for the subquery is not materialized before
| the deletion occurs. The deletion involves the table that is referred to in the
subquery (DSN8810.EMP is a dependent table of DSN8810.DEPT) and the last
delete rule in the path to EMP is SET NULL, not RESTRICT or NO ACTION. If the
statement could execute, its results would depend on the order in which DB2
accesses the rows. Therefore, DB2 prohibits the deletion. See “Materialization” on
page 774 for more information about materialization.

Chapter 5. Executing SQL from your terminal using SPUFI
This chapter explains how to enter and execute SQL statements at a TSO terminal
using the SPUFI (SQL processor using file input) facility. You can execute most of
the interactive SQL examples shown in Part 1, “Using SQL queries,” on page 1 by
following the instructions provided in this chapter and using the sample tables
shown in Appendix A, “DB2 sample tables,” on page 897. The instructions assume
that ISPF is available to you.
Allocating an input data set and using SPUFI

Before you use SPUFI, you should allocate an input data set, if one does not
already exist. This data set will contain one or more SQL statements that you want
to execute. For information on ISPF and allocating data sets, see z/OS ISPF User’s
Guide Volumes 1 and 2.
To use SPUFI, select SPUFI from the DB2I Primary Option Menu as shown in
Figure 149 on page 496
The SPUFI panel then displays as shown in Figure 3.
From then on, when the SPUFI panel displays, the data entry fields on the panel
contain the values that you previously entered. You can specify data set names and
processing options each time the SPUFI panel displays, as needed. Values you do
not change remain in effect.
DSNESP01 SPUFI SSID: DSN

===>
Enter the input data set name: (Can be sequential or partitioned)
1 DATA SET NAME..... ===> EXAMPLES(XMP1)
2 VOLUME SERIAL..... ===> (Enter if not cataloged)
3 DATA SET PASSWORD. ===> (Enter if password protected)
Enter the output data set name: (Must be a sequential data set)
4 DATA SET NAME..... ===> RESULT
Specify processing options:

5 CHANGE DEFAULTS... ===> Y (Y/N - Display SPUFI defaults panel?)
6 EDIT INPUT........ ===> Y (Y/N - Enter SQL statements?)
7 EXECUTE........... ===> Y (Y/N - Execute SQL statements?)
8 AUTOCOMMIT........ ===> Y (Y/N - Commit after successful run?)
9 BROWSE OUTPUT..... ===> Y (Y/N - Browse output data set?)
For remote SQL processing:

10 CONNECT LOCATION ===>
PRESS: ENTER to process END to exit HELP for more information
Figure 3. The SPUFI panel filled in
| Fill out the SPUFI panel. You can access descriptions for each of the fields in the
| panel in the DB2I help system. See “DB2I help” on page 495 for more information
| about the DB2I help system.

Changing SPUFI defaults (optional)
When you finish with the SPUFI panel, press the ENTER key. If you specified YES
on line 5 of the SPUFI panel, the next panel you see is the SPUFI Defaults panel.
SPUFI provides default values the first time you use SPUFI, for all options except
the DB2 subsystem name. Any changes that you make to these values remain in
effect until you change the values again. Figure 4 shows the initial default values.
DSNESP02 CURRENT SPUFI DEFAULTS SSID: DSN

===>
Enter the following to control your SPUFI session:
1 SQL TERMINATOR ===> ; (SQL Statement Terminator)
2 ISOLATION LEVEL ===> RR (RR=Repeatable Read, CS=Cursor Stability)
3 MAX SELECT LINES ===> 250 (Maximum number of lines to be
returned from a SELECT)
Output data set characteristics:
4 RECORD LENGTH ... ===> 4092 (LRECL= logical record length)
5 BLOCKSIZE ....... ===> 4096 (Size of one block)
6 RECORD FORMAT.... ===> VB (RECFM= F, FB, FBA, V, VB, or VB)
7 DEVICE TYPE...... ===> SYSDA (Must be a DASD unit name)
Output format characteristics:

8 MAX NUMERIC FIELD ===> 33 (Maximum width for numeric field)
9 MAX CHAR FIELD .. ===> 80 (Maximum width for character field)
10 COLUMN HEADING .. ===> NAMES (NAMES, LABELS, ANY, or BOTH)
Figure 4. The SPUFI defaults panel
If you want to change the current default values, specify new values in the fields of
| the panel. All fields must contain a value. The DB2I help system contains detailed
| descriptions of each of the fields of the CURRENT SPUFI DEFAULTS panel.
When you have entered your SPUFI options, press the ENTER key to continue.
SPUFI then processes the next processing option for which you specified YES. If all
other processing options are NO, SPUFI displays the SPUFI panel.
If you press the END key, you return to the SPUFI panel, but you lose all the
changes you made on the SPUFI Defaults panel. If you press ENTER, SPUFI
saves your changes.
Entering SQL statements

Next, SPUFI lets you edit the input data set. Initially, editing consists of entering an
SQL statement into the input data set. You can also edit an input data set that
contains SQL statements and you can change, delete, or insert SQL statements.
Using the ISPF editor

The ISPF Editor shows you an empty EDIT panel.
On the panel, use the ISPF EDIT program to enter SQL statements that you want
to execute, as shown in Figure 5 on page 61.
Move the cursor to the first input line and enter the first part of an SQL statement.
You can enter the rest of the SQL statement on subsequent lines, as shown in

Figure 5. Indenting your lines and entering your statements on several lines make
your statements easier to read, without changing how your statements process.
You can put more than one SQL statement in the input data set. You can put an
SQL statement on one line of the input data set or on more than one line. DB2
executes the statements in the order you placed them in the data set. Do not put
more than one SQL statement on a single line. The first one executes, but DB2
ignores the other SQL statements on the same line.
In your SPUFI input data set, end each SQL statement with the statement
terminator that you specified in the CURRENT SPUFI DEFAULTS panel.
When you have entered your SQL statements, press the END PF key to save the
file and to execute the SQL statements.
EDIT --------userid.EXAMPLES(XMP1) --------------------- COLUMNS 001 072

COMMAND INPUT ===> SAVE SCROLL ===> PAGE
********************************** TOP OF DATA ***********************
000100 SELECT LASTNAME, FIRSTNME, PHONENO
000200 FROM DSN8810.EMP
000300 WHERE WORKDEPT= ’D11’
000400 ORDER BY LASTNAME;
********************************* BOTTOM OF DATA *********************
Figure 5. The edit panel: After entering an SQL statement
Pressing the END PF key saves the data set. You can save the data set and
continue editing it by entering the SAVE command. Saving the data set after every
10 minutes or so of editing is recommended.
Figure 5 shows what the panel looks like if you enter the sample SQL statement,
followed by a SAVE command.
You can bypass the editing step by resetting the EDIT INPUT processing option:
EDIT INPUT ... ===> NO
| Retrieving Unicode UTF-16 graphic data

| When you request that Unicode UTF-16 graphic data (CCSID 1200) be retrieved by
| DB2 (in SQL statements submitted to SPUFI), DB2 attempts to convert from
| UTF-16 graphic data to EBCDIC graphic data. In many cases, this conversion is not
| valid. For example, if the column G1 contains UTF-16 graphic data, the following
| SELECT statement can result in SQLCODE -332:
| SELECT G1 FROM T1;
| However, you can use the CHAR function to explicitly request the result as
| character data. Instead of using G1 as an item in the select list, use CHAR(G1):
| SELECT CHAR(G1) FROM T1;
| The result of the CHAR function is a UTF-8 string (CCSID 1208) that is then
| converted to EBCDIC when the value is returned to SPUFI. The CCSID of the
| converted data depends on the value of the application-encoding BIND option for
| the SPUFI package. In most cases, the SPUFI result is the EBCDIC system
| CCSID.
Chapter 5. Executing SQL from your terminal using SPUFI 61

Entering comments
You can put comments about SQL statements either on separate lines or on the
same line. In either case, use two hyphens (--) to begin a comment. Specify any
text other than #SET TERMINATOR after the comment. DB2 ignores everything to
the right of the two hyphens.
Setting the SQL terminator character

Use the text --#SET TERMINATOR character in a SPUFI input data set as an
instruction to SPUFI to interpret character as a statement terminator. A semicolon (;)
is the default SQL terminator. You can specify any single-byte character except one
of the characters that are listed in Table 3. The terminator that you specify overrides
a terminator that you specified in option 1 of the CURRENT SPUFI DEFAULTS
panel or in a previous --#SET TERMINATOR statement.
Table 3. Invalid special characters for the SQL terminator
Hexadecimal
Name Character representation
blank X'40'
comma , X'5E'
double quote ″ X'7F'
left parenthesis ( X'4D'
right parenthesis ) X'5D'
single quote ’ X'7D'
underscore _ X'6D'
Use a character other than a semicolon if you plan to execute a statement that
contains embedded semicolons. For example, suppose you choose the character #
as the statement terminator. Then a CREATE TRIGGER statement with embedded
semicolons looks like this:
CREATE TRIGGER NEW_HIRE
AFTER INSERT ON EMP
FOR EACH ROW MODE DB2SQL
BEGIN ATOMIC
UPDATE COMPANY_STATS SET NBEMP = NBEMP + 1;
END#
Be careful to choose a character for the SQL terminator that is not used within the
statement.
Processing SQL statements

SPUFI passes the input data set to DB2 for processing. DB2 executes the SQL
statement in the input data set EXAMPLES(XMP1), and sends the output to the
output data set userid.RESULT.
You can bypass the DB2 processing step by resetting the EXECUTE processing
option:
EXECUTE ..... ===> NO
Your SQL statement might take a long time to execute, depending on how large a
table DB2 must search, or on how many rows DB2 must process. To interrupt
DB2’s processing, press the PA1 key and respond to the prompting message that

asks you if you really want to stop processing. This cancels the executing SQL
statement and returns you to the ISPF-PDF menu.
What happens to the output data set? This depends on how much of the input data
set DB2 was able to process before you interrupted its processing. DB2 might not
have opened the output data set yet, or the output data set might contain all or part
of the results data that are produced so far.
Browsing the output

SPUFI formats and displays the output data set using the ISPF Browse program.
Figure 6 shows the output from the sample program. An output data set contains
these items for each SQL statement that DB2 executes:
v The executed SQL statement, copied from the input data set
v The results of executing the SQL statement
v The formatted SQLCA, if an error occurs during statement execution
At the end of the data set are summary statistics that describe the processing of the
input data set as a whole.
For SELECT statements executed with SPUFI, the message “SQLCODE IS 100”
indicates an error-free result. If the message SQLCODE IS 100 is the only result,
DB2 is unable to find any rows that satisfy the condition specified in the statement.
For all other types of SQL statements executed with SPUFI, the message
“SQLCODE IS 0” indicates an error-free result.
BROWSE-- userid.RESULT COLUMNS 001 072

COMMAND INPUT ===> SCROLL ===> PAGE
--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
SELECT LASTNAME, FIRSTNME, PHONENO 00010000
FROM DSN8810.EMP 00020000
WHERE WORKDEPT = ’D11’ 00030000
ORDER BY LASTNAME; 00040000
---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
LASTNAME FIRSTNME PHONENO
ADAMSON BRUCE 4510
BROWN DAVID 4501
JOHN REBA 0672
JONES WILLIAM 0942
LUTZ JENNIFER 0672
PIANKA ELIZABETH 3782
SCOUTTEN MARILYN 1682
STERN IRVING 6423
WALKER JAMES 2986
YAMAMOTO KIYOSHI 2890
YOSHIMURA MASATOSHI 2890
DSNE610I NUMBER OF ROWS DISPLAYED IS 11
DSNE616I STATEMENT EXECUTION WAS SUCCESSFUL, SQLCODE IS 100
---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----
---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----
DSNE617I COMMIT PERFORMED, SQLCODE IS 0
DSNE616I STATEMENT EXECUTION WAS SUCCESSFUL, SQLCODE IS 0
---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----
DSNE601I SQL STATEMENTS ASSUMED TO BE BETWEEN COLUMNS 1 AND 72
DSNE620I NUMBER OF SQL STATEMENTS PROCESSED IS 1
DSNE621I NUMBER OF INPUT RECORDS READ IS 4
DSNE622I NUMBER OF OUTPUT RECORDS WRITTEN IS 30
Figure 6. Result data set from the sample problem
Chapter 5. Executing SQL from your terminal using SPUFI 63

Format of SELECT statement results
The results of SELECT statements follow these rules:
v If a column’s numeric or character data cannot display completely:
– Character values that are too wide truncate on the right.
– Numeric values that are too wide display as asterisks (*).
– For columns other than LOB columns, if truncation occurs, the output data set
contains a warning message. Because LOB columns are generally longer
than the value you choose for field MAX CHAR FIELD on panel CURRENT
SPUFI DEFAULTS, SPUFI displays no warning message when it truncates
LOB column output.
You can change the amount of data displayed for numeric and character columns
by changing values on the CURRENT SPUFI DEFAULTS panel, as described in
“Changing SPUFI defaults (optional)” on page 60.
v A null value displays as a series of hyphens (-).
v A ROWID or BLOB column value displays in hexadecimal.
v A CLOB column value displays in the same way as a VARCHAR column value.
v A DBCLOB column value displays in the same way as a VARGRAPHIC column
value.
v A heading identifies each selected column, and repeats at the top of each output
page. The contents of the heading depend on the value you specified in field
COLUMN HEADING of the CURRENT SPUFI DEFAULTS panel.
Content of the messages

Each message contains the following:
v The SQLCODE, if the statement executes successfully
v The formatted SQLCA, if the statement executes unsuccessfully
v What character positions of the input data set that SPUFI scanned to find SQL
statements. This information helps you check the assumptions SPUFI made
about the location of line numbers (if any) in your input data set.
v Some overall statistics:
– Number of SQL statements processed
– Number of input records read (from the input data set)
– Number of output records written (to the output data set).
Other messages that you could receive from the processing of SQL statements
include:
v The number of rows that DB2 processed, that either:
– Your SELECT statement retrieved
– Your UPDATE statement modified
– Your INSERT statement added to a table
– Your DELETE statement deleted from a table
v Which columns display truncated data because the data was too wide

Part 2. Coding SQL in your host application program
Chapter 6. Basics of coding SQL in an application program . . . . . . . 69
Conventions used in examples of coding SQL statements . . . . . . . . . 70
Delimiting an SQL statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Declaring table and view definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Accessing data using host variables, variable arrays, and structures . . . . . 71
Using host variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Retrieving a single row of data into host variables . . . . . . . . . . 73
Updating data using values in host variables . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Inserting data from column values that use host variables . . . . . . . 75
Using indicator variables with host variables . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Assignments and comparisons using different data types . . . . . . . 77
Changing the coded character set ID of host variables . . . . . . . . 77
| Using host variable arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
| Retrieving multiple rows of data into host variable arrays . . . . . . . 78
| Inserting multiple rows of data from host variable arrays . . . . . . . . 79
| Using indicator variable arrays with host variable arrays . . . . . . . . 79
Retrieving a single row of data into a host structure . . . . . . . . . 80
Using indicator variables with host structures . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Checking the execution of SQL statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Using the SQL communication area (SQLCA) . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
SQLCODE and SQLSTATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Using the WHENEVER statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Handling arithmetic or conversion errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
| Using the GET DIAGNOSTICS statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
| Retrieving statement and condition items . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
| Data types for GET DIAGNOSTICS items . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Calling DSNTIAR to display SQLCA fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Defining a message output area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Possible return codes from DSNTIAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Preparing to use DSNTIAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
A scenario for using DSNTIAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Chapter 7. Using a cursor to retrieve a set of rows . . . . . . . . .

. 93
Accessing data by using a row-positioned cursor . . . . . . . . . . .
. 93
Step 1: Declare the cursor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 93
Step 2: Open the cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 95
Step 3: Specify what to do at end-of-data . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 95
Step 4: Execute SQL statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 96
Using FETCH statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 96
Using positioned UPDATE statements . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 97
Using positioned DELETE statements . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 97
Step 5: Close the cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 98
| Accessing data by using a rowset-positioned cursor . . . . . . . . . .
. 98
| Step 1: Declare the rowset cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 98
| Step 2: Open the rowset cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 98
| Step 3: Specify what to do at end-of-data for a rowset cursor . . . . . .
. 99
| Step 4: Execute SQL statements with a rowset cursor . . . . . . . .
. 99
| Using a multiple-row FETCH statement with host variable arrays . . .
. 99
| Using a multiple-row FETCH statement with a descriptor . . . . . .
. 99
| Using rowset-positioned UPDATE statements . . . . . . . . . . . 101
| Using rowset-positioned DELETE statements . . . . . . . . . . . 102
| Number of rows in a rowset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

| Step 5: Close the rowset cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Types of cursors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Scrollable and non-scrollable cursors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Using a non-scrollable cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Using a scrollable cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
| Comparison of scrollable cursors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Holes in the result table of a scrollable cursor . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Held and non-held cursors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Examples of using cursors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Chapter 8. Generating declarations for your tables using DCLGEN . . . .

121
Invoking DCLGEN through DB2I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
121
Including the data declarations in your program . . . . . . . . . . . .
122
DCLGEN support of C, COBOL, and PL/I languages . . . . . . . . . .
123
Example: Adding a table declaration and host-variable structure to a library 124
Step 1. Specify COBOL as the host language . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Step 2. Create the table declaration and host structure . . . . . . . . . 125
Step 3. Examine the results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Chapter 9. Embedding SQL statements in host languages . . . . . . . 129

Coding SQL statements in an assembler application. . . . . . . . . . . 129
Defining the SQL communications area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
If you specify STDSQL(YES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
If you specify STDSQL(NO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Determining equivalent SQL and assembler data types . . . . . . . . 136
Notes on assembler variable declaration and usage . . . . . . . . . 139
Determining compatibility of SQL and assembler data types . . . . . . . 140
Macros for assembler applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Coding SQL statements in a C or C++ application . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Determining equivalent SQL and C data types . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Notes on C variable declaration and usage . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Notes on syntax differences for constants . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Determining compatibility of SQL and C data types . . . . . . . . . . 166
Coding considerations for C and C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Coding SQL statements in a COBOL application . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

Determining equivalent SQL and COBOL data types . . . . . . . . . 194
Notes on COBOL variable declaration and usage . . . . . . . . . . 196
Determining compatibility of SQL and COBOL data types . . . . . . . . 198
Coding considerations for object-oriented extensions in COBOL . . . . . 202
Coding SQL statements in a Fortran application . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Determining equivalent SQL and Fortran data types . . . . . . . . . . 208
Notes on Fortran variable declaration and usage . . . . . . . . . . 210
Notes on syntax differences for constants . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Determining compatibility of SQL and Fortran data types . . . . . . . . 211
Coding SQL statements in a PL/I application . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Determining equivalent SQL and PL/I data types . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Notes on PL/I variable declaration and usage . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Determining compatibility of SQL and PL/I data types . . . . . . . . . 228
Coding considerations for PL/I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Coding SQL statements in a REXX application . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Embedding SQL statements in a REXX procedure . . . . . . . . . . 235
Using cursors and statement names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Using REXX host variables and data types . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Determining equivalent SQL and REXX data types . . . . . . . . . 237
Letting DB2 determine the input data type . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Ensuring that DB2 correctly interprets character input data . . . . . . 239
Passing the data type of an input variable to DB2 . . . . . . . . . 239
Retrieving data from DB2 tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Setting the isolation level of SQL statements in a REXX procedure . . . . 241
Part 2. Coding SQL in your host application program 67

Chapter 10. Using constraints to maintain data integrity . . . . . . . . 243
Using check constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Check constraint considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
When check constraints are enforced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
How check constraints set check pending status . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Using referential constraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Parent key columns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Defining a parent key and a unique index . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Incomplete definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Recommendations for defining primary keys . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Defining a foreign key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
The relationship name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Indexes on foreign keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
The FOREIGN KEY clause in ALTER TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Restrictions on cycles of dependent tables . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
| Maintaining referential integrity when using data encryption . . . . . . 250
| granularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
| Using informational referential constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
| Chapter 11. Using DB2-generated values as keys . . . . . . . . . . 253

| Using ROWID columns as keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
| Defining a ROWID column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
| Direct row access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
| Considerations for using ROWID columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
| Using identity columns as keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
| Defining an identity column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
| Parent keys and foreign keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
| Considerations for using identity columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
| Using values obtained from sequence objects as keys . . . . . . . . . . 257
| Creating a sequence object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
| Referencing a sequence object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
| Keys across multiple tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
| Considerations for using sequence numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Chapter 12. Using triggers for active data . . . . . . . . . . . . .

261
Example of creating and using a trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
261
Parts of a trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
263
Trigger name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
263
Subject table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
263
Trigger activation time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
263
Triggering event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
263
Granularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
264
Transition variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
265
Transition tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
266
Triggered action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
267
Trigger condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
267
Trigger body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
267
Invoking stored procedures and user-defined functions from triggers . . . . .
269
Passing transition tables to user-defined functions and stored procedures 270
Trigger cascading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Ordering of multiple triggers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Interactions between triggers and referential constraints . . . . . . . . . 272
| Interactions between triggers and tables that have multilevel security with
| row-level granularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Creating triggers to obtain consistent results . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

Chapter 6. Basics of coding SQL in an application program
Suppose you are writing an application program to access data in a DB2 database.
When your program executes an SQL statement, the program needs to
communicate with DB2. When DB2 finishes processing an SQL statement, DB2
sends back a return code, and your program should test the return code to examine
the results of the operation.
To communicate with DB2, you need to perform the following actions:

v Choose a method for communicating with DB2. You can use one of the following
methods:
– Static SQL
– Embedded dynamic SQL
– Open Database Connectivity (ODBC)
– JDBC application support
– SQLJ application support
This book discusses embedded SQL. See Chapter 24, “Coding dynamic SQL in
application programs,” on page 535 for a comparison of static and embedded
dynamic SQL and an extended discussion of embedded dynamic SQL.
ODBC lets you access data through ODBC function calls in your application. You
execute SQL statements by passing them to DB2 through a ODBC function call.
ODBC eliminates the need for precompiling and binding your application and
increases the portability of your application by using the ODBC interface.
If you are writing your applications in Java™, you can use JDBC application
support to access DB2. JDBC is similar to ODBC but is designed specifically for
use with Java. In addition to using JDBC, you can use SQLJ application support
to access DB2. SQLJ is designed to simplify the coding of DB2 calls for Java
applications. For more information about using both JDBC and SQLJ, see DB2
Application Programming Guide and Reference for Java.
v Delimit SQL statements, as described in “Delimiting an SQL statement” on page
70.
v Declare the tables that you use, as described in “Declaring table and view
definitions” on page 71. (This is optional.)
v Declare the data items for passing data between DB2 and a host language,
according to the host language rules described in Chapter 9, “Embedding SQL
statements in host languages,” on page 129.
v Code SQL statements to access DB2 data. See “Accessing data using host
variables, variable arrays, and structures” on page 71.
For information about using the SQL language, see Part 1, “Using SQL queries,”
on page 1 and DB2 SQL Reference. Details about how to use SQL statements
within application programs are described in Chapter 9, “Embedding SQL
statements in host languages,” on page 129.
v Declare an SQL communications area (SQLCA). Alternatively, you can use the
GET DIAGNOSTICS statement to provide diagnostic information about the last
SQL statement that executed. See “Checking the execution of SQL statements”
on page 82 for more information.
In addition to these basic requirements, you should also consider the following
special topics:
v Cursors — Chapter 7, “Using a cursor to retrieve a set of rows,” on page 93
discusses how to use a cursor in your application program to select a set of rows
and then process the set either one row at a time or one rowset at a time.
v DCLGEN — Chapter 8, “Generating declarations for your tables using DCLGEN,”
on page 121 discusses how to use DB2’s declarations generator, DCLGEN, to
obtain accurate SQL DECLARE statements for tables and views.
This section includes information about using SQL in application programs written in
assembler, C, C++, COBOL, Fortran, PL/I, and REXX.
Conventions used in examples of coding SQL statements

The SQL statements shown in this section use the following conventions:
v The SQL statement is part of a C or COBOL application program. Each SQL
example is displayed on several lines, with each clause of the statement on a
separate line.
v The use of the precompiler options APOST and APOSTSQL are assumed
(although they are not the defaults). Therefore, apostrophes (’) are used to
delimit character string literals within SQL and host language statements.
v The SQL statements access data in the sample tables provided with DB2. The
tables contain data that a manufacturing company might keep about its
employees and its current projects. For a description of the tables, see
Appendix A, “DB2 sample tables,” on page 897.
v An SQL example does not necessarily show the complete syntax of an SQL
statement. For the complete description and syntax of any of the statements
described in this book, see Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL Reference.
v Examples do not take referential constraints into account. For more information
about how referential constraints affect SQL statements, and examples of how
SQL statements operate with referential constraints, see Chapter 2, “Working with
tables and modifying data,” on page 19 and “Using referential constraints” on
page 245.
Some of the examples vary from these conventions. Exceptions are noted where
they occur.
Delimiting an SQL statement

For languages other than REXX, delimit an SQL statement in your program with the
beginning keyword EXEC SQL and a statement terminator. The terminators for the
languages that are described in this book are the following:
Language SQL Statement Terminator
Assembler End of line or end of last continued line
C and C++ Semicolon (;)
COBOL END-EXEC.
Fortran End of line or end of last continued line
PL/I Semicolon (;)
For REXX, precede the statement with EXECSQL. If the statement is in a literal string,
enclose it in single or double quotation marks.
Example: Use EXEC SQL and END-EXEC. to delimit an SQL statement in a COBOL
program:
EXEC SQL
an SQL statement
END-EXEC.

Declaring table and view definitions
Before your program issues SQL statements that select, insert, update, or delete
data, you should declare the tables and views that your program accesses. To do
this, include an SQL DECLARE statement in your program.
You do not need to declare tables or views, but doing so offers advantages. One
advantage is documentation. For example, the DECLARE statement specifies the
structure of the table or view you are working with, and the data type of each
column. You can refer to the DECLARE statement for the column names and data
types in the table or view. Another advantage is that the DB2 precompiler uses your
declarations to make sure that you have used correct column names and data
types in your SQL statements. The DB2 precompiler issues a warning message
when the column names and data types do not correspond to the SQL DECLARE
statements in your program.
One way to declare a table or view is to code a DECLARE statement in the

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION or LINKAGE SECTION within the DATA DIVISION
of your COBOL program. Specify the name of the table and list each column and its
data type. When you declare a table or view, you specify DECLARE table-name
TABLE regardless of whether the table-name refers to a table or a view.
For example, the DECLARE TABLE statement for the DSN8810.DEPT table looks
like the following DECLARE statement in COBOL:
EXEC SQL
DECLARE DSN8810.DEPT TABLE
(DEPTNO CHAR(3) NOT NULL,
DEPTNAME VARCHAR(36) NOT NULL,
MGRNO CHAR(6) ,
ADMRDEPT CHAR(3) NOT NULL,
LOCATION CHAR(16) )
END-EXEC.
As an alternative to coding the DECLARE statement yourself, you can use

DCLGEN, the declarations generator that is supplied with DB2. For more
information about using DCLGEN, see Chapter 8, “Generating declarations for your
tables using DCLGEN,” on page 121.
When you declare a table or view that contains a column with a distinct type,
declare that column with the source type of the distinct type, rather than with the
distinct type itself. When you declare the column with the source type, DB2 can
check embedded SQL statements that reference that column at precompile time.
Accessing data using host variables, variable arrays, and structures

| You can access data by using host variables, host variable arrays, and host
| structures within the SQL statements that you use in your application program.
A host variable is a data item that is declared in the host language for use within an
SQL statement. Using host variables, you can:
v Retrieve data into the host variable for your application program’s use
v Place data into the host variable to insert into a table or to change the contents
of a row
v Use the data in the host variable when evaluating a WHERE or HAVING clause
v Assign the value that is in the host variable to a special register, such as
CURRENT SQLID and CURRENT DEGREE
Chapter 6. Basics of coding SQL in an application program 71

v Insert null values in columns using a host indicator variable that contains a
negative value
v Use the data in the host variable in statements that process dynamic SQL, such
as EXECUTE, PREPARE, and OPEN
| A host variable array is a data array that is declared in the host language for use
| within an SQL statement. Using host variable arrays, you can:
| v Retrieve data into host variable arrays for your application program’s use
| v Place data into host variable arrays to insert rows into a table
A host structure is a group of host variables that is referred to by a single name.

You can use host structures in all host languages except REXX. Host structures are
defined by statements of the host language. You can refer to a host structure in any
context where you would refer to the list of host variables in the structure. A host
structure reference is equivalent to a reference to each of the host variables within
the structure in the order in which they are defined in the structure declaration.
This section describes:

v “Using host variables”
v “Using host variable arrays” on page 78
v “Using host structures” on page 80
Using host variables

To use a host variable in an SQL statement, you can specify any valid host variable
name that is declared according to the rules of the host language, as described in
Chapter 9, “Embedding SQL statements in host languages,” on page 129. You must
declare the name of the host variable in the host program before you use it.
To optimize performance, make sure that the host language declaration maps as
closely as possible to the data type of the associated data in the database. For
more performance suggestions, see Part 6, “Additional programming techniques,”
on page 525.
You can use a host variable to represent a data value, but you cannot use it to
represent a table, view, or column name. (You can specify table, view, or column
names at run time using dynamic SQL. See Chapter 24, “Coding dynamic SQL in
application programs,” on page 535 for more information.)
Host variables follow the naming conventions of the host language. A colon (:) must
precede host variables that are used in SQL statements so DB2 can distinguish a
variable name from a column name. A colon must not precede host variables
outside of SQL statements.
For more information about declaring host variables, see the appropriate language
section:
v Assembler: “Declaring host variables” on page 133
v C and C++: “Declaring host variables” on page 147
v COBOL: “Declaring host variables” on page 176
v Fortran: “Declaring host variables” on page 207
v PL/I: “Declaring host variables” on page 217
v REXX: “Using REXX host variables and data types” on page 237.
This section describes the following ways to use host variables:

v “Retrieving a single row of data into host variables” on page 73
v “Updating data using values in host variables” on page 74

v “Inserting data from column values that use host variables” on page 75
v “Using indicator variables with host variables” on page 75
v “Assignments and comparisons using different data types” on page 77
v “Changing the coded character set ID of host variables” on page 77
Retrieving a single row of data into host variables

You can use one or more host variables to specify a program data area that is to
contain the column values of a retrieved row. The INTO clause of the SELECT
statement names one or more host variables to contain the retrieved column
values. The named variables correspond one-to-one with the list of column names
in the SELECT statement.
If you do not know how many rows DB2 will return, or if you expect more than one
row to return, you must use an alternative to the SELECT ... INTO statement. The
DB2 cursor enables an application to return a set of rows and fetch either one row
at a time or one rowset at a time from the result table. For information about using
cursors, see Chapter 7, “Using a cursor to retrieve a set of rows,” on page 93.
Example: Retrieving a single row: Suppose you are retrieving the LASTNAME
and WORKDEPT column values from the DSN8810.EMP table for a particular
employee. You can define a host variable in your program to hold each column and
then name the host variables with an INTO clause, as in the following COBOL
example:
MOVE ’000110’ TO CBLEMPNO.
EXEC SQL
SELECT LASTNAME, WORKDEPT
INTO :CBLNAME, :CBLDEPT
FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE EMPNO = :CBLEMPNO
END-EXEC.
Note that the host variable CBLEMPNO is preceded by a colon (:) in the SQL
statement, but it is not preceded by a colon in the COBOL MOVE statement. In the
DATA DIVISION section of a COBOL program, you must declare the host variables
CBLEMPNO, CBLNAME, and CBLDEPT to be compatible with the data types in the
columns EMPNO, LASTNAME, and WORKDEPT of the DSN8810.EMP table.
You can use a host variable to specify a value in a search condition. For this
example, you have defined a host variable CBLEMPNO for the employee number,
so that you can retrieve the name and the work department of the employee whose
number is the same as the value of the host variable, CBLEMPNO; in this case,
000110.
If the SELECT ... INTO statement returns more than one row, an error occurs, and
any data that is returned is undefined and unpredictable.
To prevent undefined and unpredictable data from being returned, you can use the
FETCH FIRST 1 ROW ONLY clause to ensure that only one row is returned. For
example:
EXEC SQL
SELECT LASTNAME, WORKDEPT
INTO :CBLNAME, :CBLDEPT
FROM DSN8810.EMP
FETCH FIRST 1 ROW ONLY
END-EXEC.

| You can include an ORDER BY clause in the preceding example. This gives your
| application some control over which row is returned when you use a FETCH FIRST
| 1 ROW ONLY clause in a SELECT INTO statement.
| EXEC SQL
| SELECT LASTNAME, WORKDEPT
| INTO :CBLNAME, :CBLDEPT
| FROM DSN8810.EMP
| ORDER BY LASTNAME
| FETCH FIRST 1 ROW ONLY
| END-EXEC.
| When you specify both the ORDER BY clause and the FETCH FIRST clause,
| ordering is done first and then the first row is returned. This means that the ORDER
| BY clause determines which row is returned. If you specify both the ORDER BY
| clause and the FETCH FIRST clause, ordering is performed on the entire result set
| before the first row is returned.
Example: Specifying expressions in the SELECT clause: When you specify a

list of items in the SELECT clause, you can use more than the column names of
tables and views. You can request a set of column values mixed with host variable
values and constants. For example:
MOVE 4476 TO RAISE.
MOVE ’000220’ TO PERSON.
EXEC SQL
SELECT EMPNO, LASTNAME, SALARY, :RAISE, SALARY + :RAISE
INTO :EMP-NUM, :PERSON-NAME, :EMP-SAL, :EMP-RAISE, :EMP-TTL
FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE EMPNO = :PERSON
END-EXEC.
The following results have column headings that represent the names of the host
variables:
EMP-NUM PERSON-NAME EMP-SAL EMP-RAISE EMP-TTL
======= =========== ======= ========= =======
000220 LUTZ 29840 4476 34316
Example: Specifying summary values in the SELECT clause: You can request
| summary values to be returned from aggregate functions. For example:
MOVE ’D11’ TO DEPTID.
EXEC SQL
SELECT WORKDEPT, AVG(SALARY)
INTO :WORK-DEPT, :AVG-SALARY
FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE WORKDEPT = :DEPTID
END-EXEC.
Updating data using values in host variables

You can set or change values in a DB2 table to the value of host variables. To do
this, use the host variable name in the SET clause of the UPDATE statement.
Example: Updating a single row: The following example changes an employee’s

phone number:
MOVE ’4246’ TO NEWPHONE.
MOVE ’000110’ TO EMPID.
EXEC SQL
UPDATE DSN8810.EMP
SET PHONENO = :NEWPHONE
WHERE EMPNO = :EMPID
END-EXEC.

Example: Updating multiple rows: The following example gives the employees in
a particular department a salary increase of 10%:
MOVE ’D11’ TO DEPTID.
EXEC SQL
UPDATE DSN8810.EMP
SET SALARY = 1.10 * SALARY
WHERE WORKDEPT = :DEPTID
END-EXEC.
Inserting data from column values that use host variables

You can insert a single row of data into a DB2 table by using the INSERT statement
with column values in the VALUES clause. A column value can be a host variable, a
constant, or any valid combination of host variables and constants.
| To insert multiple rows, you can use the form of the INSERT statement that selects
| values from another table or view. You can also use a form of the INSERT
| statement that inserts multiple rows from values that are provided in host variable
| arrays. For more information, see “Inserting multiple rows of data from host variable
| arrays” on page 79.
| Example: The following example inserts a single row into the activity table:
| EXEC SQL
| INSERT INTO DSN8810.ACT
| VALUES (:HV-ACTNO, :HV-ACTKWD, :HV-ACTDESC)
| END-EXEC.
Using indicator variables with host variables

Indicator variables are small integers that you can use to:
v Determine whether the value of an associated output host variable is null or
indicate that the value of an input host variable is null
v Determine the original length of a character string that was truncated during
assignment to a host variable
v Determine that a character value could not be converted during assignment to a
host variable
v Determine the seconds portion of a time value that was truncated during
assignment to a host variable
Retrieving data and testing the indicator variable: When DB2 retrieves the value
of a column into a host variable, you can test the indicator variable that is
associated with that host variable:
v If the value of the indicator variable is less than zero, the column value is null.
The value of the host variable does not change from its previous value. If it is
null because of a numeric or character conversion error, or an arithmetic
expression error, DB2 sets the indicator variable to -2. See “Handling arithmetic
or conversion errors” on page 84 for more information.
v If the indicator variable contains a positive integer, the retrieved value is
truncated, and the integer is the original length of the string.
v If the value of the indicator variable is zero, the column value is nonnull. If the
column value is a character string, the retrieved value is not truncated.
An error occurs if you do not use an indicator variable and DB2 retrieves a null
value.
You can specify an indicator variable, preceded by a colon, immediately after the
host variable. Optionally, you can use the word INDICATOR between the host

variable and its indicator variable. Thus, the following two examples are equivalent:
EXEC SQL EXEC SQL

SELECT PHONENO SELECT PHONENO
INTO :CBLPHONE:INDNULL INTO :CBLPHONE INDICATOR :INDNULL
FROM DSN8810.EMP FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE EMPNO = :EMPID WHERE EMPNO = :EMPID
END-EXEC. END-EXEC.
You can then test INDNULL for a negative value. If it is negative, the corresponding
value of PHONENO is null, and you can disregard the contents of CBLPHONE.
When you use a cursor to fetch a column value, you can use the same technique to
determine whether the column value is null.
Inserting null values into columns by using host variable indicators: You can
use an indicator variable to insert a null value from a host variable into a column.
When DB2 processes INSERT and UPDATE statements, it checks the indicator
variable (if one exists). If the indicator variable is negative, the column value is null.
If the indicator variable is greater than -1, the associated host variable contains a
value for the column.
For example, suppose your program reads an employee ID and a new phone
number, and must update the employee table with the new number. The new
number could be missing if the old number is incorrect, but a new number is not yet
available. If the new value for column PHONENO might be null, you can use an
indicator variable in the UPDATE statement. For example:
EXEC SQL
UPDATE DSN8810.EMP
SET PHONENO = :NEWPHONE:PHONEIND
END-EXEC.
When NEWPHONE contains a non-null value, set PHONEIND to zero by preceding

the UPDATE statement with the following line:
MOVE 0 TO PHONEIND.
When NEWPHONE contains a null value, set PHONEIND to a negative value by

preceding the UPDATE statement with the following line:
MOVE -1 TO PHONEIND.
Testing for a null column value: You cannot determine whether a column value is
null by comparing it to a host variable with an indicator variable that is set to -1. To
| test whether a column has a null value, use the IS NULL predicate or the IS
| DISTINCT FROM predicate. For example, the following code does not select the
employees who have no phone number:
MOVE -1 TO PHONE-IND.
EXEC SQL
SELECT LASTNAME
INTO :PGM-LASTNAME
FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE PHONENO = :PHONE-HV:PHONE-IND
END-EXEC.
You can use the IS NULL predicate to select employees who have no phone
number, as in the following statement:

EXEC SQL
SELECT LASTNAME
INTO :PGM-LASTNAME
FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE PHONENO IS NULL
END-EXEC.
| To select employees whose phone numbers are equal to the value of :PHONE-HV
| and employees who have no phone number (as in the second example), you would
| need to code two predicates, one to handle the non-null values and another to
| handle the null values, as in the following statement:
| EXEC SQL
| SELECT LASTNAME
| INTO :PGM-LASTNAME
| FROM DSN8810.EMP
| WHERE (PHONENO = :PHONE-HV AND PHONENO IS NOT NULL AND :PHONE-HV IS NOT NULL)
| OR
| (PHONENO IS NULL AND :PHONE-HV:PHONE-IND IS NULL)
| END-EXEC.
| You can simplify the preceding example by coding the statement using the NOT
| form of the IS DISTINCT FROM predicate, as in the following statement:
| EXEC SQL
| SELECT LASTNAME
| INTO :PGM-LASTNAME
| FROM DSN8810.EMP
| WHERE PHONENO IS NOT DISTINCT FROM :PHONE-HV:PHONE-IND
| END-EXEC.
Assignments and comparisons using different data types

For assignments and comparisons involving a DB2 column and a host variable of a
different data type or length, you can expect conversions to occur. If you assign
retrieved data to a host variable or compare retrieved data to a value in a host
variable, see Chapter 2 of DB2 SQL Reference for the rules that are associated
with these operations.
Changing the coded character set ID of host variables

All DB2 string data, other than BLOB data, has an encoding scheme and a coded
character set ID (CCSID) associated with it. You can use the DECLARE VARIABLE
statement to associate an encoding scheme and a CCSID with individual host
variables. The DECLARE VARIABLE statement has the following effects on a host
variable:
v When you use the host variable to update a table, the local subsystem or the
remote server assumes that the data in the host variable is encoded with the
CCSID and encoding scheme that the DECLARE VARIABLE statement assigns.
v When you retrieve data from a local or remote table into the host variable, the
retrieved data is converted to the CCSID and encoding scheme that are assigned
by the DECLARE VARIABLE statement.
You can use the DECLARE VARIABLE statement in static or dynamic SQL
applications. However, you cannot use the DECLARE VARIABLE statement to
control the CCSID and encoding scheme of data that you retrieve or update using
an SQLDA. See “Changing the CCSID for retrieved data” on page 561 for
information on changing the CCSID in an SQLDA.
When you use a DECLARE VARIABLE statement in a program, put the DECLARE
VARIABLE statement after the corresponding host variable declaration and before
your first reference to that host variable.

Example: Using a DECLARE VARIABLE statement to change the encoding
scheme of retrieved data: Suppose that you are writing a C program that runs on
a DB2 UDB for z/OS subsystem. The subsystem has an EBCDIC application
encoding scheme. The C program retrieves data from the following columns of a
local table that is defined with CCSID UNICODE.
PARTNUM CHAR(10)
JPNNAME GRAPHIC(10)
ENGNAME VARCHAR(30)
Because the application encoding scheme for the subsystem is EBCDIC, the
retrieved data is EBCDIC. To make the retrieved data Unicode, use DECLARE
VARIABLE statements to specify that the data that is retrieved from these columns
is encoded in the default Unicode CCSIDs for the subsystem. Suppose that you
want to retrieve the character data in Unicode CCSID 1208 and the graphic data in
Unicode CCSID 1200. Use DECLARE VARIABLE statements like these:
EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;
char hvpartnum[11];
EXEC SQL DECLARE :hvpartnum VARIABLE CCSID 1208;
| sqldbchar hvjpnname[11];
EXEC SQL DECLARE :hvjpnname VARIABLE CCSID 1200;
struct {
short len;
char d[30];
} hvengname;
EXEC SQL DECLARE :hvengname VARIABLE CCSID 1208;
EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;
The BEGIN DECLARE SECTION and END DECLARE SECTION statements mark
the beginning and end of a host variable declare section.
| Using host variable arrays

| To use a host variable array in an SQL statement, specify any valid host variable
| array that is declared according to the host language rules that are described in
| Chapter 9, “Embedding SQL statements in host languages,” on page 129. You can
| specify host variable arrays in C or C++, COBOL, and PL/I. You must declare the
| array in the host program before you use it.
| For more information about declaring host variable arrays, see the appropriate
| language section:
| v C or C++: “Declaring host variable arrays” on page 153
| v COBOL: “Declaring host variable arrays” on page 183
| v PL/I: “Declaring host variable arrays” on page 220
| Assembler support for the multiple-row FETCH statement is limited to these

| statements with the USING DESCRIPTOR clause. The DB2 precompiler does not
| recognize declarations of host variable arrays for Assembler; it recognizes these
| declarations only in C, COBOL, and PL/I.
| This section describes the following ways to use host variable arrays:
| v “Retrieving multiple rows of data into host variable arrays”
| v “Inserting multiple rows of data from host variable arrays” on page 79
| v “Using indicator variable arrays with host variable arrays” on page 79
| Retrieving multiple rows of data into host variable arrays

| You can use host variable arrays to specify a program data area to contain multiple
| rows of column values. A DB2 rowset cursor enables an application to retrieve and

| process a set of rows from the result table of the cursor. For information about
| using rowset cursors, see “Accessing data by using a rowset-positioned cursor” on
| page 98.
| Inserting multiple rows of data from host variable arrays

| You can use a form of the INSERT statement to insert multiple rows from values
| that are provided in host variable arrays. Each array contains values for a column of
| the target table. The first value in an array corresponds to the value for that column
| for the first inserted row, the second value in the array corresponds to the value for
| the column in the second inserted row, and so on. DB2 determines the attributes of
| the values based on the declaration of the array.
| Example: You can insert the number of rows that are specified in the host variable
| NUM-ROWS by using the following INSERT statement:
| EXEC SQL
| (ACTNO, ACTKWD, ACTDESC)
| VALUES (:HVA1, :HVA2, :HVA3)
| FOR :NUM-ROWS ROWS
| END-EXEC.
| Assume that the host variable arrays HVA1, HVA2, and HVA3 have been declared
| and populated with the values that are to be inserted into the ACTNO, ACTKWD,
| and ACTDESC columns. The NUM-ROWS host variable specifies the number of
| rows that are to be inserted, which must be less than or equal to the dimension of
| each host variable array.
| Using indicator variable arrays with host variable arrays

| You can use indicator variable arrays with host variable arrays in the same way that
| you use indicator variables with host variables. For details, see “Using indicator
| variables with host variables” on page 75. An indicator variable array must have at
| least as many entries as its host variable array.
| Retrieving data and using indicator arrays: When you retrieve data into a host
| variable array, if a value in its indicator array is negative, you can disregard the
| contents of the corresponding element in the host variable array. If a value in an
| indicator array is:
| -1 The corresponding row in the column that is being retrieved is null.
| -2 DB2 returns a null value because an error occurred in numeric conversion
| or in an arithmetic expression in the corresponding row.
| -3 DB2 returns a null value because a hole was detected for the
| corresponding row during a multiple-row FETCH operation.
| For information about the multiple-row FETCH operation, see “Step 4: Execute SQL
| statements with a rowset cursor” on page 99. For information about holes in the
| result table of a cursor, see “Holes in the result table of a scrollable cursor” on page
| 109.
| Specifying an indicator array: You can specify an indicator variable array,

| preceded by a colon, immediately after the host variable array. Optionally, you can
| use the word INDICATOR between the host variable array and its indicator variable
| array.
| Example: Suppose that you declare a scrollable rowset cursor by using the
| following statement:

| EXEC SQL
| DECLARE CURS1 SCROLL CURSOR WITH ROWSET POSITIONING FOR
| SELECT PHONENO
| FROM DSN8810.EMP
| END-EXEC.
| For information about using rowset cursors, see “Accessing data by using a
| rowset-positioned cursor” on page 98.
| The following two specifications of indicator arrays in the multiple-row FETCH

| statement are equivalent:
|
| EXEC SQL EXEC SQL
| FETCH NEXT ROWSET CURS1 FETCH NEXT ROWSET CURS1
| FOR 10 ROWS FOR 10 ROWS
| INTO :CBLPHONE :INDNULL INTO :CBLPHONE INDICATOR :INDNULL
| END-EXEC. END-EXEC.
|
| After the multiple-row FETCH statement, you can test each element of the
| INDNULL array for a negative value. If an element is negative, you can disregard
| the contents of the corresponding element in the CBLPHONE host variable array.
| Inserting null values by using indicator arrays: You can use a negative value in
| an indicator array to insert a null value into a column.
| Example: Assume that host variable arrays hva1 and hva2 have been populated
| with values that are to be inserted into the ACTNO and ACTKWD columns. Assume
| the ACTDESC column allows nulls. To set the ACTDESC column to null, assign -1
| to the elements in its indicator array:
| /* Initialize each indicator array */
| for (i=0; i<10; i++) {
| ind1[i] = 0;
| ind2[i] = 0;
| ind3[i] = -1;
| }
|
| EXEC SQL
| (ACTNO, ACTKWD, ACTDESC)
| VALUES (:hva1:ind1, :hva2:ind2, :hva3:ind3)
| FOR 10 ROWS;
| DB2 ignores the values in the hva3 array and assigns the values in the ARTDESC
| column to null for the 10 rows that are inserted.
Using host structures

You can substitute a host structure for one or more host variables. You can also use
indicator variables (or indicator structures) with host structures.
Retrieving a single row of data into a host structure

In the following example, assume that your COBOL program includes the following
SQL statement:
EXEC SQL
SELECT EMPNO, FIRSTNME, MIDINIT, LASTNAME, WORKDEPT
INTO :EMPNO, :FIRSTNME, :MIDINIT, :LASTNAME, :WORKDEPT
FROM DSN8810.VEMP
END-EXEC.

If you want to avoid listing host variables, you can substitute the name of a
structure, say :PEMP, that contains :EMPNO, :FIRSTNME, :MIDINIT, :LASTNAME,
and :WORKDEPT. The example then reads:
EXEC SQL
SELECT EMPNO, FIRSTNME, MIDINIT, LASTNAME, WORKDEPT
INTO :PEMP
FROM DSN8810.VEMP
END-EXEC.
You can declare a host structure yourself, or you can use DCLGEN to generate a
COBOL record description, PL/I structure declaration, or C structure declaration that
corresponds to the columns of a table. For more detailed information about coding
a host structure in your program, see Chapter 9, “Embedding SQL statements in
host languages,” on page 129. For more information about using DCLGEN and the
restrictions that apply to the C language, see Chapter 8, “Generating declarations
for your tables using DCLGEN,” on page 121.
Using indicator variables with host structures

You can define an indicator structure (an array of halfword integer variables) to
support a host structure. You define indicator structures in the DATA DIVISION
section of your COBOL program. If the column values your program retrieves into a
host structure can be null, you can attach an indicator structure name to the host
structure name. This allows DB2 to notify your program about each null value it
returns to a host variable in the host structure. For example:
01 PEMP-ROW.
10 EMPNO PIC X(6).
10 FIRSTNME.
49 FIRSTNME-LEN PIC S9(4) USAGE COMP.
49 FIRSTNME-TEXT PIC X(12).
10 MIDINIT PIC X(1).
10 LASTNAME.
49 LASTNAME-LEN PIC S9(4) USAGE COMP.
49 LASTNAME-TEXT PIC X(15).
10 WORKDEPT PIC X(3).
10 EMP-BIRTHDATE PIC X(10).
01 INDICATOR-TABLE.
. 02 EMP-IND PIC S9(4) COMP OCCURS 6 TIMES.
.
.
MOVE
. ’000230’ TO EMPNO.
.
.
EXEC SQL
SELECT EMPNO, FIRSTNME, MIDINIT, LASTNAME, WORKDEPT, BIRTHDATE
INTO :PEMP-ROW:EMP-IND
FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE EMPNO = :EMPNO
END-EXEC.
In this example, EMP-IND is an array containing six values, which you can test for
negative values. If, for example, EMP-IND(6) contains a negative value, the
corresponding host variable in the host structure (EMP-BIRTHDATE) contains a null
value.
Because this example selects rows from the table DSN8810.EMP, some of the
values in EMP-IND are always zero. The first four columns of each row are defined
NOT NULL. In the preceding example, DB2 selects the values for a row of data into
a host structure. You must use a corresponding structure for the indicator variables
to determine which (if any) selected column values are null. For information on
using the IS NULL keyword phrase in WHERE clauses, see “Selecting rows using
search conditions: WHERE” on page 8.

Checking the execution of SQL statements
You can check the execution of SQL statements in various ways:
v By displaying specific fields in the SQLCA; see “Using the SQL communication
area (SQLCA).”
v By testing SQLCODE or SQLSTATE for specific values; see “SQLCODE and
SQLSTATE” on page 83.
v By using the WHENEVER statement in your application program; see “Using the
WHENEVER statement” on page 83.
v By testing indicator variables to detect numeric errors; see “Handling arithmetic
or conversion errors” on page 84.
| v By using the GET DIAGNOSTICS statement in your application program to return
| all the condition information that results from the execution of an SQL statement;
| see “Using the GET DIAGNOSTICS statement” on page 84.
v By calling DSNTIAR to display the contents of the SQLCA; see “Calling
DSNTIAR to display SQLCA fields” on page 89.
Using the SQL communication area (SQLCA)

A program that includes SQL statements can have an area set apart for
communication with DB2—an SQL communication area (SQLCA). If you use the
SQLCA, include the necessary instructions to display information that is contained
in the SQLCA in your application program. Alternatively, you can use the GET
DIAGNOSTICS statement, which is an SQL standard, to diagnose problems.
v When DB2 processes an SQL statement, it places return codes that indicate the
success or failure of the statement execution in SQLCODE and SQLSTATE. For
details, see “SQLCODE and SQLSTATE” on page 83.
v When DB2 processes an UPDATE, INSERT, or DELETE statement, and the
statement execution is successful, the contents of SQLERRD(3) in the SQLCA is
set to the number of rows that are updated, inserted, or deleted.
v When DB2 processes a FETCH statement, and the FETCH is successful, the
contents of SQLERRD(3) in the SQLCA is set to the number of returned rows.
| v When DB2 processes a multiple-row FETCH statement, the contents of
| SQLCODE is set to +100 if the last row in the table has been returned with the
| set of rows. For details, see “Accessing data by using a rowset-positioned cursor”
| on page 98.
v If SQLWARN0 contains W, DB2 has set at least one of the SQL warning flags
(SQLWARN1 through SQLWARNA):
– SQLWARN1 contains N for non-scrollable cursors and S for scrollable cursors
after an OPEN CURSOR or ALLOCATE CURSOR statement.
– SQLWARN4 contains I for insensitive scrollable cursors, S for sensitive static
scrollable cursors, and D for sensitive dynamic scrollable cursors, after an
OPEN CURSOR or ALLOCATE CURSOR statement, or blank if the cursor is
not scrollable.
– SQLWARN5 contains a character value of 1 (read only), 2 (read and delete),
or 4 (read, delete, and update) to indicate the operation that is allowed on the
result table of the cursor.
See Appendix C of DB2 SQL Reference for a description of all the fields in the
SQLCA.

SQLCODE and SQLSTATE
Whenever an SQL statement executes, the SQLCODE and SQLSTATE fields of the
SQLCA receive a return code. Portable applications should use SQLSTATE instead
of SQLCODE, although SQLCODE values can provide additional DB2-specific
information about an SQL error or warning.
SQLCODE: DB2 returns the following codes in SQLCODE:

v If SQLCODE = 0, execution was successful.
v If SQLCODE > 0, execution was successful with a warning.
v If SQLCODE < 0, execution was not successful.
SQLCODE 100 indicates that no data was found.
The meaning of SQLCODEs other than 0 and 100 varies with the particular product
implementing SQL.
SQLSTATE: SQLSTATE allows an application program to check for errors in the

same way for different IBM database management systems. See Appendix C of
DB2 Messages and Codes for a complete list of possible SQLSTATE values.
Using SQLCODE and SQLSTATE: An advantage to using the SQLCODE field is

that it can provide more specific information than the SQLSTATE. Many of the
SQLCODEs have associated tokens in the SQLCA that indicate, for example, which
object incurred an SQL error. However, an SQL standard application uses only
SQLSTATE.
You can declare SQLCODE and SQLSTATE (SQLCOD and SQLSTA in Fortran) as
stand-alone host variables. If you specify the STDSQL(YES) precompiler option,
these host variables receive the return codes, and you should not include an
SQLCA in your program.
Using the WHENEVER statement

The WHENEVER statement causes DB2 to check the SQLCA and continue
processing your program, or branch to another area in your program if an error,
exception, or warning occurs. The condition handling area of your program can then
examine SQLCODE or SQLSTATE to react specifically to the error or exception.
The WHENEVER statement is not supported for REXX. For information on REXX
error handling, see “Embedding SQL statements in a REXX procedure” on page
235.
The WHENEVER statement allows you to specify what to do if a general condition

is true. You can specify more than one WHENEVER statement in your program.
When you do this, the first WHENEVER statement applies to all subsequent SQL
statements in the source program until the next WHENEVER statement.
The WHENEVER statement looks like this:

EXEC SQL
WHENEVER condition action
END-EXEC
The condition of the WHENEVER statement is one of these three values:

SQLWARNING
Indicates what to do when SQLWARN0 = W or SQLCODE contains a
positive value other than 100. DB2 can set SQLWARN0 for several

reasons—for example, if a column value is truncated when moved into a
host variable. Your program might not regard this as an error.
SQLERROR
Indicates what to do when DB2 returns an error code as the result of an
SQL statement (SQLCODE < 0).
NOT FOUND
Indicates what to do when DB2 cannot find a row to satisfy your SQL
statement or when there are no more rows to fetch (SQLCODE = 100).
The action of the WHENEVER statement is one of these two values:

CONTINUE
Specifies the next sequential statement of the source program.
GOTO or GO TO host-label
Specifies the statement identified by host-label. For host-label, substitute a
single token, preceded by a colon. The form of the token depends on the
host language. In COBOL, for example, it can be section-name or an
unqualified paragraph-name.
The WHENEVER statement must precede the first SQL statement it is to affect.
However, if your program checks SQLCODE directly, you must check SQLCODE
after each SQL statement.
Handling arithmetic or conversion errors

Numeric or character conversion errors or arithmetic expression errors can set an
indicator variable to -2. For example, division by zero and arithmetic overflow do not
necessarily halt the execution of a SELECT statement. If you use indicator variables
and an error occurs in the SELECT list, the statement can continue to execute and
return good data for rows in which the error does not occur.
For rows in which a conversion or arithmetic expression error does occur, the
indicator variable indicates that one or more selected items have no meaningful
value. The indicator variable flags this error with a -2 for the affected host variable
and an SQLCODE of +802 (SQLSTATE ’01519’) in the SQLCA.
| Using the GET DIAGNOSTICS statement

| You can use the GET DIAGNOSTICS statement to return diagnostic information
| about the last SQL statement that was executed. You can request individual items
| of diagnostic information from the following groups of items:
| v Statement items, which contain information about the SQL statement as a whole
| v Condition items, which contain information about each error or warning that
| occurred during the execution of the SQL statement
| v Connection items, which contain information about the SQL statement if it was a
| CONNECT statement
| In addition to requesting individual items, you can request that GET DIAGNOSTICS
| return ALL diagnostic items that are set during the execution of the last SQL
| statement as a single string. For more information, see Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL
| Reference.
| Use the GET DIAGNOSTICS statement to handle multiple SQL errors that might
| result from the execution of a single SQL statement. First, check SQLSTATE (or
| SQLCODE) to determine whether diagnostic information should be retrieved by

| using GET DIAGNOSTICS. This method is especially useful for diagnosing
| problems that result from a multiple-row INSERT that is specified as NOT ATOMIC
| CONTINUE ON SQLEXCEPTION.
| Even if you use only the GET DIAGNOSTICS statement in your application program
| to check for conditions, you must either include the instructions required to use the
| SQLCA or you must declare SQLSTATE (or SQLCODE) separately in your program.
| Restriction: If you issue a GET DIAGNOSTICS statement immediately following an

| SQL statement that uses private protocol access, DB2 returns an error.
| Retrieving statement and condition items

| When you use the GET DIAGNOSTICS statement, you assign the requested
| diagnostic information to host variables. Declare each target host variable with a
| data type that is compatible with the data type of the requested item. For a
| description of available items and their data types, see “Data types for GET
| DIAGNOSTICS items” on page 86.
| To retrieve condition information, you must first retrieve the number of condition
| items (that is, the number of errors and warnings that DB2 detected during the
| execution of the last SQL statement). The number of condition items is at least one.
| If the last SQL statement returned SQLSTATE ’00000’ (or SQLCODE 0), the
| number of condition items is one.
| Example: Using GET DIAGNOSTICS with multiple-row INSERT: You want to

| display diagnostic information for each condition that might occur during the
| execution of a multiple-row INSERT statement in your application program. You
| specify the INSERT statement as NOT ATOMIC CONTINUE ON SQLEXCEPTION,
| which means that execution continues regardless of the failure of any single-row
| insertion. DB2 does not insert the row that was processed at the time of the error.
| In Figure 7 on page 86, the first GET DIAGNOSTICS statement returns the number
| of rows inserted and the number of conditions returned. The second GET
| DIAGNOSTICS statement returns the following items for each condition:
| SQLCODE, SQLSTATE, and the number of the row (in the rowset that was being
| inserted) for which the condition occurred.
|

long row_count, num_condns, i;
long ret_sqlcode, row_num;
char ret_sqlstate[6];
...
...
EXEC SQL
INSERT INTO DSN8810.ACT
(ACTNO, ACTKWD, ACTDESC)
VALUES (:hva1, :hva2, :hva3)
FOR 10 ROWS
NOT ATOMIC CONTINUE ON SQLEXCEPTION;
EXEC SQL GET DIAGNOSTICS

:row_count = ROW_COUNT, :num_condns = NUMBER;
printf("Number of rows inserted = %d\n", row_count);
for (i=1; i<=num_condns; i++) {

EXEC SQL GET DIAGNOSTICS CONDITION :i
:ret_sqlcode = DB2_RETURNED_SQLCODE,
:ret_sqlstate = RETURNED_SQLSTATE,
:row_num = DB2_ROW_NUMBER;
printf("SQLCODE = %d, SQLSTATE = %s, ROW NUMBER = %d\n",
ret_sqlcode, ret_sqlstate, row_num);
}
Figure 7. Using GET DIAGNOSTICS to return the number of rows and conditions returned
and condition information
| In the activity table, the ACTNO column is defined as SMALLINT. Suppose that you
| declare the host variable array hva1 as an array with data type long, and you
| populate the array so that the value for the fourth element is 32768.
| If you check the SQLCA values after the INSERT statement, the value of
| SQLCODE is equal to 0, the value of SQLSTATE is ’00000’, and the value of
| SQLERRD(3) is 9 for the number of rows that were inserted. However, the INSERT
| statement specified that 10 rows were to be inserted.
| The GET DIAGNOSTICS statement provides you with the information that you need
| to correct the data for the row that was not inserted. The printed output from your
| program looks like this:
| Number of rows inserted = 9
| SQLCODE = -302, SQLSTATE = 22003, ROW NUMBER = 4
| The value 32768 for the input variable is too large for the target column ACTNO.
| You can print the MESSAGE_TEXT condition item, or see DB2 Messages and
| Codes for information about SQLCODE -302.
| Data types for GET DIAGNOSTICS items

| Table 4 on page 87, Table 5 on page 88, and Table 6 on page 88 specify the data
| types for the statement, condition, and connection information items that you can
| request by using the GET DIAGNOSTICS statement. You must declare each target
| host variable with a data type that is compatible with the data type of the requested
| item.

| Table 4. Data types for GET DIAGNOSTICS items that return statement information
| Item Description Data type
| DB2_GET_DIAGNOSTICS_DIAGNOSTICS After a GET DIAGNOSTICS statement, if any VARCHAR(32672)
| error or warning occurred, this item contains all
| of the diagnostics as a single string.
| DB2_LAST_ROW After a multiple-row FETCH statement, this item INTEGER
| contains a value of +100 if the last row in the
| table is in the rowset that was returned.
| DB2_NUMBER_PARAMETER_MARKERS After a PREPARE statement, this item contains INTEGER
| the number of parameter markers in the prepared
| statement.
| DB2_NUMBER_RESULT_SETS After a CALL statement that invokes a stored INTEGER
| procedure, this item contains the number of result
| sets that are returned by the procedure.
| DB2_NUMBER_ROWS After an OPEN or FETCH statement for which DECIMAL(31,0)
| the size of the result table is known, this item
| contains the number of rows in the result table.
| After a PREPARE statement, this item contains
| the estimated number of rows in the result table
| for the prepared statement. For SENSITIVE
| DYNAMIC cursors, this item contains the
| approximate number of rows.
| DB2_RETURN_STATUS After a CALL statement that invokes an SQL INTEGER
| procedure, this item contains the return status if
| the procedure contains a RETURN statement.
| DB2_SQL_ATTR_CURSOR_HOLD After an ALLOCATE or OPEN statement, this CHAR(1)
| item indicates whether the cursor can be held
| open across multiple units of work (Y or N).
| DB2_SQL_ATTR_CURSOR_ROWSET After an ALLOCATE or OPEN statement, this CHAR(1)
| item indicates whether the cursor can use rowset
| positioning (Y or N).
| DB2_SQL_ATTR_CURSOR_SCROLLABLE After an ALLOCATE or OPEN statement, this CHAR(1)
| item indicates whether the cursor is scrollable (Y
| or N).
| DB2_SQL_ATTR_CURSOR_SENSITIVITY After an ALLOCATE or OPEN statement, this CHAR(1)
| item indicates whether the cursor shows updates
| made by other processes (sensitivity A, I, or S).
| DB2_SQL_ATTR_CURSOR_TYPE After an ALLOCATE or OPEN statement, this CHAR(1)
| item indicates whether the cursor is declared
| static (S for INSENSITIVE or SENSITIVE
| STATIC) or dynamic (D for SENSITIVE
| DYNAMIC).
| MORE After any SQL statement, this item indicates CHAR(1)
| whether some conditions items were discarded
| because of insufficient storage (Y or N).
| NUMBER After any SQL statement, this item contains the INTEGER
| number of condition items. If no warning or error
| occurred, or if no previous SQL statement has
| been executed, the number that is returned is 1.
| ROW_COUNT After DELETE, INSERT, UPDATE, or FETCH, DECIMAL(31,0)
| this item contains the number of rows that are
| deleted, inserted, updated, or fetched. After
| PREPARE, this item contains the estimated
| number of result rows in the prepared statement.

|
| Table 5. Data types for GET DIAGNOSTICS items that return condition information
| CATALOG_NAME This item contains the server name of the table that VARCHAR(128)
| owns a constraint that caused an error, or that
| caused an access rule or check violation.
| CONDITION_NUMBER This item contains the number of the condition. INTEGER
| CURSOR_NAME This item contains the name of a cursor in an VARCHAR(128)
| invalid cursor state.
| DB2_ERROR_CODE1 This item contains an internal error code. INTEGER
| DB2_INTERNAL_ERROR_POINTER For some errors, this item contains a negative value INTEGER
| that is an internal error pointer.
| DB2_MESSAGE_ID This item contains the message ID that CHAR(10)
| corresponds to the message that is contained in the
| MESSAGE_TEXT diagnostic item.
| DB2_MODULE_DETECTING_ERROR After any SQL statement, this item indicates which CHAR(8)
| module detected the error.
| DB2_ORDINAL_TOKEN_n After any SQL statement, this item contains the nth VARCHAR(515)
| token, where n is a value from 1 to 100.
| DB2_REASON_CODE After any SQL statement, this item contains the INTEGER
| reason code for errors that have a reason code
| token in the message text.
| DB2_RETURNED_SQLCODE After any SQL statement, this item contains the INTEGER
| SQLCODE for the condition.
| DB2_ROW_NUMBER After any SQL statement that involves multiple DECIMAL(31,0)
| rows, this item contains the row number on which
| DB2 detected the condition.
| DB2_TOKEN_COUNT After any SQL statement, this item contains the INTEGER
| number of tokens available for the condition.
| MESSAGE_TEXT After any SQL statement, this item contains the VARCHAR(32672)
| message text associated with the SQLCODE.
| RETURNED_SQLSTATE After any SQL statement, this item contains the CHAR(5)
| SQLSTATE for the condition.
| SERVER_NAME After a CONNECT, DISCONNECT, or SET VARCHAR(128)
| CONNECTION statement, this item contains the
| name of the server specified in the statement.
|
| Table 6. Data types for GET DIAGNOSTICS items that return connection information
| DB2_AUTHENTICATION_TYPE This item contains the authentication type (S, C, D, CHAR(1)
| E, or blank). For more information, see Chapter 5
| of DB2 SQL Reference.
| DB2_AUTHORIZATION_ID This item contains the authorization ID that is used VARCHAR(128)
| by the connected server.
| DB2_CONNECTION_STATE This item indicates whether the connection is INTEGER
| unconnected (-1), local (0), or remote (1).

| Table 6. Data types for GET DIAGNOSTICS items that return connection information (continued)
| DB2_CONNECTION_STATUS This item indicates whether updates can be INTEGER
| committed for the current unit of work (1 for Yes, 2
| for No).
| DB2_ENCRYPTION_TYPE This item contains one of the following values that CHAR(1)
| indicates the level of encryption for the connection:
| A Only the authentication tokens (authid and
| password) are encrypted
| D All of the data for the connection is
| encrypted
| DB2_SERVER_CLASS_NAME After a CONNECT or SET CONNECTION VARCHAR(128)
| statement, this item contains the DB2 server class
| name.
| DB2_PRODUCT_ID This item contains the DB2 product signature. VARCHAR(8)
|
| For a complete description of the GET DIAGNOSTICS items, see Chapter 5 of DB2
| SQL Reference.
Calling DSNTIAR to display SQLCA fields

You should check for errors codes before you commit data, and handle the errors
that they represent. The assembler subroutine DSNTIAR helps you to obtain a
formatted form of the SQLCA and a text message based on the SQLCODE field of
| the SQLCA. You can retrieve this same message text by using the
| MESSAGE_TEXT condition item field of the GET DIAGNOSTICS statement.
| Programs that require long token message support should code the GET
| DIAGNOSTICS statement instead of DSNTIAR.
You can find the programming language-specific syntax and details for calling
DSNTIAR on the following pages:
For Assembler programs, see page 142
For C programs, see page 169
For COBOL programs, see page 201
For Fortran programs, see page 212
For PL/I programs, see page 230
DSNTIAR takes data from the SQLCA, formats it into a message, and places the
result in a message output area that you provide in your application program. Each
time you use DSNTIAR, it overwrites any previous messages in the message output
area. You should move or print the messages before using DSNTIAR again, and
before the contents of the SQLCA change, to get an accurate view of the SQLCA.
DSNTIAR expects the SQLCA to be in a certain format. If your application modifies

the SQLCA format before you call DSNTIAR, the results are unpredictable.
Defining a message output area

The calling program must allocate enough storage in the message output area to
hold all of the message text. You will probably need no more than 10 lines, 80-bytes
each, for your message output area. An application program can have only one
message output area.

You must define the message output area in VARCHAR format. In this varying
character format, a 2-byte length field precedes the data. The length field indicates
to DSNTIAR how many total bytes are in the output message area; the minimum
length of the output area is 240-bytes.
Figure 8 shows the format of the message output area, where length is the 2-byte
total length field, and the length of each line matches the logical record length (lrecl)
you specify to DSNTIAR.
Figure 8. Format of the message output area
When you call DSNTIAR, you must name an SQLCA and an output message area
in the DSNTIAR parameters. You must also provide the logical record length (lrecl)
as a value between 72 and 240 bytes. DSNTIAR assumes the message area
contains fixed-length records of length lrecl.
DSNTIAR places up to 10 lines in the message area. If the text of a message is

longer than the record length you specify on DSNTIAR, the output message splits
into several records, on word boundaries if possible. The split records are indented.
All records begin with a blank character for carriage control. If you have more lines
than the message output area can contain, DSNTIAR issues a return code of 4. A
completely blank record marks the end of the message output area.
Possible return codes from DSNTIAR

Code Meaning
0 Successful execution.
4 More data available than could fit into the provided message area.
8 Logical record length not between 72 and 240, inclusive.
12 Message area not large enough. The message length was 240 or greater.
16 Error in TSO message routine.
20 Module DSNTIA1 could not be loaded.
24 SQLCA data error.
Preparing to use DSNTIAR

DSNTIAR can run either above or below the 16-MB line of virtual storage. The
DSNTIAR object module that comes with DB2 has the attributes AMODE(31) and

RMODE(ANY). At install time, DSNTIAR links as AMODE(31) and RMODE(ANY).
DSNTIAR runs in 31-bit mode if any of the following conditions is true:
v DSNTIAR is linked with other modules that also have the attributes AMODE(31)
and RMODE(ANY).
v DSNTIAR is linked into an application that specifies the attributes AMODE(31)
and RMODE(ANY) in its link-edit JCL.
v An application loads DSNTIAR.
When loading DSNTIAR from another program, be careful how you branch to
DSNTIAR. For example, if the calling program is in 24-bit addressing mode and
DSNTIAR is loaded above the 16-MB line, you cannot use the assembler BALR
instruction or CALL macro to call DSNTIAR, because they assume that DSNTIAR is
in 24-bit mode. Instead, you must use an instruction that is capable of branching
into 31-bit mode, such as BASSM.
You can dynamically link (load) and call DSNTIAR directly from a language that
does not handle 31-bit addressing (OS/VS COBOL, for example). To do this, link a
second version of DSNTIAR with the attributes AMODE(24) and RMODE(24) into
another load module library. Alternatively, you can write an intermediate assembler
language program that calls DSNTIAR in 31-bit mode and then call that
intermediate program in 24-bit mode from your application.
For more information on the allowed and default AMODE and RMODE settings for a
particular language, see the application programming guide for that language. For
details on how the attributes AMODE and RMODE of an application are determined,
see the linkage editor and loader user’s guide for the language in which you have
written the application.
A scenario for using DSNTIAR

Suppose you want your DB2 COBOL application to check for deadlocks and
timeouts, and you want to make sure your cursors are closed before continuing.
You use the statement WHENEVER SQLERROR to transfer control to an error
routine when your application receives a negative SQLCODE.
In your error routine, you write a section that checks for SQLCODE -911 or -913.
You can receive either of these SQLCODEs when a deadlock or timeout occurs.
When one of these errors occurs, the error routine closes your cursors by issuing
the statement:
EXEC SQL CLOSE cursor-name
An SQLCODE of 0 or -501 resulting from that statement indicates that the close
was successful.
To use DSNTIAR to generate the error message text, first follow these steps:
1. Choose a logical record length (lrecl) of the output lines. For this example,
assume lrecl is 72 (to fit on a terminal screen) and is stored in the variable
named ERROR-TEXT-LEN.
2. Define a message area in your COBOL application. Assuming you want an area
for up to 10 lines of length 72, you should define an area of 720 bytes, plus a
2-byte area that specifies the total length of the message output area.
01 ERROR-MESSAGE.
02 ERROR-LEN PIC S9(4) COMP VALUE +720.
02 ERROR-TEXT PIC X(72) OCCURS 10 TIMES
INDEXED BY ERROR-INDEX.
77 ERROR-TEXT-LEN PIC S9(9) COMP VALUE +72.

For this example, the name of the message area is ERROR-MESSAGE.
3. Make sure you have an SQLCA. For this example, assume the name of the
SQLCA is SQLCA.
To display the contents of the SQLCA when SQLCODE is 0 or -501, call DSNTIAR
after the SQL statement that produces SQLCODE 0 or -501:
CALL ’DSNTIAR’ USING SQLCA ERROR-MESSAGE ERROR-TEXT-LEN.
You can then print the message output area just as you would any other variable.
Your message might look like this:
DSNT408I SQLCODE = -501, ERROR: THE CURSOR IDENTIFIED IN A FETCH OR
CLOSE STATEMENT IS NOT OPEN
DSNT418I SQLSTATE = 24501 SQLSTATE RETURN CODE
DSNT415I SQLERRP = DSNXERT SQL PROCEDURE DETECTING ERROR
DSNT416I SQLERRD = -315 0 0 -1 0 0 SQL DIAGNOSTIC INFORMATION
DSNT416I SQLERRD = X’FFFFFEC5’ X’00000000’ X’00000000’
X’FFFFFFFF’ X’00000000’ X’00000000’ SQL DIAGNOSTIC
INFORMATION

Chapter 7. Using a cursor to retrieve a set of rows
Use a cursor in an application program to retrieve rows from a table or from a result
set that is returned by a stored procedure. This chapter explains how your
application program can use a cursor to retrieve rows from a table. For information
about using a cursor to retrieve rows from a result set that is returned by a stored
procedure, see Chapter 25, “Using stored procedures for client/server processing,”
on page 569.
| When you execute a SELECT statement, you retrieve a set of rows. That set of
| rows is called the result table of the SELECT statement. In an application program,
| you can use either of the following types of cursors to retrieve rows from a result
| table:
| v A row-positioned cursor retrieves at most a single row at a time from the result
| table into host variables. At any point in time, the cursor is positioned on at most
| a single row. For information about how to use a row-positioned cursor, see
| “Accessing data by using a row-positioned cursor.”
| v A rowset-positioned cursor retrieves zero, one, or more rows at a time, as a
| rowset, from the result table into host variable arrays. At any point in time, the
| cursor can be positioned on a rowset. You can reference all of the rows in the
| rowset, or only one row in the rowset, when you use a positioned DELETE or
| positioned UPDATE statement. For information about how to use a
| rowset-positioned cursor, see “Accessing data by using a rowset-positioned
| cursor” on page 98.
Accessing data by using a row-positioned cursor

The basic steps in using a row-positioned cursor are:
1. Execute a DECLARE CURSOR statement to define the result table on which
the cursor operates. See “Step 1: Declare the cursor.”
2. Execute an OPEN CURSOR to make the cursor available to the application.
See “Step 2: Open the cursor” on page 95.
3. Specify what the program is to do when all rows have been retrieved. See “Step
3: Specify what to do at end-of-data” on page 95.
4. Execute multiple SQL statements to retrieve data from the table or modify
selected rows of the table. See “Step 4: Execute SQL statements” on page 96.
5. Execute a CLOSE CURSOR statement to make the cursor unavailable to the
application. See “Step 5: Close the cursor” on page 98.
Your program can have several cursors, each of which performs the previous steps.
Step 1: Declare the cursor

To define and identify a set of rows to be accessed with a cursor, issue a
DECLARE CURSOR statement. The DECLARE CURSOR statement names a
cursor and specifies a SELECT statement. The SELECT statement defines the
criteria for the rows that are to make up the result table. See Chapter 4 of DB2 SQL
Reference for a complete list of clauses that you can use in the SELECT statement.
The following example shows a simple form of the DECLARE CURSOR statement:

EXEC SQL
DECLARE C1 CURSOR FOR
SELECT EMPNO, FIRSTNME, MIDINIT, LASTNAME, SALARY
FROM DSN8810.EMP
END-EXEC.
You can use this cursor to list select information about employees.
More complicated cursors might include WHERE clauses or joins of several tables.
For example, suppose that you want to use a cursor to list employees who work on
a certain project. Declare a cursor like this to identify those employees:
EXEC SQL
FROM DSN8810.EMP X
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT *
FROM DSN8810.PROJ Y
WHERE X.EMPNO=Y.RESPEMP
AND Y.PROJNO=:GOODPROJ);
| Declaring cursors for tables that use multilevel security: You can declare a
| cursor that retrieves rows from a table that uses multilevel security with row-level
| granularity. However, the result table for the cursor contains only those rows that
| have a security label value that is equivalent to or dominated by the security label
| value of your ID. Refer to Part 3 (Volume 1) of DB2 Administration Guide for a
| discussion of multilevel security with row-level granularity.
Updating a column: You can update columns in the rows that you retrieve.
Updating a row after you use a cursor to retrieve it is called a positioned update. If
you intend to perform any positioned updates on the identified table, include the
FOR UPDATE clause. The FOR UPDATE clause has two forms:
v The first form is FOR UPDATE OF column-list. Use this form when you know in
advance which columns you need to update.
v The second form is FOR UPDATE, with no column list. Use this form when you
might use the cursor to update any of the columns of the table.
For example, you can use this cursor to update only the SALARY column of the
employee table:
EXEC SQL
FROM DSN8810.EMP X
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT *
FROM DSN8810.PROJ Y
AND Y.PROJNO=:GOODPROJ)
FOR UPDATE OF SALARY;
If you might use the cursor to update any column of the employee table, define the
cursor like this:
EXEC SQL
FROM DSN8810.EMP X
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT *

FROM DSN8810.PROJ Y
AND Y.PROJNO=:GOODPROJ)
FOR UPDATE;
DB2 must do more processing when you use the FOR UPDATE clause without a
column list than when you use the FOR UPDATE clause with a column list.
Therefore, if you intend to update only a few columns of a table, your program can
run more efficiently if you include a column list.
The precompiler options NOFOR and STDSQL affect the use of the FOR UPDATE
clause in static SQL statements. For information about these options, see Table 63
on page 462. If you do not specify the FOR UPDATE clause in a DECLARE
CURSOR statement, and you do not specify the STDSQL(YES) option or the
NOFOR precompiler options, you receive an error if you execute a positioned
UPDATE statement.
You can update a column of the identified table even though it is not part of the
result table. In this case, you do not need to name the column in the SELECT
statement. When the cursor retrieves a row (using FETCH) that contains a column
value you want to update, you can use UPDATE ... WHERE CURRENT OF to
identify the row that is to be updated.
Read-only result table: Some result tables cannot be updated—for example, the
result of joining two or more tables. The defining characteristics of a read-only result
tables are described in greater detail in the discussion of DECLARE CURSOR in
Step 2: Open the cursor

To tell DB2 that you are ready to process the first row of the result table, execute
the OPEN statement in your program. DB2 then uses the SELECT statement within
DECLARE CURSOR to identify a set of rows. If you use host variables in the
search condition of that SELECT statement, DB2 uses the current value of the
variables to select the rows. The result table that satisfies the search condition
might contain zero, one, or many rows. An example of an OPEN statement is:
EXEC SQL
OPEN C1
END-EXEC.
If you use the CURRENT DATE, CURRENT TIME, or CURRENT TIMESTAMP

special registers in a cursor, DB2 determines the values in those special registers
only when it opens the cursor. DB2 uses the values that it obtained at OPEN time
for all subsequent FETCH statements.
Two factors that influence the amount of time that DB2 requires to process the
OPEN statement are:
v Whether DB2 must perform any sorts before it can retrieve rows
v Whether DB2 uses parallelism to process the SELECT statement of the cursor
For more information, see “The effect of sorts on OPEN CURSOR” on page 772.
Step 3: Specify what to do at end-of-data

To determine whether the program has retrieved the last row of data, test the
SQLCODE field for a value of 100 or the SQLSTATE field for a value of ’02000’.
These codes occur when a FETCH statement has retrieved the last row in the
result table and your program issues a subsequent FETCH. For example:
Chapter 7. Using a cursor to retrieve a set of rows 95

IF SQLCODE = 100 GO TO DATA-NOT-FOUND.
An alternative to this technique is to code the WHENEVER NOT FOUND statement.

The WHENEVER NOT FOUND statement causes your program to branch to
another part that then issues a CLOSE statement. For example, to branch to label
DATA-NOT-FOUND when the FETCH statement does not return a row, use this
statement:
EXEC SQL
WHENEVER NOT FOUND GO TO DATA-NOT-FOUND
END-EXEC.
Your program must anticipate and handle an end-of-data whenever you use a
cursor to fetch a row. For more information about the WHENEVER NOT FOUND
statement, see “Checking the execution of SQL statements” on page 82.
Step 4: Execute SQL statements

You execute one of these SQL statements using the cursor:
v A FETCH statement
v A positioned UPDATE statement
v A positioned DELETE statement
Using FETCH statements

Execute a FETCH statement for one of the following purposes:
v To copy data from a row of the result table into one or more host variables
v To position the cursor before you perform a positioned update or positioned
delete operation
The following example shows a FETCH statement that retrieves selected columns
from the employee table:
EXEC SQL
FETCH C1 INTO
:HV-EMPNO, :HV-FIRSTNME, :HV-MIDINIT, :HV-LASTNAME, :HV-SALARY :IND-SALARY
END-EXEC.
The SELECT statement within DECLARE CURSOR statement identifies the result
table from which you fetch rows, but DB2 does not retrieve any data until your
application program executes a FETCH statement.
When your program executes the FETCH statement, DB2 positions the cursor on a
row in the result table. That row is called the current row. DB2 then copies the
current row contents into the program host variables that you specify on the INTO
clause of FETCH. This sequence repeats each time you issue FETCH, until you
process all rows in the result table.
The row that DB2 points to when you execute a FETCH statement depends on
whether the cursor is declared as a scrollable or non-scrollable. See “Scrollable and
non-scrollable cursors” on page 103 for more information.
When you query a remote subsystem with FETCH, consider using block fetch for
better performance. For more information see “Use block fetch” on page 440. Block
fetch processes rows ahead of the current row. You cannot use a block fetch when
you perform a positioned update or delete operation.

Using positioned UPDATE statements
After your program has executed a FETCH statement to retrieve the current row,
you can use a positioned UPDATE statement to modify the data in that row. An
example of a positioned UPDATE statement is:
EXEC SQL
UPDATE DSN8810.EMP
SET SALARY = 50000
WHERE CURRENT OF C1
END-EXEC.
A positioned UPDATE statement updates the row on which the cursor is positioned.
A positioned UPDATE statement is subject to these restrictions:

v You cannot update a row if your update violates any unique, check, or referential
constraints.
v You cannot use an UPDATE statement to modify the rows of a created temporary
table. However, you can use an UPDATE statement to modify the rows of a
v If the right side of the SET clause in the UPDATE statement contains a fullselect,
that fullselect cannot include a correlated name for a table that is being updated.
| v You cannot use an INSERT statement in the FROM clause of a SELECT
| statement that defines a cursor that is used in a positioned UPDATE statement.
| v A positioned UPDATE statement will fail if the value of the security label column
| of the row where the cursor is positioned is not equivalent to the security label
| value of your user id. If your user id has write down privilege, a positioned
| UPDATE statement will fail if the value of the security label column of the row
| where the cursor is positioned does not dominate the security label value of your
| user id.
Using positioned DELETE statements

After your program has executed a FETCH statement to retrieve the current row,
you can use a positioned DELETE statement to delete that row. A example of a
positioned DELETE statement looks like this:
EXEC SQL
DELETE FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE CURRENT OF C1
END-EXEC.
A positioned DELETE statement deletes the row on which the cursor is positioned.
A positioned DELETE statement is subject to these restrictions:

v You cannot use a DELETE statement with a cursor to delete rows from a created
temporary table. However, you can use a DELETE statement with a cursor to
delete rows from a declared temporary table.
v After you have deleted a row, you cannot update or delete another row using that
cursor until you execute a FETCH statement to position the cursor on another
row.
v You cannot delete a row if doing so violates any referential constraints.
| v You cannot use an INSERT statement in the FROM clause of a SELECT
| statement that defines a cursor that is used in a positioned DELETE statement.
| v A positioned DELETE statement will fail if the value of the security label column
| of the row where the cursor is positioned is not equivalent to the security label
| value of your user id. If your user id has write down privilege, a positioned

| DELETE statement will fail if the value of the security label column of the row
| where the cursor is positioned does not dominate the security label value of your
| user id.
Step 5: Close the cursor

If you finish processing the rows of the result table and want to use the cursor
again, issue a CLOSE statement to close the cursor and then issue an OPEN
statement to reopen the cursor. An example of a CLOSE statement looks like this:
EXEC SQL
CLOSE C1
END-EXEC.
When you finish processing the rows of the result table, and the cursor is no longer
needed, you can let DB2 automatically close the cursor when the current
transaction terminates or when your program terminates.
Recommendation: To free the resources that are held by the cursor, close the
cursor explicitly by issuing the CLOSE statement.
| Accessing data by using a rowset-positioned cursor

| The basic steps in using a rowset cursor are:
| 1. Execute a DECLARE CURSOR statement to define the result table on which
| the cursor operates. See “Step 1: Declare the rowset cursor.”
| 2. Execute an OPEN CURSOR to make the cursor available to the application.
| See “Step 2: Open the rowset cursor.”
| 3. Specify what the program is to do when all rows have been retrieved. See “Step
| 3: Specify what to do at end-of-data for a rowset cursor” on page 99.
| 4. Execute multiple SQL statements to retrieve data from the table or modify
| selected rows of the table. See “Step 4: Execute SQL statements with a rowset
| cursor” on page 99.
| 5. Execute a CLOSE CURSOR statement to make the cursor unavailable to the
| application. See “Step 5: Close the rowset cursor” on page 103.
| Your program can have several cursors, each of which performs the previous steps.
| Step 1: Declare the rowset cursor

| To enable a cursor to fetch rowsets, use the WITH ROWSET POSITIONING clause
| in the DECLARE CURSOR statement. The following example shows how to declare
| a rowset cursor:
| EXEC SQL
| DECLARE C1 CURSOR WITH ROWSET POSITIONING FOR
| SELECT EMPNO, LASTNAME, SALARY
| FROM DSN8810.EMP
| END-EXEC.
| For restrictions that apply to rowset-positioned cursors and row-positioned cursors,

| see “Step 1: Declare the cursor” on page 93.
| Step 2: Open the rowset cursor

| To tell DB2 that you are ready to process the first rowset of the result table, execute
| the OPEN statement in your program. DB2 then uses the SELECT statement within
| DECLARE CURSOR to identify the rows in the result table. For more information
| about the OPEN CURSOR process, see “Step 2: Open the cursor” on page 95.

| Step 3: Specify what to do at end-of-data for a rowset cursor
| To determine whether the program has retrieved the last row of data in the result
| table, test the SQLCODE field for a value of 100 or the SQLSTATE field for a value
| of ’02000’. With a rowset cursor, these codes occur when a FETCH statement
| retrieves the last row in the result table. However, when the last row has been
| retrieved, the program must still process the rows in the last rowset through that
| last row. For an example of end-of-data processing for a rowset cursor, see
| Figure 18 on page 117.
| To determine the number of retrieved rows, use either of the following values:
| v The contents of the SQLERRD(3) field in the SQLCA
| v The contents of the ROW_COUNT item of GET DIAGNOSTICS
| For information about GET DIAGNOSTICS, see “Using the GET DIAGNOSTICS
| statement” on page 84.
| If you declare the cursor as dynamic scrollable, and SQLCODE has the value 100,
| you can continue with a FETCH statement until no more rows are retrieved.
| Additional fetches might retrieve more rows because a dynamic scrollable cursor is
| sensitive to updates by other application processes. For information about dynamic
| cursors, see “Types of cursors” on page 103.
| Step 4: Execute SQL statements with a rowset cursor

| You can execute these static SQL statements when you use a rowset cursor:
| v A multiple-row FETCH statement that copies a rowset of column values into
| either of the following data areas:
| – Host variable arrays that are declared in your program
| – Dynamically-allocated arrays whose storage addresses are put into an SQL
| descriptor area (SQLDA), along with the attributes of the columns that are to
| be retrieved
| v After either form of the multiple-row FETCH statement, you can issue:
| – A positioned UPDATE statement on the current rowset
| – A positioned DELETE statement on the current rowset
| You must use the WITH ROWSET POSITIONING clause of the DECLARE
| CURSOR statement if you plan to use a rowset-positioned FETCH statement.
| Using a multiple-row FETCH statement with host variable arrays

| The following example shows a FETCH statement that retrieves 20 rows into host
| variable arrays that are declared in your program:
| EXEC SQL
| FETCH NEXT ROWSET FROM C1
| FOR 20 ROWS
| INTO :HVA-EMPNO, :HVA-LASTNAME, :HVA-SALARY :INDA-SALARY
| END-EXEC.
| When your program executes a FETCH statement with the ROWSET keyword, the
| cursor is positioned on a rowset in the result table. That rowset is called the current
| rowset. The dimension of each of the host variable arrays must be greater than or
| equal to the number of rows to be retrieved.
| Using a multiple-row FETCH statement with a descriptor

| Suppose that you want to dynamically allocate the storage needed for the arrays of
| column values that are to be retrieved from the employee table. You must:
| 1. Declare an SQLDA structure and the variables that reference the SQLDA.

| 2. Dynamically allocate the SQLDA and the arrays needed for the column values.
| 3. Set the fields in the SQLDA for the column values to be retrieved.
| 4. Open the cursor.
| 5. Fetch the rows.
| Declare the SQLDA: You must first declare the SQLDA structure. The following
| SQL INCLUDE statement requests a standard SQLDA declaration:
| EXEC SQL INCLUDE SQLDA;
| Your program must also declare variables that reference the SQLDA structure, the
| SQLVAR structure within the SQLDA, and the DECLEN structure for the precision
| and scale if you are retrieving a DECIMAL column. For C programs, the code looks
| like this:
| struct sqlda *sqldaptr;
| struct sqlvar *varptr;
| struct DECLEN {
| unsigned char precision;
| unsigned char scale;
| };
| Allocate the SQLDA: Before you can set the fields in the SQLDA for the column
| values to be retrieved, you must dynamically allocate storage for the SQLDA
| structure. For C programs, the code looks like this:
| sqldaptr = (struct sqlda *) malloc (3 * 44 + 16);
| The size of the SQLDA is SQLN * 44 + 16, where the value of the SQLN field is the
| number of output columns.
| Set the fields in the SQLDA: You must set the fields in the SQLDA structure for
| your FETCH statement. Suppose you want to retrieve the columns EMPNO,
| LASTNAME, and SALARY. The C code to set the SQLDA fields for these columns
| looks like this:
| strcpy(sqldaptr->sqldaid,"SQLDA");
| sqldaptr->sqldabc = 148; /* number bytes of storage allocated for the SQLDA */
| sqldaptr->sqln = 3; /* number of SQLVAR occurrences */
| sqldaptr->sqld = 3;
| varptr = (struct sqlvar *) (&(sqldaptr->sqlvar[0])); /* Point to first SQLVAR */
| varptr->sqltype = 452; /* data type CHAR(6) */
| varptr->sqllen = 6;
| varptr->sqldata = (char *) hva1;
| varptr->sqlind = (short *) inda1;
| varptr->sqlname.length = 8;
| varptr->sqlname.data = X’0000000000000014’; /* bytes 5-8 array size */
| varptr = (struct sqlvar *) (&(sqldaptr->sqlvar[0]) + 1); /* Point to next SQLVAR */
| varptr->sqltype = 448; /* data type VARCHAR(15) */
| varptr->sqltype = 485; /* data type DECIMAL(9,2) */
| ((struct DECLEN *) &(varptr->sqllen))->precision = 9;
| ((struct DECLEN *) &(varptr->sqllen))->scale = 2;
| The SQLDA structure has these fields:

| v SQLDABC indicates the number of bytes of storage that are allocated for the
| SQLDA. The storage includes a 16-byte header and 44 bytes for each SQLVAR
| field. The value is SQLN x 44 + 16, or 148 for this example.
| v SQLN is the number of SQLVAR occurrences (or the number of output columns).
| v SQLD is the number of variables in the SQLDA that are used by DB2 when
| processing the FETCH statement.
| v Each SQLVAR occurrence describes a host variable array or buffer into which the
| values for a column in the result table are to be returned. Within each SQLVAR:
| – SQLTYPE indicates the data type of the column.
| – SQLLEN indicates the length of the column. If the data type is DECIMAL, this
| field has two parts: the PRECISION and the SCALE.
| – SQLDATA points to the first element of the array for the column values. For
| this example, assume that your program allocates the dynamic variable arrays
| hva1, hva2, and hva3, and their indicator arrays inda1, inda2, and inda3.
| – SQLIND points to the first element of the array of indicator values for the
| column. If SQLTYPE is an odd number, this attribute is required. (If SQLTYPE
| is an odd number, null values are allowed for the column.)
| – SQLNAME has two parts: the LENGTH and the DATA. The LENGTH is 8. The
| first two bytes of the DATA field is X’0000’. Bytes 5 through 8 of the DATA
| field is a binary integer representation of the dimension of the arrays. For this
| example, assume that the dimension of each array is 20. In general, you can
| vary the number of rows that are to be retrieved.
| For information about using the SQLDA in dynamic SQL, see Chapter 24, “Coding
| dynamic SQL in application programs,” on page 535. For a complete layout of the
| SQLDA and the descriptions given by the INCLUDE statement, see Appendix C of
| DB2 SQL Reference.
| Open the cursor: You can open the cursor only after all of the fields have been
| set in the output SQLDA:
| EXEC SQL OPEN C1;
| Fetch the rows: After the OPEN statement, the program fetches the next rowset:
| EXEC SQL
| FETCH NEXT ROWSET FROM C1
| FOR 20 ROWS
| USING DESCRIPTOR :*sqldaptr;
| The USING clause of the FETCH statement names the SQLDA that describes the
| columns that are to be retrieved.
| Using rowset-positioned UPDATE statements

| After your program executes a FETCH statement to establish the current rowset,
| you can use a positioned UPDATE statement with either of the following clauses:
| v Use WHERE CURRENT OF to modify all of the rows in the current rowset
| v Use FOR ROW n OF ROWSET to modify row n in the current rowset
| For information about restrictions for a positioned UPDATE, see “Using positioned
| UPDATE statements” on page 97.
| Using the WHERE CURRENT OF clause: An example of a positioned UPDATE

| statement that uses the WHERE CURRENT OF clause is:

| EXEC SQL
| UPDATE DSN8810.EMP
| SET SALARY = 50000
| WHERE CURRENT OF C1
| END-EXEC.
| When the UPDATE statement is executed, the cursor must be positioned on a row
| or rowset of the result table. If the cursor is positioned on a row, that row is
| updated. If the cursor is positioned on a rowset, all of the rows in the rowset are
| updated.
| Using the FOR ROW n OF ROWSET clause: An example of a positioned

| UPDATE statement that uses the FOR ROW n OF ROWSET clause is:
| EXEC SQL
| SET SALARY = 50000
| FOR CURSOR C1 FOR ROW 5 OF ROWSET
| END-EXEC.
| When the UPDATE statement is executed, the cursor must be positioned on a

| rowset of the result table. The specified row (in the example, row 5) of the current
| rowset is updated.
| Using rowset-positioned DELETE statements

| After your program executes a FETCH statement to establish the current rowset,
| you can use a positioned DELETE statement with either of the following clauses:
| v Use WHERE CURRENT OF to delete all of the rows in the current rowset
| v Use FOR ROW n OF ROWSET to delete row n in the current rowset
| For information about restrictions for a positioned DELETE, see “Using positioned
| DELETE statements” on page 97.
| Using the WHERE CURRENT OF clause: An example of a positioned DELETE

| statement that uses the WHERE CURRENT OF clause is:
| EXEC SQL
| DELETE FROM DSN8810.EMP
| WHERE CURRENT OF C1
| END-EXEC.
| When the DELETE statement is executed, the cursor must be positioned on a row
| or rowset of the result table. If the cursor is positioned on a row, that row is deleted,
| and the cursor is positioned before the next row of its result table. If the cursor is
| positioned on a rowset, all of the rows in the rowset are deleted, and the cursor is
| positioned before the next rowset of its result table.
| Using the FOR ROW n OF ROWSET clause: An example of a positioned

| DELETE statement that uses the FOR ROW n OF ROWSET clause is:
| EXEC SQL
| DELETE FROM DSN8810.EMP
| FOR CURSOR C1 FOR ROW 5 OF ROWSET
| END-EXEC.
| When the DELETE statement is executed, the cursor must be positioned on a

| rowset of the result table. The specified row of the current rowset is deleted, and
| the cursor remains positioned on that rowset. The deleted row (in the example, row
| 5 of the rowset) cannot be retrieved or updated.

| Number of rows in a rowset
| The number of rows in a rowset is determined either explicitly or implicitly. To
| explicitly set the size of a rowset, use the FOR n ROWS clause in the FETCH
| statement. If a FETCH statement specifies the ROWSET keyword, and not the FOR
| n ROWS clause, the size of the rowset is implicitly set to the size of the rowset that
| was most recently specified in a prior FETCH statement. If a prior FETCH
| statement did not specify the FOR n ROWS clause or the ROWSET keyword, the
| size of the current rowset is implicitly set to 1. For examples of rowset positioning,
| see Table 8 on page 108.
| Step 5: Close the rowset cursor

| If you finish processing the rows of the result table and want to use the cursor
| again, issue a CLOSE statement to close the cursor and then issue an OPEN
| statement to reopen the cursor.
| When you finish processing the rows of the result table, and you no longer need the
| cursor, you can let DB2 automatically close the cursor when the current transaction
| terminates or when your program terminates.
| Recommendation: To free the resources held by the cursor, close the cursor
| explicitly by issuing the CLOSE statement.
Types of cursors
| You can declare cursors, both row-positioned and rowset-positioned, as scrollable
or not scrollable, held or not held, and returnable or not returnable. The following
sections discuss these characteristics:
v “Scrollable and non-scrollable cursors”
v “Held and non-held cursors” on page 112
In addition, you can declare a returnable cursor in a stored procedure by including

the WITH RETURN clause; the cursor can return result sets to a caller of the stored
procedure. For information about returnable cursors, see Chapter 25, “Using stored
procedures for client/server processing,” on page 569.
Scrollable and non-scrollable cursors

When you declare a cursor, you tell DB2 whether you want the cursor to be
scrollable or non-scrollable by including or omitting the SCROLL clause. This clause
determines whether the cursor moves sequentially forward through the result table
or can move randomly through the result table.
Using a non-scrollable cursor

| The simplest type of cursor is a non-scrollable cursor. A non-scrollable cursor can
| be either row-positioned or rowset-positioned. A row-positioned non-scrollable
| cursor moves forward through its result table one row at a time. Similarly, a
| rowset-positioned non-scrollable cursor moves forward through its result table one
| rowset at a time.
A non-scrollable cursor always moves sequentially forward in the result table. When
the application opens the cursor, the cursor is positioned before the first row (or first
rowset) in the result table. When the application executes the first FETCH, the
cursor is positioned on the first row (or first rowset). When the application executes
subsequent FETCH statements, the cursor moves one row ahead (or one rowset
ahead) for each FETCH. After each FETCH statement, the cursor is positioned on
the row (or rowset) that was fetched.

After the application executes a positioned UPDATE or positioned DELETE
statement, the cursor stays at the current row (or rowset) of the result table. You
cannot retrieve rows (or rowsets) backward or move to a specific position in a result
table with a non-scrollable cursor.
Using a scrollable cursor

To make a cursor scrollable, you declare it as scrollable. A scrollable cursor can be
either row-positioned or rowset-positioned. To use a scrollable cursor, you execute
FETCH statements that indicate where you want to position the cursor. For
examples of FETCH statements that position a cursor for both rows and rowsets,
see Table 8 on page 108.
If you want to order the rows of the cursor’s result set, and you also want the cursor
to be updatable, you need to declare the cursor as scrollable, even if you use it
only to retrieve rows (or rowsets) sequentially. You can use the ORDER BY clause
in the declaration of an updatable cursor only if you declare the cursor as scrollable.
Declaring a scrollable cursor: To indicate that a cursor is scrollable, you declare

it with the SCROLL keyword. The following examples show a characteristic of
scrollable cursors: the sensitivity.
Figure 9 shows a declaration for an insensitive scrollable cursor.
EXEC SQL DECLARE C1 INSENSITIVE SCROLL CURSOR FOR

SELECT DEPTNO, DEPTNAME, MGRNO
FROM DSN8810.DEPT
ORDER BY DEPTNO
END-EXEC.
Figure 9. Declaration for an insensitive scrollable row cursor
Declaring a scrollable cursor with the INSENSITIVE keyword has the following
effects:
v The size, the order of the rows, and the values for each row of the result table do
not change after the application opens the cursor.
v The result table is read-only. Therefore, you cannot declare the cursor with the
FOR UPDATE clause, and you cannot use the cursor for positioned update or
delete operations.
Figure 10 shows a declaration for a sensitive static scrollable cursor.
EXEC SQL DECLARE C2 SENSITIVE STATIC SCROLL CURSOR FOR

FROM DSN8810.DEPT
ORDER BY DEPTNO
END-EXEC.
Figure 10. Declaration for a sensitive static scrollable row cursor
Declaring a cursor as SENSITIVE STATIC has the following effects:

v When the application executes positioned UPDATE and DELETE statements with
the cursor, those changes are visible in the result table.
v When the current value of a row no longer satisfies the SELECT statement that
was used in the cursor declaration, that row is no longer visible in the result
table.

v When a row of the result table is deleted from the underlying table, that row is no
longer visible in the result table.
v Changes that are made to the underlying table by other cursors or other
application processes can be visible in the result table, depending on whether the
FETCH statements that you use with the cursor are FETCH INSENSITIVE or
FETCH SENSITIVE statements.
| Figure 11 shows a declaration for a sensitive dynamic scrollable cursor.

|
EXEC SQL DECLARE C2 SENSITIVE DYNAMIC SCROLL CURSOR FOR
FROM DSN8810.DEPT
ORDER BY DEPTNO
END-EXEC.
Figure 11. Declaration for a sensitive dynamic scrollable cursor
| Declaring a cursor as SENSITIVE DYNAMIC has the following effects:

| v When the application executes positioned UPDATE and DELETE statements with
| the cursor, those changes are visible. In addition, when the application executes
| INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements (within the application but outside
| the cursor), those changes are visible.
| v All committed inserts, updates, and deletes by other application processes are
| visible.
| v Because the FETCH statement executes against the base table, the cursor
| needs no temporary result table. When you define a cursor as SENSITIVE
| DYNAMIC, you cannot specify the INSENSITIVE keyword in a FETCH statement
| for that cursor.
| v If you specify an ORDER BY clause for a SENSITIVE DYNAMIC cursor, DB2
| might choose an index access path if the ORDER BY is fully satisfied by an
| existing index. However, a dynamic scrollable cursor that is declared with an
| ORDER BY clause is not updatable.
Static scrollable cursor: Both the INSENSITIVE cursor and the SENSITIVE
STATIC cursor follow the static cursor model:
v The size of the result table does not grow after the application opens the cursor.
Rows that are inserted into the underlying table are not added to the result table.
v The order of the rows does not change after the application opens the cursor.
If the cursor declaration contains an ORDER BY clause, and the columns that
are in the ORDER BY clause are updated after the cursor is opened, the order of
the rows in the result table does not change.
| Dynamic scrollable cursor: When you declare a cursor as SENSITIVE, you can
| declare it either STATIC or DYNAMIC. The SENSITIVE DYNAMIC cursor follows
| the dynamic cursor model:
| v The size and contents of the result table can change with every fetch.
| The base table can change while the cursor is scrolling on it. If another
| application process changes the data, the cursor sees the newly changed data
| when it is committed. If the application process of the cursor changes the data,
| the cursor sees the newly changed data immediately.
| v The order of the rows can change after the application opens the cursor.

| If the cursor declaration contains an ORDER BY clause, and columns that are in
| the ORDER BY clause are updated after the cursor is opened, the order of the
| rows in the result table changes.
Determining attributes of a cursor by checking the SQLCA: After you open a

cursor, you can determine the following attributes of the cursor by checking the
following SQLWARN and SQLERRD fields of the SQLCA:
SQLWARN1
Indicates whether the cursor is scrollable or non-scrollable.
| SQLWARN4
| Indicates whether the cursor is insensitive (I), sensitive static (S), or sensitive
| dynamic (D).
SQLWARN5
Indicates whether the cursor is read-only, readable and deletable, or readable,
deletable, and updatable.
| SQLERRD(1)
| The number of rows in the result table of a cursor when the cursor position is
| after the last row (when SQLCODE is equal to +100). This field is not set for
| dynamic scrollable cursors.
| SQLERRD(2)
| The number of rows in the result table of a cursor when the cursor position is
| after the last row (when SQLCODE is equal to +100). This field is not set for
| dynamic scrollable cursors.
| SQLERRD(3)
| The number of rows in the result table of an INSERT when the SELECT
| statement of the cursor contains the INSERT statement.
If the OPEN statement executes with no errors or warnings, DB2 does not set
SQLWARN0 when it sets SQLWARN1, SQLWARN4, or SQLWARN5. See Appendix
| C of DB2 SQL Reference for specific information about fields in the SQLCA.
| Determining attributes of a cursor by using the GET DIAGNOSTICS

| statement: After you open a cursor, you can determine the following attributes of
| the cursor by checking these GET DIAGNOSTICS items:
| DB2_SQL_ATTR_CURSOR_HOLD
| Indicates whether the cursor can be held open across commits (Y or N)
| DB2_SQL_ATTR_CURSOR_ROWSET
| Indicates whether the cursor can use rowset positioning (Y or N)
| DB2_SQL_ATTR_CURSOR_SCROLLABLE
| Indicates whether the cursor is scrollable (Y or N)
| DB2_SQL_ATTR_CURSOR_SENSITIVITY
| Indicates whether the cursor is asensitive, insensitive, or sensitive to changes
| that are made by other processes (A, I, or S)
| DB2_SQL_ATTR_CURSOR_TYPE
| Indicates whether the cursor is declared static (S for INSENSITIVE or
| SENSITIVE STATIC) or dynamic (D for SENSITIVE DYNAMIC)
| For more information about the GET DIAGNOSTICS statement, see “Using the
| GET DIAGNOSTICS statement” on page 84.

Retrieving rows with a scrollable cursor: When you open any cursor, the cursor
is positioned before the first row of the result table. You move a scrollable cursor
around in the result table by specifying a fetch orientation keyword in a FETCH
statement. A fetch orientation keyword indicates the absolute or relative position of
the cursor when the FETCH statement is executed. Table 7 lists the fetch
| orientation keywords that you can specify and their meanings. These keywords
| apply to both row-positioned scrollable cursors and rowset-positioned scrollable
| cursors.
Table 7. Positions for a scrollable cursor
Keyword in FETCH statement Cursor position when FETCH is executed1
BEFORE Before the first row
FIRST or ABSOLUTE +1 On the first row
LAST or ABSOLUTE −1 On the last row
AFTER After the last row
2
ABSOLUTE On an absolute row number, from before the first
row forward or from after the last row backward
RELATIVE2 On the row that is forward or backward a relative
number of rows from the current row
CURRENT On the current row
PRIOR or RELATIVE −1 On the previous row
NEXT On the next row (default)
Notes:
| 1. The cursor position applies to both row position and rowset position, for example, before
| the first row or before the first rowset.
2. ABSOLUTE and RELATIVE are described in greater detail in the discussion of FETCH in
Example: To use the cursor that is declared in Figure 9 on page 104 to fetch the
fifth row of the result table, use a FETCH statement like this:
EXEC SQL FETCH ABSOLUTE +5 C1 INTO :HVDEPTNO, :DEPTNAME, :MGRNO;
To fetch the fifth row from the end of the result table, use this FETCH statement:
EXEC SQL FETCH ABSOLUTE -5 C1 INTO :HVDEPTNO, :DEPTNAME, :MGRNO;
Determining the number of rows in the result table for a static scrollable
cursor: You can determine how many rows are in the result table of an
INSENSITIVE or SENSITIVE STATIC scrollable cursor. To do that, execute a
FETCH statement, such as FETCH AFTER, that positions the cursor after the last
row. You can then examine the fields SQLERRD(1) and SQLERRD(2) in the
SQLCA (fields sqlerrd[0] and sqlerrd[1] for C and C++) for the number of rows in
| the result table. Alternatively, you can use the GET DIAGNOSTICS statement to
| retrieve the number of rows in the ROW_COUNT statement item.
| FETCH statement interaction between row and rowset positioning: When you
| declare a cursor with the WITH ROWSET POSITIONING clause, you can intermix
| row-positioned FETCH statements with rowset-positioned FETCH statements. For
| information about using a multiple-row FETCH statement, see “Using a multiple-row
| FETCH statement with host variable arrays” on page 99.

| Table 8 shows the interaction between row and rowset positioning for a scrollable
| cursor. Assume that you declare the scrollable cursor on a table with 15 rows.
| Table 8. Interaction between row and rowset positioning for a scrollable cursor
| Keywords in FETCH statement Cursor position when FETCH is executed
| FIRST On row 1
| FIRST ROWSET On a rowset of size 1, consisting of row 1
| FIRST ROWSET FOR 5 ROWS On a rowset of size 5, consisting of rows 1, 2, 3,
| 4, and 5
| CURRENT ROWSET On a rowset of size 5, consisting of rows 1, 2, 3,
| 4, and 5
| CURRENT On row 1
| NEXT (default) On row 2
| NEXT ROWSET On a rowset of size 1, consisting of row 3
| NEXT ROWSET FOR 3 ROWS On a rowset of size 3, consisting of rows 4, 5, and
| 6
| NEXT ROWSET On a rowset of size 3, consisting of rows 7, 8, and
| 9
| LAST On row 15
| LAST ROWSET FOR 2 ROWS On a rowset of size 2, consisting of rows 14 and
| 15
| PRIOR ROWSET On a rowset of size 2, consisting of rows 12 and
| 13
| ABSOLUTE 2 On row 2
| ROWSET STARTING AT ABSOLUTE 2 On a rowset of size 3, consisting of rows 2, 3, and
| FOR 3 ROWS 4
| RELATIVE 2 On row 4
| ROWSET STARTING AT ABSOLUTE 2 On a rowset of size 4, consisting of rows 2, 3, 4,
| FOR 4 ROWS and 5
| RELATIVE -1 On row 1
| ROWSET STARTING AT ABSOLUTE 3 On a rowset of size 2, consisting of rows 3 and 4
| FOR 2 ROWS
| ROWSET STARTING AT RELATIVE 4 On a rowset of size 2, consisting of rows 7 and 8
| PRIOR On row 6
| ROWSET STARTING AT ABSOLUTE 13 On a rowset of size 3, consisting of rows 13, 14,
| FOR 5 ROWS and 15
| FIRST ROWSET On a rowset of size 5, consisting of rows 1, 2, 3,
| 4, and 5
| Note: The FOR n ROWS clause and the ROWSET clause are described in greater detail in
| the discussion of FETCH in Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL Reference.
|
| Comparison of scrollable cursors

| When you declare a cursor as SENSITIVE STATIC, changes that other processes
| or cursors make to the underlying table can be visible to the result table of the
| cursor. Whether those changes are visible depends on whether you specify
| SENSITIVE or INSENSITIVE when you execute FETCH statements with the cursor.
| When you specify FETCH INSENSITIVE, changes that other processes or other
| cursors make to the underlying table are not visible in the result table. When you

| specify FETCH SENSITIVE, changes that other processes or cursors make to the
| underlying table are visible in the result table.
| When you declare a cursor as SENSITIVE DYNAMIC, changes that other

| processes or cursors make to the underlying table are visible to the result table
| after the changes are committed.
| Table 9 summarizes the sensitivity values and their effects on the result table of a
| scrollable cursor.
| Table 9. How sensitivity affects the result table for a scrollable cursor
| DECLARE
| sensitivity FETCH INSENSITIVE FETCH SENSITIVE
| INSENSITIVE No changes to the underlying Not valid.
| table are visible in the result
| table. Positioned UPDATE and
| DELETE statements using the
| cursor are not allowed.
| SENSITIVE STATIC Only positioned updates and All updates and deletes are visible
| deletes that are made by the in the result table. Inserts made by
| cursor are visible in the result other processes are not visible in
| table. the result table.
| SENSITIVE Not valid. All committed changes are visible
| DYNAMIC in the result table, including
| updates, deletes, inserts, and
| changes in the order of the rows.
|
| Holes in the result table of a scrollable cursor

| In some situations, you might not be able to fetch a row from the result table of a
| scrollable cursor, depending on how the cursor is declared:
| v Scrollable cursors that are declared as INSENSITIVE or SENSITIVE STATIC
| follow a static model, which means that DB2 determines the size of the result
| table and the order of the rows when you open the cursor.
| Deleting or updating rows after a static cursor is open can result in holes in the
| result table, which means that the result table does not shrink to fill the space of
| deleted rows or the space of rows that have been updated and no longer satisfy
| the search condition. You cannot access a delete hole or an update hole of a
| static cursor, although you can remove holes in specific situations; see
| “Removing a delete hole or an update hole” on page 111.
| v Scrollable cursors that are declared as SENSITIVE DYNAMIC follow a dynamic
| model, which means that the size and contents of the result table, and the order
| of the rows, can change after you open the cursor.
| A dynamic cursor scrolls directly on the base table. If the current row of the
| cursor is deleted or if it is updated so that it no longer satisfies the search
| condition, and the next cursor operation is FETCH CURRENT, then DB2 issues
| an SQL warning.
The following examples demonstrate how delete and update holes can occur when
you use a SENSITIVE STATIC scrollable cursor.
Creating a delete hole with a static scrollable cursor: Suppose that table A
consists of one integer column, COL1, which has the values shown in Figure 12 on
page 110.

Figure 12. Values for COL1 of table A
Now suppose that you declare the following SENSITIVE STATIC scrollable cursor,
which you use to delete rows from A:
SELECT COL1
FROM A
FOR UPDATE OF COL1;
Now you execute the following SQL statements:

EXEC SQL OPEN C3;
EXEC SQL FETCH ABSOLUTE +3 C3 INTO :HVCOL1;
EXEC SQL DELETE FROM A WHERE CURRENT OF C3;
The positioned delete statement creates a delete hole, as shown in Figure 13.
Figure 13. Creating a delete hole
After you execute the positioned delete statement, the third row is deleted from the
result table, but the result table does not shrink to fill the space that the deleted row
creates.
Creating an update hole with a static scrollable cursor: Suppose that you
declare the following SENSITIVE STATIC scrollable cursor, which you use to update
rows in A:
SELECT COL1
FROM A
WHERE COL1<6;
Now you execute the following SQL statements:

EXEC SQL OPEN C4;
UPDATE A SET COL1=COL1+1;

The searched UPDATE statement creates an update hole, as shown in Figure 14.
Figure 14. Creating an update hole
After you execute the searched UPDATE statement, the last row no longer qualifies
for the result table, but the result table does not shrink to fill the space that the
disqualified row creates.
Removing a delete hole or an update hole: You can remove a delete hole or an
update hole in specific situations.
If you try to fetch from a delete hole, DB2 issues an SQL warning. If you try to
update or delete a delete hole, DB2 issues an SQL error. You can remove a delete
hole only by opening the scrollable cursor, setting a savepoint, executing a
positioned DELETE statement with the scrollable cursor, and rolling back to the
savepoint.
If you try to fetch from an update hole, DB2 issues an SQL warning. If you try to
delete an update hole, DB2 issues an SQL error. However, you can convert an
update hole back to a result table row by updating the row in the base table, as
shown in Figure 15 on page 112. You can update the base table with a searched
UPDATE statement in the same application process, or a searched or positioned
UPDATE statement in another application process. After you update the base table,
if the row qualifies for the result table, the update hole disappears.

Figure 15. Removing an update hole
A hole becomes visible to a cursor when a cursor operation returns a non-zero

SQLCODE. The point at which a hole becomes visible depends on the following
factors:
v Whether the scrollable cursor creates the hole
v Whether the FETCH statement is FETCH SENSITIVE or FETCH INSENSITIVE
If the scrollable cursor creates the hole, the hole is visible when you execute a
FETCH statement for the row that contains the hole. The FETCH statement can be
FETCH INSENSITIVE or FETCH SENSITIVE.
If an update or delete operation outside the scrollable cursor creates the hole, the
hole is visible at the following times:
v If you execute a FETCH SENSITIVE statement for the row that contains the hole,
the hole is visible when you execute the FETCH statement.
v If you execute a FETCH INSENSITIVE statement, the hole is not visible when
you execute the FETCH statement. DB2 returns the row as it was before the
update or delete operation occurred. However, if you follow the FETCH
INSENSITIVE statement with a positioned UPDATE or DELETE statement, the
hole becomes visible.
Held and non-held cursors

When you declare a cursor, you tell DB2 whether you want the cursor to be held or
not held by including or omitting the WITH HOLD clause. A held cursor, which is
declared with the WITH HOLD clause, does not close after a commit operation. A
cursor that is not held closes after a commit operation.
| After a commit operation, the position of a held cursor depends on its type:
| v A non-scrollable cursor that is held is positioned after the last retrieved row and
| before the next logical row. The next row can be returned from the result table
| with a FETCH NEXT statement.

| v A static scrollable cursor that is held is positioned on the last retrieved row. The
| last retrieved row can be returned from the result table with a FETCH CURRENT
| statement.
| v A dynamic scrollable cursor that is held is positioned after the last retrieved row
| and before the next logical row. The next row can be returned from the result
| table with a FETCH NEXT statement. DB2 returns SQLCODE +231 for a FETCH
| CURRENT statement.
A held cursor can close when:

v You issue a CLOSE cursor, ROLLBACK, or CONNECT statement
v You issue a CAF CLOSE function call or an RRSAF TERMINATE THREAD
function call
v The application program terminates.
If the program abnormally terminates, the cursor position is lost. To prepare for
restart, your program must reposition the cursor.
The following restrictions apply to cursors that are declared WITH HOLD:
v Do not use DECLARE CURSOR WITH HOLD with the new user signon from a
DB2 attachment facility, because all open cursors are closed.
v Do not declare a WITH HOLD cursor in a thread that might become inactive. If
you do, its locks are held indefinitely.
IMS
You cannot use DECLARE CURSOR...WITH HOLD in message processing
programs (MPP) and message-driven batch message processing (BMP). Each
message is a new user for DB2; whether or not you declare them using WITH
HOLD, no cursors continue for new users. You can use WITH HOLD in
non-message-driven BMP and DL/I batch programs.
CICS
In CICS applications, you can use DECLARE CURSOR...WITH HOLD to
indicate that a cursor should not close at a commit or sync point. However,
SYNCPOINT ROLLBACK closes all cursors, and end-of-task (EOT) closes all
cursors before DB2 reuses or terminates the thread. Because
pseudo-conversational transactions usually have multiple EXEC CICS
RETURN statements and thus span multiple EOTs, the scope of a held cursor
is limited. Across EOTs, you must reopen and reposition a cursor declared
WITH HOLD, as if you had not specified WITH HOLD.
You should always close cursors that you no longer need. If you let DB2 close
a CICS attachment cursor, the cursor might not close until the CICS
attachment facility reuses or terminates the thread.
The following cursor declaration causes the cursor to maintain its position in the
DSN8810.EMP table after a commit point:
EXEC SQL
DECLARE EMPLUPDT CURSOR WITH HOLD FOR
SELECT EMPNO, LASTNAME, PHONENO, JOB, SALARY, WORKDEPT

FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE WORKDEPT < ’D11’
ORDER BY EMPNO
END-EXEC.
Examples of using cursors

The examples in this section show the SQL statements that you include in a
COBOL program to define and use cursors in the following ways:
v Non-scrollable cursor for row-positioned updates; see Figure 16 on page 115.
v Scrollable cursor to retrieve rows backward; see Figure 17 on page 116.
v Non-scrollable cursor for rowset-positioned updates; see Figure 18 on page 117.
v Scrollable cursor for rowset-positioned operations; see Figure 19 on page 118.
Figure 16 on page 115 shows how to update a row by using a cursor.

**************************************************
* Declare a cursor that will be used to update *
* the JOB column of the EMP table. *
**************************************************
EXEC SQL
DECLARE THISEMP CURSOR FOR
SELECT EMPNO, LASTNAME,
WORKDEPT, JOB
FROM DSN8810.EMP
FOR UPDATE OF JOB
END-EXEC.
**************************************************
* Open the cursor *
**************************************************
EXEC SQL
OPEN THISEMP
END-EXEC.
**************************************************
* Indicate what action to take when all rows *
* in the result table have been fetched. *
**************************************************
EXEC SQL
WHENEVER NOT FOUND
GO TO CLOSE-THISEMP
END-EXEC.
**************************************************
* Fetch a row to position the cursor. *
**************************************************
EXEC SQL
FETCH FROM THISEMP
INTO :EMP-NUM, :NAME2,
:DEPT, :JOB-NAME
END-EXEC.
**************************************************
* Update the row where the cursor is positioned. *
**************************************************
EXEC SQL
UPDATE DSN8810.EMP
SET JOB = :NEW-JOB
WHERE CURRENT OF THISEMP
. END-EXEC.
.
.
**************************************************
* Branch back to fetch and process the next row. *
**************************************************
.
.
.
**************************************************
* Close the cursor *
**************************************************
CLOSE-THISEMP.
EXEC SQL
CLOSE THISEMP
END-EXEC.
Figure 16. Performing cursor operations with a non-scrollable cursor
Figure 17 on page 116 shows how to retrieve data backward with a cursor.

**************************************************
* Declare a cursor to retrieve the data backward *
* from the EMP table. The cursor has access to *
* changes by other processes. *
**************************************************
EXEC SQL
DECLARE THISEMP SENSITIVE STATIC SCROLL CURSOR FOR
SELECT EMPNO, LASTNAME, WORKDEPT, JOB
FROM DSN8810.EMP
END-EXEC.
**************************************************
* Open the cursor *
**************************************************
EXEC SQL
OPEN THISEMP
END-EXEC.
**************************************************
* Indicate what action to take when all rows *
* in the result table have been fetched. *
**************************************************
EXEC SQL
WHENEVER NOT FOUND GO TO CLOSE-THISEMP
END-EXEC.
**************************************************
* Position the cursor after the last row of the *
* result table. This FETCH statement cannot *
* include the SENSITIVE or INSENSITIVE keyword *
* and cannot contain an INTO clause. *
**************************************************
EXEC SQL
FETCH AFTER FROM THISEMP
END-EXEC.
**************************************************
* Fetch the previous row in the table. *
**************************************************
EXEC SQL
FETCH SENSITIVE PRIOR FROM THISEMP
INTO :EMP-NUM, :NAME2, :DEPT, :JOB-NAME
END-EXEC.
**************************************************
* Check that the fetched row is not a hole *
* (SQLCODE +222). If not, print the contents. *
**************************************************
IF SQLCODE IS GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 0 AND
SQLCODE IS NOT EQUAL TO +100 AND
SQLCODE IS NOT EQUAL TO +222 THEN
. PERFORM PRINT-RESULTS.
.
.
**************************************************
* Branch back to fetch the previous row. *
**************************************************
.
.
.
**************************************************
* Close the cursor *
**************************************************
CLOSE-THISEMP.
EXEC SQL
CLOSE THISEMP
END-EXEC.
Figure 17. Performing cursor operations with a SENSITIVE STATIC scrollable cursor
Figure 18 on page 117 shows how to update an entire rowset with a cursor.

| **************************************************
| * Declare a rowset cursor to update the JOB *
| * column of the EMP table. *
| **************************************************
| EXEC SQL
| DECLARE EMPSET CURSOR
| WITH ROWSET POSITIONING FOR
| SELECT EMPNO, LASTNAME, WORKDEPT, JOB
| FROM DSN8810.EMP
| WHERE WORKDEPT = ’D11’
| FOR UPDATE OF JOB
| END-EXEC.
| **************************************************
| * Open the cursor. *
| **************************************************
| EXEC SQL
| OPEN EMPSET
| END-EXEC.
| **************************************************
| * Indicate what action to take when end-of-data *
| * occurs in the rowset being fetched. *
| **************************************************
| EXEC SQL
| WHENEVER NOT FOUND
| GO TO CLOSE-EMPSET
| END-EXEC.
| **************************************************
| * Fetch next rowset to position the cursor. *
| **************************************************
| EXEC SQL
| FETCH NEXT ROWSET FROM EMPSET
| FOR :SIZE-ROWSET ROWS
| INTO :HVA-EMPNO, :HVA-LASTNAME,
| :HVA-WORKDEPT, :HVA-JOB
| END-EXEC.
| **************************************************
| * Update rowset where the cursor is positioned. *
| **************************************************
| UPDATE-ROWSET.
| EXEC SQL
| SET JOB = :NEW-JOB
| WHERE CURRENT OF EMPSET
| END-EXEC.
|| . END-UPDATE-ROWSET.
|| .
.
| **************************************************
| * Branch back to fetch the next rowset. *
|| **************************************************
.
|| .
.
| **************************************************
| * Update the remaining rows in the current *
| * rowset and close the cursor. *
| **************************************************
| CLOSE-EMPSET.
| PERFORM UPDATE-ROWSET.
| EXEC SQL
| CLOSE EMPSET
| END-EXEC.
|
| Figure 18. Performing positioned update with a rowset cursor
|
Figure 19 on page 118 shows how to update specific rows with a rowset cursor.

| *****************************************************
| * Declare a static scrollable rowset cursor. *
| *****************************************************
| EXEC SQL
| DECLARE EMPSET SENSITIVE STATIC SCROLL CURSOR
| WITH ROWSET POSITIONING FOR
| SELECT EMPNO, WORKDEPT, JOB
| FROM DSN8810.EMP
| FOR UPDATE OF JOB
| END-EXEC.
| *****************************************************
| * Open the cursor. *
| *****************************************************
| EXEC SQL
| OPEN EMPSET
| END-EXEC.
| *****************************************************
| * Fetch next rowset to position the cursor. *
| *****************************************************
| EXEC SQL
| FETCH SENSITIVE NEXT ROWSET FROM EMPSET
| FOR :SIZE-ROWSET ROWS
| INTO :HVA-EMPNO,
| :HVA-WORKDEPT :INDA-WORKDEPT,
| :HVA-JOB :INDA-JOB
| END-EXEC.
| *****************************************************
| * Process fetch results if no error and no hole. *
| *****************************************************
| IF SQLCODE >= 0
| EXEC SQL GET DIAGNOSTICS
| :HV-ROWCNT = ROW_COUNT
| END-EXEC
| PERFORM VARYING N FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL N > HV-ROWCNT
| IF INDA-WORKDEPT(N) NOT = -3
| EVALUATE HVA-WORKDEPT(N)
| WHEN (’D11’)
| PERFORM UPDATE-ROW
| WHEN (’E11’)
| PERFORM DELETE-ROW
| END-EVALUATE
| END-IF
| END-PERFORM
| IF SQLCODE = 100
| END-IF
| ELSE
| EXEC SQL GET DIAGNOSTICS
| :HV-NUMCOND = NUMBER
| END-EXEC
| PERFORM VARYING N FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL N > HV-NUMCOND
| EXEC SQL GET DIAGNOSTICS CONDITION :N
| :HV-SQLCODE = DB2_RETURNED_SQLCODE,
| :HV-ROWNUM = DB2_ROW_NUMBER
| END-EXEC
| DISPLAY "SQLCODE = " HV-SQLCODE
| DISPLAY "ROW NUMBER = " HV-ROWNUM
| END-PERFORM
| END-IF.
|
| Figure 19. Performing positioned update and delete with a sensitive rowset cursor (Part 1 of
| 2)
|

.
.
.
*****************************************************
* Branch back to fetch and process *
* the next rowset. *
*****************************************************
.
.
.
*****************************************************
* Update row N in current rowset. *
*****************************************************
UPDATE-ROW.
EXEC SQL
UPDATE DSN8810.EMP
SET JOB = :NEW-JOB
FOR CURSOR EMPSET FOR ROW :N OF ROWSET
END-EXEC.
END-UPDATE-ROW.
*****************************************************
* Delete row N in current rowset. *
*****************************************************
DELETE-ROW.
EXEC SQL
DELETE FROM DSN8810.EMP
FOR CURSOR EMPSET FOR ROW :N OF ROWSET
END-EXEC.
. END-DELETE-ROW.
.
.
*****************************************************
* Close the cursor. *
*****************************************************
CLOSE-EMPSET.
EXEC SQL
CLOSE EMPSET
END-EXEC.
Figure 19. Performing positioned update and delete with a sensitive rowset cursor (Part 2 of
| 2)

Chapter 8. Generating declarations for your tables using
DCLGEN
DCLGEN, the declarations generator supplied with DB2, produces a DECLARE
statement you can use in a C, COBOL, or PL/I program, so that you do not need to
code the statement yourself. For detailed syntax of DCLGEN, see Part 3 of DB2
Command Reference.
DCLGEN generates a table declaration and puts it into a member of a partitioned

data set that you can include in your program. When you use DCLGEN to generate
a table’s declaration, DB2 gets the relevant information from the DB2 catalog, which
contains information about the table’s definition and the definition of each column
within the table. DCLGEN uses this information to produce a complete SQL
DECLARE statement for the table or view and a corresponding PL/I, C structure
declaration, or COBOL record description. You can use DCLGEN for table
declarations only if the table you are declaring already exists.
You must use DCLGEN before you precompile your program. Supply the table or
view name to DCLGEN before you precompile your program. To use the
declarations generated by DCLGEN in your program, use the SQL INCLUDE
statement. For more information about the INCLUDE statement, see Chapter 5 of
DB2 SQL Reference.
DB2 must be active before you can use DCLGEN. You can start DCLGEN in
several different ways:
v From ISPF through DB2I. Select the DCLGEN option on the DB2I Primary Option
Menu panel.
v Directly from TSO. To do this, sign on to TSO, issue the TSO command DSN,
and then issue the subcommand DCLGEN.
v From a CLIST, running in TSO foreground or background, that issues DSN and
then DCLGEN.
v With JCL. Supply the required information, using JCL, and run DCLGEN in batch.
If you want to start DCLGEN in the foreground, and your table names include
DBCS characters, you must provide and display double-byte characters. If you
do not have a terminal that displays DBCS characters, you can enter DBCS
characters using the hex mode of ISPF edit.
Invoking DCLGEN through DB2I

The easiest way to start DCLGEN is through DB2I. Figure 20 on page 122 shows
the DCLGEN panel you reach by selecting the DCLGEN option on the DB2I
Primary Option Menu panel. For more instructions on using DB2I, see “Using ISPF
and DB2 Interactive (DB2I)” on page 495.

DSNEDP01 DCLGEN SSID: DSN
===>
Enter table name for which declarations are required:

1 SOURCE TABLE NAME ===> (Unqualified table name)
2 TABLE OWNER ===> (Optional)
3 AT LOCATION ..... ===> (Optional)
Enter destination data set: (Can be sequential or partitioned)

4 DATA SET NAME ... ===>
5 DATA SET PASSWORD ===> (If password protected)
Enter options as desired:

6 ACTION .......... ===> (ADD new or REPLACE old declaration)
7 COLUMN LABEL .... ===> (Enter YES for column label)
8 STRUCTURE NAME .. ===> (Optional)
9 FIELD NAME PREFIX ===> (Optional)
10 DELIMIT DBCS .... ===> (Enter YES to delimit DBCS identifiers)
11 COLUMN SUFFIX ... ===> (Enter YES to append column name)
12 INDICATOR VARS .. ===> (Enter YES for indicator variables)
Figure 20. DCLGEN panel
| The DB2I help system contains detailed descriptions of the fields of the DCLGEN
| panel. For more information about the DB2I help system, see “DB2I help” on page
| 495.
DCLGEN generates a table or column name in the DECLARE statement as a

non-delimited identifier unless at least one of the following conditions is true:
v The name contains special characters and is not a DBCS string.
v The name is a DBCS string, and you have requested delimited DBCS names.
If you are using an SQL reserved word as an identifier, you must edit the DCLGEN
output in order to add the appropriate SQL delimiters.
DCLGEN produces output that is intended to meet the needs of most users, but
occasionally, you will need to edit the DCLGEN output to work in your specific case.
For example, DCLGEN is unable to determine whether a column that is defined as
NOT NULL also contains the DEFAULT clause, so you must edit the DCLGEN
output to add the DEFAULT clause to the appropriate column definitions.
Including the data declarations in your program

Use the following SQL INCLUDE statement to place the generated table declaration
and COBOL record description in your source program:
EXEC SQL
INCLUDE member-name
END-EXEC.
For example, to include a description for the table DSN8810.EMP, code:

EXEC SQL
INCLUDE DECEMP
END-EXEC.
In this example, DECEMP is a name of a member of a partitioned data set that

contains the table declaration and a corresponding COBOL record description of the
table DSN8810.EMP. (A COBOL record description is a two-level host structure that
corresponds to the columns of a table’s row. For information on host structures, see
Chapter 9, “Embedding SQL statements in host languages,” on page 129.) To get a
current description of the table, use DCLGEN to generate the table’s declaration
and store it as member DECEMP in a library (usually a partitioned data set) just
before you precompile the program.
DCLGEN support of C, COBOL, and PL/I languages

| DCLGEN derives variable names from the source in the database. Table 10 lists the
| type declarations that DCLGEN produces for C, COBOL, and PL/I based on the
| corresponding SQL data types that are contained in the source tables. In Table 10,
var represents variable names that DCLGEN provides.
Table 10. Declarations generated by DCLGEN
SQL data type1 C COBOL PL/I
SMALLINT short int PIC S9(4) USAGE COMP BIN FIXED(15)
INTEGER long int PIC S9(9) USAGE COMP BIN FIXED(31)
2
DECIMAL(p,s) or decimal(p,s) PIC S9(p-s)V9(s) USAGE COMP-3 DEC FIXED(p,s)
NUMERIC(p,s)
If p>15, the PL/I
compiler must support
this precision, or a
warning is generated.
REAL or FLOAT(n) 1 <= n <= float USAGE COMP-1 BIN FLOAT(n)
21
DOUBLE PRECISION, double USAGE COMP-2 BIN FLOAT(n)
DOUBLE, or FLOAT(n)
CHAR(1) char PIC X(1) CHAR(1)
CHAR(n) char var [n+1] PIC X(n) CHAR(n)
VARCHAR(n) struct 10 var. CHAR(n) VAR
{short int var_len; 49 var_LEN PIC 9(4)
char var_data[n]; USAGE COMP.
} var; 49 var_TEXT PIC X(n).
CLOB(n)3 SQL TYPE IS USAGE SQL TYPE IS CLOB-LOCATOR SQL TYPE IS
CLOB_LOCATOR CLOB_LOCATOR
| GRAPHIC(1) sqldbchar PIC G(1) GRAPHIC(1)
| GRAPHIC(n) n > 1 sqldbchar var[n+1]; PIC G(n) USAGE GRAPHIC(n)
DISPLAY-1.4
or
PIC N(n).4
VARGRAPHIC(n) struct VARGRAPH 10 var. GRAPHIC(n) VAR
{short len; 49 var_LEN PIC 9(4)
| sqldbchar data[n]; USAGE COMP.
} var; 49 var_TEXT PIC G(n)
USAGE DISPLAY-1.4
or
10 var.
49 var_LEN PIC 9(4)
USAGE COMP.
49 var_TEXT PIC N(n).4
DBCLOB(n)5 SQL TYPE IS USAGE SQL TYPE IS SQL TYPE IS
DBCLOB_LOCATOR DBCLOB-LOCATOR DBCLOB_LOCATOR
BLOB(n)5 SQL TYPE IS USAGE SQL TYPE IS BLOB-LOCATOR SQL TYPE IS
BLOB_LOCATOR BLOB_LOCATOR
DATE char var[11]5 PIC X(10)5 CHAR(10)5
Chapter 8. Generating declarations for your tables using DCLGEN 123

Table 10. Declarations generated by DCLGEN (continued)
SQL data type1 C COBOL PL/I
6 6
TIME char var[9] PIC X(8) CHAR(8)6
TIMESTAMP char var[27] PIC X(26) CHAR(26)
ROWID SQL TYPE IS ROWID USAGE SQL TYPE IS ROWID SQL TYPE IS ROWID
Notes:
1. For a distinct type, DCLGEN generates the host language equivalent of the source data type.
2. If your C compiler does not support the decimal data type, edit your DCLGEN output, and replace the decimal
data declarations with declarations of type double.
3. For a BLOB, CLOB, or DBCLOB data type, DCLGEN generates a LOB locator.
4. DCLGEN chooses the format based on the character you specify as the DBCS symbol on the COBOL Defaults
panel.
5. This declaration is used unless a date installation exit routine exists for formatting dates, in which case the length
is that specified for the LOCAL DATE LENGTH installation option.
6. This declaration is used unless a time installation exit routine exists for formatting times, in which case the length
is that specified for the LOCAL TIME LENGTH installation option.
For more details about the DCLGEN subcommand, see Part 3 of DB2 Command
Reference.
Example: Adding a table declaration and host-variable structure to a

library
This example adds an SQL table declaration and a corresponding host-variable
structure to a library. This example is based on the following scenario:
v The library name is prefix.TEMP.COBOL.
v The member is a new member named VPHONE.
v The table is a local table named DSN8810.VPHONE.
v The host-variable structure is for COBOL.
v The structure receives the default name DCLVPHONE.
Information that you must enter is in bold-faced type.
Step 1. Specify COBOL as the host language

Select option D on the ISPF/PDF menu to display the DB2I Defaults panel.
Specify COBOL as the application language, as shown in Figure 21 on page 125,

and press Enter.

DSNEOP01 DB2I DEFAULTS
COMMAND ===>_
Change defaults as desired:
1 DB2 NAME ............. ===> DSN (Subsystem identifier)

2 DB2 CONNECTION RETRIES ===> 0 (How many retries for DB2 connection)
3 APPLICATION LANGUAGE ===> COBOL (ASM, C, CPP, IBMCOB, FORTRAN, PLI)
4 LINES/PAGE OF LISTING ===> 80 (A number from 5 to 999)
5 MESSAGE LEVEL ........ ===> I (Information, Warning, Error, Severe)
6 SQL STRING DELIMITER ===> DEFAULT (DEFAULT, ’ or ")
7 DECIMAL POINT ........ ===> . (. or ,)
8 STOP IF RETURN CODE >= ===> 8 (Lowest terminating return code)
9 NUMBER OF ROWS ===> 20 (For ISPF Tables)
10 CHANGE HELP BOOK NAMES?===> NO (YES to change HELP data set names)
11 DB2I JOB STATEMENT: (Optional if your site has a SUBMIT exit)
===> //USRT001A JOB (ACCOUNT),’NAME’
===> //*
===> //*
===> //*
PRESS: ENTER to process END to cancel HELP for more information
Figure 21. DB2I defaults panel—changing the application language
The COBOL Defaults panel is then displayed, as shown in Figure 22. Fill in the
COBOL Defaults panel as necessary. Press Enter to save the new defaults, if any,
and return to the DB2I Primary Option menu.
DSNEOP02 COBOL DEFAULTS

COMMAND ===>_
Change defaults as desired:
1 COBOL STRING DELIMITER ===> (DEFAULT, ’ or ")

2 DBCS SYMBOL FOR DCLGEN ===> (G/N - Character in PIC clause)
Figure 22. The COBOL defaults panel. Shown only if the field APPLICATION LANGUAGE on
the DB2I Defaults panel is IBMCOB.
Step 2. Create the table declaration and host structure

Select the DCLGEN option on the DB2I Primary Option menu, and press Enter to
display the DCLGEN panel.
Fill in the fields as shown in Figure 23 on page 126, and then press Enter.

===>
1 SOURCE TABLE NAME ===> DSN8810.VPHONE

2 TABLE OWNER ===>
3 AT LOCATION ..... ===> (Location of table, optional)

4 DATA SET NAME ... ===> TEMP(VPHONEC)

6 ACTION .......... ===> ADD (ADD new or REPLACE old declaration)
7 COLUMN LABEL .... ===> NO (Enter YES for column label)
10 DELIMIT DBCS ===> YES (Enter YES to delimit DBCS identifiers)
11 COLUMN SUFFIX ... ===> NO (Enter YES to append column name)
12 INDICATOR VARS .. ===> NO (Enter YES for indicator variables)
Figure 23. DCLGEN panel—selecting source table and destination data set
If the operation succeeds, a message is displayed at the top of your screen, as

shown in Figure 24.
DSNE905I EXECUTION COMPLETE, MEMBER VPHONEC ADDED

***
Figure 24. Successful completion message
DB2 again displays the DCLGEN screen, as shown in Figure 25. Press Enter to
return to the DB2I Primary Option menu.

===>
DSNE294I SYSTEM RETCODE=000 USER OR DSN RETCODE=0
1 SOURCE TABLE NAME ===> DSN8810.VPHONE
2 TABLE OWNER ===>
3 AT LOCATION ..... ===> (Location of table, optional)

4 DATA SET NAME ... ===> TEMP(VPHONEC)

6 ACTION .......... ===> ADD (ADD new or REPLACE old declaration)
7 COLUMN LABEL .... ===> NO (Enter YES for column label)
10 DELIMIT DBCS ===> (Enter YES to delimit DBCS identifiers)
11 COLUMN SUFFIX ... ===> (Enter YES to append column name)
12 INDICATOR VARS .. ===> (Enter YES for indicator variables)
Figure 25. DCLGEN panel—displaying system and user return codes
Step 3. Examine the results

To browse or edit the results, exit from DB2I, and select either the browse or the
edit option from the ISPF/PDF menu to view the results.

For this example, the data set to edit is prefix.TEMP.COBOL(VPHONEC), which is
shown in Figure 26.
***** DCLGEN TABLE(DSN8810.VPHONE) ***

***** LIBRARY(SYSADM.TEMP.COBOL(VPHONEC)) ***
***** QUOTE ***
***** ... IS THE DCLGEN COMMAND THAT MADE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ***
EXEC SQL DECLARE DSN8810.VPHONE TABLE
( LASTNAME VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
FIRSTNAME VARCHAR(12) NOT NULL,
MIDDLEINITIAL CHAR(1) NOT NULL,
PHONENUMBER VARCHAR(4) NOT NULL,
EMPLOYEENUMBER CHAR(6) NOT NULL,
DEPTNUMBER CHAR(3) NOT NULL,
DEPTNAME VARCHAR(36) NOT NULL
) END-EXEC.
***** COBOL DECLARATION FOR TABLE DSN8810.VPHONE ******
01 DCLVPHONE.
10 LASTNAME.
49 LASTNAME-LEN PIC S9(4) USAGE COMP.
49 LASTNAME-TEXT PIC X(15).
10 FIRSTNAME.
49 FIRSTNAME-LEN PIC S9(4) USAGE COMP.
49 FIRSTNAME-TEXT PIC X(12).
10 MIDDLEINITIAL PIC X(1).
10 PHONENUMBER.
49 PHONENUMBER-LEN PIC S9(4) USAGE COMP.
49 PHONENUMBER-TEXT PIC X(4).
10 EMPLOYEENUMBER PIC X(6).
10 DEPTNUMBER PIC X(3).
10 DEPTNAME.
49 DEPTNAME-LEN PIC S9(4) USAGE COMP.
49 DEPTNAME-TEXT PIC X(36).
***** THE NUMBER OF COLUMNS DESCRIBED BY THIS DECLARATION IS 7 ******
Figure 26. DCLGEN results displayed in edit mode

Chapter 9. Embedding SQL statements in host languages
This chapter provides detailed information about using each of the following
languages to write embedded SQL application programs:
v “Coding SQL statements in an assembler application”
v “Coding SQL statements in a C or C++ application” on page 143
v “Coding SQL statements in a COBOL application” on page 170
v “Coding SQL statements in a Fortran application” on page 203
v “Coding SQL statements in a PL/I application” on page 213.
v “Coding SQL statements in a REXX application” on page 232.
For each language, this chapter provides unique instructions or details about:
v Defining the SQL communications area
v Defining SQL descriptor areas
v Embedding SQL statements
v Using host variables
v Declaring host variables
v Declaring host variable arrays for C or C++, COBOL, and PL/I
v Determining equivalent SQL data types
v Determining if SQL and host language data types are compatible
v Using indicator variables or host structures, depending on the language
v Handling SQL error return codes
For information about reading the syntax diagrams in this chapter, see “How to read
the syntax diagrams” on page xx.
For information about writing embedded SQL application programs in Java, see
DB2 Application Programming Guide and Reference for Java.
Coding SQL statements in an assembler application

This section helps you with the programming techniques that are unique to coding
SQL statements within an assembler program.
Defining the SQL communications area

An assembler program that contains SQL statements must include one or both of
the following host variables:
v An SQLCODE variable, declared as a fullword integer
v An SQLSTATE variable, declared as a character string of length 5 (CL5)
Alternatively, you can include an SQLCA, which contains the SQLCODE and
SQLSTATE variables.
DB2 sets the SQLCODE and SQLSTATE values after each SQL statement
executes. An application can check these values to determine whether the last SQL
statement was successful. All SQL statements in the program must be within the
scope of the declaration of the SQLCODE and SQLSTATE variables.
Whether you define the SQLCODE or SQLSTATE variable or an SQLCA in your

program depends on whether you specify the precompiler option STDSQL(YES) to
conform to the SQL standard, or STDSQL(NO) to conform to DB2 rules.

Assembler
If you specify STDSQL(YES)

When you use the precompiler option STDSQL(YES), do not define an SQLCA. If
you do, DB2 ignores your SQLCA, and your SQLCA definition causes compile-time
errors.
If you declare an SQLSTATE variable, it must not be an element of a structure. You

must declare the host variables SQLCODE and SQLSTATE within a BEGIN
DECLARE SECTION and END DECLARE SECTION statement in your program
declarations.
If you specify STDSQL(NO)

When you use the precompiler option STDSQL(NO), include an SQLCA explicitly.
You can code the SQLCA in an assembler program, either directly or by using the
SQL INCLUDE statement. The SQL INCLUDE statement requests a standard
SQLCA declaration:
EXEC SQL INCLUDE SQLCA
If your program is reentrant, you must include the SQLCA within a unique data area
that is acquired for your task (a DSECT). For example, at the beginning of your
program, specify:
PROGAREA DSECT
As an alternative, you can create a separate storage area for the SQLCA and
provide addressability to that area.
See Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL Reference for more information about the INCLUDE
statement and Appendix C of DB2 SQL Reference for a complete description of
SQLCA fields.
Defining SQL descriptor areas

The following statements require an SQLDA:
v CALL ... USING DESCRIPTOR descriptor-name
v DESCRIBE statement-name INTO descriptor-name
v DESCRIBE CURSOR host-variable INTO descriptor-name
v DESCRIBE INPUT statement-name INTO descriptor-name
v DESCRIBE PROCEDURE host-variable INTO descriptor-name
v DESCRIBE TABLE host-variable INTO descriptor-name
v EXECUTE ... USING DESCRIPTOR descriptor-name
v FETCH ... USING DESCRIPTOR descriptor-name
v OPEN ... USING DESCRIPTOR descriptor-name
v PREPARE ... INTO descriptor-name
Unlike the SQLCA, a program can have more than one SQLDA in a program, and
an SQLDA can have any valid name. You can code an SQLDA in an assembler
program, either directly or by using the SQL INCLUDE statement. The SQL
INCLUDE statement requests a standard SQLDA declaration:
EXEC SQL INCLUDE SQLDA
You must place SQLDA declarations before the first SQL statement that references
the data descriptor, unless you use the precompiler option TWOPASS. See Chapter
5 of DB2 SQL Reference for more information about the INCLUDE statement and
Appendix C of DB2 SQL Reference for a complete description of SQLDA fields.

Assembler
Embedding SQL statements

You can code SQL statements in an assembler program wherever you can use
executable statements.
Each SQL statement in an assembler program must begin with EXEC SQL. The
EXEC and SQL keywords must appear on one line, but the remainder of the
statement can appear on subsequent lines.
You might code an UPDATE statement in an assembler program as follows:

EXEC SQL UPDATE DSN8810.DEPT X
SET MGRNO = :MGRNUM X
WHERE DEPTNO = :INTDEPT
| Multiple-row FETCH statements: You can use only the FETCH ... USING
| DESCRIPTOR form of the multiple-row FETCH statement in an assembler program.
| The DB2 precompiler does not recognize declarations of host variable arrays for an
| assembler program.
| Comments: You cannot include assembler comments in SQL statements. However,

| you can include SQL comments in any embedded SQL statement.
Continuation for SQL statements: The line continuation rules for SQL statements
are the same as those for assembler statements, except that you must specify
EXEC SQL within one line. Any part of the statement that does not fit on one line
can appear on subsequent lines, beginning at the continuation margin (column 16,
the default). Every line of the statement, except the last, must have a continuation
character (a non-blank character) immediately after the right margin in column 72.
Declaring tables and views: Your assembler program should include a DECLARE
statement to describe each table and view the program accesses.
Including code: To include SQL statements or assembler host variable declaration

statements from a member of a partitioned data set, place the following SQL
statement in the source code where you want to include the statements:
EXEC SQL INCLUDE member-name
You cannot nest SQL INCLUDE statements.
Margins: The precompiler option MARGINS allows you to set a left margin, a right
margin, and a continuation margin. The default values for these margins are
columns 1, 71, and 16, respectively. If EXEC SQL starts before the specified left
margin, the DB2 precompiler does not recognize the SQL statement. If you use the
default margins, you can place an SQL statement anywhere between columns 2
and 71.
Names: You can use any valid assembler name for a host variable. However, do
not use external entry names or access plan names that begin with ’DSN’ or host
variable names that begin with ’SQL’. These names are reserved for DB2.
The first character of a host variable that is used in embedded SQL cannot be an
underscore. However, you can use an underscore as the first character in a symbol
that is not used in embedded SQL.
Chapter 9. Embedding SQL statements in host languages 131

Assembler
Statement labels: You can prefix an SQL statement with a label. The first line of an
SQL statement can use a label beginning in the left margin (column 1). If you do
not use a label, leave column 1 blank.
WHENEVER statement: The target for the GOTO clause in an SQL WHENEVER
statement must be a label in the assembler source code and must be within the
scope of the SQL statements that WHENEVER affects.
Special assembler considerations: The following considerations apply to

programs written in assembler:
v To allow for reentrant programs, the precompiler puts all the variables and
structures it generates within a DSECT called SQLDSECT, and it generates an
assembler symbol called SQLDLEN. SQLDLEN contains the length of the
DSECT. Your program must allocate an area of the size indicated by SQLDLEN,
initialize it, and provide addressability to it as the DSECT SQLDSECT.
CICS
An example of code to support reentrant programs, running under CICS,
follows:
DFHEISTG DSECT
DFHEISTG
*
DS 0F
SQDWSREG EQU R7
SQDWSTOR DS (SQLDLEN)C RESERVE STORAGE TO BE USED FOR SQLDSECT
.
.
.
XXPROGRM DFHEIENT CODEREG=R12,EIBREG=R11,DATAREG=R13

*
*
* SQL WORKING STORAGE
LA SQDWSREG,SQDWSTOR GET ADDRESS OF SQLDSECT
USING SQLDSECT,SQDWSREG AND TELL ASSEMBLER ABOUT IT
*
TSO
The sample program in prefix.SDSNSAMP(DSNTIAD) contains an example
of how to acquire storage for the SQLDSECT in a program that runs in a
TSO environment.
v DB2 does not process set symbols in SQL statements.

v Generated code can include more than two continuations per comment.
v Generated code uses literal constants (for example, =F’-84’), so an LTORG
statement might be necessary.
v Generated code uses registers 0, 1, 14, and 15. Register 13 points to a save
area that the called program uses. Register 15 does not contain a return code
after a call that is generated by an SQL statement.

Assembler
CICS
A CICS application program uses the DFHEIENT macro to generate the
entry point code. When using this macro, consider the following:
– If you use the default DATAREG in the DFHEIENT macro, register 13
points to the save area.
– If you use any other DATAREG in the DFHEIENT macro, you must
provide addressability to a save area.
For example, to use SAVED, you can code instructions to save, load,
and restore register 13 around each SQL statement as in the following
example.
ST 13,SAVER13 SAVE REGISTER 13
LA 13,SAVED POINT TO SAVE AREA
EXEC SQL . . .
L 13,SAVER13 RESTORE REGISTER 13
v If you have an addressability error in precompiler-generated code because of

input or output host variables in an SQL statement, check to make sure that you
have enough base registers.
v Do not put CICS translator options in the assembly source code. Instead, pass
the options to the translator by using the PARM field.

You must explicitly declare each host variable before its first use in an SQL
statement if you specify the precompiler option ONEPASS. If you specify the
precompiler option TWOPASS, you must declare the host variable before its use in
the statement DECLARE CURSOR.
You can precede the assembler statements that define host variables with the
statement BEGIN DECLARE SECTION, and follow the assembler statements with
the statement END DECLARE SECTION. You must use the statements BEGIN
DECLARE SECTION and END DECLARE SECTION when you use the precompiler
option STDSQL(YES).
You can declare host variables in normal assembler style (DC or DS), depending on
the data type and the limitations on that data type. You can specify a value on DC
or DS declarations (for example, DC H’5’). The DB2 precompiler examines only
packed decimal declarations.
A colon (:) must precede all host variables in an SQL statement.
An SQL statement that uses a host variable must be within the scope of the
statement that declares the variable.
Declaring host variables

Only some of the valid assembler declarations are valid host variable declarations.
If the declaration for a host variable is not valid, any SQL statement that references
the variable might result in the message UNDECLARED HOST VARIABLE.
Numeric host variables: Figure 27 on page 134 shows the syntax for declarations
of numeric host variables. The numeric value specifies the scale of the packed
decimal variable. If value does not include a decimal point, the scale is 0.

Assembler
variable-name DC H
DS 1 L2
F
L4
P ’value’
Ln
E
L4
EH
L4
EB
L4
D
L8
DH
L8
DB
L8
Figure 27. Numeric host variables
For floating-point data types (E, EH, EB, D, DH, and DB), DB2 uses the FLOAT
| precompiler option to determine whether the host variable is in IEEE binary
| floating-point or System/390® hexadecimal floating-point format. If the precompiler
option is FLOAT(S390), you need to define your floating-point host variables as E,
EH, D, or DH. If the precompiler option is FLOAT(IEEE), you need to define your
floating-point host variables as EB or DB. DB2 converts all floating-point input data
| to System/390 hexadecimal floating-point before storing it.
Character host variables: The three valid forms for character host variables are:
v Fixed-length strings
v Varying-length strings
v CLOBs
The following figures show the syntax for forms other than CLOBs. See Figure 34
on page 136 for the syntax of CLOBs.
Figure 28 shows the syntax for declarations of fixed-length character strings.
variable-name DC C
DS 1 Ln
Figure 28. Fixed-length character strings
Figure 29 shows the syntax for declarations of varying-length character strings.
variable-name DC H , CLn
DS 1 L2 1
Figure 29. Varying-length character strings

Assembler
Graphic host variables: The three valid forms for graphic host variables are:
v DBCLOBs
The following figures show the syntax for forms other than DBCLOBs. See
Figure 34 on page 136 for the syntax of DBCLOBs. In the syntax diagrams, value
denotes one or more DBCS characters, and the symbols < and > represent shift-out
and shift-in characters.
Figure 30 shows the syntax for declarations of fixed-length graphic strings.
variable-name DC G
DS Ln
’<value>’
Ln’<value>’
Figure 30. Fixed-length graphic strings
Figure 31 shows the syntax for declarations of varying-length graphic strings.
variable-name DS H , GLn
DC L2 ’m’ ’<value>’
Figure 31. Varying-length graphic strings
Result set locators: Figure 32 shows the syntax for declarations of result set
locators. See Chapter 25, “Using stored procedures for client/server processing,” on
page 569 for a discussion of how to use these host variables.
variable-name DC F
DS 1 L4
Figure 32. Result set locators
Table Locators: Figure 33 shows the syntax for declarations of table locators. See
“Accessing transition tables in a user-defined function or stored procedure” on page
328 for a discussion of how to use these host variables.
variable-name SQL TYPE IS TABLE LIKE table-name AS LOCATOR
Figure 33. Table locators
LOB variables and locators: Figure 34 on page 136 shows the syntax for
declarations of BLOB, CLOB, and DBCLOB host variables and locators. See
Chapter 14, “Programming for large objects (LOBs),” on page 281 for a discussion
of how to use these host variables.

Assembler
variable-name SQL TYPE IS BINARY LARGE OBJECT length

BLOB K
CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT M
CHAR LARGE OBJECT G
CLOB
DBCLOB
BLOB_LOCATOR
CLOB_LOCATOR
DBCLOB_LOCATOR
Figure 34. LOB variables and locators
If you specify the length of the LOB in terms of KB, MB, or GB, you must leave no
spaces between the length and K, M, or G.
ROWIDs: Figure 35 shows the syntax for declarations of ROWID host variables.
See Chapter 14, “Programming for large objects (LOBs),” on page 281 for a
discussion of how to use these host variables.
variable-name SQL TYPE IS ROWID
Figure 35. ROWID variables
Determining equivalent SQL and assembler data types

Table 11 describes the SQL data type, and base SQLTYPE and SQLLEN values,
that the precompiler uses for the host variables it finds in SQL statements. If a host
variable appears with an indicator variable, the SQLTYPE is the base SQLTYPE
plus 1.
Table 11. SQL data types the precompiler uses for assembler declarations
SQLTYPE of SQLLEN of
Assembler data type host variable host variable SQL data type
DS HL2 500 2 SMALLINT
DS FL4 496 4 INTEGER
DS P’value’ 484 p in byte 1, s in DECIMAL(p,s)

DS PLn’value’ or byte 2
DS PLn See the description for
1<=n<=16 DECIMAL(p,s) in Table 12 on
page 138.
DS EL4 480 4 REAL or FLOAT (n)

DS EHL4 1<=n<=21
DS EBL4
DS DL8 480 8 DOUBLE PRECISION,

DS DHL8 or FLOAT (n)
DS DBL8 22<=n<=53
DS CLn 452 n CHAR(n)

1<=n<=255
DS HL2,CLn 448 n VARCHAR(n)

1<=n<=255

Assembler
Table 11. SQL data types the precompiler uses for assembler declarations (continued)
SQLTYPE of SQLLEN of
Assembler data type host variable host variable SQL data type
DS HL2,CLn 456 n VARCHAR(n)

n>255
DS GLm 468 n GRAPHIC(n)2

2<=m<=2541
DS HL2,GLm 464 n VARGRAPHIC(n)2

2<=m<=2541
DS HL2,GLm 472 n VARGRAPHIC(n)2

m>2541
DS FL4 972 4 Result set locator2
SQL TYPE IS 976 4 Table locator2

TABLE LIKE table-name
AS LOCATOR
SQL TYPE IS 960 4 BLOB locator2

BLOB_LOCATOR
SQL TYPE IS 964 4 CLOB locator3

CLOB_LOCATOR
SQL TYPE IS 968 4 DBCLOB locator3

DBCLOB_LOCATOR
SQL TYPE IS 404 n BLOB(n)

BLOB(n)
1≤n≤2147483647
SQL TYPE IS 408 n CLOB(n)

CLOB(n)
1≤n≤2147483647
SQL TYPE IS 412 n DBCLOB(n)2

DBCLOB(n)
1≤n≤10737418232
SQL TYPE IS ROWID 904 40 ROWID
Notes:
1. m is the number of bytes.
2. n is the number of double-byte characters.
3. This data type cannot be used as a column type.
Table 12 on page 138 helps you define host variables that receive output from the
database. You can use Table 12 on page 138 to determine the assembler data type
that is equivalent to a given SQL data type. For example, if you retrieve
TIMESTAMP data, you can use the table to define a suitable host variable in the
program that receives the data value.
Table 12 on page 138 shows direct conversions between DB2 data types and host
data types. However, a number of DB2 data types are compatible. When you do
assignments or comparisons of data that have compatible data types, DB2 does
conversions between those compatible data types. See Table 1 on page 5 for
information about compatible data types.

Assembler
Table 12. SQL data types mapped to typical assembler declarations

SQL data type Assembler equivalent Notes
SMALLINT DS HL2
INTEGER DS F
DECIMAL(p,s) or DS P’value’ p is precision; s is scale. 1<=p<=31 and
NUMERIC(p,s) DS PLn’value’ 0<=s<=p. 1<=n<=16. value is a literal
DS PLn value that includes a decimal point. You
must use Ln, value, or both. Using only
value is recommended.
Precision: If you use Ln, it is 2n-1;

otherwise, it is the number of digits in
value. Scale: If you use value, it is the
number of digits to the right of the decimal
point; otherwise, it is 0.
For efficient use of indexes: Use value.

If p is even, do not use Ln and be sure the
precision of value is p and the scale of
value is s. If p is odd, you can use Ln
(although it is not advised), but you must
choose n so that 2n-1=p, and value so
that the scale is s. Include a decimal point
in value, even when the scale of value is
0.
REAL or FLOAT(n) DS EL4 1<=n<=21
DS EHL4
DS EBL41
DOUBLE DS DL8 22<=n<=53
PRECISION, DS DHL8
DOUBLE, or DS DBL81
FLOAT(n)
CHAR(n) DS CLn 1<=n<=255
VARCHAR(n) DS HL2,CLn
GRAPHIC(n) DS GLm m is expressed in bytes. n is the number
of double-byte characters. 1<=n<=127
VARGRAPHIC(n) DS HL2,GLx x and m are expressed in bytes. n is the
DS HL2’m’,GLx’<value>’ number of double-byte characters. < and >
represent shift-out and shift-in characters.
DATE DS CLn If you are using a date exit routine, n is
determined by that routine; otherwise, n
must be at least 10.
TIME DS CLn If you are using a time exit routine, n is
determined by that routine. Otherwise, n
must be at least 6; to include seconds, n
must be at least 8.
TIMESTAMP DS CLn n must be at least 19. To include
microseconds, n must be 26; if n is less
than 26, truncation occurs on the
microseconds part.
Result set locator DS F Use this data type only to receive result
sets. Do not use this data type as a
column type.

Assembler
Table 12. SQL data types mapped to typical assembler declarations (continued)
SQL data type Assembler equivalent Notes
Table locator SQL TYPE IS Use this data type only in a user-defined
TABLE LIKE function or stored procedure to receive
table-name rows of a transition table. Do not use this
AS LOCATOR data type as a column type.
BLOB locator SQL TYPE IS Use this data type only to manipulate data
BLOB_LOCATOR in BLOB columns. Do not use this data
type as a column type.
CLOB locator SQL TYPE IS Use this data type only to manipulate data
CLOB_LOCATOR in CLOB columns. Do not use this data
DBCLOB locator SQL TYPE IS Use this data type only to manipulate data
DBCLOB_LOCATOR in DBCLOB columns. Do not use this data
BLOB(n) SQL TYPE IS 1≤n≤2147483647
BLOB(n)
CLOB(n) SQL TYPE IS 1≤n≤2147483647
CLOB(n)
DBCLOB(n) SQL TYPE IS n is the number of double-byte characters.
DBCLOB(n) 1≤n≤1073741823
ROWID SQL TYPE IS ROWID
Notes:
1. IEEE floating-point host variables are not supported in user-defined functions and stored
procedures.
Notes on assembler variable declaration and usage

You should be aware of the following considerations when you declare assembler
variables.
Host graphic data type: You can use the assembler data type “host graphic” in
SQL statements when the precompiler option GRAPHIC is in effect. However, you
cannot use assembler DBCS literals in SQL statements, even when GRAPHIC is in
effect.
Character host variables: If you declare a host variable as a character string

without a length, for example DC C ’ABCD’, DB2 interprets it as length 1. To get the
correct length, give a length attribute (for example, DC CL4’ABCD’).
Floating-point host variables: All floating-point data is stored in DB2 in

| System/390 hexadecimal floating-point format. However, your host variable data can
| be in System/390 hexadecimal floating-point format or IEEE binary floating-point
format. DB2 uses the FLOAT precompiler option to determine whether your
floating-point host variables are in IEEE binary floating-point format or System/390
| hexadecimal floating-point format. DB2 does no checking to determine whether the
host variable declarations or format of the host variable contents match the
precompiler option. Therefore, you need to ensure that your floating-point host
variable types and contents match the precompiler option.
Special purpose assembler data types: The locator data types are assembler
language data types and SQL data types. You cannot use locators as column types.
For information about how to use these data types, see the following sections:

Assembler
Table locator “Accessing transition tables in a user-defined function or stored

procedure” on page 328
LOB locators Chapter 14, “Programming for large objects (LOBs),” on page 281
Overflow: Be careful of overflow. For example, suppose you retrieve an INTEGER

column value into a DS H host variable, and the column value is larger than 32767.
You get an overflow warning or an error, depending on whether you provided an
indicator variable.
Truncation: Be careful of truncation. For example, if you retrieve an 80-character

CHAR column value into a host variable declared as DS CL70, the rightmost ten
characters of the retrieved string are truncated. If you retrieve a floating-point or
decimal column value into a host variable declared as DS F, it removes any
fractional part of the value.
Determining compatibility of SQL and assembler data types

Assembler host variables used in SQL statements must be type compatible with the
columns with which you intend to use them.
v Numeric data types are compatible with each other: A SMALLINT, INTEGER,
DECIMAL, or FLOAT column is compatible with a numeric assembler host
variable.
v Character data types are compatible with each other: A CHAR, VARCHAR, or
CLOB column is compatible with a fixed-length or varying-length assembler
character host variable.
v Character data types are partially compatible with CLOB locators. You can
perform the following assignments:
– Assign a value in a CLOB locator to a CHAR or VARCHAR column
– Use a SELECT INTO statement to assign a CHAR or VARCHAR column to a
CLOB locator host variable.
– Assign a CHAR or VARCHAR output parameter from a user-defined function
or stored procedure to a CLOB locator host variable.
– Use a SET assignment statement to assign a CHAR or VARCHAR transition
variable to a CLOB locator host variable.
– Use a VALUES INTO statement to assign a CHAR or VARCHAR function
parameter to a CLOB locator host variable.
However, you cannot use a FETCH statement to assign a value in a CHAR or
VARCHAR column to a CLOB locator host variable.
v Graphic data types are compatible with each other: A GRAPHIC, VARGRAPHIC,
or DBCLOB column is compatible with a fixed-length or varying-length assembler
graphic character host variable.
v Graphic data types are partially compatible with DBCLOB locators. You can
– Assign a value in a DBCLOB locator to a GRAPHIC or VARGRAPHIC column
– Use a SELECT INTO statement to assign a GRAPHIC or VARGRAPHIC
column to a DBCLOB locator host variable.
– Assign a GRAPHIC or VARGRAPHIC output parameter from a user-defined
function or stored procedure to a DBCLOB locator host variable.
– Use a SET assignment statement to assign a GRAPHIC or VARGRAPHIC
transition variable to a DBCLOB locator host variable.
– Use a VALUES INTO statement to assign a GRAPHIC or VARGRAPHIC
function parameter to a DBCLOB locator host variable.

Assembler
However, you cannot use a FETCH statement to assign a value in a GRAPHIC

or VARGRAPHIC column to a DBCLOB locator host variable.
v Datetime data types are compatible with character host variables. A DATE, TIME,
or TIMESTAMP column is compatible with a fixed-length or varying-length
assembler character host variable.
v A BLOB column or a BLOB locator is compatible only with a BLOB host variable.
v The ROWID column is compatible only with a ROWID host variable.
v A host variable is compatible with a distinct type if the host variable type is
compatible with the source type of the distinct type. For information about
assigning and comparing distinct types, see Chapter 16, “Creating and using
distinct types,” on page 349.
When necessary, DB2 automatically converts a fixed-length string to a

varying-length string, or a varying-length string to a fixed-length string.
Using indicator variables

An indicator variable is a 2-byte integer (DS HL2). If you provide an indicator
variable for the variable X, when DB2 retrieves a null value for X, it puts a negative
value in the indicator variable and does not update X. Your program should check
the indicator variable before using X. If the indicator variable is negative, you know
that X is null and any value you find in X is irrelevant.
When your program uses X to assign a null value to a column, the program should
set the indicator variable to a negative number. DB2 then assigns a null value to the
column and ignores any value in X.
You declare indicator variables in the same way as host variables. You can mix the
declarations of the two types of variables in any way that seems appropriate. For
more information about indicator variables, see “Using indicator variables with host
variables” on page 75 or Chapter 2 of DB2 SQL Reference.
Example: The following example shows a FETCH statement with the declarations
of the host variables that are needed for the FETCH statement:
EXEC SQL FETCH CLS_CURSOR INTO :CLSCD, X
:DAY :DAYIND, X
:BGN :BGNIND, X
:END :ENDIND
You can declare variables as follows:

CLSCD DS CL7
DAY DS HL2
BGN DS CL8
END DS CL8
DAYIND DS HL2 INDICATOR VARIABLE FOR DAY
BGNIND DS HL2 INDICATOR VARIABLE FOR BGN
ENDIND DS HL2 INDICATOR VARIABLE FOR END
Figure 36 shows the syntax for declarations of indicator host variables.
variable-name DC H
DS 1 L2
Figure 36. Indicator variable

Assembler
Handling SQL error return codes

You can use the subroutine DSNTIAR to convert an SQL return code into a text
message. DSNTIAR takes data from the SQLCA, formats it into a message, and
places the result in a message output area that you provide in your application
program. For concepts and more information about the behavior of DSNTIAR, see
“Calling DSNTIAR to display SQLCA fields” on page 89.
| You can also use the MESSAGE_TEXT condition item field of the GET
| DIAGNOSTICS statement to convert an SQL return code into a text message.
| DIAGNOSTICS statement instead of DSNTIAR. For more information about GET
| DIAGNOSTICS, see “Using the GET DIAGNOSTICS statement” on page 84.
DSNTIAR syntax
CALL DSNTIAR,(sqlca, message, lrecl),MF=(E,PARM)
The DSNTIAR parameters have the following meanings:

sqlca
An SQL communication area.
message
An output area, defined as a varying-length string, in which DSNTIAR places
the message text. The first halfword contains the length of the remaining area;
its minimum value is 240.
The output lines of text, each line being the length specified in lrecl, are put into
this area. For example, you could specify the format of the output area as:
LINES EQU 10
LRECL EQU 132
.
.
.
MESSAGE DS H,CL(LINES*LRECL)
ORG MESSAGE
MESSAGEL DC AL2(LINES*LRECL)
MESSAGE1 DS CL(LRECL) text line 1
MESSAGE2 DS CL(LRECL) text line 2
.
.
.
MESSAGEn DS CL(LRECL) text line n
.
.
.
CALL DSNTIAR,(SQLCA,MESSAGE,LRECL),MF=(E,PARM)
where MESSAGE is the name of the message output area, LINES is the
number of lines in the message output area, and LRECL is the length of each
line.
lrecl
A fullword containing the logical record length of output messages, between 72
and 240.
The expression MF=(E,PARM) is an z/OS macro parameter that indicates dynamic

execution. PARM is the name of a data area that contains a list of pointers to the
call parameters of DSNTIAR.

Assembler
See Appendix B, “Sample applications,” on page 915 for instructions on how to

access and print the source code for the sample program.
CICS
If your CICS application requires CICS storage handling, you must use the
subroutine DSNTIAC instead of DSNTIAR. DSNTIAC has the following syntax:
CALL DSNTIAC,(eib,commarea,sqlca,msg,lrecl),MF=(E,PARM)
DSNTIAC has extra parameters, which you must use for calls to routines that
use CICS commands.
eib EXEC interface block
commarea communication area
For more information on these parameters, see the appropriate application

programming guide for CICS. The remaining parameter descriptions are the
same as those for DSNTIAR. Both DSNTIAC and DSNTIAR format the
SQLCA in the same way.
You must define DSNTIA1 in the CSD. If you load DSNTIAR or DSNTIAC, you
must also define them in the CSD. For an example of CSD entry generation
statements for use with DSNTIAC, see member DSN8FRDO in the data set
prefix.SDSNSAMP.
The assembler source code for DSNTIAC and job DSNTEJ5A, which
assembles and link-edits DSNTIAC, are also in the data set
prefix.SDSNSAMP.
Macros for assembler applications

Data set DSN810.SDSNMACS contains all DB2 macros that are available for use.
Coding SQL statements in a C or C++ application

SQL statements within a C or C++ program. Throughout this book, C is used to
represent either C or C++, except where noted otherwise.
Defining the SQL communication area

A C program that contains SQL statements must include one or both of the
following host variables:
v An SQLCODE variable, declared as long integer. For example:
long SQLCODE;
v An SQLSTATE variable, declared as a character array of length 6. For example:
char SQLSTATE[6];
SQLSTATE variables.

C

conform to SQL standard, or STDSQL(NO) to conform to DB2 rules.

errors.

must declare the host variables SQLCODE and SQLSTATE within the BEGIN
DECLARE SECTION and END DECLARE SECTION statements in your program
declarations.

You can code the SQLCA in a C program, either directly or by using the SQL
INCLUDE statement. The SQL INCLUDE statement requests a standard SQLCA
declaration:
EXEC SQL INCLUDE SQLCA;
A standard declaration includes both a structure definition and a static data area
named ’sqlca’. See Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL Reference for more information about
the INCLUDE statement and Appendix C of DB2 SQL Reference for a complete
description of SQLCA fields.

Unlike the SQLCA, more than one SQLDA can exist in a program, and an SQLDA
can have any valid name. You can code an SQLDA in a C program, either directly
or by using the SQL INCLUDE statement. The SQL INCLUDE statement requests a
standard SQLDA declaration:
EXEC SQL INCLUDE SQLDA;
A standard declaration includes only a structure definition with the name ’sqlda’.
SQLDA fields.
the data descriptor, unless you use the precompiler option TWOPASS. You can
place an SQLDA declaration wherever C allows a structure definition. Normal C
scoping rules apply.

C

You can code SQL statements in a C program wherever you can use executable
statements.
Each SQL statement in a C program must begin with EXEC SQL and end with a
semicolon (;). The EXEC and SQL keywords must appear on one line, but the
remainder of the statement can appear on subsequent lines.
In general, because C is case sensitive, use uppercase letters to enter all SQL
keywords. However, if you use the FOLD precompiler suboption, DB2 folds
lowercase letters in SBCS SQL ordinary identifiers to uppercase. For information
about host language precompiler options, see Table 63 on page 462.
You must keep the case of host variable names consistent throughout the program.
For example, if a host variable name is lowercase in its declaration, it must be
lowercase in all SQL statements. You might code an UPDATE statement in a C
program as follows:
EXEC SQL
UPDATE DSN8810.DEPT
SET MGRNO = :mgr_num
WHERE DEPTNO = :int_dept;
Comments: You can include C comments (/* ... */) within SQL statements wherever
you can use a blank, except between the keywords EXEC and SQL. You can use
single-line comments (starting with //) in C language statements, but not in
embedded SQL. You cannot nest comments.
To include DBCS characters in comments, you must delimit the characters by a

shift-out and shift-in control character; the first shift-in character in the DBCS string
| signals the end of the DBCS string. You can include SQL comments in any
| embedded SQL statement.
Continuation for SQL statements: You can use a backslash to continue a

character-string constant or delimited identifier on the following line.
Declaring tables and views: Your C program should use the DECLARE TABLE
statement to describe each table and view the program accesses. You can use the
DB2 declarations generator (DCLGEN) to generate the DECLARE TABLE
statements. For more information, see Chapter 8, “Generating declarations for your
Including code: To include SQL statements or C host variable declarations from a

member of a partitioned data set, add the following SQL statement to the source
code where you want to include the statements:
EXEC SQL INCLUDE member-name;
You cannot nest SQL INCLUDE statements. Do not use C #include statements to
include SQL statements or C host variable declarations.
Margins: Code SQL statements in columns 1 through 72, unless you specify other
margins to the DB2 precompiler. If EXEC SQL is not within the specified margins,
the DB2 precompiler does not recognize the SQL statement.
Names: You can use any valid C name for a host variable, subject to the following
restrictions:

C
v Do not use DBCS characters.

v Do not use external entry names or access plan names that begin with ’DSN’,
and do not use host variable names that begin with ’SQL’ (in any combination of
uppercase or lowercase letters). These names are reserved for DB2.
Nulls and NULs: C and SQL differ in the way they use the word null. The C
language has a null character (NUL), a null pointer (NULL), and a null statement
(just a semicolon). The C NUL is a single character that compares equal to 0. The
C NULL is a special reserved pointer value that does not point to any valid data
object. The SQL null value is a special value that is distinct from all non-null values
and denotes the absence of a (nonnull) value. In this chapter, NUL is the null
character in C and NULL is the SQL null value.
Sequence numbers: The source statements that the DB2 precompiler generates
do not include sequence numbers.
Statement labels: You can precede SQL statements with a label.
Trigraph characters: Some characters from the C character set are not available
on all keyboards. You can enter these characters into a C source program using a
sequence of three characters called a trigraph. The trigraph characters that DB2
supports are the same as those that the C compiler supports.
WHENEVER statement: The target for the GOTO clause in an SQL WHENEVER
statement must be within the scope of any SQL statements that the statement
WHENEVER affects.
Special C considerations:
v Using the C/370™ multi-tasking facility, in which multiple tasks execute SQL
statements, causes unpredictable results.
v You must run the DB2 precompiler before running the C preprocessor.
v The DB2 precompiler does not support C preprocessor directives.
v If you use conditional compiler directives that contain C code, either place them
after the first C token in your application program, or include them in the C
program using the #include preprocessor directive.
Refer to the appropriate C documentation for more information about C
preprocessor directives.
| Using host variables and host variable arrays

| You must explicitly declare each host variable and each host variable array before
| using them in an SQL statement if you specify the ONEPASS precompiler option. If
| you use the precompiler option TWOPASS, you must declare each host variable
| before using it in the DECLARE CURSOR statement.
| Precede C statements that define the host variables and host variable arrays with
| the BEGIN DECLARE SECTION statement, and follow the C statements with the
| END DECLARE SECTION statement. You can have more than one host variable
| declaration section in your program.
| A colon (:) must precede all host variables and all host variable arrays in an SQL
| statement.

C
| The names of host variables and host variable arrays must be unique within the
| program, even if the variables and variable arrays are in different blocks, classes, or
| procedures. You can qualify the names with a structure name to make them unique.
| An SQL statement that uses a host variable or host variable array must be within
| the scope of the statement that declares that variable or array. You define host
| variable arrays for use with multiple-row FETCH and INSERT statements.

Only some of the valid C declarations are valid host variable declarations. If the
declaration for a variable is not valid, any SQL statement that references the
variable might result in the message UNDECLARED HOST VARIABLE.
Numeric host variables: Figure 37 shows the syntax for declarations of numeric
host variables.
| float
auto const double
extern volatile int
static short
sqlint32
int
long
int
long long
decimal ( integer )
, integer
| ,
variable-name ;
*pointer-name =expression
| Notes:
| 1. The SQL statement coprocessor is required if you use a pointer as a host
| variable.
Character host variables: The four valid forms for character host variables are:
v Single-character form
v NUL-terminated character form
v VARCHAR structured form
v CLOBs
Figure 38 on page 148 shows the syntax for declarations of single-character host
variables.

C
| ,
char variable-name ;
auto const unsigned *pointer-name =expression
extern volatile
static
Figure 38. Single-character form
| Notes:
| variable.
Figure 39 shows the syntax for declarations of NUL-terminated character host

variables.
char
auto const unsigned
extern volatile
static
| ,
variable-name [ length ] ;
*pointer-name =expression
Figure 39. NUL-terminated character form
Notes:
1. On input, the string contained by the variable must be NUL-terminated.
2. On output, the string is NUL-terminated.
3. A NUL-terminated character host variable maps to a varying-length character
string (except for the NUL).
| variable.
Figure 40 on page 149 shows the syntax for declarations of varying-length

character host variables that use the VARCHAR structured form.

C
int
struct { short var-1 ;
auto const tag
extern volatile
static
char var-2 [ length ] ; }

unsigned
| ,
variable-name ;
*pointer-name ={expression, expression}
Figure 40. VARCHAR structured form
Notes:
1. var-1 and var-2 must be simple variable references. You cannot use them as
host variables.
2. You can use the struct tag to define other data areas that you cannot use as
host variables.
| variable.
Example: The following examples show valid and invalid declarations of the
VARCHAR structured form:
/* valid declaration of host variable VARCHAR vstring */

struct VARCHAR {
short len;
char s[10];
} vstring;
/* invalid declaration of host variable VARCHAR wstring */

struct VARCHAR wstring;
Graphic host variables: The four valid forms for graphic host variables are:
v Single-graphic form
v NUL-terminated graphic form
v VARGRAPHIC structured form.
v DBCLOBs
| You can use the C data type sqldbchar to define a host variable that inserts,
updates, deletes, and selects data from GRAPHIC or VARGRAPHIC columns.
Figure 46 on page 153 for the syntax of DBCLOBs.
Figure 41 on page 150 shows the syntax for declarations of single-graphic host
variables.

C
| ,
sqldbchar variable-name ;
auto const *pointer-name =expression
extern volatile
static
Figure 41. Single-graphic form
| Notes:
| variable.
The single-graphic form declares a fixed-length graphic string of length 1. You

cannot use array notation in variable-name.
Figure 42 shows the syntax for declarations of NUL-terminated graphic host

variables.
| ,
sqldbchar variable-name [ length ] ;

auto const *pointer-name =expression
extern volatile
static
Figure 42. Nul-terminated graphic form
Notes:
1. length must be a decimal integer constant greater than 1 and not greater than
16352.
2. On input, the string in variable-name must be NUL-terminated.
3. On output, the string is NUL-terminated.
4. The NUL-terminated graphic form does not accept single-byte characters into
variable-name.
| variable.
Figure 43 on page 151 shows the syntax for declarations of graphic host variables
that use the VARGRAPHIC structured form.

C
int
auto const tag
extern volatile
static
| ,
sqldbchar var-2 [ length ] ; } variable-name

*pointer-name ={ expression, expression}
;
Figure 43. VARGRAPHIC structured form
Notes:
1. length must be a decimal integer constant greater than 1 and not greater than
16352.
2. var-1 must be less than or equal to length.
3. var-1 and var-2 must be simple variable references. You cannot use them as
host variables.
4. You can use the struct tag to define other data areas that you cannot use as
host variables.
| variable.
Example: The following examples show valid and invalid declarations of graphic
host variables that use the VARGRAPHIC structured form:
/* valid declaration of host variable structured vgraph */

struct VARGRAPH {
short len;
| sqldbchar d[10];
} vgraph;
/* invalid declaration of host variable structured wgraph */

struct VARGRAPH wgraph;
Result set locators: Figure 44 on page 152 shows the syntax for declarations of
result set locators. See Chapter 25, “Using stored procedures for client/server
processing,” on page 569 for a discussion of how to use these host variables.

C
SQL TYPE IS RESULT_SET_LOCATOR VARYING

auto const
extern volatile
static
register
| ,
variable-name ;
*pointer-name = init-value
SQL TYPE IS TABLE LIKE table-name AS LOCATOR

auto const
extern volatile
static
register
| ,
variable-name ;
*pointer-name init-value
LOB Variables and Locators: Figure 46 on page 153 shows the syntax for
declarations of BLOB, CLOB, and DBCLOB host variables and locators. See

C
SQL TYPE IS
auto const
extern volatile
static
register
| ,
BINARY LARGE OBJECT ( length ) variable-name

BLOB K *pointer-name init-value
CHAR LARGE OBJECT G
CLOB
DBCLOB
BLOB_LOCATOR
CLOB_LOCATOR
DBCLOB_LOCATOR
;
| variable-name SQL TYPE IS ROWID ;

auto const *pointer-name
extern volatile
static
register
| Declaring host variable arrays

| Only some of the valid C declarations are valid host variable array declarations. If
| the declaration for a variable array is not valid, then any SQL statement that
| references the variable array might result in the message UNDECLARED HOST
| VARIABLE ARRAY.
| Numeric host variable arrays: Figure 48 on page 154 shows the syntax for
| declarations of numeric host variable arrays.
|

C
| float
auto const unsigned double
extern volatile int
static long
short
int
long long
decimal ( integer )
, integer
variable-name [ dimension ] ;
,
= { expression }
Figure 48. Numeric host variable arrays
| Note:
| 1. dimension must be an integer constant between 1 and 32767.
| Example: The following example shows a declaration of a numeric host variable

| array:
| EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;
| /* declaration of numeric host variable array */
| long serial_num[10];
| ...
| EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;
| Character host variable arrays: The three valid forms for character host variable
| arrays are:
| v NUL-terminated character form
| v VARCHAR structured form
| v CLOBs
| The following figures show the syntax for forms other than CLOBs. See Figure 53
| on page 158 for the syntax of CLOBs.
| Figure 49 on page 155 shows the syntax for declarations of NUL-terminated

| character host variable arrays.
|

C
char
auto const unsigned
extern volatile
static
variable-name [ dimension ] [ length ] ;

,
= { expression }
Figure 49. NUL-terminated character form
| Notes:
| 1. On input, the strings contained in the variable arrays must be NUL-terminated.
| 2. On output, the strings are NUL-terminated.
| 3. The strings in a NUL-terminated character host variable array map to
| varying-length character strings (except for the NUL).
| Figure 50 shows the syntax for declarations of varying-length character host

| variable arrays that use the VARCHAR structured form.
|
int
auto const
extern volatile
static

unsigned
,
= { expression }
Figure 50. VARCHAR structured form
| Notes:
| 1. var-1 must be a simple variable reference, and var-2 must be a variable array
| reference.
| 2. You can use the struct tag to define other data areas, which you cannot use as
| host variable arrays.

C
| Example: The following examples show valid and invalid declarations of VARCHAR
| host variable arrays:
| /* valid declaration of VARCHAR host variable array */
| struct VARCHAR {
| short len;
| char s[18];
| } name[10];
|
| /* invalid declaration of VARCHAR host variable array */
| struct VARCHAR name[10];
| Graphic host variable arrays: The two valid forms for graphic host variable arrays
| are:
| v NUL-terminated graphic form
| v VARGRAPHIC structured form.
| You can use the C data type sqldbchar to define a host variable array that inserts,
| updates, deletes, and selects data from GRAPHIC or VARGRAPHIC columns.
| Figure 51 shows the syntax for declarations of NUL-terminated graphic host variable
| arrays.
|
sqldbchar
auto const unsigned
extern volatile
static
variable-name [ dimension ] [ length ] ;

,
= { expression }
Figure 51. NUL-terminated graphic form
| Notes:
| 1. length must be a decimal integer constant greater than 1 and not greater than
| 16352.
| 2. On input, the strings contained in the variable arrays must be NUL-terminated.
| 3. On output, the string is NUL-terminated.
| 4. The NUL-terminated graphic form does not accept single-byte characters into
| the variable array.
| Figure 52 on page 157 shows the syntax for declarations of graphic host variable
| arrays that use the VARGRAPHIC structured form.
|

C
int
auto const
extern volatile
static
| sqldbchar var-2 [ length ] ; }

unsigned
,
= { expression }
Figure 52. VARGRAPHIC structured form
| Notes:
| 1. length must be a decimal integer constant greater than 1 and not greater than
| 16352.
| 2. var-1 must be a simple variable reference, and var-2 must be a variable array
| reference.
| 3. You can use the struct tag to define other data areas, which you cannot use as
| host variable arrays.
| Example: The following examples show valid and invalid declarations of graphic
| host variable arrays that use the VARGRAPHIC structured form:
| /* valid declaration of host variable array vgraph */
| struct VARGRAPH {
| short len;
| sqldbchar d[10];
| } vgraph[20];
|
| /* invalid declaration of host variable array vgraph */
| struct VARGRAPH vgraph[20];
| LOB variable arrays and locators: Figure 53 on page 158 shows the syntax for
| declarations of BLOB, CLOB, and DBCLOB host variable arrays and locators. See
| Chapter 14, “Programming for large objects (LOBs),” on page 281 for a discussion
| of how to use LOB variables.
|

C
SQL TYPE IS
auto const
extern volatile
static
register
BINARY LARGE OBJECT ( length )

BLOB K
CHAR LARGE OBJECT G
CLOB
DBCLOB
BLOB_LOCATOR
CLOB_LOCATOR
DBCLOB_LOCATOR
,
= { expression }
Figure 53. LOB variable arrays and locators
| Note:
| ROWIDs: Figure 54 shows the syntax for declarations of ROWID variable arrays.
| See Chapter 14, “Programming for large objects (LOBs),” on page 281 for a
| discussion of how to use these host variable arrays.
|
SQL TYPE IS ROWID variable-name [ dimension ] ;

auto const
extern volatile
static
register
Figure 54. ROWID variable arrays
| Note:

A C host structure contains an ordered group of data fields. For example:

C
struct {char c1[3];

struct {short len;
char data[5];
}c2;
char c3[2];
}target;
In this example, target is the name of a host structure consisting of the c1, c2, and
c3 fields. c1 and c3 are character arrays, and c2 is the host variable equivalent to
the SQL VARCHAR data type. The target host structure can be part of another host
structure but must be the deepest level of the nested structure.
Figure 55 shows the syntax for declarations of host structures.
struct {
auto const packed tag
extern volatile
static
float var-1 ; }
double
int
short
sqlint32
int
long
int
long long
decimal ( integer )
, integer
varchar structure
vargraphic structure
SQL TYPE IS ROWID
LOB data type
char var-2 ;
unsigned [ length ]
sqldbchar var-5 ;
[ length ]
variable-name ;
=expression
Figure 55. Host structures
Figure 56 on page 160 shows the syntax for VARCHAR structures that are used
within declarations of host structures.

C
int
tag signed

unsigned
Figure 56. VARCHAR-structure
Figure 57 shows the syntax for VARGRAPHIC structures that are used within
declarations of host structures.
| int
struct { short var-6 ; sqldbchar var-7 [ length ] ; }
tag signed
Figure 57. VARGRAPHIC-structure
Figure 58 shows the syntax for LOB data types that are used within declarations of
host structures.
SQL TYPE IS BINARY LARGE OBJECT ( length )

BLOB K
CHAR LARGE OBJECT G
CLOB
DBCLOB
BLOB_LOCATOR
CLOB_LOCATOR
DBCLOB_LOCATOR
Figure 58. LOB data type
Determining equivalent SQL and C data types

plus 1.
Table 13. SQL data types the precompiler uses for C declarations
SQLTYPE of host SQLLEN of host
C data type variable variable SQL data type
short int 500 2 SMALLINT
long int 496 4 INTEGER
4
| long long 484 19 in byte 1, 0 in
byte 2
decimal(p,s)1 484 p in byte 1, s in DECIMAL(p,s)1
byte 2

C
Table 13. SQL data types the precompiler uses for C declarations (continued)
float 480 4 FLOAT (single
precision)
double 480 8 FLOAT (double
precision)
Single-character form 452 1 CHAR(1)
NUL-terminated 460 n VARCHAR (n-1)
character form
VARCHAR structured 448 n VARCHAR(n)
form 1<=n<=255
VARCHAR structured 456 n VARCHAR(n)
form
n>255
Single-graphic form 468 1 GRAPHIC(1)
NUL-terminated 400 n VARGRAPHIC (n-1)
graphic form
| (sqldbchar)
VARGRAPHIC 464 n VARGRAPHIC(n)
structured form
1<=n<128
VARGRAPHIC 472 n VARGRAPHIC(n)
structured form
n>127
SQL TYPE IS 972 4 Result set locator2
RESULT_SET
_LOCATOR
SQL TYPE IS 976 4 Table locator2

TABLE LIKE
table-name
AS LOCATOR
SQL TYPE IS 960 4 BLOB locator2
BLOB_LOCATOR
SQL TYPE IS 964 4 CLOB locator2
CLOB_LOCATOR
DBCLOB_LOCATOR
SQL TYPE IS 404 n BLOB(n)
BLOB(n)
1≤n≤2147483647
SQL TYPE IS 408 n CLOB(n)
CLOB(n)
1≤n≤2147483647
SQL TYPE IS 412 n DBCLOB(n)3
DBCLOB(n)
1≤n≤1073741823

C
Table 13. SQL data types the precompiler uses for C declarations (continued)
Notes:
1. p is the precision; in SQL terminology, this the total number of digits. In C, this is called
the size.
s is the scale; in SQL terminology, this is the number of digits to the right of the decimal
point. In C, this is called the precision.
| C++ does not support the decimal data type.
2. Do not use this data type as a column type.
4. No exact equivalent. Use DECIMAL(19,0).
Table 14 helps you define host variables that receive output from the database. You
can use the table to determine the C data type that is equivalent to a given SQL
data type. For example, if you retrieve TIMESTAMP data, you can use the table to
define a suitable host variable in the program that receives the data value.
Table 14 shows direct conversions between DB2 data types and host data types.
However, a number of DB2 data types are compatible. When you do assignments
or comparisons of data that have compatible data types, DB2 does conversions
between those compatible data types. See Table 1 on page 5 for information about
compatible data types.
Table 14. SQL data types mapped to typical C declarations
SQL data type C data type Notes
SMALLINT short int
INTEGER long int
DECIMAL(p,s) or decimal You can use the double data type if your C
NUMERIC(p,s) compiler does not have a decimal data
type; however, double is not an exact
equivalent.
REAL or FLOAT(n) float 1<=n<=21
DOUBLE PRECISION or double 22<=n<=53
FLOAT(n)
CHAR(1) single-character form
CHAR(n) no exact equivalent If n>1, use NUL-terminated character form
VARCHAR(n) NUL-terminated character form If data can contain character NULs (\0),
use VARCHAR structured form. Allow at
least n+1 to accommodate the
NUL-terminator.
VARCHAR structured form
GRAPHIC(1) single-graphic form
GRAPHIC(n) no exact equivalent If n>1, use NUL-terminated graphic form. n
is the number of double-byte characters.

C
Table 14. SQL data types mapped to typical C declarations (continued)

VARGRAPHIC(n) NUL-terminated graphic form If data can contain graphic NUL values
(\0\0), use VARGRAPHIC structured form.
Allow at least n+1 to accommodate the
NUL-terminator. n is the number of
double-byte characters.
VARGRAPHIC structured form n is the number of double-byte characters.
DATE NUL-terminated character form If you are using a date exit routine, that
routine determines the length. Otherwise,
allow at least 11 characters to
accommodate the NUL-terminator.
VARCHAR structured form If you are using a date exit routine, that
routine determines the length. Otherwise,
allow at least 10 characters.
TIME NUL-terminated character form If you are using a time exit routine, the
length is determined by that routine.
Otherwise, the length must be at least 7;
to include seconds, the length must be at
least 9 to accommodate the
NUL-terminator.
VARCHAR structured form If you are using a time exit routine, the
length is determined by that routine.
Otherwise, the length must be at least 6;
to include seconds, the length must be at
least 8.
TIMESTAMP NUL-terminated character form The length must be at least 20. To include
microseconds, the length must be 27. If
the length is less than 27, truncation
occurs on the microseconds part.
VARCHAR structured form The length must be at least 19. To include
microseconds, the length must be 26. If
the length is less than 26, truncation
occurs on the microseconds part.
Result set locator SQL TYPE IS RESULT_SET_LOCATOR Use this data type only for receiving result
column type.
Table locator SQL TYPE IS TABLE LIKE table-name AS Use this data type only in a user-defined
LOCATOR function or stored procedure to receive
rows of a transition table. Do not use this
data type as a column type.
BLOB locator SQL TYPE IS BLOB_LOCATOR Use this data type only to manipulate data
in BLOB columns. Do not use this data
CLOB locator SQL TYPE IS CLOB_LOCATOR Use this data type only to manipulate data
in CLOB columns. Do not use this data
DBCLOB locator SQL TYPE IS DBCLOB_LOCATOR Use this data type only to manipulate data
in DBCLOB columns. Do not use this data
BLOB(n) SQL TYPE IS BLOB(n) 1≤n≤2147483647
CLOB(n) SQL TYPE IS CLOB(n) 1≤n≤2147483647

C
Table 14. SQL data types mapped to typical C declarations (continued)

DBCLOB(n SQL TYPE IS DBCLOB(n) n is the number of double-byte characters.
1≤n≤1073741823
Notes on C variable declaration and usage

You should be aware of the following considerations when you declare C variables.
C data types with no SQL equivalent: C supports some data types and storage
| classes with no SQL equivalents, for example, register storage class, typedef, long
| long, and the pointer.
SQL data types with no C equivalent: If your C compiler does not have a decimal
data type, no exact equivalent exists for the SQL DECIMAL data type. In this case,
to hold the value of such a variable, you can use:
v An integer or floating-point variable, which converts the value. If you choose
integer, you will lose the fractional part of the number. If the decimal number can
exceed the maximum value for an integer, or if you want to preserve a fractional
value, you can use floating-point numbers. Floating-point numbers are
approximations of real numbers. Therefore, when you assign a decimal number
to a floating-point variable, the result might be different from the original number.
v A character-string host variable. Use the CHAR function to get a string
representation of a decimal number.
v The DECIMAL function to explicitly convert a value to a decimal data type, as in
this example:
long duration=10100; /* 1 year and 1 month */
char result_dt[11];
EXEC SQL SELECT START_DATE + DECIMAL(:duration,8,0)

INTO :result_dt FROM TABLE1;

| floating-point host variables are in IEEE binary floating-point or System/390
contents of a host variable match the precompiler option. Therefore, you need to
ensure that your floating-point data format matches the precompiler option.
Graphic host variables in user-defined function: The SQLUDF file, which is in

data set DSN810.SDSNC.H, contains many data declarations for C language
| user-defined functions. SQLUDF contains the typedef sqldbchar, which you should
use instead of wchar_t. Using sqldbchar lets you manipulate DBCS and Unicode
UTF-16 data in the same format in which it is stored in DB2. Using sqldbchar also
makes applications easier to port to other DB2 platforms.
Special Purpose C Data Types: The locator data types are C data types and SQL
data types. You cannot use locators as column types. For information about how to
use these data types, see the following sections:

C
Result set locator

Chapter 25, “Using stored procedures for client/server processing,”
on page 569
String host variables: If you assign a string of length n to a NUL-terminated

variable with a length that is:
v Less than or equal to n, DB2 inserts the characters into the host variable up to a
length of (n-1), and appends a NUL at the end of the string. DB2 sets
SQLWARN[1] to W and any indicator variable you provide to the original length of
the source string.
v Equal to n+1, DB2 inserts the characters into the host variable and appends a
NUL at the end of the string.
| v Greater than n+1, the rules depend on whether the source string is a value of a
| fixed-length string column or a varying-length string column. If the source is a
| fixed-length string, DB2 pads it with blanks on assignment to the NUL-terminated
| variable depending on whether the precompiler option PADNTSTR is specified. If
| the source is a varying-length string, DB2 assigns it to the first n bytes of the
| variable and appends a NUL at the end of the string. For information about host
| language precompiler options, see Table 63 on page 462.
PREPARE or DESCRIBE statements: You cannot use a host variable that is of the
| NUL-terminated form in either a PREPARE or DESCRIBE statement when you use
| the DB2 precompiler. However, if you use the SQL statement coprocessor for either
| C or C++, you can use host variables of the NUL-terminated form in PREPARE,
| DESCRIBE, and EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statements.
L-literals: DB2 tolerates L-literals in C application programs. DB2 allows properly

formed L-literals, although it does not check for all the restrictions that the C
compiler imposes on the L-literal. You can use DB2 graphic string constants in SQL
statements to work with the L-literal. Do not use L-literals in SQL statements.

column value into a short integer host variable and the column value is larger than
32767. You get an overflow warning or an error, depending on whether you provide
an indicator variable.
Truncation: Be careful of truncation. Ensure that the host variable you declare can
contain the data and a NUL terminator, if needed. Retrieving a floating-point or
decimal column value into a long integer host variable removes any fractional part
of the value.
Notes on syntax differences for constants

You should be aware of the following syntax differences for constants.
Decimal constants versus real constants: In C, a string of digits with a decimal

point is interpreted as a real constant. In an SQL statement, such a string is
interpreted as a decimal constant. You must use exponential notation when
specifying a real (that is, floating-point) constant in an SQL statement.

C
In C, a real (floating-point) constant can have a suffix of f or F to show a data type

of float or a suffix of l or L to show a type of long double. A floating-point constant in
an SQL statement must not use these suffixes.
Integer constants: In C, you can provide integer constants in hexadecimal form if

the first two characters are 0x or 0X. You cannot use this form in an SQL statement.
In C, an integer constant can have a suffix of u or U to show that it is an unsigned

integer. An integer constant can have a suffix of l or L to show a long integer. You
cannot use these suffixes in SQL statements.
Character and string constants: In C, character constants and string constants

can use escape sequences. You cannot use the escape sequences in SQL
statements. Apostrophes and quotes have different meanings in C and SQL. In C,
you can use double quotes to delimit string constants, and apostrophes to delimit
character constants. The following examples illustrate the use of quotes and
apostrophes in C.
Quotes
printf( "%d lines read. \n", num_lines);
Apostrophes
#define NUL ’\0’
In SQL, you can use double quotes to delimit identifiers and apostrophes to delimit
string constants. The following examples illustrate the use of apostrophes and
quotes in SQL.
Quotes
SELECT "COL#1" FROM TBL1;
Apostrophes
SELECT COL1 FROM TBL1 WHERE COL2 = ’BELL’;
Character data in SQL is distinct from integer data. Character data in C is a subtype
of integer data.
Determining compatibility of SQL and C data types

C host variables used in SQL statements must be type compatible with the columns
with which you intend to use them:
v Numeric data types are compatible with each other. A SMALLINT, INTEGER,
DECIMAL, or FLOAT column is compatible with any C host variable that is
defined as type short int, long int, decimal, float, or double.
v Character data types are compatible with each other. A CHAR, VARCHAR, or
CLOB column is compatible with a single-character, NUL-terminated, or
VARCHAR structured form of a C character host variable.

C

v Graphic data types are compatible with each other. A GRAPHIC, VARGRAPHIC,
or DBCLOB column is compatible with a single character, NUL-terminated, or
VARGRAPHIC structured form of a C graphic host variable.
v Datetime data types are compatible with character host variable. A DATE, TIME,
or TIMESTAMP column is compatible with a single-character, NUL-terminated, or
VARCHAR structured form of a C character host variable.
compatible with the source type of the distinct type. For information about
assigning and comparing distinct types, see Chapter 16, “Creating and using

Varying-length strings: For varying-length BIT data, use the VARCHAR structured
form. Some C string manipulation functions process NUL-terminated strings and
other functions process strings that are not NUL-terminated. The C string
manipulation functions that process NUL-terminated strings cannot handle bit data
because these functions might misinterpret a NUL character to be a NUL-terminator.
Using indicator variables and indicator variable arrays

| An indicator variable is a 2-byte integer (short int). An indicator variable array is an
| array of 2-byte integers (short int). You use indicator variables and indicator variable
| arrays in similar ways.
Using indicator variables: If you provide an indicator variable for the variable X,
when DB2 retrieves a null value for X, it puts a negative value in the indicator
variable and does not update X. Your program should check the indicator variable
before using X. If the indicator variable is negative, you know that X is null and any
value you find in X is irrelevant.
column and ignores any value in X. For more information about indicator variables,
see “Using indicator variables with host variables” on page 75.

C
| Using indicator variable arrays: When you retrieve data into a host variable array,
| if a value in its indicator array is negative, you can disregard the contents of the
| corresponding element in the host variable array. For more information about
| indicator variable arrays, see “Using indicator variable arrays with host variable
Declaring indicator variables: You declare indicator variables in the same way as
host variables. You can mix the declarations of the two types of variables in any
way that seems appropriate.
EXEC SQL FETCH CLS_CURSOR INTO :ClsCd,
:Day :DayInd,
:Bgn :BgnInd,
:End :EndInd;

char ClsCd[8];
char Bgn[9];
char End[9];
short Day, DayInd, BgnInd, EndInd;
Figure 59 shows the syntax for declarations of an indicator variable.
,
int
short variable-name ;
auto const signed = expression
extern volatile
static
Declaring indicator variable arrays: Figure 60 shows the syntax for declarations
| of an indicator array or a host structure indicator array.
int
short
auto const signed
extern volatile
static
= expression
Figure 60. Host structure indicator array
Note: The dimension must be an integer constant between 1 and 32767.

C

program. For concepts and more information about the behavior of DSNTIAR, see
DSNTIAR syntax
rc = dsntiar(&sqlca, &message, &lrecl);

&sqlca
&message
An output area, in VARCHAR format, in which DSNTIAR places the message
text. The first halfword contains the length of the remaining area; its minimum
value is 240.
The output lines of text, each line being the length specified in &lrecl, are put
into this area. For example, you could specify the format of the output area as:
#define data_len 132
#define data_dim 10
struct error_struct {
short int error_len;
char error_text[data_dim][data_len];
. } error_message = {data_dim * data_len};
.
.
rc = dsntiar(&sqlca, &error_message, &data_len);
where error_message is the name of the message output area, data_dim is the
number of lines in the message output area, and data_len is the length of each
line.
&lrecl
and 240.
To inform your compiler that DSNTIAR is an assembler language program, include

one of the following statements in your application.
For C, include:
#pragma linkage (dsntiar,OS)
For C++, include a statement similar to this:

extern "OS" short int dsntiar(struct sqlca *sqlca,
struct error_struct *error_message,
int *data_len);

C
Examples of calling DSNTIAR from an application appear in the DB2 sample C

program DSN8BD3 and in the sample C++ program DSN8BE3. Both are in the
library DSN8810.SDSNSAMP. See Appendix B, “Sample applications,” on page 915
for instructions on how to access and print the source code for the sample
programs.
CICS
rc = DSNTIAC(&eib, &commarea, &sqlca, &message, &lrecl);
use CICS commands.
&eib EXEC interface block
&commarea
communication area

statements for use with DSNTIAC, see job DSNTEJ5A.
assembles and link-edits DSNTIAC, are in the data set prefix.SDSNSAMP.
Coding considerations for C and C++

Using C++ data types as host variables: When you code SQL statements in a
C++ program, you can use class members as host variables. Class members used
as host variables are accessible to any SQL statement within the class. However,
you cannot use class objects as host variables.
| Declaring host variable arrays: For both C and C++, you cannot specify the
| _packed attribute on the structure declarations for varying-length character arrays,
| varying-length graphic arrays, or LOB arrays that are to be used in multiple-row
| INSERT and FETCH statements. In addition, the #pragma pack(1) directive cannot
| be in effect if you plan to use these arrays in multiple-row statements.
Coding SQL statements in a COBOL application

SQL statements within a COBOL program.
Except where noted otherwise, this information pertains to all COBOL compilers
supported by DB2 UDB for z/OS.

A COBOL program that contains SQL statements must include one or both of the

COBOL
v An SQLCODE variable declared as PIC S9(9) BINARY, PIC S9(9) COMP-4, PIC
S9(9) COMP-5, or PICTURE S9(9) COMP
v An SQLSTATE variable declared as PICTURE X(5)
SQLSTATE variables.


errors.
When you use the precompiler option STDSQL(YES), you must declare an
SQLCODE variable. DB2 declares an SQLCA area for you in the
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. DB2 controls the structure and location of the
SQLCA.

must declare the SQLCODE and SQLSTATE variables within the BEGIN DECLARE
SECTION and END DECLARE SECTION statements in your program declarations.

You can code the SQLCA in a COBOL program either directly or by using the SQL
declaration:
EXEC SQL INCLUDE SQLCA END-EXEC.
You can specify INCLUDE SQLCA or a declaration for SQLCODE wherever you
can specify a 77 level or a record description entry in the WORKING-STORAGE
SECTION. You can declare a stand-alone SQLCODE variable in either the
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION or LINKAGE SECTION.
SQLCA fields.


COBOL

Unlike the SQLCA, a program can have more than one SQLDA, and an SQLDA
can have any valid name. The SQL INCLUDE statement does not provide an
SQLDA mapping for COBOL. You can define the SQLDA using one of the following
two methods:
v For COBOL programs compiled with any compiler except the OS/VS COBOL
compiler, you can code the SQLDA declarations in your program. For more
information, see “Using dynamic SQL in COBOL” on page 568. You must place
SQLDA declarations in the WORKING-STORAGE SECTION or LINKAGE
SECTION of your program, wherever you can specify a record description entry
in that section.
v For COBOL programs compiled with any compiler, you can call a subroutine
(written in C, PL/I, or assembler language) that uses the INCLUDE SQLDA
statement to define the SQLDA. The subroutine can also include SQL statements
for any dynamic SQL functions you need. For more information on using dynamic
SQL, see Chapter 24, “Coding dynamic SQL in application programs,” on page
535.
the data descriptor. An SQL statement that uses a host variable must be within the
scope of the statement that declares the variable.

You can code SQL statements in the COBOL program sections shown in Table 15.
Table 15. Allowable SQL statements for COBOL program sections
SQL statement Program section
BEGIN DECLARE SECTION WORKING-STORAGE SECTION or LINKAGE
END DECLARE SECTION SECTION
INCLUDE SQLCA WORKING-STORAGE SECTION or LINKAGE
SECTION
INCLUDE text-file-name PROCEDURE DIVISION or DATA DIVISION1
DECLARE TABLE DATA DIVISION or PROCEDURE DIVISION
DECLARE CURSOR
Other PROCEDURE DIVISION
Notes:
1. When including host variable declarations, the INCLUDE statement must be in the
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION or the LINKAGE SECTION.
You cannot put SQL statements in the DECLARATIVES section of a COBOL

program.
Each SQL statement in a COBOL program must begin with EXEC SQL and end
with END-EXEC. If the SQL statement appears between two COBOL statements,
the period is optional and might not be appropriate. If the statement appears in an
IF...THEN set of COBOL statements, omit the ending period to avoid inadvertently
ending the IF statement. The EXEC and SQL keywords must appear on one line,
but the remainder of the statement can appear on subsequent lines.
You might code an UPDATE statement in a COBOL program as follows:

COBOL
EXEC SQL
UPDATE DSN8810.DEPT
SET MGRNO = :MGR-NUM
WHERE DEPTNO = :INT-DEPT
END-EXEC.
Comments: You can include COBOL comment lines (* in column 7) in SQL

statements wherever you can use a blank, except between the keywords EXEC and
SQL. The precompiler also treats COBOL debugging and page-eject lines (D or / in
column 7) as comment lines. For an SQL INCLUDE statement, DB2 treats any text
that follows the period after END-EXEC, and on the same line as END-EXEC, as a
comment.
| In addition, you can include SQL comments in any embedded SQL statement.
Continuation for SQL statements: The rules for continuing a character string
constant from one line to the next in an SQL statement embedded in a COBOL
program are the same as those for continuing a non-numeric literal in COBOL.
However, you can use either a quote or an apostrophe as the first nonblank
character in area B of the continuation line. The same rule applies for the
continuation of delimited identifiers and does not depend on the string delimiter
option.
To conform with SQL standard, delimit a character string constant with an

apostrophe, and use a quote as the first nonblank character in area B of the
continuation line for a character string constant.
Declaring tables and views: Your COBOL program should include the statement
DECLARE TABLE to describe each table and view the program accesses. You can
use the DB2 declarations generator (DCLGEN) to generate the DECLARE TABLE
statements. You should include the DCLGEN members in the DATA DIVISION. For
more information, see Chapter 8, “Generating declarations for your tables using
DCLGEN,” on page 121.
Dynamic SQL in a COBOL program: In general, COBOL programs can easily

handle dynamic SQL statements. COBOL programs can handle SELECT
statements if the data types and the number of fields returned are fixed. If you want
to use variable-list SELECT statements, use an SQLDA. See “Defining SQL
descriptor areas” on page 171 for more information on SQLDA.
Including code: To include SQL statements or COBOL host variable declarations

from a member of a partitioned data set, use the following SQL statement in the
source code where you want to include the statements:
EXEC SQL INCLUDE member-name END-EXEC.
If you are using the DB2 precompiler, you cannot nest SQL INCLUDE statements.
In this case, do not use COBOL verbs to include SQL statements or host variable
declarations, and do not use the SQL INCLUDE statement to include CICS
preprocessor related code. In general, if you are using the DB2 precompiler, use
the SQL INCLUDE statement only for SQL-related coding. If you are using the
COBOL SQL coprocessor, none of these restrictions apply.
Margins: You must code EXEC SQL in columns 12 through 72, otherwise the DB2
precompiler does not recognize the SQL statement. Continued lines of a SQL
statement can be in columns 8 through 72.

COBOL
Names: You can use any valid COBOL name for a host variable. Do not use
external entry names or access plan names that begin with ’DSN’, and do not use
host variable names that begin with ’SQL’. These names are reserved for DB2.
Statement labels: You can precede executable SQL statements in the

PROCEDURE DIVISION with a paragraph name, if you wish.
WHENEVER statement: The target for the GOTO clause in an SQL statement
WHENEVER must be a section name or unqualified paragraph name in the
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
Special COBOL considerations: The following considerations apply to programs

written in COBOL:
v In a COBOL program that uses elements in a multi-level structure as host
variable names, the DB2 precompiler generates the lowest two-level names. If
you then compile the COBOL program using OS/VS COBOL, the compiler issues
messages IKF3002I and IKF3004I. If you are using a VS COBOL II or later
compiler, you can eliminate these messages.
v Using the COBOL compiler options DYNAM and NODYNAM depends on the
operating environment.
TSO and IMS

You can specify the option DYNAM when compiling a COBOL program if
you use the following guidelines. IMS and DB2 share a common alias
name, DSNHLI, for the language interface module. You must do the
following when you concatenate your libraries:
– If you use IMS with the COBOL option DYNAM, be sure to concatenate
the IMS library first.
– If you run your application program only under DB2, be sure to
concatenate the DB2 library first.
CICS and CAF

You must specify the option NODYNAM when you compile a COBOL
program that includes SQL statements. You cannot use DYNAM.
Because stored procedures use CAF, you must also compile COBOL stored
procedures with the option NODYNAM.
v To avoid truncating numeric values, use either of the following methods:

– Use the COMP-5 data type for binary integer host variables.
– Specify the COBOL compiler option:
- TRUNC(OPT) if you are certain that the data being moved to each binary
variable by the application does not have a larger precision than is defined
in the PICTURE clause of the binary variable.
- TRUNC(BIN) if the precision of data being moved to each binary variable
might exceed the value in the PICTURE clause.
DB2 assigns values to binary integer host variables as if you had specified the
COBOL compiler option TRUNC(BIN) or used the COMP-5 data type.

COBOL
v If a COBOL program contains several entry points or is called several times, the
USING clause of the entry statement that executes before the first SQL
statement executes must contain the SQLCA and all linkage section entries that
any SQL statement uses as host variables.
| v If you use the DB2 precompiler, the REPLACE statement has no effect on SQL
| statements. It affects only the COBOL statements that the precompiler generates.
| If you use the SQL statement coprocessor, the REPLACE statement replaces
| text strings in SQL statements as well as in generated COBOL statements.
| v If you use the DB2 precompiler, no compiler directives should appear between
| the PROCEDURE DIVISION and the DECLARATIVES statement.
v Do not use COBOL figurative constants (such as ZERO and SPACE), symbolic
characters, reference modification, and subscripts within SQL statements.
v Observe the rules in Chapter 2 of DB2 SQL Reference when you name SQL
identifiers. However, for COBOL only, the names of SQL identifiers can follow the
rules for naming COBOL words, if the names do not exceed the allowable length
for the DB2 object. For example, the name 1ST-TIME is a valid cursor name
because it is a valid COBOL word, but the name 1ST_TIME is not valid because
it is not a valid SQL identifier or a valid COBOL word.
v Observe these rules for hyphens:
– Surround hyphens used as subtraction operators with spaces. DB2 usually
interprets a hyphen with no spaces around it as part of a host variable name.
– You can use hyphens in SQL identifiers under either of the following
circumstances:
- The application program is a local application that runs on DB2 UDB for
OS/390 Version 6 or later.
- The application program accesses remote sites, and the local site and
remote sites are DB2 UDB for OS/390 Version 6 or later.
v If you include an SQL statement in a COBOL PERFORM ... THRU paragraph and
also specify the SQL statement WHENEVER ... GO, the COBOL compiler returns
the warning message IGYOP3094. That message might indicate a problem. This
usage is not recommended.
v If you are using the DB2 precompiler and VS COBOL II or later (with the
compiler option NOCMPR2), the following additional restrictions apply:
– All SQL statements and any host variables they reference must be within the
first program when using nested programs or batch compilation.
– DB2 COBOL programs must have a DATA DIVISION and a PROCEDURE
DIVISION. Both divisions and the WORKING-STORAGE section must be
present in programs that contain SQL statements.
If you pass host variables with address changes into a program more than once,
the called program must reset SQL-INIT-FLAG. Resetting this flag indicates that the
storage must initialize when the next SQL statement executes. To reset the flag,
insert the statement MOVE ZERO TO SQL-INIT-FLAG in the called program’s
PROCEDURE DIVISION, ahead of any executable SQL statements that use the
host variables.
If you use the COBOL SQL statement coprocessor, the called program does not
need to reset SQL-INIT-FLAG.

| You must explicitly declare all host variables and host variable arrays used in SQL
| statements in the WORKING-STORAGE SECTION or LINKAGE SECTION of your

COBOL
| program’s DATA DIVISION. You must explicitly declare each host variable and host
| variable array before using them in an SQL statement.
| You can precede COBOL statements that define the host variables and host
| variable arrays with the statement BEGIN DECLARE SECTION, and follow the
| statements with the statement END DECLARE SECTION. You must use the
| statements BEGIN DECLARE SECTION and END DECLARE SECTION when you
| use the precompiler option STDSQL(YES).
| A colon (:) must precede all host variables and all host variable arrays in an SQL
| statement.
| The names of host variables and host variable arrays should be unique within the
| source data set or member, even if the variables and variable arrays are in different
| blocks, classes, or procedures. You can qualify the names with a structure name to
| make them unique.
| variable arrays for use with multiple-row FETCH and INSERT statements.
| You can specify OCCURS when defining an indicator structure, a host variable
| array, or an indicator variable array. You cannot specify OCCURS for any other type
| of host variable.

Only some of the valid COBOL declarations are valid host variable declarations. If
the declaration for a variable is not valid, then any SQL statement that references
the variable might result in the message UNDECLARED HOST VARIABLE.
Numeric host variables: The three valid forms of numeric host variables are:
v Floating-point numbers
v Integers and small integers
v Decimal numbers
Figure 61 shows the syntax for declarations of floating-point or real host variables.
01 variable-name COMPUTATIONAL-1
77 IS COMP-1
level-1 USAGE COMPUTATIONAL-2
COMP-2
.
IS
VALUE numeric-constant
Figure 61. Floating-point host variables
Notes:
1. level-1 indicates a COBOL level between 2 and 48.
2. COMPUTATIONAL-1 and COMP-1 are equivalent.
3. COMPUTATIONAL-2 and COMP-2 are equivalent.

COBOL
Figure 62 shows the syntax for declarations of integer and small integer host
variables.
IS
01 variable-name PICTURE S9(4)
77 PIC S9999 IS
level-1 S9(9) USAGE
S999999999
BINARY .
COMPUTATIONAL-4 IS
COMP-4 VALUE numeric-constant
COMPUTATIONAL-5
COMP-5
COMPUTATIONAL
COMP
Figure 62. Integer and small integer host variables
Notes:
2. The COBOL binary integer data types BINARY, COMPUTATIONAL, COMP,
COMPUTATIONAL-4, and COMP-4 are equivalent.
3. COMPUTATIONAL-5 (and COMP-5) are equivalent to the other COBOL binary
integer data types if you compile the other data types with TRUNC(BIN).
4. Any specification for scale is ignored.
Figure 63 shows the syntax for declarations of decimal host variables.
IS
01 variable-name PICTURE picture-string
77 PIC IS
level-1 USAGE
PACKED-DECIMAL
COMPUTATIONAL-3 IS
IS CHARACTER
DISPLAY SIGN LEADING SEPARATE
.
Figure 63. Decimal host variables
Notes:
2. PACKED-DECIMAL, COMPUTATIONAL-3, and COMP-3 are equivalent. The
picture-string that is that is associated with these types must have the form
S9(i)V9(d) (or S9...9V9...9, with i and d instances of 9) or S9(i)V.

COBOL
3. The picture-string that is associated with SIGN LEADING SEPARATE must have
the form S9(i)V9(d) (or S9...9V9...9, with i and d instances of 9 or S9...9V with i
instances of 9).
Character host variables: The three valid forms of character host variables are:
v CLOBs
Figure 64 shows the syntax for declarations of fixed-length character host variables.
IS
77 PIC
level-1
.
DISPLAY IS
IS VALUE character-constant
USAGE
Figure 64. Fixed-length character strings
Notes:
| 2. The picture-string that is associated with these forms must be X(m) (or XX...X,
| with m instances of X), with 1 <= m <= 32767 for fixed-length strings. However,
| the maximum length of the CHAR data type (fixed-length character string) in
| DB2 is 255 bytes.
Figure 65 on page 179 shows the syntax for declarations of varying-length

character host variables.

COBOL
01 variable-name .
level-1
IS
49 var-1 PICTURE S9(4) BINARY
PIC S9999 IS COMPUTATIONAL-4
USAGE COMP-4
COMPUTATIONAL-5
COMP-5
COMPUTATIONAL
COMP
.
IS
IS
49 var-2 PICTURE picture-string
PIC DISPLAY
IS
USAGE
.
IS
VALUE character-constant
Figure 65. Varying-length character strings
Notes:
2. DB2 uses the full length of the S9(4) BINARY variable even though COBOL with
TRUNC(STD) only recognizes values up to 9999. This can cause data
truncation errors when COBOL statements execute and might effectively limit
the maximum length of variable-length character strings to 9999. Consider using
the TRUNC(BIN) compiler option or USAGE COMP-5 to avoid data truncation.
3. For fixed-length strings, the picture-string must be X(m) (or XX...X, with m
instances of X), with 1 <= m <= 32767; for other strings, m cannot be greater
than the maximum size of a varying-length character string.
4. You cannot directly reference var-1 and var-2 as host variables.
5. You cannot use an intervening REDEFINE at level 49.
Graphic character host variables: The three valid forms for graphic character host
variables are:
v DBCLOBs
Figure 70 on page 182 for the syntax of DBCLOBs.

COBOL
Figure 66 shows the syntax for declarations of fixed-length graphic host variables.
IS
77 PIC
level-1
DISPLAY-1 .
IS NATIONAL IS
USAGE VALUE graphic-constant
Figure 66. Fixed-length graphic strings
Notes:
2. For fixed-length strings, the picture-string is G(m) or N(m) (or, m instances of
GG...G or NN...N), with 1 <= m <= 127; for other strings, m cannot be greater
than the maximum size of a varying-length graphic string.
3. Use USAGE NATIONAL only for Unicode UTF-16 data. In the picture-string for
USAGE NATIONAL, you must use N in place of G. USAGE NATIONAL is
supported only through the SQL statement coprocessor.
Figure 67 on page 181 shows the syntax for declarations of varying-length graphic
host variables.

COBOL
01 variable-name .
level-1
IS
USAGE COMP-4
COMPUTATIONAL-5
COMP-5
COMPUTATIONAL
COMP
.
IS
IS
49 var-2 PICTURE picture-string DISPLAY-1
PIC IS NATIONAL
USAGE
.
IS
VALUE graphic-constant
Figure 67. Varying-length graphic strings
Notes:
2. DB2 uses the full length of the S9(4) BINARY variable even though COBOL with
TRUNC(STD) only recognizes values up to 9999. This can cause data
truncation errors when COBOL statements execute and might effectively limit
the maximum length of variable-length character strings to 9999. Consider using
the TRUNC(BIN) compiler option or USAGE COMP-5 to avoid data truncation.
5. You cannot directly reference var-1 and var-2 as host variables.
Result set locators: Figure 68 on page 182 shows the syntax for declarations of
result set locators. See Chapter 25, “Using stored procedures for client/server
processing,” on page 569 for a discussion of how to use these host variables.

COBOL
01 variable-name SQL TYPE IS RESULT-SET-LOCATOR VARYING .

IS
USAGE
01 variable-name SQL TYPE IS TABLE LIKE table-name AS LOCATOR .

level-1 IS
USAGE
Note: level-1 indicates a COBOL level between 2 and 48.
LOB Variables and Locators: Figure 70 shows the syntax for declarations of
BLOB, CLOB, and DBCLOB host variables and locators. See Chapter 14,
“Programming for large objects (LOBs),” on page 281 for a discussion of how to
use these host variables.
01 variable-name SQL TYPE IS

level-1 IS
USAGE
BINARY LARGE OBJECT ( length ) .

BLOB K
CHAR LARGE OBJECT G
CLOB
DBCLOB
BLOB-LOCATOR
CLOB-LOCATOR
DBCLOB-LOCATOR
01 variable-name SQL TYPE IS ROWID .

level-1 IS
USAGE

COBOL

| Only some of the valid COBOL declarations are valid host variable array
| declarations. If the declaration for a variable array is not valid, any SQL statement
| that references the variable array might result in the message UNDECLARED
| HOST VARIABLE ARRAY.
| Numeric host variable arrays: The three valid forms of numeric host variable
| arrays are:
| v Floating-point numbers
| v Integers and small integers
| v Decimal numbers
| Figure 72 shows the syntax for declarations of floating-point host variable arrays.
|
level-1 variable-name COMPUTATIONAL-1 OCCURS dimension

IS COMP-1 TIMES
USAGE COMPUTATIONAL-2
COMP-2
.
IS
Figure 72. Floating-point host variable arrays
| Notes:
| 1. level-1 indicates a COBOL level between 2 and 48.
| 2. COMPUTATIONAL-1 and COMP-1 are equivalent.
| 3. COMPUTATIONAL-2 and COMP-2 are equivalent.
| Figure 73 on page 184 shows the syntax for declarations of integer and small
| integer host variable arrays.
|

COBOL
IS
level-1 variable-name PICTURE S9(4)
PIC S9999 IS
S9(9) USAGE
S999999999
BINARY OCCURS dimension .

COMPUTATIONAL-4 TIMES IS
COMPUTATIONAL-5
COMP-5
COMPUTATIONAL
COMP
Figure 73. Integer and small integer host variable arrays
| Notes:
| 2. The COBOL binary integer data types BINARY, COMPUTATIONAL, COMP,
| COMPUTATIONAL-4, and COMP-4 are equivalent.
| 3. COMPUTATIONAL-5 (and COMP-5) are equivalent to the other COBOL binary
| integer data types if you compile the other data types with TRUNC(BIN).
| 4. Any specification for scale is ignored.
| Figure 74 shows the syntax for declarations of decimal host variable arrays.
|
IS
level-1 variable-name PICTURE picture-string
PIC IS
USAGE
PACKED-DECIMAL
COMPUTATIONAL-3
COMP-3
IS CHARACTER
OCCURS dimension .
TIMES IS
Figure 74. Decimal host variable arrays
| Notes:
| 2. PACKED-DECIMAL, COMPUTATIONAL-3, and COMP-3 are equivalent. The
| picture-string that is associated with these types must have the form S9(i)V9(d)
| (or S9...9V9...9, with i and d instances of 9) or S9(i)V.

COBOL
| 3. The picture-string that is associated with SIGN LEADING SEPARATE must have
| the form S9(i)V9(d) (or S9...9V9...9, with i and d instances of 9 or S9...9V with i
| instances of 9).
| Character host variable arrays: The three valid forms of character host variable
| arrays are:
| v Fixed-length character strings
| v Varying-length character strings
| v CLOBs
| The following figures show the syntax for forms other than CLOBs. See Figure 79
| on page 189 for the syntax of CLOBs.
| Figure 75 shows the syntax for declarations of fixed-length character string arrays.
|
IS
level-1 variable-name PICTURE picture-string
PIC DISPLAY
IS
USAGE
OCCURS dimension .
TIMES IS
Figure 75. Fixed-length character string arrays
| Notes:
| with m instances of X), with 1 <= m <= 32767 for fixed-length strings. However,
| the maximum length of the CHAR data type (fixed-length character string) in
| DB2 is 255 bytes.
| Figure 76 on page 186 shows the syntax for declarations of varying-length

| character string arrays.
|

COBOL
level-1 variable-name OCCURS dimension .

TIMES
IS
USAGE COMP-4
COMPUTATIONAL-5
COMP-5
COMPUTATIONAL
COMP
SYNCHRONIZED .
SYNC IS
IS
PIC DISPLAY
IS
USAGE
.
IS
Figure 76. Varying-length character string arrays
| Notes:
| 2. DB2 uses the full length of the S9(4) BINARY variable even though COBOL with
| TRUNC(STD) recognizes only values up to 9999. This can cause data
| truncation errors when COBOL statements execute and might effectively limit
| the maximum length of variable-length character strings to 9999. Consider using
| the TRUNC(BIN) compiler option or USAGE COMP-5 to avoid data truncation.
| with m instances of X), with 1 <= m <= 32767 for fixed-length strings; for other
| strings, m cannot be greater than the maximum size of a varying-length
| character string.
| 4. You cannot directly reference var-1 and var-2 as host variable arrays.
| 5. You cannot use an intervening REDEFINE at level 49.
| Example: The following example shows declarations of a fixed-length character

| array and a varying-length character array:
| 01 OUTPUT-VARS.
| 05 NAME OCCURS 10 TIMES.
| 49 NAME-LEN PIC S9(4) COMP-4 SYNC.
| 49 NAME-DATA PIC X(40).
| 05 SERIAL-NUMBER PIC S9(9) COMP-4 OCCURS 10 TIMES.

COBOL
| Graphic character host variable arrays: The three valid forms for graphic
| character host variable arrays are:
| v Fixed-length strings
| v Varying-length strings
| v DBCLOBs
| The following figures show the syntax for forms other than DBCLOBs. See
| Figure 79 on page 189 for the syntax of DBCLOBs.
| Figure 77 shows the syntax for declarations of fixed-length graphic string arrays.
|
IS IS
level-1 variable-name PICTURE picture-string USAGE DISPLAY-1
PIC NATIONAL
OCCURS dimension .
TIMES IS
Figure 77. Fixed-length graphic string arrays
| Notes:
| 2. For fixed-length strings, the picture-string is G(m) or N(m) (or, m instances of
| GG...G or NN...N), with 1 <= m <= 127; for other strings, m cannot be greater
| than the maximum size of a varying-length graphic string.
| 3. Use USAGE NATIONAL only for Unicode UTF-16 data. In the picture-string for
| USAGE NATIONAL, you must use N in place of G. USAGE NATIONAL is
| supported only through the SQL statement coprocessor.
| Figure 78 on page 188 shows the syntax for declarations of varying-length graphic
| string arrays.
|

COBOL
level-1 variable-name OCCURS dimension .

TIMES
IS
USAGE COMP-4
COMPUTATIONAL-5
COMP-5
COMPUTATIONAL
COMP
SYNCHRONIZED .
SYNC IS
IS IS
49 var-2 PICTURE picture-string USAGE DISPLAY-1
PIC NATIONAL
.
IS
Figure 78. Varying-length graphic string arrays
| Notes:
| 2. DB2 uses the full length of the S9(4) BINARY variable even though COBOL with
| TRUNC(STD) recognizes only values up to 9999. This can cause data
| truncation errors when COBOL statements execute and might effectively limit
| the maximum length of variable-length character strings to 9999. Consider using
| the TRUNC(BIN) compiler option or USAGE COMP-5 to avoid data truncation.
| 3. For fixed-length strings, the picture-string is G(m) or N(m) (or, m instances of
| GG...G or NN...N), with 1 <= m <= 127; for other strings, m cannot be greater
| than the maximum size of a varying-length graphic string.
| 4. Use USAGE NATIONAL only for Unicode UTF-16 data. In the picture-string for
| USAGE NATIONAL, you must use N in place of G. USAGE NATIONAL is
| supported only through the SQL statement coprocessor.
| 5. You cannot directly reference var-1 and var-2 as host variable arrays.
| LOB variable arrays and locators: Figure 79 on page 189 shows the syntax for
| declarations of BLOB, CLOB, and DBCLOB host variable arrays and locators. See
| Chapter 14, “Programming for large objects (LOBs),” on page 281 for a discussion
| of how to use LOB variables.
|

COBOL
level-1 variable-name SQL TYPE IS

IS
USAGE
BINARY LARGE OBJECT ( length ) OCCURS dimension .

BLOB K TIMES
CHAR LARGE OBJECT G
CLOB
DBCLOB
BLOB LOCATOR
CLOB LOCATOR
DBCLOB LOCATOR
| Notes:
| ROWIDs: Figure 80 shows the syntax for declarations of ROWID variable arrays.
| See Chapter 14, “Programming for large objects (LOBs),” on page 281 for a
| discussion of how to use these host variables.
|
level-1 variable-name SQL TYPE IS ROWID OCCURS dimension .

IS TIMES
USAGE
| Notes:

A COBOL host structure is a named set of host variables defined in your program’s
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION or LINKAGE SECTION. COBOL host structures
have a maximum of two levels, even though the host structure might occur within a
structure with multiple levels. However, you can declare a varying-length character
string, which must be level 49.
A host structure name can be a group name whose subordinate levels name
elementary data items. In the following example, B is the name of a host structure
consisting of the elementary items C1 and C2.
01 A
02 B
03 C1 PICTURE ...
03 C2 PICTURE ...
When you write an SQL statement using a qualified host variable name (perhaps to
identify a field within a structure), use the name of the structure followed by a
period and the name of the field. For example, specify B.C1 rather than C1 OF B or
C1 IN B.

COBOL
The precompiler does not recognize host variables or host structures on any
subordinate levels after one of these items:
v A COBOL item that must begin in area A
v Any SQL statement (except SQL INCLUDE)
v Any SQL statement within an included member
When the precompiler encounters one of the preceding items in a host structure, it
considers the structure to be complete.
Figure 81 shows the syntax for declarations of host structures.
level-1 variable-name .
level-2 var-1 numeric-usage .

IS
PICTURE integer-decimal-usage .
PIC picture-string
char-inner-variable .
varchar-inner-variables
vargraphic-inner-variables
SQL TYPE IS ROWID .
IS
USAGE
SQL TYPE IS TABLE LIKE table-name AS LOCATOR .
IS
USAGE
LOB data type .
IS
USAGE
Figure 81. Host structures in COBOL
Figure 82 shows the syntax for numeric-usage items that are used within
COMPUTATIONAL-1
IS COMP-1 IS
USAGE COMPUTATIONAL-2 VALUE constant
COMP-2
Figure 82. Numeric-usage
Figure 83 on page 191 shows the syntax for integer and decimal usage items that
are used within declarations of host structures.

COBOL
BINARY
IS COMPUTATIONAL-4
USAGE COMP-4
COMPUTATIONAL-5
COMP-5
COMPUTATIONAL
COMP
PACKED-DECIMAL
COMPUTATIONAL-3
COMP-3
IS
CHARACTER

IS
VALUE constant
Figure 83. Integer-decimal-usage
Figure 84 shows the syntax for CHAR inner variables that are used within
IS
PICTURE picture-string
PIC DISPLAY
IS
USAGE

IS
VALUE constant
Figure 84. CHAR-inner-variable
Figure 85 on page 192 shows the syntax for VARCHAR inner variables that are
used within declarations of host structures.

COBOL
IS
USAGE COMP-4
COMPUTATIONAL-5
COMP-5
COMPUTATIONAL
COMP
.
IS
IS
PIC DISPLAY
IS
USAGE
.
IS
Figure 85. VARCHAR-inner-variables
Figure 86 on page 193 shows the syntax for VARGRAPHIC inner variables that are
used within declarations of host structures.

COBOL
IS
USAGE COMP-4
COMPUTATIONAL-5
COMP-5
COMPUTATIONAL
COMP
.
IS
IS
49 var-5 PICTURE picture-string DISPLAY-1
PIC IS NATIONAL
USAGE
.
IS
Figure 86. VARGRAPHIC-inner-variables
Notes:
Figure 87 shows the syntax for LOB variables and locators that are used within

BLOB K
CHAR LARGE OBJECT G
CLOB
DBCLOB
BLOB-LOCATOR
CLOB-LOCATOR
DBCLOB-LOCATOR
Notes:

COBOL
3. For elements within a structure, use any level 02 through 48 (rather than 01 or
77), up to a maximum of two levels.
4. Using a FILLER or optional FILLER item within a host structure declaration can
invalidate the whole structure.
Determining equivalent SQL and COBOL data types

plus 1.
Table 16. SQL data types the precompiler uses for COBOL declarations
SQLTYPE of host
COBOL data type variable SQLLEN of host variable SQL data type
COMP-1 480 4 REAL or FLOAT(n) 1<=n<=21
COMP-2 480 8 DOUBLE PRECISION, or
FLOAT(n) 22<=n<=53
S9(i)V9(d) COMP-3 or S9(i)V9(d) 484 i+d in byte 1, d in byte 2 DECIMAL(i+d,d) or
PACKED-DECIMAL NUMERIC(i+d,d)
S9(i)V9(d) DISPLAY SIGN 504 i+d in byte 1, d in byte 2 No exact equivalent. Use
LEADING SEPARATE DECIMAL(i+d,d) or
NUMERIC(i+d,d)
S9(4) COMP-4, S9(4) COMP-5, 500 2 SMALLINT
S9(4) COMP, or S9(4) BINARY
S9(9) COMP-4, S9(9) COMP-5, 496 4 INTEGER
S9(9) COMP, or S9(9) BINARY
Fixed-length character data 452 n CHAR(n)
Varying-length character data 448 n VARCHAR(n)
1<=n<=255
Varying-length character data 456 m VARCHAR(m)
m>255
Fixed-length graphic data 468 m GRAPHIC(m)
Varying-length graphic data 464 m VARGRAPHIC(m)
1<=m<=127
Varying-length graphic data 472 m VARGRAPHIC(m)
m>127
RESULT-SET-LOCATOR
SQL TYPE IS TABLE LIKE 976 4 Table locator1
table-name AS LOCATOR
SQL TYPE IS BLOB-LOCATOR 960 4 BLOB locator1
SQL TYPE IS CLOB-LOCATOR 964 4 CLOB locator1
USAGE IS SQL TYPE IS 968 4 DBCLOB locator1
DBCLOB-LOCATOR
USAGE IS SQL TYPE IS 404 n BLOB(n)
BLOB(n) 1≤n≤2147483647
USAGE IS SQL TYPE IS 408 n CLOB(n)
CLOB(n) 1≤n≤2147483647
USAGE IS SQL TYPE IS 412 n DBCLOB(m)2
DBCLOB(m) 1≤m≤10737418232

COBOL
Table 16. SQL data types the precompiler uses for COBOL declarations (continued)
SQLTYPE of host
COBOL data type variable SQLLEN of host variable SQL data type
Notes:
2. m is the number of double-byte characters.
Table 17 helps you define host variables that receive output from the database. You
can use the table to determine the COBOL data type that is equivalent to a given
SQL data type. For example, if you retrieve TIMESTAMP data, you can use the
table to define a suitable host variable in the program that receives the data value.
between those compatible data types. See Table 1 on page 5 for information on
Table 17. SQL data types mapped to typical COBOL declarations
SQL data type COBOL data type Notes
SMALLINT S9(4) COMP-4,
S9(4) COMP-5,
S9(4) COMP,
or S9(4) BINARY
INTEGER S9(9) COMP-4,
S9(9) COMP-5,
S9(9) COMP,
or S9(9) BINARY
DECIMAL(p,s) or S9(p-s)V9(s) COMP-3 or p is precision; s is scale. 0<=s<=p<=31. If
NUMERIC(p,s) S9(p-s)V9(s) s=0, use S9(p)V or S9(p). If s=p, use
PACKED-DECIMAL SV9(s). If the COBOL compiler does not
DISPLAY SIGN support 31–digit decimal numbers, no
LEADING SEPARATE exact equivalent exists. Use COMP-2.
REAL or FLOAT (n) COMP-1 1<=n<=21
DOUBLE PRECISION, COMP-2 22<=n<=53

DOUBLE or FLOAT (n)
CHAR(n) Fixed-length character string. For example, 1<=n<=255
01 VAR-NAME PIC X(n).
VARCHAR(n) Varying-length character string. For The inner variables must have a level of
example, 49.
01 VAR-NAME.
49 VAR-LEN PIC S9(4) USAGE BINARY.
49 VAR-TEXT PIC X(n).
GRAPHIC(n) Fixed-length graphic string. For example, n refers to the number of double-byte
01 VAR-NAME PIC G(n) characters, not to the number of bytes.
USAGE IS DISPLAY-1. 1<=n<=127

COBOL
Table 17. SQL data types mapped to typical COBOL declarations (continued)
SQL data type COBOL data type Notes
VARGRAPHIC(n) Varying-length graphic string. For example, n refers to the number of double-byte
01 VAR-NAME. characters, not to the number of bytes.
49 VAR-LEN PIC S9(4) USAGE BINARY.
49 VAR-TEXT PIC G(n) The inner variables must have a level of
USAGE IS DISPLAY-1. 49.
DATE Fixed-length character string of length n. If you are using a date exit routine, n is
For example, determined by that routine. Otherwise, n
01 VAR-NAME PIC X(n). must be at least 10.
TIME Fixed-length character string of length n. If you are using a time exit routine, n is
For example, determined by that routine. Otherwise, n
01 VAR-NAME PIC X(n). must be at least 6; to include seconds, n
must be at least 8.
TIMESTAMP Fixed-length character string of length of n must be at least 19. To include
length n. For example, microseconds, n must be 26; if n is less
01 VAR-NAME PIC X(n). than 26, truncation occurs on the
microseconds part.
Result set locator SQL TYPE IS Use this data type only for receiving result
RESULT-SET-LOCATOR sets. Do not use this data type as a
column type.
Table locator SQL TYPE IS TABLE Use this data type only in a user-defined
LIKE table-name AS LOCATOR function or stored procedure to receive
BLOB locator USAGE IS SQL TYPE IS Use this data type only to manipulate data
BLOB-LOCATOR in BLOB columns. Do not use this data
CLOB locator USAGE IS SQL TYPE IS Use this data type only to manipulate data
CLOB-LOCATOR in CLOB columns. Do not use this data
DBCLOB locator USAGE IS SQL TYPE IS Use this data type only to manipulate data
DBCLOB-LOCATOR in DBCLOB columns. Do not use this data
BLOB(n) USAGE IS SQL TYPE IS 1≤n≤2147483647
BLOB(n)
CLOB(n) USAGE IS SQL TYPE IS 1≤n≤2147483647
CLOB(n)
DBCLOB(n) USAGE IS SQL TYPE IS n is the number of double-byte characters.
DBCLOB(n) 1≤n≤1073741823
Notes on COBOL variable declaration and usage

You should be aware of the following considerations when you declare COBOL host
variables.
Controlling the CCSID: IBM Enterprise COBOL for z/OS Version 3 Release 2 or
later, and the SQL statement coprocessor for the COBOL compiler, support:
v The NATIONAL data type that is used for declaring Unicode values in the
UTF-16 format (that is, CCSID 1200)

COBOL
v The COBOL CODEPAGE compiler option that is used to specify the default
EBCDIC CCSID of character data items
You can use the NATIONAL data type and the CODEPAGE compiler option to
control the CCSID of the character host variables in your application.
For example, if you declare the host variable HV1 as USAGE NATIONAL, then DB2
handles HV1 as if you had used this DECLARE VARIABLE statement:
DECLARE :HV1 VARIABLE CCSID 1200
In addition, the COBOL SQL statement coprocessor uses the CCSID that is
specified in the CODEPAGE compiler option to indicate that all host variables of
character data type, other than NATIONAL, are specified with that CCSID unless
they are explicitly overridden by a DECLARE VARIABLE statement.
Example: Assume that the COBOL CODEPAGE compiler option is specified as

CODEPAGE(1234). The following code shows how you can control the CCSID:
DATA DIVISION.
01 HV1 PIC N(10) USAGE NATIONAL.
01 HV2 PIC X(20) USAGE DISPLAY.
01 HV3 PIC X(30) USAGE DISPLAY.
...
EXEC SQL
DECLARE :HV3 VARIABLE CCSID 1047
END-EXEC.
...
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
...
EXEC SQL
SELECT C1, C2, C3 INTO :HV1, :HV2, :HV3 FROM T1
END-EXEC.
The CCSID for each of these host variables is:

HV1 1200
HV2 1234
HV3 1047
SQL data types with no COBOL equivalent: If you are using a COBOL compiler
that does not support decimal numbers of more than 18 digits, use one of the
following data types to hold values of greater than 18 digits:
v A decimal variable with a precision less than or equal to 18, if the actual data
values fit. If you retrieve a decimal value into a decimal variable with a scale that
is less than the source column in the database, the fractional part of the value
might be truncated.
v An integer or a floating-point variable, which converts the value. If you choose
integer, you lose the fractional part of the number. If the decimal number might
exceed the maximum value for an integer, or if you want to preserve a fractional
approximations of real numbers. Therefore, when you assign a decimal number
to a floating-point variable, the result might be different from the original number.
v A character-string host variable. Use the CHAR function to retrieve a decimal
value into it.
Special purpose COBOL data types: The locator data types are COBOL data
types and SQL data types. You cannot use locators as column types. For
information on how to use these data types, see the following sections:

COBOL
Result set locator

on page 569
Level 77 data description entries: One or more REDEFINES entries can follow
any level 77 data description entry. However, you cannot use the names in these
entries in SQL statements. Entries with the name FILLER are ignored.
SMALLINT and INTEGER data types: In COBOL, you declare the SMALLINT
and INTEGER data types as a number of decimal digits. DB2 uses the full size of
the integers (in a way that is similar to processing with the TRUNC(BIN) compiler
option) and can place larger values in the host variable than would be allowed in
the specified number of digits in the COBOL declaration. If you compile with
TRUNC(OPT) or TRUNC(STD), ensure that the size of numbers in your application
is within the declared number of digits.
For small integers that can exceed 9999, use S9(4) COMP-5 or compile with
TRUNC(BIN). For large integers that can exceed 999 999 999, use S9(10) COMP-3
to obtain the decimal data type. If you use COBOL for integers that exceed the
COBOL PICTURE, specify the column as decimal to ensure that the data types
match and perform well.

column value into a PICTURE S9(4) host variable and the column value is larger
than 32767 or smaller than -32768. You get an overflow warning or an error,
depending on whether you specify an indicator variable.
VARCHAR and VARGRAPHIC data types: If your varying-length character host

variables receive values whose length is greater than 9999 characters, compile the
applications in which you use those host variables with the option TRUNC(BIN).
TRUNC(BIN) lets the length field for the character string receive a value of up to
32767.

CHAR column value into a PICTURE X(70) host variable, the rightmost 10
characters of the retrieved string are truncated. Retrieving a double precision
floating-point or decimal column value into a PIC S9(8) COMP host variable
removes any fractional part of the value.
Similarly, retrieving a column value with DECIMAL data type into a COBOL decimal
variable with a lower precision might truncate the value.
Determining compatibility of SQL and COBOL data types

COBOL host variables that are used in SQL statements must be type compatible
with the columns with which you intend to use them:
v Numeric data types are compatible with each other. See Table 17 on page 195
for the COBOL data types that are compatible with the SQL data types
SMALLINT, INTEGER, DECIMAL, REAL, and DOUBLE PRECISION.
CLOB column is compatible with a fixed-length or varying-length COBOL

COBOL
or DBCLOB column is compatible with a fixed-length or varying-length COBOL
graphic string host variable.
or TIMESTAMP column is compatible with a fixed-length or varying length
COBOL character host variable.
compatible with the source type of the distinct type. For information on assigning
and comparing distinct types, see Chapter 16, “Creating and using distinct types,”
on page 349.


| An indicator variable is a 2-byte integer (PIC S9(4) USAGE BINARY). An indicator
| variable array is an array of 2-byte integers (PIC S9(4) USAGE BINARY). You use
| indicator variables and indicator variable arrays in similar ways.

COBOL
column and ignores any value in X. For more information about indicator variables,
see “Using indicator variables with host variables” on page 75.
way that seems appropriate. You can define indicator variables as scalar variables
or as array elements in a structure form or as an array variable using a single level
OCCURS clause.
EXEC SQL FETCH CLS_CURSOR INTO :CLS-CD,
:DAY :DAY-IND,
:BGN :BGN-IND,
:END :END-IND
END-EXEC.
You can declare the variables as follows:

77 CLS-CD PIC X(7).
77 DAY PIC S9(4) BINARY.
77 BGN PIC X(8).
77 END PIC X(8).
77 DAY-IND PIC S9(4) BINARY.
77 BGN-IND PIC S9(4) BINARY.
77 END-IND PIC S9(4) BINARY.
Figure 88 shows the syntax for declarations of indicator variables.
IS
01 variable-name PICTURE S9(4) BINARY
77 PIC S9999 IS COMPUTATIONAL-4
USAGE COMP-4
COMPUTATIONAL-5
COMP-5
COMPUTATIONAL
COMP
.
IS
VALUE constant

COBOL
Declaring indicator variable arrays: Figure 89 shows the syntax for valid indicator
array declarations.
IS
level-1 variable-name PICTURE S9(4)
PIC S9999 IS
USAGE
BINARY OCCURS dimension .

COMPUTATIONAL-4 TIMES IS
COMP-4 VALUE constant
COMPUTATIONAL-5
COMP-5
COMPUTATIONAL
COMP
Figure 89. Host structure indicator array
Notes:
1. level-1 must be an integer between 2 and 48.
2. dimension must be an integer constant between 1 and 32767.

program. For concepts and more information on the behavior of DSNTIAR, see
DSNTIAR syntax
CALL ’DSNTIAR’ USING sqlca message lrecl.

sqlca
message
value is 240.
01 ERROR-MESSAGE.

COBOL
77
. ERROR-TEXT-LEN PIC S9(9) COMP VALUE +132.
.
.
where ERROR-MESSAGE is the name of the message output area containing

10 lines of length 132 each, and ERROR-TEXT-LEN is the length of each line.
lrecl
and 240.
An example of calling DSNTIAR from an application appears in the DB2 sample

assembler program DSN8BC3, which is contained in the library
DSN8810.SDSNSAMP. See Appendix B, “Sample applications,” on page 915 for
instructions on how to access and print the source code for the sample program.
CICS
If you call DSNTIAR dynamically from a CICS COBOL application program, be
sure you do the following:
v Compile the COBOL application with the NODYNAM option.
v Define DSNTIAR in the CSD.
CALL ’DSNTIAC’ USING eib commarea sqlca msg lrecl.
use CICS commands.
commarea communication area

Coding considerations for object-oriented extensions in COBOL

When you use object-oriented extensions in a COBOL application, be aware of the
following considerations:
Where to place SQL statements in your application: A COBOL source data set
or member can contain the following elements:
v Multiple programs
v Multiple class definitions, each of which contains multiple methods

COBOL
You can put SQL statements in only the first program or class in the source data
set or member. However, you can put SQL statements in multiple methods within a
class. If an application consists of multiple data sets or members, each of the data
sets or members can contain SQL statements.
Where to place the SQLCA, SQLDA, and host variable declarations: You can
put the SQLCA, SQLDA, and SQL host variable declarations in the
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION of a program, class, or method. An SQLCA or
SQLDA in a class WORKING-STORAGE SECTION is global for all the methods of
the class. An SQLCA or SQLDA in a method WORKING-STORAGE SECTION is
local to that method only.
If a class and a method within the class both contain an SQLCA or SQLDA, the
method uses the SQLCA or SQLDA that is local.
Rules for host variables: You can declare COBOL variables that are used as host
variables in the WORKING-STORAGE SECTION or LINKAGE-SECTION of a
program, class, or method. You can also declare host variables in the
LOCAL-STORAGE SECTION of a method. The scope of a host variable is the
method, class, or program within which it is defined.
Coding SQL statements in a Fortran application

SQL statements within a Fortran program.

A Fortran program that contains SQL statements must include one or both of the
v An SQLCOD variable declared as INTEGER*4
v An SQLSTA (or SQLSTATE) variable declared as CHARACTER*5
Alternatively, you can include an SQLCA, which contains the SQLCOD and
SQLSTA variables.
DB2 sets the SQLCOD and SQLSTA (or SQLSTATE) values after each SQL
statement executes. An application can check these values to determine whether
the last SQL statement was successful. All SQL statements in the program must be
within the scope of the declaration of the SQLCOD and SQLSTA (or SQLSTATE)
variables.
Whether you define the SQLCOD or SQLSTA variable or an SQLCA in your


errors.
If you declare an SQLSTA (or SQLSTATE) variable, it must not be an element of a

structure. You must declare the host variables SQLCOD and SQLSTA within the
BEGIN DECLARE SECTION and END DECLARE SECTION statements in your
program declarations.

FORTRAN

You can code the SQLCA in a Fortran program, either directly or by using the SQL
declaration:
SQLCA fields.

v CALL...USING DESCRIPTOR descriptor-name
v EXECUTE...USING DESCRIPTOR descriptor-name
v FETCH...USING DESCRIPTOR descriptor-name
v OPEN...USING DESCRIPTOR descriptor-name
v PREPARE...INTO descriptor-name
can have any valid name. DB2 does not support the INCLUDE SQLDA statement
for Fortran programs. If present, an error message results.
A Fortran program can call a subroutine (written in C, PL/I or assembler language)

that uses the INCLUDE SQLDA statement to define the SQLDA and that also
includes the necessary SQL statements for the dynamic SQL functions you want to
perform. See Chapter 24, “Coding dynamic SQL in application programs,” on page
535 for more information about dynamic SQL.
the data descriptor.

Fortran source statements must be fixed-length 80-byte records. The DB2
precompiler does not support free-form source input.
You can code SQL statements in a Fortran program wherever you can place
executable statements. If the SQL statement is within an IF statement, the
precompiler generates any necessary THEN and END IF statements.
Each SQL statement in a Fortran program must begin with EXEC SQL. The EXEC
and SQL keywords must appear on one line, but the remainder of the statement
can appear on subsequent lines.
You might code the UPDATE statement in a Fortran program as follows:

EXEC SQL
C UPDATE DSN8810.DEPT
C SET MGRNO = :MGRNUM
C WHERE DEPTNO = :INTDEPT

FORTRAN
You cannot follow an SQL statement with another SQL statement or Fortran
statement on the same line.
Fortran does not require blanks to delimit words within a statement, but the SQL
language requires blanks. The rules for embedded SQL follow the rules for SQL
syntax, which require you to use one or more blanks as a delimiter.
Comments: You can include Fortran comment lines within embedded SQL
statements wherever you can use a blank, except between the keywords EXEC and
| SQL. You can include SQL comments in any embedded SQL statement.
The DB2 precompiler does not support the exclamation point (!) as a comment
recognition character in Fortran programs.
are the same as those for Fortran statements, except that you must specify EXEC
SQL on one line. The SQL examples in this section have Cs in the sixth column to
indicate that they are continuations of EXEC SQL.
Declaring tables and views: Your Fortran program should also include the
DECLARE TABLE statement to describe each table and view the program
accesses.
Dynamic SQL in a Fortran program: In general, Fortran programs can easily

handle dynamic SQL statements. SELECT statements can be handled if the data
types and the number of returned fields are fixed. If you want to use variable-list
SELECT statements, you need to use an SQLDA, as described in “Defining SQL
descriptor areas” on page 204.
You can use a Fortran character variable in the statements PREPARE and
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE, even if it is fixed-length.
Including code: To include SQL statements or Fortran host variable declarations

from a member of a partitioned data set, use the following SQL statement in the
EXEC SQL INCLUDE member-name
You cannot nest SQL INCLUDE statements. You cannot use the Fortran INCLUDE
compiler directive to include SQL statements or Fortran host variable declarations.
Margins: Code the SQL statements between columns 7 through 72, inclusive. If
EXEC SQL starts before the specified left margin, the DB2 precompiler does not
recognize the SQL statement.
Names: You can use any valid Fortran name for a host variable. Do not use
external entry names that begin with ’DSN’ or host variable names that begin with
’SQL’. These names are reserved for DB2.
Do not use the word DEBUG, except when defining a Fortran DEBUG packet. Do
not use the words FUNCTION, IMPLICIT, PROGRAM, and SUBROUTINE to define
variables.

FORTRAN
Statement labels: You can specify statement numbers for SQL statements in
columns 1 to 5. However, during program preparation, a labeled SQL statement
generates a Fortran CONTINUE statement with that label before it generates the
code that executes the SQL statement. Therefore, a labeled SQL statement should
never be the last statement in a DO loop. In addition, you should not label SQL
statements (such as INCLUDE and BEGIN DECLARE SECTION) that occur before
the first executable SQL statement, because an error might occur.
WHENEVER statement: The target for the GOTO clause in the SQL WHENEVER
statement must be a label in the Fortran source code and must refer to a statement
in the same subprogram. The WHENEVER statement only applies to SQL
statements in the same subprogram.
Special Fortran considerations: The following considerations apply to programs

written in Fortran:
v You cannot use the @PROCESS statement in your source code. Instead, specify
the compiler options in the PARM field.
v You cannot use the SQL INCLUDE statement to include the following statements:
PROGRAM, SUBROUTINE, BLOCK, FUNCTION, or IMPLICIT.
DB2 supports Version 3 Release 1 (or later) of VS Fortran with the following
restrictions:
v The parallel option is not supported. Applications that contain SQL statements
must not use Fortran parallelism.
v You cannot use the byte data type within embedded SQL, because byte is not a
recognizable host data type.

You must explicitly declare each host variable that is used in SQL statements
before its first use. You cannot implicitly declare any host variables through default
typing or by using the IMPLICIT statement.
You can precede Fortran statements that define the host variables with a BEGIN
DECLARE SECTION statement and follow the statements with an END DECLARE
SECTION statement. You must use the BEGIN DECLARE SECTION and END
DECLARE SECTION statements when you use the precompiler option
STDSQL(YES).
A colon (:) must precede all host variables in an SQL statement.
The names of host variables should be unique within the program, even if the host
variables are in different blocks, functions, or subroutines.
When you declare a character host variable, you must not use an expression to
define the length of the character variable. You can use a character host variable
with an undefined length (for example, CHARACTER *(*)). The length of any such
variable is determined when its associated SQL statement executes.
An SQL statement that uses a host variable must be within the scope of the
statement that declares the variable.
Host variables must be scalar variables; they cannot be elements of vectors or

arrays (subscripted variables).

FORTRAN
Be careful when calling subroutines that might change the attributes of a host
variable. Such alteration can cause an error while the program is running. See
Appendix C of DB2 SQL Reference for more information.

Only some of the valid Fortran declarations are valid host variable declarations. If
the declaration for a variable is not valid, any SQL statement that references the
variable might result in the message UNDECLARED HOST VARIABLE.
host variables.
INTEGER*2 variable-name
*4 / numeric-constant /
INTEGER
*4
REAL
REAL*8
DOUBLE PRECISION
Character host variables: Figure 91 shows the syntax for declarations of character
host variables other than CLOBs. See Figure 93 on page 208 for the syntax of
CLOBs.
CHARACTER variable-name
*n *n / character-constant /
Figure 91. Character host variables
SQL TYPE IS RESULT_SET_LOCATOR VARYING variable-name
LOB Variables and Locators: Figure 93 on page 208 shows the syntax for
declarations of BLOB and CLOB host variables and locators. See Chapter 14,

FORTRAN
SQL TYPE IS BINARY LARGE OBJECT ( length ) variable-name

BLOB K
CHAR LARGE OBJECT G
CLOB
BLOB_LOCATOR
CLOB_LOCATOR
ROWIDs: Figure 94 shows the syntax for declarations of ROWID variables. See
SQL TYPE IS ROWID variable-name
Determining equivalent SQL and Fortran data types

plus 1.
Table 18. SQL data types the precompiler uses for Fortran declarations
SQLTYPE of host
Fortran data type variable SQLLEN of host variable SQL data type
INTEGER*2 500 2 SMALLINT
INTEGER*4 496 4 INTEGER
REAL*4 480 4 FLOAT (single precision)
REAL*8 480 8 FLOAT (double precision)
CHARACTER*n 452 n CHAR(n)
SQL TYPE IS 972 4 Result set locator. Do not use
RESULT_SET_LOCATOR this data type as a column type.
SQL TYPE IS BLOB_LOCATOR 960 4 BLOB locator. Do not use this
SQL TYPE IS CLOB_LOCATOR 964 4 CLOB locator. Do not use this
SQL TYPE IS BLOB(n) 404 n BLOB(n)
1≤n≤2147483647
SQL TYPE IS CLOB(n) 408 n CLOB(n)
1≤n≤2147483647
database. You can use the table to determine the Fortran data type that is

FORTRAN
equivalent to a given SQL data type. For example, if you retrieve TIMESTAMP data,
you can use the table to define a suitable host variable in the program that receives
the data value.
Table 19. SQL data types mapped to typical Fortran declarations
SQL data type Fortran equivalent Notes
SMALLINT INTEGER*2
INTEGER INTEGER*4
DECIMAL(p,s) or no exact equivalent Use REAL*8
NUMERIC(p,s)
FLOAT(n) single precision REAL*4 1<=n<=21
FLOAT(n) double precision REAL*8 22<=n<=53
CHAR(n) CHARACTER*n 1<=n<=255
VARCHAR(n) no exact equivalent Use a character host variable that is large
enough to contain the largest expected
VARCHAR value.
GRAPHIC(n) not supported
VARGRAPHIC(n) not supported
DATE CHARACTER*n If you are using a date exit routine, n is
determined by that routine; otherwise, n
must be at least 10.
TIME CHARACTER*n If you are using a time exit routine, n is
determined by that routine. Otherwise, n
must be at least 6; to include seconds, n
must be at least 8.
TIMESTAMP CHARACTER*n n must be at least 19. To include
than 26, truncation occurs on the
microseconds part.
column type.
DBCLOB locator not supported
DBCLOB(n) not supported

FORTRAN
Notes on Fortran variable declaration and usage

You should be aware of the following when you declare Fortran variables.
Fortran data types with no SQL equivalent: Fortran supports some data types
with no SQL equivalent (for example, REAL*16 and COMPLEX). In most cases, you
can use Fortran statements to convert between the unsupported data types and the
data types that SQL allows.
SQL data types with no Fortran equivalent: Fortran does not provide an
equivalent for the decimal data type. To hold the value of such a variable, you can
use:
v An integer or floating-point variable, which converts the value. If you choose
integer, however, you lose the fractional part of the number. If the decimal
number can exceed the maximum value for an integer or you want to preserve a
fractional value, you can use floating-point numbers. Floating-point numbers are
approximations of real numbers. When you assign a decimal number to a
floating-point variable, the result could be different from the original number.
v A character string host variable. Use the CHAR function to retrieve a decimal
value into it.
Special-purpose Fortran data types: The locator data types are Fortran data
types and SQL data types. You cannot use locators as column types. For
information on how to use these data types, see the following sections:
Result set locator
on page 569
Overflow: Be careful of overflow. For example, if you retrieve an INTEGER column

value into a INTEGER*2 host variable and the column value is larger than 32767 or
-32768, you get an overflow warning or an error, depending on whether you
provided an indicator variable.

CHAR column value into a CHARACTER*70 host variable, the rightmost ten
characters of the retrieved string are truncated.
Retrieving a double-precision floating-point or decimal column value into an

INTEGER*4 host variable removes any fractional value.
Processing Unicode data: Because Fortran does not support graphic data types,
Fortran applications can process only Unicode tables that use UTF-8 encoding.
Notes on syntax differences for constants

You should be aware of the following syntax differences for constants.
Real constants: Fortran interprets a string of digits with a decimal point to be a

real constant. An SQL statement interprets such a string to be a decimal constant.
Therefore, use exponent notation when specifying a real (that is, floating-point)
constant in an SQL statement.

FORTRAN
Exponent indicators: In Fortran, a real (floating-point) constant having a length of

8 bytes uses a D as the exponent indicator (for example, 3.14159D+04). An 8-byte
floating-point constant in an SQL statement must use an E (for example,
3.14159E+04).
Determining compatibility of SQL and Fortran data types

Host variables must be type compatible with the column values with which you
intend to use them.
v Numeric data types are compatible with each other. For example, if a column
value is INTEGER, you must declare the host variable as INTEGER*2,
INTEGER*4, REAL, REAL*4, REAL*8, or DOUBLE PRECISION.
CLOB column is compatible with Fortran character host variable.
or TIMESTAMP column is compatible with a Fortran character host variable.
on page 349.

An indicator variable is a 2-byte integer (INTEGER*2). If you provide an indicator
variable for the variable X, when DB2 retrieves a null value for X, it puts a negative
value in the indicator variable and does not update X. Your program should check
the indicator variable before using X. If the indicator variable is negative, you know
that X is null and any value you find in X is irrelevant.
You declare indicator variables in the same way as host variables. You can mix the
declarations of the two types of variables in any way that seems appropriate. For
more information about indicator variables, see “Using indicator variables with host
variables” on page 75.

FORTRAN
EXEC SQL FETCH CLS_CURSOR INTO :CLSCD,
C :DAY :DAYIND,
C :BGN :BGNIND,
C :END :ENDIND

CHARACTER*7 CLSCD
INTEGER*2 DAY
CHARACTER*8 BGN, END
INTEGER*2 DAYIND, BGNIND, ENDIND
INTEGER*2 variable-name
/ numeric-constant /

You can use the subroutine DSNTIR to convert an SQL return code into a text
message. DSNTIR builds a parameter list and calls DSNTIAR for you. DSNTIAR
takes data from the SQLCA, formats it into a message, and places the result in a
message output area that you provide in your application program. For concepts
and more information on the behavior of DSNTIAR, see “Calling DSNTIAR to
display SQLCA fields” on page 89.
DSNTIR syntax
CALL DSNTIR ( error-length, message, return-code )
The DSNTIR parameters have the following meanings:

error-length
The total length of the message output area.
message
value is 240.
The output lines of text are put into this area. For example, you could specify
the format of the output area as:
INTEGER ERRLEN /1320/
CHARACTER*132 ERRTXT(10)
INTEGER ICODE

FORTRAN
.
.
.
CALL DSNTIR ( ERRLEN, ERRTXT, ICODE )
where ERRLEN is the total length of the message output area, ERRTXT is the
name of the message output area, and ICODE is the return code.
return-code
Accepts a return code from DSNTIAR.
An example of calling DSNTIR (which then calls DSNTIAR) from an application

appears in the DB2 sample assembler program DSN8BF3, which is contained in
the library DSN8810.SDSNSAMP. See Appendix B, “Sample applications,” on page
915 for instructions on how to access and print the source code for the sample
program.
Coding SQL statements in a PL/I application

SQL statements within a PL/I program.

A PL/I program that contains SQL statements must include one or both of the
v An SQLCODE variable, declared as BIN FIXED (31)
v An SQLSTATE variable, declared as CHARACTER(5)
SQLSTATE variables.


errors.

must declare the host variables SQLCODE and SQLSTATE within the BEGIN
DECLARE SECTION and END DECLARE SECTION statements in your program
declarations.

You can code the SQLCA in a PL/I program, either directly or by using the SQL
declaration:

PL/I
SQLCA fields.

can have any valid name. You can code an SQLDA in a PL/I program, either
directly or by using the SQL INCLUDE statement. Using the SQL INCLUDE
statement requests a standard SQLDA declaration:
You must declare an SQLDA before the first SQL statement that references that
data descriptor, unless you use the precompiler option TWOPASS. See Chapter 5
of DB2 SQL Reference for more information about the INCLUDE statement and
Appendix C of DB2 SQL Reference for a complete description of SQLDA fields.

The first statement of the PL/I program must be the PROCEDURE statement with
OPTIONS(MAIN), unless the program is a stored procedure. A stored procedure
application can run as a subroutine. See Chapter 25, “Using stored procedures for
client/server processing,” on page 569 for more information.
You can code SQL statements in a PL/I program wherever you can use executable
statements.
Each SQL statement in a PL/I program must begin with EXEC SQL and end with a
semicolon (;). The EXEC and SQL keywords must appear must appear on one line,
but the remainder of the statement can appear on subsequent lines.
You might code an UPDATE statement in a PL/I program as follows:

EXEC SQL UPDATE DSN8810.DEPT
SET MGRNO = :MGR_NUM
WHERE DEPTNO = :INT_DEPT ;
Comments: You can include PL/I comments in embedded SQL statements

| wherever you can use a blank, except between the keywords EXEC and SQL. You
| can also include SQL comments in any SQL statement.
To include DBCS characters in comments, you must delimit the characters by a

shift-out and shift-in control character; the first shift-in character in the DBCS string
signals the end of the DBCS string.

PL/I
are the same as those for other PL/I statements, except that you must specify
EXEC SQL on one line.
Declaring tables and views: Your PL/I program should include a DECLARE
TABLE statement to describe each table and view the program accesses. You can
use the DB2 declarations generator (DCLGEN) to generate the DECLARE TABLE
statements. For more information, see Chapter 8, “Generating declarations for your
Including code: You can use SQL statements or PL/I host variable declarations
from a member of a partitioned data set by using the following SQL statement in the
EXEC SQL INCLUDE member-name;
You cannot nest SQL INCLUDE statements. Do not use the PL/I %INCLUDE
statement to include SQL statements or host variable DCL statements. You must
use the PL/I preprocessor to resolve any %INCLUDE statements before you use
the DB2 precompiler. Do not use PL/I preprocessor directives within SQL
statements.
Margins: Code SQL statements in columns 2 through 72, unless you have
specified other margins to the DB2 precompiler. If EXEC SQL starts before the
specified left margin, the DB2 precompiler does not recognize the SQL statement.
Names: You can use any valid PL/I name for a host variable. Do not use external
entry names or access plan names that begin with ’DSN’, and do not use host
variable names that begin with ’SQL’. These names are reserved for DB2.
do not include sequence numbers. IEL0378I messages from the PL/I compiler
identify lines of code without sequence numbers. You can ignore these messages.
Statement labels: You can specify a statement label for executable SQL
statements. However, the INCLUDE text-file-name and END DECLARE SECTION
statements cannot have statement labels.
Whenever statement: The target for the GOTO clause in an SQL statement
WHENEVER must be a label in the PL/I source code and must be within the scope
of any SQL statements that WHENEVER affects.
Using double-byte character set (DBCS) characters: The following

considerations apply to using DBCS in PL/I programs with SQL statements:
v If you use DBCS in the PL/I source, DB2 rules for the following language
elements apply:
– Graphic strings
– Graphic string constants
– Host identifiers
– Mixed data in character strings
– MIXED DATA option
See Chapter 2 of DB2 SQL Reference for detailed information about these
language elements.
v The PL/I preprocessor transforms the format of DBCS constants. If you do not
want that transformation, run the DB2 precompiler before the preprocessor.

PL/I
v If you use graphic string constants or mixed data in dynamically prepared SQL
statements, and if your application requires the PL/I Version 2 (or later) compiler,
the dynamically prepared statements must use the PL/I mixed constant format.
– If you prepare the statement from a host variable, change the string
assignment to a PL/I mixed string.
– If you prepare the statement from a PL/I string, change that to a host variable,
and then change the string assignment to a PL/I mixed string.
Example:
SQLSTMT = ’SELECT <dbdb> FROM table-name’M;
EXEC SQL PREPARE STMT FROM :SQLSTMT;
For instructions on preparing SQL statements dynamically, see Chapter 24,

“Coding dynamic SQL in application programs,” on page 535.
v If you want a DBCS identifier to resemble a PL/I graphic string, you must use a
delimited identifier.
v If you include DBCS characters in comments, you must delimit the characters
with a shift-out and shift-in control character. The first shift-in character signals
the end of the DBCS string.
v You can declare host variable names that use DBCS characters in PL/I
application programs. The rules for using DBCS variable names in PL/I follow
existing rules for DBCS SQL ordinary identifiers, except for length. The maximum
length for a host variable is 64 single-byte characters in DB2. See Chapter 2 of
DB2 SQL Reference for the rules for DBCS SQL ordinary identifiers.
Restrictions:
– DBCS variable names must contain DBCS characters only. Mixing single-byte
character set (SBCS) characters with DBCS characters in a DBCS variable
name produces unpredictable results.
– A DBCS variable name cannot continue to the next line.
v The PL/I preprocessor changes non-Kanji DBCS characters into extended binary
coded decimal interchange code (EBCDIC) SBCS characters. To avoid this
change, use Kanji DBCS characters for DBCS variable names, or run the PL/I
compiler without the PL/I preprocessor.
Special PL/I considerations: The following considerations apply to programs

written in PL/I:
v When compiling a PL/I program that includes SQL statements, you must use the
PL/I compiler option CHARSET (60 EBCDIC).
v In unusual cases, the generated comments in PL/I can contain a semicolon. The
semicolon generates compiler message IEL0239I, which you can ignore.
v The generated code in a PL/I declaration can contain the ADDR function of a
| field defined as character varying. This produces either message IBM105l l or
| IBM1180l W, both of which you can ignore.
v The precompiler generated code in PL/I source can contain the NULL() function.
This produces message IEL0533I, which you can ignore unless you also use
NULL as a PL/I variable. If you use NULL as a PL/I variable in a DB2 application,
you must also declare NULL as a built-in function (DCL NULL BUILTIN;) to avoid
PL/I compiler errors.
v The PL/I macro processor can generate SQL statements or host variable DCL
statements if you run the macro processor before running the DB2 precompiler.
If you use the PL/I macro processor, do not use the PL/I *PROCESS statement
in the source to pass options to the PL/I compiler. You can specify the needed

PL/I
options on the COPTION parameter of the DSNH command or the option

PARM.PLI=options of the EXEC statement in the DSNHPLI procedure.
v Using the PL/I multitasking facility, in which multiple tasks execute SQL
statements, causes unpredictable results. See the RUN(DSN) command in Part 3
of DB2 Command Reference.

| You must explicitly declare all host variables and all host variable arrays before their
| first use in SQL statements, unless you specify the precompiler option TWOPASS.
| If you specify the precompiler option TWOPASS, you must declare a host variable
| before its use in the statement DECLARE CURSOR.
| You can precede PL/I statements that define the host variables and host variable
| arrays with the BEGIN DECLARE SECTION statement, and follow the statements
| with the END DECLARE SECTION statement. You must use the BEGIN DECLARE
| SECTION and END DECLARE SECTION statements when you use the
| precompiler option STDSQL(YES).
| A colon (:) must precede all host variables and host variable arrays in an SQL
| statement, with the following exception. If the SQL statement meets the following
| conditions, a host variable or host variable array in the SQL statement cannot be
| preceded by a colon:
| v The SQL statement is an EXECUTE IMMEDIATE or PREPARE statement.
| v The SQL statement is in a program that also contains a DECLARE VARIABLE
| statement.
| v The host variable is part of a string expression, but the host variable is not the
| only component of the string expression.
| The names of host variables and host variable arrays should be unique within the
| program, even if the variables and variable arrays are in different blocks or
| procedures. You can qualify the names with a structure name to make them unique.
| variable arrays for use with multiple-row FETCH and multiple-row INSERT
| statements.

Only some of the valid PL/I declarations are valid host variable declarations. The
precompiler uses the data attribute defaults that are specified in the PL/I DEFAULT
statement. If the declaration for a host variable is not valid, any SQL statement that
references the variable might result in the message UNDECLARED HOST
VARIABLE.
The precompiler uses only the names and data attributes of the variables; it ignores
the alignment, scope, and storage attributes. Even though the precompiler ignores
alignment, scope, and storage, if you ignore the restrictions on their use, you might
have problems compiling the PL/I source code that the precompiler generates.
These restrictions are as follows:
v A declaration with the EXTERNAL scope attribute and the STATIC storage
attribute must also have the INITIAL storage attribute.
v If you use the BASED storage attribute, you must follow it with a PL/I
element-locator-expression.

PL/I
v Host variables can be STATIC, CONTROLLED, BASED, or AUTOMATIC storage

class, or options. However, CICS requires that programs be reentrant.
host variables.
DECLARE variable-name BINARY

DCL , BIN
DECIMAL
( variable-name ) DEC
FIXED
( precision ) Alignment and/or Scope and/or Storage
,scale
FLOAT ( precision )
Notes:
1. You can specify host variable attributes in any order that is acceptable to PL/I.
For example, BIN FIXED(31), BINARY FIXED(31), BIN(31) FIXED, and FIXED
BIN(31) are all acceptable.
2. You can specify a scale only for DECIMAL FIXED.
Character host variables: Figure 97 shows the syntax for declarations of character
host variables, other than CLOBs. See Figure 101 on page 219 for the syntax of
CLOBs.
DECLARE variable-name CHARACTER ( length )

DCL , CHAR VARYING
VAR
( variable-name )

Alignment and/or Scope and/or Storage
Figure 97. Character host variables
Graphic host variables: Figure 98 shows the syntax for declarations of graphic
host variables, other than DBCLOBs. See Figure 101 on page 219 for the syntax of
DBCLOBs.
DECLARE variable-name GRAPHIC ( length )

DCL , VARYING
VAR
( variable-name )

Figure 98. Graphic host variables

PL/I
DECLARE variable-name SQL TYPE IS RESULT_SET_LOCATOR VARYING

DCL ,
( variable-name )

Table locators: Figure 100 shows the syntax for declarations of table locators. See
DCL variable-name SQL TYPE IS TABLE LIKE table-name AS LOCATOR

DECLARE ,
( variable-name )
LOB variables and locators: Figure 101 shows the syntax for declarations of
BLOB, CLOB, and DBCLOB host variables and locators. See Chapter 14,
A single PL/I declaration that contains a LOB variable declaration is limited to no

more than 1000 lines of source code.
DCL variable-name SQL TYPE IS

DECLARE ,
( variable-name )

BLOB K
CHAR LARGE OBJECT G
CLOB
DBCLOB
BLOB_LOCATOR
CLOB_LOCATOR
DBCLOB_LOCATOR
Note: Variable attributes such as STATIC and AUTOMATIC are ignored if specified
on a LOB variable declaration.

PL/I
DCL variable-name SQL TYPE IS ROWID

DECLARE ,
( variable-name )

| Only some of the valid PL/I declarations are valid host variable array declarations.
| The precompiler uses the data attribute defaults that are specified in the PL/I
| DEFAULT statement. If the declaration for a variable array is not valid, then any
| SQL statement that references the host variable array might result in the message
| UNDECLARED HOST VARIABLE ARRAY.
| The precompiler uses only the names and data attributes of the variable arrays; it
| ignores the alignment, scope, and storage attributes. Even though the precompiler
| ignores alignment, scope, and storage, if you ignore the restrictions on their use,
| you might have problems compiling the PL/I source code that the precompiler
| generates. These restrictions are as follows:
| v A declaration with the EXTERNAL scope attribute and the STATIC storage
| attribute must also have the INITIAL storage attribute.
| v If you use the BASED storage attribute, you must follow it with a PL/I
| element-locator-expression.
| v Host variables can be STATIC, CONTROLLED, BASED, or AUTOMATIC storage
| class or options. However, CICS requires that programs be reentrant.
| Numeric host variable arrays: Figure 103 shows the syntax for declarations of
| numeric host variable arrays.
|
DECLARE variable-name ( dimension )

DCL ,
( variable-name )
,
( variable-name ( dimension ) )
BINARY FIXED
BIN ( precision )
DECIMAL ,scale
DEC FLOAT ( precision )

Figure 103. Numeric host variable arrays

PL/I
| Notes:
| 1. You can specify host variable array attributes in any order that is acceptable to
| PL/I. For example, BIN FIXED(31), BINARY FIXED(31), BIN(31) FIXED, and
| FIXED BIN(31) are all acceptable.
| 2. You can specify the scale for only DECIMAL FIXED.
| Example: The following example shows a declaration of an indicator array:

| DCL IND_ARRAY(100) BIN FIXED(15); /* DCL ARRAY of 100 indicator variables */
| Character host variable arrays: Figure 104 shows the syntax for declarations of
| character host variable arrays, other than CLOBs. See Figure 106 on page 222 for
| the syntax of CLOBs.
|

DCL ,
( variable-name )
,
CHARACTER ( length )
CHAR VARYING Alignment and/or Scope and/or Storage
VAR
Figure 104. Character host variable arrays
| Notes:
| Example: The following example shows the declarations needed to retrieve 10

| rows of the department number and name from the department table:
| DCL DEPTNO(10) CHAR(3); /* Array of ten CHAR(3) variables */
| DCL DEPTNAME(10) CHAR(29) VAR; /* Array of ten VARCHAR(29) variables */
| Graphic host variable arrays: Figure 105 on page 222 shows the syntax for
| declarations of graphic host variable arrays, other than DBCLOBs. See Figure 106
| on page 222 for the syntax of DBCLOBs.
|

PL/I

DCL ,
( variable-name )
,
GRAPHIC ( length )
VARYING Alignment and/or Scope and/or Storage
VAR
Figure 105. Graphic host variable arrays
| Notes:
| LOB variable arrays and locators: Figure 106 shows the syntax for declarations
| of BLOB, CLOB, and DBCLOB host variable arrays and locators. See Chapter 14,
| “Programming for large objects (LOBs),” on page 281 for a discussion of how to
| use these host variables.
|
DCL variable-name ( dimension ) SQL TYPE IS

DECLARE ,
( variable-name )
,

BLOB K
CHAR LARGE OBJECT G
CLOB
DBCLOB
BLOB LOCATOR
CLOB LOCATOR
DBCLOB LOCATOR
| Notes:
| ROWIDs: Figure 107 on page 223 shows the syntax for declarations of ROWID
| variable arrays. See Chapter 14, “Programming for large objects (LOBs),” on page
| 281 for a discussion of how to use these host variables.
|

PL/I
DCL variable-name ( dimension ) SQL TYPE IS ROWID

DECLARE ,
( variable-name )
,
| Notes:

A PL/I host structure name can be a structure name whose subordinate levels
name scalars. For example:
DCL 1 A,
2 B,
3 C1 CHAR(...),
3 C2 CHAR(...);
In this example, B is the name of a host structure consisting of the scalars C1 and
C2.
You can use the structure name as shorthand notation for a list of scalars. You can
qualify a host variable with a structure name (for example, STRUCTURE.FIELD).
Host structures are limited to two levels. You can think of a host structure for DB2
data as a named group of host variables.
You must terminate the host structure variable by ending the declaration with a
semicolon. For example:
DCL 1 A,
2 B CHAR,
2 (C, D) CHAR;
DCL (E, F) CHAR;
You can specify host variable attributes in any order that is acceptable to PL/I. For
example, BIN FIXED(31), BIN(31) FIXED, and FIXED BIN(31) are all acceptable.
Figure 108 on page 224 shows the syntax for declarations of host structures.

PL/I
DECLARE level-1 variable-name ,

DCL Scope and/or storage
level-2 var-1 data-type-specification ;

,
( var-2 )
Figure 108. Host structures
Figure 109 shows the syntax for data types that are used within declarations of host
structures.
BINARY FIXED
BIN ( precision )
DECIMAL , scale
DEC FLOAT
( precision )
CHARACTER
CHAR ( integer ) VARYING
VARY
GRAPHIC
( integer ) VARYING
VARY
SQL TYPE IS ROWID
LOB data type
Figure 109. Data type specification
Figure 109 shows the syntax for LOB data types that are used within declarations of
host structures.

BLOB K
CHAR LARGE OBJECT G
CLOB
DBCLOB
BLOB_LOCATOR
CLOB_LOCATOR
DBCLOB_LOCATOR
Figure 110. LOB data type
Determining equivalent SQL and PL/I data types

Table 20 on page 225 describes the SQL data type, and base SQLTYPE and
SQLLEN values, that the precompiler uses for the host variables it finds in SQL
statements. If a host variable appears with an indicator variable, the SQLTYPE is
the base SQLTYPE plus 1.

PL/I
Table 20. SQL data types the precompiler uses for PL/I declarations
SQLTYPE of host
PL/I data type variable SQLLEN of host variable SQL data type
BIN FIXED(n) 1<=n<=15 500 2 SMALLINT
BIN FIXED(n) 16<=n<=31 496 4 INTEGER
DEC FIXED(p,s) 0<=p<=31 and 484 p in byte 1, s in byte 2 DECIMAL(p,s)
0<=s<=p1
BIN FLOAT(p) 1<=p<=21 480 4 REAL or FLOAT(n) 1<=n<=21
BIN FLOAT(p) 22<=p<=53 480 8 DOUBLE PRECISION or
FLOAT(n) 22<=n<=53
DEC FLOAT(m) 1<=m<=6 480 4 FLOAT (single precision)
DEC FLOAT(m) 7<=m<=16 480 8 FLOAT (double precision)
CHAR(n) 452 n CHAR(n)
CHAR(n) VARYING 1<=n<=255 448 n VARCHAR(n)
CHAR(n) VARYING n>255 456 n VARCHAR(n)
GRAPHIC(n) 468 n GRAPHIC(n)
GRAPHIC(n) VARYING 464 n VARGRAPHIC(n)
1<=n<=127
GRAPHIC(n) VARYING n>127 472 n VARGRAPHIC(n)
RESULT_SET_LOCATOR
SQL TYPE IS TABLE LIKE 976 4 Table locator2
table-name AS LOCATOR
SQL TYPE IS BLOB_LOCATOR 960 4 BLOB locator2
SQL TYPE IS CLOB_LOCATOR 964 4 CLOB locator2
DBCLOB_LOCATOR
SQL TYPE IS BLOB(n) 404 n BLOB(n)
1≤n≤2147483647
SQL TYPE IS CLOB(n) 408 n CLOB(n)
1≤n≤2147483647
SQL TYPE IS DBCLOB(n) 412 n DBCLOB(n)3
1≤n≤10737418233
Notes:
1. If p=0, DB2 interprets it as DECIMAL(31). For example, DB2 interprets a PL/I data type of DEC FIXED(0,0) to be
DECIMAL(31,0), which equates to the SQL data type of DECIMAL(31,0).
database. You can use the table to determine the PL/I data type that is equivalent
to a given SQL data type. For example, if you retrieve TIMESTAMP data, you can
use the table to define a suitable host variable in the program that receives the data
value.

PL/I
Table 21. SQL data types mapped to typical PL/I declarations
SQL data type PL/I equivalent Notes
SMALLINT BIN FIXED(n) 1<=n<=15
INTEGER BIN FIXED(n) 16<=n<=31
DECIMAL(p,s) or If p<16: DEC FIXED(p) or DEC p is precision; s is scale. 1<=p<=31 and
NUMERIC(p,s) FIXED(p,s) 0<=s<=p
If p>15, the PL/I compiler must support

31-digit decimal variables.
REAL or FLOAT(n) BIN FLOAT(p) or DEC FLOAT(m) 1<=n<=21, 1<=p<=21, and 1<=m<=6
DOUBLE PRECISION, BIN FLOAT(p) or DEC FLOAT(m) 22<=n<=53, 22<=p<=53, and 7<=m<=16
DOUBLE, or FLOAT(n)
CHAR(n) CHAR(n) 1<=n<=255
VARCHAR(n) CHAR(n) VAR
GRAPHIC(n) GRAPHIC(n) n refers to the number of double-byte
characters, not to the number of bytes.
1<=n<=127
VARGRAPHIC(n) GRAPHIC(n) VAR n refers to the number of double-byte
characters, not to the number of bytes.
DATE CHAR(n) If you are using a date exit routine, that
routine determines n; otherwise, n must be
at least 10.
TIME CHAR(n) If you are using a time exit routine, that
routine determines n. Otherwise, n must
be at least 6; to include seconds, n must
be at least 8.
TIMESTAMP CHAR(n) n must be at least 19. To include
than 26, the microseconds part is
truncated.
column type.
Table locator SQL TYPE IS TABLE LIKE table-name AS Use this data type only in a user-defined
LOCATOR function or stored procedure to receive
DBCLOB locator SQL TYPE IS DBCLOB_LOCATOR Use this data type only to manipulate data
in DBCLOB columns. Do not use this data

PL/I
Table 21. SQL data types mapped to typical PL/I declarations (continued)
SQL data type PL/I equivalent Notes
DBCLOB(n) SQL TYPE IS DBCLOB(n) n is the number of double-byte characters.
1≤n≤1073741823
Notes on PL/I variable declaration and usage

You should be aware of the following when you declare PL/I variables.
PL/I data types with no SQL equivalent: PL/I supports some data types with no
SQL equivalent (COMPLEX and BIT variables, for example). In most cases, you
can use PL/I statements to convert between the unsupported PL/I data types and
the data types that SQL supports.
SQL data types with no PL/I equivalent: If the PL/I compiler you are using does
not support a decimal data type with a precision greater than 15, use the following
types of variables for decimal data:
v Decimal variables with precision less than or equal to 15, if the actual data
values fit. If you retrieve a decimal value into a decimal variable with a scale that
is less than the source column in the database, the fractional part of the value
might truncate.
v An integer or a floating-point variable, which converts the value. If you choose
integer, you lose the fractional part of the number. If the decimal number can
exceed the maximum value for an integer or you want to preserve a fractional
approximations of real numbers. When you assign a decimal number to a
floating- point variable, the result could be different from the original number.
v A character string host variable. Use the CHAR function to retrieve a decimal
value into it.

| floating-point host variables are in IEEE binary floating-point format or System/390
host variable declarations or format of the host variable contents match the
precompiler option. Therefore, you need to ensure that your floating-point host
variable types and contents match the precompiler option.
Special purpose PL/I data types: The locator data types are PL/I data types as
well as SQL data types. You cannot use locators as column types. For information
on how to use these data types, see the following sections:
Result set locator
on page 569

PL/I
PL/I scoping rules: The precompiler does not support PL/I scoping rules.
Overflow: Be careful of overflow. For example, if you retrieve an INTEGER column

value into a BIN FIXED(15) host variable and the column value is larger than 32767
or smaller than -32768, you get an overflow warning or an error, depending on
whether you provided an indicator variable.

CHAR column value into a CHAR(70) host variable, the rightmost ten characters of
the retrieved string are truncated.
Retrieving a double-precision floating-point or decimal column value into a BIN

FIXED(31) host variable removes any fractional part of the value.
Similarly, retrieving a column value with a DECIMAL data type into a PL/I decimal
variable with a lower precision might truncate the value.
Determining compatibility of SQL and PL/I data types

When you use PL/I host variables in SQL statements, the variables must be type
compatible with the columns with which you use them.
v Numeric data types are compatible with each other. A SMALLINT, INTEGER,
DECIMAL, or FLOAT column is compatible with a PL/I host variable of BIN
FIXED(15), BIN FIXED(31), DECIMAL(s,p), or BIN FLOAT(n), where n is from 1
to 53, or DEC FLOAT(m) where m is from 1 to 16.
CLOB column is compatible with a fixed-length or varying-length PL/I character
host variable.
– Assign a value in a CLOB locator to a CHAR or VARCHAR column.
or DBCLOB column is compatible with a fixed-length or varying-length PL/I
graphic character host variable.
– Assign a value in a DBCLOB locator to a GRAPHIC or VARGRAPHIC
column.

PL/I

or TIMESTAMP column is compatible with a fixed-length or varying-length PL/I
on page 349.


An indicator variable is a 2-byte integer (or an integer declared as BIN FIXED(15)).
| An indicator variable array is an array of 2-byte integers. You use indicator variables
| and indicator variable arrays in similar ways.
way that seems appropriate. For more information about indicator variables, see
“Using indicator variables with host variables” on page 75.
EXEC SQL FETCH CLS_CURSOR INTO :CLS_CD,
:DAY :DAY_IND,
:BGN :BGN_IND,
:END :END_IND;
You can declare the variables as follows:

PL/I
DCL CLS_CD CHAR(7);

DCL DAY BIN FIXED(15);
DCL BGN CHAR(8);
DCL END CHAR(8);
DCL (DAY_IND, BGN_IND, END_IND) BIN FIXED(15);
You can specify host variable attributes in any order that is acceptable to PL/I. For
example, BIN FIXED(31), BIN(31) FIXED, and FIXED BIN(31) are all acceptable.
DECLARE ( variable-name ) BINARY FIXED(15) ;

DCL BIN
Declaring indicator arrays: Figure 112 shows the syntax for declarations of
indicator arrays.
DECLARE variable-name ( dimension ) BINARY

DCL , BIN
FIXED(15) ;
Figure 112. Indicator array
Notes:
1. dimension must be an integer constant between 1 and 32767.

program. For concepts and more information on the behavior of DSNTIAR, see
DSNTIAR syntax
CALL DSNTIAR ( sqlca, message, lrecl );

PL/I
sqlca
message
value is 240.
DCL DATA_LEN FIXED BIN(31) INIT(132);
DCL DATA_DIM FIXED BIN(31) INIT(10);
DCL 1 ERROR_MESSAGE AUTOMATIC,
3 ERROR_LEN FIXED BIN(15) UNAL INIT((DATA_LEN*DATA_DIM)),
. 3 ERROR_TEXT(DATA_DIM) CHAR(DATA_LEN);
.
.
CALL DSNTIAR ( SQLCA, ERROR_MESSAGE, DATA_LEN );
where ERROR_MESSAGE is the name of the message output area,

DATA_DIM is the number of lines in the message output area, and DATA_LEN
is the length of each line.
lrecl
and 240.
Because DSNTIAR is an assembler language program, you must include the

following directives in your PL/I application:
DCL DSNTIAR ENTRY OPTIONS (ASM,INTER,RETCODE);
An example of calling DSNTIAR from an application appears in the DB2 sample

assembler program DSN8BP3, contained in the library DSN8810.SDSNSAMP. See
Appendix B, “Sample applications,” on page 915 for instructions on how to access
and print the source code for the sample program.

PL/I
CICS
CALL DSNTIAC (eib, commarea, sqlca, msg, lrecl);
use CICS commands.
commarea
communication area

Coding considerations for PL/I

| Declaring host variable arrays: You must specify the ALIGNED attribute when you
| declare varying-length character arrays or varying-length graphic arrays that are to
| be used in multiple-row INSERT and FETCH statements.
Coding SQL statements in a REXX application

SQL statements in a REXX procedure. For an example of a complete DB2 REXX
procedure, see “Sample DB2 REXX application” on page 947.

When DB2 prepares a REXX procedure that contains SQL statements, DB2
automatically includes an SQL communication area (SQLCA) in the procedure. The
REXX SQLCA differs from the SQLCA for other languages in the following ways:
v The REXX SQLCA consists of a set of separate variables, rather than a
structure.
If you use the ADDRESS DSNREXX ’CONNECT’ ssid syntax to connect to DB2, the
SQLCA variables are a set of simple variables.
If you connect to DB2 using the CALL SQLDBS ’ATTACH TO’ syntax, the SQLCA
variables are compound variables that begin with the stem SQLCA.
See “Accessing the DB2 REXX Language Support application programming
interfaces” on page 233 for a discussion of the methods for connecting a REXX
application to DB2.
v You cannot use the INCLUDE SQLCA statement to include an SQLCA in a REXX
program.

REXX
executes. An application can check these variable values to determine whether the
last SQL statement was successful.
See Appendix C of DB2 SQL Reference for information on the fields in the REXX
SQLCA.

The following statements require an SQL descriptor area (SQLDA):
v CALL...USING DESCRIPTOR descriptor-name
v EXECUTE...USING DESCRIPTOR descriptor-name
v FETCH...USING DESCRIPTOR descriptor-name
v OPEN...USING DESCRIPTOR descriptor-name
v PREPARE...INTO descriptor-name
A REXX procedure can contain more than one SQLDA. Each SQLDA consists of a
set of REXX variables with a common stem. The stem must be a REXX variable
name that contains no periods and is the same as the value of descriptor-name that
you specify when you use the SQLDA in an SQL statement. DB2 does not support
the INCLUDE SQLDA statement in REXX.
See Appendix C of DB2 SQL Reference for information on the fields in a REXX
SQLDA.

interfaces
DB2 REXX Language Support includes the following application programming
interfaces:
CONNECT
Connects the REXX procedure to a DB2 subsystem. You must execute
CONNECT before you can execute SQL statements. The syntax of CONNECT
is:
’CONNECT’ 'subsystem-ID'
ADDRESS DSNREXX REXX-variable
Note: CALL SQLDBS ’ATTACH TO’ ssid is equivalent to ADDRESS DSNREXX ’CONNECT’ ssid.
EXECSQL
Executes SQL statements in REXX procedures. The syntax of EXECSQL is:

REXX
EXECSQL "SQL-statement"
ADDRESS DSNREXX REXX-variable
Notes:
1. CALL SQLEXEC is equivalent to EXECSQL.
2. EXECSQL can be enclosed in single or double quotation marks.
See “Embedding SQL statements in a REXX procedure” on page 235 for more
information.
DISCONNECT
Disconnects the REXX procedure from a DB2 subsystem. You should execute
DISCONNECT to release resources that are held by DB2. The syntax of
DISCONNECT is:
’DISCONNECT’
ADDRESS DSNREXX
Note: CALL SQLDBS ’DETACH’ is equivalent to DISCONNECT.
These application programming interfaces are available through the DSNREXX host
command environment. To make DSNREXX available to the application, invoke the
RXSUBCOM function. The syntax is:
RXSUBCOM ( ’ADD’ , ’DSNREXX’ , ’DSNREXX’ )

’DELETE’
The ADD function adds DSNREXX to the REXX host command environment table.
The DELETE function deletes DSNREXX from the REXX host command
environment table.
Figure 113 on page 235 shows an example of REXX code that makes DSNREXX
available to an application.

REXX
’SUBCOM DSNREXX’ /* HOST CMD ENV AVAILABLE? */

IF RC THEN /* IF NOT, MAKE IT AVAILABLE */
S_RC = RXSUBCOM(’ADD’,’DSNREXX’,’DSNREXX’)
/* ADD HOST CMD ENVIRONMENT */
ADDRESS DSNREXX /* SEND ALL COMMANDS OTHER */
/* THAN REXX INSTRUCTIONS TO */
/* DSNREXX */
/* CALL CONNECT, EXECSQL, AND */
. /* DISCONNECT INTERFACES */
.
.
S_RC = RXSUBCOM(’DELETE’,’DSNREXX’,’DSNREXX’)
/* WHEN DONE WITH */
/* DSNREXX, REMOVE IT. */
Figure 113. Making DSNREXX available to an application
Embedding SQL statements in a REXX procedure

You can code SQL statements in a REXX procedure wherever you can use REXX
commands. DB2 REXX Language Support allows all SQL statements that DB2 UDB
for z/OS supports, except the following statements:
v BEGIN DECLARE SECTION
v DECLARE STATEMENT
v END DECLARE SECTION
v INCLUDE
v SELECT INTO
v WHENEVER
Each SQL statement in a REXX procedure must begin with EXECSQL, in either
upper-, lower-, or mixed-case. One of the following items must follow EXECSQL:
v An SQL statement enclosed in single or double quotation marks.
v A REXX variable that contains an SQL statement. The REXX variable must not
be preceded by a colon.
For example, you can use either of the following methods to execute the COMMIT
statement in a REXX procedure:
EXECSQL "COMMIT"
rexxvar="COMMIT"
EXECSQL rexxvar
You cannot execute a SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement that

contains host variables. Instead, you must execute PREPARE on the statement,
with parameter markers substituted for the host variables, and then use the host
variables in an EXECUTE, OPEN, or FETCH statement. See “Using REXX host
variables and data types” on page 237 for more information.
An SQL statement follows rules that apply to REXX commands. The SQL statement
can optionally end with a semicolon and can be enclosed in single or double
quotation marks, as in the following example:
’EXECSQL COMMIT’;
Comments: You cannot include REXX comments (/* ... */) or SQL comments (--)
within SQL statements. However, you can include REXX comments anywhere else
in the procedure.

REXX
Continuation for SQL statements: SQL statements that span lines follow REXX
rules for statement continuation. You can break the statement into several strings,
each of which fits on a line, and separate the strings with commas or with
concatenation operators followed by commas. For example, either of the following
statements is valid:
EXECSQL ,
"UPDATE DSN8810.DEPT" ,
"SET MGRNO = ’000010’" ,
"WHERE DEPTNO = ’D11’"
"EXECSQL " || ,
" UPDATE DSN8810.DEPT " || ,
" SET MGRNO = ’000010’" || ,
" WHERE DEPTNO = ’D11’"
Including code: The EXECSQL INCLUDE statement is not valid for REXX. You
therefore cannot include externally defined SQL statements in a procedure.
Margins: Like REXX commands, SQL statements can begin and end anywhere on
a line.
Names: You can use any valid REXX name that does not end with a period as a
host variable. However, host variable names should not begin with ’SQL’, ’RDI’,
’DSN’, ’RXSQL’, or ’QRW’. Variable names can be at most 64 bytes.
Nulls: A REXX null value and an SQL null value are different. The REXX language
has a null string (a string of length 0) and a null clause (a clause that contains only
blanks and comments). The SQL null value is a special value that is distinct from all
nonnull values and denotes the absence of a value. Assigning a REXX null value to
a DB2 column does not make the column value null.
Statement labels: You can precede an SQL statement with a label, in the same
way that you label REXX commands.
Handling errors and warnings: DB2 does not support the SQL WHENEVER
statement in a REXX procedure. To handle SQL errors and warnings, use the
following methods:
v To test for SQL errors or warnings, test the SQLCODE or SQLSTATE value and
the SQLWARN. values after each EXECSQL call. This method does not detect
errors in the REXX interface to DB2.
v To test for SQL errors or warnings or errors or warnings from the REXX interface
to DB2, test the REXX RC variable after each EXECSQL call. Table 22 lists the
values of the RC variable.
You can also use the REXX SIGNAL ON ERROR and SIGNAL ON FAILURE
keyword instructions to detect negative values of the RC variable and transfer
control to an error routine.
Table 22. REXX return codes after SQL statements
Return code Meaning
0 No SQL warning or error occurred.
+1 An SQL warning occurred.
-1 An SQL error occurred.
| -3 The first token after ADDRESS DSNREXX is in error. For a description of
| the tokens allowed, see “Accessing the DB2 REXX Language Support
| application programming interfaces” on page 233.

REXX
Using cursors and statement names

In REXX SQL applications, you must use a predefined set of names for cursors or
prepared statements. The following names are valid for cursors and prepared
statements in REXX SQL applications:
c1 to c100
Cursor names for DECLARE CURSOR, OPEN, CLOSE, and FETCH
statements. By default, c1 to c100 are defined with the WITH RETURN clause,
and c51 to c100 are defined with the WITH HOLD clause. You can use the
ATTRIBUTES clause of the PREPARE statement to override these attributes or
add additional attributes. For example, you might want to add attributes to make
your cursor scrollable.
c101 to c200
Cursor names for ALLOCATE, DESCRIBE, FETCH, and CLOSE statements
that are used to retrieve result sets in a program that calls a stored procedure.
s1 to s100
Prepared statement names for DECLARE STATEMENT, PREPARE,
DESCRIBE, and EXECUTE statements.
Use only the predefined names for cursors and statements. When you associate a
cursor name with a statement name in a DECLARE CURSOR statement, the cursor
name and the statement must have the same number. For example, if you declare
cursor c1, you need to declare it for statement s1:
EXECSQL ’DECLARE C1 CURSOR FOR S1’
Do not use any of the predefined names as host variables names.
Using REXX host variables and data types

You do not declare host variables in REXX. When you need a new variable, you
use it in a REXX command. When you use a REXX variable as a host variable in
an SQL statement, you must precede the variable with a colon.
A REXX host variable can be a simple or compound variable. DB2 REXX Language
Support evaluates compound variables before DB2 processes SQL statements that
contain the variables. In the following example, the host variable that is passed to
DB2 is :x.1.2:
a=1
b=2
EXECSQL ’OPEN C1 USING :x.a.b’
Determining equivalent SQL and REXX data types

All REXX data is string data. Therefore, when a REXX procedure assigns input data
to a table column, DB2 converts the data from a string type to the table column
type. When a REXX procedure assigns column data to an output variable, DB2
converts the data from the column type to a string type.
When you assign input data to a DB2 table column, you can either let DB2
determine the type that your input data represents, or you can use an SQLDA to tell
DB2 the intended type of the input data.
Letting DB2 determine the input data type

You can let DB2 assign a data type to input data based on the format of the input
string. Table 23 on page 238 shows the SQL data types that DB2 assigns to input
data and the corresponding formats for that data. The two SQLTYPE values that

REXX
are listed for each data type are the value for a column that does not accept null
values and the value for a column that accepts null values.
If you do not assign a value to a host variable before you assign the host variable
to a column, DB2 returns an error code.
Table 23. SQL input data types and REXX data formats
SQL data type SQLTYPE for
assigned by DB2 data type REXX input data format
INTEGER 496/497 A string of numerics that does not contain a decimal point or exponent
identifier. The first character can be a plus (+) or minus (−) sign. The
number that is represented must be between -2147483647 and
2147483647, inclusive.
DECIMAL(p,s) 484/485 One of the following formats:
v A string of numerics that contains a decimal point but no exponent
identifier. p represents the precision and s represents the scale of the
decimal number that the string represents. The first character can be a
plus (+) or minus (−) sign.
v A string of numerics that does not contain a decimal point or an exponent
identifier. The first character can be a plus (+) or minus (−) sign. The
number that is represented is less than -2147483647 or greater than
2147483647.
FLOAT 480/481 A string that represents a number in scientific notation. The string consists
of a series of numerics followed by an exponent identifier (an E or e
followed by an optional plus (+) or minus (−) sign and a series of numerics).
The string can begin with a plus (+) or minus (−) sign.
VARCHAR(n) 448/449 One of the following formats:
v A string of length n, enclosed in single or double quotation marks.
v The character X or x, followed by a string enclosed in single or double
quotation marks. The string within the quotation marks has a length of
2*n bytes and is the hexadecimal representation of a string of n
characters.
v A string of length n that does not have a numeric or graphic format, and
does not satisfy either of the previous conditions.
VARGRAPHIC(n) 464/465 One of the following formats:
v The character G, g, N, or n, followed by a string enclosed in single or
double quotation marks. The string within the quotation marks begins with
a shift-out character (X'0E') and ends with a shift-in character (X'0F').
Between the shift-out character and shift-in character are n double-byte
characters.
v The characters GX, Gx, gX, or gx, followed by a string enclosed in single
or double quotation marks. The string within the quotation marks has a
length of 4*n bytes and is the hexadecimal representation of a string of n
double-byte characters.
For example, when DB2 executes the following statements to update the MIDINIT
column of the EMP table, DB2 must determine a data type for HVMIDINIT:
SQLSTMT="UPDATE EMP" ,
"SET MIDINIT = ?" ,
"WHERE EMPNO = ’000200’"
"EXECSQL PREPARE S100 FROM :SQLSTMT"
HVMIDINIT=’H’
"EXECSQL EXECUTE S100 USING" ,
":HVMIDINIT"

REXX
Because the data that is assigned to HVMIDINIT has a format that fits a character
data type, DB2 REXX Language Support assigns a VARCHAR type to the input
data.
Ensuring that DB2 correctly interprets character input data

To ensure that DB2 REXX Language Support does not interpret character literals as
graphic or numeric literals, precede and follow character literals with a double
quotation mark, followed by a single quotation mark, followed by another double
quotation mark ("’").
Enclosing the string in apostrophes is not adequate because REXX removes the
apostrophes when it assigns a literal to a variable. For example, suppose that you
want to pass the value in host variable stringvar to DB2. The value that you want to
pass is the string ’100’. The first thing that you need to do is to assign the string to
the host variable. You might write a REXX command like this:
stringvar = ’100’
After the command executes, stringvar contains the characters 100 (without the
apostrophes). DB2 REXX Language Support then passes the numeric value 100 to
DB2, which is not what you intended.
However, suppose that you write the command like this:

stringvar = "’"100"’"
In this case, REXX assigns the string ’100’ to stringvar, including the single
quotation marks. DB2 REXX Language Support then passes the string ’100’ to DB2,
which is the desired result.
Passing the data type of an input variable to DB2

In some cases, you might want to determine the data type of input data for DB2.
For example, DB2 does not assign data types of SMALLINT, CHAR, or GRAPHIC
to input data. If you assign or compare this data to columns of type SMALLINT,
CHAR, or GRAPHIC, DB2 must do more work than if the data types of the input
data and columns match.
To indicate the data type of input data to DB2, use an SQLDA.
Example: Specifying CHAR: Suppose you want to tell DB2 that the data with
which you update the MIDINIT column of the EMP table is of type CHAR, rather
than VARCHAR. You need to set up an SQLDA that contains a description of a
CHAR column, and then prepare and execute the UPDATE statement using that
SQLDA:
INSQLDA.SQLD = 1 /* SQLDA contains one variable */
INSQLDA.1.SQLTYPE = 453 /* Type of the variable is CHAR, */
/* and the value can be null */
INSQLDA.1.SQLLEN = 1 /* Length of the variable is 1 */
INSQLDA.1.SQLDATA = ’H’ /* Value in variable is H */
INSQLDA.1.SQLIND = 0 /* Input variable is not null */
"SET MIDINIT = ?" ,
"WHERE EMPNO = ’000200’"
"EXECSQL EXECUTE S100 USING DESCRIPTOR :INSQLDA"
Example: Specifying DECIMAL with precision and scale: Suppose you want to
tell DB2 that the data is of type DECIMAL with precision and nonzero scale. You
need to set up an SQLDA that contains a description of a DECIMAL column:

REXX
INSQLDA.SQLD = 1 /* SQLDA contains one variable */

INSQLDA.1.SQLTYPE = 484 /* Type of variable is DECIMAL */
INSQLDA.1.SQLLEN.SQLPRECISION = 18 /* Precision of variable is 18 */
INSQLDA.1.SQLLEN.SQLSCALE = 8 /* Scale of variable is 8 */
INSQLDA.1.SQLDATA = 9876543210.87654321 /* Value in variable */
Retrieving data from DB2 tables

Although all output data is string data, you can determine the data type that the
data represents from its format and from the data type of the column from which the
data was retrieved. Table 24 gives the format for each type of output data.
Table 24. SQL output data types and REXX data formats
SQL data type REXX output data format
SMALLINT A string of numerics that does not contain leading zeroes, a decimal point, or an exponent
INTEGER identifier. If the string represents a negative number, it begins with a minus (−) sign. The
numeric value is between -2147483647 and 2147483647, inclusive.
DECIMAL(p,s) A string of numerics with one of the following formats:
v Contains a decimal point but not an exponent identifier. The string is padded with zeroes to
match the scale of the corresponding table column. If the value represents a negative
number, it begins with a minus (−) sign.
v Does not contain a decimal point or an exponent identifier. The numeric value is less than
-2147483647 or greater than 2147483647. If the value is negative, it begins with a minus
(−) sign.
FLOAT(n) A string that represents a number in scientific notation. The string consists of a numeric, a
REAL decimal point, a series of numerics, and an exponent identifier. The exponent identifier is an E
DOUBLE followed by a minus (−) sign and a series of numerics if the number is between -1 and 1.
Otherwise, the exponent identifier is an E followed by a series of numerics. If the string
represents a negative number, it begins with a minus (−) sign.
CHAR(n) A character string of length n bytes. The string is not enclosed in single or double quotation
VARCHAR(n) marks.
GRAPHIC(n) A string of length 2*n bytes. Each pair of bytes represents a double-byte character. This string
VARGRAPHIC(n) does not contain a leading G, is not enclosed in quotation marks, and does not contain
shift-out or shift-in characters.
Because you cannot use the SELECT INTO statement in a REXX procedure, to
retrieve data from a DB2 table you must prepare a SELECT statement, open a
cursor for the prepared statement, and then fetch rows into host variables or an
SQLDA using the cursor. The following example demonstrates how you can retrieve
data from a DB2 table using an SQLDA:
SQLSTMT= ,
’SELECT EMPNO, FIRSTNME, MIDINIT, LASTNAME,’ ,
’ WORKDEPT, PHONENO, HIREDATE, JOB,’ ,
’ EDLEVEL, SEX, BIRTHDATE, SALARY,’ ,
’ BONUS, COMM’ ,
’ FROM EMP’
EXECSQL DECLARE C1 CURSOR FOR S1
EXECSQL PREPARE S1 INTO :OUTSQLDA FROM :SQLSTMT
EXECSQL OPEN C1
Do Until(SQLCODE ¬= 0)
EXECSQL FETCH C1 USING DESCRIPTOR :OUTSQLDA
If SQLCODE = 0 Then Do
Line = ’’
Do I = 1 To OUTSQLDA.SQLD
Line = Line OUTSQLDA.I.SQLDATA
End I
Say Line
End
End

REXX

When you retrieve a null value from a column, DB2 puts a negative value in an
indicator variable to indicate that the data in the corresponding host variable is null.
When you pass a null value to DB2, you assign a negative value to an indicator
variable to indicate that the corresponding host variable has a null value.
The way that you use indicator variables for input host variables in REXX
procedures is slightly different from the way that you use indicator variables in other
languages. When you want to pass a null value to a DB2 column, in addition to
putting a negative value in an indicator variable, you also need to put a valid value
in the corresponding host variable. For example, to set a value of WORKDEPT in
table EMP to null, use statements like these:
"SET WORKDEPT = ?"
HVWORKDEPT=’000’
INDWORKDEPT=-1
"EXECSQL EXECUTE S100 USING :HVWORKDEPT :INDWORKDEPT"
After you retrieve data from a column that can contain null values, you should
always check the indicator variable that corresponds to the output host variable for
that column. If the indicator variable value is negative, the retrieved value is null, so
you can disregard the value in the host variable.
In the following program, the phone number for employee Haas is selected into
variable HVPhone. After the SELECT statement executes, if no phone number for
employee Haas is found, indicator variable INDPhone contains -1.
’SUBCOM DSNREXX’
IF RC THEN ,
ADDRESS DSNREXX
’CONNECT’ ’DSN’
SQLSTMT = ,
"SELECT PHONENO FROM DSN8810.EMP WHERE LASTNAME=’HAAS’"
"EXECSQL DECLARE C1 CURSOR FOR S1"
Say "SQLCODE from PREPARE is "SQLCODE
"EXECSQL OPEN C1"
Say "SQLCODE from OPEN is "SQLCODE
"EXECSQL FETCH C1 INTO :HVPhone :INDPhone"
Say "SQLCODE from FETCH is "SQLCODE
If INDPhone < 0 Then ,
Say ’Phone number for Haas is null.’
"EXECSQL CLOSE C1"
Say "SQLCODE from CLOSE is "SQLCODE
S_RC = RXSUBCOM(’DELETE’,’DSNREXX’,’DSNREXX’)
Setting the isolation level of SQL statements in a REXX procedure

When you install DB2 REXX Language Support, you bind four packages for
accessing DB2, each with a different isolation level:
Package name Isolation level
DSNREXRR Repeatable read (RR)
DSNREXRS Read stability (RS)
DSNREXCS Cursor stability (CS)
DSNREXUR Uncommitted read (UR)

REXX
To change the isolation level for SQL statements in a REXX procedure, execute the
SET CURRENT PACKAGESET statement to select the package with the isolation
level you need. For example, to change the isolation level to cursor stability,
execute this SQL statement:
"EXECSQL SET CURRENT PACKAGESET=’DSNREXCS’"

Chapter 10. Using constraints to maintain data integrity
When you modify DB2 tables, you need to ensure that the data is valid. DB2
provides two ways to help you maintain valid data: constraints and triggers.
Constraints are rules that limit the values that you can insert, delete, or update in a
table. There are two types of constraints:
v Check constraints determine the values that a column can contain. Check
constraints are discussed in “Using check constraints.”
v Referential constraints preserve relationships between tables. Referential
constraints are discussed in “Using referential constraints” on page 245.
Triggers are a series of actions that are invoked when a table is updated. Triggers
are discussed in Chapter 12, “Using triggers for active data,” on page 261.
Using check constraints

Check constraints designate the values that specific columns of a base table can
contain, providing you a method of controlling the integrity of data entered into
tables. You can create tables with check constraints using the CREATE TABLE
statement, or you can add the constraints with the ALTER TABLE statement.
However, if the check integrity is compromised or cannot be guaranteed for a table,
the table space or partition that contains the table is placed in a check pending
state. Check integrity is the condition that exists when each row of a table conforms
to the check constraints defined on that table.
For example, you might want to make sure that no salary can be below 15000
dollars. To do this, you can create the following check constraint:
CREATE TABLE EMPSAL
(ID INTEGER NOT NULL,
SALARY INTEGER CHECK (SALARY >= 15000));
Using check constraints makes your programming task easier, because you do not
need to enforce those constraints within application programs or with a validation
routine. Define check constraints on one or more columns in a table when that table
is created or altered.
Check constraint considerations

The syntax of a check constraint is checked when the constraint is defined, but the
meaning of the constraint is not checked. The following examples show mistakes
that are not caught. Column C1 is defined as INTEGER NOT NULL.
Allowable but mistaken check constraints:

v A self-contradictory check constraint:
CHECK (C1 > 5 AND C1 < 2)
v Two check constraints that contradict each other:
CHECK (C1 > 5)
CHECK (C1 < 2)
v Two check constraints, one of which is redundant:
CHECK (C1 > 0)
CHECK (C1 >= 1)
v A check constraint that contradicts the column definition:

CHECK (C1 IS NULL)
v A check constraint that repeats the column definition:
CHECK (C1 IS NOT NULL)
A check constraint is not checked for consistency with other types of constraints.
For example, a column in a dependent table can have a referential constraint with a
delete rule of SET NULL. You can also define a check constraint that prohibits nulls
in the column. As a result, an attempt to delete a parent row fails, because setting
the dependent row to null violates the check constraint.
Similarly, a check constraint is not checked for consistency with a validation routine,
which is applied to a table before a check constraint. If the routine requires a
column to be greater than or equal to 10 and a check constraint requires the same
column to be less than 10, table inserts are not possible. Plans and packages do
not need to be rebound after check constraints are defined on or removed from a
table.
When check constraints are enforced

After check constraints are defined on a table, any change must satisfy those
constraints if it is made by:
v The LOAD utility with the option ENFORCE CONSTRAINT
v An SQL INSERT statement
v An SQL UPDATE statement
A row satisfies a check constraint if its condition evaluates either to true or to
unknown. A condition can evaluate to unknown for a row if one of the named
columns contains the null value for that row.
Any constraint defined on columns of a base table applies to the views defined on
that base table.
When you use ALTER TABLE to add a check constraint to already populated tables,
the enforcement of the check constraint is determined by the value of the
CURRENT RULES special register as follows:
v If the value is STD, the check constraint is enforced immediately when it is
defined. If a row does not conform, the check constraint is not added to the table
and an error occurs.
v If the value is DB2, the check constraint is added to the table description but its
enforcement is deferred. Because there might be rows in the table that violate
the check constraint, the table is placed in check pending status.
How check constraints set check pending status

Maintaining check integrity requires enforcing check constraints on data in a table.
When check integrity is compromised or cannot be guaranteed, the table space or
partition that contains the table is placed in CHECK-pending status. The definition
of that status includes violations of check constraints as well as referential
constraints.
Table check violations place a table space or partition in CHECK-pending status

when any of these conditions exist:
v A check constraint is defined on a populated table using the ALTER TABLE
statement, and the value of the CURRENT RULES special register is DB2.
v The LOAD utility is run with CONSTRAINTS NO, and check constraints are
defined on the table.

v CHECK DATA is run on a table that contains violations of check constraints.
v A point-in-time RECOVER introduces violations of check constraints.
Using referential constraints

A table can serve as the “master list” of all occurrences of an entity. In the sample
application, the employee table serves that purpose for employees; the numbers
that appear in that table are the only valid employee numbers. Likewise, the
department table provides a master list of all valid department numbers; the project
activity table provides a master list of activities performed for projects; and so on.
Figure 114 shows the relationships that exist among the tables in the sample
application. Arrows point from parent tables to dependent tables.
CASCADE
DEPT
SET SET
NULL NULL
RESTRICT EMP
RESTRICT
CASCADE ACT
PROJ
RESTRICT RESTRICT
PROJACT
RESTRICT
RESTRICT
EMPPROJACT
Figure 114. Relationships among tables in the sample application
When a table refers to an entity for which there is a master list, it should identify an
occurrence of the entity that actually appears in the master list; otherwise, either the
reference is invalid or the master list is incomplete. Referential constraints enforce
the relationship between a table and a master list.
Parent key columns

If every row in a table represents relationships for a unique entity, the table should
have one column or a set of columns that provides a unique identifier for the rows
of the table. This column (or set of columns) is called the parent key of the table. To
ensure that the parent key does not contain duplicate values, you must create a
unique index on the column or columns that constitute the parent key. Defining the
parent key is called entity integrity, because it requires each entity to have a unique
key.
In some cases, using a timestamp as part of the key can be helpful, for example
when a table does not have a “natural” unique key or if arrival sequence is the key.
Chapter 10. Using constraints to maintain data integrity 245

Primary keys for some of the sample tables are:
Table Key Column
Employee table EMPNO
Department table DEPTNO
Project table PROJNO
Table 25 shows part of the project table which has the primary key column,
PROJNO.
Table 25. Part of the project table with the primary key column, PROJNO
PROJNO PROJNAME DEPTNO
MA2100 WELD LINE AUTOMATION D01
MA2110 W L PROGRAMMING D11
Table 26 shows part of the project activity table, which has a primary key that
contains more than one column. The primary key is a composite key, which
consists of the PRONNO, ACTNO, and ACSTDATE columns.
Table 26. Part of the Project activities table with a composite primary key
PROJNO ACTNO ACSTAFF ACSTDATE ACENDATE
AD3100 10 .50 1982-01-01 1982-07-01
AD3110 10 1.00 1982-01-01 1983-01-01
AD3111 60 .50 1982-03-15 1982-04-15
Defining a parent key and a unique index

The primary key of a table, if one exists, uniquely identifies each occurrence of an
entity about which the table contains information. The PRIMARY KEY clause of the
CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE statements identifies the column or columns of
the primary key. Each identified column must be defined as NOT NULL.
Another way to allow only unique values in a column is to create a table using the
UNIQUE clause of the CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE statement. Like the
PRIMARY KEY clause, specifying a UNIQUE clause prevents use of the table until
you create an index to enforce the uniqueness of the key. If you use the UNIQUE
clause in an ALTER TABLE statement, a unique index must already exist. For more
information about the UNIQUE clause, see Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL Reference.
A table that is to be a parent of dependent tables must have a primary or a unique

key—the foreign keys of the dependent tables refer to the primary or unique key.
Otherwise, a primary key is optional. Consider defining a primary key if each row of
your table does pertain to a unique occurrence of some entity. If you define a
primary key, an index must be created (the primary index) on the same set of
columns, in the same order as those columns. If you are defining referential
constraints for DB2 to enforce, read Chapter 10, “Using constraints to maintain data
integrity,” on page 243 before creating or altering any of the tables involved.
A table can have no more than one primary key. A primary key obeys the same
restrictions as do index keys:
v The key can include no more than 64 columns.
v No column can be named twice.

v The sum of the column length attributes cannot be greater than 2000.
You define a list of columns as the primary key of a table with the PRIMARY KEY
clause in the CREATE TABLE statement.
To add a primary key to an existing table, use the PRIMARY KEY clause in an
ALTER TABLE statement. In this case, a unique index must already exist.
Incomplete definition
If a table is created with a primary key, its primary index is the first unique index
created on its primary key columns, with the same order of columns as the primary
key columns. The columns of the primary index can be in either ascending or
descending order. The table has an incomplete definition until you create an index
on the parent key. This incomplete definition status is recorded as a P in the
TABLESTATUS column of SYSIBM.SYSTABLES. Use of a table with an incomplete
definition is severely restricted: you can drop the table, create the primary index,
and drop or create other indexes; you cannot load the table, insert data, retrieve
data, update data, delete data, or create foreign keys that reference the primary
key.
Because of these restrictions, plan to create the primary index soon after creating
the table. For example, to create the primary index for the project activity table,
issue:
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX XPROJAC1
ON DSN8810.PROJACT (PROJNO, ACTNO, ACSTDATE);
Creating the primary index resets the incomplete definition status and its associated
restrictions. But if you drop the primary index, it reverts to incomplete definition
status; to reset the status, you must create the primary index or alter the table to
drop the primary key.
If the primary key is added later with ALTER TABLE, a unique index on the key
columns must already exist. If more than one unique index is on those columns,
DB2 chooses one arbitrarily to be the primary index.
Recommendations for defining primary keys

Consider the following items when you plan for primary keys:
v The theoretical model of a relational database suggests that every table should
have a primary key to uniquely identify the entities it describes. However, you
must weigh that model against the potential cost of index maintenance overhead.
DB2 does not require you to define a primary key for tables with no dependents.
v Choose a primary key whose values will not change over time. Choosing a
primary key with persistent values enforces the good practice of having unique
identifiers that remain the same for the lifetime of the entity occurrence.
v A primary key column should not have default values unless the primary key is a
single TIMESTAMP column.
v Choose the minimum number of columns to ensure uniqueness of the primary
key.
v A view that can be updated that is defined on a table with a primary key should
include all columns of the key. Although this is necessary only if the view is used
for inserts, the unique identification of rows can be useful if the view is used for
updates, deletes, or selects.
v Drop a primary key later if you change your database or application using SQL.

Defining a foreign key
You define a list of columns as a foreign key of a table with the FOREIGN KEY
clause in the CREATE TABLE statement.
A foreign key can refer to either a unique or a primary key of the parent table. If the
foreign key refers to a non-primary unique key, you must specify the column names
of the key explicitly. If the column names of the key are not specified explicitly, the
default is to refer to the column names of the primary key of the parent table.
The column names you specify identify the columns of the parent key. The privilege
set must include the ALTER or the REFERENCES privilege on the columns of the
parent key. A unique index must exist on the parent key columns of the parent
table.
The relationship name

You can choose a constraint name for the relationship that is defined by a foreign
key. If you do not choose a name, DB2 generates one from the name of the first
column of the foreign key, in the same way that it generates the name of an
implicitly created table space.
For example, the names of the relationships in which the employee-to-project

activity table is a dependent would, by default, be recorded (in column RELNAME
of SYSIBM.SYSFOREIGNKEYS) as EMPNO and PROJNO. Figure 115 shows a
CREATE TABLE statement that specifies constraint names REPAPA and REPAE for
the foreign keys in the employee-to-project activity table.
CREATE TABLE DSN8810.EMPPROJACT

(EMPNO CHAR(6) NOT NULL,
PROJNO CHAR(6) NOT NULL,
ACTNO SMALLINT NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT REPAPA FOREIGN KEY (PROJNO, ACTNO)
REFERENCES DSN8810.PROJACT ON DELETE RESTRICT,
CONSTRAINT REPAE FOREIGN KEY (EMPNO)
REFERENCES DSN8810.EMP ON DELETE RESTRICT)
IN DATABASE DSN8D81A;
Figure 115. Specifying constraint names for foreign keys
The name is used in error messages, queries to the catalog, and DROP FOREIGN
KEY statements. Hence, you might want to choose one if you are experimenting
with your database design and have more than one foreign key beginning with the
same column (otherwise DB2 generates the name).
Indexes on foreign keys

Although not required, an index on a foreign key is strongly recommended if rows of
the parent table are often deleted. The validity of the delete statement, and its
possible effect on the dependent table, can be checked through the index.
You can create an index on the columns of a foreign key in the same way you
create one on any other set of columns. Most often it is not a unique index. If you
do create a unique index on a foreign key, it introduces an additional constraint on
the values of the columns.
To let an index on the foreign key be used on the dependent table for a delete
operation on a parent table, the columns of the index on the foreign key must be
identical to and in the same order as the columns in the foreign key.

A foreign key can also be the primary key; then the primary index is also a unique
index on the foreign key. In that case, every row of the parent table has at most
one dependent row. The dependent table might be used to hold information that
pertains to only a few of the occurrences of the entity described by the parent table.
For example, a dependent of the employee table might contain information that
applies only to employees working in a different country.
The primary key can share columns of the foreign key if the first n columns of the
foreign key are the same as the primary key’s columns. Again, the primary index
serves as an index on the foreign key. In the sample project activity table, the
primary index (on PROJNO, ACTNO, ACSTDATE) serves as an index on the
foreign key on PROJNO. It does not serve as an index on the foreign key on
ACTNO, because ACTNO is not the first column of the index.
The FOREIGN KEY clause in ALTER TABLE

You can add a foreign key to an existing table; in fact, that is sometimes the only
way to proceed. To make a table self-referencing, you must add a foreign key after
creating it.
When a foreign key is added to a populated table, the table space is put into check
pending status.
Restrictions on cycles of dependent tables

A cycle is a set of two or more tables that can be ordered so that each is a
dependent of the one before it, and the first is a dependent of the last. Every table
in the cycle is a descendent of itself. In the sample application, the employee and
department tables are a cycle; each is a dependent of the other.
DB2 does not allow you to create a cycle in which a delete operation on a table
involves that same table. Enforcing that principle creates rules about adding a
foreign key to a table:
v In a cycle of two tables, neither delete rule can be CASCADE.
v In a cycle of more than two tables, two or more delete rules must not be
CASCADE. For example, in a cycle with three tables, two of the delete rules
| must be other than CASCADE. This concept is illustrated in Figure 116. The
| cycle on the left is valid because two or more of the delete rules are not
| CASCADE. The cycle on the right is invalid because it contains two cascading
| deletes.
Valid Invalid
cycle cycle
TABLE1 TABLE1
RESTRICT CASCADE CASCADE CASCADE
TABLE2 TABLE3 TABLE2 TABLE3

SET NULL SET NULL
Figure 116. Valid and invalid delete cycles
Alternatively, a delete operation on a self-referencing table must involve the same

table, and the delete rule there must be CASCADE or NO ACTION.

Recommendation: Avoid creating a cycle in which all the delete rules are
RESTRICT and none of the foreign keys allows nulls. If you do this, no row of any
of the tables can ever be deleted.
| Maintaining referential integrity when using data encryption

| If you use encrypted data in a referential constraint, the primary key of the parent
| table and the foreign key of the dependent table must have the same encrypted
| value. The encrypted value should be extracted from the parent table (the primary
| key) and used for the dependent table (the foreign key). You can do this in one of
| the following two ways:
| v Use the FINAL TABLE (INSERT statement) clause on a SELECT statement.
| v Use the ENCRYPT_TDES function to encrypt the foreign key using the same
| password as the primary key. The encrypted value of the foreign key will be the
| same as the encrypted value of the primary key.
| The SET ENCRYPTION PASSWORD statement sets the password that will be
| used for the ENCRYPT_TDES function. See DB2 SQL Reference for more
| information about the SET ENCRYPTION PASSWORD statement and the
| ENCRYPT_TDES statement.

| granularity
| The multilevel security check with row-level granularity is not enforced when DB2 is
| enforcing referential constraints. Although referential constraints cannot be used for
| a security label column, referential constraints can be used on other columns in the
| row. Referential constraints are enforced when the following situations occur:
| v An INSERT statement is applied to a dependent table.
| v An UPDATE statement is applied to a foreign key of a dependent table, or to the
| parent key of a parent table.
| v A DELETE statement is applied to a parent table. In addition to all referential
| constraints being enforced, the DB2 system enforces all delete rules for all
| dependent rows that are affected by the delete operation. If all referential
| constraints and delete rules are not satisfied, the delete operation will not
| succeed.
| v The LOAD utility with the ENFORCE CONSTRAINTS option is run on a
| dependent table.
| v The CHECK DATA utility is run.
| Refer to Part 3 (Volume 1) of DB2 Administration Guide for more information about
| multilevel security with row-level granularity.
| Using informational referential constraints

| An informational referential constraint is a referential constraint that is not enforced
| by DB2 during normal operations. DB2 ignores informational referential constraints
| during insert, update, and delete operations. Some utilities ignore these constraints;
| other utilities recognize them. For example, CHECK DATA and LOAD ignore these
| constraints. QUIESCE TABLESPACESET recognizes these constraints by quiescing
| all table spaces related to the specified table space.
| You should use this type of referential constraint only when an application process
| verifies the data in a referential integrity relationship. For example, when inserting a
| row in a dependent table, the application should verify that a foreign key exists as a
| primary or unique key in the parent table. To define an informational referential

| constraint, use the NOT ENFORCED option of the referential constraint definition in
| a CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE statement. For more information about the
| NOT ENFORCED option, see Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL Reference.
| Informational referential constraints are often useful, especially in a data warehouse

| environment, for several reasons:
| v To avoid the overhead of enforcement by DB2.
| Typically, data in a data warehouse has been extracted and cleansed from other
| sources. Referential integrity might already be guaranteed. In this situation,
| enforcement by DB2 is unnecessary.
| v To allow more queries to qualify for automatic query rewrite.
| Automatic query rewrite is a process that examines a submitted query that
| references source tables and, if appropriate, rewrites the query so that it
| executes against a materialized query table that has been derived from those
| source tables. This process uses informational referential constraints to
| determine whether the query can use a materialized query table. Automatic query
| rewrite results in a significant reduction in query run time, especially for
| decision-support queries that operate over huge amounts of data. For more
| information about materialized query tables and automatic query rewrite, see Part
| 5 (Volume 2) of DB2 Administration Guide.

|
| Chapter 11. Using DB2-generated values as keys
| This chapter discusses how to use DB2-generated values as keys in applications:
| v “Using ROWID columns as keys”
| v “Using identity columns as keys” on page 254
| v “Using values obtained from sequence objects as keys” on page 257
| The chapter describes the characteristics of values in ROWID and identity columns
| and values that are obtained by referencing sequence objects. This chapter also
| evaluates the ability of these DB2-generated values to serve as primary keys or
| unique keys.
|
| Using ROWID columns as keys
| If you define a column in a table to have the ROWID data type, DB2 provides a
| unique value for each row in the table only if you define the column as
| GENERATED ALWAYS. The purpose of the value in the ROWID column is to allow
| you to uniquely identify rows in the table.
| You can use a ROWID column to write queries that navigate directly to a row, which
| can be useful in situations where high performance is a requirement. This direct
| navigation, without using an index or scanning the table space, is called direct row
| access. In addition, a ROWID column is a requirement for tables that contain LOB
| columns. This section discusses the use of a ROWID column in direct row access.
| Defining a ROWID column

| You can define a ROWID column as either GENERATED BY DEFAULT or
| GENERATED ALWAYS:
| v If you define the column as GENERATED BY DEFAULT, you can insert a value.
| DB2 provides a default value if you do not supply one. However, to be able to
| insert an explicit value (by using the INSERT statement with the VALUES
| clause), you must create a unique index on that column.
| v If you define the column as GENERATED ALWAYS (which is the default), DB2
| always generates a unique value for the column. You cannot insert data into that
| column. In this case, DB2 does not require an index to guarantee unique values.
| For more information, see “Inserting data into a ROWID column” on page 30.
| Direct row access

| For some applications, you can use the value of a ROWID column to navigate
| directly to a row. When you select a ROWID column, the value implicitly contains
| the location of the retrieved row. If you use the value from the ROWID column in
| the search condition of a subsequent query, DB2 can choose to navigate directly to
| that row.
| Example: Suppose that an EMPLOYEE table is defined in the following way:

| CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE
| (EMP_ROWID ROWID NOT NULL GENERATED ALWAYS,
| EMPNO SMALLINT,
| NAME CHAR(30),
| SALARY DECIMAL(7,2),
| WORKDEPT SMALLINT);

| The following code uses the SELECT from INSERT statement to retrieve the value
| of the ROWID column from a new row that is inserted into the EMPLOYEE table.
| This value is then used to reference that row for the update of the SALARY column.
| SQL TYPE IS ROWID hv_emp_rowid;
| short hv_dept, hv_empno;
| char hv_name[30];
| decimal(7,2) hv_salary;
| ...
| EXEC SQL
| SELECT EMP_ROWID INTO :hv_emp_rowid
| FROM FINAL TABLE (INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE
| VALUES (DEFAULT, :hv_empno, :hv_name, :hv_salary, :hv_dept));
| EXEC SQL
| UPDATE EMPLOYEE
| SET SALARY = SALARY + 1200
| WHERE EMP_ROWID = :hv_emp_rowid;
|
| EXEC SQL COMMIT;
| For DB2 to be able to use direct row access for the update operation, the SELECT
| from INSERT statement and the UPDATE statement must execute within the same
| unit of work. If these statements execute in different units of work, the ROWID
| value for the inserted row might change due to a REORG of the table space before
| the update operation. For more information about predicates and direct row access,
| see “Is direct row access possible? (PRIMARY_ACCESSTYPE = D)” on page 739.
| Considerations for using ROWID columns

| You should be aware of the following issues if you plan to use ROWID columns to
| identity rows:
| v To use direct row access, you must use a retrieved ROWID value before you
| commit. When your application commits, it releases its claim on the table space.
| After the commit, a REORG on your table space might execute and change the
| physical location of the rows.
| v In general, you cannot use a ROWID column as a key that is to be used as a
| single column value across multiple tables. The ROWID value for a particular row
| in a table might change over time due to a REORG of the table space. In
| particular, you cannot use a ROWID column as part of a parent key or foreign
| key.
| v The value that you retrieve from a ROWID column is a varying-length character
| value that is not monotonically ascending or descending (the value is not always
| increasing or not always decreasing). Therefore, a ROWID column does not
| provide suitable values for many types of entity keys, for example, order numbers
| or employee numbers.
|
| Using identity columns as keys
| If you define a column with the AS IDENTITY attribute, and with the GENERATED
| ALWAYS and NO CYCLE attributes, DB2 automatically generates a monotonically
| increasing or decreasing sequential number for the value of that column when a
| new row is inserted into the table. However, for DB2 to guarantee that the values of
| the identity column are unique, you should define a unique index on that column.

| You can use identity columns for primary keys that are typically unique sequential
| numbers, for example, order numbers or employee numbers. By doing so, you can
| avoid the concurrency problems that can result when an application generates its
| own unique counter outside the database.
| Defining an identity column

| You can define an identity column as either GENERATED BY DEFAULT or
| GENERATED ALWAYS:
| v If you define the column as GENERATED BY DEFAULT, you can insert a value,
| and DB2 provides a default value if you do not supply one. For identity columns
| that are defined as GENERATED BY DEFAULT and NO CYCLE, only the values
| that DB2 generates are unique among each other.
| v If you define the column as GENERATED ALWAYS, DB2 always generates a
| value for the column, and you cannot insert data into that column. If you want the
| values to be unique, you must define the identity column with GENERATED
| ALWAYS and NO CYCLE. In addition, to ensure that the values are unique,
| define a unique index on that column.
| For more information, see “Inserting data into an identity column” on page 30.
| The values that DB2 generates for an identity column depend on how the column is
| defined. The START WITH parameter determines the first value that DB2
| generates. The values advance by the INCREMENT BY parameter in ascending or
| descending order.
| The MINVALUE and MAXVALUE parameters determine the minimum and maximum
| values that DB2 generates. The CYCLE or NO CYCLE parameter determines
| whether DB2 wraps values when it has generated all values between the START
| WITH value and MAXVALUE if the values are ascending, or between the START
| WITH value and MINVALUE if the values are descending.
| Example: Suppose that table T1 is defined with GENERATED ALWAYS and

| CYCLE:
| CREATE TABLE T1
| (CHARCOL1 CHAR(1),
| IDENTCOL1 SMALLINT GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY
| (START WITH -1,
| INCREMENT BY 1,
| CYCLE,
| MINVALUE -3,
| MAXVALUE 3));
| Now suppose that you execute the following INSERT statement eight times:
| INSERT INTO T1 (CHARCOL1) VALUES (’A’);
| When DB2 generates values for IDENTCOL1, it starts with -1 and increments by 1
| until it reaches the MAXVALUE of 3 on the fifth INSERT. To generate the value for
| the sixth INSERT, DB2 cycles back to MINVALUE, which is -3. T1 looks like this
| after the eight INSERTs are executed:
| CHARCOL1 IDENTCOL1
| ======== =========
| A -1
| A 0
| A 1
| A 2
Chapter 11. Using DB2-generated values as keys 255

| A 3
| A -3
| A -2
| A -1
| The value of IDENTCOL1 for the eighth INSERT repeats the value of IDENTCOL1
| for the first INSERT.
| Parent keys and foreign keys

| The SELECT from INSERT statement allows you to insert a row into a parent table
| with its primary key defined as a DB2-generated identity column, and retrieve the
| value of the primary or parent key. You can then use this generated value as a
| foreign key in a dependent table. For information about the SELECT from INSERT
| statement, see “Selecting values as you insert: SELECT from INSERT” on page 31.
| In addition, you can use the IDENTITY_VAL_LOCAL function to return the most
| recently assigned value for an identity column that was generated by an INSERT
| with a VALUES clause within the current processing level. (A new level is initiated
| when a trigger, function, or stored procedure is invoked.)
| Example: Using SELECT from INSERT: Suppose that an EMPLOYEE table and a
| DEPARTMENT table are defined in the following way:
| CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE
| (EMPNO INTEGER GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY
| PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
| NAME CHAR(30) NOT NULL,
| SALARY DECIMAL(7,2) NOT NULL,
| WORKDEPT SMALLINT);
|
| CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT
| (DEPTNO SMALLINT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
| DEPTNAME VARCHAR(30),
| MGRNO INTEGER NOT NULL,
| CONSTRAINT REF_EMPNO FOREIGN KEY (MGRNO)
| REFERENCES EMPLOYEE (EMPNO) ON DELETE RESTRICT);
|
| ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE ADD
| CONSTRAINT REF_DEPTNO FOREIGN KEY (WORKDEPT)
| REFERENCES DEPARTMENT (DEPTNO) ON DELETE SET NULL;
| When you insert a new employee into the EMPLOYEE table, to retrieve the value
| for the EMPNO column, you can use the following SELECT from INSERT
| statement:
| EXEC SQL
| SELECT EMPNO INTO :hv_empno
| FROM FINAL TABLE (INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (NAME, SALARY, WORKDEPT)
| VALUES (’New Employee’, 75000.00, 11));
| The SELECT statement returns the DB2-generated identity value for the EMPNO
| column in the host variable :hv_empno.
| You can then use the value in :hv_empno to update the MGRNO column in the
| DEPARTMENT table with the new employee as the department manager:
| EXEC SQL
| UPDATE DEPARTMENT
| SET MGRNO = :hv_empno
| WHERE DEPTNO = 11;

| Example: Using IDENTITY_VAL_LOCAL: The following INSERT and UPDATE
| statements are equivalent to the INSERT and UPDATE statements of the previous
| example:
| INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (NAME, SALARY, WORKDEPT)
| VALUES (’New Employee’, 75000.00, 11);
|
| UPDATE DEPARTMENT
| SET MGRNO = IDENTITY_VAL_LOCAL()
| WHERE DEPTNO = 11;
| The INSERT statement and the IDENTITY_VAL_LOCAL function must be at the

| same processing level.
| Considerations for using identity columns

| You should be aware of the following issues if you plan on using identity columns
| as primary keys:
| v If you use an identity column as a parent key in a referential integrity structure,
| loading data into that structure could be quite complicated. The values for the
| identity column are not known until the table is loaded (because the column is
| defined as GENERATED ALWAYS). Therefore, you must set the values of the
| foreign keys in the dependent tables after loading the parent table.
| v You might have gaps in identity column values for the following reasons:
| – If other applications are inserting values into the same identity column
| – If DB2 terminates abnormally before it assigns all the cached values
| – If your application rolls back a transaction that inserts identity values
|
| Using values obtained from sequence objects as keys
| A sequence is a user-defined object that generates a sequence of numeric values
| according to the specification with which the sequence was created. The sequence
| of numeric values is generated in a monotonically ascending or descending order.
| Sequences, unlike identity columns, are not associated with tables. Applications
| refer to a sequence object to get its current or next value. The relationship between
| sequences and tables is controlled by the application, not by DB2.
| Your application can reference a sequence object and coordinate the value as keys
| across multiple rows and tables. However, a table column that gets its values from
| a sequence object does not necessarily have unique values in that column. Even if
| the sequence object has been defined with the NO CYCLE clause, some other
| application might insert values into that table column other than values you obtain
| by referencing that sequence object.
| Creating a sequence object

| You create a sequence object with the CREATE SEQUENCE statement, alter it with
| the ALTER SEQUENCE statement, and drop it with the DROP SEQUENCE
| statement. You grant access to a sequence with the GRANT (privilege) ON
| SEQUENCE statement, and revoke access to the sequence with the REVOKE
| (privilege) ON SEQUENCE statement.
| The values that DB2 generates for a sequence depend on how the sequence is
| created. The START WITH parameter determines the first value that DB2
| generates. The values advance by the INCREMENT BY parameter in ascending or
| descending order.

| The MINVALUE and MAXVALUE parameters determine the minimum and maximum
| values that DB2 generates. The CYCLE or NO CYCLE parameter determines
| whether DB2 wraps values when it has generated all values between the START
| WITH value and MAXVALUE if the values are ascending, or between the START
| WITH value and MINVALUE if the values are descending.
| Referencing a sequence object

| You reference a sequence by using the NEXT VALUE expression or the PREVIOUS
| VALUE expression, specifying the name of the sequence:
| v A NEXT VALUE expression generates and returns the next value for the
| specified sequence. If a query contains multiple instances of a NEXT VALUE
| expression with the same sequence name, the sequence value increments only
| once for that query. The ROLLBACK statement has no effect on values already
| generated.
| v A PREVIOUS VALUE expression returns the most recently generated value for
| the specified sequence for a previous NEXT VALUE expression that specified the
| same sequence within the current application process. The value of the
| PREVIOUS VALUE expression persists until the next value is generated for the
| sequence, the sequence is dropped, or the application session ends. The
| COMMIT statement and the ROLLBACK statement have no effect on this value.
| You can specify a NEXT VALUE or PREVIOUS VALUE expression in a SELECT

| clause, within a VALUES clause of an INSERT statement, within the SET clause of
| an UPDATE statement (with certain restrictions), or within a SET host-variable
| statement. For more information about where you can use these expressions, see
| DB2 SQL Reference.
| Keys across multiple tables

| You can use the same sequence number as a key value in two separate tables by
| first generating the sequence value with a NEXT VALUE expression to insert the
| first row in the first table. You can then reference this same sequence value with a
| PREVIOUS VALUE expression to insert the other rows in the second table.
| Example: Suppose that an ORDERS table and an ORDER_ITEMS table are

| defined in the following way:
| CREATE TABLE ORDERS
| (ORDERNO INTEGER NOT NULL,
| ORDER_DATE DATE DEFAULT,
| CUSTNO SMALLINT
| PRIMARY KEY (ORDERNO));
|
| CREATE TABLE ORDER_ITEMS
| PARTNO INTEGER NOT NULL,
| QUANTITY SMALLINT NOT NULL,
| PRIMARY KEY (ORDERNO,PARTNO),
| CONSTRAINT REF_ORDERNO FOREIGN KEY (ORDERNO)
| REFERENCES ORDERS (ORDERNO) ON DELETE CASCADE);
| You create a sequence named ORDER_SEQ to use as key values for both the
| ORDERS and ORDER_ITEMS tables:
| CREATE SEQUENCE ORDER_SEQ AS INTEGER
| START WITH 1
| INCREMENT BY 1
| NO MAXVALUE
| NO CYCLE
| CACHE 20;

| You can then use the same sequence number as a primary key value for the
| ORDERS table and as part of the primary key value for the ORDER_ITEMS table:
| INSERT INTO ORDERS (ORDERNO, CUSTNO)
| VALUES (NEXT VALUE FOR ORDER_SEQ, 12345);
|
| INSERT INTO ORDER_ITEMS (ORDERNO, PARTNO, QUANTITY)
| VALUES (PREVIOUS VALUE FOR ORDER_SEQ, 987654, 2);
| The NEXT VALUE expression in the first INSERT statement generates a sequence
| number value for the sequence object ORDER_SEQ. The PREVIOUS VALUE
| expression in the second INSERT statement retrieves that same value because it
| was the sequence number most recently generated for that sequence object within
| the current application process.
| Considerations for using sequence numbers

| You should be aware of the following issues if you plan on using sequence
| numbers:
| v DB2 always generates sequence numbers in order of request. However, in a
| data sharing group where the sequence values are cached by multiple DB2
| members simultaneously, the sequence value assignments might not be in
| numeric order.
| v You might have gaps in sequence number values for the following reasons:
| – If DB2 terminates abnormally before it assigns all the cached values
| – If your application rolls back a transaction that increments the sequence
| – If the statement containing NEXT VALUE fails after it increments the
| sequence

Chapter 12. Using triggers for active data
Triggers are sets of SQL statements that execute when a certain event occurs in a
DB2 table. Like constraints, triggers can be used to control changes in DB2
databases. Triggers are more powerful, however, because they can monitor a
broader range of changes and perform a broader range of actions than constraints
can.
For example, a constraint can disallow an update to the salary column of the
employee table if the new value is over a certain amount. A trigger can monitor the
amount by which the salary changes, as well as the salary value. If the change is
above a certain amount, the trigger might substitute a valid value and call a
user-defined function to send a notice to an administrator about the invalid update.
Triggers also move application logic intoDB2, which can result in faster application
development and easier maintenance. For example, you can write applications to
control salary changes in the employee table, but each application program that
changes the salary column must include logic to check those changes. A better
method is to define a trigger that controls changes to the salary column. Then DB2
does the checking for any application that modifies salaries.
This chapter presents the following information about triggers:

v “Example of creating and using a trigger”
v “Parts of a trigger” on page 263
v “Invoking stored procedures and user-defined functions from triggers” on page
269
v “Trigger cascading” on page 270
v “Ordering of multiple triggers” on page 271
v “Interactions between triggers and referential constraints” on page 272
v “Creating triggers to obtain consistent results” on page 274
Example of creating and using a trigger

Triggers automatically execute a set of SQL statements whenever a specified event
occurs. These SQL statements can perform tasks such as validation and editing of
table changes, reading and modifying tables, or invoking functions or stored
procedures that perform operations both inside and outside DB2.
You create triggers using the CREATE TRIGGER statement. Figure 117 on page
262 shows an example of a CREATE TRIGGER statement.

1
CREATE TRIGGER REORDER
2 3 4
AFTER UPDATE OF ON_HAND, MAX_STOCKED ON PARTS
5
REFERENCING NEW AS N_ROW
6
7
WHEN (N_ROW.ON_HAND < 0.10 * N_ROW.MAX_STOCKED)
8
BEGIN ATOMIC
CALL ISSUE_SHIP_REQUEST(N_ROW.MAX_STOCKED -
N_ROW.ON_HAND,
N_ROW.PARTNO);
END
Figure 117. Example of a trigger
The parts of this trigger are:

1 Trigger name (REORDER)
2 Trigger activation time (AFTER)
3 Triggering event (UPDATE)
4 Subject table name (PARTS)
5 New transition variable correlation name (N_ROW)
6 Granularity (FOR EACH ROW)
7 Trigger condition (WHEN...)
8 Trigger body (BEGIN ATOMIC...END;)
When you execute this CREATE TRIGGER statement, DB2 creates a trigger
package called REORDER and associates the trigger package with table PARTS.
DB2 records the timestamp when it creates the trigger. If you define other triggers
on the PARTS table, DB2 uses this timestamp to determine which trigger to activate
first. The trigger is now ready to use.
After DB2 updates columns ON_HAND or MAX_STOCKED in any row of table

PARTS, trigger REORDER is activated. The trigger calls a stored procedure called
ISSUE_SHIP_REQUEST if, after a row is updated, the quantity of parts on hand is
less than 10% of the maximum quantity stocked. In the trigger condition, the
qualifier N_ROW represents a value in a modified row after the triggering event.
When you no longer want to use trigger REORDER, you can delete the trigger by
executing the statement:
DROP TRIGGER REORDER;
Executing this statement drops trigger REORDER and its associated trigger
package named REORDER.
If you drop table PARTS, DB2 also drops trigger REORDER and its trigger
package.

Parts of a trigger
This section gives you the information you need to code each of the trigger parts:
v “Trigger name”
v “Subject table”
v “Trigger activation time”
v “Triggering event”
v “Granularity” on page 264
v “Transition variables” on page 265
v “Transition tables” on page 266
v “Triggered action” on page 267
Trigger name
Use an ordinary identifier to name your trigger. You can use a qualifier or let DB2
determine the qualifier. When DB2 creates a trigger package for the trigger, it uses
the qualifier for the collection ID of the trigger package. DB2 uses these rules to
determine the qualifier:
v If you use static SQL to execute the CREATE TRIGGER statement, DB2 uses
the authorization ID in the bind option QUALIFIER for the plan or package that
contains the CREATE TRIGGER statement. If the bind command does not
include the QUALIFIER option, DB2 uses the owner of the package or plan.
v If you use dynamic SQL to execute the CREATE TRIGGER statement, DB2 uses
the authorization ID in special register CURRENT SQLID.
Subject table
When you perform an insert, update, or delete operation on this table, the trigger is
activated. You must name a local table in the CREATE TRIGGER statement. You
cannot define a trigger on a catalog table or on a view.
Trigger activation time

The two choices for trigger activation time are NO CASCADE BEFORE and
AFTER. NO CASCADE BEFORE means that the trigger is activated before DB2
makes any changes to the subject table, and that the triggered action does not
activate any other triggers. AFTER means that the trigger is activated after DB2
makes changes to the subject table and can activate other triggers. Triggers with an
activation time of NO CASCADE BEFORE are known as before triggers. Triggers
with an activation time of AFTER are known as after triggers.
Triggering event
Every trigger is associated with an event. A trigger is activated when the triggering
event occurs in the subject table. The triggering event is one of the following SQL
operations:
v INSERT
v UPDATE
v DELETE
A triggering event can also be an update or delete operation that occurs as the
result of a referential constraint with ON DELETE SET NULL or ON DELETE
CASCADE.
Chapter 12. Using triggers for active data 263

Triggers are not activated as the result of updates made to tables by DB2 utilities,
with the exception of the LOAD utility when it is specified with the RESUME YES
and SHRLEVEL CHANGE options. See DB2 Utility Guide and Reference for more
information about the LOAD utility.
When the triggering event for a trigger is an update operation, the trigger is called
an update trigger. Similarly, triggers for insert operations are called insert triggers,
and triggers for delete operations are called delete triggers.
The SQL statement that performs the triggering SQL operation is called the
triggering SQL statement. Each triggering event is associated with one subject table
and one SQL operation.
The following trigger is defined with an insert triggering event:

AFTER INSERT ON EMP
BEGIN ATOMIC
END
If the triggering SQL operation is an update operation, the event can be associated
with specific columns of the subject table. In this case, the trigger is activated only if
the update operation updates any of the specified columns.
The following trigger, PAYROLL1, which invokes user-defined function named

PAYROLL_LOG, is activated only if an update operation is performed on the
SALARY or BONUS column of table PAYROLL:
CREATE TRIGGER PAYROLL1
AFTER UPDATE OF SALARY, BONUS ON PAYROLL
FOR EACH STATEMENT MODE DB2SQL
BEGIN ATOMIC
VALUES(PAYROLL_LOG(USER, ’UPDATE’, CURRENT TIME, CURRENT DATE));
END
Granularity
The triggering SQL statement might modify multiple rows in the table. The
granularity of the trigger determines whether the trigger is activated only once for
the triggering SQL statement or once for every row that the SQL statement
modifies. The granularity values are:
v FOR EACH ROW
The trigger is activated once for each row that DB2 modifies in the subject table.
If the triggering SQL statement modifies no rows, the trigger is not activated.
However, if the triggering SQL statement updates a value in a row to the same
value, the trigger is activated. For example, if an UPDATE trigger is defined on
table COMPANY_STATS, the following SQL statement will activate the trigger.
UPDATE COMPANY_STATS SET NBEMP = NBEMP;
v FOR EACH STATEMENT
The trigger is activated once when the triggering SQL statement executes. The
trigger is activated even if the triggering SQL statement modifies no rows.
Triggers with a granularity of FOR EACH ROW are known as row triggers. Triggers
with a granularity of FOR EACH STATEMENT are known as statement triggers.
Statement triggers can only be after triggers.
The following statement is an example of a row trigger:

AFTER INSERT ON EMP
BEGIN ATOMIC
END
Trigger NEW_HIRE is activated once for every row inserted into the employee
table.
Transition variables
When you code a row trigger, you might need to refer to the values of columns in
each updated row of the subject table. To do this, specify transition variables in the
REFERENCING clause of your CREATE TRIGGER statement. The two types of
transition variables are:
v Old transition variables, specified with the OLD transition-variable clause, capture
the values of columns before the triggering SQL statement updates them. You
can define old transition variables for update and delete triggers.
v New transition variables, specified with the NEW transition-variable clause,
capture the values of columns after the triggering SQL statement updates them.
You can define new transition variables for update and insert triggers.
The following example uses transition variables and invocations of the

IDENTITY_VAL_LOCAL function to access values that are assigned to identity
columns.
Suppose that you have created tables T and S, with the following definitions:
CREATE TABLE T
(ID SMALLINT GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY (START WITH 100),
C2 SMALLINT,
C3 SMALLINT,
C4 SMALLINT);
CREATE TABLE S
(ID SMALLINT GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY,
C1 SMALLINT);
Define a before insert trigger on T that uses the IDENTITY_VAL_LOCAL built-in

function to retrieve the current value of identity column ID, and uses transition
variables to update the other columns of T with the identity column value.
CREATE TRIGGER TR1
NO CASCADE BEFORE INSERT
ON T REFERENCING NEW AS N
BEGIN ATOMIC
SET N.C3 =N.ID;
SET N.C4 =IDENTITY_VAL_LOCAL();
SET N.ID =N.C2 *10;
SET N.C2 =IDENTITY_VAL_LOCAL();
END
Now suppose that you execute the following INSERT statement:

INSERT INTO S (C1) VALUES (5);
This statement inserts a row into S with a value of 5 for column C1 and a value of 1
for identity column ID. Next, suppose that you execute the following SQL statement,
which activates trigger TR1:
INSERT INTO T (C2)
VALUES (IDENTITY_VAL_LOCAL());

This insert statement, and the subsequent activation of trigger TR1, have the
following results:
v The INSERT statement obtains the most recent value that was assigned to an
identity column (1), and inserts that value into column C2 of table T. 1 is the
value that DB2 inserted into identity column ID of table S.
v When the INSERT statement executes, DB2 inserts the value 100 into identity
column ID column of C2.
v The first statement in the body of trigger TR1 inserts the value of transition
variable N.ID (100) into column C3. N.ID is the value that identity column ID
contains after the INSERT statement executes.
v The second statement in the body of trigger TR1 inserts the null value into
column C4. By definition, the result of the IDENTITY_VAL_LOCAL function in the
triggered action of a before insert trigger is the null value.
v The third statement in the body of trigger TR1 inserts 10 times the value of
transition variable N.C2 (10*1) into identity column ID of table T. N.C2 is the
value that column C2 contains after the INSERT is executed.
v The fourth statement in the body of trigger TR1 inserts the null value into column
C2. By definition, the result of the IDENTITY_VAL_LOCAL function in the
triggered action of a before insert trigger is the null value.
Transition tables
If you want to refer to the entire set of rows that a triggering SQL statement
modifies, rather than to individual rows, use a transition table. Like transition
variables, transition tables can appear in the REFERENCING clause of a CREATE
TRIGGER statement. Transition tables are valid for both row triggers and statement
triggers. The two types of transition tables are:
v Old transition tables, specified with the OLD TABLE transition-table-name clause,
capture the values of columns before the triggering SQL statement updates them.
You can define old transition tables for update and delete triggers.
v New transition tables, specified with the NEW TABLE transition-table-name
clause, capture the values of columns after the triggering SQL statement updates
them. You can define new transition variables for update and insert triggers.
The scope of old and new transition table names is the trigger body. If another table
exists that has the same name as a transition table, any unqualified reference to
that name in the trigger body points to the transition table. To reference the other
table in the trigger body, you must use the fully qualified table name.
The following example uses a new transition table to capture the set of rows that
are inserted into the INVOICE table:
CREATE TRIGGER LRG_ORDR
AFTER INSERT ON INVOICE
REFERENCING NEW TABLE AS N_TABLE
BEGIN ATOMIC
SELECT LARGE_ORDER_ALERT(CUST_NO,
TOTAL_PRICE, DELIVERY_DATE)
FROM N_TABLE WHERE TOTAL_PRICE > 10000;
END
The SELECT statement in LRG_ORDER causes user-defined function

LARGE_ORDER_ALERT to execute for each row in transition table N_TABLE that
satisfies the WHERE clause (TOTAL_PRICE > 10000).

Triggered action
When a trigger is activated, a triggered action occurs. Every trigger has one
triggered action, which consists of a trigger condition and a trigger body.
Trigger condition
If you want the triggered action to occur only when certain conditions are true, code
a trigger condition. A trigger condition is similar to a predicate in a SELECT, except
that the trigger condition begins with WHEN, rather than WHERE. If you do not
include a trigger condition in your triggered action, the trigger body executes every
time the trigger is activated.
For a row trigger, DB2 evaluates the trigger condition once for each modified row of
the subject table. For a statement trigger, DB2 evaluates the trigger condition once
for each execution of the triggering SQL statement.
If the trigger condition of a before trigger has a fullselect, the fullselect cannot
reference the subject table.
The following example shows a trigger condition that causes the trigger body to
execute only when the number of ordered items is greater than the number of
available items:
CREATE TRIGGER CK_AVAIL
NO CASCADE BEFORE INSERT ON ORDERS
REFERENCING NEW AS NEW_ORDER
WHEN (NEW_ORDER.QUANTITY >
(SELECT ON_HAND FROM PARTS
WHERE NEW_ORDER.PARTNO=PARTS.PARTNO))
BEGIN ATOMIC
VALUES(ORDER_ERROR(NEW_ORDER.PARTNO,
NEW_ORDER.QUANTITY));
END
Trigger body
In the trigger body, you code the SQL statements that you want to execute
whenever the trigger condition is true. If the trigger body consists of more than one
statement, it must begin with BEGIN ATOMIC and end with END. You cannot
include host variables or parameter markers in your trigger body. If the trigger body
contains a WHERE clause that references transition variables, the comparison
operator cannot be LIKE.
The statements you can use in a trigger body depend on the activation time of the
trigger. Table 27 summarizes which SQL statements you can use in which types of
triggers.
Table 27. Valid SQL statements for triggers and trigger activation times
SQL statement Valid before activation time Valid after activation time
fullselect Yes Yes
CALL Yes Yes
SIGNAL SQLSTATE Yes Yes
VALUES Yes Yes
SET transition-variable Yes No
INSERT No Yes
DELETE (searched) No Yes

Table 27. Valid SQL statements for triggers and trigger activation times (continued)
SQL statement Valid before activation time Valid after activation time
UPDATE (searched) No Yes
The following list provides more detailed information about SQL statements that are
valid in triggers:
v fullselect, CALL, and VALUES
Use a fullselect or the VALUES statement in a trigger body to conditionally or
unconditionally invoke a user-defined function. Use the CALL statement to invoke
a stored procedure. See “Invoking stored procedures and user-defined functions
from triggers” on page 269 for more information on invoking user-defined
functions and stored procedures from triggers.
A fullselect in the trigger body of a before trigger cannot reference the subject
table.
v SIGNAL SQLSTATE
Use the SIGNAL SQLSTATE statement in the trigger body to report an error
condition and back out any changes that are made by the trigger, as well as
actions that result from referential constraints on the subject table. When DB2
executes the SIGNAL SQLSTATE statement, it returns an SQLCA to the
application with SQLCODE -438. The SQLCA also includes the following values,
which you supply in the SIGNAL SQLSTATE statement:
– A 5-character value that DB2 uses as the SQLSTATE
– An error message that DB2 places in the SQLERRMC field
In the following example, the SIGNAL SQLSTATE statement causes DB2 to
return an SQLCA with SQLSTATE 75001 and terminate the salary update
operation if an employee’s salary increase is over 20%:
CREATE TRIGGER SAL_ADJ
BEFORE UPDATE OF SALARY ON EMP
REFERENCING OLD AS OLD_EMP
NEW AS NEW_EMP
WHEN (NEW_EMP.SALARY > (OLD_EMP.SALARY * 1.20))
BEGIN ATOMIC
SIGNAL SQLSTATE ’75001’
(’Invalid Salary Increase - Exceeds 20%’);
END
v SET transition-variable
Because before triggers operate on rows of a table before those rows are
modified, you cannot perform operations in the body of a before trigger that
directly modify the subject table. You can, however, use the SET
transition-variable statement to modify the values in a row before those values go
into the table. For example, this trigger uses a new transition variable to fill in
today’s date for the new employee’s hire date:
CREATE TRIGGER HIREDATE
NO CASCADE BEFORE INSERT ON EMP
REFERENCING NEW AS NEW_VAR
BEGIN ATOMIC
SET NEW_VAR.HIRE_DATE = CURRENT_DATE;
END
v INSERT, DELETE (searched), and UPDATE (searched)

Because you can include INSERT, DELETE (searched), and UPDATE (searched)
statements in your trigger body, execution of the trigger body might cause
activation of other triggers. See “Trigger cascading” on page 270 for more
information.
If any SQL statement in the trigger body fails during trigger execution, DB2 rolls
back all changes that are made by the triggering SQL statement and the triggered
SQL statements. However, if the trigger body executes actions that are outside of
DB2’s control or are not under the same commit coordination as the DB2
subsystem in which the trigger executes, DB2 cannot undo those actions. Examples
of external actions that are not under DB2’s control are:
v Performing updates that are not under RRS commit control
v Sending an electronic mail message
If the trigger executes external actions that are under the same commit coordination
as the DB2 subsystem under which the trigger executes, and an error occurs during
trigger execution, DB2 places the application process that issued the triggering
statement in a must-rollback state. The application must then execute a rollback
operation to roll back those external actions. Examples of external actions that are
under the same commit coordination as the triggering SQL operation are:
v Executing a distributed update operation
v From a user-defined function or stored procedure, executing an external action
that affects an external resource manager that is under RRS commit control.
Invoking stored procedures and user-defined functions from triggers

A trigger body can include only SQL statements and built-in functions. Therefore, if
you want the trigger to perform actions or use logic that is not available in SQL
statements or built-in functions, you need to write a user-defined function or stored
procedure and invoke that function or stored procedure from the trigger body.
Chapter 15, “Creating and using user-defined functions,” on page 293 and
Chapter 25, “Using stored procedures for client/server processing,” on page 569
contain detailed information on how to write and prepare user-defined functions and
stored procedures.
Because a before trigger must not modify any table, functions and procedures that
you invoke from a trigger cannot include INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statements
that modify the subject table.
To invoke a user-defined function from a trigger, code a SELECT statement or

VALUES statement. Use a SELECT statement to execute the function conditionally.
The number of times the user-defined function executes depends on the number of
rows in the result table of the SELECT statement. For example, in this trigger, the
SELECT statement causes user-defined function LARGE_ORDER_ALERT to
execute for each row in transition table N_TABLE with an order of more than
10000:
CREATE TRIGGER LRG_ORDR
AFTER INSERT ON INVOICE
REFERENCING NEW TABLE AS N_TABLE
BEGIN ATOMIC
SELECT LARGE_ORDER_ALERT(CUST_NO, TOTAL_PRICE, DELIVERY_DATE)
FROM N_TABLE WHERE TOTAL_PRICE > 10000;
END
Use the VALUES statement to execute a function unconditionally; that is, once for
each execution of a statement trigger or once for each row in a row trigger. In this

example, user-defined function PAYROLL_LOG executes every time an update
operation occurs that activates trigger PAYROLL1:
CREATE TRIGGER PAYROLL1
AFTER UPDATE ON PAYROLL
BEGIN ATOMIC
VALUES(PAYROLL_LOG(USER, ’UPDATE’,
CURRENT TIME, CURRENT DATE));
END
To invoke a stored procedure from a trigger, use a CALL statement. The

parameters of this stored procedure call must be literals, transition variables, table
locators, or expressions.
Passing transition tables to user-defined functions and stored

procedures
When you call a user-defined function or stored procedure from a trigger, you might
want to give the function or procedure access to the entire set of modified rows.
That is, you want to pass a pointer to the old or new transition table. You do this
using table locators.
Most of the code for using a table locator is in the function or stored procedure that
receives the locator. “Accessing transition tables in a user-defined function or stored
procedure” on page 328 explains how a function defines a table locator and uses it
to receive a transition table. To pass the transition table from a trigger, specify the
parameter TABLE transition-table-name when you invoke the function or stored
procedure. This causes DB2 to pass a table locator for the transition table to the
user-defined function or stored procedure. For example, this trigger passes a table
locator for a transition table NEWEMPS to stored procedure CHECKEMP:
CREATE TRIGGER EMPRAISE
AFTER UPDATE ON EMP
REFERENCING NEW TABLE AS NEWEMPS
BEGIN ATOMIC
CALL CHECKEMP(TABLE NEWEMPS);
END
Trigger cascading
An SQL operation that a trigger performs might modify the subject table or other
tables with triggers, so DB2 also activates those triggers. A trigger that is activated
as the result of another trigger can be activated at the same level as the original
trigger or at a different level. Two triggers, A and B, are activated at different levels
if trigger B is activated after trigger A is activated and completes before trigger A
completes. If trigger B is activated after trigger A is activated and completes after
trigger A completes, then the triggers are at the same level.
For example, in these cases, trigger A and trigger B are activated at the same level:
v Table X has two triggers that are defined on it, A and B. A is a before trigger and
B is an after trigger. An update to table X causes both trigger A and trigger B to
activate.
v Trigger A updates table X, which has a referential constraint with table Y, which
has trigger B defined on it. The referential constraint causes table Y to be
updated, which activates trigger B.
In these cases, trigger A and trigger B are activated at different levels:

v Trigger A is defined on table X, and trigger B is defined on table Y. Trigger B is
an update trigger. An update to table X activates trigger A, which contains an
UPDATE statement on table B in its trigger body. This UPDATE statement
activates trigger B.
v Trigger A calls a stored procedure. The stored procedure contains an INSERT
statement for table X, which has insert trigger B defined on it. When the INSERT
statement on table X executes, trigger B is activated.
When triggers are activated at different levels, it is called trigger cascading. Trigger
cascading can occur only for after triggers because DB2 does not support
cascading of before triggers.
To prevent the possibility of endless trigger cascading, DB2 supports only 16 levels
of cascading of triggers, stored procedures, and user-defined functions. If a trigger,
user-defined function, or stored procedure at the 17th level is activated, DB2 returns
SQLCODE -724 and backs out all SQL changes in the 16 levels of cascading.
However, as with any other SQL error that occurs during trigger execution, if any
action occurs that is outside the control of DB2, that action is not backed out.
You can write a monitor program that issues IFI READS requests to collect DB2
trace information about the levels of cascading of triggers, user-defined functions,
and stored procedures in your programs. See Appendixes (Volume 2) of DB2
Administration Guide for information on how to write a monitor program.
Ordering of multiple triggers

You can create multiple triggers for the same subject table, event, and activation
time. The order in which those triggers are activated is the order in which the
triggers were created. DB2 records the timestamp when each CREATE TRIGGER
statement executes. When an event occurs in a table that activates more than one
trigger, DB2 uses the stored timestamps to determine which trigger to activate first.
DB2 always activates all before triggers that are defined on a table before the after
triggers that are defined on that table, but within the set of before triggers, the
activation order is by timestamp, and within the set of after triggers, the activation
order is by timestamp.
In this example, triggers NEWHIRE1 and NEWHIRE2 have the same triggering
event (INSERT), the same subject table (EMP), and the same activation time
(AFTER). Suppose that the CREATE TRIGGER statement for NEWHIRE1 is run
before the CREATE TRIGGER statement for NEWHIRE2:
CREATE TRIGGER NEWHIRE1
AFTER INSERT ON EMP
BEGIN ATOMIC
END
CREATE TRIGGER NEWHIRE2

AFTER INSERT ON EMP
REFERENCING NEW AS N_EMP
BEGIN ATOMIC
UPDATE DEPTS SET NBEMP = NBEMP + 1
WHERE DEPT_ID = N_EMP.DEPT_ID;
END

When an insert operation occurs on table EMP, DB2 activates NEWHIRE1 first
because NEWHIRE1 was created first. Now suppose that someone drops and
recreates NEWHIRE1. NEWHIRE1 now has a later timestamp than NEWHIRE2, so
the next time an insert operation occurs on EMP, NEWHIRE2 is activated before
NEWHIRE1.
If two row triggers are defined for the same action, the trigger that was created
earlier is activated first for all affected rows. Then the second trigger is activated for
all affected rows. In the previous example, suppose that an INSERT statement with
a fullselect inserts 10 rows into table EMP. NEWHIRE1 is activated for all 10 rows,
then NEWHIRE2 is activated for all 10 rows.
Interactions between triggers and referential constraints

When you create triggers, you need to understand the interactions among the
triggers and constraints on your tables and the effect that the order of processing of
those constraints and triggers can have on the results.
In general, the following steps occur when triggering SQL statement S1 performs an
insert, update, or delete operation on table T1:
1. DB2 determines the rows of T1 to modify. Call that set of rows M1. The
contents of M1 depend on the SQL operation:
v For a delete operation, all rows that satisfy the search condition of the
statement for a searched delete operation, or the current row for a positioned
delete operation
v For an insert operation, the row identified by the VALUES statement, or the
rows identified by the result table of a SELECT clause within the INSERT
statement
v For an update operation, all rows that satisfy the search condition of the
statement for a searched update operation, or the current row for a
positioned update operation
2. DB2 processes all before triggers that are defined on T1, in order of creation.
Each before trigger executes the triggered action once for each row in M1. If M1
is empty, the triggered action does not execute.
If an error occurs when the triggered action executes, DB2 rolls back all
changes that are made by S1.
3. DB2 makes the changes that are specified in statement S1 to table T1.
If an error occurs, DB2 rolls back all changes that are made by S1.
4. If M1 is not empty, DB2 applies all the following constraints and checks that are
defined on table T1:
v Referential constraints
v Check constraints
v Checks that are due to updates of the table through views defined WITH
CHECK OPTION
Application of referential constraints with rules of DELETE CASCADE or
DELETE SET NULL are activated before delete triggers or before update
triggers on the dependent tables.
If any constraint is violated, DB2 rolls back all changes that are made by
constraint actions or by statement S1.
5. DB2 processes all after triggers that are defined on T1, and all after triggers on
tables that are modified as the result of referential constraint actions, in order of
creation.

Each after row trigger executes the triggered action once for each row in M1. If
M1 is empty, the triggered action does not execute.
Each after statement trigger executes the triggered action once for each
execution of S1, even if M1 is empty.
If any triggered actions contain SQL insert, update, or delete operations, DB2
repeats steps 1 through 5 for each operation.
If an error occurs when the triggered action executes, or if a triggered action is at

the 17th level of trigger cascading, DB2 rolls back all changes that are made in step
5 and all previous steps.
For example, table DEPT is a parent table of EMP, with these conditions:
v The DEPTNO column of DEPT is the primary key.
v The WORKDEPT column of EMP is the foreign key.
v The constraint is ON DELETE SET NULL.
Suppose the following trigger is defined on EMP:
AFTER UPDATE ON EMP
BEGIN ATOMIC
VALUES(CHECKEMP(TABLE NEWEMPS));
END
Also suppose that an SQL statement deletes the row with department number E21
from DEPT. Because of the constraint, DB2 finds the rows in EMP with a
WORKDEPT value of E21 and sets WORKDEPT in those rows to null. This is
equivalent to an update operation on EMP, which has update trigger EMPRAISE.
Therefore, because EMPRAISE is an after trigger, EMPRAISE is activated after the
constraint action sets WORKDEPT values to null.
| Interactions between triggers and tables that have multilevel security

| with row-level granularity
| If a subject table has a security label column, the column in the transition table or
| transition variable that corresponds to the security label column in the subject table
| does not inherit the security label attribute. This means that the multilevel security
| check with row-level granularity is not enforced for the transition table or the
| transition variable. If you add a security label column to a subject table using the
| ALTER TABLE statement, the rules are the same as when you add any column to a
| subject table because the column in the transition table or the transition variable
| that corresponds to the security label column does not inherit the security label
| attribute.
| If the ID you are using does not have write-down privilege and you execute an
| INSERT or UPDATE statement, the security label value of your ID is assigned to
| the security label column for the rows that you are inserting or updating.
| When a BEFORE trigger is activated, the value of the transition variable that
| corresponds to the security label column is the security label of the ID if either of
| the following conditions is true:
| v The user does not have write-down privilege
| v The value for the security label column is not specified

| If the user does not have write-down privilege, and the trigger changes the
| transition variable that corresponds to the security label column, the value of the
| security label column is changed back to the security label value of the user before
| the row is written to the page. Refer to Part 3 (Volume 1) of DB2 Administration
| Guide for a discussion about multilevel security with row-level granularity.
Creating triggers to obtain consistent results

When you create triggers and write SQL statements that activate those triggers, you
need to ensure that executing those statements on the same set of data always
produces the same results. Two common reasons that you can get inconsistent
results are:
v Positioned UPDATE or DELETE statements that use uncorrelated subqueries
cause triggers to operate on a larger result table than you intended.
v DB2 does not always process rows in the same order, so triggers that propagate
rows of a table can generate different result tables at different times.
The following examples demonstrate these situations.
Example: Effect of an uncorrelated subquery on a triggered action: Suppose

that tables T1 and T2 look like this:
Table T1 Table T2
A1 B1
== ==
1 1
2 2
The following trigger is defined on T1:

CREATE TRIGGER TR1
AFTER UPDATE OF T1
FOR EACH ROW
MODE DB2SQL
BEGIN ATOMIC
DELETE FROM T2 WHERE B1 = 2;
END
Now suppose that an application executes the following statements to perform a

positioned update operation:
long hv1;
EXEC
. SQL END DECLARE SECTION;
.
.
EXEC SQL DECLARE C1 CURSOR FOR
SELECT A1 FROM T1
WHERE A1 IN (SELECT B1 FROM T2)
. FOR UPDATE OF A1;
.
.
EXEC
. SQL OPEN C1;
.
.
while(SQLCODE>=0 && SQLCODE!=100)
{
EXEC SQL FETCH C1 INTO :hv1;
UPDATE T1 SET A1=5 WHERE CURRENT OF C1;
}
When DB2 executes the FETCH statement that positions cursor C1 for the first
time, DB2 evaluates the subselect, SELECT B1 FROM T2, to produce a result table
that contains the two rows of column T2:

1
2
When DB2 executes the positioned UPDATE statement for the first time, trigger
TR1 is activated. When the body of trigger TR1 executes, the row with value 2 is
deleted from T2. However, because SELECT B1 FROM T2 is evaluated only once,
when the FETCH statement is executed again, DB2 finds the second row of T1,
even though the second row of T2 was deleted. The FETCH statement positions
the cursor to the second row of T1, and the second row of T1 is updated. The
update operation causes the trigger to be activated again, which causes DB2 to
attempt to delete the second row of T2, even though that row was already deleted.
To avoid processing of the second row after it should have been deleted, use a
correlated subquery in the cursor declaration:
DCL C1 CURSOR FOR
SELECT A1 FROM T1 X
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT B1 FROM T2 WHERE X.A1 = B1)
FOR UPDATE OF A1;
In this case, the subquery, SELECT B1 FROM T2 WHERE X.A1 = B1, is evaluated
for each FETCH statement. The first time that the FETCH statement executes, it
positions the cursor to the first row of T1. The positioned UPDATE operation
activates the trigger, which deletes the second row of T2. Therefore, when the
FETCH statement executes again, no row is selected, so no update operation or
triggered action occurs.
Example: Effect of row processing order on a triggered action: The following

example shows how the order of processing rows can change the outcome of an
after row trigger.
Suppose that tables T1, T2, and T3 look like this:

Table T1 Table T2 Table T3
A1 B1 C1
== == ==
1 (empty) (empty)
2
The following trigger is defined on T1:

CREATE TRIGGER TR1
AFTER UPDATE ON T1
REFERENCING NEW AS N
FOR EACH ROW
MODE DB2SQL
BEGIN ATOMIC
INSERT INTO T2 VALUES(N.C1);
INSERT INTO T3 (SELECT B1 FROM T2);
END
Now suppose that a program executes the following UPDATE statement:

UPDATE T1 SET A1 = A1 + 1;
The contents of tables T2 and T3 after the UPDATE statement executes depend on
the order in which DB2 updates the rows of T1.
If DB2 updates the first row of T1 first, after the UPDATE statement and the trigger
execute for the first time, the values in the three tables are:

A1 B1 C1
== == ==
2 2 2
2
After the second row of T1 is updated, the values in the three tables are:
A1 B1 C1
== == ==
2 2 2
3 3 2
3
However, if DB2 updates the second row of T1 first, after the UPDATE statement
and the trigger execute for the first time, the values in the three tables are:
A1 B1 C1
== == ==
1 3 3
3
After the first row of T1 is updated, the values in the three tables are:
A1 B1 C1
== == ==
2 3 3
3 2 3
2

Part 3. Using DB2 object-relational extensions
Chapter 13. Introduction to DB2 object-relational extensions . . . . . . 279
Chapter 14. Programming for large objects (LOBs) . . . . . . . . . . 281

Introduction to LOBs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Declaring LOB host variables and LOB locators . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
LOB materialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Using LOB locators to save storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Deferring evaluation of a LOB expression to improve performance . . . . 289
Indicator variables and LOB locators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Valid assignments for LOB locators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Chapter 15. Creating and using user-defined functions . . . . . . . . 293

Overview of user-defined function definition, implementation, and invocation 293
Example of creating and using a user-defined scalar function . . . . . . 294
User-defined function samples shipped with DB2 . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Defining a user-defined function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Components of a user-defined function definition . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Examples of user-defined function definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Implementing an external user-defined function . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Writing a user-defined function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Restrictions on user-defined function programs . . . . . . . . . . 301
Coding your user-defined function as a main program or as a subprogram 301
Parallelism considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Passing parameter values to and from a user-defined function . . . . . 303
Examples of receiving parameters in a user-defined function . . . . . 315
Using special registers in a user-defined function . . . . . . . . . . 324
Using a scratchpad in a user-defined function . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Accessing transition tables in a user-defined function or stored procedure 328
Preparing a user-defined function for execution . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Making a user-defined function reentrant . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Determining the authorization ID for user-defined function invocation 334
Preparing user-defined functions to run concurrently. . . . . . . . . 335
Testing a user-defined function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Implementing an SQL scalar function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Invoking a user-defined function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Syntax for user-defined function invocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Ensuring that DB2 executes the intended user-defined function . . . . . 339
How DB2 chooses candidate functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
How DB2 chooses the best fit among candidate functions . . . . . . 342
How you can simplify function resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Using DSN_FUNCTION_TABLE to see how DB2 resolves a function 343
Casting of user-defined function arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
What happens when a user-defined function abnormally terminates . . . . 346
Nesting SQL Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Recommendations for user-defined function invocation . . . . . . . . . 347
Chapter 16. Creating and using distinct types . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Introduction to distinct types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Using distinct types in application programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Comparing distinct types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Assigning distinct types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Assigning column values to columns with different distinct types . . . . 351
Assigning column values with distinct types to host variables . . . . . 352

Assigning host variable values to columns with distinct types . . . . . 352
Using distinct types in UNIONs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Invoking functions with distinct types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Combining distinct types with user-defined functions and LOBs . . . . . . 354

Chapter 13. Introduction to DB2 object-relational extensions
With the object extensions of DB2, you can incorporate object-oriented concepts
and methodologies into your relational database by extending DB2 with richer sets
of data types and functions. With those extensions, you can store instances of
object-oriented data types in columns of tables and operate on them using functions
in SQL statements. In addition, you can control the types of operations that users
can perform on those data types.
The object extensions that DB2 provides are:

v Large objects (LOBs)
The VARCHAR and VARGRAPHIC data types have a storage limit of 32 KB.
Although this might be sufficient for small- to medium-size text data, applications
often need to store large text documents. They might also need to store a wide
variety of additional data types such as audio, video, drawings, mixed text and
graphics, and images. DB2 provides three data types to store these data objects
as strings of up to 2 GB - 1 in size. The three data types are binary large
objects (BLOBs), character large objects (CLOBs), and double-byte character
large objects (DBCLOBs).
For a detailed discussion of LOBs, see Chapter 14, “Programming for large
objects (LOBs),” on page 281.
v Distinct types
A distinct type is a user-defined data type that shares its internal representation
with a built-in data type but is considered to be a separate and incompatible type
for semantic purposes. For example, you might want to define a picture type or
an audio type, both of which have quite different semantics, but which use the
built-in data type BLOB for their internal representation.
For a detailed discussion of distinct types, see Chapter 16, “Creating and using
v User-defined functions
The built-in functions that are supplied with DB2 are a useful set of functions, but
they might not satisfy all of your requirements. For those cases, you can use
user-defined functions. For example, a built-in function might perform a
calculation you need, but the function does not accept the distinct types you want
to pass to it. You can then define a function based on a built-in function, called a
sourced user-defined function, that accepts your distinct types. You might need to
perform another calculation in your SQL statements for which there is no built-in
function. In that situation, you can define and write an external user-defined
function.
For a detailed discussion of user-defined functions, see Chapter 15, “Creating
and using user-defined functions,” on page 293.

Chapter 14. Programming for large objects (LOBs)
The term large object and the acronym LOB refer to DB2 objects that you can use
to store large amounts of data. A LOB is a varying-length character string that can
contain up to 2 GB - 1 of data.
The three LOB data types are:

v Binary large object (BLOB)
Use a BLOB to store binary data such as pictures, voice, and mixed media.
v Character large object (CLOB)
Use a CLOB to store SBCS or mixed character data, such as documents.
v Double-byte character large object (DBCLOB)
Use a DBCLOB to store data that consists of only DBCS data.
This chapter presents the following information about LOBs:

v “Introduction to LOBs”
v “Declaring LOB host variables and LOB locators” on page 284
v “LOB materialization” on page 288
v “Using LOB locators to save storage” on page 288
Introduction to LOBs
Working with LOBs involves defining the LOBs to DB2, moving the LOB data into
DB2 tables, then using SQL operations to manipulate the data. This chapter
concentrates on manipulating LOB data using SQL statements. For information on
defining LOBs to DB2, see Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL Reference. For information on
how DB2 utilities manipulate LOB data, see Part 2 of DB2 Utility Guide and
Reference.
These are the basic steps for defining LOBs and moving the data into DB2:
| 1. Define a column of the appropriate LOB type and optionally a row identifier
| (ROWID) column in a DB2 table. Define only one ROWID column, even if there
| are multiple LOB columns in the table. If you do not create a ROWID column
| before you define a LOB column, DB2 creates a hidden ROWID column and
| appends it as the last column of the table. For information about what hidden
| ROWID columns are, see the description on page 282.
| The LOB column holds information about the LOB, not the LOB data itself. The
| table that contains the LOB information is called the base table. DB2 uses the
| ROWID column to locate your LOB data. You can define the LOB column (and
| optionally the ROWID column) in a CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE
| statement.
| You can add both a LOB column and a ROWID column to an existing table by
| using two ALTER TABLE statements: add the ROWID column with the first
| ALTER TABLE statement and the LOB column with the second. If you add a
| LOB column first, DB2 generates a hidden ROWID column.
| If you add a ROWID column after you add a LOB column, the table has two
| ROWID columns: the implicitly-created, hidden, column and the
| explicitly-created column. In this case, DB2 ensures that the values of the two
| ROWID columns are always identical.
2. Create a table space and table to hold the LOB data.
The table space and table are called a LOB table space and an auxiliary table.
If your base table is nonpartitioned, you must create one LOB table space and
one auxiliary table for each LOB column. If your base table is partitioned, for
each LOB column, you must create one LOB table space and one auxiliary
table for each partition. For example, if your base table has three partitions, you
must create three LOB table spaces and three auxiliary tables for each LOB
column. Create these objects using the CREATE LOB TABLESPACE and
CREATE AUXILIARY TABLE statements.
3. Create an index on the auxiliary table.
Each auxiliary table must have exactly one index. Use CREATE INDEX for this
task.
4. Put the LOB data into DB2.
If the total length of a LOB column and the base table row is less than 32 KB,
you can use the LOAD utility to put the data in DB2. Otherwise, you must use
INSERT or UPDATE statements. Even though the data is stored in the auxiliary
table, the LOAD utility statement or INSERT statement specifies the base table.
Using INSERT can be difficult because your application needs enough storage
to hold the entire value that goes into the LOB column.
| Hidden ROWID column: If you do not create a ROWID column before you define a
| LOB column, DB2 creates a hidden ROWID column for you. A hidden ROWID
| column is not visible in the results of SELECT * statements, including those in
| DESCRIBE and CREATE VIEW statements. However, it is visible to all statements
| that refer to the column directly. DB2 assigns the GENERATED ALWAYS attribute
| and the name DB2_GENERATED_ROWID_FOR_LOBSnn to a hidden ROWID
| column. DB2 appends the identifier nn only if the column name already exists in the
| table. If so, DB2 appends 00 and increments by 1 until the name is unique within
| the row.
Example: Adding a CLOB column: Suppose that you want to add a resume for
each employee to the employee table. Employee resumes are no more than 5 MB
in size. The employee resumes contain single-byte characters, so you can define
the resumes to DB2 as CLOBs. You therefore need to add a column of data type
| CLOB with a length of 5 MB to the employee table. If you want to define a ROWID
| column explicitly, you must define it before you define the CLOB column.
Execute an ALTER TABLE statement to add the ROWID column, and then execute
another ALTER TABLE statement to add the CLOB column. Use statements like
this:
ALTER TABLE EMP
ADD ROW_ID ROWID NOT NULL GENERATED ALWAYS;
COMMIT;
ALTER TABLE EMP
ADD EMP_RESUME CLOB(5M);
COMMIT;
Next, you need to define a LOB table space and an auxiliary table to hold the
employee resumes. You also need to define an index on the auxiliary table. You
must define the LOB table space in the same database as the associated base
table. You can use statements like this:
CREATE LOB TABLESPACE RESUMETS
IN DSN8D81A
LOG NO;
COMMIT;
CREATE AUXILIARY TABLE EMP_RESUME_TAB
IN DSN8D81A.RESUMETS
STORES DSN8810.EMP

COLUMN EMP_RESUME;
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX XEMP_RESUME
ON EMP_RESUME_TAB;
COMMIT;
If the value of bind option SQLRULES is STD, or if special register CURRENT

RULES has been set in the program and has the value STD, DB2 creates the LOB
table space, auxiliary table, and auxiliary index for you when you execute the
ALTER statement to add the LOB column.
Now that your DB2 objects for the LOB data are defined, you can load your
employee resumes into DB2. To do this in an SQL application, you can define a
host variable to hold the resume, copy the resume data from a file into the host
variable, and then execute an UPDATE statement to copy the data into DB2.
Although the data goes into the auxiliary table, your UPDATE statement specifies
the name of the base table. The C language declaration of the host variable might
be:
SQL TYPE is CLOB (5M) resumedata;
The UPDATE statement looks like this:

UPDATE EMP SET EMP_RESUME=:resumedata
WHERE EMPNO=:employeenum;
In this example, employeenum is a host variable that identifies the employee who is
associated with a resume.
After your LOB data is in DB2, you can write SQL applications to manipulate the
data. You can use most SQL statements with LOBs. For example, you can use
statements like these to extract information about an employee’s department from
the resume:
char employeenum[6];
long deptInfoBeginLoc;
long deptInfoEndLoc;
SQL TYPE IS CLOB_LOCATOR resume;
SQL TYPE IS CLOB_LOCATOR deptBuffer;
EXEC
. SQL END DECLARE SECTION;
.
.
. SELECT EMPNO, EMP_RESUME FROM EMP;
.
.
EXEC
. SQL FETCH C1 INTO :employeenum, :resume;
.
.
EXEC SQL SET :deptInfoBeginLoc =
POSSTR(:resumedata, ’Department Information’);
EXEC SQL SET :deptInfoEndLoc =

POSSTR(:resumedata, ’Education’);
EXEC SQL SET :deptBuffer =

SUBSTR(:resume, :deptInfoBeginLoc,
:deptInfoEndLoc - :deptInfoBeginLoc);
These statements use host variables of data type large object locator (LOB locator).
LOB locators let you manipulate LOB data without moving the LOB data into host
variables. By using LOB locators, you need much smaller amounts of memory for
your programs. LOB locators are discussed in “Using LOB locators to save storage”
on page 288.
Chapter 14. Programming for large objects (LOBs) 283

Sample LOB applications: Table 28 lists the sample programs that DB2 provides
to assist you in writing applications to manipulate LOB data. All programs reside in
data set DSN810.SDSNSAMP.
Table 28. LOB samples shipped with DB2
Member that
contains
source code Language Function
DSNTEJ7 JCL Demonstrates how to create a table with LOB columns, an
auxiliary table, and an auxiliary index. Also demonstrates
how to load LOB data that is 32KB or less into a LOB table
space.
DSN8DLPL C Demonstrates the use of LOB locators and UPDATE
statements to move binary data into a column of type BLOB.
DSN8DLRV C Demonstrates how to use a locator to manipulate data of
type CLOB.
DSNTEP2 PL/I Demonstrates how to allocate an SQLDA for rows that
include LOB data and use that SQLDA to describe an input
statement and fetch data from LOB columns.
For instructions on how to prepare and run the sample LOB applications, see Part 2
of DB2 Installation Guide.
Declaring LOB host variables and LOB locators

When you write applications to manipulate LOB data, you need to declare host
variables to hold the LOB data or LOB locator variables to point to the LOB data.
See “Using LOB locators to save storage” on page 288 for information on what LOB
locators are and when you should use them instead of host variables.
You can declare LOB host variables and LOB locators in assembler, C, C++,
COBOL, Fortran, and PL/I. For each host variable or locator of SQL type BLOB,
CLOB, or DBCLOB that you declare, DB2 generates an equivalent declaration that
uses host language data types. When you refer to a LOB host variable or locator in
an SQL statement, you must use the variable you specified in the SQL type
declaration. When you refer to the host variable in a host language statement, you
must use the variable that DB2 generates. See Chapter 9, “Embedding SQL
statements in host languages,” on page 129 for the syntax of LOB declarations in
each language and for host language equivalents for each LOB type.
DB2 supports host variable declarations for LOBs with lengths of up to 2 GB - 1.

However, the size of a LOB host variable is limited by the restrictions of the host
language and the amount of storage available to the program.
The following examples show you how to declare LOB host variables in each
supported language. In each table, the left column contains the declaration that you
code in your application program. The right column contains the declaration that
DB2 generates.
Declarations of LOB host variables in assembler: Table 29 on page 285 shows

assembler language declarations for some typical LOB types.

Table 29. Example of assembler LOB variable declarations
You declare this variable DB2 generates this variable
clob_var SQL TYPE IS CLOB 40000K clob_var DS 0FL4
clob_var_length DS FL4
clob_var_data DS CL655351
ORG clob_var_data +(40960000-65535)
dbclob-var SQL TYPE IS DBCLOB 4000K dbclob_var DS 0FL4
dbclob_var_length DS FL4
dbclob_var_data DS GL655342
ORG dbclob_var_data+(8192000-65534)
blob_var SQL TYPE IS BLOB 1M blob_var DS 0FL4
blob_var_length DS FL4
blob_var_data DS CL655351
ORG blob_var_data+(1048476-65535)
clob_loc SQL TYPE IS CLOB_LOCATOR clob_loc DS FL4
dbclob_var SQL TYPE IS DBCLOB_LOCATOR dbclob_loc DS FL4
blob_loc SQL TYPE IS BLOB_LOCATOR blob_loc DS FL4
Notes:
1. Because assembler language allows character declarations of no more than 65535 bytes,
DB2 separates the host language declarations for BLOB and CLOB host variables that
are longer than 65535 bytes into two parts.
2. Because assembler language allows graphic declarations of no more than 65534 bytes,
DB2 separates the host language declarations for DBCLOB host variables that are longer
than 65534 bytes into two parts.
Declarations of LOB host variables in C: Table 30 shows C and C++ language

declarations for some typical LOB types.
Table 30. Examples of C language variable declarations
SQL TYPE IS BLOB (1M) blob_var; struct {
unsigned long length;
char data[1048576];
} blob_var;
SQL TYPE IS CLOB(40000K) clob_var; struct {
char data[40960000];
} clob_var;
SQL TYPE IS DBCLOB (4000K) dbclob_var; struct {
| sqldbchar data[4096000];
} dbclob_var;
SQL TYPE IS BLOB_LOCATOR blob_loc; unsigned long blob_loc;
SQL TYPE IS CLOB_LOCATOR clob_loc; unsigned long clob_loc;
SQL TYPE IS DBCLOB_LOCATOR dbclob_loc; unsigned long dbclob_loc;
Declarations of LOB host variables in COBOL: Table 31 on page 286 shows

COBOL declarations for some typical LOB types.

Table 31. Examples of COBOL variable declarations
01 BLOB-VAR USAGE IS 01 BLOB-VAR.

SQL TYPE IS BLOB(1M). ] 02 BLOB-VAR-LENGTH
PIC 9(9) COMP.
02 BLOB-VAR-DATA.
49 FILLER PIC X(32767).1
49 FILLER PIC X(32767).
.. Repeat 30 times
.
49 FILLER
PIC X(1048576-32*32767).
01 CLOB-VAR USAGE IS 01 CLOB-VAR.

SQL TYPE IS CLOB(40000K). 02 CLOB-VAR-LENGTH
PIC 9(9) COMP.
02 CLOB-VAR-DATA.
49 FILLER PIC X(32767).1
.. Repeat 1248 times
.
49 FILLER
PIC X(40960000-1250*32767).
01 DBCLOB-VAR USAGE IS 01 DBCLOB-VAR.

SQL TYPE IS DBCLOB(4000K). 02 DBCLOB-VAR-LENGTH
PIC 9(9) COMP.
02 DBCLOB-VAR-DATA.
49 FILLER PIC G(32767)
USAGE DISPLAY-1.2
49 FILLER PIC G(32767)
USAGE DISPLAY-1.
.. Repeat 1248 times
.
49 FILLER
PIC X(20480000-1250*32767)
USAGE DISPLAY-1.
01 BLOB-LOC USAGE IS SQL 01 BLOB-LOC PIC S9(9) USAGE IS BINARY.

TYPE IS BLOB-LOCATOR.
01 CLOB-LOC USAGE IS SQL 01 CLOB-LOC PIC S9(9) USAGE IS BINARY.

TYPE IS CLOB-LOCATOR.
01 DBCLOB-LOC USAGE IS SQL 01 DBCLOB-LOC PIC S9(9) USAGE IS BINARY.

TYPE IS DBCLOB-LOCATOR.
Notes:
1. Because the COBOL language allows character declarations of no more than 32767
bytes, for BLOB or CLOB host variables that are greater than 32767 bytes in length, DB2
creates multiple host language declarations of 32767 or fewer bytes.
2. Because the COBOL language allows graphic declarations of no more than 32767
double-byte characters, for DBCLOB host variables that are greater than 32767
double-byte characters in length, DB2 creates multiple host language declarations of
32767 or fewer double-byte characters.
Declarations of LOB host variables in Fortran: Table 32 on page 287 shows

Fortran declarations for some typical LOB types.

Table 32. Examples of Fortran variable declarations
SQL TYPE IS BLOB(1M) blob_var CHARACTER blob_var(1048580)

INTEGER*4 blob_var_LENGTH
CHARACTER blob_var_DATA
EQUIVALENCE( blob_var(1),
+ blob_var_LENGTH )
EQUIVALENCE( blob_var(5),
+ blob_var_DATA )
SQL TYPE IS CLOB(40000K) clob_var CHARACTER clob_var(4096004)

INTEGER*4 clob_var_length
CHARACTER clob_var_data
EQUIVALENCE( clob_var(1),
+ clob_var_length )
EQUIVALENCE( clob_var(5),
+ clob_var_data )
SQL TYPE IS BLOB_LOCATOR blob_loc INTEGER*4 blob_loc
SQL TYPE IS CLOB_LOCATOR clob_loc INTEGER*4 clob_loc
Declarations of LOB host variables in PL/I: Table 33 shows PL/I declarations for
some typical LOB types.
Table 33. Examples of PL/I variable declarations
DCL BLOB_VAR DCL 1 BLOB_VAR,

SQL TYPE IS BLOB (1M); 2 BLOB_VAR_LENGTH FIXED BINARY(31),
2 BLOB_VAR_DATA,1
3 BLOB_VAR_DATA1(32)
CHARACTER(32767),
3 BLOB_VAR_DATA2
CHARACTER(1048576-32*32767);
DCL CLOB_VAR DCL 1 CLOB_VAR,

SQL TYPE IS CLOB (40000K); 2 CLOB_VAR_LENGTH FIXED BINARY(31),
2 CLOB_VAR_DATA,1
3 CLOB_VAR_DATA1(1250)
CHARACTER(32767),
3 CLOB_VAR_DATA2
CHARACTER(40960000-1250*32767);
DCL DBCLOB_VAR DCL 1 DBCLOB_VAR,

SQL TYPE IS DBCLOB (4000K); 2 DBCLOB_VAR_LENGTH FIXED BINARY(31),
2 DBCLOB_VAR_DATA,2
3 DBCLOB_VAR_DATA1(2500)
GRAPHIC(16383),
3 DBCLOB_VAR_DATA2
GRAPHIC(40960000-2500*16383);
DCL blob_loc DCL blob_loc FIXED BINARY(31);

SQL TYPE IS BLOB_LOCATOR;
DCL clob_loc DCL clob_loc FIXED BINARY(31);

SQL TYPE IS CLOB_LOCATOR;
DCL dbclob_loc SQL TYPE IS DCL dbclob_loc FIXED BINARY(31);

DBCLOB_LOCATOR;

Table 33. Examples of PL/I variable declarations (continued)
Notes:
1. Because the PL/I language allows character declarations of no more than 32767 bytes,
for BLOB or CLOB host variables that are greater than 32767 bytes in length, DB2
creates host language declarations in the following way:
v If the length of the LOB is greater than 32767 bytes and evenly divisible by 32767,
DB2 creates an array of 32767-byte strings. The dimension of the array is
length/32767.
v If the length of the LOB is greater than 32767 bytes but not evenly divisible by 32767,
DB2 creates two declarations: The first is an array of 32767 byte strings, where the
dimension of the array, n, is length/32767. The second is a character string of length
length-n*32767.
2. Because the PL/I language allows graphic declarations of no more than 16383
double-byte characters, DB2 creates host language declarations in the following way:
v If the length of the LOB is greater than 16383 characters and evenly divisible by
16383, DB2 creates an array of 16383-character strings. The dimension of the array is
length/16383.
v If the length of the LOB is greater than 16383 characters but not evenly divisible by
16383, DB2 creates two declarations: The first is an array of 16383 byte strings, where
the dimension of the array, m, is length/16383. The second is a character string of
length length-m*16383.
LOB materialization
LOB materialization means that DB2 places a LOB value into contiguous storage in
a data space. Because LOB values can be very large, DB2 avoids materializing
LOB data until absolutely necessary. However, DB2 must materialize LOBs when
your application program:
v Calls a user-defined function with a LOB as an argument
v Moves a LOB into or out of a stored procedure
v Assigns a LOB host variable to a LOB locator host variable
v Converts a LOB from one CCSID to another
Data spaces for LOB materialization: The amount of storage that is used in data
spaces for LOB materialization depends on a number of factors including:
v The size of the LOBs
v The number of LOBs that need to be materialized in a statement
DB2 allocates a certain number of data spaces for LOB materialization. If there is
insufficient space available in a data space for LOB materialization, your application
receives SQLCODE -904.
Although you cannot completely avoid LOB materialization, you can minimize it by
using LOB locators, rather than LOB host variables in your application programs.
See “Using LOB locators to save storage” for information on how to use LOB
locators.
Using LOB locators to save storage

To retrieve LOB data from a DB2 table, you can define host variables that are large
enough to hold all of the LOB data. This requires your application to allocate large
amounts of storage, and requires DB2 to move large amounts of data, which can
be inefficient or impractical. Instead, you can use LOB locators. LOB locators let

you manipulate LOB data without retrieving the data from the DB2 table. Using LOB
locators for LOB data retrieval is a good choice in the following situations:
v When you move only a small part of a LOB to a client program
v When the entire LOB does not fit in the application’s memory
v When the program needs a temporary LOB value from a LOB expression but
does not need to save the result
v When performance is important
A LOB locator is associated with a LOB value or expression, not with a row in a
DB2 table or a physical storage location in a table space. Therefore, after you
select a LOB value using a locator, the value in the locator normally does not
change until the current unit of work ends. However the value of the LOB itself can
change.
If you want to remove the association between a LOB locator and its value before a
unit of work ends, execute the FREE LOCATOR statement. To keep the association
between a LOB locator and its value after the unit of work ends, execute the HOLD
LOCATOR statement. After you execute a HOLD LOCATOR statement, the locator
keeps the association with the corresponding value until you execute a FREE
LOCATOR statement or the program ends.
If you execute HOLD LOCATOR or FREE LOCATOR dynamically, you cannot use
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE. For more information on HOLD LOCATOR and FREE
LOCATOR, see Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL Reference.
Deferring evaluation of a LOB expression to improve performance

DB2 moves no bytes of a LOB value until a program assigns a LOB expression to a
target destination. This means that when you use a LOB locator with string
functions and operators, you can create an expression that DB2 does not evaluate
until the time of assignment. This is called deferring evaluation of a LOB
expression. Deferring evaluation can improve LOB I/O performance.
Figure 118 on page 290 is a C language program that defers evaluation of a LOB
expression. The program runs on a client and modifies LOB data at a server. The
program searches for a particular resume (EMPNO = ’000130’) in the
EMP_RESUME table. It then uses LOB locators to rearrange a copy of the resume
(with EMPNO = ’A00130’). In the copy, the Department Information Section appears
at the end of the resume. The program then inserts the copy into EMP_RESUME
without modifying the original resume.
Because the program in Figure 118 on page 290 uses LOB locators, rather than
placing the LOB data into host variables, no LOB data is moved until the INSERT
statement executes. In addition, no LOB data moves between the client and the
server.

/**************************/
/* Declare host variables */ 1
/**************************/
char userid[9];
char passwd[19];
long HV_START_DEPTINFO;
long HV_START_EDUC;
long HV_RETURN_CODE;
SQL TYPE IS CLOB_LOCATOR HV_NEW_SECTION_LOCATOR;
SQL TYPE IS CLOB_LOCATOR HV_DOC_LOCATOR1;
/*************************************************/
/* Delete any instance of "A00130" from previous */
/* executions of this sample */
/*************************************************/
EXEC SQL DELETE FROM EMP_RESUME WHERE EMPNO = ’A00130’;
/*************************************************/
/* Use a single row select to get the document */ 2
/*************************************************/
EXEC SQL SELECT RESUME
INTO :HV_DOC_LOCATOR1
FROM EMP_RESUME
WHERE EMPNO = ’000130’
AND RESUME_FORMAT = ’ascii’;
/*****************************************************/
/* Use the POSSTR function to locate the start of */
/* sections "Department Information" and "Education" */ 3
/*****************************************************/
EXEC SQL SET :HV_START_DEPTINFO =
POSSTR(:HV_DOC_LOCATOR1, ’Department Information’);
EXEC SQL SET :HV_START_EDUC =

POSSTR(:HV_DOC_LOCATOR1, ’Education’);
Figure 118. Example of deferring evaluation of LOB expressions (Part 1 of 2)

/*******************************************************/
/* Replace Department Information section with nothing */
/*******************************************************/
EXEC SQL SET :HV_DOC_LOCATOR2 =
SUBSTR(:HV_DOC_LOCATOR1, 1, :HV_START_DEPTINFO -1)
|| SUBSTR (:HV_DOC_LOCATOR1, :HV_START_EDUC);
/*******************************************************/
/* Associate a new locator with the Department */
/* Information section */
/*******************************************************/
EXEC SQL SET :HV_NEW_SECTION_LOCATOR =
SUBSTR(:HV_DOC_LOCATOR1, :HV_START_DEPTINFO,
:HV_START_EDUC -:HV_START_DEPTINFO);
/*******************************************************/
/* Append the Department Information to the end */
/* of the resume */
/*******************************************************/
EXEC SQL SET :HV_DOC_LOCATOR3 =
:HV_DOC_LOCATOR2 || :HV_NEW_SECTION_LOCATOR;
/*******************************************************/
/* Store the modified resume in the table. This is */ 4
/* where the LOB data really moves. */
/*******************************************************/
EXEC SQL INSERT INTO EMP_RESUME VALUES (’A00130’, ’ascii’,
:HV_DOC_LOCATOR3, DEFAULT);
/*********************/
/* Free the locators */ 5
/*********************/
EXEC SQL FREE LOCATOR :HV_DOC_LOCATOR1, :HV_DOC_LOCATOR2, :HV_DOC_LOCATOR3;
Figure 118. Example of deferring evaluation of LOB expressions (Part 2 of 2)
Notes:
1 Declare the LOB locators here.
2 This SELECT statement associates LOB locator
HV_DOC_LOCATOR1 with the value of column RESUME for
employee number 000130.
3 The next five SQL statements use LOB locators to manipulate the
resume data without moving the data.
4 Evaluation of the LOB expressions in the previous statements has
been deferred until execution of this INSERT statement.
5 Free all LOB locators to release them from their associated values.
Indicator variables and LOB locators

For host variables other than LOB locators, when you select a null value into a host
variable, DB2 assigns a negative value to the associated indicator variable.
However, for LOB locators, DB2 uses indicator variables differently. A LOB locator is
never null. When you select a LOB column using a LOB locator and the LOB
column contains a null value, DB2 assigns a null value to the associated indicator
variable. The value in the LOB locator does not change. In a client/server
environment, this null information is recorded only at the client.
When you use LOB locators to retrieve data from columns that can contain null
values, define indicator variables for the LOB locators, and check the indicator
variables after you fetch data into the LOB locators. If an indicator variable is null
after a fetch operation, you cannot use the value in the LOB locator.
Valid assignments for LOB locators
Although you usually use LOB locators for assigning data to and retrieving data
from LOB columns, you can also use LOB locators to assign data to CHAR,
VARCHAR, GRAPHIC, or VARGRAPHIC columns. However, you cannot fetch data
from CHAR, VARCHAR, GRAPHIC, or VARGRAPHIC columns into LOB locators.

Chapter 15. Creating and using user-defined functions
A user-defined function is an extension to the SQL language. A user-defined
function is similar to a host language subprogram or function. However, a
user-defined function is often the better choice for an SQL application because you
can invoke a user-defined function in an SQL statement.
This chapter presents the following information about user-defined functions:

v “Overview of user-defined function definition, implementation, and invocation”
v “Defining a user-defined function” on page 296
v “Implementing an external user-defined function” on page 300
v “Implementing an SQL scalar function” on page 338
v “Invoking a user-defined function” on page 338
This chapter contains information that applies to all user-defined functions and
specific information about user-defined functions in languages other than Java. For
information about writing, preparing, and running Java user-defined functions, see
DB2 Application Programming Guide and Reference for Java.
Overview of user-defined function definition, implementation, and

invocation
The types of user-defined functions are:
v Sourced user-defined functions, which are based on existing built-in functions or
user-defined functions
v External user-defined functions, which a programmer writes in a host language
v SQL user-defined functions, which contain the source code for the user-defined
function in the user-defined function definition
User-defined functions can also be categorized as user-defined scalar functions or

user-defined table functions:
v A user-defined scalar function returns a single-value answer each time it is
invoked
v A user-defined table function returns a table to the SQL statement that references
it
External user-defined functions can be user-defined scalar functions or user-defined
table functions. Sourced and SQL user-defined functions can only be user-defined
scalar functions.
Creating and using a user-defined function involves these steps:

v Setting up the environment for user-defined functions
A systems administrator probably performs this step. The user-defined function
environment is shown in Figure 119 on page 294. It contains an application
address space, from which a program invokes a user-defined function; a DB2
system, where the packages from the user-defined function are run; and a
WLM-established address space, where the user-defined function is stored. The
steps for setting up and maintaining the user-defined function environment are
the same as for setting up and maintaining the environment for stored
procedures in WLM-established address spaces. See Chapter 25, “Using stored
procedures for client/server processing,” on page 569 for this information.
v Writing and preparing the user-defined function

This step is necessary only for an external user-defined function.
The person who performs this step is called the user-defined function
implementer.
v Defining the user-defined function to DB2
The person who performs this step is called the user-defined function definer.
v Invoking the user-defined function from an SQL application
The person who performs this step is called the user-defined function invoker.
Figure 119. The user-defined function environment
Example of creating and using a user-defined scalar function

Suppose that your organization needs a user-defined scalar function that calculates
the bonus that each employee receives. All employee data, including salaries,
commissions, and bonuses, is kept in the employee table, EMP. The input fields for
the bonus calculation function are the values of the SALARY and COMM columns.
The output from the function goes into the BONUS column. Because this function
gets its input from a DB2 table and puts the output in a DB2 table, a convenient
way to manipulate the data is through a user-defined function.
The user-defined function’s definer and invoker determine that this new
user-defined function should have these characteristics:
v The user-defined function name is CALC_BONUS.
v The two input fields are of type DECIMAL(9,2).
v The output field is of type DECIMAL(9,2).
v The program for the user-defined function is written in COBOL and has a load
module name of CBONUS.
Because no built-in function or user-defined function exists on which to build a

sourced user-defined function, the function implementer must code an external
user-defined function. The implementer performs the following steps:
v Writes the user-defined function, which is a COBOL program
v Precompiles, compiles, and links the program
v Binds a package if the user-defined function contains SQL statements
v Tests the program thoroughly
v Grants execute authority on the user-defined function package to the definer

The user-defined function definer executes this CREATE FUNCTION statement to
register CALC_BONUS to DB2:
CREATE FUNCTION CALC_BONUS(DECIMAL(9,2),DECIMAL(9,2))
RETURNS DECIMAL(9,2)
EXTERNAL NAME ’CBONUS’
| PARAMETER STYLE SQL
LANGUAGE COBOL;
The definer then grants execute authority on CALC_BONUS to all invokers.
User-defined function invokers write and prepare application programs that invoke
CALC_BONUS. An invoker might write a statement like this, which uses the
user-defined function to update the BONUS field in the employee table:
UPDATE EMP
SET BONUS = CALC_BONUS(SALARY,COMM);
An invoker can execute this statement either statically or dynamically.
User-defined function samples shipped with DB2

To assist you in defining, implementing, and invoking your user-defined functions,
DB2 provides a number of sample user-defined functions. All user-defined function
code is in data set DSN810.SDSNSAMP.
Table 34 summarizes the characteristics of the sample user-defined functions.

Table 34. User-defined function samples shipped with DB2
Member that
User-defined contains
function name Language source code Purpose
1
ALTDATE C DSN8DUAD Converts the current date to a
user-specified format
ALTDATE2 C DSN8DUCD Converts a date from one format to
another
ALTTIME3 C DSN8DUAT Converts the current time to a
user-specified format
ALTTIME4 C DSN8DUCT Converts a time from one format to
another
DAYNAME C++ DSN8EUDN Returns the day of the week for a
user-specified date
MONTHNAME C++ DSN8EUMN Returns the month for a user-specified
date
CURRENCY C DSN8DUCY Formats a floating-point number as a
currency value
TABLE_NAME C DSN8DUTI Returns the unqualified table name for a
table, view, or alias
TABLE_QUALIF C DSN8DUTI Returns the qualifier for a table, view, or
alias
TABLE_LOCATION C DSN8DUTI Returns the location for a table, view, or
alias
WEATHER C DSN8DUWF Returns a table of weather information
from a EBCDIC data set
Chapter 15. Creating and using user-defined functions 295

Table 34. User-defined function samples shipped with DB2 (continued)
Member that
User-defined contains
function name Language source code Purpose
Notes:
1. This version of ALTDATE has one input parameter, of type VARCHAR(13).
2. This version of ALTDATE has three input parameters, of type VARCHAR(17),
VARCHAR(13), and VARCHAR(13).
3. This version of ALTTIME has one input parameter, of type VARCHAR(14).
4. This version of ALTTIME has three input parameters, of type VARCHAR(11),
VARCHAR(14), and VARCHAR(14).
Member DSN8DUWC contains a client program that shows you how to invoke the
WEATHER user-defined table function.
Member DSNTEJ2U shows you how to define and prepare the sample user-defined
functions and the client program.
Defining a user-defined function

Before you can define a user-defined function to DB2, you must determine the
characteristics of the user-defined function, such as the user-defined function name,
schema (qualifier), and number and data types of the input parameters and the
types of the values returned. Then you execute a CREATE FUNCTION statement to
register the information in the DB2 catalog. If you discover after you define the
function that any of these characteristics is not appropriate for the function, you can
use an ALTER FUNCTION statement to change information in the definition. You
cannot use ALTER FUNCTION to change some of the characteristics of a
user-defined function definition. See Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL Reference for
information about which characteristics you can change with ALTER FUNCTION.
Components of a user-defined function definition

The characteristics you include in a CREATE FUNCTION or ALTER FUNCTION
statement depend on whether the user-defined function is sourced, external, or
SQL. Table 35 lists the characteristics of a user-defined function, the corresponding
parameters in the CREATE FUNCTION and ALTER FUNCTION statements, and
which parameters are valid for sourced, external, and SQL user-defined functions.
Table 35. Characteristics of a user-defined function
Valid in Valid in Valid in
CREATE FUNCTION or sourced external SQL
Characteristic ALTER FUNCTION option function? function? function?
User-defined function name FUNCTION Yes Yes Yes
Input parameter types and FUNCTION Yes Yes Yes
encoding schemes
Output parameter types and RETURNS Yes Yes Yes2
encoding schemes RETURNS TABLE1
Specific name SPECIFIC Yes Yes Yes
External name EXTERNAL NAME No Yes No

Table 35. Characteristics of a user-defined function (continued)
Language LANGUAGE ASSEMBLE No Yes3 Yes4
LANGUAGE C
LANGUAGE COBOL
LANGUAGE PLI
LANGUAGE JAVA
LANGUAGE SQL
Deterministic or not NOT DETERMINISTIC No Yes Yes
deterministic DETERMINISTIC
Types of SQL statements in NO SQL No Yes5 Yes6
the function CONTAINS SQL
READS SQL DATA
MODIFIES SQL DATA
Name of source function SOURCE Yes No No
7
| Parameter style PARAMETER STYLE SQL No Yes No
PARAMETER STYLE JAVA
Address space for FENCED No Yes No
user-defined functions
Call with null input RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT No Yes Yes8
CALLED ON NULL INPUT
External actions EXTERNAL ACTION No Yes Yes
NO EXTERNAL ACTION
Scratchpad specification NO SCRATCHPAD No Yes No
SCRATCHPAD length
Call function after SQL NO FINAL CALL No Yes No
processing FINAL CALL
Consider function for parallel ALLOW PARALLEL No Yes5 No
processing DISALLOW PARALLEL
Package collection NO COLLID No Yes No
COLLID collection-id
WLM environment WLM ENVIRONMENT name No Yes No
WLM ENVIRONMENT name,*
CPU time for a function ASUTIME NO LIMIT No Yes No
invocation ASUTIME LIMIT integer
Load module stays in memory STAY RESIDENT NO No Yes No
STAY RESIDENT YES
Program type PROGRAM TYPE MAIN No Yes No
PROGRAM TYPE SUB
Security SECURITY DB2 No Yes No
SECURITY USER
SECURITY DEFINER
Run-time options RUN OPTIONS options No Yes No
Pass DB2 environment NO DBINFO No Yes No
information DBINFO
Expected number of rows CARDINALITY integer No Yes1 No
returned

Table 35. Characteristics of a user-defined function (continued)
Function resolution is based STATIC DISPATCH No No Yes
on the declared parameter
types
SQL expression that evaluates RETURN expression No No Yes
to the value returned by the
function
Encoding scheme for all string PARAMETER CCSID EBCDIC No Yes Yes
parameters PARAMETER CCSID ASCII
PARAMETER CCSID UNICODE
| Number of abnormal STOP AFTER SYSTEM DEFAULT No Yes No
| terminations before the FAILURES
| function is stopped STOP AFTER n FAILURES
CONTINUE AFTER FAILURE
Notes:
| 1. RETURNS TABLE and CARDINALITY are valid only for user-defined table functions. For a single query, you can
| override the CARDINALITY value by specifying a CARDINALITY clause for the invocation of a user-defined table
| function in the SELECT statement. For additional information, see “Special techniques to influence access path
| selection” on page 713.
2. An SQL user-defined function can return only one parameter.
3. LANGUAGE SQL is not valid for an external user-defined function.
4. Only LANGUAGE SQL is valid for an SQL user-defined function.
5. MODIFIES SQL DATA and ALLOW PARALLEL are not valid for user-defined table functions.
6. MODIFIES SQL DATA and NO SQL are not valid for SQL user-defined functions.
| 7. PARAMETER STYLE JAVA is valid only with LANGUAGE JAVA. PARAMETER STYLE SQL is valid only with
LANGUAGE values other than LANGUAGE JAVA.
8. RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT is not valid for an SQL user-defined function.
For a complete explanation of the parameters in a CREATE FUNCTION or ALTER

FUNCTION statement, see Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL Reference.
Examples of user-defined function definitions

Example: Definition for an external user-defined scalar function: A programmer
develops a user-defined function that searches for a string of maximum length 200
in a CLOB value whose maximum length is 500 KB. This CREATE FUNCTION
statement defines the user-defined function:
CREATE FUNCTION FINDSTRING (CLOB(500K), VARCHAR(200))
RETURNS INTEGER
CAST FROM FLOAT
SPECIFIC FINDSTRINCLOB
EXTERNAL NAME ’FINDSTR’
LANGUAGE C
NO SQL
DETERMINISTIC
NO EXTERNAL ACTION
FENCED
| STOP AFTER 3 FAILURES;

The output from the user-defined function is of type float, but users require integer
output for their SQL statements. The user-defined function is written in C and
| contains no SQL statements. The function is defined to stop when the number of
| abnormal terminations is equal to 3.
Example: Definition for an external user-defined scalar function that overloads

an operator: A programmer has written a user-defined function that overloads the
built-in SQL division operator (/). That is, this user-defined function is invoked when
an application program executes a statement like either of the following:
UPDATE TABLE1 SET INTCOL1=INTCOL2/INTCOL3;
UPDATE TABLE1 SET INTCOL1="/"(INTCOL2,INTCOL3);
The user-defined function takes two integer values as input. The output from the
user-defined function is of type integer. The user-defined function is in the MATH
schema, is written in assembler, and contains no SQL statements. This CREATE
FUNCTION statement defines the user-defined function:
CREATE FUNCTION MATH."/" (INT, INT)
RETURNS INTEGER
SPECIFIC DIVIDE
EXTERNAL NAME ’DIVIDE’
LANGUAGE ASSEMBLE
NO SQL
DETERMINISTIC
NO EXTERNAL ACTION
FENCED;
Suppose that you want the FINDSTRING user-defined function to work on BLOB
data types, as well as CLOB types. You can define another instance of the
user-defined function that specifies a BLOB type as input:
CREATE FUNCTION FINDSTRING (BLOB(500K), VARCHAR(200))
RETURNS INTEGER
CAST FROM FLOAT
SPECIFIC FINDSTRINBLOB
EXTERNAL NAME ’FNDBLOB’
LANGUAGE C
NO SQL
DETERMINISTIC
NO EXTERNAL ACTION
FENCED
| STOP AFTER 3 FAILURES;
Each instance of FINDSTRING uses a different application program to implement

the user-defined function.
Example: Definition for a sourced user-defined function: Suppose you need a

user-defined function that finds a string in a value with a distinct type of BOAT.
BOAT is based on a BLOB data type. User-defined function FINDSTRING has
already been defined. FINDSTRING takes a BLOB data type and performs the
required function. The specific name for FINDSTRING is FINDSTRINBLOB.
You can therefore define a sourced user-defined function based on FINDSTRING to

do the string search on values of type BOAT. This CREATE FUNCTION statement
defines the sourced user-defined function:
CREATE FUNCTION FINDSTRING (BOAT, VARCHAR(200))
RETURNS INTEGER
SPECIFIC FINDSTRINBOAT
SOURCE SPECIFIC FINDSTRINBLOB;

Example: Definition for an SQL user-defined function: You can define an SQL
user-defined function for the tangent of a value by using the existing built-in SIN
and COS functions:
CREATE FUNCTION TAN (X DOUBLE)
RETURNS DOUBLE
LANGUAGE SQL
CONTAINS SQL
NO EXTERNAL ACTION
DETERMINISTIC
RETURN SIN(X)/COS(X);
Example: Definition for an external user-defined table function: An application

programmer develops a user-defined function that receives two values and returns
a table. The two input values are:
v A character string of maximum length 30 that describes a subject
v A character string of maximum length 255 that contains text to search for
The user-defined function scans documents on the subject for the search string and
returns a list of documents that match the search criteria, with an abstract for each
document. The list is in the form of a two-column table. The first column is a
character column of length 16 that contains document IDs. The second column is a
varying-character column of maximum length 5000 that contains document
abstracts.
The user-defined function is written in COBOL, uses SQL only to perform queries,
always produces the same output for given input, and should not execute as a
parallel task. The program is reentrant, and successive invocations of the
user-defined function share information. You expect an invocation of the
user-defined function to return about 20 rows.
The following CREATE FUNCTION statement defines the user-defined function:

CREATE FUNCTION DOCMATCH (VARCHAR(30), VARCHAR(255))
RETURNS TABLE (DOC_ID CHAR(16), DOC_ABSTRACT VARCHAR(5000))
EXTERNAL NAME ’DOCMTCH’
LANGUAGE COBOL
READS SQL DATA
DETERMINISTIC
NO EXTERNAL ACTION
FENCED
SCRATCHPAD
FINAL CALL
DISALLOW PARALLEL
CARDINALITY 20;
Implementing an external user-defined function

This section discusses these steps in implementing an external user-defined
function:
v “Writing a user-defined function”
v “Preparing a user-defined function for execution” on page 333
v “Testing a user-defined function” on page 335
Writing a user-defined function

A user-defined function is similar to any other SQL program. When you write a
user-defined function, you can include static or dynamic SQL statements, IFI calls,
and DB2 commands issued through IFI calls.

Your user-defined function can also access remote data using the following
methods:
v DB2 private protocol access using three-part names or aliases for three-part
names
v DRDA® access using three-part names or aliases for three-part names
v DRDA access using CONNECT or SET CONNECTION statements
The user-defined function and the application that calls it can access the same
remote site if both use the same protocol.
You can write an external user-defined function in assembler, C, C++, COBOL, PL/I,
or Java. User-defined functions that are written in COBOL can include
object-oriented extensions, just as other DB2 COBOL programs can. User-defined
functions that are written in Java follow coding guidelines and restrictions specific to
Java. For information about writing Java user-defined functions, see DB2
Application Programming Guide and Reference for Java.
The following sections include additional information that you need when you write
a user-defined function:
v “Restrictions on user-defined function programs”
v “Coding your user-defined function as a main program or as a subprogram”
v “Parallelism considerations” on page 302
v “Passing parameter values to and from a user-defined function” on page 303
v “Examples of receiving parameters in a user-defined function” on page 315
v “Using special registers in a user-defined function” on page 324
v “Using a scratchpad in a user-defined function” on page 327
v “Accessing transition tables in a user-defined function or stored procedure” on
page 328
Restrictions on user-defined function programs

Observe these restrictions when you write a user-defined function:
v Because DB2 uses the Resource Recovery Services attachment facility (RRSAF)
as its interface with your user-defined function, you must not include RRSAF
calls in your user-defined function. DB2 rejects any RRSAF calls that it finds in a
user-defined function.
v If your user-defined function is not defined with parameters SCRATCHPAD or
EXTERNAL ACTION, the user-defined function is not guaranteed to execute
under the same task each time it is invoked.
v You cannot execute COMMIT or ROLLBACK statements in your user-defined
function.
v You must close all cursors that were opened within a user-defined scalar
function. DB2 returns an SQL error if a user-defined scalar function does not
close all cursors that it opened before it completes.
v When you choose the language in which to write a user-defined function
program, be aware of restrictions on the number of parameters that can be
passed to a routine in that language. User-defined table functions in particular
can require large numbers of parameters. Consult the programming guide for the
language in which you plan to write the user-defined function for information
about the number of parameters that can be passed.
Coding your user-defined function as a main program or as a

subprogram
You can code your user-defined function as either a main program or a
subprogram. The way that you code your program must agree with the way you
defined the user-defined function: with the PROGRAM TYPE MAIN or PROGRAM

TYPE SUB parameter. The main difference is that when a main program starts,
Language Environment® allocates the application program storage that the external
user-defined function uses. When a main program ends, Language Environment
closes files and releases dynamically allocated storage.
If you code your user-defined function as a subprogram and manage the storage
and files yourself, you can get better performance. The user-defined function should
always free any allocated storage before it exits. To keep data between invocations
of the user-defined function, use a scratchpad.
You must code a user-defined table function that accesses external resources as a
subprogram. Also ensure that the definer specifies the EXTERNAL ACTION
parameter in the CREATE FUNCTION or ALTER FUNCTION statement. Program
variables for a subprogram persist between invocations of the user-defined function,
and use of the EXTERNAL ACTION parameter ensures that the user-defined
function stays in the same address space from one invocation to another.
Parallelism considerations
If the definer specifies the parameter ALLOW PARALLEL in the definition of a
user-defined scalar function, and the invoking SQL statement runs in parallel, the
function can run under a parallel task. DB2 executes a separate instance of the
user-defined function for each parallel task. When you write your function program,
you need to understand how the following parameter values interact with ALLOW
PARALLEL so that you can avoid unexpected results:
v SCRATCHPAD
When an SQL statement invokes a user-defined function that is defined with the
ALLOW PARALLEL parameter, DB2 allocates one scratchpad for each parallel
task of each reference to the function. This can lead to unpredictable or incorrect
results.
For example, suppose that the user-defined function uses the scratchpad to
count the number of times it is invoked. If a scratchpad is allocated for each
parallel task, this count is the number of invocations done by the parallel task
and not for the entire SQL statement, which is not the desired result.
v FINAL CALL
If a user-defined function performs an external action, such as sending a note,
for each final call to the function, one note is sent for each parallel task instead
of once for the function invocation.
v EXTERNAL ACTION
Some user-defined functions with external actions can receive incorrect results if
the function is executed by parallel tasks.
For example, if the function sends a note for each initial call to the function, one
note is sent for each parallel task instead of once for the function invocation.
v NOT DETERMINISTIC
A user-defined function that is not deterministic can generate incorrect results if it
is run under a parallel task.
For example, suppose that you execute the following query under parallel tasks:
SELECT * FROM T1 WHERE C1 = COUNTER();
COUNTER is a user-defined function that increments a variable in the scratchpad

every time it is invoked. Counter is nondeterministic because the same input
does not always produce the same output. Table T1 contains one column, C1,
that has the following values:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
When the query is executed with no parallelism, DB2 invokes COUNTER once
for each row of table T1, and there is one scratchpad for counter, which DB2
initializes the first time that COUNTER executes. COUNTER returns 1 the first
time it executes, 2 the second time, and so on. The result table for the query has
the following values:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Now suppose that the query is run with parallelism, and DB2 creates three
parallel tasks. DB2 executes the predicate WHERE C1 = COUNTER() for each
parallel task. This means that each parallel task invokes its own instance of the
user-defined function and has its own scratchpad. DB2 initializes the scratchpad
to zero on the first call to the user-defined function for each parallel task.
If parallel task 1 processes rows 1 to 3, parallel task 2 processes rows 4 to 6,
and parallel task 3 processes rows 7 to 10, the following results occur:
– When parallel task 1 executes, C1 has values 1, 2, and 3, and COUNTER
returns values 1, 2, and 3, so the query returns values 1, 2, and 3.
– When parallel task 2 executes, C1 has values 4, 5, and 6, but COUNTER
returns values 1, 2, and 3, so the query returns no rows.
– When parallel task 3, executes, C1 has values 7, 8, 9, and 10, but COUNTER
returns values 1, 2, 3, and 4, so the query returns no rows.
Thus, instead of returning the 10 rows that you might expect from the query, DB2
returns only 3 rows.
Passing parameter values to and from a user-defined function

To receive parameters from and pass parameters to a function invoker, you must
understand the structure of the parameter list, the meaning of each parameter, and
whether DB2 or your user-defined function sets the value of each parameter. This
section explains the parameters and gives examples of how a user-defined function
in each host language receives the parameter list.
Figure 120 on page 304 shows the structure of the parameter list that DB2 passes
to a user-defined function. An explanation of each parameter follows.

Figure 120. Parameter conventions for a user-defined function
Input parameter values: DB2 obtains the input parameters from the invoker’s
parameter list, and your user-defined function receives those parameters according
to the rules of the host language in which the user-defined function is written. The
number of input parameters is the same as the number of parameters in the
user-defined function invocation. If one of the parameters in the function invocation
is an expression, DB2 evaluates the expression and assigns the result of the
expression to the parameter.

For all data types except LOBs, ROWIDs, and locators, see the tables listed in
Table 36 for the host data types that are compatible with the data types in the
user-defined function definition.
Table 36. Listing of tables of compatible data types
Language Compatible data types table
Assembler Table 12 on page 138
C Table 14 on page 162
COBOL Table 17 on page 195
PL/I Table 21 on page 226
For LOBs, ROWIDs, and locators, see Table 37 for the assembler data types that
are compatible with the data types in the user-defined function definition.
Table 37. Compatible assembler language declarations for LOBs, ROWIDs, and locators
SQL data type in definition Assembler declaration
TABLE LOCATOR DS FL4
BLOB LOCATOR
CLOB LOCATOR
DBCLOB LOCATOR
BLOB(n) If n <= 65535:
var DS 0FL4
var_length DS FL4
var_data DS CLn
If n > 65535:
var DS 0FL4
var_length DS FL4
var_data DS CL65535
ORG var_data+(n-65535)
CLOB(n) If n <= 65535:
var DS 0FL4
var_length DS FL4
var_data DS CLn
If n > 65535:
var DS 0FL4
var_length DS FL4
var_data DS CL65535
DBCLOB(n) If n (=2*n) <= 65534:
var DS 0FL4
var_length DS FL4
var_data DS CLm
If n > 65534:
var DS 0FL4
var_length DS FL4
var_data DS CL65534
ORG var_data+(m-65534)
ROWID DS HL2,CL40

For LOBs, ROWIDs, and locators, see Table 38 for the C data types that are
compatible with the data types in the user-defined function definition.
Table 38. Compatible C language declarations for LOBs, ROWIDs, and locators
SQL data type in definition C declaration
TABLE LOCATOR unsigned long
BLOB LOCATOR
CLOB LOCATOR
DBCLOB LOCATOR
BLOB(n) struct
{unsigned long length;
char data[n];
} var;
CLOB(n) struct
char var_data[n];
} var;
DBCLOB(n) struct
| sqldbchar data[n];
} var;
ROWID struct {
short int length;
char data[40];
} var;
Note: The SQLUDF file, which is in data set DSN810.SDSNC.H, includes the typedef
sqldbchar. Using sqldbchar lets you manipulate DBCS and Unicode UTF-16 data in the same
format in which it is stored in DB2. sqldbchar also makes applications easier to port to other
DB2 platforms.
For LOBs, ROWIDs, and locators, see Table 39 for the COBOL data types that are
Table 39. Compatible COBOL declarations for LOBs, ROWIDs, and locators
SQL data type in definition COBOL declaration
TABLE LOCATOR 01 var PIC S9(9) USAGE IS BINARY.
BLOB LOCATOR
CLOB LOCATOR
DBCLOB LOCATOR

Table 39. Compatible COBOL declarations for LOBs, ROWIDs, and locators (continued)
BLOB(n) If n <= 32767:
01 var.
49 var-LENGTH PIC 9(9)
USAGE COMP.
49 var-DATA PIC X(n).
If length > 32767:

01 var.
02 var-LENGTH PIC S9(9)
USAGE COMP.
02 var-DATA.
49 FILLER
PIC X(32767).
49 FILLER
.. PIC X(32767).
.
49 FILLER
PIC X(mod(n,32767)).
CLOB(n) If n <= 32767:
01 var.
USAGE COMP.
If length > 32767:

01 var.
USAGE COMP.
02 var-DATA.
49 FILLER
PIC X(32767).
49 FILLER
.. PIC X(32767).
.
49 FILLER
DBCLOB(n) If n <= 32767:
01 var.
USAGE COMP.
49 var-DATA PIC G(n)
USAGE DISPLAY-1.
If length > 32767:

01 var.
USAGE COMP.
02 var-DATA.
49 FILLER
PIC G(32767)
USAGE DISPLAY-1.
49 FILLER
PIC G(32767).
.. USAGE DISPLAY-1.
.
49 FILLER
PIC G(mod(n,32767))
USAGE DISPLAY-1.

ROWID 01 var.
49 var-LEN PIC 9(4)
USAGE COMP.
49 var-DATA PIC X(40).
For LOBs, ROWIDs, and locators, see Table 40 for the PL/I data types that are
Table 40. Compatible PL/I declarations for LOBs, ROWIDs, and locators
SQL data type in definition PL/I
TABLE LOCATOR BIN FIXED(31)
BLOB LOCATOR
CLOB LOCATOR
DBCLOB LOCATOR
BLOB(n) If n <= 32767:
01 var,
03 var_LENGTH
BIN FIXED(31),
03 var_DATA
CHAR(n);
If n > 32767:
01 var,
02 var_LENGTH
BIN FIXED(31),
02 var_DATA,
03 var_DATA1(n)
CHAR(32767),
03 var_DATA2
CHAR(mod(n,32767));
CLOB(n) If n <= 32767:
01 var,
03 var_LENGTH
BIN FIXED(31),
03 var_DATA
CHAR(n);
If n > 32767:
01 var,
02 var_LENGTH
BIN FIXED(31),
02 var_DATA,
03 var_DATA1(n)
CHAR(32767),
03 var_DATA2
CHAR(mod(n,32767));

Table 40. Compatible PL/I declarations for LOBs, ROWIDs, and locators (continued)
01 var,
03 var_LENGTH
BIN FIXED(31),
03 var_DATA
GRAPHIC(n);
If n > 16383:
01 var,
02 var_LENGTH
BIN FIXED(31),
02 var_DATA,
03 var_DATA1(n)
GRAPHIC(16383),
03 var_DATA2
GRAPHIC(mod(n,16383));
ROWID CHAR(40) VAR;
Result parameters: Set these values in your user-defined function before exiting.
For a user-defined scalar function, you return one result parameter. For a
user-defined table function, you return the same number of parameters as columns
in the RETURNS TABLE clause of the CREATE FUNCTION statement. DB2
allocates a buffer for each result parameter value and passes the buffer address to
the user-defined function. Your user-defined function places each result parameter
value in its buffer. You must ensure that the length of the value you place in each
output buffer does not exceed the buffer length. Use the SQL data type and length
in the CREATE FUNCTION statement to determine the buffer length.
See “Passing parameter values to and from a user-defined function” on page 303 to
determine the host data type to use for each result parameter value. If the CREATE
FUNCTION statement contains a CAST FROM clause, use a data type that
corresponds to the SQL data type in the CAST FROM clause. Otherwise, use a
data type that corresponds to the SQL data type in the RETURNS or RETURNS
TABLE clause.
To improve performance for user-defined table functions that return many columns,
you can pass values for a subset of columns to the invoker. For example, a
user-defined table function might be defined to return 100 columns, but the invoker
needs values for only two columns. Use the DBINFO parameter to indicate to DB2
the columns for which you will return values. Then return values for only those
columns. See the explanation of DBINFO on page 313 for information about how to
indicate the columns of interest.
Input parameter indicators: These are SMALLINT values, which DB2 sets before
it passes control to the user-defined function. You use the indicators to determine
whether the corresponding input parameters are null. The number and order of the
indicators are the same as the number and order of the input parameters. On entry
to the user-defined function, each indicator contains one of these values:
0 The input parameter value is not null.
negative The input parameter value is null.

Code the user-defined function to check all indicators for null values unless the
user-defined function is defined with RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT. A
user-defined function defined with RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT executes only
if all input parameters are not null.
Result indicators: These are SMALLINT values, which you must set before the
user-defined function ends to indicate to the invoking program whether each result
parameter value is null. A user-defined scalar function has one result indicator. A
user-defined table function has the same number of result indicators as the number
of result parameters. The order of the result indicators is the same as the order of
the result parameters. Set each result indicator to one of these values:
0 or positive The result parameter is not null.
negative The result parameter is null.
| SQLSTATE value: This CHAR(5) value represents the SQLSTATE that is passed in
| to the program from the database manager. The initial value is set to ‘00000’.
| Although the SQLSTATE is usually not set by the program, it can be set as the
| result SQLSTATE that is used to return an error or a warning. Returned values that
| start with anything other than ‘00’, ‘01’, or ‘02’ are error conditions.
| Refer to DB2 Messages and Codes for more information about the valid SQLSTATE
| values that a program may generate.
User-defined function name: DB2 sets this value in the parameter list before the
| user-defined function executes. This value is VARCHAR(257): 128 bytes for the
| schema name, 1 byte for a period, and 128 bytes for the user-defined function
| name. If you use the same code to implement multiple versions of a user-defined
function, you can use this parameter to determine which version of the function the
invoker wants to execute.
Specific name: DB2 sets this value in the parameter list before the user-defined
function executes. This value is VARCHAR(128) and is either the specific name
from the CREATE FUNCTION statement or a specific name that DB2 generated. If
you use the same code to implement multiple versions of a user-defined function,
you can use this parameter to determine which version of the function the invoker
wants to execute.
Diagnostic message: This is a VARCHAR(70) value, which your user-defined

function can set before exiting. Use this area to pass descriptive information about
an error or warning to the invoker.
DB2 allocates a 70-byte buffer for this area and passes you the buffer address in
the parameter list. Ensure that you do not write more than 70 bytes to the buffer. At
least the first 17 bytes of the value you put in the buffer appear in the SQLERRMC
field of the SQLCA that is returned to the invoker. The exact number of bytes
depends on the number of other tokens in SQLERRMC. Do not use X'FF' in your
diagnostic message. DB2 uses this value to delimit tokens.
Scratchpad: If the definer specified SCRATCHPAD in the CREATE FUNCTION

statement, DB2 allocates a buffer for the scratchpad area and passes its address to
the user-defined function. Before the user-defined function is invoked for the first
time in an SQL statement, DB2 sets the length of the scratchpad in the first 4 bytes
of the buffer and then sets the scratchpad area to X'00'. DB2 does not reinitialize
the scratchpad between invocations of a correlated subquery.

You must ensure that your user-defined function does not write more bytes to the
scratchpad than the scratchpad length.
Call type: For a user-defined scalar function, if the definer specified FINAL CALL in
the CREATE FUNCTION statement, DB2 passes this parameter to the user-defined
function. For a user-defined table function, DB2 always passes this parameter to
the user-defined function.
On entry to a user-defined scalar function, the call type parameter has one of the
following values:
-1 This is the first call to the user-defined function for the SQL statement. For
a first call, all input parameters are passed to the user-defined function. In
addition, the scratchpad, if allocated, is set to binary zeros.
0 This is a normal call. For a normal call, all the input parameters are passed
to the user-defined function. If a scratchpad is also passed, DB2 does not
modify it.
1 This is a final call. For a final call, no input parameters are passed to the
user-defined function. If a scratchpad is also passed, DB2 does not modify
it.
This type of final call occurs when the invoking application explicitly closes
a cursor. When a value of 1 is passed to a user-defined function, the
user-defined function can execute SQL statements.
it.
This type of final call occurs when the invoking application executes a
COMMIT or ROLLBACK statement, or when the invoking application
abnormally terminates. When a value of 255 is passed to the user-defined
function, the user-defined function cannot execute any SQL statements,
except for CLOSE CURSOR. If the user-defined function executes any
close cursor statements during this type of final call, the user-defined
function should tolerate SQLCODE -501 because DB2 might have already
closed cursors before the final call.
During the first call, your user-defined scalar function should acquire any system
resources it needs. During the final call, the user-defined scalar function should
release any resources it acquired during the first call. The user-defined scalar
function should return a result value only during normal calls. DB2 ignores any
results that are returned during a final call. However, the user-defined scalar
function can set the SQLSTATE and diagnostic message area during the final call.
If an invoking SQL statement contains more than one user-defined scalar function,
and one of those user-defined functions returns an error SQLSTATE, DB2 invokes
all of the user-defined functions for a final call, and the invoking SQL statement
receives the SQLSTATE of the first user-defined function with an error.
On entry to a user-defined table function, the call type parameter has one of the
following values:
-2 This is the first call to the user-defined function for the SQL statement. A
first call occurs only if the FINAL CALL keyword is specified in the

user-defined function definition. For a first call, all input parameters are
passed to the user-defined function. In addition, the scratchpad, if allocated,
is set to binary zeros.
-1 This is the open call to the user-defined function by an SQL statement. If
FINAL CALL is not specified in the user-defined function definition, all input
parameters are passed to the user-defined function, and the scratchpad, if
allocated, is set to binary zeros during the open call. If FINAL CALL is
specified for the user-defined function, DB2 does not modify the scratchpad.
0 This is a fetch call to the user-defined function by an SQL statement. For a
fetch call, all input parameters are passed to the user-defined function. If a
scratchpad is also passed, DB2 does not modify it.
1 This is a close call. For a close call, no input parameters are passed to the
it.
2 This is a final call. This type of final call occurs only if FINAL CALL is
specified in the user-defined function definition. For a final call, no input
parameters are passed to the user-defined function. If a scratchpad is also
passed, DB2 does not modify it.
CLOSE CURSOR statement.
it.
COMMIT or ROLLBACK statement, or when the invoking application
abnormally terminates. When a value of 255 is passed to the user-defined
function, the user-defined function cannot execute any SQL statements,
except for CLOSE CURSOR. If the user-defined function executes any
close cursor statements during this type of final call, the user-defined
function should tolerate SQLCODE -501 because DB2 might have already
closed cursors before the final call.
If a user-defined table function is defined with FINAL CALL, the user-defined

function should allocate any resources it needs during the first call and release
those resources during the final call that sets a value of 2.
If a user-defined table function is defined with NO FINAL CALL, the user-defined

function should allocate any resources it needs during the open call and release
those resources during the close call.
During a fetch call, the user-defined table function should return a row. If the
user-defined function has no more rows to return, it should set the SQLSTATE to
02000.
During the close call, a user-defined table function can set the SQLSTATE and
diagnostic message area.
If a user-defined table function is invoked from a subquery, the user-defined table

function receives a CLOSE call for each invocation of the subquery within the
higher level query, and a subsequent OPEN call for the next invocation of the
subquery within the higher level query.

DBINFO: If the definer specified DBINFO in the CREATE FUNCTION statement,
DB2 passes the DBINFO structure to the user-defined function. DBINFO contains
information about the environment of the user-defined function caller. It contains the
following fields, in the order shown:
Location name length
An unsigned 2-byte integer field. It contains the length of the location name in
the next field.
Location name
A 128-byte character field. It contains the name of the location to which the
invoker is currently connected.
Authorization ID length
An unsigned 2-byte integer field. It contains the length of the authorization ID in
the next field.
Authorization ID
A 128-byte character field. It contains the authorization ID of the application
from which the user-defined function is invoked, padded on the right with
blanks. If this user-defined function is nested within other user-defined
functions, this value is the authorization ID of the application that invoked the
highest-level user-defined function.
Subsystem code page
| A 48-byte structure that consists of 10 integer fields and an eight-byte reserved
| area. These fields provide information about the CCSIDs of the subsystem from
| which the user-defined function is invoked.
Table qualifier length
An unsigned 2-byte integer field. It contains the length of the table qualifier in
the next field. If the table name field is not used, this field contains 0.
Table qualifier
A 128-byte character field. It contains the qualifier of the table that is specified
in the table name field.
Table name length
An unsigned 2-byte integer field. It contains the length of the table name in the
next field. If the table name field is not used, this field contains 0.
Table name
A 128-byte character field. This field contains the name of the table that the
UPDATE or INSERT modifies if the reference to the user-defined function in the
invoking SQL statement is in one of the following places:
v The right side of a SET clause in an UPDATE statement
v In the VALUES list of an INSERT statement
Otherwise, this field is blank.
Column name length
An unsigned 2-byte integer field. It contains the length of the column name in
the next field. If no column name is passed to the user-defined function, this
field contains 0.
Column name
A 128-byte character field. This field contains the name of the column that the
UPDATE or INSERT modifies if the reference to the user-defined function in the
invoking SQL statement is in one of the following places:
v The right side of a SET clause in an UPDATE statement
v In the VALUES list of an INSERT statement

Otherwise, this field is blank.
Product information
An 8-byte character field that identifies the product on which the user-defined
function executes. This field has the form pppvvrrm, where:
v ppp is a 3-byte product code:
ARI DB2 Server for VSE & VM
DSN DB2 UDB for z/OS
QSQ DB2 UDB for iSeries
SQL DB2 UDB for Linux, UNIX®, and Windows®
v vv is a 2-digit version identifier.
v rr is a 2-digit release identifier.
v m is a 1-digit maintenance level identifier.
| Reserved area
| 2 bytes.
Operating system
A 4-byte integer field. It identifies the operating system on which the program
that invokes the user-defined function runs. The value is one of these:
0 Unknown
1 OS/2
3 Windows
4 AIX
5 Windows NT
6 HP-UX
7 Solaris
8 OS/390 or z/OS
13 Siemens Nixdorf
15 Windows 95
16 SCO UNIX
| 18 Linux
| 19 DYNIX/ptx
24 Linux for S/390
| 25 Linux for zSeries
| 26 Linux/IA64
| 27 Linux/PPC
| 28 Linux/PPC64
| 29 Linux/AMD64
| 400 iSeries
Number of entries in table function column list
An unsigned 2-byte integer field.

Reserved area
| 26 bytes.
Table function column list pointer
If a table function is defined, this field is a pointer to an array that contains 1000
2-byte integers. DB2 dynamically allocates the array. If a table function is not
defined, this pointer is null.
Only the first n entries, where n is the value in the field entitled number of
entries in table function column list, are of interest. n is greater than or equal to
0 and less than or equal to the number result columns defined for the
user-defined function in the RETURNS TABLE clause of the CREATE
FUNCTION statement. The values correspond to the numbers of the columns
that the invoking statement needs from the table function. A value of 1 means
the first defined result column, 2 means the second defined result column, and
so on. The values can be in any order. If n is equal to 0, the first array element
is 0. This is the case for a statement like the following one, where the invoking
statement needs no column values.
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM TABLE(TF(...)) AS QQ
This array represents an opportunity for optimization. The user-defined function

does not need to return all values for all the result columns of the table function.
Instead, the user-defined function can return only those columns that are
needed in the particular context, which you identify by number in the array.
However, if this optimization complicates the user-defined function logic enough
to cancel the performance benefit, you might choose to return every defined
column.
Unique application identifier
This field is a pointer to a string that uniquely identifies the application’s
connection to DB2. The string is regenerated for each connection to DB2.
The string is the LUWID, which consists of a fully-qualified LU network name
followed by a period and an LUW instance number. The LU network name
consists of a 1- to 8-character network ID, a period, and a 1- to 8-character
network LU name. The LUW instance number consists of 12 hexadecimal
characters that uniquely identify the unit of work.
Reserved area
20 bytes.
“Examples of receiving parameters in a user-defined function” has examples of

declarations of passed parameters in each language. If you write your user-defined
function in C or C++, you can use the declarations in member SQLUDF of
DSN810.SDSNC.H for many of the passed parameters. To include SQLUDF, make
these changes to your program:
v Put this statement in your source code:
#include <sqludf.h>
v Include the DSN810.SDSNC.H data set in the SYSLIB concatenation for the
compile step of your program preparation job.
v Specify the NOMARGINS and NOSEQUENCE options in the compile step of
your program preparation job.
Examples of receiving parameters in a user-defined function

The following examples show how a user-defined function that is written in each of
the supported host languages receives the parameter list that is passed by DB2.

These examples assume that the user-defined function is defined with the
SCRATCHPAD, FINAL CALL, and DBINFO parameters.
Assembler: Figure 121 shows the parameter conventions for a user-defined scalar
function that is written as a main program that receives two parameters and returns
one result. For an assembler language user-defined function that is a subprogram,
the conventions are the same. In either case, you must include the CEEENTRY and
CEEEXIT macros.
MYMAIN CEEENTRY AUTO=PROGSIZE,MAIN=YES,PLIST=OS

USING PROGAREA,R13
L R7,0(R1) GET POINTER TO PARM1

MVC PARM1(4),0(R7) MOVE VALUE INTO LOCAL COPY OF PARM1
L R7,4(R1) GET POINTER TO PARM2
MVC PARM2(4),0(R7) MOVE VALUE INTO LOCAL COPY OF PARM2
L R7,12(R1) GET POINTER TO INDICATOR 1
MVC F_IND1(2),0(R7) MOVE PARM1 INDICATOR TO LOCAL STORAGE
LH R7,F_IND1 MOVE PARM1 INDICATOR INTO R7
LTR R7,R7 CHECK IF IT IS NEGATIVE
BM NULLIN IF SO, PARM1 IS NULL
L R7,16(R1) GET POINTER TO INDICATOR 2
MVC F_IND2(2),0(R7) MOVE PARM2 INDICATOR TO LOCAL STORAGE
LH R7,F_IND2 MOVE PARM2 INDICATOR INTO R7
BM NULLIN IF SO, PARM2 IS NULL
.
.
.
L R7,8(R1) GET ADDRESS OF AREA FOR RESULT
NULLIN MVC 0(9,R7),RESULT MOVE A VALUE INTO RESULT AREA
L R7,20(R1) GET ADDRESS OF AREA FOR RESULT IND
MVC 0(2,R7),=H’0’ MOVE A VALUE INTO INDICATOR AREA
.
.
.
CEETERM RC=0
*******************************************************************
* VARIABLE DECLARATIONS AND EQUATES *
*******************************************************************
R1 EQU 1 REGISTER 1
R7 EQU 7 REGISTER 7
PPA CEEPPA , CONSTANTS DESCRIBING THE CODE BLOCK
LTORG , PLACE LITERAL POOL HERE
PROGAREA DSECT
ORG *+CEEDSASZ LEAVE SPACE FOR DSA FIXED PART
PARM1 DS F PARAMETER 1
PARM2 DS F PARAMETER 2
RESULT DS CL9 RESULT
F_IND1 DS H INDICATOR FOR PARAMETER 1
F_IND2 DS H INDICATOR FOR PARAMETER 2
F_INDR DS H INDICATOR FOR RESULT
PROGSIZE EQU *-PROGAREA

CEEDSA , MAPPING OF THE DYNAMIC SAVE AREA
CEECAA , MAPPING OF THE COMMON ANCHOR AREA
END MYMAIN
Figure 121. How an assembler language user-defined function receives parameters
C or C++: For C or C++ user-defined functions, the conventions for passing

parameters are different for main programs and subprograms.
For subprograms, you pass the parameters directly. For main programs, you use
the standard argc and argv variables to access the input and output parameters:

v The argv variable contains an array of pointers to the parameters that are passed
to the user-defined function. All string parameters that are passed back to DB2
must be null terminated.
– argv[0] contains the address of the load module name for the user-defined
function.
– argv[1] through argv[n] contain the addresses of parameters 1 through n.
v The argc variable contains the number of parameters that are passed to the
external user-defined function, including argv[0].
Figure 122 shows the parameter conventions for a user-defined scalar function that
is written as a main program that receives two parameters and returns one result.
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
main(argc,argv)
int argc;
char *argv[];
{
/***************************************************/
/* Assume that the user-defined function invocation*/
/* included 2 input parameters in the parameter */
/* list. Also assume that the definition includes */
/* the SCRATCHPAD, FINAL CALL, and DBINFO options, */
/* so DB2 passes the scratchpad, calltype, and */
/* dbinfo parameters. */
/* The argv vector contains these entries: */
/* argv[0] 1 load module name */
/* argv[1-2] 2 input parms */
/* argv[3] 1 result parm */
/* argv[4-5] 2 null indicators */
/* argv[6] 1 result null indicator */
/* argv[7] 1 SQLSTATE variable */
/* argv[8] 1 qualified func name */
/* argv[9] 1 specific func name */
/* argv[10] 1 diagnostic string */
/* argv[11] 1 scratchpad */
/* argv[12] 1 call type */
/* argv[13] + 1 dbinfo */
/* ------ */
/* 14 for the argc variable */
/***************************************************/
if argc<>14
{
.
.
.
/**********************************************************/
/* This section would contain the code executed if the */
/* user-defined function is invoked with the wrong number */
/* of parameters. */
/**********************************************************/
}
Figure 122. How a C or C++ user-defined function that is written as a main program receives
parameters (Part 1 of 2)

/***************************************************/
/* Assume the first parameter is an integer. */
/* The following code shows how to copy the integer*/
/* parameter into the application storage. */
/***************************************************/
int parm1;
parm1 = *(int *) argv[1];
/***************************************************/
/* Access the null indicator for the first */
/* parameter on the invoked user-defined function */
/* as follows: */
/***************************************************/
short int ind1;
ind1 = *(short int *) argv[4];
/***************************************************/
/* Use the following expression to assign */
/* ’xxxxx’ to the SQLSTATE returned to caller on */
/* the SQL statement that contains the invoked */
/* user-defined function. */
/***************************************************/
strcpy(argv[7],"xxxxx/0");
/***************************************************/
/* Obtain the value of the qualified function */
/* name with this expression. */
/***************************************************/
char f_func[28];
strcpy(f_func,argv[8]);
/***************************************************/
/* Obtain the value of the specific function */
/***************************************************/
char f_spec[19];
strcpy(f_spec,argv[9]);
/***************************************************/
/* Use the following expression to assign */
/* ’yyyyyyyy’ to the diagnostic string returned */
/* in the SQLCA associated with the invoked */
/* user-defined function. */
/***************************************************/
strcpy(argv[10],"yyyyyyyy/0");
/***************************************************/
/* Use the following expression to assign the */
/* result of the function. */
/***************************************************/
char l_result[11];
strcpy(argv[3],l_result);
.
.
.
}
Figure 122. How a C or C++ user-defined function that is written as a main program receives
parameters (Part 2 of 2)
Figure 123 on page 319 shows the parameter conventions for a user-defined scalar
function written as a C subprogram that receives two parameters and returns one
result.

#pragma runopts(plist(os))
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
| #include <sqludf.h>
void myfunc(long *parm1, char parm2[11], char result[11],

short *f_ind1, short *f_ind2, short *f_indr,
char udf_sqlstate[6], char udf_fname[138],
char udf_specname[129], char udf_msgtext[71],
struct sqludf_scratchpad *udf_scratchpad,
long *udf_call_type,
struct sql_dbinfo *udf_dbinfo);
{
/***************************************************/
/* Declare local copies of parameters */
/***************************************************/
int l_p1;
char l_p2[11];
short int l_ind1;
short int l_ind2;
char ludf_sqlstate[6]; /* SQLSTATE */
char ludf_fname[138]; /* function name */
char ludf_specname[129]; /* specific function name */
char ludf_msgtext[71] /* diagnostic message text*/
sqludf_scratchpad *ludf_scratchpad; /* scratchpad */
long *ludf_call_type; /* call type */
sqludf_dbinfo *ludf_dbinfo /* dbinfo */
/***************************************************/
/* Copy each of the parameters in the parameter */
/* list into a local variable to demonstrate */
/* how the parameters can be referenced. */
/***************************************************/
l_p1 = *parm1;
strcpy(l_p2,parm2);
l_ind1 = *f_ind1;
l_ind1 = *f_ind2;
strcpy(ludf_sqlstate,udf_sqlstate);
strcpy(ludf_fname,udf_fname);
strcpy(ludf_specname,udf_specname);
l_udf_call_type = *udf_call_type;
strcpy(ludf_msgtext,udf_msgtext);
memcpy(&ludf_scratchpad,udf_scratchpad,sizeof(ludf_scratchpad));
memcpy(&ludf_dbinfo,udf_dbinfo,sizeof(ludf_dbinfo));
.
.
.
}
Figure 123. How a C language user-defined function that is written as a subprogram receives
parameters
Figure 124 on page 320 shows the parameter conventions for a user-defined scalar
function that is written as a C++ subprogram that receives two parameters and
returns one result. This example demonstrates that you must use an extern ″C″
modifier to indicate that you want the C++ subprogram to receive parameters
according to the C linkage convention. This modifier is necessary because the
CEEPIPI CALL_SUB interface, which DB2 uses to call the user-defined function,
passes parameters using the C linkage convention.

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
extern "C" void myfunc(long *parm1, char parm2[11],

char result[11], short *f_ind1, short *f_ind2, short *f_indr,
char udf_sqlstate[6], char udf_fname[138],
char udf_specname[129], char udf_msgtext[71],
struct sqludf_scratchpad *udf_scratchpad,
long *udf_call_type,
struct sql_dbinfo *udf_dbinfo);
{
/***************************************************/
/* Define local copies of parameters. */
/***************************************************/
int l_p1;
char l_p2[11];
short int l_ind1;
short int l_ind2;
char ludf_sqlstate[6]; /* SQLSTATE */
char ludf_fname[138]; /* function name */
char ludf_specname[129]; /* specific function name */
char ludf_msgtext[71] /* diagnostic message text*/
sqludf_scratchpad *ludf_scratchpad; /* scratchpad */
long *ludf_call_type; /* call type */
sqludf_dbinfo *ludf_dbinfo /* dbinfo */
/***************************************************/
/* list into a local variable to demonstrate */
/***************************************************/
l_p1 = *parm1;
strcpy(l_p2,parm2);
l_ind1 = *f_ind1;
l_ind1 = *f_ind2;
strcpy(ludf_sqlstate,udf_sqlstate);
strcpy(ludf_fname,udf_fname);
strcpy(ludf_specname,udf_specname);
l_udf_call_type = *udf_call_type;
strcpy(ludf_msgtext,udf_msgtext);
memcpy(&ludf_scratchpad,udf_scratchpad,sizeof(ludf_scratchpad));
memcpy(&ludf_dbinfo,udf_dbinfo,sizeof(ludf_dbinfo));
.
.
.
}
Figure 124. How a C++ user-defined function that is written as a subprogram receives
parameters
COBOL: Figure 125 on page 321 shows the parameter conventions for a
user-defined table function that is written as a main program that receives two
parameters and returns two results. For a COBOL user-defined function that is a
subprogram, the conventions are the same.

CBL APOST,RES,RENT
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
.
.
.
DATA DIVISION.
.
.
.
LINKAGE SECTION.
*********************************************************
* Declare each of the parameters *
*********************************************************
01 UDFPARM1 PIC S9(9) USAGE COMP.
01 UDFPARM2 PIC X(10).
.
.
.
*********************************************************
* Declare these variables for result parameters *
*********************************************************
01 UDFRESULT1 PIC X(10).
01 UDFRESULT2 PIC X(10).
.
.
.
*********************************************************
* Declare a null indicator for each parameter *
*********************************************************
01 UDF-IND1 PIC S9(4) USAGE COMP.
01 UDF-IND2 PIC S9(4) USAGE COMP.
.
.
.
*********************************************************
* Declare a null indicator for result parameter *
*********************************************************
01 UDF-RIND1 PIC S9(4) USAGE COMP.
01 UDF-RIND2 PIC S9(4) USAGE COMP.
.
.
.
*********************************************************
* Declare the SQLSTATE that can be set by the *
* user-defined function *
*********************************************************
01 UDF-SQLSTATE PIC X(5).
*********************************************************
* Declare the qualified function name *
*********************************************************
01 UDF-FUNC.
49 UDF-FUNC-LEN PIC 9(4) USAGE BINARY.
49 UDF-FUNC-TEXT PIC X(137).
*********************************************************
* Declare the specific function name *
*********************************************************
01 UDF-SPEC.
49 UDF-SPEC-LEN PIC 9(4) USAGE BINARY.
49 UDF-SPEC-TEXT PIC X(128).
*********************************************************
* Declare SQL diagnostic message token *
*********************************************************
01 UDF-DIAG.
49 UDF-DIAG-LEN PIC 9(4) USAGE BINARY.
49 UDF-DIAG-TEXT PIC X(70).
Figure 125. How a COBOL user-defined function receives parameters (Part 1 of 3)

*********************************************************
* Declare the scratchpad *
*********************************************************
01 UDF-SCRATCHPAD.
49 UDF-SPAD-LEN PIC 9(9) USAGE BINARY.
49 UDF-SPAD-TEXT PIC X(100).
*********************************************************
* Declare the call type *
*********************************************************
01 UDF-CALL-TYPE PIC 9(9) USAGE BINARY.
*********************************************************
* CONSTANTS FOR DB2-EBCODING-SCHEME. *
*********************************************************
77 SQLUDF-ASCII PIC 9(9) VALUE 1.
77 SQLUDF-EBCDIC PIC 9(9) VALUE 2.
77 SQLUDF-UNICODE PIC 9(9) VALUE 3.
| *********************************************************
| * Structure used for DBINFO *
| *********************************************************
| 01 SQLUDF-DBINFO.
| * location name length
| 05 DBNAMELEN PIC 9(4) USAGE BINARY.
| * location name
| 05 DBNAME PIC X(128).
| * authorization ID length
| 05 AUTHIDLEN PIC 9(4) USAGE BINARY.
| * authorization ID
| 05 AUTHID PIC X(128).
| * environment CCSID information
| 05 CODEPG PIC X(48).
| 05 CDPG-DB2 REDEFINES CODEPG.
| 10 DB2-CCSIDS OCCURS 3 TIMES.
| 15 DB2-SBCS PIC 9(9) USAGE BINARY.
| 15 DB2-DBCS PIC 9(9) USAGE BINARY.
| 15 DB2-MIXED PIC 9(9) USAGE BINARY.
| 10 ENCODING-SCHEME PIC 9(9) USAGE BINARY.
| 10 RESERVED PIC X(8).
| * other platform-specific deprecated CCSID structures not included here
| * schema name length
| 05 TBSCHEMALEN PIC 9(4) USAGE BINARY.
| * schema name
| 05 TBSCHEMA PIC X(128).
| * table name length
| 05 TBNAMELEN PIC 9(4) USAGE BINARY.
| * table name
| 05 TBNAME PIC X(128).
| * column name length
| 05 COLNAMELEN PIC 9(4) USAGE BINARY.
| * column name
| 05 COLNAME PIC X(128).
| * product information
| 05 VER-REL PIC X(8).
| * reserved for expansion
| 05 RESD0 PIC X(2).
| * platform type
| 05 PLATFORM PIC 9(9) USAGE BINARY.
| * number of entries in tfcolumn list array (tfcolumn, below)
| 05 NUMTFCOL PIC 9(4) USAGE BINARY.
|

| 05 RESD1 PIC X(26).
| * tfcolumn will be allocated dynamically if TF is defined
| * otherwise this will be a null pointer
| 05 TFCOLUMN USAGE IS POINTER.
| * Application identifier
| 05 APPL-ID USAGE IS POINTER.
| 05 RESD2 PIC X(20).
| *
PROCEDURE DIVISION USING UDFPARM1, UDFPARM2, UDFRESULT1,
UDFRESULT2, UDF-IND1, UDF-IND2,
UDF-RIND1, UDF-RIND2,
UDF-SQLSTATE, UDF-FUNC, UDF-SPEC,
UDF-DIAG, UDF-SCRATCHPAD,
| UDF-CALL-TYPE, SQLUDF-DBINFO.
PL/I: Figure 126 shows the parameter conventions for a user-defined scalar
function that is written as a main program that receives two parameters and returns
one result. For a PL/I user-defined function that is a subprogram, the conventions
are the same.
*PROCESS SYSTEM(MVS);
MYMAIN: PROC(UDF_PARM1, UDF_PARM2, UDF_RESULT,
UDF_IND1, UDF_IND2, UDF_INDR,
UDF_SQLSTATE, UDF_NAME, UDF_SPEC_NAME,
UDF_DIAG_MSG, UDF_SCRATCHPAD,
UDF_CALL_TYPE, UDF_DBINFO)
OPTIONS(MAIN NOEXECOPS REENTRANT);
DCL UDF_PARM1 BIN FIXED(31); /* first parameter */

DCL UDF_PARM2 CHAR(10); /* second parameter */
DCL UDF_RESULT CHAR(10); /* result parameter */
DCL UDF_IND1 BIN FIXED(15); /* indicator for 1st parm */
DCL UDF_IND2 BIN FIXED(15); /* indicator for 2nd parm */
DCL UDF_INDR BIN FIXED(15); /* indicator for result */
DCL UDF_SQLSTATE CHAR(5); /* SQLSTATE returned to DB2 */
DCL UDF_NAME CHAR(137) VARYING; /* Qualified function name */
DCL UDF_SPEC_NAME CHAR(128) VARYING; /* Specific function name */
DCL UDF_DIAG_MSG CHAR(70) VARYING; /* Diagnostic string */
DCL 01 UDF_SCRATCHPAD /* Scratchpad */
03 UDF_SPAD_LEN BIN FIXED(31),
03 UDF_SPAD_TEXT CHAR(100);
DCL UDF_CALL_TYPE BIN FIXED(31); /* Call Type */
DCL DBINFO PTR;
/* CONSTANTS FOR DB2_ENCODING_SCHEME */
DCL SQLUDF_ASCII BIN FIXED(15) INIT(1);
DCL SQLUDF_EBCDIC BIN FIXED(15) INIT(2);
DCL SQLUDF_MIXED BIN FIXED(15) INIT(3);
Figure 126. How a PL/I user-defined function receives parameters (Part 1 of 2)

DCL 01 UDF_DBINFO BASED(DBINFO), /* Dbinfo */
03 UDF_DBINFO_LLEN BIN FIXED(15), /* location length */
03 UDF_DBINFO_LOC CHAR(128), /* location name */
03 UDF_DBINFO_ALEN BIN FIXED(15), /* auth ID length */
03 UDF_DBINFO_AUTH CHAR(128), /* authorization ID */
03 UDF_DBINFO_CDPG, /* environment CCSID info */
05 DB2_CCSIDS(3),
07 R1 BIN FIXED(15), /* Reserved */
07 DB2_SBCS BIN FIXED(15), /* SBCS CCSID */
07 DB2_DBCS BIN FIXED(15), /* DBCS CCSID */
07 DB2_MIXED BIN FIXED(15), /* MIXED CCSID */
05 DB2_ENCODING_SCHEME BIN FIXED(31),
05 DB2_CCSID_RESERVED CHAR(8),
03 UDF_DBINFO_SLEN BIN FIXED(15), /* schema length */
03 UDF_DBINFO_SCHEMA CHAR(128), /* schema name */
03 UDF_DBINFO_TLEN BIN FIXED(15), /* table length */
03 UDF_DBINFO_TABLE CHAR(128), /* table name */
03 UDF_DBINFO_CLEN BIN FIXED(15), /* column length */
03 UDF_DBINFO_COLUMN CHAR(128), /* column name */
03 UDF_DBINFO_RELVER CHAR(8), /* DB2 release level */
| 03 UDF_DBINFO_RESERV0 CHAR(2), /* reserved */
03 UDF_DBINFO_PLATFORM BIN FIXED(31), /* database platform */
03 UDF_DBINFO_NUMTFCOL BIN FIXED(15), /* # of TF columns used */
03 UDF_DBINFO_TFCOLUMN PTR, /* -> TFcolumn list */
03 UDF_DBINFO_APPLID PTR, /* -> application id */
03 UDF_DBINFO_RESERV2 CHAR(20); /* reserved */
.
.
.
Figure 126. How a PL/I user-defined function receives parameters (Part 2 of 2)
Using special registers in a user-defined function

You can use all special registers in a user-defined function. However, you can
modify only some of those special registers. After a user-defined function
completes, DB2 restores all special registers to the values they had before
invocation.
Table 41 shows information that you need when you use special registers in a
Table 41. Characteristics of special registers in a user-defined function
Initial value when Initial value when Function
INHERIT SPECIAL DEFAULT SPECIAL can use
REGISTERS option is REGISTERS option is SET to
Special register specified specified modify?
| CURRENT Inherited from invoking Inherited from invoking Not
| CLIENT_ACCTNG application application applicable5
| CLIENT_APPLNAME application application applicable5
| CLIENT_USERID application application applicable5
| CLIENT_WRKSTNNAME application application applicable5

Table 41. Characteristics of special registers in a user-defined function (continued)
CURRENT The value of bind option The value of bind option Yes
APPLICATION ENCODING for the ENCODING for the
ENCODING SCHEME user-defined function user-defined function
package1 package1
CURRENT DATE New value for each SQL New value for each SQL Not
statement in the statement in the applicable5
user-defined function user-defined function
package2 package2
CURRENT DEGREE Inherited from invoking The value of field Yes
application3 CURRENT DEGREE on
installation panel
| DSNTIP8
CURRENT LOCALE Inherited from invoking The value of field Yes
LC_CTYPE application CURRENT DEGREE on
installation panel
| DSNTIP8
| CURRENT MAINTAINED Inherited from invoking The value of field Yes
| TABLE TYPES FOR application CURRENT MAINT
| OPTIMIZATION TYPES on installation
panel DSNTIP6
CURRENT MEMBER New value for each SET New value for each SET No
host-variable=CURRENT host-variable=CURRENT
MEMBER statement MEMBER statement
OPTIMIZATION HINT OPTHINT for the OPTHINT for the
package or inherited package
from invoking
application6
CURRENT Inherited from invoking Inherited from invoking Yes
PACKAGESET application4 application4
| CURRENT PACKAGE Inherited from invoking Inherited from invoking Yes
| PATH application4 application4
CURRENT PATH The value of bind option The value of bind option Yes
PATH for the PATH for the
package or inherited package
from invoking
application6
CURRENT PRECISION Inherited from invoking The value of field Yes
application DECIMAL ARITHMETIC
on installation panel
DSNTIP4
| CURRENT REFRESH Inherited from invoking The value of field Yes
| AGE application CURRENT REFRESH
AGE on installation panel
DSNTIP6

CURRENT RULES Inherited from invoking The value of bind option Yes
application SQLRULES for the
user-defined function
package
| CURRENT SCHEMA Inherited from invoking The value of CURRENT Yes
application SQLID when the user
defined function is
entered
CURRENT SERVER Inherited from invoking Inherited from invoking Yes
application application
CURRENT SQLID The primary authorization The primary authorization Yes8
ID of the application ID of the application
process or inherited from process
invoking application7
CURRENT TIME New value for each SQL New value for each SQL Not
package2 package2
CURRENT TIMESTAMP New value for each SQL New value for each SQL Not
package2 package2
CURRENT TIMEZONE Inherited from invoking Inherited from invoking Not
application application applicable5
| ENCRYPTION Inherited from invoking A string of 0 length Yes
| PASSWORD application
USER Primary authorization ID Primary authorization ID Not
of the application of the application applicable5
process process

Notes:
1. If the ENCODING bind option is not specified, the initial value is the value that was
specified in field APPLICATION ENCODING of installation panel DSNTIPF.
2. If the user-defined function is invoked within the scope of a trigger, DB2 uses the
timestamp for the triggering SQL statement as the timestamp for all SQL statements in
the function package.
3. DB2 allows parallelism at only one level of a nested SQL statement. If you set the value
of the CURRENT DEGREE special register to ANY, and parallelism is disabled, DB2
ignores the CURRENT DEGREE value.
4. If the user-defined function definer specifies a value for COLLID in the CREATE
FUNCTION statement, DB2 sets CURRENT PACKAGESET to the value of COLLID.
5. Not applicable because no SET statement exists for the special register.
6. If a program within the scope of the invoking application issues a SET statement for the
special register before the user-defined function is invoked, the special register inherits
the value from the SET statement. Otherwise, the special register contains the value that
is set by the bind option for the user-defined function package.
7. If a program within the scope of the invoking application issues a SET CURRENT SQLID
statement before the user-defined function is invoked, the special register inherits the
value from the SET statement. Otherwise, CURRENT SQLID contains the authorization
ID of the application process.
8. If the user-defined function package uses a value other than RUN for the
DYNAMICRULES bind option, the SET CURRENT SQLID statement can be executed but
does not affect the authorization ID that is used for the dynamic SQL statements in the
user-defined function package. The DYNAMICRULES value determines the authorization
ID that is used for dynamic SQL statements. See “Using DYNAMICRULES to specify
behavior of dynamic SQL statements” on page 479 for more information about
DYNAMICRULES values and authorization IDs.
Using a scratchpad in a user-defined function

You can use a scratchpad to save information between invocations of a
user-defined function. To indicate that a scratchpad should be allocated when the
user-defined function executes, the function definer specifies the SCRATCHPAD
parameter in the CREATE FUNCTION statement.
The scratchpad consists of a 4-byte length field, followed by the scratchpad area.
The definer can specify the length of the scratchpad area in the CREATE
FUNCTION statement. The specified length does not include the length field. The
default size is 100 bytes. DB2 initializes the scratchpad for each function to binary
zeros at the beginning of execution for each subquery of an SQL statement and
does not examine or change the content thereafter. On each invocation of the
user-defined function, DB2 passes the scratchpad to the user-defined function. You
can therefore use the scratchpad to preserve information between invocations of a
reentrant user-defined function.
Figure 127 on page 328 demonstrates how to enter information in a scratchpad for
a user-defined function defined like this:
CREATE FUNCTION COUNTER()
RETURNS INT
SCRATCHPAD
FENCED

NOT DETERMINISTIC
NO SQL
NO EXTERNAL ACTION
LANGUAGE C
EXTERNAL NAME ’UDFCTR’;
The scratchpad length is not specified, so the scratchpad has the default length of
100 bytes, plus 4 bytes for the length field. The user-defined function increments an
integer value and stores it in the scratchpad on each execution.
#pragma linkage(ctr,fetchable)
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
/* Structure scr defines the passed scratchpad for function ctr */
struct scr {
long len;
long countr;
char not_used[96];
};
/***************************************************************/
/* Function ctr: Increments a counter and reports the value */
/* from the scratchpad. */
/* */
/* Input: None */
/* Output: INTEGER out the value from the scratchpad */
/***************************************************************/
void ctr(
long *out, /* Output answer (counter) */
short *outnull, /* Output null indicator */
char *sqlstate, /* SQLSTATE */
char *funcname, /* Function name */
char *specname, /* Specific function name */
char *mesgtext, /* Message text insert */
struct scr *scratchptr) /* Scratchpad */
{
*out = ++scratchptr->countr; /* Increment counter and */
/* copy to output variable */
*outnull = 0; /* Set output null indicator*/
return;
}
/* end of user-defined function ctr */
Figure 127. Example of coding a scratchpad in a user-defined function
Accessing transition tables in a user-defined function or stored

procedure
When you write a user-defined function, external stored procedure, or SQL
procedure that is invoked from a trigger, you might need access to transition tables
for the trigger. This section describes how to access transition variables in a
user-defined function, but the same techniques apply to a stored procedure.
To access transition tables in a user-defined function, use table locators, which are
pointers to the transition tables. You declare table locators as input parameters in
the CREATE FUNCTION statement using the TABLE LIKE table-name AS
LOCATOR clause. See Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL Reference for more information.
The five basic steps to accessing transition tables in a user-defined function are:
1. Declare input parameters to receive table locators. You must define each
parameter that receives a table locator as an unsigned 4-byte integer.

2. Declare table locators. You can declare table locators in assembler, C, C++,
COBOL, PL/I, and in an SQL procedure compound statement. The syntax for
declaring table locators in C, C++, COBOL, and PL/I is described in Chapter 9,
“Embedding SQL statements in host languages,” on page 129. The syntax for
declaring table locators in an SQL procedure is described in Chapter 6 of DB2
SQL Reference.
3. Declare a cursor to access the rows in each transition table.
4. Assign the input parameter values to the table locators.
5. Access rows from the transition tables using the cursors that are declared for
the transition tables.
The following examples show how a user-defined function that is written in C, C++,
COBOL, or PL/I accesses a transition table for a trigger. The transition table,
NEWEMP, contains modified rows of the employee sample table. The trigger is
defined like this:
AFTER UPDATE ON EMP
BEGIN ATOMIC
VALUES (CHECKEMP(TABLE NEWEMPS));
END;
The user-defined function definition looks like this:

CREATE FUNCTION CHECKEMP(TABLE LIKE EMP AS LOCATOR)
RETURNS INTEGER
EXTERNAL NAME ’CHECKEMP’
LANGUAGE language;
Assembler: Figure 128 on page 330 shows how an assembler program accesses
rows of transition table NEWEMPS.

CHECKEMP CSECT
SAVE (14,12) ANY SAVE SEQUENCE
LR R12,R15 CODE ADDRESSABILITY
USING CHECKEMP,R12 TELL THE ASSEMBLER
LR R7,R1 SAVE THE PARM POINTER
USING PARMAREA,R7 SET ADDRESSABILITY FOR PARMS
USING SQLDSECT,R8 ESTABLISH ADDRESSIBILITY TO SQLDSECT
L R6,PROGSIZE GET SPACE FOR USER PROGRAM
GETMAIN R,LV=(6) GET STORAGE FOR PROGRAM VARIABLES
LR R10,R1 POINT TO THE ACQUIRED STORAGE
LR R2,R10 POINT TO THE FIELD
LR R3,R6 GET ITS LENGTH
SR R4,R4 CLEAR THE INPUT ADDRESS
SR R5,R5 CLEAR THE INPUT LENGTH
MVCL R2,R4 CLEAR OUT THE FIELD
ST R13,FOUR(R10) CHAIN THE SAVEAREA PTRS
ST R10,EIGHT(R13) CHAIN SAVEAREA FORWARD
LR R13,R10 POINT TO THE SAVEAREA
USING PROGAREA,R13 SET ADDRESSABILITY
ST R6,GETLENTH SAVE THE LENGTH OF THE GETMAIN
.
.
.
************************************************************
* Declare table locator host variable TRIGTBL *
************************************************************
TRIGTBL SQL TYPE IS TABLE LIKE EMP AS LOCATOR
************************************************************
* Declare a cursor to retrieve rows from the transition *
* table *
************************************************************
EXEC SQL DECLARE C1 CURSOR FOR X
SELECT LASTNAME FROM TABLE(:TRIGTBL LIKE EMP) X
WHERE SALARY > 100000
************************************************************
* Copy table locator for trigger transition table *
************************************************************
L R2,TABLOC GET ADDRESS OF LOCATOR
L R2,0(0,R2) GET LOCATOR VALUE
ST R2,TRIGTBL
EXEC SQL OPEN C1
EXEC SQL FETCH C1 INTO :NAME
.
.
.
. EXEC SQL CLOSE C1
.
.
Figure 128. How an assembler user-defined function accesses a transition table (Part 1 of 2)

PROGAREA DSECT WORKING STORAGE FOR THE PROGRAM
SAVEAREA DS 18F THIS ROUTINE’S SAVE AREA
GETLENTH
. DS A GETMAIN LENGTH FOR THIS AREA
.
.
NAME
. DS CL24
.
.
DS 0D
PROGSIZE EQU *-PROGAREA DYNAMIC WORKAREA SIZE
PARMAREA DSECT
TABLOC
. DS A INPUT PARAMETER FOR TABLE LOCATOR
.
.
END CHECKEMP
Figure 128. How an assembler user-defined function accesses a transition table (Part 2 of 2)
C or C++: Figure 129 shows how a C or C++ program accesses rows of transition
table NEWEMPS.
int CHECK_EMP(int trig_tbl_id)

{
.
.
.
/**********************************************************/
/* Declare table locator host variable trig_tbl_id */
/**********************************************************/
SQL TYPE IS TABLE LIKE EMP AS LOCATOR trig_tbl_id;
char name[25];
.
.
.
/**********************************************************/
/* Declare a cursor to retrieve rows from the transition */
/* table */
/**********************************************************/
SELECT NAME FROM TABLE(:trig_tbl_id LIKE EMPLOYEE)
WHERE SALARY > 100000;
/**********************************************************/
/* Fetch a row from transition table */
/**********************************************************/
EXEC SQL OPEN C1;
EXEC SQL FETCH C1 INTO :name;
.
.
.
EXEC SQL CLOSE C1;
.
.
.
}
Figure 129. How a C or C++ user-defined function accesses a transition table
COBOL: Figure 130 on page 332 shows how a COBOL program accesses rows of
transition table NEWEMPS.

PROGRAM-ID. CHECKEMP.
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 NAME PIC X(24).
.
.
.
LINKAGE SECTION.
*********************************************************
* Declare table locator host variable TRIG-TBL-ID *
*********************************************************
01 TRIG-TBL-ID SQL TYPE IS TABLE LIKE EMP AS LOCATOR.
.
.
.
PROCEDURE DIVISION USING TRIG-TBL-ID.
.
.
.
*********************************************************
* Declare cursor to retrieve rows from transition table *
*********************************************************
SELECT NAME FROM TABLE(:TRIG-TBL-ID LIKE EMP)
WHERE SALARY > 100000 END-EXEC.
*********************************************************
* Fetch a row from transition table *
*********************************************************
EXEC SQL OPEN C1 END-EXEC.
EXEC SQL FETCH C1 INTO :NAME END-EXEC.
.
.
.
EXEC SQL CLOSE C1 END-EXEC.
.
.
.
PROG-END.
GOBACK.
Figure 130. How a COBOL user-defined function accesses a transition table
PL/I: Figure 131 on page 333 shows how a PL/I program accesses rows of
transition table NEWEMPS.

CHECK_EMP: PROC(TRIG_TBL_ID) RETURNS(BIN FIXED(31))
/****************************************************/
/* Declare table locator host variable TRIG_TBL_ID */
/****************************************************/
DECLARE TRIG_TBL_ID SQL TYPE IS TABLE LIKE EMP AS LOCATOR;
DECLARE NAME CHAR(24);
.
.
.
/****************************************************/
/* Declare a cursor to retrieve rows from the */
/* transition table */
/****************************************************/
SELECT NAME FROM TABLE(:TRIG_TBL_ID LIKE EMP)
WHERE SALARY > 100000;
/****************************************************/
/* Retrieve rows from the transition table */
/****************************************************/
EXEC SQL OPEN C1;
EXEC SQL FETCH C1 INTO :NAME;
.
.
.
EXEC SQL CLOSE C1;
.
.
.
END CHECK_EMP;
Figure 131. How a PL/I user-defined function accesses a transition table
Preparing a user-defined function for execution

To prepare a user-defined function for execution, perform these steps:
1. Precompile the user-defined function program and bind the DBRM into a
package.
You need to do this only if your user-defined function contains SQL statements.
You do not need to bind a plan for the user-defined function.
2. Compile the user-defined function program and link-edit it with Language
Environment and RRSAF.
You must compile the program with a compiler that supports Language
Environment and link-edit the appropriate Language Environment components
with the user-defined function. You must also link-edit the user-defined function
with RRSAF.
For the minimum compiler and Language Environment requirements for
user-defined functions, see DB2 Release Planning Guide.
The program preparation JCL samples DSNHASM, DSNHC, DSNHCPP,
DSNHICOB, and DSNHPLI show you how to precompile, compile, and link-edit
assembler, C, C++, COBOL, and PL/I DB2 programs. If your DB2 subsystem
has been installed to work with Language Environment, you can use this
sample JCL when you prepare your user-defined functions. For object-oriented
programs in C++ or COBOL, see JCL samples DSNHCPP2 and DSNHICB2 for
program preparation hints.
3. For a user-defined function that contains SQL statements, grant EXECUTE
authority on the user-defined function package to the function definer.

Making a user-defined function reentrant
Compiling and link-editing your user-defined function as reentrant is recommended.
(For an assembler program, you must also code the user-defined function to be
reentrant.) Reentrant user-defined functions have the following advantages:
v The operating system does not need to load the user-defined function into
storage every time the user-defined function is called.
v Multiple tasks in a WLM-established stored procedures address space can share
a single copy of the user-defined function. This decreases the amount of virtual
storage that is needed for code in the address space.
Preparing user-defined functions that contain multiple programs: If your

user-defined function consists of several programs, you must bind each program
that contains SQL statements into a separate package. The definer of the
user-defined function must have EXECUTE authority for all packages that are part
of the user-defined function.
| When the primary program of a user-defined function calls another program, DB2
| uses the CURRENT PACKAGE PATH special register to determine the list of
| collections to search for the called program’s package. The primary program can
| change this collection ID by executing the statement SET CURRENT PACKAGE
| PATH.
| If the value of CURRENT PACKAGE PATH is blank, DB2 uses the CURRENT
| PACKAGESET special register to determine the collection to search for the called
| program’s package. The primary program can change this value by executing the
| statement SET CURRENT PACKAGESET.
| If both special registers CURRENT PACKAGE PATH and CURRENT

| PACKAGESET contain a blank value, DB2 uses the method described in
| “Specifying the package list for the PKLIST option of BIND PLAN” on page 476 to
| search for the package.
Determining the authorization ID for user-defined function

invocation
If your user-defined function is invoked statically, the authorization ID under which
the user-defined function is invoked is the owner of the package that contains the
user-defined function invocation.
If the user-defined function is invoked dynamically, the authorization ID under which

the user-defined function is invoked depends on the value of bind parameter
DYNAMICRULES for the package that contains the function invocation.
While a user-defined function is executing, the authorization ID under which static

SQL statements in the user-defined function package execute is the owner of the
user-defined function package. The authorization ID under which dynamic SQL
statements in the user-defined function package execute depends on the value of
DYNAMICRULES with which the user-defined function package was bound.
DYNAMICRULES influences a number of features of an application program. For

information about how DYNAMICRULES works, see “Using DYNAMICRULES to
specify behavior of dynamic SQL statements” on page 479. For more information
about the authorization needed to invoke and execute SQL statements in a
user-defined function, see Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL Reference and Part 3 (Volume 1)
of DB2 Administration Guide.

Preparing user-defined functions to run concurrently
Multiple user-defined functions and stored procedures can run concurrently, each
under its own z/OS task (TCB).
To maximize the number of user-defined functions and stored procedures that can
run concurrently, follow these preparation recommendations:
v Ask the system administrator to set the region size parameter in the startup
procedures for the WLM-established stored procedures address spaces to
REGION=0. This lets an address space obtain the largest possible amount of
storage below the 16-MB line.
v Limit storage required by application programs below the 16-MB line by:
– Link-editing programs with the AMODE(31) and RMODE(ANY) attributes
– Compiling COBOL programs with the RES and DATA(31) options
v Limit storage that is required by Language Environment by using these run-time
options:
HEAP(,,ANY) Allocates program heap storage above the
16-MB line
STACK(,,ANY,) Allocates program stack storage above the
16-MB line
STORAGE(,,,4K) Reduces reserve storage area below the line to 4
KB
BELOWHEAP(4K,,) Reduces the heap storage below the line to 4 KB
LIBSTACK(4K,,) Reduces the library stack below the line to 4 KB
ALL31(ON) Causes all programs contained in the external
user-defined function to execute with AMODE(31)
and RMODE(ANY)
The definer can list these options as values of the RUN OPTIONS parameter of
CREATE FUNCTION, or the system administrator can establish these options as
defaults during Language Environment installation.
For example, the RUN OPTIONS option parameter could contain:
H(,,ANY),STAC(,,ANY,),STO(,,,4K),BE(4K,,),LIBS(4K,,),ALL31(ON)
v Ask the system administrator to set the NUMTCB parameter for WLM-established
stored procedures address spaces to a value greater than 1. This lets more than
one TCB run in an address space. Be aware that setting NUMTCB to a value
greater than 1 also reduces your level of application program isolation. For
example, a bad pointer in one application can overwrite memory that is allocated
by another application.
Testing a user-defined function

Some commonly used debugging tools, such as TSO TEST, are not available in the
environment where user-defined functions run. This section describes some
alternative testing strategies.
Debug Tool for z/OS: You can use the Debug Tool for z/OS, which works with
Language Environment, to test DB2 UDB for z/OS user-defined functions written in
any of the supported languages. You can use the Debug Tool either interactively or
in batch mode.

Using the Debug Tool interactively: To test a user-defined function interactively
using the Debug Tool, you must have the Debug Tool installed on the z/OS system
where the user-defined function runs. To debug your user-defined function using the
Debug Tool, do the following:
1. Compile the user-defined function with the TEST option. This places information
in the program that the Debug Tool uses.
2. Invoke the Debug Tool. One way to do that is to specify the Language
Environment run-time TEST option. The TEST option controls when and how
the Debug Tool is invoked. The most convenient place to specify run-time
options is with the RUN OPTIONS parameter of CREATE FUNCTION or ALTER
FUNCTION. See “Components of a user-defined function definition” on page
296 for more information about the RUN OPTIONS parameter.
For example, suppose that you code this option:
TEST(ALL,*,PROMPT,JBJONES%SESSNA:)
The parameter values cause the following things to happen:

ALL
The Debug Tool gains control when an attention interrupt, abend, or
program or Language Environment condition of Severity 1 and above
occurs.
* Debug commands will be entered from the terminal.
PROMPT
The Debug Tool is invoked immediately after Language Environment
initialization.
JBJONES%SESSNA:
The Debug Tool initiates a session on a workstation identified to APPC as
JBJONES with a session ID of SESSNA.
3. If you want to save the output from your debugging session, issue a command
that names a log file. For example, the following command starts logging to a
file on the workstation called dbgtool.log.
SET LOG ON FILE dbgtool.log;
This should be the first command that you enter from the terminal or include in
your commands file.
Using the Debug Tool in batch mode: To test your user-defined function in batch
mode, you must have the Debug Tool installed on the z/OS system where the
user-defined function runs. To debug your user-defined function in batch mode
using the Debug Tool, do the following:
1. If you plan to use the Language Environment run-time TEST option to invoke
the Debug Tool, compile the user-defined function with the TEST option. This
places information in the program that the Debug Tool uses during a debugging
session.
2. Allocate a log data set to receive the output from the Debug Tool. Put a DD
statement for the log data set in the startup procedure for the stored procedures
address space.
3. Enter commands in a data set that you want the Debug Tool to execute. Put a
DD statement for that data set in the startup procedure for the stored
procedures address space. To define the data set that contains the commands
to the Debug Tool, specify its data set name or DD name in the TEST run-time
option. For example, this option tells the Debug Tool to look for the commands
in the data set that is associated with DD name TESTDD:

TEST(ALL,TESTDD,PROMPT,*)
The first command in the commands data set should be:
SET LOG ON FILE ddname;
This command directs output from your debugging session to the log data set
you defined in step 2. For example, if you defined a log data set with DD name
INSPLOG in the start-up procedure for the stored procedures address space,
the first command should be:
SET LOG ON FILE INSPLOG;
4. Invoke the Debug Tool. The following are two possible methods for invoking the
Debug Tool:
v Specify the Language Environment run-time TEST option. The most
convenient place to do that is in the RUN OPTIONS parameter of CREATE
FUNCTION or ALTER FUNCTION.
v Put CEETEST calls in the user-defined function source code. If you use this
approach for an existing user-defined function, you must compile, link-edit,
and bind the user-defined function again. Then you must issue the STOP
FUNCTION SPECIFIC and START FUNCTION SPECIFIC commands to
reload the user-defined function.
You can combine the Language Environment run-time TEST option with
CEETEST calls. For example, you might want to use TEST to name the
commands data set but use CEETEST calls to control when the Debug Tool
takes control.
You can combine the Language Environment run-time TEST option with
CEETEST calls. For example, you might want to use TEST to name the
commands data set but use CEETEST calls to control when the Debug Tool
takes control.
For more information about the Debug Tool, see Debug Tool User's Guide and
Reference.
Route debugging messages to SYSPRINT: You can include simple print

statements in your user-defined function code that you route to SYSPRINT. Then
use System Display and Search Facility (SDSF) to examine the SYSPRINT
contents while the WLM-established stored procedure address space is running.
You can serialize I/O by running the WLM-established stored procedure address
space with NUMTCB=1.
Driver applications: You can write a small driver application that calls the
user-defined function as a subprogram and passes the parameter list for the
user-defined function. You can then test and debug the user-defined function as a
normal DB2 application under TSO. You can then use TSO TEST and other
commonly used debugging tools.
Using SQL INSERT statements: You can use SQL to insert debugging information
into a DB2 table. This allows other machines in the network (such as a workstation)
to easily access the data in the table using DRDA access.
DB2 discards the debugging information if the application executes the ROLLBACK
statement. To prevent the loss of the debugging data, code the calling application
so that it retrieves the diagnostic data before executing the ROLLBACK statement.

Implementing an SQL scalar function
An SQL scalar function is a user-defined function in which the CREATE FUNCTION
statement contains the source code. The source code is a single SQL expression
that evaluates to a single value. The SQL scalar function can return only one
parameter. You specify the SQL expression in the RETURN clause of the CREATE
FUNCTION statement. The value of the SQL expression must be compatible with
the data type of the parameter in the RETURNS clause.
See “Defining a user-defined function” on page 296 and Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL
Reference for a description of the parameters that you can specify in the CREATE
FUNCTION statement for an SQL scalar function.
To prepare an SQL scalar function for execution, you execute the CREATE
FUNCTION statement, either statically or dynamically.
Invoking a user-defined function

You can invoke a sourced or external user-defined scalar function in an SQL
statement wherever you use an expression. For a table function, you can invoke the
user-defined function only in the FROM clause of a SELECT statement. The
invoking SQL statement can be in a stand alone program, a stored procedure, a
trigger body, or another user-defined function.
See the following sections for details you should know before you invoke a
user-defined function:
v “Syntax for user-defined function invocation”
v “Ensuring that DB2 executes the intended user-defined function” on page 339
v “Casting of user-defined function arguments” on page 345
v “What happens when a user-defined function abnormally terminates” on page
346
Syntax for user-defined function invocation

Use the syntax shown in Figure 132 when you invoke a user-defined scalar
function:
function-name ( )
ALL ,
DISTINCT
expression
TABLE transition-table-name
Figure 132. Syntax for user-defined scalar function invocation
Use the syntax shown in Figure 133 on page 339 when you invoke a table function:

TABLE ( function-name ( ) )
,
expression
TABLE transition-table-name
AS
correlation-name
,
( column-name )
Figure 133. Syntax for table function invocation
See Chapter 2 of DB2 SQL Reference for more information about the syntax of
user-defined function invocation.
Ensuring that DB2 executes the intended user-defined function

Several user-defined functions with the same name but different numbers or types
of parameters can exist in a DB2 subsystem. Several user-defined functions with
the same name can have the same number of parameters, as long as the data
types of any of the first 30 parameters are different. In addition, several
user-defined functions might have the same name as a built-in function. When you
invoke a function, DB2 must determine which user-defined function or built-in
function to execute. This process is known as function resolution. You need to
understand DB2’s function resolution process to ensure that you invoke the
user-defined function that you want to invoke.
DB2 performs these steps for function resolution:

1. Determines if any function instances are candidates for execution. If no
candidates exist, DB2 issues an SQL error message.
2. Compares the data types of the input parameters to determine which candidates
fit the invocation best.
DB2 does not compare data types for input parameters that are untyped
parameter markers.
For a qualified function invocation, if there are no parameter markers in the
invocation, the result of the data type comparison is one best fit. That best fit is
the choice for execution. If there are parameter markers in the invocation, there
might be more than one best fit. DB2 issues an error if there is more than one
best fit.
For an unqualified function invocation, DB2 might find multiple best fits because
the same function name with the same input parameters can exist in different
schemas, or because there are parameter markers in the invocation.
3. If two or more candidates fit the unqualified function invocation equally well
because the same function name with the same input parameters exists in
different schemas, DB2 chooses the user-defined function whose schema name
is earliest in the SQL path.
For example, suppose functions SCHEMA1.X and SCHEMA2.X fit a function
invocation equally well. Assume that the SQL path is:
"SCHEMA2", "SYSPROC", "SYSIBM", "SCHEMA1", "SYSFUN"
Then DB2 chooses function SCHEMA2.X.

If two or more candidates fit the unqualified function invocation equally well
because the function invocation contains parameter markers, DB2 issues an
error.
The remainder of this section discusses details of the function resolution process
and gives suggestions on how you can ensure that DB2 picks the right function.
How DB2 chooses candidate functions

An instance of a user-defined function is a candidate for execution only if it meets
all of the following criteria:
v If the function name is qualified in the invocation, the schema of the function
instance matches the schema in the function invocation.
If the function name is unqualified in the invocation, the schema of the function
instance matches a schema in the invoker’s SQL path.
v The name of the function instance matches the name in the function invocation.
v The number of input parameters in the function instance matches the number of
input parameters in the function invocation.
v The function invoker is authorized to execute the function instance.
v The type of each of the input parameters in the function invocation matches or is
promotable to the type of the corresponding parameter in the function instance.
If an input parameter in the function invocation is an untyped parameter marker,
DB2 considers that parameter to be a match or promotable.
For a function invocation that passes a transition table, the data type, length,
precision, and scale of each column in the transition table must match exactly the
data type, length, precision, and scale of each column of the table that is named
in the function instance definition. For information about transition tables, see
Chapter 12, “Using triggers for active data,” on page 261.
v The create timestamp for a user-defined function must be older than the BIND or
REBIND timestamp for the package or plan in which the user-defined function is
invoked.
If DB2 authorization checking is in effect, and DB2 performs an automatic rebind
on a plan or package that contains a user-defined function invocation, any
user-defined functions that were created after the original BIND or REBIND of the
invoking plan or package are not candidates for execution.
If you use an access control authorization exit routine, some user-defined
functions that were not candidates for execution before the original BIND or
REBIND of the invoking plan or package might become candidates for execution
during the automatic rebind of the invoking plan or package. See Appendix B
(Volume 2) of DB2 Administration Guide for information about function resolution
with access control authorization exit routines.
If a user-defined function is invoked during an automatic rebind, and that
user-defined function is invoked from a trigger body and receives a transition
table, then the form of the invoked function that DB2 uses for function selection
includes only the columns of the transition table that existed at the time of the
original BIND or REBIND of the package or plan for the invoking program.
During an automatic rebind, DB2 does not consider built-in functions for function
resolution if those built-in functions were introduced in a later release of DB2
than the release in which the BIND or REBIND of the invoking plan or package
occurred.
When you explicitly bind or rebind a plan or package, the plan or package
receives a release dependency marker. When DB2 performs an automatic rebind
of a query that contains a function invocation, a built-in function is a candidate for
function resolution only if the release dependency marker of the built-in function
is the same as or lower than the release dependency marker of the plan or
package that contains the function invocation.
To determine whether a data type is promotable to another data type, see Table 42.
The first column lists data types in function invocations. The second column lists
data types to which the types in the first column can be promoted, in order from
best fit to worst fit. For example, suppose that in this statement, the data type of A
is SMALLINT:
SELECT USER1.ADDTWO(A) FROM TABLEA;
Two instances of USER1.ADDTWO are defined: one with an input parameter of

type INTEGER and one with an input parameter of type DECIMAL. Both function
instances are candidates for execution because the SMALLINT type is promotable
to either INTEGER or DECIMAL. However, the instance with the INTEGER type is a
better fit because INTEGER is higher in the list than DECIMAL.
Table 42. Promotion of data types
Data type in function invocation Possible fits (in best-to-worst order)
SMALLINT SMALLINT
INTEGER
DECIMAL
REAL
DOUBLE
INTEGER INTEGER
DECIMAL
REAL
DOUBLE
DECIMAL DECIMAL
REAL
DOUBLE
REAL2 REAL
DOUBLE
DOUBLE3 DOUBLE
CHAR or GRAPHIC CHAR or GRAPHIC
VARCHAR or VARGRAPHIC
CLOB or DBCLOB
VARCHAR or VARGRAPHIC VARCHAR or VARGRAPHIC
CLOB or DBCLOB
CLOB or DBCLOB1 CLOB or DBCLOB
1
BLOB BLOB
DATE DATE
TIME TIME
TIMESTAMP TIMESTAMP
ROWID ROWID
Distinct type Distinct type with same name
Notes:
1. This promotion also applies if the parameter type in the invocation is a LOB locator for a
LOB with this data type.
2. The FLOAT type with a length of less than 22 is equivalent to REAL.
3. The FLOAT type with a length of greater than or equal to 22 is equivalent to DOUBLE.

How DB2 chooses the best fit among candidate functions
More than one function instance might be a candidate for execution. In that case,
DB2 determines which function instances are the best fit for the invocation by
comparing parameter data types.
If the data types of all parameters in a function instance are the same as those in
the function invocation, that function instance is a best fit. If no exact match exists,
DB2 compares data types in the parameter lists from left to right, using this method:
1. DB2 compares the data types of the first parameter in the function invocation to
the data type of the first parameter in each function instance.
If the first parameter in the invocation is an untyped parameter marker, DB2
does not do the comparison.
2. For the first parameter, if one function instance has a data type that fits the
function invocation better than the data types in the other instances, that
function is a best fit. Table 42 on page 341 shows the possible fits for each data
type, in best-to-worst order.
3. If the data types of the first parameter are the same for all function instances, or
if the first parameter in the function invocation is an untyped parameter marker,
DB2 repeats this process for the next parameter. DB2 continues this process for
each parameter until it finds a best fit.
Example of function resolution: Suppose that a program contains the following

statement:
SELECT FUNC(VCHARCOL,SMINTCOL,DECCOL) FROM T1;
In user-defined function FUNC, VCHARCOL has data type VARCHAR, SMINTCOL

has data type SMALLINT, and DECCOL has data type DECIMAL. Also suppose that
two function instances with the following definitions meet the criteria in “How DB2
chooses candidate functions” on page 340 and are therefore candidates for
execution.
Candidate 1:
CREATE FUNCTION FUNC(VARCHAR(20),INTEGER,DOUBLE)
EXTERNAL NAME ’FUNC1’
LANGUAGE COBOL;
Candidate 2:
CREATE FUNCTION FUNC(VARCHAR(20),REAL,DOUBLE)
EXTERNAL NAME ’FUNC2’
LANGUAGE COBOL;
DB2 compares the data type of the first parameter in the user-defined function
invocation to the data types of the first parameters in the candidate functions.
Because the first parameter in the invocation has data type VARCHAR, and both
candidate functions also have data type VARCHAR, DB2 cannot determine the
better candidate based on the first parameter. Therefore, DB2 compares the data
types of the second parameters.
The data type of the second parameter in the invocation is SMALLINT. INTEGER,
which is the data type of candidate 1, is a better fit to SMALLINT than REAL, which
is the data type of candidate 2. Therefore, candidate 1 is the DB2 choice for
execution.

How you can simplify function resolution
When you use the following techniques, you can simplify function resolution:
v When you invoke a function, use the qualified name. This causes DB2 to search
for functions only in the schema you specify. This has two advantages:
– DB2 is less likely to choose a function that you did not intend to use. Several
functions might fit the invocation equally well. DB2 picks the function whose
schema name is earliest in the SQL path, which might not be the function you
want.
– The number of candidate functions is smaller, so DB2 takes less time for
function resolution.
v Cast parameters in a user-defined function invocation to the types in the
user-defined function definition. For example, if an input parameter for
user-defined function FUNC is defined as DECIMAL(13,2), and the value you
want to pass to the user-defined function is an integer value, cast the integer
value to DECIMAL(13,2):
SELECT FUNC(CAST (INTCOL AS DECIMAL(13,2))) FROM T1;
v Avoid defining user-defined function numeric parameters as SMALLINT or REAL.
Use INTEGER or DOUBLE instead. An invocation of a user-defined function
defined with parameters of type SMALLINT or REAL must use parameters of the
same types. For example, if user-defined function FUNC is defined with a
parameter of type SMALLINT, only an invocation with a parameter of type
SMALLINT resolves correctly. An invocation like this does not resolve to FUNC
because the constant 123 is of type INTEGER, not SMALLINT:
SELECT FUNC(123) FROM T1;
v Avoid defining user-defined function string parameters with fixed-length string
types. If you define a parameter with a fixed-length string type (CHAR or
GRAPHIC), you can invoke the user-defined function only with a fixed-length
string parameter. However, if you define the parameter with a varying-length
string type (VARCHAR or VARGRAPHIC), you can invoke the user-defined
function with either a fixed-length string parameter or a varying-length string
parameter.
If you must define parameters for a user-defined function as CHAR, and you call
the user-defined function from a C program or SQL procedure, you need to cast
the corresponding parameter values in the user-defined function invocation to
CHAR to ensure that DB2 invokes the correct function. For example, suppose
that a C program calls user-defined function CVRTNUM, which takes one input
parameter of type CHAR(6). Also suppose that you declare host variable
empnumbr as char empnumbr[6]. When you invoke CVRTNUM, cast empnumbr
to CHAR:
UPDATE EMP
SET EMPNO=CVRTNUM(CHAR(:empnumbr))
WHERE EMPNO = :empnumbr;
Using DSN_FUNCTION_TABLE to see how DB2 resolves a

function
You can use the DB2 EXPLAIN tool to obtain information about how DB2 resolves
functions. DB2 stores the information in a table called DSN_FUNCTION_TABLE,
which you create. DB2 puts a row in DSN_FUNCTION_TABLE for each function
that is referenced in an SQL statement when one of the following events occurs:
v You execute the SQL EXPLAIN statement on an SQL statement that contains
user-defined function invocations.
v You run a program whose plan is bound with EXPLAIN(YES), and the program
executes an SQL statement that contains user-defined function invocations.

| Before you use EXPLAIN to obtain information about function resolution, create
| DSN_FUNCTION_TABLE. The table definition looks like this:
| CREATE TABLE DSN_FUNCTION_TABLE
| (QUERYNO INTEGER NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,
| QBLOCKNO INTEGER NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,
| APPLNAME CHAR(8) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,
| PROGNAME VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,
| COLLID VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,
| GROUP_MEMBER CHAR(8) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,
| EXPLAIN_TIME TIMESTAMP NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,
| SCHEMA_NAME VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,
| FUNCTION_NAME VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,
| SPEC_FUNC_NAME VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,
| FUNCTION_TYPE CHAR(2) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,
| VIEW_CREATOR VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,
| VIEW_NAME VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,
| PATH VARCHAR(2048) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,
| FUNCTION_TEXT VARCHAR(1500) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT);
Columns QUERYNO, QBLOCKNO, APPLNAME, PROGNAME, COLLID, and

GROUP_MEMBER have the same meanings as in the PLAN_TABLE. See
Chapter 27, “Using EXPLAIN to improve SQL performance,” on page 727 for
explanations of those columns. The meanings of the other columns are:
EXPLAIN_TIME
Timestamp when the EXPLAIN statement was executed.
SCHEMA_NAME
Schema name of the function that is invoked in the explained statement.
FUNCTION_NAME
Name of the function that is invoked in the explained statement.
SPEC_FUNC_NAME
Specific name of the function that is invoked in the explained statement.
FUNCTION_TYPE
The type of function that is invoked in the explained statement. Possible values
are:
SU Scalar function
TU Table function
VIEW_CREATOR
The creator of the view, if the function that is specified in the
FUNCTION_NAME column is referenced in a view definition. Otherwise, this
field is blank.
VIEW_NAME
The name of the view, if the function that is specified in the FUNCTION_NAME
column is referenced in a view definition. Otherwise, this field is blank.
PATH
The value of the SQL path when DB2 resolved the function reference.
FUNCTION_TEXT
The text of the function reference (the function name and parameters). If the
function reference exceeds 1500 bytes, this column contains the first 1500
bytes.
For a function specified in infix notation, FUNCTION_TEXT contains only the
function name. For example, suppose a user-defined function named / is in the
function reference A/B. Then FUNCTION_TEXT contains only /, not A/B.

Casting of user-defined function arguments
Whenever you invoke a user-defined function, DB2 assigns your input parameter
values to parameters with the data types and lengths in the user-defined function
definition. See Chapter 2 of DB2 SQL Reference for information about how DB2
assigns values when the data types of the source and target differ.
When you invoke a user-defined function that is sourced on another function, DB2
casts your parameters to the data types and lengths of the sourced function.
The following example demonstrates what happens when the parameter definitions
of a sourced function differ from those of the function on which it is sourced.
Suppose that external user-defined function TAXFN1 is defined like this:

CREATE FUNCTION TAXFN1(DEC(6,0))
RETURNS DEC(5,2)
LANGUAGE C
EXTERNAL NAME TAXPROG;
Sourced user-defined function TAXFN2, which is sourced on TAXFN1, is defined

like this:
CREATE FUNCTION TAXFN2(DEC(8,2))
RETURNS DEC(5,0)
SOURCE TAXFN1;
You invoke TAXFN2 using this SQL statement:

UPDATE TB1
SET SALESTAX2 = TAXFN2(PRICE2);
TB1 is defined like this:

CREATE TABLE TB1
(PRICE1 DEC(6,0),
SALESTAX1 DEC(5,2),
PRICE2 DEC(9,2),
SALESTAX2 DEC(7,2));
Now suppose that PRICE2 has the DECIMAL(9,2) value 0001234.56. DB2 must
first assign this value to the data type of the input parameter in the definition of
TAXFN2, which is DECIMAL(8,2). The input parameter value then becomes
001234.56. Next, DB2 casts the parameter value to a source function parameter,
which is DECIMAL(6,0). The parameter value then becomes 001234. (When you
cast a value, that value is truncated, rather than rounded.)
Now, if TAXFN1 returns the DECIMAL(5,2) value 123.45, DB2 casts the value to
DECIMAL(5,0), which is the result type for TAXFN2, and the value becomes 00123.
This is the value that DB2 assigns to column SALESTAX2 in the UPDATE
statement.
Casting of parameter markers: You can use untyped parameter markers in a

function invocation. However, DB2 cannot compare the data types of untyped
parameter markers to the data types of candidate functions. Therefore, DB2 might
find more than one function that qualifies for invocation. If this happens, an SQL
error occurs. To ensure that DB2 picks the right function to execute, cast the
parameter markers in your function invocation to the data types of the parameters
in the function that you want to execute. For example, suppose that two versions of
function FX exist. One version of FX is defined with a parameter of type of
DECIMAL(9,2), and the other is defined with a parameter of type INTEGER. You

want to invoke FX with a parameter marker, and you want DB2 to execute the
version of FX that has a DECIMAL(9,2) parameter. You need to cast the parameter
marker to a DECIMAL(9,2) type:
SELECT FX(CAST(? AS DECIMAL(9,2))) FROM T1;
What happens when a user-defined function abnormally terminates

If an external user-defined function abnormally terminates:
| v Your program receives SQLCODE -430 for the invoking statement.
| v DB2 places the unit of work that contains the invoking statement in a
| must-rollback state.
| v DB2 stops the user-defined function, and subsequent calls fail, in either of the
| following situations:
| – The number of abnormal terminations equals the STOP AFTER n FAILURES
| value for the user-defined function.
| – If the STOP AFTER n FAILURES option is not specified, the number of
| abnormal terminations equals the default MAX ABEND COUNT value for the
| subsystem.
You should include code in your program to check for a user-defined function abend
and to roll back the unit of work that contains the user-defined function invocation.
Nesting SQL Statements

An SQL statement can explicitly invoke user-defined functions or stored procedures
or can implicitly activate triggers that invoke user-defined functions or stored
procedures. This is known as nesting of SQL statements. DB2 supports up to 16
levels of nesting. Figure 134 shows an example of SQL statement nesting.
Trigger TR1 is defined on table T3:

CREATE TRIGGER TR1
AFTER UPDATE ON T3
BEGIN ATOMIC
CALL SP3(PARM1);
END
Program P1 (nesting level 1) contains:
SELECT UDF1(C1) FROM T1;
UDF1 (nesting level 2) contains:
CALL SP2(C2);
SP2 (nesting level 3) contains:
UPDATE T3 SET C3=1;
SP3 (nesting level 4) contains:
. SELECT UDF4(C4) FROM T4;
.
.
SP16 (nesting level 16) cannot invoke stored procedures
or user-defined functions
Figure 134. Nested SQL statements
DB2 has the following restrictions on nested SQL statements:

v Restrictions for SELECT statements:
When you execute a SELECT statement on a table, you cannot execute INSERT,
UPDATE, or DELETE statements on the same table at a lower level of nesting.
For example, suppose that you execute this SQL statement at level 1 of nesting:
SELECT UDF1(C1) FROM T1;

You cannot execute this SQL statement at a lower level of nesting:
INSERT INTO T1 VALUES(...);
v Restrictions for INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE Statements:
When you execute an INSERT, DELETE, or UPDATE statement on a table, you
cannot access that table from a user-defined function or stored procedure that is
at a lower level of nesting.
For example, suppose that you execute this SQL statement at level 1 of nesting:
DELETE FROM T1 WHERE UDF3(T1.C1) = 3;
You cannot execute this SELECT statement at a lower level of nesting:

SELECT * FROM T1;
Although trigger activations count in the levels of SQL statement nesting, the
previous restrictions on SQL statements do not apply to SQL statements that are
executed in the trigger body. For example, suppose that trigger TR1 is defined on
table T1:
CREATE TRIGGER TR1
AFTER INSERT ON T1
BEGIN ATOMIC
UPDATE T1 SET C1=1;
END
Now suppose that you execute this SQL statement at level 1 of nesting:
INSERT INTO T1 VALUES(...);
Although the UPDATE statement in the trigger body is at level 2 of nesting and
modifies the same table that the triggering statement updates, DB2 can execute the
INSERT statement successfully.
Recommendations for user-defined function invocation

Invoke user-defined functions with external actions and nondeterministic
user-defined functions from select lists: Invoking user-defined functions with
external action from a select list and nondeterministic user-defined functions from a
select list is preferred to invoking these user-defined functions from a predicate.
The access path that DB2 chooses for a predicate determines whether a
user-defined function in that predicate is executed. To ensure that DB2 executes the
external action for each row of the result set, put the user-defined function
invocation in the SELECT list.
Invoking a nondeterministic user-defined function from a predicate can yield

undesirable results. The following example demonstrates this idea.
Suppose that you execute this query:

SELECT COUNTER(), C1, C2 FROM T1 WHERE COUNTER() = 2;
Table T1 looks like this:

C1 C2
-- --
1 b
2 c
3 a

COUNTER is a user-defined function that increments a variable in the scratchpad
each time it is invoked.
DB2 invokes an instance of COUNTER in the predicate 3 times. Assume that

COUNTER is invoked for row 1 first, for row 2 second, and for row 3 third. Then
COUNTER returns 1 for row 1, 2 for row 2, and 3 for row 3. Therefore, row 2
satisfies the predicate WHERE COUNTER()=2, so DB2 evaluates the SELECT list
for row 2. DB2 uses a different instance of COUNTER in the select list from the
instance in the predicate. Because the instance of COUNTER in the select list is
invoked only once, it returns a value of 1. Therefore, the result of the query is:
COUNTER() C1 C2
--------- -- --
1 2 c
This is not the result you might expect.
The results can differ even more, depending on the order in which DB2 retrieves
the rows from the table. Suppose that an ascending index is defined on column C2.
Then DB2 retrieves row 3 first, row 1 second, and row 2 third. This means that row
1 satisfies the predicate WHERE COUNTER()=2. The value of COUNTER in the
select list is again 1, so the result of the query in this case is:
COUNTER() C1 C2
--------- -- --
1 1 b
Understand the interaction between scrollable cursors and nondeterministic

user-defined functions or user-defined functions with external actions: When
you use a scrollable cursor, you might retrieve the same row multiple times while
the cursor is open. If the select list of the cursor’s SELECT statement contains a
user-defined function, that user-defined function is executed each time you retrieve
a row. Therefore, if the user-defined function has an external action, and you
retrieve the same row multiple times, the external action is executed multiple times
for that row.
A similar situation occurs with scrollable cursors and nondeterministic functions. The
result of a nondeterministic user-defined function can be different each time you
execute the user-defined function. If the select list of a scrollable cursor contains a
nondeterministic user-defined function, and you use that cursor to retrieve the same
row multiple times, the results can differ each time you retrieve the row.
A nondeterministic user-defined function in the predicate of a scrollable cursor’s

SELECT statement does not change the result of the predicate while the cursor is
open. DB2 evaluates a user-defined function in the predicate only once while the
cursor is open.

Chapter 16. Creating and using distinct types
A distinct type is a data type that you define using the CREATE DISTINCT TYPE
statement. Each distinct type has the same internal representation as a built-in data
type. You can use distinct types in the same way that you use built-in data types, in
any type of SQL application except for a DB2 private protocol application.
This chapter presents the following information about distinct types:

v “Introduction to distinct types”
v “Using distinct types in application programs” on page 350
v “Combining distinct types with user-defined functions and LOBs” on page 354
Introduction to distinct types

Suppose you want to define some audio and video data in a DB2 table. You can
define columns for both types of data as BLOB, but you might want to use a data
type that more specifically describes the data. To do that, define distinct types. You
can then use those types when you define columns in a table or manipulate the
data in those columns. For example, you can define distinct types for the audio and
video data like this:
CREATE DISTINCT TYPE AUDIO AS BLOB (1M);
CREATE DISTINCT TYPE VIDEO AS BLOB (1M);
Then, your CREATE TABLE statement might look like this:

CREATE TABLE VIDEO_CATALOG;
(VIDEO_NUMBER CHAR(6) NOT NULL,
VIDEO_SOUND AUDIO,
VIDEO_PICS VIDEO,
ROW_ID ROWID NOT NULL GENERATED ALWAYS);
For more information on LOB data, see Chapter 14, “Programming for large objects
(LOBs),” on page 281.
After you define distinct types and columns of those types, you can use those data
types in the same way you use built-in types. You can use the data types in
assignments, comparisons, function invocations, and stored procedure calls.
However, when you assign one column value to another or compare two column
values, those values must be of the same distinct type. For example, you must
assign a column value of type VIDEO to a column of type VIDEO, and you can
compare a column value of type AUDIO only to a column of type AUDIO. When you
assign a host variable value to a column with a distinct type, you can use any host
data type that is compatible with the source data type of the distinct type. For
example, to receive an AUDIO or VIDEO value, you can define a host variable like
this:
SQL TYPE IS BLOB (1M) HVAV;
When you use a distinct type as an argument to a function, a version of that

function that accepts that distinct type must exist. For example, if function SIZE
takes a BLOB type as input, you cannot automatically use a value of type AUDIO
as input. However, you can create a sourced user-defined function that takes the
AUDIO type as input. For example:
CREATE FUNCTION SIZE(AUDIO)
RETURNS INTEGER
SOURCE SIZE(BLOB(1M));

Using distinct types in application programs
The main reason to use distinct types is because DB2 enforces strong typing for
distinct types. Strong typing ensures that only functions, procedures, comparisons,
and assignments that are defined for a data type can be used.
For example, if you have defined a user-defined function to convert U.S. dollars to
euro currency, you do not want anyone to use this same user-defined function to
convert Japanese Yen to euros because the U.S. dollars to euros function returns
the wrong amount. Suppose you define three distinct types:
| CREATE DISTINCT TYPE US_DOLLAR AS DECIMAL(9,2);
| CREATE DISTINCT TYPE EURO AS DECIMAL(9,2);
| CREATE DISTINCT TYPE JAPANESE_YEN AS DECIMAL(9,2);
If a conversion function is defined that takes an input parameter of type

US_DOLLAR as input, DB2 returns an error if you try to execute the function with
an input parameter of type JAPANESE_YEN.
Comparing distinct types

The basic rule for comparisons is that the data types of the operands must be
compatible. The compatibility rule defines, for example, that all numeric types
(SMALLINT, INTEGER, FLOAT, and DECIMAL) are compatible. That is, you can
compare an INTEGER value with a value of type FLOAT. However, you cannot
compare an object of a distinct type to an object of a different type. You can
compare an object with a distinct type only to an object with exactly the same
distinct type.
DB2 does not let you compare data of a distinct type directly to data of its source
type. However, you can compare a distinct type to its source type by using a cast
function.
For example, suppose you want to know which products sold more than
$100 000.00 in the US in the month of July in 2003 (7/03). Because you cannot
compare data of type US_DOLLAR with instances of data of the source type of
US_DOLLAR (DECIMAL) directly, you must use a cast function to cast data from
DECIMAL to US_DOLLAR or from US_DOLLAR to DECIMAL. Whenever you
create a distinct type, DB2 creates two cast functions, one to cast from the source
type to the distinct type and the other to cast from the distinct type to the source
type. For distinct type US_DOLLAR, DB2 creates a cast function called DECIMAL
and a cast function called US_DOLLAR. When you compare an object of type
US_DOLLAR to an object of type DECIMAL, you can use one of those cast
functions to make the data types identical for the comparison. Suppose table
US_SALES is defined like this:
CREATE TABLE US_SALES
(PRODUCT_ITEM INTEGER,
MONTH INTEGER CHECK (MONTH BETWEEN 1 AND 12),
YEAR INTEGER CHECK (YEAR > 1990),
TOTAL US_DOLLAR);
Then you can cast DECIMAL data to US_DOLLAR like this:

SELECT PRODUCT_ITEM
FROM US_SALES
WHERE TOTAL > US_DOLLAR(100000.00)
AND MONTH = 7
AND YEAR = 2003;
The casting satisfies the requirement that the compared data types are identical.
You cannot use host variables in statements that you prepare for dynamic
execution. As explained in “Using parameter markers with PREPARE and
EXECUTE” on page 548, you can substitute parameter markers for host variables
when you prepare a statement, and then use host variables when you execute the
statement.
If you use a parameter marker in a predicate of a query, and the column to which
you compare the value represented by the parameter marker is of a distinct type,
you must cast the parameter marker to the distinct type, or cast the column to its
source type.
For example, suppose that distinct type CNUM is defined like this:
| CREATE DISTINCT TYPE CNUM AS INTEGER;
Table CUSTOMER is defined like this:

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER
(CUST_NUM CNUM NOT NULL,
FIRST_NAME CHAR(30) NOT NULL,
LAST_NAME CHAR(30) NOT NULL,
PHONE_NUM CHAR(20) WITH DEFAULT,
PRIMARY KEY (CUST_NUM));
In an application program, you prepare a SELECT statement that compares the

CUST_NUM column to a parameter marker. Because CUST_NUM is of a distinct
type, you must cast the distinct type to its source type:
SELECT FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, PHONE_NUM FROM CUSTOMER
WHERE CAST(CUST_NUM AS INTEGER) = ?
Alternatively, you can cast the parameter marker to the distinct type:
SELECT FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, PHONE_NUM FROM CUSTOMER
WHERE CUST_NUM = CAST (? AS CNUM)
Assigning distinct types

For assignments from columns to columns or from constants to columns of distinct
types, the type of that value to be assigned must match the type of the object to
which the value is assigned, or you must be able to cast one type to the other.
If you need to assign a value of one distinct type to a column of another distinct
type, a function must exist that converts the value from one type to another.
Because DB2 provides cast functions only between distinct types and their source
types, you must write the function to convert from one distinct type to another.
Assigning column values to columns with different distinct types

Suppose tables JAPAN_SALES and JAPAN_SALES_03 are defined like this:
CREATE TABLE JAPAN_SALES
MONTH INTEGER CHECK (MONTH BETWEEN 1 AND 12),
YEAR INTEGER CHECK (YEAR > 1990),
TOTAL JAPANESE_YEN);
CREATE TABLE JAPAN_SALES_03

TOTAL US_DOLLAR);
You need to insert values from the TOTAL column in JAPAN_SALES into the
TOTAL column of JAPAN_SALES_03. Because INSERT statements follow
assignment rules, DB2 does not let you insert the values directly from one column
Chapter 16. Creating and using distinct types 351

to the other because the columns are of different distinct types. Suppose that a
user-defined function called US_DOLLAR has been written that accepts values of
type JAPANESE_YEN as input and returns values of type US_DOLLAR. You can
then use this function to insert values into the JAPAN_SALES_03 table:
INSERT INTO JAPAN_SALES_03
SELECT PRODUCT_ITEM, US_DOLLAR(TOTAL)
FROM JAPAN_SALES
WHERE YEAR = 2003;
Assigning column values with distinct types to host variables

The rules for assigning distinct types to host variables or host variables to columns
of distinct types differ from the rules for constants and columns.
You can assign a column value of a distinct type to a host variable if you can assign
a column value of the distinct type’s source type to the host variable. In the
following example, you can assign SIZECOL1 and SIZECOL2, which has distinct
type SIZE, to host variables of type double and short because the source type of
SIZE, which is INTEGER, can be assigned to host variables of type double or short.
double hv1;
short hv2;
CREATE DISTINCT TYPE SIZE AS INTEGER;
CREATE
. TABLE TABLE1 (SIZECOL1 SIZE, SIZECOL2 SIZE);
.
.
SELECT SIZECOL1, SIZECOL2
INTO :hv1, :hv2
FROM TABLE1;
Assigning host variable values to columns with distinct types

When you assign a value in a host variable to a column with a distinct type, the
type of the host variable must be able to cast to the distinct type. For a table of
base data types and the base data types to which they can be cast, see Table 42
on page 341.
In this example, values of host variable hv2 can be assigned to columns SIZECOL1
and SIZECOL2, because C data type short is equivalent to DB2 data type
SMALIINT, and SMALLINT is promotable to data type INTEGER. However, values
of hv1 cannot be assigned to SIZECOL1 and SIZECOL2, because C data type
double, which is equivalent to DB2 data type DOUBLE, is not promotable to data
type INTEGER.
double hv1;
short hv2;
CREATE DISTINCT TYPE SIZE AS INTEGER;
CREATE
. TABLE TABLE1 (SIZECOL1 SIZE, SIZECOL2 SIZE);
.
.
INSERT INTO TABLE1
VALUES (:hv1,:hv1); /* Invalid statement */
INSERT INTO TABLE1
VALUES (:hv2,:hv2); /* Valid statement */
Using distinct types in UNIONs

As with comparisons, DB2 enforces strong typing of distinct types in UNIONs.
When you use a UNION to combine column values from several tables, the
combined columns must be of the same types. For example, suppose you create a
view that combines the values of the US_SALES, EUROPEAN_SALES, and

JAPAN_SALES tables. The TOTAL columns in the three tables are of different
distinct types, so before you combine the table values, you must convert the types
of two of the TOTAL columns to the type of the third TOTAL column. Assume that
the US_DOLLAR type has been chosen as the common distinct type. Because DB2
does not generate cast functions to convert from one distinct type to another, two
user-defined functions must exist:
v A function that converts values of type EURO to US_DOLLAR
v A function that converts values of type JAPANESE_YEN to US_DOLLAR
Assume that these functions exist, and that both are called US_DOLLAR. Then you
can execute a query like this to display a table of combined sales:
SELECT PRODUCT_ITEM, MONTH, YEAR, TOTAL
FROM US_SALES
UNION
SELECT PRODUCT_ITEM, MONTH, YEAR, US_DOLLAR(TOTAL)
FROM EUROPEAN_SALES
UNION
SELECT PRODUCT_ITEM, MONTH, YEAR, US_DOLLAR(TOTAL)
FROM JAPAN_SALES;
Because the result type of both US_DOLLAR functions is US_DOLLAR, you have
satisfied the requirement that the distinct types of the combined columns are the
same.
Invoking functions with distinct types

DB2 enforces strong typing when you pass arguments to a function. This means
that:
v You can pass arguments that have distinct types to a function if either of the
following conditions is true:
– A version of the function that accepts those distinct types is defined.
This also applies to infix operators. If you want to use one of the five built-in
infix operators (||, /, *, +, -) with your distinct types, you must define a version
of that operator that accepts the distinct types.
– You can cast your distinct types to the argument types of the function.
v If you pass arguments to a function that accepts only distinct types, the
arguments you pass must have the same distinct types as in the function
definition. If the types are different, you must cast your arguments to the distinct
types in the function definition.
If you pass constants or host variables to a function that accepts only distinct
types, you must cast the constants or host variables to the distinct types that the
function accepts.
The following examples demonstrate how to use distinct types as arguments in

function invocations.
Example: Defining a function with distinct types as arguments: Suppose that

you want to invoke the built-in function HOUR with a distinct type that is defined like
this:
| CREATE DISTINCT TYPE FLIGHT_TIME AS TIME;
The HOUR function takes only the TIME or TIMESTAMP data type as an argument,
so you need a sourced function that is based on the HOUR function that accepts
the FLIGHT_TIME data type. You might declare a function like this:

CREATE FUNCTION HOUR(FLIGHT_TIME)
RETURNS INTEGER
SOURCE SYSIBM.HOUR(TIME);
Example: Casting function arguments to acceptable types: Another way you

can invoke the HOUR function is to cast the argument of type FLIGHT_TIME to the
TIME data type before you invoke the HOUR function. Suppose table
FLIGHT_INFO contains column DEPARTURE_TIME, which has data type
FLIGHT_TIME, and you want to use the HOUR function to extract the hour of
departure from the departure time. You can cast DEPARTURE_TIME to the TIME
data type, and then invoke the HOUR function:
SELECT HOUR(CAST(DEPARTURE_TIME AS TIME)) FROM FLIGHT_INFO;
Example: Using an infix operator with distinct type arguments: Suppose you
want to add two values of type US_DOLLAR. Before you can do this, you must
define a version of the + function that accepts values of type US_DOLLAR as
operands:
CREATE FUNCTION "+"(US_DOLLAR,US_DOLLAR)
RETURNS US_DOLLAR
SOURCE SYSIBM."+"(DECIMAL(9,2),DECIMAL(9,2));
Because the US_DOLLAR type is based on the DECIMAL(9,2) type, the source
function must be the version of + with arguments of type DECIMAL(9,2).
Example: Casting constants and host variables to distinct types to invoke a

user-defined function: Suppose function CDN_TO_US is defined like this:
CREATE FUNCTION EURO_TO_US(EURO)
RETURNS US_DOLLAR
EXTERNAL NAME ’CDNCVT’
LANGUAGE C;
This means that EURO_TO_US accepts only the EURO type as input. Therefore, if
you want to call CDN_TO_US with a constant or host variable argument, you must
cast that argument to distinct type EURO:
SELECT * FROM US_SALES
WHERE TOTAL = EURO_TO_US(EURO(:H1));
SELECT * FROM US_SALES
WHERE TOTAL = EURO_TO_US(EURO(10000));
Combining distinct types with user-defined functions and LOBs

The example in this section demonstrates the following concepts:
v Creating a distinct type based on a LOB data type
v Defining a user-defined function with a distinct type as an argument
v Creating a table with a distinct type column that is based on a LOB type
v Defining a LOB table space, auxiliary table, and auxiliary index
v Inserting data from a host variable into a distinct type column based on a LOB
column
v Executing a query that contains a user-defined function invocation
v Casting a LOB locator to the input data type of a user-defined function
Suppose that you keep electronic mail documents that are sent to your company in
a DB2 table. The DB2 data type of an electronic mail document is a CLOB, but you
define it as a distinct type so that you can control the types of operations that are
performed on the electronic mail. The distinct type is defined like this:
CREATE DISTINCT TYPE E_MAIL AS CLOB(5M);

You have also defined and written user-defined functions to search for and return
the following information about an electronic mail document:
v Subject
v Sender
v Date sent
v Message content
v Indicator of whether the document contains a user-specified string
The user-defined function definitions look like this:
CREATE FUNCTION SUBJECT(E_MAIL)
RETURNS VARCHAR(200)
EXTERNAL NAME ’SUBJECT’
LANGUAGE C
NO SQL
DETERMINISTIC
NO EXTERNAL ACTION;
CREATE FUNCTION SENDER(E_MAIL)
RETURNS VARCHAR(200)
EXTERNAL NAME ’SENDER’
LANGUAGE C
NO SQL
DETERMINISTIC
NO EXTERNAL ACTION;
CREATE FUNCTION SENDING_DATE(E_MAIL)
RETURNS DATE
EXTERNAL NAME ’SENDDATE’
LANGUAGE C
NO SQL
DETERMINISTIC
NO EXTERNAL ACTION;
CREATE FUNCTION CONTENTS(E_MAIL)
RETURNS CLOB(1M)
EXTERNAL NAME ’CONTENTS’
LANGUAGE C
NO SQL
DETERMINISTIC
NO EXTERNAL ACTION;
CREATE FUNCTION CONTAINS(E_MAIL, VARCHAR (200))
RETURNS INTEGER
EXTERNAL NAME ’CONTAINS’
LANGUAGE C
NO SQL
DETERMINISTIC
NO EXTERNAL ACTION;
The table that contains the electronic mail documents is defined like this:
CREATE TABLE DOCUMENTS
(LAST_UPDATE_TIME TIMESTAMP,
DOC_ROWID ROWID NOT NULL GENERATED ALWAYS,
A_DOCUMENT E_MAIL);
Because the table contains a column with a source data type of CLOB, the table
requires an associated LOB table space, auxiliary table, and index on the auxiliary
table. Use statements like this to define the LOB table space, the auxiliary table,
and the index:

CREATE LOB TABLESPACE DOCTSLOB
LOG YES
GBPCACHE SYSTEM;
CREATE AUX TABLE DOCAUX_TABLE

IN DOCTSLOB
STORES DOCUMENTS COLUMN A_DOCUMENT;
CREATE INDEX A_IX_DOC ON DOCAUX_TABLE;
To populate the document table, you write code that executes an INSERT statement
to put the first part of a document in the table, and then executes multiple UPDATE
statements to concatenate the remaining parts of the document. For example:
char hv_current_time[26];
SQL TYPE IS CLOB (1M) hv_doc;
/* Determine the current time and put this value */
/* into host variable hv_current_time. */
/* Read up to 1 MB of document data from a file */
/*
. into host variable hv_doc. */
.
.
/* Insert the time value and the first 1 MB of */
/* document data into the table. */
EXEC SQL INSERT INTO DOCUMENTS
VALUES(:hv_current_time, DEFAULT, E_MAIL(:hv_doc));
/* Although there is more document data in the */

/* file, read up to 1 MB more of data, and then */
/* use an UPDATE statement like this one to */
/* concatenate the data in the host variable */
/* to the existing data in the table. */
EXEC SQL UPDATE DOCUMENTS
SET A_DOCUMENT = A_DOCUMENT || E_MAIL(:hv_doc)
WHERE LAST_UPDATE_TIME = :hv_current_time;
Now that the data is in the table, you can execute queries to learn more about the
documents. For example, you can execute this query to determine which
documents contain the word ″performance″:
SELECT SENDER(A_DOCUMENT), SENDING_DATE(A_DOCUMENT),
SUBJECT(A_DOCUMENT)
FROM DOCUMENTS
WHERE CONTAINS(A_DOCUMENT,’performance’) = 1;
Because the electronic mail documents can be very large, you might want to use
LOB locators to manipulate the document data instead of fetching all of a document
into a host variable. You can use a LOB locator on any distinct type that is defined
on one of the LOB types. The following example shows how you can cast a LOB
locator as a distinct type, and then use the result in a user-defined function that
takes a distinct type as an argument:
EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION
long hv_len;
char hv_subject[200];
SQL TYPE IS CLOB_LOCATOR hv_email_locator;
EXEC
. SQL END DECLARE SECTION
.
.
/* Select a document into a CLOB locator. */
EXEC SQL SELECT A_DOCUMENT, SUBJECT(A_DOCUMENT)
INTO :hv_email_locator, :hv_subject
FROM DOCUMENTS
WHERE LAST_UPDATE_TIME = :hv_current_time;

.
.
.
/* Extract the subject from the document. The */
/* SUBJECT function takes an argument of type */
/* E_MAIL, so cast the CLOB locator as E_MAIL. */
EXEC SQL SET :hv_subject =
. SUBJECT(CAST(:hv_email_locator AS E_MAIL));
.
.

Part 4. Designing a DB2 database application
Chapter 17. Planning for DB2 program preparation . . . . . . . . . . 363
Planning to process SQL statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Planning to bind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Deciding how to bind DBRMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Binding with a package list only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Binding all DBRMs to a plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Binding with both DBRMs and a package list . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Advantages of packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Planning for changes to your application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Dropping objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Rebinding a package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Rebinding a plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Rebinding lists of plans and packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Working with trigger packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Automatic rebinding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Chapter 18. Planning for concurrency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

Definitions of concurrency and locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Effects of DB2 locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Timeout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Deadlock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Basic recommendations to promote concurrency . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Recommendations for database design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Recommendations for application design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Aspects of transaction locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
The size of a lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Hierarchy of lock sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
General effects of size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Effects of table spaces of different types . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
The duration of a lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
The mode of a lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Modes of page and row locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Modes of table, partition, and table space locks . . . . . . . . . . 387
Lock mode compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
The object of a lock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Definition and examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Indexes and data-only locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Lock tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Bind options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
The ACQUIRE and RELEASE options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Advantages and disadvantages of the combinations . . . . . . . . . 392
The ISOLATION option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Advantages and disadvantages of the isolation values . . . . . . . . 394
The CURRENTDATA option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
When plan and package options differ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
The effect of WITH HOLD for a cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Isolation overriding with SQL statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
The statement LOCK TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
The purpose of LOCK TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

The effect of LOCK TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Recommendations for using LOCK TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Access paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
LOB locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Relationship between transaction locks and LOB locks . . . . . . . . . 408
Hierarchy of LOB locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
LOB and LOB table space lock modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Modes of LOB locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Modes of LOB table space locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Duration of locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Duration of locks on LOB table spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Duration of LOB locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Instances when locks on LOB table space are not taken . . . . . . . . 411
LOCK TABLE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Chapter 19. Planning for recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

Unit of work in TSO batch and online . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Unit of work in CICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Unit of work in IMS online . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Planning ahead for program recovery: Checkpoint and restart . . . . . . 417
What symbolic checkpoint does . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
What restart does . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
When are checkpoints important? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Checkpoints in MPPs and transaction-oriented BMPs . . . . . . . . . 418
Checkpoints in batch-oriented BMPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Specifying checkpoint frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Unit of work in DL/I batch and IMS batch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Commit and rollback coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Using ROLL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Using ROLB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
In batch programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Restart and recovery in IMS batch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Using savepoints to undo selected changes within a unit of work . . . . . . 421
Chapter 20. Planning to access distributed data . . . . . . . . . . . 423

Introduction to accessing distributed data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Coding for distributed data by two methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Using three-part table names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Using explicit CONNECT statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
| Using a location alias name for multiple sites . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Releasing connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Coding considerations for access methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Preparing programs for DRDA access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
Preparing a package for DRDA access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
Binding a package for DRDA access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Binding a plan for DRDA access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Checking BIND PACKAGE options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Coordinating updates to two or more data sources . . . . . . . . . . . 433
How to have coordinated updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
What you can do without two-phase commit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Miscellaneous topics for distributed data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Improving performance for remote access . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Code efficient queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Maximizing LOB performance in a distributed environment . . . . . . . 436
Use bind options that improve performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
DEFER(PREPARE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

PKLIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
REOPT(ALWAYS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
CURRENTDATA(NO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
KEEPDYNAMIC(YES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
DBPROTOCOL(DRDA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Use block fetch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
When DB2 uses block fetch for non-scrollable cursors . . . . . . . . 441
When DB2 uses block fetch for scrollable cursors . . . . . . . . . 441
Limiting the number of DRDA network transmissions . . . . . . . . . 442
Limiting the number of rows returned to DRDA clients . . . . . . . . . 446
DB2 UDB for z/OS support for the rowset parameter . . . . . . . . . 447
Accessing data with a scrollable cursor when the requester is down-level 447
| down-level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Maintaining data currency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Copying a table from a remote location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Transmitting mixed data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Retrieving data from ASCII or Unicode tables . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Moving from DB2 private protocol access to DRDA access . . . . . . . 449
| Executing long SQL statements in a distributed environment . . . . . . 450
| Including packages or DBRMs at the requester . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Part 4. Designing a DB2 database application 361

Chapter 17. Planning for DB2 program preparation
DB2 application programs include SQL statements. You need to process those SQL
statements, using either the DB2 precompiler or an SQL statement coprocessor that
is provided with a compiler. Either type of SQL statement processor does the
following things:
v Replaces the SQL statements in your source programs with calls to DB2
language interface modules
v Creates a database request module (DBRM), which communicates your SQL
requests to DB2 during the bind process
For specific information about accomplishing the steps in program preparation, see
Chapter 21, “Preparing an application program to run,” on page 453.
Figure 135 on page 364 illustrates the program preparation process when you use
the DB2 precompiler. After you process SQL statements in your source program
| using the DB2 precompiler, you create a load module, possibly one or more
packages, and an application plan. Creating a load module involves compiling the
| modified source code that is produced by the precompiler into an object program,
| and link-editing the object program to create a load module. Creating a package or
an application plan, a process unique to DB2, involves binding one or more
| DBRMs, which are created by the DB2 precompiler, using the BIND PACKAGE or
| BIND PLAN commands.

Figure 135. Program preparation with the DB2 precompiler
Figure 136 on page 365 illustrates the program preparation process when you use
| an SQL statement coprocessor. The process is similar to the process used with the
| DB2 precompiler, except that the SQL statement coprocessor does not create
| modified source for your application program.

Figure 136. Program preparation with an SQL statement coprocessor
Planning to process SQL statements

When you process SQL statements in an application program, you can specify a
number of options. Most of the options do not affect the way you design or code the
program. Those options describe the basic characteristics of the source program or
indicate how you want the output listings to look. For example, there are options
that specify:
v The host language in which the program is written
v The maximum precision of decimal numbers in the program
v How many lines are on a page of the precompiler listing
In many cases, you may want to accept the default value provided.
A few options, however, can affect the way that you write your program. For
example, you need to know if you are using NOFOR or STDSQL(YES) before you
begin coding.
Before you begin writing your program, review the list of options in Table 63 on
page 462. You can specify any of those options whether you use the DB2
precompiler or an SQL statement coprocessor. However, the SQL statement
coprocessor might ignore certain options because there are host language compiler
options that provide the same information.
Chapter 17. Planning for DB2 program preparation 365

Planning to bind
Depending on how you design your DB2 application, you might bind all your
DBRMs in one operation, creating only a single application plan. Alternatively, you
might bind some or all of your DBRMs into separate packages in separate
operations. After that, you must still bind the entire application as a single plan,
listing the included packages or collections and binding any DBRMs that are not
already bound into packages. Regardless of what the plan contains, you must bind
a plan before the application can run.
Binding or rebinding a package or plan in use: Packages and plans are locked
when you bind or run them. Packages that run under a plan are not locked until the
plan uses them. If you run a plan and some packages in the package list never run,
those packages are never locked.
You cannot bind or rebind a package or a plan while it is running. However, you can
bind a different version of a package that is running.
Options for binding and rebinding: Several of the options of BIND PACKAGE
and BIND PLAN can affect your program design. For example, you can use a bind
option to ensure that a package or plan can run only from a particular CICS
connection or a particular IMS region—you do not need to enforce this in your
code. Several other options are discussed at length in later chapters, particularly
the ones that affect your program’s use of locks, such as the ISOLATION option.
Before you finish reading this chapter, you might want to review those options in
Chapter 2 of DB2 Command Reference.
Preliminary steps: Before you bind, consider the following:

v Determine how you want to bind the DBRMs. You can bind them into packages
or directly into plans, or you can use a combination of both methods.
v Develop a naming convention and strategy for the most effective and efficient
use of your plans and packages.
v Determine when your application should acquire locks on the objects it uses: on
all objects when the plan is first allocated, or on each object in turn when that
object is first used. For a description of the consequences of these choices, see
“The ACQUIRE and RELEASE options” on page 390.
Deciding how to bind DBRMs

The question of whether to use packages affects your application design from the
beginning. For example, you might decide to put certain SQL statements together in
the same program, precompiling them into the same DBRM and then binding them
into a single package.
Input to binding the plan can include DBRMs only, a package list only, or a
combination of the two. When choosing one of those alternatives for your
application, consider the impact of rebinding; see “Planning for changes to your
application” on page 368.
Binding with a package list only

At one extreme, you can bind each DBRM into its own package. Input to binding a
package is a single DBRM only. A one-to-one correspondence between programs
and packages might easily allow you to keep track of each. However, your
application might consist of too many packages to track easily.

Binding a plan that includes only a package list makes maintenance easier when
the application changes significantly over time.
Binding all DBRMs to a plan

At the other extreme, you can bind all your DBRMs into a single plan. This
approach has the disadvantage that a change to even one DBRM requires
rebinding the entire plan, even though most DBRMs are unchanged.
Binding all DBRMs to a plan is suitable for small applications that are unlikely to
change or that require all resources to be acquired when the plan is allocated rather
than when your program first uses them.
Binding with both DBRMs and a package list

Binding DBRMs directly to the plan and specifying a package list is suitable for
maintaining existing applications. You can add a package list when rebinding an
existing plan. To migrate gradually to the use of packages, bind DBRMs as
packages when you need to make changes.
Advantages of packages
You must decide how to use packages based on your application design and your
operational objectives. The following are advantages of using packages:
Ease of maintenance: When you use packages, you do not need to bind the entire
plan again when you change one SQL statement. You need to bind only the
package that is associated with the changed SQL statement.
Incremental development of your program: Binding packages into package

collections allows you to add packages to an existing application plan without
having to bind the entire plan again. A collection is a group of associated packages.
If you include a collection name in the package list when you bind a plan, any
package in the collection becomes available to the plan. The collection can even be
empty when you first bind the plan. Later, you can add packages to the collection,
and drop or replace existing packages, without binding the plan again.
Versioning: Maintaining several versions of a plan without using packages requires

a separate plan for each version, and therefore separate plan names and RUN
commands. Isolating separate versions of a program into packages requires only
one plan and helps to simplify program migration and fallback. For example, you
can maintain separate development, test, and production levels of a program by
binding each level of the program as a separate version of a package, all within a
single plan.
Flexibility in using bind options: The options of BIND PLAN apply to all DBRMs
that are bound directly to the plan. The options of BIND PACKAGE apply only to the
single DBRM that is bound to that package. The package options need not all be
the same as the plan options, and they need not be the same as the options for
other packages that are used by the same plan.
Flexibility in using name qualifiers: You can use a bind option to name a qualifier
for the unqualified object names in SQL statements in a plan or package. By using
packages, you can use different qualifiers for SQL statements in different parts of
your application. By rebinding, you can redirect your SQL statements, for example,
from a test table to a production table.

CICS
With packages, you probably do not need dynamic plan selection and its
accompanying exit routine. A package that is listed within a plan is not
accessed until it is executed. However, you can use dynamic plan selection
and packages together, which can reduce the number of plans in an
application and the effort to maintain the dynamic plan exit routine. See “Using
packages with dynamic plan selection” on page 484 for information about
using packages with dynamic plan selection.
Planning for changes to your application

As you design your application, consider what will happen to your plans and
packages when you make changes to your application.
A change to your program probably invalidates one or more of your packages and
perhaps your entire plan. For some changes, you must bind a new object; for
others, rebinding is sufficient.
v To bind a new plan or package, other than a trigger package, use the
subcommand BIND PLAN or BIND PACKAGE with the option
ACTION(REPLACE).
To bind a new trigger package, recreate the trigger associated with the trigger
package.
v To rebind an existing plan or package, other than a trigger package, use the
REBIND subcommand.
To rebind trigger package, use the REBIND TRIGGER PACKAGE subcommand.
Table 43 tells which action particular types of change require. For more information
about trigger packages, see “Working with trigger packages” on page 371.
If you want to change the bind options in effect when the plan or package runs,
review the descriptions of those bind options in Part 3 of DB2 Command Reference.
Some options of BIND are not available on REBIND.
A plan or package can also become invalid for reasons that do not depend on
operations in your program (such as when an index is dropped that is used as an
access path by one of your queries). In those cases, DB2 might rebind the plan or
package automatically, the next time it is used. (For details about automatic
rebinding, see “Automatic rebinding” on page 371.)
Table 43. Changes requiring BIND or REBIND
Change made Minimum action necessary
Drop a table, index, or other object, If a table with a trigger is dropped, recreate the trigger
and recreate the object if you recreate the table. Otherwise, no change is
required; automatic rebind is attempted at the next run.
Revoke an authorization to use an None required; automatic rebind is attempted at the
object next run. Automatic rebind fails if authorization is still
not available; then you must issue REBIND for the
package or plan.
Run RUNSTATS to update catalog Issue REBIND for the package or plan to possibly
statistics change the access path that DB2 uses.
Add an index to a table Issue REBIND for the package or plan to use the
index.

Table 43. Changes requiring BIND or REBIND (continued)
Change made Minimum action necessary
Change bind options Issue REBIND for the package or plan, or issue BIND
with ACTION(REPLACE) if the option you want is not
available on REBIND.
Change statements in host language Precompile, compile, and link the application program.
and SQL statements Issue BIND with ACTION(REPLACE) for the package
or plan.
Dropping objects
If you drop an object that a package depends on, the package might become
invalid for the following reasons:
v If the package is not appended to any running plan, the package becomes
invalid.
v If the package is appended to a running plan, and the drop occurs within that
plan, the package becomes invalid.
However, if the package is appended to a running plan, and the drop occurs
outside of that plan, the object is not dropped, and the package does not become
invalid.
In all cases, the plan does not become invalid until it has a DBRM that references
the dropped object. If the package or plan becomes invalid, automatic rebind occurs
the next time the package or plan is allocated.
Rebinding a package
Table 44 clarifies which packages are bound, depending on how you specify
collection-id (coll-id), package-id (pkg-id), and version-id (ver-id) on the REBIND
PACKAGE subcommand. For syntax and descriptions of this subcommand, see
Part 3 of DB2 Command Reference.
REBIND PACKAGE does not apply to packages for which you do not have the
BIND privilege. An asterisk (*) used as an identifier for collections, packages, or
versions does not apply to packages at remote sites.
Table 44. Behavior of REBIND PACKAGE specification. ″All″ means all collections,
packages, or versions at the local DB2 server for which the authorization ID that issues the
command has the BIND privilege.
Collections Packages Versions
Input affected affected affected
* all all all
*.*.(*) all all all
*.* all all all
*.*.(ver-id) all all ver-id
*.*.() all all empty string
coll-id.* coll-id all all
coll-id.*.(*) coll-id all all
coll-id.*.(ver-id) coll-id all ver-id
coll-id.*.() coll-id all empty string

Table 44. Behavior of REBIND PACKAGE specification (continued). ″All″ means all
collections, packages, or versions at the local DB2 server for which the authorization ID that
issues the command has the BIND privilege.
Collections Packages Versions
Input affected affected affected
coll-id.pkg-id.(*) coll-id pkg-id all
coll-id.pkg-id coll-id pkg-id empty string
coll-id.pkg-id.() coll-id pkg-id empty string
coll-id.pkg-id.(ver-id) coll-id pkg-id ver-id
*.pkg-id.(*) all pkg-id all
*.pkg-id all pkg-id empty string
*.pkg-id.() all pkg-id empty string
*.pkg-id.(ver-id) all pkg-id ver-id
Example: The following example shows the options for rebinding a package at the
remote location. The location name is SNTERSA. The collection is GROUP1, the
package ID is PROGA, and the version ID is V1. The connection types shown in
the REBIND subcommand replace connection types that are specified on the
original BIND subcommand. For information about the REBIND subcommand
options, see DB2 Command Reference.
REBIND PACKAGE(SNTERSA.GROUP1.PROGA.(V1)) ENABLE(CICS,REMOTE)
You can use the asterisk on the REBIND subcommand for local packages, but not
for packages at remote sites. Any of the following commands rebinds all versions of
all packages in all collections, at the local DB2 system, for which you have the
BIND privilege.
REBIND PACKAGE (*)
REBIND PACKAGE (*.*)
REBIND PACKAGE (*.*.(*))
Either of the following commands rebinds all versions of all packages in the local
collection LEDGER for which you have the BIND privilege.
REBIND PACKAGE (LEDGER.*)
REBIND PACKAGE (LEDGER.*.(*))
Either of the following commands rebinds the empty string version of the package
DEBIT in all collections, at the local DB2 system, for which you have the BIND
privilege.
REBIND PACKAGE (*.DEBIT)
REBIND PACKAGE (*.DEBIT.())
Rebinding a plan
When you rebind a plan, use the PKLIST keyword to replace any previously
specified package list. Omit the PKLIST keyword to use of the previous package list
for rebinding. Use the NOPKLIST keyword to delete any package list that was
specified when the plan was previously bound.
Example: Rebinds PLANA and changes the package list:

REBIND PLAN(PLANA) PKLIST(GROUP1.*) MEMBER(ABC)

Example: Rebinds the plan and drops the entire package list:
REBIND PLAN(PLANA) NOPKLIST
Rebinding lists of plans and packages

You can generate a list of REBIND subcommands for a set of plans or packages
that cannot be described by using asterisks, by using information in the DB2
catalog. You can then issue the list of subcommands through DSN.
One situation in which this technique is useful is to complete a rebind operation that
has terminated due to lack of resources. A rebind for many objects, such as
REBIND PACKAGE (*) for an ID with SYSADM authority, terminates if a needed
resource becomes unavailable. As a result, some objects are successfully rebound
and others are not. If you repeat the subcommand, DB2 attempts to rebind all the
objects again. But if you generate a rebind subcommand for each object that was
not rebound, and issue those subcommands, DB2 does not repeat any work that
was already done and is not likely to run out of resources.
For a description of the technique and several examples of its use, see Appendix F,
“REBIND subcommands for lists of plans or packages,” on page 1003.
Working with trigger packages

A trigger package is a special type of package that is created only when you
execute a CREATE TRIGGER statement. A trigger package executes only when its
associated trigger is activated.
As with any other package, DB2 marks a trigger package invalid when you drop a
table, index, or view on which the trigger package depends. DB2 executes an
automatic rebind the next time the trigger is activated. However, if the automatic
rebind fails, DB2 does not mark the trigger package as inoperative.
Unlike other packages, a trigger package is freed if you drop the table on which the
trigger is defined, so you can recreate the trigger package only by recreating the
table and the trigger.
You can use the subcommand REBIND TRIGGER PACKAGE to rebind a trigger
package that DB2 has marked as inoperative. You can also use REBIND TRIGGER
PACKAGE to change the option values with which DB2 originally bound the trigger
package. The default values for the options that you can change are:
v CURRENTDATA(YES)
v EXPLAIN(YES)
v FLAG(I)
v ISOLATION(RR)
v IMMEDWRITE(NO)
v RELEASE(COMMIT)
When you run REBIND TRIGGER PACKAGE, you can change only the values of
options CURRENTDATA, EXPLAIN, FLAG, IMMEDWRITE, ISOLATION, and
RELEASE.
Automatic rebinding
Automatic rebind might occur if an authorized user invokes a plan or package when
the attributes of the data on which the plan or package depends change, or if the
environment in which the package executes changes. Whether the automatic rebind
occurs depends on the value of the field AUTO BIND on installation panel
DSNTIPO. The options used for an automatic rebind are the options used during
the most recent bind process.

In most cases, DB2 marks a plan or package that needs to be automatically
rebound as invalid. A few common situations in which DB2 marks a plan or package
as invalid are:
v When a package is dropped
v When a plan depends on the execute privilege of a package that is dropped
v When a table, index, or view on which the plan or package depends is dropped
v When the authorization of the owner to access any of those objects is revoked
v When the authorization to execute a stored procedure is revoked from a plan or
package owner, and the plan or package uses the CALL literal form of the CALL
statement to call the stored procedure
v When a table on which the plan or package depends is altered to add a TIME,
TIMESTAMP, or DATE column
v When a table is altered to add a self-referencing constraint or a constraint with a
delete rule of SET NULL or CASCADE
v When the limit key value of a partitioned index on which the plan or package
depends is altered
| v When the definition of an index on which the plan or package depends is altered
| from NOT PADDED to PADDED
| v When the AUDIT attribute of a table on which the plan or package depends is
| altered
| v When the length attribute of a CHAR, VARCHAR, GRAPHIC, or VARGRAPHIC
| column in a table on which the plan or package depends is altered
| v When the data type, precision, or scale of a column in a table on which the plan
| or package depends is altered
| v When a plan or package depends on a view that DB2 cannot regenerate after a
| column in the underlying table is altered
v When a created temporary table on which the plan or package depends is
altered to add a column
v When a user-defined function on which the plan or package depends is altered
Whether a plan or package is valid is recorded in column VALID of catalog tables

SYSPLAN and SYSPACKAGE.
In the following cases, DB2 might automatically rebind a plan or package that has
not been marked as invalid:
| v A plan or package that is bound on release of DB2 that is more recent than the
| release in which it is being run. This can happen in a data sharing environment,
| or it can happen after a DB2 subsystem has fallen back to a previous release of
| DB2.
| v A plan or package that was bound prior to DB2 Version 2 Release 3. Plans and
| packages that are bound prior to Version 2 Release 3 will be automatically
| rebound when they are run on the current release of DB2.
v A plan or package that has a location dependency and runs at a location other
than the one at which it was bound. This can happen when members of a data
sharing group are defined with location names, and a package runs on a different
member from the one on which it was bound.
DB2 marks a plan or package as inoperative if an automatic rebind fails. Whether a

plan or package is operative is recorded in column OPERATIVE of SYSPLAN and
SYSPACKAGE.

Whether EXPLAIN runs during automatic rebind depends on the value of the field
EXPLAIN PROCESSING on installation panel DSNTIPO, and on whether you
specified EXPLAIN(YES). Automatic rebind fails for all EXPLAIN errors except
“PLAN_TABLE not found.”
The SQLCA is not available during automatic rebind. Therefore, if you encounter
lock contention during an automatic rebind, DSNT501I messages cannot
accompany any DSNT376I messages that you receive. To see the matching
DSNT501I messages, you must issue the subcommand REBIND PLAN or REBIND
PACKAGE.

Chapter 18. Planning for concurrency
This chapter begins with an overview of concurrency and locks in the following
sections:
v “Definitions of concurrency and locks”
v “Effects of DB2 locks” on page 376
v “Basic recommendations to promote concurrency” on page 379
After the basic recommendations, the chapter covers some of the major techniques
that DB2 uses to control concurrency:
v Transaction locks mainly control access by SQL statements. Those locks are
the ones over which you have the most control.
– “Aspects of transaction locks” on page 384 describes the various types of
transaction locks that DB2 uses and how they interact.
– “Lock tuning” on page 390 describes what you can change to control locking.
Your choices include:
- “Bind options” on page 390
- “Isolation overriding with SQL statements” on page 403
- “The statement LOCK TABLE” on page 404
Under those headings, lock (with no qualifier) refers to transaction lock.
v Claims and drains control access by DB2 utilities and commands. For
information about them, see DB2 Administration Guide.
v Physical locks are of concern only if you are using DB2 data sharing. For
information about that, see DB2 Data Sharing: Planning and Administration.
Definitions of concurrency and locks

Definition: Concurrency is the ability of more than one application process to
access the same data at essentially the same time.
Example: An application for order entry is used by many transactions

simultaneously. Each transaction makes inserts in tables of invoices and invoice
items, reads a table of data about customers, and reads and updates data about
items on hand. Two operations on the same data, by two simultaneous
transactions, might be separated only by microseconds. To the users, the
operations appear concurrent.
Conceptual background: Concurrency must be controlled to prevent lost updates

and such possibly undesirable effects as unrepeatable reads and access to
uncommitted data.
Lost updates. Without concurrency control, two processes, A and B, might both
read the same row from the database, and both calculate new values for one of
its columns, based on what they read. If A updates the row with its new value,
and then B updates the same row, A’s update is lost.
Access to uncommitted data. Also without concurrency control, process A
might update a value in the database, and process B might read that value
before it was committed. Then, if A’s value is not later committed, but backed
out, B’s calculations are based on uncommitted (and presumably incorrect) data.
Unrepeatable reads. Some processes require the following sequence of events:
A reads a row from the database and then goes on to process other SQL

requests. Later, A reads the first row again and must find the same values it
read the first time. Without control, process B could have changed the row
between the two read operations.
To prevent those situations from occurring unless they are specifically allowed, DB2
might use locks to control concurrency.
What do locks do? A lock associates a DB2 resource with an application process
in a way that affects how other processes can access the same resource. The
process associated with the resource is said to “hold” or “own” the lock. DB2 uses
locks to ensure that no process accesses data that has been changed, but not yet
committed, by another process.
What do you do about locks? To preserve data integrity, your application process
acquires locks implicitly, that is, under DB2 control. It is not necessary for a process
to request a lock explicitly to conceal uncommitted data. Therefore, sometimes you
need not do anything about DB2 locks. Nevertheless processes acquire, or avoid
acquiring, locks based on certain general parameters. You can make better use of
your resources and improve concurrency by understanding the effects of those
parameters.
Effects of DB2 locks

The effects of locks that you want to minimize are suspension, timeout, and
deadlock.
Suspension
Definition: An application process is suspended when it requests a lock that is
already held by another application process and cannot be shared. The suspended
process temporarily stops running.
Order of precedence for lock requests: Incoming lock requests are queued.
Requests for lock promotion, and requests for a lock by an application process that
already holds a lock on the same object, precede requests for locks by new
applications. Within those groups, the request order is “first in, first out”.
Example: Using an application for inventory control, two users attempt to reduce
the quantity on hand of the same item at the same time. The two lock requests are
queued. The second request in the queue is suspended and waits until the first
request releases its lock.
Effects: The suspended process resumes running when:

v All processes that hold the conflicting lock release it.
v The requesting process times out or deadlocks and the process resumes to deal
with an error condition.
Timeout
Definition: An application process is said to time out when it is terminated because
it has been suspended for longer than a preset interval.
Example: An application process attempts to update a large table space that is

being reorganized by the utility REORG TABLESPACE with SHRLEVEL NONE. It is
likely that the utility job will not release control of the table space before the
application process times out.

Effects: DB2 terminates the process, issues two messages to the console, and
returns SQLCODE -911 or -913 to the process (SQLSTATEs '40001' or '57033').
Reason code 00C9008E is returned in the SQLERRD(3) field of the SQLCA.
| Alternatively, you can use the GET DIAGNOSTICS statement to check the reason
| code. If statistics trace class 3 is active, DB2 writes a trace record with IFCID 0196.
IMS
If you are using IMS, and a timeout occurs, the following actions take place:
v In a DL/I batch application, the application process abnormally terminates
with a completion code of 04E and a reason code of 00D44033 or
00D44050.
v In any IMS environment except DL/I batch:
– DB2 performs a rollback operation on behalf of your application process
to undo all DB2 updates that occurred during the current unit of work.
– For a non-message driven BMP, IMS issues a rollback operation on
behalf of your application. If this operation is successful, IMS returns
control to your application, and the application receives SQLCODE -911.
If the operation is unsuccessful, IMS issues user abend code 0777, and
the application does not receive an SQLCODE.
– For an MPP, IFP, or message driven BMP, IMS issues user abend code
0777, rolls back all uncommitted changes, and reschedules the
transaction. The application does not receive an SQLCODE.
COMMIT and ROLLBACK operations do not time out. The command STOP
DATABASE, however, may time out and send messages to the console, but it will
retry up to 15 times.
Deadlock
Definition: A deadlock occurs when two or more application processes each hold
locks on resources that the others need and without which they cannot proceed.
Example: Figure 137 on page 378 illustrates a deadlock between two transactions.
Chapter 18. Planning for concurrency 377

Table N
(3)
Job EMPLJCHG 000010 Page A
Suspend
(1) OK
Table M (2) OK
(4)
000300 Page B Job PROJNCHG
Suspend
Notes:
1. Jobs EMPLJCHG and PROJNCHG are two transactions. Job EMPLJCHG
accesses table M, and acquires an exclusive lock for page B, which contains
record 000300.
2. Job PROJNCHG accesses table N, and acquires an exclusive lock for page A,
which contains record 000010.
3. Job EMPLJCHG requests a lock for page A of table N while still holding the lock
on page B of table M. The job is suspended, because job PROJNCHG is
holding an exclusive lock on page A.
4. Job PROJNCHG requests a lock for page B of table M while still holding the
lock on page A of table N. The job is suspended, because job EMPLJCHG is
holding an exclusive lock on page B. The situation is a deadlock.
Figure 137. A deadlock example
Effects: After a preset time interval (the value of DEADLOCK TIME), DB2 can roll
back the current unit of work for one of the processes or request a process to
terminate. That frees the locks and allows the remaining processes to continue. If
statistics trace class 3 is active, DB2 writes a trace record with IFCID 0172. Reason
| code 00C90088 is returned in the SQLERRD(3) field of the SQLCA. Alternatively,
| you can use the GET DIAGNOSTICS statement to check the reason code. (The
codes that describe DB2’s exact response depend on the operating environment;
for details, see Part 5 of DB2 Application Programming and SQL Guide.)
It is possible for two processes to be running on distributed DB2 subsystems, each

trying to access a resource at the other location. In that case, neither subsystem
can detect that the two processes are in deadlock; the situation resolves only when
one process times out.
Indications of deadlocks: In some cases, a deadlock can occur if two application

processes attempt to update data in the same page or table space.
TSO, Batch, and CAF
When a deadlock or timeout occurs in these environments, DB2 attempts to

roll back the SQL for one of the application processes. If the ROLLBACK is
successful, that application receives SQLCODE -911. If the ROLLBACK fails,
and the application does not abend, the application receives SQLCODE -913.

IMS
If you are using IMS, and a deadlock occurs, the following actions take place:
v In a DL/I batch application, the application process abnormally terminates
with a completion code of 04E and a reason code of 00D44033 or
00D44050.
v In any IMS environment except DL/I batch:
– DB2 performs a rollback operation on behalf of your application process
to undo all DB2 updates that occurred during the current unit of work.
– For a non-message driven BMP, IMS issues a rollback operation on
behalf of your application. If this operation is successful, IMS returns
control to your application, and the application receives SQLCODE -911.
If the operation is unsuccessful, IMS issues user abend code 0777, and
the application does not receive an SQLCODE.
– For an MPP, IFP, or message driven BMP, IMS issues user abend code
0777, rolls back all uncommitted changes, and reschedules the
transaction. The application does not receive an SQLCODE.
CICS
If you are using CICS and a deadlock occurs, the CICS attachment facility
decides whether or not to roll back one of the application processes, based on
the value of the ROLBE or ROLBI parameter. If your application process is
chosen for rollback, it receives one of two SQLCODEs in the SQLCA:
-911 A SYNCPOINT command with the ROLLBACK option was
issued on behalf of your application process. All updates
(CICS commands and DL/I calls, as well as SQL statements)
that occurred during the current unit of work have been
undone. (SQLSTATE '40001')
-913 A SYNCPOINT command with the ROLLBACK option was not
issued. DB2 rolls back only the incomplete SQL statement that
encountered the deadlock or timed out. CICS does not roll
back any resources. Your application process should either
issue a SYNCPOINT command with the ROLLBACK option
itself or terminate. (SQLSTATE '57033')
Consider using the DSNTIAC subroutine to check the SQLCODE and display
the SQLCA. Your application must take appropriate actions before resuming.
Basic recommendations to promote concurrency

Recommendations are grouped by their scope:
v “Recommendations for database design” on page 380
v “Recommendations for application design” on page 381

Recommendations for database design
Keep like things together: Put tables relevant to the same application into the
same database. Give each application process that creates private tables a private
database. Put tables together in a segmented table space if they are similar in size
and can be recovered together.
Keep unlike things apart: Use an adequate number of databases, schema or

authorization-ID qualifiers, and table spaces. Concurrency and performance is
improved for SQL data definition statements, GRANT statements, REVOKE
statements, and utilities. For example, a general guideline is a maximum of 50
tables per database.
Plan for batch inserts: If your application does sequential batch insertions,
excessive contention on the space map pages for the table space can occur. This
problem is especially apparent in data sharing, where contention on the space map
means the added overhead of page P-lock negotiation. For these types of
applications, consider using the MEMBER CLUSTER option of CREATE
TABLESPACE. This option causes DB2 to disregard the clustering index (or implicit
clustering index) when assigning space for the SQL INSERT statement. For more
information about using this option in data sharing, see Chapter 6 of DB2 Data
Sharing: Planning and Administration. For the syntax, see Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL
Reference.
Use LOCKSIZE ANY until you have reason not to: LOCKSIZE ANY is the default
for CREATE TABLESPACE. It allows DB2 to choose the lock size, and DB2 usually
chooses LOCKSIZE PAGE and LOCKMAX SYSTEM for non-LOB table spaces. For
LOB table spaces, it chooses LOCKSIZE LOB and LOCKMAX SYSTEM. You
should use LOCKSIZE TABLESPACE or LOCKSIZE TABLE only for read-only table
spaces or tables, or when concurrent access to the object is not needed. Before
you choose LOCKSIZE ROW, you should estimate whether there will be an
increase in overhead for locking and weigh that against the increase in concurrency.
Examine small tables: For small tables with high concurrency requirements,
estimate the number of pages in the data and in the index. If the index entries are
short or they have many duplicates, then the entire index can be one root page and
a few leaf pages. In this case, spread out your data to improve concurrency, or
consider it a reason to use row locks.
Partition the data: Large tables can be partitioned to take advantage of parallelism
for online queries, batch jobs, and utilities. When batch jobs are run in parallel and
each job goes after different partitions, lock contention is reduced. In addition, in a
data sharing environment, data sharing overhead is reduced when applications that
are running on different members go after different partitions.
| Partition secondary indexes: The use of data-partitioned secondary indexes

| (DPSIs) promotes partition independence and, therefore, can reduce lock contention
| and improve index availability, especially for utility processing, partition-level
| operations (such as dropping or rotating partitions), and recovery of indexes.
| However, the use of data-partitioned secondary indexes does not always improve
| the performance of queries. For example, for a query with a predicate that
| references only the columns of a data-partitioned secondary index, DB2 must probe
| each partition of the index for values that satisfy the predicate if index access is
| chosen as the access path. Therefore, take into account data access patterns and
| maintenance practices when deciding to use a data-partitioned secondary index.

| Replace a nonpartitioned index with a partitioned index only if there are perceivable
| benefits such as improved data or index availability, easier data or index
| maintenance, or improved performance.
| For examples of how query performance can be improved with data-partitioned

| secondary indexes, see “Writing efficient queries on tables with data-partitioned
| secondary indexes” on page 711.
Fewer rows of data per page: By using the MAXROWS clause of CREATE or
ALTER TABLESPACE, you can specify the maximum number of rows that can be
on a page. For example, if you use MAXROWS 1, each row occupies a whole
page, and you confine a page lock to a single row. Consider this option if you have
a reason to avoid using row locking, such as in a data sharing environment where
row locking overhead can be greater.
| Consider volatile tables to ensure index access: If multiple applications access

| the same table, consider defining the table as VOLATILE. DB2 uses index access
| whenever possible for volatile tables, even if index access does not appear to be
| the most efficient access method because of volatile statistics. Because each
| application generally accesses the rows in the table in the same order, lock
| contention can be reduced.
Recommendations for application design

Access data in a consistent order: When different applications access the same
data, try to make them do so in the same sequence. For example, make both
access rows 1,2,3,5 in that order. In that case, the first application to access the
data delays the second, but the two applications cannot deadlock. For the same
reason, try to make different applications access the same tables in the same order.
Commit work as soon as is practical: To avoid unnecessary lock contention,

issue a COMMIT statement as soon as possible after reaching a point of
consistency, even in read-only applications. To prevent unsuccessful SQL
statements (such as PREPARE) from holding locks, issue a ROLLBACK statement
after a failure. Statements issued through SPUFI can be committed immediately by
the SPUFI autocommit feature.
| Taking commit points frequently in a long running unit of recovery (UR) has the
| following benefits at the possible cost of more CPU usage and log write I/Os:
v Reduces lock contention, especially in a data sharing environment
v Improves the effectiveness of lock avoidance, especially in a data sharing
environment
v Reduces the elapsed time for DB2 system restart following a system failure
v Reduces the elapsed time for a unit of recovery to rollback following an
application failure or an explicit rollback request by the application
v Provides more opportunity for utilities, such as online REORG, to break in
Consider using the UR CHECK FREQ field or the UR LOG WRITE CHECK field of
installation panel DSNTIPN to help you identify those applications that are not
committing frequently. UR CHECK FREQ, which identifies when too many
checkpoints have occurred without a UR issuing a commit, is helpful in monitoring
overall system activity. UR LOG WRITE CHECK enables you to detect applications
that might write too many log records between commit points, potentially creating a
lengthy recovery situation for critical tables.

Even though an application might conform to the commit frequency standards of the
installation under normal operational conditions, variation can occur based on
system workload fluctuations. For example, a low-priority application might issue a
commit frequently on a system that is lightly loaded. However, under a heavy
system load, the use of the CPU by the application may be pre-empted, and, as a
result, the application may violate the rule set by the UR CHECK FREQ parameter.
For this reason, add logic to your application to commit based on time elapsed
since last commit, and not solely based on the amount of SQL processing
performed. In addition, take frequent commit points in a long running unit of work
that is read-only to reduce lock contention and to provide opportunities for utilities,
such as online REORG, to access the data.
Retry an application after deadlock or timeout: Include logic in a batch program

so that it retries an operation after a deadlock or timeout. Such a method could help
you recover from the situation without assistance from operations personnel. Field
SQLERRD(3) in the SQLCA returns a reason code that indicates whether a
| deadlock or timeout occurred. Alternatively, you can use the GET DIAGNOSTICS
| statement to check the reason code.
Close cursors: If you define a cursor using the WITH HOLD option, the locks it
needs can be held past a commit point. Use the CLOSE CURSOR statement as
soon as possible in your program to cause those locks to be released and the
resources they hold to be freed at the first commit point that follows the CLOSE
CURSOR statement. Whether page or row locks are held for WITH HOLD cursors
is controlled by the RELEASE LOCKS parameter on installation panel DSNTIP4.
Closing cursors is particularly important in a distributed environment.
Free locators: If you have executed the HOLD LOCATOR statement, the LOB
locator holds locks on LOBs past commit points. Use the FREE LOCATOR
statement to release these locks.
Bind plans with ACQUIRE(USE): ACQUIRE(USE), which indicates that DB2 will
acquire table and table space locks when the objects are first used and not when
the plan is allocated, is the best choice for concurrency. Packages are always
bound with ACQUIRE(USE), by default. ACQUIRE(ALLOCATE) can provide better
protection against timeouts. Consider ACQUIRE(ALLOCATE) for applications that
need gross locks instead of intent locks or that run with other applications that may
request gross locks instead of intent locks. Acquiring the locks at plan allocation
also prevents any one transaction in the application from incurring the cost of
acquiring the table and table space locks. If you need ACQUIRE(ALLOCATE), you
might want to bind all DBRMs directly to the plan.
For information about intent and gross locks, see “The mode of a lock” on page
386.
Bind with ISOLATION(CS) and CURRENTDATA(NO) typically: ISOLATION(CS)

lets DB2 release acquired row and page locks as soon as possible.
CURRENTDATA(NO) lets DB2 avoid acquiring row and page locks as often as
possible. After that, in order of decreasing preference for concurrency, use these
bind options:
1. ISOLATION(CS) with CURRENTDATA(YES), when data returned to the
application must not be changed before your next FETCH operation.
2. ISOLATION(RS), when data returned to the application must not be changed
before your application commits or rolls back. However, you do not care if other
application processes insert additional rows.

3. ISOLATION(RR), when data evaluated as the result of a query must not be
changed before your application commits or rolls back. New rows cannot be
inserted into the answer set.
For more information about the ISOLATION option, see “The ISOLATION option” on
page 394.
| For updatable static scrollable cursors, ISOLATION(CS) provides the additional

| advantage of letting DB2 use optimistic concurrency control to further reduce the
| amount of time that locks are held. With optimistic concurrency control, DB2
releases the row or page locks on the base table after it materializes the result
table in a temporary global table. DB2 also releases the row lock after each
FETCH, taking a new lock on a row only for a positioned update or delete to ensure
data integrity. For more information about optimistic concurrency control, see
“Advantages and disadvantages of the isolation values” on page 394.
For updatable dynamic scrollable cursors and ISOLATION(CS), DB2 holds row or
page locks on the base table (DB2 does not use a temporary global table). The
most recently fetched row or page from the base table remains locked to maintain
data integrity for a positioned update or delete.
Use ISOLATION(UR) cautiously: UR isolation acquires almost no locks on rows or

pages. It is fast and causes little contention, but it reads uncommitted data. Do not
use it unless you are sure that your applications and end users can accept the
logical inconsistencies that can occur.
For information on how to make an agent part of a global transaction for RRSAF
applications, see Chapter 31, “Programming for the Resource Recovery Services
attachment facility (RRSAF),” on page 831.
| Use sequence objects to generate unique, sequential numbers: Using an

| identity column is one way to generate unique sequential numbers. However, as a
| column of a table, an identity column is associated with and tied to the table, and a
| table can have only one identity column. Your applications might need to use one
| sequence of unique numbers for many tables or several sequences for each table.
| As a user-defined object, sequences provide a way for applications to have DB2
| generate unique numeric key values and to coordinate the keys across multiple
| rows and tables.
| The use of sequences can avoid the lock contention problems that can result when
| applications implement their own sequences, such as in a one-row table that
| contains a sequence number that each transaction must increment. With DB2
| sequences, many users can access and increment the sequence concurrently
| without waiting. DB2 does not wait for a transaction that has incremented a
| sequence to commit before allowing another transaction to increment the sequence
| again.
| Examine multi-row operations: In an application, multi-row inserts, positioned

| updates, and positioned deletes have the potential of expanding the unit of work.
| This can affect the concurrency of other users accessing the data. Minimize
| contention by adjusting the size of the host-variable-array, committing between
| inserts, updates, and preventing lock escalation.
Use global transactions: The Resource Recovery Services attachment facility

(RRSAF) relies on an z/OS component called Resource Recovery Services (RRS).
RRS provides system-wide services for coordinating two-phase commit operations

across z/OS products. For RRSAF applications and IMS transactions that run under
RRS, you can group together a number of DB2 agents into a single global
transaction. A global transaction allows multiple DB2 agents to participate in a
single global transaction and thus share the same locks and access the same data.
When two agents that are in a global transaction access the same DB2 object
within a unit of work, those agents will not deadlock with each other. The following
restrictions apply:
v There is no Parallel Sysplex support for global transactions.
v Because each of the ″branches″ of a global transaction are sharing locks,
uncommitted updates issued by one branch of the transaction are visible to other
branches of the transaction.
v Claim/drain processing is not supported across the branches of a global
transaction, which means that attempts to issue CREATE, DROP, ALTER,
GRANT, or REVOKE may deadlock or timeout if they are requested from
different branches of the same global transaction.
v LOCK TABLE may deadlock or timeout across the branches of a global
transaction.
Aspects of transaction locks

Transaction locks have the following four basic aspects:
v “The size of a lock”
v “The duration of a lock” on page 386
v “The mode of a lock” on page 386
v “The object of a lock” on page 389
Knowing the aspects helps you understand why a process suspends or times out or
why two processes deadlock.
The size of a lock

Definition
The size (sometimes scope or level) of a lock on data in a table describes the
amount of data controlled. The possible sizes of locks are table space, table,
partition, page, and row. This section contains information about locking for
non-LOB data. See “LOB locks” on page 408 for information on locking for LOBs.
Hierarchy of lock sizes

The same piece of data can be controlled by locks of different sizes. A table space
lock (the largest size) controls the most data, all the data in an entire table space. A
page or row lock controls only the data in a single page or row.
As Figure 138 on page 385 suggests, row locks and page locks occupy an equal
place in the hierarchy of lock sizes.

Segmented table space Simple table space LOB table space
Table space lock Table space lock LOB table space lock
Table lock
Row lock Page lock Row lock Page lock LOB lock
Partitioned table space
Partition lock Partition lock Partition lock
Row lock Page lock Row lock Page lock Row lock Page lock
Figure 138. Sizes of objects locked
General effects of size

Locking larger or smaller amounts of data allows you to trade performance for
concurrency. Using page or row locks instead of table or table space locks has the
following effects:
v Concurrency usually improves, meaning better response times and higher
throughput rates for many users.
v Processing time and use of storage increases. That is especially evident in batch
processes that scan or update a large number of rows.
Using only table or table space locks has the following effects:
v Processing time and storage usage is reduced.
v Concurrency can be reduced, meaning longer response times for some users but
better throughput for one user.
Effects of table spaces of different types

| v In a partitioned table space, locks are obtained at the partition level. Individual
| partitions are locked as they are accessed. This locking behavior enables greater
| concurrency because gross locks (S, U, or X) can be obtained on individual
| partitions instead of on the entire partitioned table space. (Partition locks are
| always acquired, even if the table space was defined in a version of DB2 prior to
| Version 8 with the LOCKPART NO clause. For LOCKPART NO table spaces,
| DB2 no longer locks the entire table space with one lock when any partition of
| the table space is accessed.)
| Restrictions: If any of the following conditions are true, DB2 must lock all
| partitions:
| – The plan is bound with ACQUIRE(ALLOCATE).
| – The table space is defined with LOCKSIZE TABLESPACE.
| – The LOCK TABLE statement is used without the PART option.
v A simple table space can contain more than one table. A lock on the table
space locks all the data in every table. A single page of the table space can
contain rows from every table. A lock on a page locks every row in the page, no

matter what tables the data belongs to. Thus, a lock needed to access data from
one table can make data from other tables temporarily unavailable. That effect
can be partly undone by using row locks instead of page locks.
v In a segmented table space, rows from different tables are contained in different
pages. Locking a page does not lock data from more than one table. Also, DB2
can acquire a table lock, which locks only the data from one specific table.
Because a single row, of course, contains data from only one table, the effect of
a row lock is the same as for a simple or partitioned table space: it locks one row
of data from one table.
v In a LOB table space, pages are not locked. Because there is no concept of a
row in a LOB table space, rows are not locked. Instead, LOBs are locked. See
“LOB locks” on page 408 for more information.
The duration of a lock

Definition
The duration of a lock is the length of time the lock is held. It varies according to
when the lock is acquired and when it is released.
Effects
For maximum concurrency, locks on a small amount of data held for a short
duration are better than locks on a large amount of data held for a long duration.
However, acquiring a lock requires processor time, and holding a lock requires
storage; thus, acquiring and holding one table space lock is more economical than
acquiring and holding many page locks. Consider that trade-off to meet your
performance and concurrency objectives.
Duration of partition, table, and table space locks: Partition, table, and table
space locks can be acquired when a plan is first allocated, or you can delay
acquiring them until the resource they lock is first used. They can be released at
the next commit point or be held until the program terminates.
On the other hand, LOB table space locks are always acquired when needed and
released at a commit or held until the program terminates. See “LOB locks” on
page 408 for information about locking LOBs and LOB table spaces.
Duration of page and row locks: If a page or row is locked, DB2 acquires the lock
only when it is needed. When the lock is released depends on many factors, but it
is rarely held beyond the next commit point.
For information about controlling the duration of locks, see “Bind options” on page
390 for information about the ACQUIRE and RELEASE, ISOLATION, and
CURRENTDATA bind options.
The mode of a lock

Definition: The mode (sometimes state) of a lock tells what access to the locked
object is permitted to the lock owner and to any concurrent processes.
The possible modes for page and row locks and the modes for partition, table, and
table space locks are listed in “Modes of page and row locks” on page 387 and
“Modes of table, partition, and table space locks” on page 387. See “LOB locks” on
page 408 for more information about modes for LOB locks and locks on LOB table
spaces.

When a page or row is locked, the table, partition, or table space containing it is
also locked. In that case, the table, partition, or table space lock has one of the
intent modes: IS, IX, or SIX. The modes S, U, and X of table, partition, and table
space locks are sometimes called gross modes. In the context of reading, SIX is a
gross mode lock because you don’t get page or row locks; in this sense, it is like an
S lock.
Example: An SQL statement locates John Smith in a table of customer data and
changes his address. The statement locks the entire table space in mode IX and
the specific row that it changes in mode X.
Modes of page and row locks

Modes and their effects are listed in the order of increasing control over resources.
S (SHARE) The lock owner and any concurrent processes can read, but not
change, the locked page or row. Concurrent processes can acquire
S or U locks on the page or row or might read data without
acquiring a page or row lock.
U (UPDATE) The lock owner can read, but not change, the locked page or row.
Concurrent processes can acquire S locks or might read data
without acquiring a page or row lock, but no concurrent process can
acquire a U lock.
U locks reduce the chance of deadlocks when the lock owner is
reading a page or row to determine whether to change it, because
the owner can start with the U lock and then promote the lock to an
X lock to change the page or row.
| X (EXCLUSIVE)
| The lock owner can read or change the locked page or row. A
| concurrent process cannot acquire S, U, or X locks on the page or
| row; however, the concurrent process can read the data without
| acquiring a page or row lock.
Modes of table, partition, and table space locks

Modes and their effects are listed in the order of increasing control over resources.
IS (INTENT SHARE) The lock owner can read data in the table, partition,
or table space, but not change it. Concurrent
processes can both read and change the data. The
lock owner might acquire a page or row lock on any
data it reads.
IX (INTENT EXCLUSIVE) The lock owner and concurrent processes can read
and change data in the table, partition, or table
space. The lock owner might acquire a page or row
lock on any data it reads; it must acquire one on
any data it changes.
S (SHARE) The lock owner and any concurrent processes can
read, but not change, data in the table, partition, or
table space. The lock owner does not need page or
row locks on data it reads.
U (UPDATE) The lock owner can read, but not change, the
locked data; however, the owner can promote the
lock to an X lock and then can change the data.
Processes concurrent with the U lock can acquire S

locks and read the data, but no concurrent process
can acquire a U lock. The lock owner does not
need page or row locks.
U locks reduce the chance of deadlocks when the
lock owner is reading data to determine whether to
change it. U locks are acquired on a table space
when locksize is TABLESPACE and the statement
is a SELECT with a FOR UPDATE clause. Similarly,
U locks are acquired on a table when lock size is
TABLE and the statement is a SELECT with a FOR
UPDATE clause.
SIX (SHARE with INTENT EXCLUSIVE)
The lock owner can read and change data in the
table, partition, or table space. Concurrent
processes can read data in the table, partition, or
table space, but not change it. Only when the lock
owner changes data does it acquire page or row
locks.
X (EXCLUSIVE) The lock owner can read or change data in the
| table, partition, or table space. A concurrent
| process can access the data if the process runs
| with UR isolation or if data in a partitioned table
| space is running with CS isolation and
| CURRENTDATA((NO). The lock owner does not
need page or row locks.
Lock mode compatibility

The major effect of the lock mode is to determine whether one lock is compatible
with another.
Definition: Locks of some modes do not shut out all other users. Assume that
application process A holds a lock on a table space that process B also wants to
access. DB2 requests, on behalf of B, a lock of some particular mode. If the mode
of A’s lock permits B’s request, the two locks (or modes) are said to be compatible.
Effects of incompatibility: If the two locks are not compatible, B cannot proceed.
It must wait until A releases its lock. (And, in fact, it must wait until all existing
incompatible locks are released.)
Compatible lock modes: Compatibility for page and row locks is easy to define.
Table 45 shows whether page locks of any two modes, or row locks of any two
modes, are compatible (Yes) or not (No). No question of compatibility of a page lock
with a row lock can arise, because a table space cannot use both page and row
locks.
Table 45. Compatibility of page lock and row lock modes
Lock Mode S U X
S Yes Yes No
U Yes No No
X No No No
Compatibility for table space locks is slightly more complex. Table 46 on page 389
shows whether or not table space locks of any two modes are compatible.

Table 46. Compatibility of table and table space (or partition) lock modes
Lock Mode IS IX S U SIX X
IS Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No

IX Yes Yes No No No No
S Yes No Yes Yes No No
U Yes No Yes No No No
SIX Yes No No No No No
X No No No No No No
The object of a lock

Definition and examples
The object of a lock is the resource being locked.
You might have to consider locks on any of the following objects:

v User data in target tables. A target table is a table that is accessed specifically
in an SQL statement, either by name or through a view. Locks on those tables
are the most common concern, and the ones over which you have most control.
v User data in related tables. Operations subject to referential constraints can
require locks on related tables. For example, if you delete from a parent table,
DB2 might delete rows from the dependent table as well. In that case, DB2 locks
data in the dependent table as well as in the parent table.
Similarly, operations on rows that contain LOB values might require locks on the
LOB table space and possibly on LOB values within that table space. See “LOB
locks” on page 408 for more information.
If your application uses triggers, any triggered SQL statements can cause
additional locks to be acquired.
v DB2 internal objects. Most of these you are never aware of, but you might
notice the following locks on internal objects:
– Portions of the DB2 catalog
– The skeleton cursor table (SKCT) representing an application plan
– The skeleton package table (SKPT) representing a package
– The database descriptor (DBD) representing a DB2 database
For information about any of those, see Part 5 (Volume 2) of DB2 Administration
Guide.
Indexes and data-only locking

No index page locks are acquired during processing. Instead, DB2 uses a
technique called data-only locking to serialize changes. Index page latches are
acquired to serialize changes within a page and guarantee that the page is
physically consistent. Acquiring page latches ensures that transactions accessing
the same index page concurrently do not see the page in a partially changed state.
The underlying data page or row locks are acquired to serialize the reading and
updating of index entries to ensure the data is logically consistent, meaning that the
data is committed and not subject to rollback or abort. The data locks can be held
for a long duration such as until commit. However, the page latches are only held
for a short duration while the transaction is accessing the page. Because the index
pages are not locked, hot spot insert scenarios (which involve several transactions
trying to insert different entries into the same index page at the same time) do not
cause contention problems in the index.

A query that uses index-only access might lock the data page or row, and that lock
can contend with other processes that lock the data. However, using lock avoidance
techniques can reduce the contention. See “Lock avoidance” on page 400 for more
information about lock avoidance.
Lock tuning
This section describes what you can change to affect how a particular application
uses transaction locks, under:
v “Bind options”
v “Isolation overriding with SQL statements” on page 403
v “The statement LOCK TABLE” on page 404
Bind options
These options determine when an application process acquires and releases its
locks and to what extent it isolates its actions from possible effects of other
processes acting concurrently.
These options of bind operations are relevant to transaction locks:

v “The ACQUIRE and RELEASE options”
v “The ISOLATION option” on page 394
v “The CURRENTDATA option” on page 399
The ACQUIRE and RELEASE options

Effects: The ACQUIRE and RELEASE options of bind determine when DB2 locks
an object (table, partition, or table space) your application uses and when it
releases the lock. (The ACQUIRE and RELEASE options do not affect page, row, or
LOB locks.) The options apply to static SQL statements, which are bound before
your program executes. If your program executes dynamic SQL statements, the
objects they lock are locked when first accessed and released at the next commit
point though some locks acquired for dynamic SQL may be held past commit
points. See 391.
ACQUIRE(ALLOCATE)
Acquires the lock when the object is allocated. This option is not allowed for
BIND or REBIND PACKAGE.
ACQUIRE(USE)
Acquires the lock when the object is first accessed.
RELEASE(DEALLOCATE)
Releases the lock when the object is deallocated (the application ends). The
value has no effect on dynamic SQL statements, which always use
RELEASE(COMMIT), unless you are using dynamic statement caching. For
information about the RELEASE option with dynamic statement caching, see
| 391. The value also has no effect on packages that are executed on a DB2
| server through a DRDA connection with the client system.
RELEASE(COMMIT)
Releases the lock at the next commit point, unless there are held cursors or held
locators. If the application accesses the object again, it must acquire the lock
again.
Example: An application selects employee names and telephone numbers from a

table, according to different criteria. Employees can update their own telephone

numbers. They can perform several searches in succession. The application is
bound with the options ACQUIRE(USE) and RELEASE(DEALLOCATE), for these
reasons:
v The alternative to ACQUIRE(USE), ACQUIRE(ALLOCATE), gets a lock of mode
IX on the table space as soon as the application starts, because that is needed if
an update occurs. But most uses of the application do not update the table and
so need only the less restrictive IS lock. ACQUIRE(USE) gets the IS lock when
the table is first accessed, and DB2 promotes the lock to mode IX if that is
needed later.
v Most uses of this application do not update and do not commit. For those uses,
there is little difference between RELEASE(COMMIT) and
RELEASE(DEALLOCATE). But administrators might update several phone
numbers in one session with the application, and the application commits after
each update. In that case, RELEASE(COMMIT) releases a lock that DB2 must
acquire again immediately. RELEASE(DEALLOCATE) holds the lock until the
application ends, avoiding the processing needed to release and acquire the lock
several times.
Partition locks: Partition locks follow the same rules as table space locks, and all
partitions are held for the same duration. Thus, if one package is using
RELEASE(COMMIT) and another is using RELEASE(DEALLOCATE), all partitions
use RELEASE(DEALLOCATE).
The RELEASE option and dynamic statement caching: Generally, the RELEASE
option has no effect on dynamic SQL statements with one exception. When you use
the bind options RELEASE(DEALLOCATE) and KEEPDYNAMIC(YES), and your
subsystem is installed with YES for field CACHE DYNAMIC SQL on installation
panel DSNTIP4, DB2 retains prepared SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
statements in memory past commit points. For this reason, DB2 can honor the
RELEASE(DEALLOCATE) option for these dynamic statements. The locks are held
until deallocation, or until the commit after the prepared statement is freed from
memory, in the following situations:
v The application issues a PREPARE statement with the same statement identifier.
v The statement is removed from memory because it has not been used.
v An object that the statement is dependent on is dropped or altered, or a privilege
needed by the statement is revoked.
v RUNSTATS is run against an object that the statement is dependent on.
If a lock is to be held past commit and it is an S, SIX, or X lock on a table space or

a table in a segmented table space, DB2 sometimes demotes that lock to an intent
lock (IX or IS) at commit. DB2 demotes a gross lock if it was acquired for one of the
following reasons:
v DB2 acquired the gross lock because of lock escalation.
v The application issued a LOCK TABLE.
v The application issued a mass delete (DELETE FROM ... without a WHERE
clause).
For partitioned table spaces, lock demotion occurs for each partition for which there
is a lock.
Defaults: The defaults differ for different types of bind operations, as shown in
Table 47 on page 392.

Table 47. Default ACQUIRE and RELEASE values for different bind options
Operation Default values
BIND PLAN ACQUIRE(USE) and RELEASE(COMMIT).
BIND PACKAGE There is no option for ACQUIRE; ACQUIRE(USE) is
always used. At the local server the default for RELEASE
is the value used by the plan that includes the package in
its package list. At a remote server the default is COMMIT.
REBIND PLAN or PACKAGE The existing values for the plan or package that is being
rebound.
Recommendation: Choose a combination of values for ACQUIRE and RELEASE

based on the characteristics of the particular application.
The RELEASE option and DDL operations for remote requesters: When you
perform DDL operations on behalf of remote requesters and
RELEASE(DEALLOCATE) is in effect, be aware of the following condition. When a
package that is bound with RELEASE(DEALLOCATE) accesses data at a server, it
might prevent other remote requesters from performing CREATE, ALTER, DROP,
GRANT, or REVOKE operations at the server.
To allow those operations to complete, you can use the command STOP DDF
MODE(SUSPEND). The command suspends server threads and terminates their
locks so that DDL operations from remote requesters can complete. When these
operations complete, you can use the command START DDF to resume the
suspended server threads. However, even after the command STOP DDF
MODE(SUSPEND) completes successfully, database resources might be held if
DB2 is performing any activity other than inbound DB2 processing. You might have
to use the command CANCEL THREAD to terminate other processing and thereby
free the database resources.
Advantages and disadvantages of the combinations

Different combinations of bind options have advantages and disadvantages for
certain situations.
ACQUIRE(ALLOCATE) / RELEASE(DEALLOCATE): In some cases, this

combination can avoid deadlocks by locking all needed resources as soon as the
program starts to run. This combination is most useful for a long-running application
that runs for hours and accesses various tables, because it prevents an untimely
deadlock from wasting that processing.
v All tables or table spaces used in DBRMs bound directly to the plan are locked
when the plan is allocated.
v All tables or table spaces are unlocked only when the plan terminates.
v The locks used are the most restrictive needed to execute all SQL statements in
the plan regardless of whether the statements are actually executed.
v Restrictive states are not checked until the page set is accessed. Locking when
the plan is allocated insures that the job is compatible with other SQL jobs.
Waiting until the first access to check restrictive states provides greater
availability; however, it is possible that an SQL transaction could:
– Hold a lock on a table space or partition that is stopped
– Acquire a lock on a table space or partition that is started for DB2 utility
access only (ACCESS(UT))

– Acquire an exclusive lock (IX, X) on a table space or partition that is started
for read access only (ACCESS(RO)), thus prohibiting access by readers
Disadvantages: This combination reduces concurrency. It can lock resources in

| high demand for longer than needed. Also, the option ACQUIRE(ALLOCATE) turns
| off selective partition locking; if you are accessing a partitioned table space, all
| partitions are locked.
Restriction: This combination is not allowed for BIND PACKAGE. Use this
combination if processing efficiency is more important than concurrency. It is a good
choice for batch jobs that would release table and table space locks only to
reacquire them almost immediately. It might even improve concurrency, by allowing
batch jobs to finish sooner. Generally, do not use this combination if your
application contains many SQL statements that are often not executed.
ACQUIRE(USE) / RELEASE(DEALLOCATE): This combination results in the most

efficient use of processing time in most cases.
v A table, partition, or table space used by the plan or package is locked only if it is
needed while running.
v All tables or table spaces are unlocked only when the plan terminates.
v The least restrictive lock needed to execute each SQL statement is used, with
the exception that if a more restrictive lock remains from a previous statement,
that lock is used without change.
Disadvantages: This combination can increase the frequency of deadlocks.

Because all locks are acquired in a sequence that is predictable only in an actual
run, more concurrent access delays might occur.
ACQUIRE(USE) / RELEASE(COMMIT): This combination is the default

combination and provides the greatest concurrency, but it requires more processing
time if the application commits frequently.
v A table or table space is locked only when needed. That locking is important if
the process contains many SQL statements that are rarely used or statements
that are intended to access data only in certain circumstances.
v All tables and table spaces are unlocked when:
TSO, Batch, and CAF

An SQL COMMIT or ROLLBACK statement is issued, or your application
process terminates
IMS
A CHKP or SYNC call (for single-mode transactions), a GU call to the I/O
PCB, or a ROLL or ROLB call is completed
CICS
A SYNCPOINT command is issued.
Exception: If the cursor is defined WITH HOLD, table or table space locks
necessary to maintain cursor position are held past the commit point. (See “The
effect of WITH HOLD for a cursor” on page 402 for more information.

v The least restrictive lock needed to execute each SQL statement is used except
when a more restrictive lock remains from a previous statement. In that case,
that lock is used without change.
Disadvantages: This combination can increase the frequency of deadlocks.

Because all locks are acquired in a sequence that is predictable only in an actual
run, more concurrent access delays might occur.
ACQUIRE(ALLOCATE) / RELEASE(COMMIT): This combination is not allowed; it

results in an error message from BIND.
The ISOLATION option

Effects: The ISOLATION option Specifies the degree to which operations are
isolated from the possible effects of other operations acting concurrently. Based on
this information, DB2 releases S and U locks on rows or pages as soon as
possible. You can use the following ISOLATION options:
Default: The default differs for different types of bind operations, as shown in.
Table 48. The default ISOLATION values for different bind operations
Operation Default value
BIND PLAN ISOLATION(RR)
BIND PACKAGE The value used by the plan that includes the package
in its package list
REBIND PLAN or PACKAGE The existing value for the plan or package being
rebound
For more detailed examples, see DB2 Application Programming and SQL Guide.
Recommendation: Choose an ISOLATION value based on the characteristics of

the particular application.
Advantages and disadvantages of the isolation values

The various isolation levels offer less or more concurrency at the cost of more or
less protection from other application processes. The values you choose should be
| based primarily on the needs of the application. This section presents the isolation
| levels in order of recommendation, from the most recommended (CS) to the least
| recommended (RR). For ISOLATION (CS), CURRENTDATA(NO) is preferred over
| CURRENTDATA(YES). For more information on the CURRENTDATA option, see
| “The CURRENTDATA option” on page 399.
Regardless of the isolation level, uncommitted claims on DB2 objects can inhibit the
execution of DB2 utilities or commands.
ISOLATION (CS)
Allows maximum concurrency with data integrity. However, after the process
leaves a row or page, another process can change the data. With
CURRENTDATA(NO), the process doesn’t have to leave a row or page to
allow another process to change the data. If the first process returns to
read the same row or page, the data is not necessarily the same. Consider
these consequences of that possibility:
v For table spaces created with LOCKSIZE ROW, PAGE, or ANY, a
change can occur even while executing a single SQL statement, if the
statement reads the same row more than once. In the following example:

SELECT * FROM T1
WHERE COL1 = (SELECT MAX(COL1) FROM T1);
data read by the inner SELECT can be changed by another transaction

before it is read by the outer SELECT. Therefore, the information
returned by this query might be from a row that is no longer the one with
the maximum value for COL1.
v In another case, if your process reads a row and returns later to update
it, that row might no longer exist or might not exist in the state that it did
when your application process originally read it. That is, another
application might have deleted or updated the row. If your application is
doing non-cursor operations on a row under the cursor, make sure
the application can tolerate “not found” conditions.
Similarly, assume another application updates a row after you read it. If
your process returns later to update it based on the value you originally
read, you are, in effect, erasing the update made by the other process. If
you use isolation (CS) with update, your process might need to lock
out concurrent updates. One method is to declare a cursor with the
FOR UPDATE clause.
General-use Programming Interface
For packages and plans that contain updatable static scrollable cursors,
ISOLATION(CS) lets DB2 use optimistic concurrency control. DB2 can use
optimistic concurrency control to shorten the amount of time that locks are
held in the following situations:
v Between consecutive fetch operations
v Between fetch operations and subsequent positioned update or delete
operations
DB2 cannot use optimistic concurrency control for dynamic scrollable

cursors. With dynamic scrollabe cursors, the most recently fetched row or
page from the base table remains locked to maintain position for a
positioned update or delete.
Figure 139 and Figure 140 on page 396 show processing of positioned
update and delete operations with static scrollable cursors without optimistic
concurrency control and with optimistic concurrency control.
Figure 139. Positioned updates and deletes without optimistic concurrency control

Figure 140. Positioned updates and deletes with optimistic concurrency control
Optimistic concurrency control consists of the following steps:

1. When the application requests a fetch operation to position the cursor
on a row, DB2 locks that row, executes the FETCH, and releases the
lock.
2. When the application requests a positioned update or delete operation
on the row, DB2 performs the following steps:
a. Locks the row.
b. Reevaluates the predicate to ensure that the row still qualifies for
the result table.
c. For columns that are in the result table, compares current values in
the row to the values of the row when step 1 was executed.
Performs the positioned update or delete operation only if the values
match.
End of General-use Programming Interface
ISOLATION (UR)
Allows the application to read while acquiring few locks, at the risk of
reading uncommitted data. UR isolation applies only to read-only
operations: SELECT, SELECT INTO, or FETCH from a read-only result
table.
Reading uncommitted data introduces an element of uncertainty.
Example: An application tracks the movement of work from station to
station along an assembly line. As items move from one station to another,
the application subtracts from the count of items at the first station and
adds to the count of items at the second. Assume you want to query the
count of items at all the stations, while the application is running
concurrently.
What can happen if your query reads data that the application has changed
but has not committed?
If the application subtracts an amount from one record before adding it
to another, the query could miss the amount entirely.
If the application adds first and then subtracts, the query could add the
amount twice.
If those situations can occur and are unacceptable, do not use UR isolation.

Restrictions: You cannot use UR isolation for the following types of
statements:
v INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
v Any cursor defined with a FOR UPDATE clause
If you bind with ISOLATION(UR) and the statement does not specify WITH
RR or WITH RS, DB2 uses CS isolation for thee types of statements.
When can you use uncommitted read (UR)? You can probably use UR
isolation in cases like the following ones:
v When errors cannot occur.
Example: A reference table, like a table of descriptions of parts by part
number. It is rarely updated, and reading an uncommitted update is
probably no more damaging than reading the table 5 seconds earlier. Go
ahead and read it with ISOLATION(UR).
Example: The employee table of Spiffy Computer, our hypothetical user.
For security reasons, updates can be made to the table only by members
of a single department. And that department is also the only one that can
query the entire table. It is easy to restrict queries to times when no
updates are being made and then run with UR isolation.
v When an error is acceptable.
Example: Spiffy wants to do some statistical analysis on employee data.
A typical question is, “What is the average salary by sex within education
level?” Because reading an occasional uncommitted record cannot affect
the averages much, UR isolation can be used.
v When the data already contains inconsistent information.
Example: Spiffy gets sales leads from various sources. The data is often
inconsistent or wrong, and end users of the data are accustomed to
dealing with that. Inconsistent access to a table of data on sales leads
does not add to the problem.
Do not use uncommitted read (UR) in the following cases:

When the computations must balance
When the answer must be accurate
When you are not sure it can do no damage
ISOLATION (RS)
Allows the application to read the same pages or rows more than once
without allowing qualifying rows to be updated or deleted by another
process. It offers possibly greater concurrency than repeatable read,
because although other applications cannot change rows that are returned
to the original application, they can insert new rows or update rows that did
not satisfy the original application’s search condition. Only those rows or
pages that satisfy the stage 1 predicate (and all rows or pages evaluated
during stage 2 processing) are locked until the application commits.
Figure 141 on page 398 illustrates this. In the example, the rows held by
locks L2 and L4 satisfy the predicate.

Application
Request row Request next row
Time line
Lock Unlock Lock Unlock Lock Lock Unlock Lock

L L L1 L1 L2 L3 L3 L4
DB2
Figure 141. How an application using RS isolation acquires locks when no lock avoidance
techniques are used. Locks L2 and L4 are held until the application commits. The other locks
aren’t held.
Applications using read stability can leave rows or pages locked for long
periods, especially in a distributed environment.
If you do use read stability, plan for frequent commit points.

ISOLATION (RR)
Allows the application to read the same pages or rows more than once
without allowing any UPDATE, INSERT, or DELETE by another process. All
accessed rows or pages are locked, even if they do not satisfy the
predicate.
Figure 142 shows that all locks are held until the application commits. In the
following example, the rows held by locks L2 and L4 satisfy the predicate.
Application
Request row Request next row
Time line
Lock Lock Lock Lock Lock

L L1 L2 L3 L4
DB2
Figure 142. How an application using RR isolation acquires locks. All locks are held until the
application commits.
Applications that use repeatable read can leave rows or pages locked for
longer periods, especially in a distributed environment, and they can claim
more logical partitions than similar applications using cursor stability.
They are also subject to being drained more often by utility operations.
Because so many locks can be taken, lock escalation might take place.
Frequent commits release the locks and can help avoid lock escalation.
With repeatable read, lock promotion occurs for table space scan to prevent
the insertion of rows that might qualify for the predicate. (If access is via
index, DB2 locks the key range. If access is via table space scans, DB2
locks the table, partition, or table space.)

Restrictions on concurrent access: An application using UR isolation cannot run
concurrently with a utility that drains all claim classes. Also, the application must
acquire the following locks:
v A special mass delete lock acquired in S mode on the target table or table space.
A “mass delete” is a DELETE statement without a WHERE clause; that operation
must acquire the lock in X mode and thus cannot run concurrently.
v An IX lock on any table space used in the work file database. That lock prevents
dropping the table space while the application is running.
v If LOB values are read, LOB locks and a lock on the LOB table space. If the
LOB lock is not available because it is held by another application in an
incompatible lock state, the UR reader skips the LOB and moves on to the next
LOB that satisfies the query.
The CURRENTDATA option

The CURRENTDATA option has different effects, depending on if access is local or
remote:
v For local access, the option tells whether the data upon which your cursor is
positioned must remain identical to (or “current with”) the data in the local base
table. For cursors positioned on data in a work file, the CURRENTDATA option
has no effect. This effect only applies to read-only or ambiguous cursors in plans
or packages bound with CS isolation.
A cursor is “ambiguous” if DB2 cannot tell whether it is used for update or
read-only purposes. If the cursor appears to be used only for read-only, but
dynamic SQL could modify data through the cursor, then the cursor is
ambiguous. If you use CURRENTDATA to indicate an ambiguous cursor is
read-only when it is actually targeted by dynamic SQL for modification, you’ll get
an error. See “Problems with ambiguous cursors” on page 401 for more
information about ambiguous cursors.
v For a request to a remote system, CURRENTDATA has an effect for ambiguous
cursors using isolation levels RR, RS, or CS. For ambiguous cursors, it turns
block fetching on or off. (Read-only cursors and UR isolation always use block
fetch.) Turning on block fetch offers best performance, but it means the cursor is
not current with the base table at the remote site.
Local access: Locally, CURRENTDATA(YES) means that the data upon which
the cursor is positioned cannot change while the cursor is positioned on it. If the
cursor is positioned on data in a local base table or index, then the data returned
with the cursor is current with the contents of that table or index. If the cursor is
positioned on data in a work file, the data returned with the cursor is current only
with the contents of the work file; it is not necessarily current with the contents of
the underlying table or index.
Figure 143 on page 400 shows locking with CURRENTDATA(YES).

Application
Request Request next
row or page row or page
Time line
Lock Unlock Lock Unlock Lock Unlock Lock Unlock Lock

L L L1 L1 L2 L2 L3 L3 L4
DB2
Figure 143. How an application using CS isolation with CURRENTDATA(YES) acquires locks.
This figure shows access to the base table. The L2 and L4 locks are released after DB2
moves to the next row or page. When the application commits, the last lock is released.
As with work files, if a cursor uses query parallelism, data is not necessarily current
with the contents of the table or index, regardless of whether a work file is used.
Therefore, for work file access or for parallelism on read-only queries, the
CURRENTDATA option has no effect.
If you are using parallelism but want to maintain currency with the data, you have
the following options:
v Disable parallelism (Use SET DEGREE = ’1’ or bind with DEGREE(1)).
v Use isolation RR or RS (parallelism can still be used).
v Use the LOCK TABLE statement (parallelism can still be used).
For local access, CURRENTDATA(NO) is similar to CURRENTDATA(YES) except

for the case where a cursor is accessing a base table rather than a result table in a
work file. In those cases, although CURRENTDATA(YES) can guarantee that the
cursor and the base table are current, CURRENTDATA(NO) makes no such
guarantee.
Remote access: For access to a remote table or index, CURRENTDATA(YES)

turns off block fetching for ambiguous cursors. The data returned with the cursor is
current with the contents of the remote table or index for ambiguous cursors. See
“Use block fetch” on page 440 for more information about the effect of
CURRENTDATA on block fetch.
Lock avoidance: With CURRENTDATA(NO), you have much greater opportunity

for avoiding locks. DB2 can test to see if a row or page has committed data on it. If
it has, DB2 does not have to obtain a lock on the data at all. Unlocked data is
returned to the application, and the data can be changed while the cursor is
positioned on the row. (For SELECT statements in which no cursor is used, such as
those that return a single row, a lock is not held on the row unless you specify
WITH RS or WITH RR on the statement.)
To take the best advantage of this method of avoiding locks, make sure all
applications that are accessing data concurrently issue COMMITs frequently.
Figure 144 on page 401 shows how DB2 can avoid taking locks and Table 54 on
page 401 summarizes the factors that influence lock avoidance.

Application
Request Request next
row or page row or page
Time line
Test and avoid locks Test and avoid locks
DB2
Figure 144. Best case of avoiding locks using CS isolation with CURRENTDATA(NO). This
figure shows access to the base table. If DB2 must take a lock, then locks are released when
DB2 moves to the next row or page, or when the application commits (the same as
CURRENTDATA(YES)).
Table 54. Lock avoidance factors. “Returned data” means data that satisfies the predicate.
“Rejected data” is that which does not satisfy the predicate.
Avoid Avoid
locks on locks on
Isolation CURRENTDATA Cursor type
returned rejected
data? data?
UR N/A Read-only N/A N/A
Read-only
YES Updatable No
Ambiguous
CS Yes
Read-only Yes
NO Updatable No
Ambiguous Yes
Read-only
RS N/A Updatable No Yes 1
Ambiguous
Read-only
RR N/A Updatable No No
Ambiguous
| Note: 1. For RS, locks are avoided on rejected data only when multi-row fetch is
used and when stage 1 predicates fail.
Problems with ambiguous cursors: As shown in Table 54, ambiguous cursors

can sometimes prevent DB2 from using lock avoidance techniques. However,
misuse of an ambiguous cursor can cause your program to receive a -510
SQLCODE:
v The plan or package is bound with CURRENTDATA(NO)
v An OPEN CURSOR statement is performed before a dynamic DELETE WHERE
CURRENT OF statement against that cursor is prepared
v One of the following conditions is true for the open cursor:
– Lock avoidance is successfully used on that statement.
– Query parallelism is used.
– The cursor is distributed, and block fetching is used.

In all cases, it is a good programming technique to eliminate the ambiguity by
declaring the cursor with either the FOR FETCH ONLY or the FOR UPDATE
clause.
When plan and package options differ

A plan bound with one set of options can include packages in its package list that
were bound with different sets of options. In general, statements in a DBRM bound
as a package use the options that the package was bound with, and statements in
DBRMs bound to a plan use the options that the plan was bound with.
For example, the plan value for CURRENTDATA has no effect on the packages
executing under that plan. If you do not specify a CURRENTDATA option explicitly
when you bind a package, the default is CURRENTDATA(YES).
The rules are slightly different for the bind options RELEASE and ISOLATION. The
values of those two options are set when the lock on the resource is acquired and
usually stay in effect until the lock is released. But a conflict can occur if a
statement that is bound with one pair of values requests a lock on a resource that
is already locked by a statement that is bound with a different pair of values. DB2
resolves the conflict by resetting each option with the available value that causes
the lock to be held for the greatest duration.
If the conflict is between RELEASE(COMMIT) and RELEASE(DEALLOCATE), then

the value used is RELEASE(DEALLOCATE).
Table 55 shows how conflicts between isolation levels are resolved. The first column
is the existing isolation level, and the remaining columns show what happens when
another isolation level is requested by a new application process.
Table 55. Resolving isolation conflicts
UR CS RS RR
UR n/a CS RS RR
CS CS n/a RS RR
RS RS RS n/a RR
RR RR RR RR n/a
The effect of WITH HOLD for a cursor

For a cursor defined as WITH HOLD, the cursor position is maintained past a
commit point. Hence, locks and claims needed to maintain that position are not
released immediately, even if they were acquired with ISOLATION(CS) or
RELEASE(COMMIT).
For locks and claims that are needed for cursor position, the following exceptions
exist for special cases:
Page and row locks: If your installation specifies NO on the RELEASE LOCKS
field of installation panel DSNTIP4, as described in DB2 Administration Guide, a
page or row lock is held past the commit point. This page or row lock is not
necessary for cursor position, but the NO option is provided for compatibility that
might rely on this lock. However, an X or U lock is demoted to an S lock at that
time. (Because changes have been committed, exclusive control is no longer
needed.) After the commit point, the lock is released at the next commit point,
provided that no cursor is still positioned on that page or row.

If your installation specifies YES on the RELEASE LOCKS field on installation panel
DSNTIP4, data page or row locks are held past commit.
Table, table space, and DBD locks: All necessary locks are held past the commit
point. After that, they are released according to the RELEASE option under which
they were acquired: for COMMIT, at the next commit point after the cursor is closed;
for DEALLOCATE, when the application is deallocated.
Claims: All claims, for any claim class, are held past the commit point. They are
released at the next commit point after all held cursors have moved off the object or
have been closed.
Isolation overriding with SQL statements

Function of the WITH clause: You can override the isolation level with which a
plan or package is bound by the WITH clause on certain SQL statements.
Example: This statement:

SELECT MAX(BONUS), MIN(BONUS), AVG(BONUS)
INTO :MAX, :MIN, :AVG
FROM DSN8810.EMP
WITH UR;
finds the maximum, minimum, and average bonus in the sample employee table.
The statement is executed with uncommitted read isolation, regardless of the value
of ISOLATION with which the plan or package containing the statement is bound.
Rules for the WITH clause: The WITH clause:

v Can be used on these statements:
– Select-statement
– SELECT INTO
– Searched delete
– INSERT from fullselect
– Searched update
v Cannot be used on subqueries.
v Can specify the isolation levels that specifically apply to its statement. (For
example, because WITH UR applies only to read-only operations, you cannot
use it on an INSERT statement.)
v Overrides the isolation level for the plan or package only for the statement in
which it appears.
| USE AND KEEP ... LOCKS options of the WITH clause: If you use the WITH RR
| or WITH RS clause, you can use the USE AND KEEP EXCLUSIVE LOCKS, USE
| AND KEEP UPDATE LOCKS, USE AND KEEP SHARE LOCKS options in SELECT
| and SELECT INTO statements.
| Example: To use these options, specify them as shown in the following example:
| SELECT ...
| WITH RS USE KEEP UPDATE LOCKS;
| By using one of these options, you tell DB2 to acquire and hold a specific mode of
| lock on all the qualified pages or rows. Table 56 on page 404 shows which mode of
| lock is held on rows or pages when you specify the SELECT using the WITH RS or
| WITH RR isolation clause.

| Table 56. Which mode of lock is held on rows or pages when you specify the SELECT using
| the WITH RS or WITH RR isolation clause
| Option Value Lock Mode
| USE AND KEEP EXCLUSIVE LOCKS X
| USE AND KEEP UPDATE LOCKS U
| USE AND KEEP SHARE LOCKS S
|
| With read stability (RS) isolation, a row or page that is rejected during stage 2
| processing might still have a lock held on it, even though it is not returned to the
| application.
| With repeatable read (RR) isolation, DB2 acquires locks on all pages or rows that
| fall within the range of the selection expression.
| All locks are held until the application commits. Although this option can reduce
| concurrency, it can prevent some types of deadlocks and can better serialize
| access to data.
The statement LOCK TABLE

For information about using LOCK TABLE on an auxiliary table, see “LOCK TABLE
statement” on page 411.
The purpose of LOCK TABLE

Use the LOCK TABLE statement to override DB2’s rules for choosing initial lock
attributes. Two examples are:
LOCK TABLE table-name IN SHARE MODE;
LOCK TABLE table-name PART n IN EXCLUSIVE MODE;
Executing the statement requests a lock immediately, unless a suitable lock exists
already. The bind option RELEASE determines when locks acquired by LOCK
TABLE or LOCK TABLE with the PART option are released.
You can use LOCK TABLE on any table, including auxiliary tables of LOB table
spaces. See “LOCK TABLE statement” on page 411 for information about locking
auxiliary tables.
LOCK TABLE has no effect on locks acquired at a remote server.
The effect of LOCK TABLE

Table 57 shows the modes of locks acquired in segmented and nonsegmented table
spaces for the SHARE and EXCLUSIVE modes of LOCK TABLE. Auxiliary tables of
LOB table spaces are considered nonsegmented table spaces and have the same
locking behavior.
Table 57. Modes of locks acquired by LOCK TABLE. LOCK TABLE on partitions behave the
same as nonsegmented table spaces.
Segmented Table Space
Nonsegmented
LOCK TABLE IN Table Space Table Table Space
EXCLUSIVE MODE X X IX
SHARE MODE S or SIX S or SIX IS
Note: The SIX lock is acquired if the process already holds an IX lock. SHARE MODE has
no effect if the process already has a lock of mode SIX, U, or X.

Recommendations for using LOCK TABLE
Use LOCK TABLE to prevent other application processes from changing any row in
a table or partition that your process is accessing. For example, suppose that you
access several tables. You can tolerate concurrent updates on all the tables except
one; for that one, you need RR or RS isolation. There are several ways to handle
the situation:
v Bind the application plan with RR or RS isolation. But that affects all the tables
you access and might reduce concurrency.
v Design the application to use packages and access the exceptional table in only
a few packages. Bind those packages with RR or RS isolation and the plan with
CS isolation. Only the tables accessed within those packages are accessed with
RR or RS isolation.
v Add the clause WITH RR or WITH RS to statements that must be executed with
RR or RS isolation. Statements that do not use WITH are executed as specified
by the bind option ISOLATION.
v Bind the application plan with CS isolation and execute LOCK TABLE for the
exceptional table. (If there are other tables in the same table space, see the
caution that follows.) LOCK TABLE locks out changes by any other process,
giving the exceptional table a degree of isolation even more thorough than
repeatable read. All tables in other table spaces are shared for concurrent
update.
Caution when using LOCK TABLE with simple table spaces: The statement
locks all tables in a simple table space, even though you name only one table. No
other process can update the table space for the duration of the lock. If the lock is
in exclusive mode, no other process can read the table space, unless that process
is running with UR isolation.
Additional examples of LOCK TABLE: You might want to lock a table or partition
that is normally shared for any of the following reasons:
Taking a“snapshot”
If you want to access an entire table throughout a unit of work as it
was at a particular moment, you must lock out concurrent changes.
If other processes can access the table, use LOCK TABLE IN
SHARE MODE. (RR isolation is not enough; it locks out changes
only from rows or pages you have already accessed.)
Avoiding overhead
If you want to update a large part of a table, it can be more efficient
to prevent concurrent access than to lock each page as it is
updated and unlock it when it is committed. Use LOCK TABLE IN
EXCLUSIVE MODE.
Preventing timeouts
Your application has a high priority and must not risk timeouts from
contention with other application processes. Depending on whether
your application updates or not, use either LOCK IN EXCLUSIVE
MODE or LOCK TABLE IN SHARE MODE.
Access paths
The access path used can affect the mode, size, and even the object of a lock. For
example, an UPDATE statement using a table space scan might need an X lock on

the entire table space. If rows to be updated are located through an index, the
same statement might need only an IX lock on the table space and X locks on
individual pages or rows.
If you use the EXPLAIN statement to investigate the access path chosen for an
SQL statement, then check the lock mode in column TSLOCKMODE of the
resulting PLAN_TABLE. If the table resides in a nonsegmented table space, or is
defined with LOCKSIZE TABLESPACE, the mode shown is that of the table space
lock. Otherwise, the mode is that of the table lock.

The important points about DB2 locks:
v You usually do not have to lock data explicitly in your program.
v DB2 ensures that your program does not retrieve uncommitted data unless
you specifically allow that.
v Any page or row where your program updates, inserts, or deletes stays locked
at least until the end of a unit of work, regardless of the isolation level. No
other process can access the object in any way until then, unless you
specifically allow that access to that process.
v Commit often for concurrency. Determine points in your program where
changed data is consistent. At those points, issue:
TSO, Batch, and CAF

An SQL COMMIT statement
IMS
A CHKP or SYNC call, or (for single-mode transactions) a GU call to the
I/O PCB
CICS
A SYNCPOINT command.
v Bind with ACQUIRE(USE) to improve concurrency.

v Set ISOLATION (usually RR, RS, or CS) when you bind the plan or package.
– With RR (repeatable read), all accessed pages or rows are locked until the
next commit point. (See “Recommendations for database design” on page
380 for information about cursor position locks for cursors defined WITH
HOLD.)
– With RS (read stability), all qualifying pages or rows are locked until the
next commit point. (See “Recommendations for application design” on page
381 for information about cursor position locks for cursors defined WITH
HOLD.)
– With CS (cursor stability), only the pages or rows currently accessed can
be locked, and those locks might be avoided. (You can access one page or
row for each open cursor.)
v You can also set isolation for specific SQL statements, using WITH.
v A deadlock can occur if two processes each hold a resource that the other
needs. One process is chosen as “victim”, its unit of work is rolled back, and
an SQL error code is issued.
Figure 145. Summary of DB2 locks (Part 1 of 2)

v You can lock an entire nonsegmented table space, or an entire table in a
segmented table space, by the statement LOCK TABLE:
– To let other users retrieve, but not update, delete, or insert, issue:
LOCK TABLE table-name IN SHARE MODE
– To prevent other users from accessing rows in any way, except by using
UR isolation, issue:
LOCK TABLE table-name IN EXCLUSIVE MODE
Figure 145. Summary of DB2 locks (Part 2 of 2)
LOB locks
The locking activity for LOBs is described separately from transaction locks
because the purpose of LOB locks is different than that of regular transaction locks.
A lock that is taken on a LOB value in a LOB table space is called a LOB lock.
In this section, the following topics are described:

v “Relationship between transaction locks and LOB locks”
v “Hierarchy of LOB locks” on page 409
v “LOB and LOB table space lock modes” on page 410
v “Duration of locks” on page 410
v “Instances when locks on LOB table space are not taken” on page 411
v “LOCK TABLE statement” on page 411
Relationship between transaction locks and LOB locks

As described in “Introduction to LOBs” on page 281, LOB column values are stored
in a different table space, a LOB table space, from the values in the base table. An
application that reads or updates a row in a table that contains LOB columns
obtains its normal transaction locks on the base table. The locks on the base table
also control concurrency for the LOB table space. When locks are not acquired on
the base table, such as for ISO(UR), DB2 maintains data consistency by using
locks on the LOB table space. Even when locks are acquired on the base table,
DB2 still obtains locks on the LOB table space.
DB2 also obtains locks on the LOB table space and the LOB values stored in that
LOB table space, but those locks have the following primary purposes:
v To determine whether space from a deleted LOB can be reused by an inserted or
updated LOB
Storage for a deleted LOB is not reused until no more readers (including held
locators) are on the LOB and the delete operation has been committed.
v To prevent deallocating space for a LOB that is currently being read
A LOB can be deleted from one application’s point-of-view while a reader from
another application is reading the LOB. The reader continues reading the LOB
because all readers, including those readers that are using uncommitted read
isolation, acquire S-locks on LOBs to prevent the storage for the LOB they are
reading from being deallocated. That lock is held until commit. A held LOB
locator or a held cursor cause the LOB lock and LOB table space lock to be held
past commit.

In summary, the main purpose of LOB locks is for managing the space used by
LOBs and to ensure that LOB readers do not read partially updated LOBs.
Applications need to free held locators so that the space can be reused.
Table 58 shows the relationship between the action that is occurring on the LOB
value and the associated LOB table space and LOB locks that are acquired.
Table 58. Locks that are acquired for operations on LOBs. This table does not account for
gross locks that can be taken because of LOCKSIZE TABLESPACE, the LOCK TABLE
statement, or lock escalation.
Action on LOB value LOB table space
lock LOB lock Comment
Read (including UR) IS S Prevents storage from being
reused while the LOB is
being read or while locators
are referencing the LOB
Insert IX X Prevents other processes
from seeing a partial LOB
Delete IS S To hold space in case the
delete is rolled back. (The X
is on the base table row or
page.) Storage is not
reusable until the delete is
committed and no other
readers of the LOB exist.
Update IS->IX Two LOB Operation is a delete
locks: an followed by an insert.
S-lock for the
delete and an
X-lock for the
insert.
Update the LOBto null IS S No insert, just a delete.
or zero-length
Update a null or IX X No delete, just an insert.
zero-length LOB to a
value
ISOLATION(UR) or ISOLATION(CS): When an application is reading rows using

uncommitted read or lock avoidance, no page or row locks are taken on the base
table. Therefore, these readers must take an S LOB lock to ensure that they are not
reading a partial LOB or a LOB value that is inconsistent with the base row.
Hierarchy of LOB locks

Just as page locks (or row locks) and table space locks have a hierarchical
relationship, LOB locks and locks on LOB table spaces have a hierarchical
relationship. (See Figure 138 on page 385 for a picture of the hierarchical
relationship.) If the LOB table space is locked with a gross lock, then LOB locks are
not acquired. In a data sharing environment, the lock on the LOB table space is
used to determine whether the lock on the LOB must be propagated beyond the
local IRLM.

LOB and LOB table space lock modes
Modes of LOB locks
The following LOB lock modes are possible:
S (SHARE) The lock owner and any concurrent processes can read, update, or
delete the locked LOB. Concurrent processes can acquire an S lock
on the LOB. The purpose of the S lock is to reserve the space used
by the LOB.
X (EXCLUSIVE)
The lock owner can read or change the locked LOB. Concurrent
processes cannot access the LOB.
Modes of LOB table space locks

The following locks modes are possible on the LOB table space:
IS (INTENT SHARE)
The lock owner can update LOBs to null or zero-length, or read or
delete LOBs in the LOB table space. Concurrent processes can
both read and change LOBs in the same table space. The lock
owner acquires a LOB lock on any data that it reads or deletes.
IX (INTENT EXCLUSIVE)
The lock owner and concurrent processes can read and change
data in the LOB table space. The lock owner acquires a LOB lock
on any data it accesses.
S (SHARE) The lock owner and any concurrent processes can read and delete
LOBs in the LOB table space. The lock owner does not need LOB
locks.
SIX (SHARE with INTENT EXCLUSIVE)
The lock owner can read and change data in the LOB table space.
If the lock owner is inserting (INSERT or UPDATE), the lock owner
obtains a LOB lock. Concurrent processes can read or delete data
in the LOB table space (or update to a null or zero-length LOB).
X (EXCLUSIVE)
The lock owner can read or change LOBs in the LOB table space.
The lock owner does not need LOB locks. Concurrent processes
cannot access the data.
Duration of locks
Duration of locks on LOB table spaces
Locks on LOB table spaces are acquired when they are needed; that is, the
ACQUIRE option of BIND has no effect on when the table space lock on the LOB
table space is taken. The table space lock is released according to the value
specified on the RELEASE option of BIND (except when a cursor is defined WITH
HOLD or if a held LOB locator exists).
Duration of LOB locks

Locks on LOBs are taken when they are needed and are usually released at
commit. However, if that LOB value is assigned to a LOB locator, the S lock
remains until the application commits.

If the application uses HOLD LOCATOR, the LOB lock is not freed until the first
commit operation after a FREE LOCATOR statement is issued, or until the thread is
deallocated.
If a cursor is defined WITH HOLD, LOB locks are held through commit operations.
Because LOB locks are held until commit and because locks are put on each LOB
column in both a source table and a target table, it is possible that a statement
such as an INSERT with a fullselect that involves LOB columns can accumulate
many more locks than a similar statement that does not involve LOB columns. To
prevent system problems caused by too many locks, you can:
v Ensure that you have lock escalation enabled for the LOB table spaces that are
involved in the INSERT. In other words, make sure that LOCKMAX is non-zero
for those LOB table spaces.
v Alter the LOB table space to change the LOCKSIZE to TABLESPACE before
executing the INSERT with fullselect.
v Increase the LOCKMAX value on the table spaces involved and ensure that the
user lock limit is sufficient.
v Use LOCK TABLE statements to lock the LOB table spaces. (Locking the
auxiliary table that is contained in the LOB table space locks the LOB table
space.)
Instances when locks on LOB table space are not taken

A lock might not be acquired on a LOB table space at all. For example, if a row is
deleted from a table and the value of the LOB column is null, the LOB table space
associated with that LOB column is not locked. DB2 does not access the LOB table
space if the application:
v Selects a LOB that is null or zero length
v Deletes a row where the LOB is null or zero length
v Inserts a null or zero length LOB
v Updates a null or zero-length LOB to null or zero-length
LOCK TABLE statement

“The statement LOCK TABLE” on page 404 describes how and why you might use
a LOCK TABLE statement on a table. The reasons for using LOCK TABLE on an
auxiliary table are somewhat different than that for regular tables.
v You can use LOCK TABLE to control the number of locks acquired on the
auxiliary table.
v You can use LOCK TABLE IN SHARE MODE to prevent other applications from
inserting LOBs.
With auxiliary tables, LOCK TABLE IN SHARE MODE does not prevent any
changes to the auxiliary table. The statement does prevent LOBs from being
inserted into the auxiliary table, but it does not prevent deletes. Updates are
generally restricted also, except where the LOB is updated to a null value or a
zero-length string.
v You can use LOCK TABLE IN EXCLUSIVE MODE to prevent other applications
from accessing LOBs.
With auxiliary tables, LOCK TABLE IN EXCLUSIVE MODE also prevents access
from uncommitted readers.
v Either statement eliminates the need for lower-level LOB locks.

Chapter 19. Planning for recovery
During recovery, when a DB2 database is restoring to its most recent consistent
state, you must back out any uncommitted changes to data that occurred before the
program abend or system failure. You must do this without interfering with other
system activities.
If your application intercepts abends, DB2 commits work because it is unaware that
an abend has occurred. If you want DB2 to roll back work automatically when an
abend occurs in your program, do not let the program or run-time environment
intercept the abend. If your program uses Language Environment, and you want
DB2 to roll back work automatically when an abend occurs in the program, specify
the run-time options ABTERMENC(ABEND) and TRAP(ON).
A unit of work is a logically distinct procedure containing steps that change the data.
If all the steps complete successfully, you want the data changes to become
permanent. But, if any of the steps fail, you want all modified data to return to the
original value before the procedure began.
For example, suppose two employees in the sample table DSN8810.EMP exchange
offices. You need to exchange their office phone numbers in the PHONENO
column. You would use two UPDATE statements to make each phone number
current. Both statements, taken together, are a unit of work. You want both
statements to complete successfully. For example, if only one statement is
successful, you want both phone numbers rolled back to their original values before
attempting another update.
When a unit of work completes, all locks that were implicitly acquired by that unit of
work are released, allowing a new unit of work to begin.
The amount of processing time that is used by a unit of work in your program
affects the length of time DB2 prevents other users from accessing that locked
data. When several programs try to use the same data concurrently, each
program’s unit of work should be as short as possible to minimize the interference
between the programs.
This chapter describes the way a unit of work functions in various environments.
For more information about unit of work, see Chapter 1 of DB2 SQL Reference or
Part 4 (Volume 1) of DB2 Administration Guide.
Unit of work in TSO batch and online

A unit of work starts when the first updates of a DB2 object occur.
A unit of work ends when one of the following conditions occurs:

v The program issues a subsequent COMMIT statement. At this point in the
processing, your program has determined that the data is consistent; all data
changes made since the previous commit point were made correctly.
v The program issues a subsequent ROLLBACK statement. At this point in the
processing, your program has determined that the data changes were not made
correctly and, therefore, should not be permanent.
v The program terminates and returns to the DSN command processor, which
returns to the TSO Terminal Monitor Program (TMP).

A commit point occurs when you issue a COMMIT statement or your program
terminates normally. You should issue a COMMIT statement only when you are sure
the data is in a consistent state. For example, a bank transaction might transfer
funds from account A to account B. The transaction first subtracts the amount of the
transfer from account A, and then adds the amount to account B. Both events,
taken together, are a unit of work. When both events complete (and not before), the
data in the two accounts is consistent. The program can then issue a COMMIT
statement. A ROLLBACK statement causes any data changes that were made since
the last commit point to be backed out.
Before you can connect to another DBMS, you must issue a COMMIT statement. If
the system fails at this point, DB2 cannot know that your transaction is complete. In
this case, as in the case of a failure during a one-phase commit operation for a
single subsystem, you must make your own provision for maintaining data integrity.
| You can provide an abend exit routine in your program. It must use tracking
| indicators to determine if an abend occurs during DB2 processing. If an abend does
| occur when DB2 has control, you must allow task termination to complete. DB2
| detects task termination and terminates the thread with the ABRT parameter. Do not
| re-run the program.
If your program abends or the system fails, DB2 backs out uncommitted data
changes. Changed data returns to its original condition without interfering with other
system activities.
| Allowing task termination to complete is the only action that you can take for
| abends that are caused by the CANCEL command or by DETACH. You cannot use
| additional SQL statements at this point. If you attempt to execute another SQL
| statement from the application program or its recovery routine, unexpected errors
| can occur.
Unit of work in CICS

In CICS, all the processing that occurs in your program between two commit points
is known as a logical unit of work (LUW) or unit of work. Generally, a unit of work is
a sequence of actions that must complete before any of the individual actions in the
sequence can complete. For example, decrementing an inventory file and
incrementing a reorder file by the same quantity can constitute a unit of work: both
steps must complete before either step is complete. (If one action occurs and not
the other, the database loses its integrity, or consistency.)
A unit of work is marked as complete by a commit or synchronization (sync) point,

which is defined:
v Implicitly at the end of a transaction, signalled by a CICS RETURN command at
the highest logical level.
v Explicitly by CICS SYNCPOINT commands that the program issues at logically
appropriate points in the transaction.
v Implicitly through a DL/I PSB termination (TERM) call or command.
v Implicitly when a batch DL/I program issues a DL/I checkpoint call. This can
occur when the batch DL/I program is sharing a database with CICS applications
through the database sharing facility.
Consider the inventory example, in which the quantity of items sold is subtracted
from the inventory file and then added to the reorder file. When both transactions
complete (and not before) and the data in the two files is consistent, the program

can then issue a DL/I TERM call or a SYNCPOINT command. If one of the steps
fails, you want the data to return to the value it had before the unit of work began.
That is, you want it rolled back to a previous point of consistency. You can achieve
this by using the SYNCPOINT command with the ROLLBACK option.
By using a SYNCPOINT command with the ROLLBACK option, you can back out
uncommitted data changes. For example, a program that updates a set of related
rows sometimes encounters an error after updating several of them. The program
can use the SYNCPOINT command with the ROLLBACK option to undo all of the
updates without giving up control.
The SQL COMMIT and ROLLBACK statements are not valid in a CICS
environment. You can coordinate DB2 with CICS functions that are used in
programs, so that DB2 and non-DB2 data are consistent.
If the system fails, DB2 backs out uncommitted changes to data. Changed data
returns to its original condition without interfering with other system activities.
Sometimes, DB2 data does not return to a consistent state immediately. DB2 does
not process indoubt data (data that is neither uncommitted nor committed) until the
CICS attachment facility is also restarted. To ensure that DB2 and CICS are
synchronized, restart both DB2 and the CICS attachment facility.
Unit of work in IMS online

In IMS, a unit of work starts:
v When the program starts
v After a CHKP, SYNC, ROLL, or ROLB call has completed
v For single-mode transactions, when a GU call is issued to the I/O PCB
A unit of work ends when:

v The program issues either a subsequent CHKP or SYNC call, or (for single-mode
transactions) a GU call to the I/O PCB. At this point in the processing, the data is
consistent. All data changes that were made since the previous commit point are
made correctly.
v The program issues a subsequent ROLB or ROLL call. At this point in the
processing, your program has determined that the data changes are not correct
and, therefore, that the data changes should not become permanent.
v The program terminates.
A commit point can occur in a program as the result of any one of the following four
events:
v The program terminates normally. Normal program termination is always a
commit point.
v The program issues a checkpoint call. Checkpoint calls are a program’s means
of explicitly indicating to IMS that it has reached a commit point in its processing.
v The program issues a SYNC call. The SYNC call is a Fast Path system service
call to request commit-point processing. You can use a SYNC call only in a
nonmessage-driven Fast Path program.
v For a program that processes messages as its input, a commit point can occur
when the program retrieves a new message. IMS considers a new message the
start of a new unit of work in the program. Commit points occur given the
following conditions:
– If you specify single-mode, a commit point in DB2 occurs each time the
program issues a call to retrieve a new message. Specifying single-mode can
Chapter 19. Planning for recovery 415

simplify recovery; you can restart the program from the most recent call for a
new message if the program abends. When IMS restarts the program, the
program starts by processing the next message.
– If you specify multiple-mode, a commit point occurs when the program issues
a checkpoint call or when it terminates normally. Those are the only times
during the program that IMS sends the program’s output messages to their
destinations. Because fewer commit points are processed in multiple-mode
programs than in single-mode programs, multiple-mode programs could
perform slightly better than single-mode programs. When a multiple-mode
program abends, IMS can restart it only from a checkpoint call. Instead of
having only the most recent message to reprocess, a program might have
several messages to reprocess. The number of messages to process
depends on when the program issued the last checkpoint call.
If you do not define the transaction as single- or multiple-mode on the TRANSACT

statement of the APPLCTN macro for the program, retrieving a new message does
not signal a commit point. For more information about the APPLCTN macro, see
IMS Install Volume 2: System Definition and Tailoring.
DB2 does some processing with single- and multiple-mode programs. When a
multiple-mode program issues a call to retrieve a new message, DB2 performs an
authorization check and closes all open cursors in the program.
At the time of a commit point:

v IMS and DB2 can release locks that the program has held since the last commit
point. That makes the data available to other application programs and users.
(However, when you define a cursor as WITH HOLD in a BMP program, DB2
holds those locks until the cursor closes or the program ends.)
v DB2 closes any open cursors that the program has been using. Your program
must issue CLOSE CURSOR statements before a checkpoint call or a GU to the
message queue, not after.
v IMS and DB2 make the program’s changes to the database permanent.
If the program abends before reaching the commit point:

v Both IMS and DB2 back out all the changes the program has made to the
database since the last commit point.
v IMS deletes any output messages that the program has produced since the last
commit point (for nonexpress PCBs).
If the program processes messages, IMS sends the output messages that the
application program produces to their final destinations. Until the program reaches a
commit point, IMS holds the program’s output messages at a temporary destination.
If the program abends, people at terminals and other application programs receive
information from the terminating application program.
The SQL COMMIT and ROLLBACK statements are not valid in an IMS
environment.
If the system fails, DB2 backs out uncommitted changes to data. Changed data
returns to its original state without interfering with other system activities.
Sometimes DB2 data does not return to a consistent state immediately. DB2 does
not process data in an indoubt state until you restart IMS. To ensure that DB2 and
IMS are synchronized, you must restart both DB2 and IMS.

Planning ahead for program recovery: Checkpoint and restart
Both IMS and DB2 handle recovery in an IMS application program that accesses
DB2 data. IMS coordinates the process and DB2 participates by handling recovery
for DB2 data.
Two calls that are available to IMS programs to simplify program recovery are the
symbolic checkpoint call and the restart call.
What symbolic checkpoint does

Symbolic checkpoint calls indicate to IMS that the program has reached a sync
point. Such calls also establish places in the program from which you can restart
the program.
A CHKP call causes IMS to:

v Inform DB2 that the changes your program made to the database can become
permanent. DB2 makes the changes to DB2 data permanent, and IMS makes
the changes to IMS data permanent.
v Send a message containing the checkpoint identification that is given in the call
to the system console operator and to the IMS master terminal operator.
v Return the next input message to the program’s I/O area if the program
processes input messages. In MPPs and transaction-oriented BMPs, a
checkpoint call acts like a call for a new message.
v Sign on to DB2 again, which resets special registers as follows:
– CURRENT PACKAGESET to blanks
– CURRENT SERVER to blanks
– CURRENT SQLID to blanks
– CURRENT DEGREE to 1
Your program must restore these special registers if their values are needed
after the checkpoint.
Programs that issue symbolic checkpoint calls can specify as many as seven data
areas in the program that is to be restored at restart. DB2 always recovers to the
last checkpoint. You must restart the program from that point.
What restart does

The restart call (XRST), which you must use with symbolic checkpoints, provides a
method for restarting a program after an abend. It restores the program’s data
areas to the way they were when the program terminated abnormally, and it restarts
the program from the last checkpoint call that the program issued before terminating
abnormally.
When are checkpoints important?

Issuing checkpoint calls releases locked resources. The decision about whether
your program should issue checkpoints (and if so, how often) depends on your
program.
Generally, the following types of programs should issue checkpoint calls:

v Multiple-mode programs
v Batch-oriented BMPs
v Nonmessage-driven Fast Path programs. (These programs can use a special
Fast Path call, but they can also use symbolic checkpoint calls.)
v Most batch programs

v Programs that run in a data sharing environment. (Data sharing makes it possible
for online and batch application programs in separate IMS systems, in the same
or separate processors, to access databases concurrently. Issuing checkpoint
calls frequently in programs that run in a data sharing environment is important,
because programs in several IMS systems access the database.)
You do not need to issue checkpoints in:

v Single-mode programs
v Database load programs
v Programs that access the database in read-only mode (defined with the
processing option GO during a PSBGEN) and are short enough to restart from
the beginning
v Programs that, by their nature, must have exclusive use of the database
Checkpoints in MPPs and transaction-oriented BMPs

Single-mode programs: In single-mode programs, checkpoint calls and message
retrieval calls (called get-unique calls) both establish commit points. The checkpoint
calls retrieve input messages and take the place of get-unique calls. BMPs that
access non-DL/I databases, and MPPs can issue both get unique calls and
checkpoint calls to establish commit points.
However, message-driven BMPs must issue checkpoint calls rather than get-unique
calls to establish commit points, because they can restart from a checkpoint only. If
a program abends after issuing a get-unique call, IMS backs out the database
updates to the most recent commit point, which is the get-unique call.
Multiple-mode programs: In multiple-mode BMPs and MPPs, the only commit

points are the checkpoint calls that the program issues and normal program
termination. If the program abends and it has not issued checkpoint calls, IMS
backs out the program’s database updates and cancels the messages it has
created since the beginning of the program. If the program has issued checkpoint
calls, IMS backs out the program’s changes and cancels the output messages it
has created since the most recent checkpoint call.
The following factors affect the use of checkpoint calls in multiple-mode programs:
v How long it takes to back out and recover that unit of work. The program must
issue checkpoints frequently enough to make the program easy to back out and
recover.
v How long database resources are locked in DB2 and IMS
v How you want the output messages grouped. Checkpoint calls establish how a
multiple-mode program groups its output messages. Programs must issue
checkpoints frequently enough to avoid building up too many output messages.
Checkpoints in batch-oriented BMPs

Issuing checkpoints in a batch-oriented BMP is important for several reasons:
v To commit changes to the database
v To establish places from which the program can be restarted
v To release locked DB2 and IMS data that IMS has enqueued for the program
Checkpoints also close all open cursors, which means that you must reopen the
cursors you want and re-establish positioning.

If a batch-oriented BMP does not issue checkpoints frequently enough, IMS can
abend that BMP or another application program for one of these reasons:
v If a BMP retrieves and updates many database records between checkpoint
calls, it can monopolize large portions of the databases and cause long waits for
other programs that need those segments. (The exception to this is a BMP with a
processing option of GO; IMS does not enqueue segments for programs with this
processing option.) Issuing checkpoint calls releases the segments that the BMP
has enqueued and makes them available to other programs.
v If IMS is using program isolation enqueuing, the space needed to enqueue
information about the segments that the program has read and updated must not
exceed the amount of storage that is defined for the IMS system. If a BMP
enqueues too many segments, the amount of storage needed for the enqueued
segments can exceed the amount of available storage. If that happens, IMS
terminates the program abnormally with an abend code of U0775. You then need
to increase the program’s checkpoint frequency before rerunning the program.
The amount of storage available is specified during IMS system definition. For
more information, see IMS Install Volume 2: System Definition and Tailoring.
When you issue a DL/I CHKP call from an application program that uses DB2
databases, IMS processes the CHKP call for all DL/I databases, and DB2 commits
all the DB2 database resources. No checkpoint information is recorded for DB2
databases in the IMS log or the DB2 log. The application program must record
relevant information about DB2 databases for a checkpoint, if necessary.
One way to do this is to put such information in a data area that is included in the
DL/I CHKP call. Undesirable performance implications can be associated with
re-establishing position within a DB2 database as a result of the commit processing
that takes place because of a DL/I CHKP call. The fastest way to re-establish a
position in a DB2 database is to use an index on the target table, with a key that
matches one-to-one with every column in the SQL predicate.
Another limitation of processing DB2 databases in a BMP program is that you can
restart the program only from the latest checkpoint and not from any checkpoint, as
in IMS.
Specifying checkpoint frequency

You must specify checkpoint frequency in your program in a way that makes
changing it easy in case the frequency you initially specify is not right. Some ways
to do this are to use a counter in your program to keep a record of:
v Elapsed time; issue a checkpoint call after a certain time interval.
v The number of root segments your program accesses; issue a checkpoint call
after a certain number of root segments.
v The number of updates your program performs; issue a checkpoint call after a
certain number of updates.
Unit of work in DL/I batch and IMS batch

This section describes how to coordinate commit and rollback operations for DL/I
batch, and how to restart and recover data in IMS batch.
Commit and rollback coordination

DB2 coordinates commit and rollback for DL/I batch, with the following
considerations:

v DB2 and DL/I changes are committed as the result of IMS CHKP calls. However,
you lose the application program database positioning in DL/I. In addition, the
program database positioning in DB2 can be affected as follows:
– If you do not specify the WITH HOLD option for a cursor, you lose the position
of that cursor.
– If you specify the WITH HOLD option for a cursor and the application is
message-driven, you lose the position of that cursor.
– If you specify the WITH HOLD option for a cursor and the application is
operating in DL/I batch or DL/I BMP, you retain the position of that cursor.
v DB2 automatically backs out changes whenever the application program abends.
To back out DL/I changes, you must use the DL/I batch backout utility.
v You cannot use SQL statements COMMIT and ROLLBACK in the DB2 DL/I batch
support environment, because IMS coordinates the unit of work. Issuing COMMIT
causes SQLCODE -925 (SQLSTATE ’2D521’); issuing ROLLBACK causes
SQLCODE -926 (SQLSTATE ’2D521’).
v If the system fails, a unit of work resolves automatically when DB2 and IMS
batch programs reconnect. Any indoubt units of work are resolved at reconnect
time.
v You can use IMS rollback calls, ROLL and ROLB, to back out DB2 and DL/I
changes to the last commit point. When you issue a ROLL call, DL/I terminates
your program with an abend. When you issue a ROLB call, DL/I returns control
to your program after the call.
How ROLL and ROLB affect DL/I changes in a batch environment depends on
the IMS system log and the back out options that are specified, as the following
summary indicates:
– A ROLL call with tape logging (with any BKO value), or disk logging and
BKO=NO specified. DL/I does not back out updates, and abend U0778
occurs. DB2 backs out updates to the previous checkpoint.
– A ROLB call with tape logging (with any BKO value), or disk logging and
BKO=NO specified. DL/I does not back out updates, and an AL status code is
returned in the PCB. DB2 backs out updates to the previous checkpoint. The
DB2 DL/I support causes the application program to abend when ROLB fails.
– A ROLL call with disk logging and BKO=YES specified. DL/I backs out
updates, and abend U0778 occurs. DB2 backs out updates to the previous
checkpoint.
– A ROLB call with disk logging and BKO=YES specified. DL/I backs out
databases, and control is passed back to the application program. DB2 backs
out updates to the previous checkpoint.
Using ROLL
Issuing a ROLL call causes IMS to terminate the program with a user abend code
U0778. This terminates the program without a storage dump.
When you issue a ROLL call, the only option you supply is the call function, ROLL.
Using ROLB
The advantage of using ROLB is that IMS returns control to the program after
executing ROLB, allowing the program to continue processing. The options for
ROLB are:
v The call function, ROLB
v The name of the I/O PCB

In batch programs
If your IMS system log is on direct access storage, and if the run option BKO is Y to
specify dynamic back out, you can use the ROLB call in a batch program. The
ROLB call backs out the database updates made since the last commit point and
returns control to your program. You cannot specify the address of an I/O area as
one of the options on the call; if you do, your program receives an AD status code.
You must, however, have an I/O PCB for your program. Specify CMPAT=YES on
the CMPAT keyword in the PSBGEN statement for your program’s PSB. For more
information about using the CMPAT keyword, see IMS Utilities Reference: System.
Restart and recovery in IMS batch

In an online IMS system, recovery and restart are part of the IMS system. For a
batch region, your location’s operational procedures control recovery and restart.
For more information, see IMS Application Programming: Design Guide.
Using savepoints to undo selected changes within a unit of work

Savepoints let you undo selected changes within a transaction. Your application can
set any number of savepoints using SQL SAVEPOINT statements, and then use
SQL ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT statements to indicate which changes within the
unit of work to undo. When the application no longer uses a savepoint, it can delete
that savepoint using the SQL RELEASE SAVEPOINT statement.
You can write a ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT statement with or without a savepoint

name. If you do not specify a savepoint name, DB2 rolls back work to the most
recently created savepoint.
Example: Rolling back to the most recently created savepoint: When the
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT statement is executed in the following code, DB2 rolls
back work to savepoint B.
EXEC
. SQL SAVEPOINT A;
.
.
EXEC
. SQL SAVEPOINT B;
.
.
EXEC SQL ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT;
When savepoints are active, you cannot access remote sites using three-part
names or aliases for three-part names. You can, however, use DRDA access with
explicit CONNECT statements when savepoints are active. If you set a savepoint
before you execute a CONNECT statement, the scope of that savepoint is the local
site. If you set a savepoint after you execute the CONNECT statement, the scope
of that savepoint is the site to which you are connected.
Example: Setting savepoints during distributed processing: Suppose that an

application performs these tasks:
1. Sets savepoint C1
2. Does some local processing
3. Executes a CONNECT statement to connect to a remote site
4. Sets savepoint C2
Because savepoint C1 is set before the application connects to a remote site,
savepoint C1 is known only at the local site. However, because savepoint C2 is set
after the application connects to the remote site, savepoint C2 is known only at the
remote site.

You can set a savepoint with the same name multiple times within a unit of work.
Each time that you set the savepoint, the new value of the savepoint replaces the
old value.
Example: Setting a savepoint multiple times: Suppose that the following actions
take place within a unit of work:
1. Application A sets savepoint S.
2. Application A calls stored procedure P.
3. Stored procedure P sets savepoint S.
4. Stored procedure P executes ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT S.
When DB2 executes ROLLBACK to SAVEPOINT S, DB2 rolls back work to the
savepoint that was set in the stored procedure because that value is the most
recent value of savepoint S.
If you do not want a savepoint to have different values within a unit of work, you
can use the UNIQUE option in the SAVEPOINT statement. If an application
executes a SAVEPOINT statement for a savepoint that was previously defined as
unique, an SQL error occurs.
Savepoints are automatically released at the end of a unit of work. However, if you
no longer need a savepoint before the end of a transaction, you should execute the
SQL RELEASE SAVEPOINT statement. Releasing savepoints is essential if you
need to use three-part names to access remote locations.
Restrictions on using savepoints: You cannot use savepoints in global

transactions, triggers, or user-defined functions, or in stored procedures,
user-defined functions, or triggers that are nested within triggers or user-defined
functions.
For more information about the SAVEPOINT, ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT, and

RELEASE SAVEPOINT statements, see Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL Reference.

Chapter 20. Planning to access distributed data
An instance of DB2 UDB for z/OS can communicate with other instances of the
same product and with some other products. This chapter:
v Introduces some background material, in “Introduction to accessing distributed
data”
v Tells how to design programs for distributed access, using a sample task as
illustration, in “Coding for distributed data by two methods” on page 425
v Discusses some considerations for choosing an access method, in “Coding
considerations for access methods” on page 429
v Tells how to prepare programs that use the one method that requires special
preparation, in “Preparing programs for DRDA access” on page 430
v Describes special considerations for a complex situation, in “Coordinating
updates to two or more data sources” on page 433
v Concludes with “Miscellaneous topics for distributed data” on page 435
Introduction to accessing distributed data

Definitions: Distributed data is data that resides on some database management
system (DBMS) other than your local system. Your local DBMS is the one on which
you bind your application plan. All other DBMSs are remote.
This chapter assumes that you are requesting services from a remote DBMS. That
DBMS is a server in that situation, and your local system is a requester or client.
Your application can be connected to many DBMSs at one time; the one that is
currently performing work is the current server. When the local system is performing
work, it also is called the current server.
A remote server can be truly remote in the physical sense, thousands of miles
away. But that is not necessary; it might even be another subsystem of the same
operating system that your local DBMS runs under. This chapter assumes that your
local DBMS is an instance of DB2 UDB for z/OS. A remote server might be an
instance of DB2 UDB for z/OS also, or it might be an instance of one of many other
products.
A DBMS, whether local or remote, is known to your DB2 system by its location
name. The location name of a remote DBMS is recorded in the communications
database. For more information about location names or the communications
database, see Part 3 of DB2 Installation Guide.)
Example: You can write a query like this to access data at a remote server:
SELECT * FROM CHICAGO.DSN8810.EMP
The mode of access depends on whether you bind your DBRMs into packages and
on the value of field DATABASE PROTOCOL in installation panel DSNTIP5 or the
value of bind option DBPROTOCOL. Bind option DBPROTOCOL overrides the
installation setting.
Example: You can also write statements like these to accomplish the same task:

EXEC SQL
CONNECT TO CHICAGO;
EXEC SQL SELECT * FROM DSN8810.EMP
Before you can execute the query at location CHICAGO, you must bind the
application as a remote package at the CHICAGO server. Before you can run the
| application, you must also bind a local package and a local plan with a package list
| that includes the local and remote package.
Example: You can call a stored procedure, which is a subroutine that can contain
many SQL statements. Your program executes this:
EXEC SQL
CONNECT TO ATLANTA;
EXEC SQL
CALL procedure_name (parameter_list);
The parameter list is a list of host variables that is passed to the stored procedure
and into which it returns the results of its execution. The stored procedure must
already exist at location ATLANTA.
Two methods of access: The preceding examples show two different methods for
accessing distributed data.
v The first example shows a statement that can be executed with DB2 private
protocol access or DRDA access.
If you bind the DBRM that contains the statement into a plan at the local DB2
and specify the bind option DBPROTOCOL(PRIVATE), you access the server
using DB2 private protocol access.
If you bind the DBRM that contains the statement using one of the following
methods, you access the server using DRDA access.
Method 1:
1. Bind the DBRM into a package at the local DB2 using the bind option
DBPROTOCOL(DRDA).
2. Bind the DBRM into a package at the remote location (CHICAGO).
3. Bind the packages into a plan using bind option DBPROTOCOL(DRDA).
Method 2:
1. Bind the DBRM into a package at the remote location.
2. Bind the remote package and the DBRM into a plan at the local site, using
the bind option DBPROTOCOL(DRDA).
v The previous examples show statements that are executed with DRDA access
only.
Planning considerations for choosing an access method: DRDA access has

significant advantages over DB2 private protocol access:
v DRDA access is available to all DBMSs that implement Distributed Relational
Database Architecture™ (DRDA). Those include supported releases of DB2 UDB
for z/OS, other members of the DB2 UDB family of IBM products, and many
products of other companies.
DB2 private protocol access is available only to supported releases of DB2 UDB
for z/OS.
v DRDA access allows any statement that the server can execute.
DB2 private protocol access supports only data manipulation statements:
| INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT, OPEN, FETCH, and CLOSE. In addition,

| you cannot use any syntax of an SQL statement that was introduced after DB2
| Version 7. You cannot invoke user-defined functions and stored procedures or
use LOBs or distinct types in applications that use DB2 private protocol access.
v DRDA access has performance advantages over DB2 private protocol access:
– DRDA access uses a more compact format for sending data over the network,
which improves the performance on slow network links.
– A DBRM for statements executed by DRDA access is bound to a package at
the server only once. Those statements can include PREPARE and
EXECUTE, so your application can accept dynamic statements that are to be
executed at the server. Binding the package is an extra step in program
preparation.
Queries that are sent by DB2 private protocol access are bound at the server
whenever they are first executed in a unit of work. Repeated binds can reduce
the performance of a query that is executed often.
– You can use stored procedures with DRDA access. While a stored procedure
is running, it requires no message traffic over the network; this reduces the
biggest obstacle to high performance for distributed data.
Recommendation: Use DRDA access whenever possible.
Other planning considerations: Authorization to connect to a remote server and

to use resources there must be granted at the server to the appropriate
authorization ID. When the server is DB2 UDB for z/OS, see Part 3 (Volume 1) of
DB2 Administration Guide for information about authorization. For other servers, see
the documentation for the appropriate product.
If you update two or more DBMSs you must consider how updates can be
coordinated, so that units of work at the two DBMSs are either both committed or
both rolled back. Be sure to read “Coordinating updates to two or more data
sources” on page 433.
You can use the resource limit facility at the server to govern distributed SQL
statements. Governing is by plan for DB2 private protocol access and by package
for DRDA access. See “Moving from DB2 private protocol access to DRDA access”
on page 449 for information about changes you need to make to your resource limit
facility tables when you move from DB2 private protocol access to DRDA access.
Coding for distributed data by two methods

This section illustrates the two ways to code applications for distributed access by
the following hypothetical application:
Spiffy Computer has a master project table that supplies information about all
projects that are currently active throughout the company. Spiffy has several
branches in various locations around the world, each a DB2 location that
maintains a copy of the project table named DSN8810.PROJ. The main branch
location occasionally inserts data into all copies of the table. The application that
makes the inserts uses a table of location names. For each row that is inserted,
the application executes an INSERT statement in DSN8810.PROJ for each
location.
Using three-part table names

You can use three-part table names to access data at a remote location through
DRDA access or DB2 private protocol access. When you use three-part table
names, the way you code your application is the same, regardless of the access
Chapter 20. Planning to access distributed data 425

method you choose. You determine the access method when you bind the SQL
statements into a package or plan. If you use DRDA access, you must bind the
DBRMs for the SQL statements to be executed at the server to packages that
reside at that server.
Recommendation: If you plan to port your application from a z/OS server to

another server, you should not use three-part names. For example, a client
application might connect to a z/OS server and then issue a three part-name for an
object that resides on a Linux server. DB2 UDB for z/OS automatically forwards any
SQL requests which references objects that do not reside on the connected server.
In a three-part table name, the first part denotes the location. The local DB2 makes
and breaks an implicit connection to a remote server as needed.
| When a three-part name is parsed and forwarded to a remote location, any special
| register settings are automatically propagated to remote server. This allows the SQL
| statements to process the same way no matter at what site a statement is run.
Spiffy’s application uses a location name to construct a three-part table name in an

INSERT statement. It then prepares the statement and executes it dynamically.
(See Chapter 24, “Coding dynamic SQL in application programs,” on page 535 for
the technique.) The values to be inserted are transmitted to the remote location and
substituted for the parameter markers in the INSERT statement.
The following overview shows how the application uses three-part names:
Read input values
Do for all locations
Read location name
Set up statement to prepare
Prepare statement
Execute statement
End loop
Commit
After the application obtains a location name, for example ’SAN_JOSE’, it next
creates the following character string:
INSERT INTO SAN_JOSE.DSN8810.PROJ VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?)
The application assigns the character string to the variable INSERTX and then
executes these statements:
EXEC SQL
PREPARE STMT1 FROM :INSERTX;
EXEC SQL
EXECUTE STMT1 USING :PROJNO, :PROJNAME, :DEPTNO, :RESPEMP,
:PRSTAFF, :PRSTDATE, :PRENDATE, :MAJPROJ;
The host variables for Spiffy’s project table match the declaration for the sample
project table in “Project table (DSN8810.PROJ)” on page 904.
To keep the data consistent at all locations, the application commits the work only
when the loop has executed for all locations. Either every location has committed
the INSERT or, if a failure has prevented any location from inserting, all other
locations have rolled back the INSERT. (If a failure occurs during the commit
process, the entire unit of work can be indoubt.)

Programming hint: You might find it convenient to use aliases when creating
character strings that become prepared statements, instead of using full three-part
names like SAN_JOSE.DSN8810.PROJ. For information about aliases, see Chapter
5 of DB2 SQL Reference.
Using explicit CONNECT statements

With this method, the application program explicitly connects to each new server.
You must bind the DBRMs for the SQL statements to be executed at the server to
packages that reside at that server.
In this example, Spiffy’s application executes CONNECT for each server in turn,
and the server executes INSERT. In this case, the tables to be updated each have
the same name, although each table is defined at a different server. The application
executes the statements in a loop, with one iteration for each server.
The application connects to each new server by means of a host variable in the
CONNECT statement. CONNECT changes the special register CURRENT SERVER
to show the location of the new server. The values to insert in the table are
transmitted to a location as input host variables.
The following overview shows how the application uses explicit CONNECTs:
Read input values
Do for all locations
Read location name
Connect to location
Execute insert statement
End loop
Commit
Release all
For example, the application inserts a new location name into the variable
LOCATION_NAME and executes the following statements:
EXEC SQL
CONNECT TO :LOCATION_NAME;
EXEC SQL
INSERT INTO DSN8810.PROJ VALUES (:PROJNO, :PROJNAME, :DEPTNO, :RESPEMP,
:PRSTAFF, :PRSTDATE, :PRENDATE, :MAJPROJ);
To keep the data consistent at all locations, the application commits the work only
when the loop has executed for all locations. Either every location has committed
the INSERT or, if a failure has prevented any location from inserting, all other
locations have rolled back the INSERT. (If a failure occurs during the commit
process, the entire unit of work can be indoubt.)
The host variables for Spiffy’s project table match the declaration for the sample
project table in “Project table (DSN8810.PROJ)” on page 904. LOCATION_NAME is
a character-string variable of length 16.
| Using a location alias name for multiple sites

| DB2 uses the DBALIAS value in the SYSIBM.LOCATIONS table to override the
| location name that an application uses to access a server.
| For example, suppose that an employee database is deployed across two sites:
| SVL_EMPLOYEE and SJ_EMPLOYEE. To access each site, insert a row for each
| site into SYSIBM.LOCATIONS. Both rows contain EMPLOYEE as the DBALIAS
| value. When an application issues a CONNECT TO SVL_EMPLOYEE statement,
| DB2 searches the SYSIBM.LOCATIONS table to retrieve the location and network

| attributes of the database server. Because the DBALIAS value is not blank, DB2
| uses the alias EMPLOYEE, and not the location name, to access the database.
| If the application uses fully qualified object names in its SQL statements, DB2
| sends the statements to the remote server without modification. For example,
| suppose that the application issues the statement SELECT * FROM
| SVL_EMPLOYEE.authid.table with the fully-qualified object name. However, DB2
| accesses the remote server by using the EMPLOYEE alias. The remote server
| must identify itself as both SVL_EMPLOYEE and EMPLOYEE; otherwise, it rejects
| the SQL statement with a message indicating that the database is not found.
| If the remote server is DB2, the location SVL_EMPLOYEE might be defined as a

| location alias for EMPLOYEE. DB2 locally executes any SQL statements that
| contain fully qualified object names if the high-level qualifier is the location name or
| any of its alias names.
Releasing connections
When you connect to remote locations explicitly, you must also break those
connections explicitly. You have considerable flexibility in determining how long
connections remain open, so the RELEASE statement differs significantly from
CONNECT.
Differences between CONNECT and RELEASE:

v CONNECT makes an immediate connection to exactly one remote system.
CONNECT (Type 2) does not release any current connection.
v RELEASE
– Does not immediately break a connection. The RELEASE statement labels
connections for release at the next commit point. A connection that has been
labeled for release is in the release-pending state and can still be used before
the next commit point.
– Can specify a single connection or a set of connections for release at the next
commit point.
The examples that follow show some of the possibilities.
Example: RELEASE statement: Using the RELEASE statement, you can place
any of the following in the release-pending state.
v A specific connection that the next unit of work does not use:
EXEC SQL RELEASE SPIFFY1;
v The current SQL connection, whatever its location name:
EXEC SQL RELEASE CURRENT;
v All connections except the local connection:
EXEC SQL RELEASE ALL;
v All DB2 private protocol connections. If the first phase of your application
program uses DB2 private protocol access and the second phase uses DRDA
access, open DB2 private protocol connections from the first phase could cause
a CONNECT operation to fail in the second phase. To prevent that error, execute
the following statement before the commit operation that separates the two
phases:
EXEC SQL RELEASE ALL PRIVATE;
PRIVATE refers to DB2 private protocol connections, which exist only between
instances of DB2 UDB for z/OS.

Coding considerations for access methods
Stored procedures: If you use DRDA access, your program can call stored
procedures at other systems that support them. Stored procedures behave like
subroutines that can contain SQL statements and perform other operations. Read
about them in Chapter 25, “Using stored procedures for client/server processing,”
on page 569.
SQL limitations at dissimilar servers: Generally, a program using DRDA access

can use SQL statements and clauses that are supported by a remote server even if
they are not supported by the local server. DB2 SQL Reference tells what DB2
UDB for z/OS supports; similar documentation is usually available for other
products. The following examples suggest what to expect from dissimilar servers:
v They support SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, DECLARE CURSOR, and
FETCH, but details vary.
Example: In an UPDATE statement for DB2 UDB for z/OS, you cannot use
DEFAULT on the right side of the assignment clause; for DB2 UDB for LUW, you
can use DEFAULT. Any UPDATE statement that uses DEFAULT as the value to
be assigned cannot run across all platforms.
v Data definition statements vary more widely.
Example: DB2 UDB for z/OS supports ROWID columns; DB2 UDB for LUW
does not support ROWID columns. Any data definition statements that use
ROWID columns cannot run across all platforms.
v Statements can have different limits.
Example: A query in DB2 UDB for z/OS can have 750 columns; for other
systems, the maximum is higher. But a query using 750 or fewer columns could
execute in all systems.
v Some statements are not sent to the server but are processed completely by the
requester. You cannot use those statements in a remote package even though
the server supports them. For a list of those statements, see Appendix H,
“Characteristics of SQL statements in DB2 UDB for z/OS,” on page 1013.
v In general, if a statement to be executed at a remote server contains host
variables, a DB2 requester assumes them to be input host variables unless it
supports the syntax of the statement and can determine otherwise. If the
assumption is not valid, the server rejects the statement.
Three-part names and multiple servers: If you use a three-part name, or an alias
that resolves to one, in a statement executed at a remote server by DRDA access,
and if the location name is not that of the server, then the method by which the
remote server accesses data at the named location depends on the value of
DBPROTOCOL. If the package at the first remote server is bound with
DBPROTOCOL(PRIVATE), DB2 uses DB2 private protocol access to access the
second remote server. If the package at the first remote server is bound with
DBPROTOCOL(DRDA), DB2 uses DRDA access to access the second remote
server. The following steps are recommended so that access to the second remote
server is by DRDA access:
1. Rebind the package at the first remote server with DBPROTOCOL(DRDA).
2. Bind the package that contains the three-part name at the second server.
Accessing declared temporary tables by using three-part names: You can

access a remote declared temporary table using a three-part name only if you use
DRDA access. However, if you combine explicit CONNECT statements and
three-part names in your application, a reference to a remote declared temporary

table must be a forward reference. For example, you can perform the following
series of actions, which includes a forward reference to a declared temporary table:
EXEC SQL CONNECT TO CHICAGO; /* Connect to the remote site */
EXEC SQL
DECLARE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE T1 /* Define the temporary table */
(CHARCOL CHAR(6) NOT NULL); /* at the remote site */
EXEC SQL CONNECT RESET; /* Connect back to local site */
EXEC SQL INSERT INTO CHICAGO.SESSION.T1
(VALUES ’ABCDEF’); /* Access the temporary table*/
/* at the remote site (forward reference) */
However, you cannot perform the following series of actions, which includes a
backward reference to the declared temporary table:
EXEC SQL
DECLARE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE T1 /* Define the temporary table */
(CHARCOL CHAR(6) NOT NULL); /* at the local site (ATLANTA)*/
EXEC SQL CONNECT TO CHICAGO; /* Connect to the remote site */
EXEC SQL INSERT INTO ATLANTA.SESSION.T1
(VALUES ’ABCDEF’); /* Cannot access temp table */
/* from the remote site (backward reference)*/
Savepoints: In a distributed environment, you can set savepoints only if you use
DRDA access with explicit CONNECT statements. If you set a savepoint and then
execute an SQL statement with a three-part name, an SQL error occurs.
The site at which a savepoint is recognized depends on whether the CONNECT

statement is executed before or after the savepoint is set. For example, if an
application executes the statement SET SAVEPOINT C1 at the local site before it
executes a CONNECT TO S1 statement, savepoint C1 is known only at the local
site. If the application executes CONNECT to S1 before SET SAVEPOINT C1, the
savepoint is known only at site S1.
For more information about savepoints, see “Using savepoints to undo selected
changes within a unit of work” on page 421.
Scrollable cursors: In a distributed environment, you can use scrollable cursors

only if you use DRDA access.
Preparing programs for DRDA access

For the most part, binding a package to run at a remote location is like binding a
package to run at your local DB2 subsystem. Binding a plan to run the package is
like binding any other plan. For the general instructions, see Chapter 21, “Preparing
an application program to run,” on page 453. This section describes the few
differences.
Preparing a package for DRDA access

The following precompiler options are relevant to preparing a package to be run
using DRDA access:
CONNECT
Use CONNECT(2), explicitly or by default.
CONNECT(1) causes your CONNECT statements to allow only the restricted
function known as “remote unit of work”. Be particularly careful to avoid
CONNECT(1) if your application updates more than one DBMS in a single unit
of work.

SQL
Use SQL(ALL) explicitly for a package that runs on a server that is not DB2
UDB for z/OS. The precompiler then accepts any statement that obeys DRDA
rules.
Use SQL(DB2), explicitly or by default, if the server is DB2 UDB for z/OS only.
The precompiler then rejects any statement that does not obey the rules of DB2
UDB for z/OS.
Binding a package for DRDA access

The following options of BIND PACKAGE are relevant to binding a package to be
run using DRDA access:
location-name
Name the location of the server at which the package runs.
The privileges needed to run the package must be granted to the owner of the
package at the server. If you are not the owner, you must also have SYSCTRL
authority or the BINDAGENT privilege that is granted locally.
SQLERROR
Use SQLERROR(CONTINUE) if you used SQL(ALL) when precompiling. That
creates a package even if the bind process finds SQL errors, such as
statements that are valid on the remote server but that the precompiler did not
recognize. Otherwise, use SQLERROR(NOPACKAGE), explicitly or by default.
CURRENTDATA
Use CURRENTDATA(NO) to force block fetch for ambiguous cursors. See “Use
block fetch” on page 440 for more information.
OPTIONS
When you make a remote copy of a package using BIND PACKAGE with the
COPY option, use this option to control the default bind options that DB2 uses.
Specify:
COMPOSITE to cause DB2 to use any options you specify in the BIND
PACKAGE command. For all other options, DB2 uses the options of the
copied package. COMPOSITE is the default.
COMMAND to cause DB2 to use the options you specify in the BIND
PACKAGE command. For all other options, DB2 uses the defaults for the
server on which the package is bound. This helps ensure that the server
supports the options with which the package is bound.
DBPROTOCOL
Use DBPROTOCOL(PRIVATE) if you want DB2 to use DB2 private protocol
access for accessing remote data that is specified with three-part names.
Use DBPROTOCOL(DRDA) if you want DB2 to use DRDA access to access
remote data that is specified with three-part names. You must bind a package at
all locations whose names are specified in three-part names.
These values override the value of DATABASE PROTOCOL on installation
panel DSNTIP5. Therefore, if the setting of DATABASE PROTOCOL at the
requester site specifies the type of remote access you want to use for three-part
names, you do not need to specify the DBPROTOCOL bind option.
ENCODING
Use this option to control the encoding scheme that is used for static SQL
statements in the package and to set the initial value of the CURRENT
APPLICATION ENCODING SCHEME special register.

The default ENCODING value for a package that is bound at a remote DB2
UDB for z/OS server is the system default for that server. The system default is
specified at installation time in the APPLICATION ENCODING field of panel
DSNTIPF.
For applications that execute remotely and use explicit CONNECT statements,
DB2 uses the ENCODING value for the plan. For applications that execute
remotely and use implicit CONNECT statements, DB2 uses the ENCODING
value for the package that is at the site where a statement executes.
Binding a plan for DRDA access

The following options of BIND PLAN are particularly relevant to binding a plan that
uses DRDA access:
DISCONNECT
For most flexibility, use DISCONNECT(EXPLICIT), explicitly or by default. That
requires you to use RELEASE statements in your program to explicitly end
connections.
The other values of the option are also useful.
DISCONNECT(AUTOMATIC) ends all remote connections during a commit
operation, without the need for RELEASE statements in your program.
DISCONNECT(CONDITIONAL) ends remote connections during a commit
operation except when an open cursor defined as WITH HOLD is associated
with the connection.
SQLRULES
Use SQLRULES(DB2), explicitly or by default.
SQLRULES(STD) applies the rules of the SQL standard to your CONNECT
statements, so that CONNECT TO x is an error if you are already connected to
x. Use STD only if you want that statement to return an error code.
If your program selects LOB data from a remote location, and you bind the plan
for the program with SQLRULES(DB2), the format in which you retrieve the
LOB data with a cursor is restricted. After you open the cursor to retrieve the
LOB data, you must retrieve all of the data using a LOB variable, or retrieve all
of the data using a LOB locator variable. If the value of SQLRULES is STD, this
restriction does not exist.
If you intend to switch between LOB variables and LOB locators to retrieve data
from a cursor, execute the SET SQLRULES=STD statement before you connect
to the remote location.
CURRENTDATA
Use CURRENTDATA(NO) to force block fetch for ambiguous cursors. See “Use
block fetch” on page 440 for more information.
DBPROTOCOL
Use DBPROTOCOL(PRIVATE) if you want DB2 to use DB2 private protocol
access for accessing remote data that is specified with three-part names.
Use DBPROTOCOL(DRDA) if you want DB2 to use DRDA access to access
remote data that is specified with three-part names. You must bind a package at
all locations whose names are specified in three-part names.
The package value for the DBPROTOCOL option overrides the plan option. For
example, if you specify DBPROTOCOL(DRDA) for a remote package and
DBPROTOCOL(PRIVATE) for the plan, DB2 uses DRDA access when it

accesses data at that location using a three-part name. If you do not specify
any value for DBPROTOCOL, DB2 uses the value of DATABASE PROTOCOL
on installation panel DSNTIP5.
ENCODING
Use this option to control the encoding scheme that is used for static SQL
statements in the plan and to set the initial value of the CURRENT
APPLICATION ENCODING SCHEME special register.
For applications that execute remotely and use explicit CONNECT statements,
DB2 uses the ENCODING value for the plan. For applications that execute
remotely and use implicit CONNECT statements, DB2 uses the ENCODING
value for the package that is at the site where a statement executes.
Checking BIND PACKAGE options

You can request only the options of BIND PACKAGE that are supported by the
server. But you must specify those options at the requester using the requester’s
syntax for BIND PACKAGE. To find out which options are supported by a specific
server DBMS, refer to the documentation provided for that server.
For specific DB2 bind information, refer to the following documentation:

v Guidance in using DB2 bind options and performing a bind process is
documented in this book, especially in Chapter 21, “Preparing an application
program to run,” on page 453.
v For the syntax of DB2 BIND and REBIND subcommands, see Part 3 of DB2
Command Reference.
v For a list of DB2 bind options in generic terms, including options you cannot
request from DB2 but can use if you request from a non-DB2 server, see
Appendix I, “Program preparation options for remote packages,” on page 1023.
Coordinating updates to two or more data sources

Definition: Two or more updates are coordinated if they must all commit or all roll
back in the same unit of work.
Updates to two or more DBMSs can be coordinated automatically when both

systems implement a method called two-phase commit.
DB2 and IMS, and DB2 and CICS, jointly implement a two-phase commit process.
You can update an IMS database and a DB2 table in the same unit of work. If a
system or communication failure occurs between committing the work on IMS and
on DB2, the two programs restore the two systems to a consistent point when
activity resumes.
Example: Two-phase commit: This situation is common in banking: an amount is

subtracted from one account and added to another. The two actions must either
both commit or both roll back at the end of the unit of work.
For more information about the two-phase commit process, see Part 4 (Volume 1)
How to have coordinated updates

Ideally, work only with systems that implement two-phase commit.

DB2 UDB for z/OS implements two-phase commit. For other types of DBMS, check
the product information.
Example: Two-phase commit: The examples described under “Using three-part

table names” on page 425 and “Using explicit CONNECT statements” on page 427
assume that all systems involved implement two-phase commit. Both examples
suggest updating several systems in a loop and ending the unit of work by
committing only when the loop is complete. In both cases, updates are coordinated
across the entire set of systems.
Restrictions on updates at servers that do not support two-phase commit: You

cannot really have coordinated updates with a DBMS that does not implement
two-phase commit. In the description that follows, the DBMS is called a restricted
system. DB2 prevents you from updating both a restricted system and any other
system in the same unit of work. In this context, update includes the statements
INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE, CREATE, ALTER, DROP, GRANT, REVOKE,
RENAME, COMMENT, and LABEL.
To achieve the effect of coordinated updates with a restricted system, you must first
update one system and commit that work, and then update the second system and
commit its work. If a failure occurs after the first update is committed and before the
second update is committed, no automatic provision exists for bringing the two
systems back to a consistent point. Your program must perform that task.
CICS and IMS

You cannot update data at servers that do not support two-phase commit.
TSO and batch

You can update data if one of the following conditions is true:
v No other connections exist.
v All existing connections are to servers that are restricted to read-only
operations.
If neither condition is met, you are restricted to read-only operations.
If the first connection in a logical unit of work is to a server that supports

two-phase commit, and no connections exist or only read-only connections
exist, that server and all servers that support two-phase commit can update
data. However, if the first connection is to a server that does not support
two-phase commit, only that server is allowed to update data.
Recommendation: Rely on DB2 to prevent updates to two systems in the same

unit of work if either of them is a restricted system.
What you can do without two-phase commit

If you are accessing a mixture of systems, some of which might be restricted, you
can:
v Read from any of the systems at any time.
v Update any one system many times in one unit of work.

v Update many systems, including CICS or IMS, in one unit of work, provided that
none of them is a restricted system. If the first system you update in a unit of
work is not restricted, any attempt to update a restricted system in that unit of
work returns an error.
v Update one restricted system in a unit of work, provided that you do not try to
update any other system in the same unit of work. If the first system you update
in a unit of work is restricted, any attempt to update any other system in that unit
of work returns an error.
Restricting to CONNECT (type 1): You can also restrict your program completely
to the rules for restricted systems, by using the type 1 rules for CONNECT. To put
those rules into effect for a package, use the precompiler option CONNECT(1). Be
careful not to use packages precompiled with CONNECT(1) and packages
precompiled with CONNECT(2) in the same package list. The first CONNECT
statement executed by your program determines which rules are in effect for the
entire execution: type 1 or type 2. An attempt to execute a later CONNECT
statement that is precompiled with the other type returns an error.
For more information about CONNECT (Type 1) and about managing connections
to other systems, see Chapter 1 of DB2 SQL Reference.
Miscellaneous topics for distributed data

Selecting an access method and managing connections to other systems are the
critical elements in designing a program to use distributed data. This section
contains advice about other topics:
v “Improving performance for remote access”
v “Maximizing LOB performance in a distributed environment” on page 436
v “Limiting the number of DRDA network transmissions” on page 442
v “Limiting the number of rows returned to DRDA clients” on page 446
v “Maintaining data currency” on page 447
v “Copying a table from a remote location” on page 447
v “Transmitting mixed data” on page 448
v “Moving from DB2 private protocol access to DRDA access” on page 449
v “Executing long SQL statements in a distributed environment” on page 450
Improving performance for remote access

A query that is sent to a remote subsystem almost always takes longer to execute
than the same query that accesses tables of the same size on the local subsystem.
The principle causes are:
v Overhead processing, including startup, negotiating session limits, and, for DB2
private protocol access, the bind required at the remote location
v The time required to send messages across the network
Code efficient queries

To gain the greatest efficiency when accessing remote subsystems, try to write
queries that send few messages over the network. To achieve that, try to:
v Reduce the number of columns and rows in the result table that is returned to
your application. Keep your SELECT lists as short as possible. Use the clauses
WHERE, GROUP BY, and HAVING creatively, to eliminate unwanted data at the
remote server.
v Use FOR FETCH ONLY or FOR READ ONLY. For example, retrieving thousands
of rows as a continuous stream is reasonable. Sending a separate message for
each one can be significantly slower.

v When possible, do not bind application plans and packages with
ISOLATION(RR), even though that is the default. If your application does not
need to refer again to rows it has read once, another isolation level might reduce
lock contention and message overhead during COMMIT processing.
v Minimize the use of parameter markers.
When your program package causes the use of DRDA access, DB2 can
streamline the processing of dynamic queries that do not have parameter
markers.
When a DB2 requester encounters a PREPARE statement for such a query, it
anticipates that the application is going to open a cursor. DB2 therefore sends a
single message to the server that contains a combined request for PREPARE,
DESCRIBE, and OPEN. A server that receives this message sequence will return
a reply message sequence that includes the output from the PREPARE,
DESCRIBE, and OPEN operations. As a result, the number of network messages
sent and received for these operations is reduced from two to one.
Note: DB2 combines messages for these queries regardless of whether the bind
option DEFER(PREPARE) is specified.
Maximizing LOB performance in a distributed environment

If you use DRDA access, you can access LOB columns in a remote table. Because
LOB values are usually quite large, you need to use techniques for data retrieval
that minimize the number of bytes that are transferred between the client and
server.
Use LOB locators instead of LOB host variables: If you need to store only a
portion of a LOB value at the client, or if your client program manipulates the LOB
data but does not need a copy of it, LOB locators are a good choice. When a client
program retrieves a LOB column from a server into a locator, DB2 transfers only the
4-byte locator value to the client, not the entire LOB value. For information about
how to use LOB locators in an application, see “Using LOB locators to save
storage” on page 288.
Use stored procedure result sets: When you return LOB data to a client program
from a stored procedure, use result sets, rather than passing the LOB data to the
client in parameters. Using result sets to return data causes less LOB
materialization and less movement of data among address spaces. For information
about how to write a stored procedure to return result sets, see “Writing a stored
procedure to return result sets to a DRDA client” on page 590. For information
about how to write a client program to receive result sets, see “Writing a DB2 UDB
for z/OS client program or SQL procedure to receive result sets” on page 648.
Set the CURRENT RULES special register to DB2: When a DB2 UDB for z/OS
server receives an OPEN request for a cursor, the server uses the value in the
CURRENT RULES special register to determine the type of host variables the
associated statement uses to retrieve LOB values. If you specify a value of DB2 for
CURRENT RULES before you perform a CONNECT, and the first FETCH for the
cursor uses a LOB locator to retrieve LOB column values, DB2 lets you use only
LOB locators for all subsequent FETCH statements for that column until you close
the cursor. If the first FETCH uses a host variable, DB2 lets you use only host
variables for all subsequent FETCH statements for that column until you close the
cursor. However, if you set the value of CURRENT RULES to STD, DB2 lets you
use the same open cursor to fetch a LOB column into either a LOB locator or a
host variable.

Although a value of STD for CURRENT RULES gives you more programming
flexibility when you retrieve LOB data, you get better performance if you use a
value of DB2 for CURRENT RULES. With the STD option, the server must send
and receive network messages for each FETCH to indicate whether the data that is
being transferred is a LOB locator or a LOB value. With the DB2 option, the server
knows the size of the LOB data after the first FETCH, so an extra message about
LOB data size is unnecessary. The server can send multiple blocks of data to the
requester at one time, which reduces the total time for data transfer.
For example, an end user might want to browse through a large set of employee
records but want to look at pictures of only a few of those employees. At the server,
you set the CURRENT RULES special register to DB2. In the application, you
declare and open a cursor to select employee records. The application then fetches
all picture data into 4-byte LOB locators. Because DB2 knows that 4 bytes of LOB
data is returned for each FETCH, DB2 can fill the network buffers with locators for
many pictures. When a user wants to see a picture for a particular person, the
application can retrieve the picture from the server by assigning the value that is
referenced by the LOB locator to a LOB host variable:
SQL TYPE IS BLOB my_blob[1M];
SQL
. TYPE IS BLOB AS LOCATOR my_loc;
.
.
FETCH
. C1 INTO :my_loc; /* Fetch BLOB into LOB locator */
.
.
SET :my_blob = :my_loc; /* Assign BLOB to host variable */
Use bind options that improve performance

Your choice of these bind options can affect the performance of your distributed
applications:
v DEFER(PREPARE) or NODEFER(PREPARE)
v PKLIST
| v REOPT(ALWAYS), REOPT(ONCE), or REOPT(NONE)
v CURRENTDATA(YES) or CURRENTDATA(NO)
v KEEPDYNAMIC(YES) or KEEPDYNAMIC(NO)
v DBPROTOCOL(PRIVATE) or DBPROTOCOL(DRDA)
DEFER(PREPARE)
To improve performance for both static and dynamic SQL used in DB2 private
protocol access, and for dynamic SQL in DRDA access, consider specifying the
option DEFER(PREPARE) when you bind or rebind your plans or packages.
Remember that statically bound SQL statements in DB2 private protocol access are
processed dynamically. When a dynamic SQL statement accesses remote data, the
PREPARE and EXECUTE statements can be transmitted over the network together
and processed at the remote location. Responses to both statements can be sent
together back to the local subsystem, thus reducing traffic on the network. DB2
does not prepare the dynamic SQL statement until the statement executes. (The
exception to this is dynamic SELECT, which combines PREPARE and DESCRIBE,
regardless of whether the DEFER(PREPARE) option is in effect.)
All PREPARE messages for dynamic SQL statements that refer to a remote object
will be deferred until one of these events occurs:
v The statement executes
v The application requests a description of the results of the statement

In general, when you defer PREPARE, DB2 returns SQLCODE 0 from PREPARE
statements. You must therefore code your application to handle any SQL codes that
might have been returned from the PREPARE statement after the associated
EXECUTE or DESCRIBE statement.
When you use predictive governing, the SQL code returned to the requester if the
server exceeds a predictive governing warning threshold depends on the level of
DRDA at the requester. See “Writing an application to handle predictive governing”
For DB2 private protocol access, when a static SQL statement refers to a remote
object, the transparent PREPARE statement and the EXECUTE statements are
automatically combined and transmitted across the network together. The
PREPARE statement is deferred only if you specify the bind option
DEFER(PREPARE).
PREPARE statements that contain INTO clauses are not deferred.
PKLIST
The order in which you specify package collections in a package list can affect the
performance of your application program. When a local instance of DB2 attempts to
execute an SQL statement at a remote server, the local DB2 subsystem must
determine which package collection the SQL statement is in. DB2 must send a
message to the server, requesting that the server check each collection ID for the
SQL statement, until the statement is found or no more collection IDs are in the
package list. You can reduce the amount of network traffic, and thereby improve
performance, by reducing the number of package collections that each server must
search. The following examples show ways to reduce the collections to search:
v Reduce the number of packages per collection that must be searched. The
following example specifies only one package in each collection:
PKLIST(S1.COLLA.PGM1, S1.COLLB.PGM2)
v Reduce the number of package collections at each location that must be
searched. The following example specifies only one package collection at each
location:
PKLIST(S1.COLLA.*, S2.COLLB.*)
v Reduce the number of collections that are used for each application. The
following example specifies only one collection to search:
PKLIST(*.COLLA.*)
You can also specify the package collection that is associated with an SQL
statement in your application program. Execute the SQL statement SET CURRENT
PACKAGESET before you execute an SQL statement to tell DB2 which package
collection to search for the statement.
When you use DEFER(PREPARE) with DRDA access, the package containing the
statements whose preparation you want to defer must be the first qualifying entry in
the package search sequence that DB2 uses. (See “Identifying packages at run
time” on page 475 for more information.) For example, assume that the package list
for a plan contains two entries:
PKLIST(LOCB.COLLA.*, LOCB.COLLB.*)
If the intended package is in collection COLLB, ensure that DB2 searches that
collection first. You can do this by executing the SQL statement:
SET CURRENT PACKAGESET = ’COLLB’;

Alternatively, you can list COLLB first in the PKLIST parameter of BIND PLAN:
PKLIST(LOCB.COLLB.*, LOCB.COLLA.*)
For NODEFER(PREPARE), the collections in the package list can be in any order,
but if the package is not found in the first qualifying PKLIST entry, the result is
significant network overhead for searching through the list.
REOPT(ALWAYS)
| When you specify REOPT(ALWAYS), DB2 determines access paths at both bind
time and run time for statements that contain one or more of the following variables:
v Host variables
v Parameter markers
v Special registers
At run time, DB2 uses the values in those variables to determine the access paths.
| If you specify the bind option REOPT(ALWAYS) or REOPT(ONCE), DB2 sets the
| bind option DEFER(PREPARE) automatically. However, when you specify
| REOPT(ONCE), DB2 determines the access path for a statement only once (at the
| first run time).
Because of performance costs when DB2 reoptimizes the access path at run time,
you should use one of the following bind options:
| v REOPT(ALWAYS) — use this option only on packages or plans that contain
| statements that perform poorly because of a bad access path.
| v REOPT(ONCE) — use this option when the following conditions are true:
| – You are using the dynamic statement cache.
| – You have plans or packages that contain dynamic SQL statements that
| perform poorly because of access path selection.
| – Your dynamic SQL statements are executed many times with possibly different
| input variables.
| v REOPT(NONE) — use this option when you bind a plan or package that contains
| statements that use DB2 private protocol access.
| If you specify REOPT(ALWAYS) when you bind a plan that contains statements that
use DB2 private protocol access to access remote data, DB2 prepares those
statements twice. See “How bind options REOPT(ALWAYS) and REOPT(ONCE)
| affect dynamic SQL” on page 567 for more information about REOPT(ALWAYS).
CURRENTDATA(NO)
Use this bind option to force block fetch for ambiguous queries. See “Use block
fetch” on page 440 for more information about block fetch.
KEEPDYNAMIC(YES)
Use this bind option to improve performance for queries that use cursors defined
WITH HOLD. With KEEPDYNAMIC(YES), DB2 automatically closes the cursor
when no more data exists for retrieval. The client does not need to send a network
message to tell DB2 to close the cursor. For more information about
KEEPDYNAMIC(YES), see “Keeping prepared statements after commit points” on
page 541.

DBPROTOCOL(DRDA)
If the value of installation default DATABASE PROTOCOL is not DRDA, use this
bind option to cause DB2 to use DRDA access to execute SQL statements with
three-part names. Statements that use DRDA access perform better at execution
time because:
v Binding occurs when the package is bound, not during program execution.
v DB2 does not destroy static statement information at commit time, as it does with
DB2 private protocol access. This means that with DRDA access, if a commit
occurs between two executions of a statement, DB2 does not need to prepare
the statement twice.
Use block fetch

DB2 uses two different methods to reduce the number of messages that are sent
across the network when fetching data with a cursor:
v Limited block fetch optimizes data transfer by guaranteeing the transfer of a
minimum amount of data in response to each request from the requesting
system.
v Continuous block fetch sends a single request from the requester to the server.
The server fills a buffer with data it retrieves and transmits it back to the
requester. Processing at the requester is asynchronous with the server; the
server continues to send blocks of data to the requester with minimal or no
further prompting.
For more information about block fetch, see Part 5 (Volume 2) of DB2
Administration Guide.
How to ensure block fetching: To use either type of block fetch, DB2 must
determine that the cursor is not used for updating or deleting. Indicate that the
cursor does not modify data by adding FOR FETCH ONLY or FOR READ ONLY to
the query in the DECLARE CURSOR statement. If you do not use FOR FETCH
ONLY or FOR READ ONLY, DB2 still uses block fetch for the query if any of the
following conditions are true:
v The cursor is a non-scrollable cursor, and the result table of the cursor is
read-only. (See Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL Reference for a description of read-only
tables.)
v The cursor is a scrollable cursor that is declared as INSENSITIVE, and the result
table of the cursor is read-only.
v The cursor is a scrollable cursor that is declared as SENSITIVE, the result table
of the cursor is read-only, and the value of bind option CURRENTDATA is NO.
v The result table of the cursor is not read-only, but the cursor is ambiguous, and
the value of bind option CURRENTDATA is NO. A cursor is ambiguous when any
of the following conditions are true:
– It is not defined with the clauses FOR FETCH ONLY, FOR READ ONLY, or
FOR UPDATE.
– It is not defined on a read-only result table.
– It is not the target of a WHERE CURRENT clause on an SQL UPDATE or
DELETE statement.
– It is in a plan or package that contains the SQL statements PREPARE or
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE.
DB2 does not use continuous block fetch if:

v The cursor is referred to in the statement DELETE WHERE CURRENT OF
elsewhere in the program.
v The cursor statement appears that it can be updated at the requesting system.
(DB2 does not check whether the cursor references a view at the server that
cannot be updated.)
When DB2 uses block fetch for non-scrollable cursors

Table 59 summarizes the conditions under which a DB2 server uses block fetch for
a non-scrollable cursor.
Table 59. Effect of CURRENTDATA and isolation level on block fetch for a non-scrollable
cursor
Isolation CURRENTDATA Cursor type Block fetch
CS, RR, or RS YES Read-only Yes
Updatable No
Ambiguous No
No Read-only Yes
Updatable No
Ambiguous Yes
UR Yes Read-only Yes
No Read-only Yes
When DB2 uses block fetch for scrollable cursors

a scrollable cursor when the cursor is not used to retrieve result sets.
Table 60. Effect of CURRENTDATA and isolation level on block fetch for a scrollable cursor
that is not used for a stored procedure result set
Isolation Cursor sensitivity CURRENTDATA Cursor type Block fetch
CS, RR, or RS INSENSITIVE Yes Read-only Yes
No Read-only Yes
SENSITIVE Yes Read-only No
Updatable No
Ambiguous No
No Read-only Yes
Updatable No
Ambiguous Yes
UR INSENSITIVE Yes Read-only Yes
No Read-only Yes
SENSITIVE Yes Read-only Yes
No Read-only Yes
a scrollable cursor when the cursor is used to retrieve result sets.

Table 61. Effect of CURRENTDATA and isolation level on block fetch for a scrollable cursor
that is used for a stored procedure result set
Isolation Cursor sensitivity CURRENTDATA Cursor type Block fetch
CS, RR, or RS INSENSITIVE Yes Read-only Yes
No Read-only Yes
SENSITIVE Yes Read-only No
No Read-only Yes
UR INSENSITIVE Yes Read-only Yes
No Read-only Yes
SENSITIVE Yes Read-only Yes
No Read-only Yes
When a DB2 UDB for z/OS requester uses a scrollable cursor to retrieve data from
a DB2 UDB for z/OS server, the following conditions are true:
v The requester never requests more than 64 rows in a query block, even if more
rows fit in the query block. In addition, the requester never requests extra query
blocks. This is true even if the setting of field EXTRA BLOCKS REQ in the
DISTRIBUTED DATA FACILITY PANEL 2 installation panel on the requester
allows extra query blocks to be requested. If you want to limit the number of rows
that the server returns to fewer than 64, you can specify the FETCH FIRST n
ROWS ONLY clause when you declare the cursor.
v The requester discards rows of the result table if the application does not use
those rows. For example, if the application fetches row n and then fetches row
n+2, the requester discards row n+1. The application gets better performance for
a blocked scrollable cursor if it mostly scrolls forward, fetches most of the rows in
a query block, and avoids frequent switching between FETCH ABSOLUTE
statements with negative and positive values.
v If the scrollable cursor does not use block fetch, the server returns one row for
each FETCH statement.
Limiting the number of DRDA network transmissions

You can use the clause OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS in your SELECT statements to
limit the number of data rows that the server returns on each DRDA network
| transmission. You can also use OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS with query result sets
| from stored procedures. OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS has no effect on scrollable
cursors.
The number of rows that DB2 transmits on each network transmission depends on
the following factors:
v If n rows of the SQL result set fit within a single DRDA query block, a DB2 server
can send n rows to any DRDA client. In this case, DB2 sends n rows in each
network transmission, until the entire query result set is exhausted.
v If n rows of the SQL result set exceed a single DRDA query block, the number of
rows that are contained in each network transmission depends on the client’s
DRDA software level and configuration:
– If the client does not support extra query blocks, the DB2 server automatically
reduces the value of n to match the number of rows that fit within a DRDA
query block.

– If the client supports extra query blocks, the DRDA client can choose to
accept multiple DRDA query blocks in a single data transmission. DRDA
allows the client to establish an upper limit on the number of DRDA query
blocks in each network transmission.
The number of rows that a DB2 server sends is the smaller of n rows and the
number of rows that fit within the lesser of these two limitations:
- The value of EXTRA BLOCKS SRV in install panel DSNTIP5 at the DB2
server
This is the maximum number of extra DRDA query blocks that the DB2
server returns to a client in a single network transmission.
- The client’s extra query block limit, which is obtained from the DDM
MAXBLKEXT parameter that is received from the client
When DB2 acts as a DRDA client, the DDM MAXBLKEXT parameter is set
to the value that is specified on the EXTRA BLOCKS REQ install option of
the DSNTIP5 install panel.
The OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS clause is useful in two cases:

v If n is less than the number of rows that fit in the DRDA query block, OPTIMIZE
FOR n ROWS can improve performance by preventing the DB2 server from
fetching rows that might never be used by the DRDA client application.
v If n is greater than the number of rows that fit in a DRDA query block, OPTIMIZE
FOR n ROWS lets the DRDA client request multiple blocks of query data on
each network transmission. This use of OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS can
significantly improve elapsed time for large query download operations.
Specifying a large value for n in OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS can increase the number
of DRDA query blocks that a DB2 server returns in each network transmission. This
function can significantly improve performance for applications that use DRDA
access to download large amounts of data. However, this same function can
degrade performance if you do not use it properly. The following examples
demonstrate the performance problems that can occur when you do not use
OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS judiciously.
In Figure 146 on page 444,, the DRDA client opens a cursor and fetches rows from
the cursor. At some point before all rows in the query result set are returned, the
application issues an SQL INSERT. DB2 uses normal DRDA blocking, which has
two advantages over the blocking that is used for OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS:
v If the application issues an SQL statement other than FETCH (the example
shows an INSERT statement), the DRDA client can transmit the SQL statement
immediately, because the DRDA connection is not in use after the SQL OPEN.
v If the SQL application closes the cursor before fetching all the rows in the query
result set, the server fetches only the number of rows that fit in one query block,
which is 100 rows of the result set. Basically, the DRDA query block size places
an upper limit on the number of rows that are fetched unnecessarily.

Figure 146. Message flows without OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS
In Figure 147 on page 445,, the DRDA client opens a cursor and fetches rows from
the cursor using OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS. Both the DRDA client and the DB2
server are configured to support multiple DRDA query blocks. At some time before
the end of the query result set, the application issues an SQL INSERT. Because
OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS is being used, the DRDA connection is not available
when the SQL INSERT is issued because the connection is still being used to
receive the DRDA query blocks for 1000 rows of data. This causes two
performance problems:
v Application elapsed time can increase if the DRDA client waits for a large query
result set to be transmitted, before the DRDA connection can be used for other
SQL statements. Figure 147 on page 445 shows how an SQL INSERT statement
can be delayed because of a large query result set.
v If the application closes the cursor before fetching all the rows in the SQL result
set, the server might fetch a large number of rows unnecessarily.

Figure 147. Message flows with OPTIMIZE FOR 1000 ROWS
Recommendation: OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS should be used to increase the

number of DRDA query blocks only in applications that have all of these attributes:
v The application fetches a large number of rows from a read-only query.
v The application rarely closes the SQL cursor before fetching the entire query
result set.
v The application does not issue statements other than FETCH to the DB2 server
while the SQL cursor is open.
v The application does not execute FETCH statements for multiple cursors that are
open concurrently and defined with OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS.
v The application does not need to scroll randomly through the data. OPTIMIZE
FOR n ROWS has no effect on a scrollable cursor.
For more information about OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS, see “Minimizing overhead for
retrieving few rows: OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS” on page 714.

Limiting the number of rows returned to DRDA clients
You can use the FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY clause of a SELECT statement to
limit the number of rows that are returned to a client program. FETCH FIRST n
ROWS ONLY improves performance of DRDA client applications when the client
needs no more than n rows from a potentially large result table.
| If you specify FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY and do not specify OPTIMIZE FOR n
| ROWS, the access path for the statement will use the value that is specified for
| FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY for optimization. However, DRDA will not consider
| the value when it determines network blocking.
| When you specify both the FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY clause and the
| OPTIMIZE FOR m ROWS clause in a statement, DB2 uses the value that you
| specify for OPTIMIZE FOR m ROWS, even if that value is larger than the value that
| you specify for the FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY clause.
Fast implicit close and FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY: Fast implicit close means
that during a distributed query, the DB2 server automatically closes the cursor after
it prefetches the nth row if you specify FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY, or when
there are no more rows to return. Fast implicit close can improve performance
because it saves an additional network transmission between the client and the
server.
DB2 uses fast implicit close when the following conditions are true:
v The query uses limited block fetch.
v The query retrieves no LOBs.
v The cursor is not a scrollable cursor.
v Either of the following conditions is true:
– The cursor is declared WITH HOLD, and the package or plan that contains
the cursor is bound with the KEEPDYNAMIC(YES) option.
– The cursor is not defined WITH HOLD.
When you use FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY, and DB2 does a fast implicit close,
the DB2 server closes the cursor after it prefetches the nth row, or when there are
no more rows to return.
Example: FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY: In a DRDA environment, the following

SQL statement causes DB2 to prefetch 16 rows of the result table even though n
has a value of 1.
SELECT * FROM EMP
OPTIMIZE FOR 1 ROW ONLY;
For OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS, when n is 1, 2, or 3, DB2 uses the value 16 (instead
of n) for network blocking and prefetches 16 rows. As a result, network usage is
more efficient even though DB2 uses the small value of n for query optimization.
Suppose that you need only one row of the result table. To avoid 15 unnecessary
prefetches, add the FETCH FIRST 1 ROW ONLY clause:
SELECT * FROM EMP
OPTIMIZE FOR 1 ROW ONLY
FETCH FIRST 1 ROW ONLY;

DB2 UDB for z/OS support for the rowset parameter
The rowset parameter can be used in ODBC and JDBC applications on some
platforms to limit the number of rows that are returned from a fetch operation. If a
DRDA requester sends the rowset parameter to a DB2 UDB for z/OS server, the
server does the following things:
v Returns no more than the number of rows in the rowset parameter
v Returns extra query blocks if the value of field EXTRA BLOCKS SRV in the
DISTRIBUTED DATA FACILITY PANEL 2 installation panel on the server allows
extra query blocks to be returned
v Processes the FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY clause, if it is specified
v Does not process the OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS clause
Accessing data with a scrollable cursor when the requester is

down-level
If a DB2 UDB for z/OS server processes an OPEN cursor statement for a scrollable
cursor, and the OPEN cursor statement comes from a requester that does not
support scrollable cursors, the DB2 UDB for z/OS server returns an SQL error.
However, if a stored procedure at the server uses a scrollable cursor to return a
result set, the down-level requester can access data through that cursor. The DB2
UDB for z/OS server converts the scrollable result set cursor to a non-scrollable
cursor. The requester can retrieve the data using sequential FETCH statements.

| down-level
| If a DB2 UDB for z/OS server processes an OPEN cursor statement for a
| rowset-positioned cursor, and the OPEN cursor statement comes from a requester
| that does not support rowset-positioned cursors, the DB2 UDB for z/OS server
| returns an SQL error. However, if a stored procedure at the server uses a
| rowset-positioned cursor to return a result set, the down-level requester can access
| data through that cursor by using row-positioned FETCH statements.
Maintaining data currency

Cursors bound with cursor stability that are used in block fetch operations are
particularly vulnerable to reading data that has already changed. In a block fetch,
database access prefetches rows ahead of the row retrieval controlled by the
application. During that time the cursor might close, and the locks might be
released, before the application receives the data. Thus, it is possible for the
application to fetch a row of values that no longer exists, or to miss a recently
inserted row. In many cases, that is acceptable; a case for which it is not
acceptable is said to require data currency.
How to prevent block fetching: If your application requires data currency for a
cursor, you need to prevent block fetching for the data it points to. To prevent block
fetching for a distributed cursor, declare the cursor with the FOR UPDATE clause.
Copying a table from a remote location

To copy a table from one location to another, you can either write your own
application program or use the DB2 DataPropagator™ product.

Transmitting mixed data
If you transmit mixed data between your local system and a remote system, put the
data in varying-length character strings instead of fixed-length character strings.
Converting mixed data: When ASCII MIXED data or Unicode MIXED data is
converted to EBCDIC MIXED, the converted string is longer than the source string.
An error occurs if that conversion is performed on a fixed-length input host variable.
The remedy is to use a varying-length string variable with a maximum length that is
sufficient to contain the expansion.
Identifying the server at run time: The special register CURRENT SERVER
contains the location name of the system you are connected to. You can assign that
name to a host variable with a statement like this:
EXEC SQL SET :CS = CURRENT SERVER;
Retrieving data from ASCII or Unicode tables

When you perform a distributed query, the server determines the encoding scheme
of the result table. When a distributed query against an ASCII or Unicode table
arrives at the DB2 UDB for z/OS server, the server indicates in the reply message
that the columns of the result table contain ASCII or Unicode data, rather than
EBCDIC data. The reply message also includes the CCSIDs of the data to be
returned. The CCSID of data from a column is the CCSID that was in effect when
the column was defined.
The encoding scheme in which DB2 returns data depends on two factors:
v The encoding scheme of the requesting system.
If the requester is ASCII or Unicode, the returned data is ASCII or Unicode. If the
requester is EBCDIC, the returned data is EBCDIC, even though it is stored at
the server as ASCII or Unicode. However, if the SELECT statement that is used
to retrieve the data contains an ORDER BY clause, the data displays in ASCII or
Unicode order.
v Whether the application program overrides the CCSID for the returned data. The
ways to do this are as follows:
– For static SQL
You can bind a plan or package with the ENCODING bind option to control
the CCSIDs for all static data in that plan or package. For example, if you
specify ENCODING(UNICODE) when you bind a package at a remote DB2
UDB for z/OS system, the data that is returned in host variables from the
remote system is encoded in the default Unicode CCSID for that system.
See Part 2 of DB2 Command Reference for more information about the
ENCODING bind options.
– For static or dynamic SQL
An application program can specify overriding CCSIDs for individual host
variables in DECLARE VARIABLE statements. See “Changing the coded
character set ID of host variables” on page 77 for information about how to
specify the CCSID for a host variable.
An application program that uses an SQLDA can specify an overriding CCSID
for the returned data in the SQLDA. When the application program executes a
FETCH statement, you receive the data in the CCSID that is specified in the
SQLDA. See “Changing the CCSID for retrieved data” on page 561 for
information about how to specify an overriding CCSID in an SQLDA.

Moving from DB2 private protocol access to DRDA access
Recommendation: Move from DB2 private protocol access to DRDA access
| whenever possible. An application that uses DB2 private protocol access cannot
| include SQL statements that were added to DB2 after Version 7. Because DB2
supports three-part names, you can move to DRDA access without modifying your
applications. For any application that uses DB2 private protocol access, follow these
steps to make the application use DRDA access:
1. Determine which locations the application accesses.
For static SQL applications, search for all SQL statements that include
three-part names and aliases for three-part names. For three-part names, the
high-level qualifier is the location name. For potential aliases, query the catalog
table SYSTABLES to determine whether the object is an alias, and if so, the
location name of the table that the alias represents. For example:
SELECT NAME, CREATOR, LOCATION, TBCREATOR, TBNAME
FROM SYSIBM.SYSTABLES
WHERE NAME=’name’
AND TYPE=’A’;
where name is the potential alias.

For dynamic SQL applications, bind packages at all remote locations that users
might access with three-part names.
2. Bind the application into a package at every location that is named in the
application. Also bind a package locally.
For an application that uses explicit CONNECT statements to connect to a
second site and then accesses a third site using a three-part name, bind a
package at the second site with DBPROTOCOL(DRDA), and bind another
package at the third site.
3. Bind all remote packages into a plan with the local package or DBRM. Bind this
plan with the option DBPROTOCOL(DRDA).
4. Ensure that aliases resolve correctly.
For DB2 private protocol access, DB2 resolves aliases at the requester site. For
DRDA access, however, DB2 resolves aliases at the site where the package
executes. Therefore, you might need to define aliases for three-part names at
remote locations.
For example, suppose you use DRDA access to run a program that contains
this statement:
SELECT * FROM MYALIAS;
MYALIAS is an alias for LOC2.MYID.MYTABLE. DB2 resolves MYALIAS at the

local site to determine that this statement needs to run at LOC2 but does not
send the resolved name to LOC2. When the statement executes at LOC2, DB2
resolves MYALIAS using the catalog at LOC2. If the catalog at LOC2 does not
contain the alias MYID.MYTABLE for MYALIAS, the SELECT statement does
not execute successfully.
This situation can become more complicated if you use three-part names to
access DB2 objects from remote sites. For example, suppose you are
connected explicitly to LOC2, and you use DRDA access to execute the
following statement:
SELECT * FROM YRALIAS;
YRALIAS is an alias for LOC3.MYID.MYTABLE. When this SELECT statement

executes at LOC3, both LOC2 and LOC3 must have an alias YRALIAS that
resolves to MYID.MYTABLE at location LOC3.

5. If you use the resource limit facility at the remote locations that are specified in
three-part names to control the amount of time that distributed dynamic SQL
statements run, modify the resource limit specification tables at those locations.
For DB2 private protocol access, you specify plan names to govern SQL
statements that originate at a remote location. For DRDA access, you specify
package names for this purpose. Therefore, you must add rows to your
resource limit specification tables at the remote locations for the packages you
bound for DRDA access with three-part names. You should also delete the rows
that specify plan names for DB2 private protocol access.
For more information about the resource limit facility, see Part 5 (Volume 2) of
DB2 Administration Guide.
| Executing long SQL statements in a distributed environment

| Remote access allows large SQL statements to flow between the requester and the
| server. With this support, a distributed application can send prepared SQL
| statements greater than 32 KB to the server. If the statements are greater than 32
| KB, the server must support these long statements. If you are using DB2 private
| protocol access, long SQL statements are not supported.
| If a distributed application assigns an SQL statement to a DBCLOB (UTF-16)

| variable and sends the prepared statement to a remote server, the remote DB2
| server converts it to UTF-8. If the remote server does not support UTF-8, the
| requester converts the statement to the system EBCDIC CCSID before sending it to
| the remote server.
| Including packages or DBRMs at the requester

| For distributed applications, if your application contains SQL statements that run at
| the requester, you must include a DBRM that is either bound directly to a plan or to
| a package that is included in the plan’s package list at the requester.
| Additionally, you must include a package at the server for any SQL statements that
| run at the server. See Appendix B of DB2 SQL Reference for information about
| which SQL statements are processed at the requester.

Part 5. Developing your application
Chapter 21. Preparing an application program to run . . . . . . . . . 453
Steps in program preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Step 1: Process SQL statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Using the DB2 precompiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Using the SQL statement coprocessor for C programs . . . . . . . . 458
| Using the SQL statement coprocessor for C++ programs . . . . . . . 459
Using the SQL statement coprocessor for COBOL programs . . . . . 460
Using the SQL statement coprocessor for PL/I programs . . . . . . . 461
Options for SQL statement processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Translating command-level statements in a CICS program . . . . . . 470
Step 2: Compile (or assemble) and link-edit the application . . . . . . . 471
Step 3: Bind the application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
Binding a DBRM to a package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Binding an application plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Identifying packages at run time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Using BIND and REBIND options for packages and plans . . . . . . 479
Using packages with dynamic plan selection . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Step 4: Run the application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
DSN command processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Running a program in TSO foreground . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Running a batch DB2 application in TSO . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Calling applications in a command procedure (CLIST) . . . . . . . . 488
Running a DB2 REXX application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Using JCL procedures to prepare applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Available JCL procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Including code from SYSLIB data sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
Starting the precompiler dynamically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Precompiler option list format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
DDNAME list format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Page number format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
An alternative method for preparing a CICS program . . . . . . . . . 493
Using JCL to prepare a program with object-oriented extensions . . . . . 495
Using ISPF and DB2 Interactive (DB2I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
DB2I help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
DB2I Primary Option Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Chapter 22. Testing an application program . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499

Establishing a test environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Designing a test data structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Analyzing application data needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Obtaining authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Creating a comprehensive test structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Filling the tables with test data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Testing SQL statements using SPUFI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
Debugging your program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
Debugging programs in TSO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
Language test facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
The TSO TEST command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Debugging programs in IMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Debugging programs in CICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Debugging aids for CICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
CICS execution diagnostic facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Locating the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508

Analyzing error and warning messages from the precompiler . . . . . . 509
SYSTERM output from the precompiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
SYSPRINT output from the precompiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
Chapter 23. Processing DL/I batch applications . . . . . . . . . . . 515

Planning to use DL/I batch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Features and functions of DB2 DL/I batch support . . . . . . . . . . 515
Requirements for using DB2 in a DL/I batch job . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Program design considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Address spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Commits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
SQL statements and IMS calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Checkpoint calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Application program synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Checkpoint and XRST considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Synchronization call abends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
Input and output data sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
DB2 DL/I batch Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
DB2 DL/I batch output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Program preparation considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Precompiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Link-editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Loading and running . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Submitting a DL/I batch application using DSNMTV01 . . . . . . . . 521
Submitting a DL/I batch application without using DSNMTV01 . . . . . 522
Restart and recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
JCL example of a batch backout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
JCL example of restarting a DL/I batch job . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Finding the DL/I batch checkpoint ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524

Chapter 21. Preparing an application program to run
DB2 applications require different methods of program preparation depending on
the type of the application:
v Applications that contain embedded static or dynamic SQL statements
v Applications that contain ODBC calls
v Applications in interpreted languages, such as REXX
v Java applications, which can contain JDBC calls or embedded SQL statements
Before you can run DB2 applications of the first type, you must precompile,
compile, link-edit, and bind them. This chapter details the steps needed to prepare
and run this type of application program; see “Steps in program preparation” on
page 454.
You can control the steps in program preparation by using the following methods:
v “Using JCL procedures to prepare applications” on page 489
v “Using ISPF and DB2 Interactive (DB2I)” on page 495
For information about applications with ODBC calls that pass dynamic SQL
statements as arguments, see DB2 ODBC Guide and Reference.
For information about running REXX programs, which you do not prepare for
execution, see “Running a DB2 REXX application” on page 489.
For information about preparing and running Java programs, see DB2 Application
Programming Guide and Reference for Java.
Productivity hint: To avoid rework, first test your SQL statements using SPUFI,
and then compile your program without SQL statements and resolve all compiler
errors. Then proceed with the preparation and the DB2 precompile and bind steps.
SQL statement processing: Because most compilers do not recognize SQL

statements, you can use the DB2 precompiler before you compile the program to
prevent compiler errors. The other alternative is to use a host language SQL
coprocessor. (An SQL coprocessor performs DB2 precompiler functions at compile
time.) The precompiler scans the program and returns modified source code, which
you can then compile and link edit. The precompiler also produces a DBRM
(database request module). Bind this DBRM to a package or plan using the BIND
subcommand. (For information about packages and plans, see Chapter 17,
“Planning for DB2 program preparation,” on page 363.) When you complete these
steps, you can run your DB2 application.
| CCSID conversion of source programs: If the SQL statements of your source

program are not in Unicode UTF-8, the DB2 Version 8 precompiler converts them to
UTF-8 for parsing. The precompiler uses the source CCSID(n) value, as described
in Table 63 on page 462, to convert from that CCSID to CCSID 1208 (UTF-8). If
you want to prepare a source program that is written in a CCSID that cannot be
directly converted to or from CCSID 1208, you must create an indirect conversion.
| For information about indirect conversions, see z/OS Support for Unicode.
| Dependencies and binding for DB2 Version 8: Table 62 on page 454

| summarizes the relationship between characteristics of SQL processing in source
| programs and the ability to bind in various DB2 releases and modes. This
| relationship is affected by the SQL processing option NEWFUN and the
| new-function mode of DB2 Version 8:
| v If you use the option NEWFUN(NO), the SQL statements in the DBRM use
| EBCDIC. As a result, the DBRM is not a DB2 Version 8 object. DB2 Version 7
| and earlier releases can bind the DBRM. NEWFUN(NO) causes the compiler to
| reject any DB2 Version 8 functions.
| v If you use the option NEWFUN(YES) to process the SQL statements in your
| program, the SQL statements in the DBRM use Unicode UTF-8. As a result, the
| DBRM is a DB2 Version 8 object even if the application program does not use
| any DB2 Version 8 functions. Therefore, the DBRM is Version 8 dependent. DB2
| Version 8 can bind the DBRM; DB2 Version 7 and earlier releases cannot bind
| the DBRM. Version 8 can bind the DBRM even before Version 8 new-function
| mode if the DBRM does not use any DB2 Version 8 functions.
| v If the application program uses DB2 Version 8 functions, Version 8 can bind the
| DBRM only in new-function mode for Version 8 (or later). If the program does not
| use any DB2 Version 8 functions, Version 8 can bind the DBRM even before
| Version 8 new-function mode.
| Table 62. Dependencies and binding for DB2 Version 8
| Value of NEWFUN NO1 YES2 YES3
| Is the DBRM a DB2 Version 8 object and dependent on DB2 Version 8? No Yes Yes
| Can DB2 Version 7, or an earlier release, bind the DBRM? Yes No No
| Can DB2 Version 8 bind before DB2 Version 8 new-function mode? Yes Yes No
| Can DB2 Version 8 bind while in DB2 Version 8 new-function mode? Yes Yes Yes
| Notes:
| 1. The DBRM is created with NEWFUN(NO), which prevents the use of DB2 Version 8 functions.
| 2. The DBRM is created with NEWFUN(YES), although the program does not use any DB2 Version 8 functions.
| 3. The DBRM is created with NEWFUN(YES), and the program uses DB2 Version 8 functions.
|
For more information about the NEWFUN option, see Table 63 on page 462. For
information about DB2 Version 8 new-function mode, see DB2 Installation Guide.
Steps in program preparation

The following sections provide details on preparing and running a DB2 application:
“Step 1: Process SQL statements”
“Step 2: Compile (or assemble) and link-edit the application” on page 471
“Step 3: Bind the application” on page 472
“Step 4: Run the application” on page 485.
As described in Chapter 17, “Planning for DB2 program preparation,” on page 363,
binding a package is not necessary in all cases. In these instructions, it is assumed
that you bind some of your DBRMs into packages and include a package list in
your plan.
If you use CICS, you might need additional steps; see:

v “Translating command-level statements in a CICS program” on page 470
v “Calling applications in a command procedure (CLIST)” on page 488
Step 1: Process SQL statements

One step in preparing an SQL application to run is processing SQL statements in
the program. The SQL statements must be replaced with calls to DB2 language
interface modules, and a DBRM must be created.

For assembler or Fortran applications, use the DB2 precompiler to prepare the SQL
statements. See “Using the DB2 precompiler.”
| For C, C++, COBOL, or PL/I applications, you can use one of the following
techniques to process SQL statements:
v Use the DB2 precompiler before you compile your program.
You can use this technique with any version of C or C++, COBOL, or PL/I.
v Invoke the SQL statement coprocessor for the host language that you are using
as you compile your program:
| – For C or C++, invoke the SQL statement coprocessor by specifying the SQL
| compiler option. You need C/C++ for z/OS Version 1 Release 5 or later. See
| “Using the SQL statement coprocessor for C programs” on page 458 or
| “Using the SQL statement coprocessor for C++ programs” on page 459. For
| more information about using the C/C++ SQL statement coprocessor, see
| z/OS C/C++ User's Guide .
– For COBOL, invoke the SQL statement coprocessor by specifying the SQL
compiler option. You need Enterprise COBOL for z/OS and OS/390 Version 2
Release 2 or later to use this technique. See “Using the SQL statement
coprocessor for COBOL programs” on page 460. For more information about
using the COBOL SQL statement coprocessor, see IBM COBOL for MVS &
VM Programming Guide.
– For PL/I, invoke the SQL statement coprocessor by specifying the
PP(SQL(’option,...’)) compiler option. You need Enterprise PL/I for z/OS and
OS/390 Version 3 Release 1 or later to use this technique. See “Using the
SQL statement coprocessor for PL/I programs” on page 461. For more
information about using the PL/I SQL statement coprocessor, see IBM
Enterprise PL/I for z/OS and OS/390 Programming Guide
In this section, references to the SQL statement processor apply to either the DB2
precompiler or the SQL statement coprocessor. References to the DB2 precompiler
apply specifically to the precompiler that is provided with DB2.
CICS
If the application contains CICS commands, you must translate the program
before you compile it. (See “Translating command-level statements in a CICS
program” on page 470.)
Using the DB2 precompiler

To start the precompile process, use one of the following methods:
v DB2I panels. Use the Precompile panel or the DB2 Program Preparation panels.
v The DSNH command procedure (a TSO CLIST). For a description of that CLIST,
see Part 3 of DB2 Command Reference.
v JCL procedures supplied with DB2. See “Available JCL procedures” on page 489
for more information about this method.
When you precompile your program, DB2 does not need to be active. The
precompiler does not validate the names of tables and columns that are used in
SQL statements. However, the precompiler checks table and column references
against SQL DECLARE TABLE statements in the program. Therefore, you should
use DCLGEN to obtain accurate SQL DECLARE TABLE statements.
Chapter 21. Preparing an application program to run 455

You might need to precompile and compile program source statements several
times before they are error-free and ready to link-edit. During that time, you can get
complete diagnostic output from the DB2 precompiler by specifying the SOURCE
and XREF precompiler options.
Input to the precompiler: The primary input for the precompiler consists of
statements in the host programming language and embedded SQL statements.
Important
The size of a source program that DB2 can precompile is limited by the region
size and the virtual memory available to the precompiler. The maximum region
size and memory available to the DB2 precompiler is usually around 8 MB, but
these amounts vary with each system installation.
You can use the SQL INCLUDE statement to get secondary input from the include
library, SYSLIB. The SQL INCLUDE statement reads input from the specified
member of SYSLIB until it reaches the end of the member.
Another preprocessor, such as the PL/I macro preprocessor, can generate source
statements for the precompiler. Any preprocessor that runs before the precompiler
must be able to pass on SQL statements. Similarly, other preprocessors can
process the source code, after you precompile and before you compile or
assemble.
There are limits on the forms of source statements that can pass through the
precompiler. For example, constants, comments, and other source syntax that are
not accepted by the host compilers (such as a missing right brace in C) can
interfere with precompiler source scanning and cause errors. You might want to run
the host compiler before the precompiler to find the source statements that are
unacceptable to the host compiler. At this point you can ignore the compiler error
messages for SQL statements. After the source statements are free of unacceptable
compiler errors, you can then perform the normal DB2 program preparation process
for that host language.
The following restrictions apply only to the DB2 precompiler:

v You must write host language statements and SQL statements using the same
margins, as specified in the precompiler option MARGINS.
v The input data set, SYSIN, must have the attributes RECFM F or FB, LRECL 80.
v SYSLIB must be a partitioned data set, with attributes RECFM F or FB, LRECL
80.
v Input from the INCLUDE library cannot contain other precompiler INCLUDE
statements.
Output from the precompiler: The following sections describe various kinds of
output from the precompiler.
Listing output: The output data set, SYSPRINT, used to print output from the
| precompiler, has an LRECL of 133 and a RECFM of FBA. This data set uses the
| CCSID of the source program. Statement numbers in the output of the precompiler
listing always display as they appear in the listing. However, DB2 stores statement
numbers greater than 32767 as 0 in the DBRM.
The DB2 precompiler writes the following information in the SYSPRINT data set:

v Precompiler source listing
If the DB2 precompiler option SOURCE is specified, a source listing is produced.
The source listing includes precompiler source statements, with line numbers that
are assigned by the precompiler.
v Precompiler diagnostics
The precompiler produces diagnostic messages that include precompiler line
numbers of statements that have errors.
v Precompiler cross-reference listing
If the DB2 precompiler option XREF is specified, a cross-reference listing is
produced. The cross-reference listing shows the precompiler line numbers of
SQL statements that refer to host names and columns.
Terminal diagnostics: If a terminal output file, SYSTERM, is present, the DB2

precompiler writes diagnostic messages to it. A portion of the source statement
accompanies the messages in this file. You can often use the SYSTERM file
| instead of the SYSPRINT file to find errors. This data set uses EBCDIC.
Modified source statements: The DB2 precompiler writes the source statements
that it processes to SYSCIN, the input data set to the compiler or assembler. This
data set must have attributes RECFM F or FB, and LRECL 80. The modified source
code contains calls to the DB2 language interface. The SQL statements that the
| calls replace appear as comments. This data set uses the CCSID of the source
| program.
Database request modules: The major output from the precompiler is a database
request module (DBRM). That data set contains the SQL statements and host
variable information extracted from the source program, along with information that
identifies the program and ties the DBRM to the translated source statements. It
becomes the input to the bind process.
The data set requires space to hold all the SQL statements plus space for each
host variable name and some header information. The header information alone
requires approximately two records for each DBRM, 20 bytes for each SQL record,
and 6 bytes for each host variable.
For an exact format of the DBRM, see the DBRM mapping macros, DSNXDBRM
| and DSNXNBRM in library prefix.SDSNMACS. The DCB attributes of the data set
are RECFM FB, LRECL 80. The precompiler sets the characteristics. You can use
IEBCOPY, IEHPROGM, TSO commands COPY and DELETE, or other PDS
management tools for maintaining these data sets.
| In a DBRM, the SQL statements and the list of host variable names use the
| following character encoding schemes:
| v EBCDIC, for the result of a DB2 Version 8 precompilation with NEWFUN NO or a
| precompilation in an earlier release of DB2
| v Unicode UTF-8, for the result of a DB2 Version 8 precompilation with NEWFUN
| YES
All other character fields in a DBRM use EBCDIC. The current release marker
(DBRMMRIC) in the header of a DBRM is marked according to the release of the
precompiler, regardless of the value of NEWFUN. In a Version 8 precompilation, the
DBRM dependency marker (DBRMPDRM) in the header of a DBRM is marked for
Version 8 if the value of NEWFUN is YES; otherwise, it is not marked for Version 8.

The DB2 language preparation procedures in job DSNTIJMV use the DISP=OLD
parameter to enforce data integrity. However, the installation process converts the
DISP=OLD parameter for the DBRM library data set to DISP=SHR, which can
cause data integrity problems when you run multiple precompilation jobs. If you plan
to run multiple precompilation jobs and are not using the DFSMSdfp™ partitioned
data set extended (PDSE), you must change the DB2 language preparation
procedures (DSNHCOB, DSNHCOB2, DSNHICOB, DSNHFOR, DSNHC, DSNHPLI,
DSNHASM, DSNHSQL) to specify the DISP=OLD parameter instead of the
DISP=SHR parameter.
Binding on another system: It is not necessary to precompile the program on the

same DB2 system on which you bind the DBRM and run the program. In particular,
you can bind a DBRM at the current release level and run it on a DB2 subsystem at
the previous release level, if the original program does not use any properties of
DB2 that are unique to the current release. Of course, you can run applications on
the current release that were previously bound on systems at the previous release
level.
Using the SQL statement coprocessor for C programs

The SQL statement coprocessor performs DB2 precompiler functions at compile
time. In addition, the SQL statement coprocessor lifts some of the DB2
precompiler’s restrictions on SQL programs. When you process SQL statements
with the SQL statement coprocessor, you can do the following things in your
program:
v Use fully qualified names for structured host variables
v Include SQL statements at any level of a nested C program, instead of in only
the top-level source file
v Use nested SQL INCLUDE statements
To use the SQL statement coprocessor, you need to do the following things:
v Specify the following options when you compile your program:
– SQL
The SQL compiler option indicates that you want the compiler to invoke the
SQL statement coprocessor. Specify a list of SQL processing options in
parentheses after the SQL keyword. The list is enclosed in single or double
quotation marks. Table 63 on page 462 lists the options that you can specify.
For example, suppose that you want to process SQL statements as you
compile a C program. In your program, the apostrophe is the string delimiter
in SQL statements, and the SQL statements conform to DB2 rules. This
means that you need to specify the APOSTSQL and STDSQL(NO) options.
Therefore, you need to include this option in your compile step:
SQL("APOSTSQL STDSQL(NO)")
– LIMITS(FIXEDBIN(63), FIXEDDEC(31))
These options are required for LOB support.
– SIZE(nnnnnn)
You might need to increase the SIZE value (nnnnnn) so that the user region is
large enough for the SQL statement coprocessor. Do not specify SIZE(MAX).
v Include DD statements for the following data sets in the JCL for your compile
step:
– DB2 load library (prefix.SDSNLOAD)

The SQL statement coprocessor calls DB2 modules to process the SQL
statements. You therefore need to include the name of the DB2 load library
data set in the STEPLIB concatenation for the compile step.
– DBRM library
The SQL statement coprocessor produces a DBRM. DBRMs and the DBRM
library are described in “Output from the precompiler” on page 456. You need
to include a DBRMLIB DD statement that specifies the DBRM library data set.
– Library for SQL INCLUDE statements
If your program contains SQL INCLUDE member-name statements that
specify secondary input to the source program, you need to include the name
of the data set that contains member-name in the SYSLIB concatenation for
the compile step.
| Using the SQL statement coprocessor for C++ programs

| The SQL statement coprocessor performs DB2 precompiler functions at compile
| time. In addition, the SQL statement coprocessor lifts some of the DB2
| precompiler’s restrictions on SQL programs. When you process SQL statements
| with the SQL statement coprocessor, you can do the following things in your
| program:
| v Use fully qualified names for structured host variables
| v Write a C++ application for which the source code has a record length that is
| longer than 80 bytes
| v Include SQL statements at any level of a nested C++ program, instead of only in
| the top-level source file
| v Use codepage dependent characters, such as left and right brackets, without
| using tri-graph notation when the C++ programs use different codepages
| v Use nested SQL INCLUDE statements
| To use the SQL statement coprocessor, you need to do the following things:
| v Specify the following options when you compile your program:
| – SQL
| The SQL compiler option indicates that you want the compiler to invoke the
| SQL statement coprocessor. Specify a list of SQL processing options in
| parentheses after the SQL keyword. The list is enclosed in single or double
| quotation marks. Table 63 on page 462 lists the options that you can specify.
| For example, suppose that you want to process SQL statements as you
| compile a C++ program. In your program, the apostrophe is the string
| delimiter in SQL statements, and the SQL statements conform to DB2 rules.
| This means that you need to specify the APOSTSQL and STDSQL(NO)
| options. Therefore, you need to include the following option in your compile
| step:
| SQL("APOSTSQL STDSQL(NO)")
| – The following options are required for LOB support:
| LIMITS(FIXEDBIN(63), FIXEDDEC(31))
| – You might need to increase the SIZE value so that the user region is large
| enough for the SQL statement coprocessor. To increase the SIZE value,
| specify the following option, where nnnnnn is the SIZE value that you want:
| SIZE(nnnnnn)
| Do not specify SIZE(MAX).

| v Include DD statements for the following data sets in the JCL for your compile
| step:
| – DB2 load library (prefix.SDSNLOAD)
| The SQL statement coprocessor calls DB2 modules to process the SQL
| statements. You therefore need to include the name of the DB2 load library
| data set in the STEPLIB concatenation for the compile step.
| – DBRM library
| The SQL statement coprocessor produces a DBRM. DBRMs and the DBRM
| library are described in “Output from the precompiler” on page 456. You need
| to include a DBRMLIB DD statement that specifies the DBRM library data set.
| – Library for SQL INCLUDE statements
| If your program contains EXEC SQL INCLUDE statements other than EXEC
| SQL INCLUDE SQLCA and EXEC SQL INCLUDE SQLDA, you need to
| include the SYSLIB DD statement to indicate the include library and the C
| header files.
| Note: When you use both EXEC SQL INCLUDE and #include statements in a
| C++ program, the member names that you use for the statements must be
| unique.
Using the SQL statement coprocessor for COBOL programs

The SQL statement coprocessor performs DB2 precompiler functions at compile
time. In addition, the SQL statement coprocessor lifts some of the DB2
precompiler’s restrictions on SQL programs. When you process SQL statements
with the SQL statement coprocessor, you can do the following things in your
program:
v Include SQL statements at any level of a nested COBOL program, instead of in
only the top-level source file
v Use COBOL REPLACE statements to replace text strings in SQL statements
To use the SQL statement coprocessor, you need to do the following things:
v Specify the following options when you compile your program:
– SQL
The SQL compiler option indicates that you want the compiler to invoke the
SQL statement coprocessor. Specify a list of SQL processing options in
quotes. Table 63 on page 462 lists the options that you can specify.
compile a COBOL program. In your program, the apostrophe is the string
delimiter in SQL statements, and the SQL statements conform to DB2 rules.
This means that you need to specify the APOSTSQL and STDSQL(NO)
options. Therefore, you need to include this option in your compile step:
SQL("APOSTSQL STDSQL(NO)")
– LIB
You need to specify the LIB option when you specify the SQL option, whether
or not you have any COPY, BASIS, or REPLACE statements in your program.
– SIZE(nnnnnn)
You might need to increase the SIZE value (nnnnnn) so that the user region is
large enough for the SQL statement coprocessor. Do not specify SIZE(MAX).

step:
– DBRM library
The SQL statement coprocessor produces a DBRM. DBRMs and the DBRM
the compile step.
Using the SQL statement coprocessor for PL/I programs

The PL/I implementation of the SQL statement coprocessor, which is referred to as
an SQL preprocessor, performs DB2 precompiler functions at compile time. In
addition, the SQL preprocessor lifts some of the DB2 precompiler’s restrictions on
SQL programs. When you process SQL statements with the SQL preprocessor, you
can do the following things in your program:
v Include SQL statements at any level of a nested PL/I program, instead of in only
the top-level source file
To use the SQL statement preprocessor, you need to do the following things:
v Specify the following options when you compile your program, using the
Enterprise PL/I for z/OS and OS/390 Version 3 Release 1 or later:
– PP(SQL(’option,...’))
This compiler option indicates that you want the compiler to invoke the SQL
statement preprocessor. Specify a list of SQL processing options in
quotation marks. Separate options in the list by a comma, blank, or both.
Table 63 on page 462 lists the options that you can specify.
compile a PL/I program. In your program, the DATE data types require USA
format, and the SQL statements conform to DB2 rules. This means that you
need to specify the DATE(USA) and STDSQL(NO) options. Therefore, you
need to include this option in your compile step:
PP(SQL(’DATE(USA), STDSQL(NO)’))
– SIZE(nnnnnn)
You might need to increase the SIZE value so that the user region is large
enough for the SQL statement preprocessor. Do not specify SIZE(MAX).
step:

– DBRM library
The SQL statement preprocessor produces a DBRM. DBRMs and the DBRM
the compile step.
Options for SQL statement processing

To control the DB2 precompiler or an SQL statement coprocessor, you specify
options when you use it. The options specify how the SQL statement processor
interprets or processes its input, and how it presents its output.
If you are using the DB2 precompiler, you can specify SQL processing options in
one of the following ways:
v With DSNH operands
v With the PARM.PC option of the EXEC JCL statement
v In DB2I panels
If you are using the SQL statement coprocessor, you specify the SQL processing
options in the following way:
| v For C or C++, specify the options as the argument of the SQL compiler option.
v For COBOL, specify the options as the argument of the SQL compiler option.
v For PL/I, specify the options as the argument of the PP(SQL(’option,...’)) compiler
option.
DB2 assigns default values for any SQL processing options for which you do not
explicitly specify a value. Those defaults are the values that are specified in the
APPLICATION PROGRAMMING DEFAULTS installation panels.
Table of SQL processing options: Table 63 shows the options that you can
specify when you use the DB2 precompiler or an SQL statement coprocessor. The
table also includes abbreviations for those options. Not all options apply to all host
languages. For information about which options are ignored for a particular host
language, see Table 63.
Table 63 uses a vertical bar (|) to separate mutually exclusive options, and brackets
([ ]) to indicate that you can sometimes omit the enclosed option.
Table 63. SQL processing options
Option keyword Meaning
1
APOST Recognizes the apostrophe (’) as the string delimiter within host language
statements. The option is not available in all languages; see Table 65 on page 469.
APOST and QUOTE are mutually exclusive options. The default is in the field
STRING DELIMITER on Application Programming Defaults Panel 1 when DB2 is
installed. If STRING DELIMITER is the apostrophe (’), APOST is the default.

Table 63. SQL processing options (continued)
APOSTSQL Recognizes the apostrophe (’) as the string delimiter and the quotation mark (″) as
the SQL escape character within SQL statements. If you have a COBOL program
and you specify SQLFLAG, then you should also specify APOSTSQL.
APOSTSQL and QUOTESQL are mutually exclusive options. The default is in the
field SQL STRING DELIMITER on Application Programming Defaults Panel 1 when
DB2 is installed. If SQL STRING DELIMITER is the apostrophe (’), APOSTSQL is the
default.
ATTACH(TSO|CAF|RRSAF) Specifies the attachment facility that the application uses to access DB2. TSO, CAF,
and RRSAF applications that load the attachment facility can use this option to
specify the correct attachment facility, instead of coding a dummy DSNHLI entry
point.
This option is not available for Fortran applications.
The default is ATTACH(TSO).

| CCSID(n) Specifies the numeric value n of the CCSID in which the source program is written.
| The number n must be either 65535 or in the range 1 through 65533.
| The default setting is the EBCDIC system CCSID as specified on the panel DSNTIPF
| during installation.
COMMA Recognizes the comma (,) as the decimal point indicator in decimal or floating point
literals in the following cases:
v For static SQL statements in COBOL programs
v For dynamic SQL statements, when the value of installation parameter DYNRULS
is NO and the package or plan that contains the SQL statements has
DYNAMICRULES bind, define, or invoke behavior.
COMMA and PERIOD are mutually exclusive options. The default (COMMA or
PERIOD) is chosen under DECIMAL POINT IS on Application Programming Defaults
Panel 1 when DB2 is installed.
CONNECT(2|1) Determines whether to apply type 1 or type 2 CONNECT statement rules.
CT™(2|1) CONNECT(2) Default: Apply rules for the CONNECT (Type 2) statement.
CONNECT(1) Apply rules for the CONNECT (Type 1) statement
If you do not specify the CONNECT option when you precompile a program, the
rules of the CONNECT (Type 2) statement apply. See “Preparing a package for
DRDA access” on page 430 for more information about this option, and Chapter 5 of
DB2 SQL Reference for a comparison of CONNECT (Type 1) and CONNECT (Type
2).
DATE(ISO|USA Specifies that date output should always return in a particular format, regardless of
|EUR|JIS|LOCAL) the format that is specified as the location default. For a description of these formats,
see Chapter 2 of DB2 SQL Reference.
The default is specified in the field DATE FORMAT on Application Programming

Defaults Panel 2 when DB2 is installed.
| The default format is determined by the installation defaults of the system where the
| program is bound, not by the installation defaults of the system where the program is
| precompiled.
You cannot use the LOCAL option unless you have a date exit routine.

DEC(15|31) Specifies the maximum precision for decimal arithmetic operations. See “Using
D(15.s|31.s) 15-digit and 31-digit precision for decimal numbers” on page 16.
The default is in the field DECIMAL ARITHMETIC on Application Programming

If the form Dpp.s is specified, pp must be either 15 or 31, and s, which represents
the minimum scale to be used for division, must be a number between 1 and 9.
FLAG(I|W|E|S)1 Suppresses diagnostic messages below the specified severity level (Informational,
Warning, Error, and Severe error for severity codes 0, 4, 8, and 12 respectively).
The default setting is FLAG(I).

FLOAT(S390|IEEE) Determines whether the contents of floating-point host variables in assembler, C,
C++, or PL/I programs are in IEEE floating-point format or System/390 floating-point
format. DB2 ignores this option if the value of HOST is anything other than ASM, C,
CPP, or PLI.
The default setting is FLOAT(S390).

GRAPHIC Indicates that the source code might use mixed data, and that X’0E’ and X’0F’ are
special control characters (shift-out and shift-in) for EBCDIC data.
GRAPHIC and NOGRAPHIC are mutually exclusive options. The default (GRAPHIC
or NOGRAPHIC) is chosen under MIXED DATA on Application Programming Defaults
HOST1(ASM|C[(FOLD)]| Defines the host language containing the SQL statements.
CPP[(FOLD)]|
| IBMCOB| Use IBMCOB for Enterprise COBOL for z/OS and OS/390. If you specify COBOL or
| PLI|FORTRAN) COB2, a warning message is issued and the precompiler uses IBMCOB.
For C, specify:
v C if you do not want DB2 to fold lowercase letters in SBCS SQL ordinary
identifiers to uppercase
v C(FOLD) if you want DB2 to fold lowercase letters in SBCS SQL ordinary
For C++, specify:

v CPP if you do not want DB2 to fold lowercase letters in SBCS SQL ordinary
v CPP(FOLD) if you want DB2 to fold lowercase letters in SBCS SQL ordinary
If you omit the HOST option, the DB2 precompiler issues a level-4 diagnostic
message and uses the default value for this option.
The default is in the field LANGUAGE DEFAULT on Application Programming

This option also sets the language-dependent defaults; see Table 65 on page 469.
LEVEL[(aaaa)] Defines the level of a module, where aaaa is any alphanumeric value of up to seven
L characters. This option is not recommended for general use, and the DSNH CLIST
and the DB2I panels do not support it. For more information, see “Setting the
program level” on page 479.
For assembler, C, C++, Fortran, and PL/I, you can omit the suboption (aaaa). The
resulting consistency token is blank. For COBOL, you need to specify the suboption.

1
LINECOUNT (n) Defines the number of lines per page to be n for the DB2 precompiler listing. This
LC includes header lines inserted by the DB2 precompiler. The default setting is
LINECOUNT(60).
MARGINS1(m,n[,c]) Specifies what part of each source record contains host language or SQL
MAR statements; and, for assembler, where column continuations begin. The first option
(m) is the beginning column for statements. The second option (n) is the ending
column for statements. The third option (c) specifies for assembler where
continuations begin. Otherwise, the DB2 precompiler places a continuation indicator
in the column immediately following the ending column. Margin values can range
from 1 to 80.
Default values depend on the HOST option you specify; see Table 65 on page 469.
The DSNH CLIST and the DB2I panels do not support this option. In assembler, the
margin option must agree with the ICTL instruction, if presented in the source.
| NEWFUN(YES|NO) Indicates whether to accept the syntax for DB2 Version 8 functions.
| NEWFUN(YES) causes the precompiler to accept DB2 Version 8 syntax. A

| successful precompilation produces a DBRM that can be bound only with Version 8
| and later releases, even if the DBRM does not use any Version 8 syntax.
| NEWFUN(NO) causes the precompiler to reject any syntax that DB2 Version 8
| introduces. A successful precompilation produces a DBRM that can be bound with
| any release of DB2, including DB2 Version 8.
| During migration of DB2 Version 8 from an earlier release, the default is NO. At the
| end of enabling-new-function mode, the default changes from NO to YES. If Version
| 8 is a new installation of DB2, the default is YES. For information about
| enabling-new-function mode during installation, see the DB2 Installation Guide.
NOFOR In static SQL, eliminates the need for the FOR UPDATE or FOR UPDATE OF clause
in DECLARE CURSOR statements. When you use NOFOR, your program can make
positioned updates to any columns that the program has DB2 authority to update.
When you do not use NOFOR, if you want to make positioned updates to any
columns that the program has DB2 authority to update, you need to specify FOR
UPDATE with no column list in your DECLARE CURSOR statements. The FOR
UPDATE clause with no column list applies to static or dynamic SQL statements.
Whether you use or do not use NOFOR, you can specify FOR UPDATE OF with a
column list to restrict updates to only the columns named in the clause and specify
the acquisition of update locks.
You imply NOFOR when you use the option STDSQL(YES).
If the resulting DBRM is very large, you might need extra storage when you specify
NOFOR or use the FOR UPDATE clause with no column list.
NOGRAPHIC Indicates the use of X’0E’ and X’0F’ in a string, but not as control characters.
GRAPHIC and NOGRAPHIC are mutually exclusive options. The default (GRAPHIC
or NOGRAPHIC) is chosen under MIXED DATA on Application Programming Defaults
NOOPTIONS2 Suppresses the DB2 precompiler options listing.
NOOPTN

3
| NOPADNTSTR Indicates that output host variables that are NUL-terminated strings are not padded
with blanks. That is, additional blanks are not inserted before the NUL-terminator is
placed at the end of the string.
| PADNTSTR and NOPADNTSTR are mutually exclusive options. The default

| (PADNTSTR or NOPADNTSTR) is chosen under PAD NUL-TERMINATED on
| Application Programming Defaults Panel 2 when DB2 is installed.
NOSOURCE2 Suppresses the DB2 precompiler source listing. This is the default.
NOS
NOXREF2 Suppresses the DB2 precompiler cross-reference listing. This is the default.
NOX
ONEPASS1 Processes in one pass, to avoid the additional processing time for making two
ON passes. Declarations must appear before SQL references.
Default values depend on the HOST option specified; see Table 65 on page 469.
ONEPASS and TWOPASS are mutually exclusive options.

1
OPTIONS Lists DB2 precompiler options. This is the default.
OPTN
| PADNTSTR3 Indicates that output host variables that are NUL-terminated strings are padded with
| blanks with the NUL-terminator placed at the end of the string. This is the default.
| PADNTSTR and NOPADNTSTR are mutually exclusive options. The default

| (PADNTSTR or NOPADNTSTR) is chosen under PAD NUL-TERMINATED on
| Application Programming Defaults Panel 2 when DB2 is installed.
PERIOD Recognizes the period (.) as the decimal point indicator in decimal or floating point
literals in the following cases:
v For static SQL statements in COBOL programs
v For dynamic SQL statements, when the value of installation parameter DYNRULS
is NO and the package or plan that contains the SQL statements has
DYNAMICRULES bind, define, or invoke behavior.
COMMA and PERIOD are mutually exclusive options. The default (COMMA or
PERIOD) is chosen under DECIMAL POINT IS on Application Programming Defaults
QUOTE1 Recognizes the quotation mark (″) as the string delimiter within host language
Q statements. This option applies only to COBOL.
The default is in the field STRING DELIMITER on Application Programming Defaults

Panel 1 when DB2 is installed. If STRING DELIMITER is the quote (″) or DEFAULT,
then QUOTE is the default.
APOST and QUOTE are mutually exclusive options.

QUOTESQL Recognizes the quotation mark (″) as the string delimiter and the apostrophe (’) as
the SQL escape character within SQL statements. This option applies only to
COBOL.
The default is in the field SQL STRING DELIMITER on Application Programming

Defaults Panel 1 when DB2 is installed. If SQL STRING DELIMITER is the quote (″)
or DEFAULT, QUOTESQL is the default.
APOSTSQL and QUOTESQL are mutually exclusive options.

1
SOURCE Lists DB2 precompiler source and diagnostics.
S
SQL(ALL|DB2) Indicates whether the source contains SQL statements other than those recognized
by DB2 UDB for z/OS.
SQL(ALL) is recommended for application programs whose SQL statements must

execute on a server other that DB2 UDB for z/OS using DRDA access. SQL(ALL)
indicates that the SQL statements in the program are not necessarily for DB2 UDB
for z/OS. Accordingly, the SQL statement processor then accepts statements that do
not conform to the DB2 syntax rules. The SQL statement processor interprets and
processes SQL statements according to distributed relational database architecture
(DRDA) rules. The SQL statement processor also issues an informational message if
the program attempts to use IBM SQL reserved words as ordinary identifiers.
SQL(ALL) does not affect the limits of the SQL statement processor.
SQL(DB2), the default, means to interpret SQL statements and check syntax for use
by DB2 UDB for z/OS. SQL(DB2) is recommended when the database server is DB2
UDB for z/OS.
SQLFLAG1(IBM|STD Specifies the standard used to check the syntax of SQL statements. When
[(ssname statements deviate from the standard, the SQL statement processor writes
[,qualifier])]) informational messages (flags) to the output listing. The SQLFLAG option is
independent of other SQL statement processor options, including SQL and STDSQL.
However, if you have a COBOL program and you specify SQLFLAG, then you should
also specify APOSTSQL.
IBM checks SQL statements against the syntax of IBM SQL Version 1. You can also
use SAA® for this option, as in releases before Version 8.
STD checks SQL statements against the syntax of the entry level of the ANSI/ISO
SQL standard of 1992. You can also use 86 for this option, as in releases before
Version 8.
ssname requests semantics checking, using the specified DB2 subsystem name for
catalog access. If you do not specify ssname, the SQL statement processor checks
only the syntax.
qualifier specifies the qualifier used for flagging. If you specify a qualifier, you must
always specify the ssname first. If qualifier is not specified, the default is the
authorization ID of the process that started the SQL statement processor.

4
STDSQL(NO|YES) Indicates to which rules the output statements should conform.
STDSQL(YES)3 indicates that the precompiled SQL statements in the source

program conform to certain rules of the SQL standard. STDSQL(NO) indicates
conformance to DB2 rules.
The default is in the field STD SQL LANGUAGE on Application Programming

STDSQL(YES) automatically implies the NOFOR option.

TIME(ISO|USA| Specifies that time output always return in a particular format, regardless of the
EUR|JIS|LOCAL) format that is specified as the location default. For a description of these formats, see
The default is specified in the field TIME FORMAT on Application Programming

| The default format is determined by the installation defaults of the system where the
| program is bound, not by the installation defaults of the system where the program is
| precompiled.
You cannot use the LOCAL option unless you have a time exit routine.
1
TWOPASS Processes in two passes, so that declarations need not precede references. Default
TW values depend on the HOST option specified; see Table 65 on page 469.
ONEPASS and TWOPASS are mutually exclusive options.

VERSION(aaaa|AUTO) Defines the version identifier of a package, program, and the resulting DBRM. When
you specify VERSION, the SQL statement processor creates a version identifier in
the program and DBRM. This affects the size of the load module and DBRM. DB2
uses the version identifier when you bind the DBRM to a plan or package.
If you do not specify a version at precompile time, then an empty string is the default
version identifier. If you specify AUTO, the SQL statement processor uses the
consistency token to generate the version identifier. If the consistency token is a
timestamp, the timestamp is converted into ISO character format and used as the
version identifier. The timestamp used is based on the System/370™ Store Clock
value. For information about using VERSION, see “Identifying a package version” on
page 479.
XREF1 Includes a sorted cross-reference listing of symbols used in SQL statements in the
listing output.
Notes:
1. This option is ignored when the SQL statement coprocessor precompiles the application.
| 2. This option is always in effect when the SQL statement coprocessor precompiles the application.
3. This option applies only for a C or C++ application.
4. You can use STDSQL(86) as in prior releases of DB2. The SQL statement processor treats it the same as
STDSQL(YES).
5. Precompiler options do not affect ODBC behavior.
Defaults for options of the SQL statement processor: Some SQL statement
processor options have defaults based on values specified on the Application
Programming Defaults panels. Table 64 on page 469 shows those options and
defaults:

Table 64. IBM-supplied installation default SQL statement processing options. The installer can change these defaults.
Equivalent SQL statement Available SQL statement
Install option Install default processing option processing options
STRING DELIMITER quotation mark (″) QUOTE APOST
QUOTE
SQL STRING DELIMITER quotation mark (″) QUOTESQL APOSTSQL
QUOTESQL
DECIMAL POINT IS PERIOD PERIOD COMMA
PERIOD
DATE FORMAT ISO DATE(ISO) DATE(ISO|USA|
EUR|JIS|LOCAL)
DECIMAL ARITHMETIC DEC15 DEC(15) DEC(15|31)
MIXED DATA NO NOGRAPHIC GRAPHIC
NOGRAPHIC
LANGUAGE DEFAULT COBOL HOST(COBOL) HOST(ASM|C[(FOLD)]|
CPP[(FOLD)]|IBMCOB|
FORTRAN|PLI)
STD SQL LANGUAGE NO STDSQL(NO) STDSQL(YES|NO|86)
TIME FORMAT ISO TIME(ISO) TIME(IS|USA|EUR|
JIS|LOCAL)
Notes: For dynamic SQL statements, another application programming default, USE FOR DYNAMICRULES,
determines whether DB2 uses the application programming default or the SQL statement processor option for the
following install options:
v STRING DELIMITER
v SQL STRING DELIMITER
v DECIMAL POINT IS
v DECIMAL ARITHMETIC
v MIXED DATA
If the value of USE FOR DYNAMICRULES is YES, then dynamic SQL statements use the application programming
defaults. If the value of USE FOR DYNAMICRULES is NO, then dynamic SQL statements in packages or plans with
bind, define, and invoke behavior use the SQL statement processor options. See “Using DYNAMICRULES to specify
behavior of dynamic SQL statements” on page 479 for an explanation of bind, define, and invoke behavior.
Some SQL statement processor options have default values based on the host
language. Some options do not apply to some languages. Table 65 shows the
language-dependent options and defaults.
Table 65. Language-dependent DB2 precompiler options and defaults
HOST value Defaults
ASM APOST1, APOSTSQL1, PERIOD1, TWOPASS, MARGINS(1,71,16)
C or CPP APOST1, APOSTSQL1, PERIOD1, ONEPASS, MARGINS(1,72)
IBMCOB QUOTE2, QUOTESQL2, PERIOD, ONEPASS1, MARGINS(8,72)1
FORTRAN APOST1, APOSTSQL1, PERIOD1, ONEPASS1, MARGINS(1,72)1
PLI APOST1, APOSTSQL1, PERIOD1, ONEPASS, MARGINS(2,72)
Notes:
1. Forced for this language; no alternative allowed.
2. The default is chosen on Application Programming Defaults Panel 1 when DB2 is installed. The IBM-supplied
installation defaults for string delimiters are QUOTE (host language delimiter) and QUOTESQL (SQL escape
character). The installer can replace the IBM-supplied defaults with other defaults. The precompiler options you
specify override any defaults in effect.

SQL statement processing defaults for dynamic statements: Generally, dynamic
statements use the defaults that are specified during installation. However, if the
value of DSNHDECP parameter DYNRULS is NO, then you can use these options
for dynamic SQL statements in packages or plans with bind, define, or invoke
behavior:
v COMMA or PERIOD
v APOST or QUOTE
v APOSTSQL or QUOTESQL
v GRAPHIC or NOGRAPHIC
v DEC(15) or DEC(31)
Translating command-level statements in a CICS program

CICS
Translating command-level statements: You can translate CICS applications

with the CICS command language translator as a part of the program
preparation process. (CICS command language translators are available only
for assembler, C, COBOL, and PL/I languages; no translator is available for
Fortran.) Prepare your CICS program in either of these sequences:
Use the DB2 precompiler first, followed by the CICS Command
Language Translator. This sequence is the preferred method of program
preparation and the one that the DB2I Program Preparation panels
support. If you use the DB2I panels for program preparation, you can
specify translator options automatically, rather than having to provide a
separate option string.
Use the CICS command language translator first, followed by the DB2
precompiler. This sequence results in a warning message from the CICS
translator for each EXEC SQL statement it encounters. The warning
messages have no effect on the result. If you are using double-byte
character sets (DBCS), precompiling is recommended before translating,
as described previously.
Program and process requirements: Use the precompiler option

NOGRAPHIC to prevent the precompiler from mistaking CICS translator output
for graphic data.
If your source program is in COBOL, you must specify a string delimiter that is
the same for the DB2 precompiler, COBOL compiler, and CICS translator. The
defaults for the DB2 precompiler and COBOL compiler are not compatible with
the default for the CICS translator.
If the SQL statements in your source program refer to host variables that a
pointer stored in the CICS TWA addresses, you must make the host variables
addressable to the TWA before you execute those statements. For example, a
COBOL application can issue the following statement to establish
addressability to the TWA:
EXEC CICS ADDRESS
TWA (address-of-twa-area)
END-EXEC

CICS (continued)
You can run CICS applications only from CICS address spaces. This
restriction applies to the RUN option on the second program DSN command
processor. All of those possibilities occur in TSO.
You can append JCL from a job created by the DB2 Program Preparation
panels to the CICS translator JCL to prepare an application program. To run
the prepared program under CICS, you might need to define programs and
transactions to CICS. Your system programmer must make the appropriate
CICS resource or table entries. For information on the required resource
entries, see Part 2 of DB2 Installation Guide and CICS Transaction Server for
z/OS Resource Definition Guide.
prefix.SDSNSAMP contains examples of the JCL used to prepare and run a

CICS program that includes SQL statements. For a list of CICS program
names and JCL member names, see Table 183 on page 920. The set of JCL
includes:
v PL/I macro phase
v DB2 precompiling
v CICS Command Language Translation
v Compiling the host language source statements
v Link-editing the compiler output
v Binding the DBRM
v Running the prepared application.
Step 2: Compile (or assemble) and link-edit the application

If you use the DB2 precompiler, your next step in the program preparation process
is to compile and link-edit your program. As with the precompile step, you have a
choice of methods:
v DB2I panels
v The DSNH command procedure (a TSO CLIST)
v JCL procedures supplied with DB2.
v JCL procedures supplied with a host language compiler.
If you use an SQL statement coprocessor, you process SQL statements as you
compile your program. You must use JCL procedures when you use the SQL
statement coprocessor.
The purpose of the link edit step is to produce an executable load module. To
enable your application to interface with the DB2 subsystem, you must use a
link-edit procedure that builds a load module that satisfies these requirements:
TSO and batch

Include the DB2 TSO attachment facility language interface module (DSNELI)
or DB2 call attachment facility language interface module (DSNALI).
For a program that uses 31-bit addressing, link-edit the program with the
AMODE=31 and RMODE=ANY options.
For more details, see the appropriate z/OS publication.

IMS
Include the DB2 IMS (Version 1 Release 3 or later) language interface module
(DFSLI000). Also, the IMS RESLIB must precede the SDSNLOAD library in
the link list, JOBLIB, or STEPLIB concatenations.
CICS
Include the DB2 CICS language interface module (DSNCLI).
You can link DSNCLI with your program in either 24 bit or 31 bit addressing
mode (AMODE=31). If your application program runs in 31-bit addressing
mode, you should link-edit the DSNCLI stub to your application with the
attributes AMODE=31 and RMODE=ANY so that your application can run
above the 16M line. For more information on compiling and link-editing CICS
application programs, see the appropriate CICS manual.
You also need the CICS EXEC interface module appropriate for the
programming language. CICS requires that this module be the first control
section (CSECT) in the final load module.
The size of the executable load module that is produced by the link-edit step varies
depending on the values that the SQL statement processor inserts into the source
code of the program.
For more information about compiling and link-editing, see “Using JCL procedures
to prepare applications” on page 489.
For more information about link-editing attributes, see the appropriate z/OS
manuals. For details on DSNH, see Part 3 of DB2 Command Reference.
Step 3: Bind the application

You must bind the DBRM produced by the SQL statement processor to a plan or
package before your DB2 application can run. A plan can contain DBRMs, a
package list specifying packages or collections of packages, or a combination of
DBRMs and a package list. The plan must contain at least one package or at least
one directly-bound DBRM. Each package you bind can contain only one DBRM.
Exception
You do not need to bind a DBRM if the only SQL statement in the program is
SET CURRENT PACKAGESET.
Because you do not need a plan or package to execute the SET CURRENT
PACKAGESET statement, the ENCODING bind option does not affect the SET
CURRENT PACKAGESET statement. An application that needs to provide a host
variable value in an encoding scheme other than the system default encoding
scheme must use the DECLARE VARIABLE statement to specify the encoding
scheme of the host variable.

You must bind plans locally, whether or not they reference packages that run
remotely. However, you must bind the packages that run at remote locations at
those remote locations.
From a DB2 requester, you can run a plan by naming it in the RUN subcommand,
but you cannot run a package directly. You must include the package in a plan and
then run the plan.
Binding a DBRM to a package

When you bind a package, you specify the collection to which the package belongs.
The collection is not a physical entity, and you do not create it; the collection name
is merely a convenient way of referring to a group of packages.
To bind a package, you must have the proper authorization.
| Binding packages at a remote location: When your application accesses data

| through DRDA access, you must bind packages on the systems on which they will
| run. If a local stored procedure uses a cursor to access data through DRDA access,
| and the cursor-related statement is bound in a separate package under the stored
| procedure, you must bind this separate package both locally and remotely. In
| addition, the invoker or owner of the stored procedure must be authorized to
| execute both local and remote packages. At your local system you must bind a plan
| whose package list includes all those packages, local and remote.
To bind a package at a remote DB2 system, you must have all the privileges or
authority there that you would need to bind the package on your local system. To
bind a package at another type of a system, such as DB2 Server for VSE & VM,
you need any privileges that system requires to execute its SQL statements and
use its data objects.
The bind process for a remote package is the same as for a local package, except
that the local communications database must be able to recognize the location
name you use as resolving to a remote location. To bind the DBRM PROGA at the
location PARIS, in the collection GROUP1, use:
BIND PACKAGE(PARIS.GROUP1)
MEMBER(PROGA)
Then, include the remote package in the package list of a local plan, say PLANB,
by using:
BIND PLAN (PLANB)
PKLIST(PARIS.GROUP1.PROGA)
The ENCODING bind option has the following effect on a remote application:
v If you bind a package locally, which is recommended, and you specify the
ENCODING bind option for the local package, the ENCODING bind option for the
local package applies to the remote application.
v If you do not bind a package locally, and you specify the ENCODING bind option
for the plan, the ENCODING bind option for the plan applies to the remote
application.
v If you do not specify an ENCODING bind option for the package or plan at the
local site, the value of APPLICATION ENCODING that was specified on
installation panel DSNTIPF at the local site applies to the remote application.

When you bind or rebind, DB2 checks authorizations, reads and updates the
catalog, and creates the package in the directory at the remote site. DB2 does not
read or update catalogs or check authorizations at the local site.
If you specify the option EXPLAIN(YES) and you do not specify the option
SQLERROR(CONTINUE), then PLAN_TABLE must exist at the location specified
on the BIND or REBIND subcommand. This location could also be the default
location.
If you bind with the option COPY, the COPY privilege must exist locally. DB2
performs authorization checking, reads and updates the catalog, and creates the
package in the directory at the remote site. DB2 reads the catalog records related
to the copied package at the local site. If the local site is installed with time or date
format LOCAL, and a package is created at a remote site using the COPY option,
the COPY option causes DB2 at the remote site to convert values returned from the
remote site in ISO format, unless an SQL statement specifies a different format.
After you bind a package, you can rebind, free, or bind it with the REPLACE option
using either a local or a remote bind.
Turning an existing plan into packages to run remotely: If you have used DB2
before, you might have an existing application that you want to run at a remote
location, using DRDA access. To do that, you need to rebind the DBRMs in the
current plan as packages at the remote location. You also need a new plan that
includes those remote packages in its package list.
Follow these instructions for each remote location:

1. Choose a name for a collection to contain all the packages in the plan, say
REMOTE1. (You can use more than one collection if you like, but one is
enough.)
2. Assuming that the server is a DB2 system, at the remote location execute:
a. GRANT CREATE IN COLLECTION REMOTE1 TO authorization-name;
b. GRANT BINDADD TO authorization-name;
where authorization-name is the owner of the package.
3. Bind each DBRM as a package at the remote location, using the instructions
under “Binding packages at a remote location” on page 473. Before run time,
the package owner must have all the data access privileges needed at the
remote location. If the owner does not yet have those privileges when you are
binding, use the VALIDATE(RUN) option. The option lets you create the
package, even if the authorization checks fail. DB2 checks the privileges again
at run time.
4. Bind a new application plan at your local DB2, using these options:
PKLIST (location-name.REMOTE1.*)
CURRENTSERVER (location-name)
where location-name is the value of LOCATION, in SYSIBM.LOCATIONS at

your local DB2, that denotes the remote location at which you intend to run. You
do not need to bind any DBRMs directly to that plan: the package list is
sufficient.
When you now run the existing application at your local DB2, using the new
application plan, these things happen:
v You connect immediately to the remote location named in the
CURRENTSERVER option.

v When about to run a package, DB2 searches for it in the collection REMOTE1 at
the remote location.
v Any UPDATE, DELETE, or INSERT statements in your application affect tables
at the remote location.
v Any results from SELECT statements return to your existing application program,
which processes them as though they came from your local DB2.
Binding an application plan

Use the BIND PLAN subcommand to bind DBRMs and package lists to a plan. For
BIND PLAN syntax and complete descriptions, see Part 3 of DB2 Command
Reference.
Binding DBRMs directly to a plan: A plan can contain DBRMs bound directly to
it. To bind three DBRMs—PROGA, PROGB, and PROGC—directly to plan PLANW,
use:
BIND PLAN(PLANW)
MEMBER(PROGA,PROGB,PROGC)
You can include as many DBRMs in a plan as you wish. However, if you use a
large number of DBRMs in a plan (more than 500, for example), you could have
trouble maintaining the plan. To ease maintenance, you can bind each DBRM
separately as a package, specifying the same collection for all packages bound,
and then bind a plan specifying that collection in the plan’s package list. If the
design of the application prevents this method, see if your system administrator can
increase the size of the EDM pool to be at least 10 times the size of either the
largest database descriptor (DBD) or the plan, whichever is greater.
Including packages in a package list: To include packages in the package list of

a plan, list them after the PKLIST keyword of BIND PLAN. To include an entire
collection of packages in the list, use an asterisk after the collection name. For
example,
PKLIST(GROUP1.*)
To bind DBRMs directly to the plan, and also include packages in the package list,
use both MEMBER and PKLIST. The following example includes:
v The DBRMs PROG1 and PROG2
v All the packages in a collection called TEST2
v The packages PROGA and PROGC in the collection GROUP1
MEMBER(PROG1,PROG2)
PKLIST(TEST2.*,GROUP1.PROGA,GROUP1.PROGC)
You must specify MEMBER, PKLIST, or both options. The plan that results consists
of one of the following:
v Programs associated with DBRMs in the MEMBER list only
v Programs associated with packages and collections identified in PKLIST only
v A combination of the specifications on MEMBER and PKLIST
Identifying packages at run time

The DB2 precompiler or SQL statement coprocessor identifies each call to DB2 with
a consistency token. The same consistency token identifies the DBRM that the SQL
statement processor produces and the plan or package to which you bound the
DBRM. When you run the program, DB2 uses the consistency token in matching
the call to DB2 to the correct DBRM.
(Usually, the consistency token is in an internal DB2 format. You can override that
token if you want: see “Setting the program level” on page 479.)

You also need other identifiers. The consistency token alone uniquely identifies a
DBRM bound directly to a plan, but it does not necessarily identify a unique
package. When you bind DBRMs directly to a particular plan, you bind each one
only once. But you can bind the same DBRM to many packages, at different
locations and in different collections, and then you can include all those packages in
the package list of the same plan. All those packages will have the same
consistency token. As you might expect, there are ways to specify a particular
location or a particular collection at run time.
Identifying the location: When your program executes an SQL statement, DB2
uses the value in the CURRENT SERVER special register to determine the location
of the necessary package or DBRM. If the current server is your local DB2
subsystem and it does not have a location name, the value is blank.
You can change the value of CURRENT SERVER by using the SQL CONNECT
statement in your program. If you do not use CONNECT, the value of CURRENT
SERVER is the location name of your local DB2 subsystem (or blank, if your DB2
| has no location name).
| Identifying the collection: You can use the special register CURRENT
| PACKAGE PATH or CURRENT PACKAGESET (if CURRENT PACKAGE PATH is
| not set) to specify the collections that are to be used for package resolution. The
| CURRENT PACKAGESET special register contains the name of a single collection,
| and the CURRENT PACKAGE PATH special register contains a list of collection
| names.
| If you do not set these registers, they are blank when your application begins to run
| and remain blank. In this case, DB2 searches the available collections, using
| methods described in “Specifying the package list for the PKLIST option of BIND
| PLAN.”
| However, explicitly specifying the intended collection by using the special registers
| can avoid a potentially costly search through a package list with many qualifying
| entries. In addition, DB2 uses the values in these special registers for applications
| that do not run under a plan. How DB2 uses these special registers is described in
| “Using the special registers” on page 477.
| When you call a stored procedure, the special register CURRENT PACKAGESET
| contains the value that you specified for the COLLID parameter when you defined
| the stored procedure. When the stored procedure returns control to the calling
| program, DB2 restores this register to the value that it contained before the call.
Specifying the package list for the PKLIST option of BIND PLAN: The order in
which you specify packages in a package list can affect run-time performance.
Searching for the specific package involves searching the DB2 directory, which can
be costly. When you use collection-id.* with the PKLIST keyword, you should
specify first the collections in which DB2 is most likely to find a package.
For example, assume that you perform the following bind:

BIND PLAN (PLAN1) PKLIST (COLL1.*, COLL2.*, COLL3.*, COLL4.*)
Then you execute program PROG1. DB2 does the following package search:
1. Checks to see if program PROG1 is bound as part of the plan
2. Searches for COLL1.PROG1.timestamp

3. If it does not find COLL1.PROG1.timestamp, searches for
COLL2.PROG1.timestamp
COLL3.PROG1.timestamp
COLL4.PROG1.timestamp.
When both special registers CURRENT PACKAGE PATH and CURRENT

PACKAGESET are blank: If you do not set these special registers, DB2 searches
for a DBRM or a package in one of these sequences:
v At the local location (if CURRENT SERVER is blank or names that location
explicitly), the order is:
1. All DBRMs that are bound directly to the plan.
2. All packages that are already allocated to the plan while the plan is running.
3. All unallocated packages that are explicitly named in, and all collections that
are completely included in, the package list of the plan. DB2 searches for
packages in the order that they appear in the package list.
v At a remote location, the order is:
1. All packages that are already allocated to the plan at that location while the
plan is running.
2. All unallocated packages that are explicitly named in, and all collections that
are completely included in, the package list of the plan, whose locations
match the value of CURRENT SERVER. DB2 searches for packages in the
order that they appear in the package list.
If you use the BIND PLAN option DEFER(PREPARE), DB2 does not search all
collections in the package list. See “Use bind options that improve performance”
If the order of search is not important: In many cases, DB2’s order of search is
not important to you and does not affect performance. For an application that runs
only at your local DB2, you can name every package differently and include them
all in the same collection. The package list on your BIND PLAN subcommand can
read:
PKLIST (collection.*)
You can add packages to the collection even after binding the plan. DB2 lets you
bind packages having the same package name into the same collection only if their
version IDs are different.
If your application uses DRDA access, you must bind some packages at remote
locations. Use the same collection name at each location, and identify your package
list as:
PKLIST (*.collection.*)
If you use an asterisk for part of a name in a package list, DB2 checks the
authorization for the package to which the name resolves at run time. To avoid the
checking at run time in the preceding example, you can grant EXECUTE authority
| for the entire collection to the owner of the plan before you bind the plan.
| Using the special registers: If you set the special register CURRENT PACKAGE
| PATH or CURRENT PACKAGESET, DB2 skips the check for programs that are part
| of a plan and uses the values in these registers for package resolution.

| If you set CURRENT PACKAGE PATH, DB2 uses the value of CURRENT
| PACKAGE PATH as the collection name list for package resolution. For example, if
| CURRENT PACKAGE PATH contains the list COLL1, COLL2, COLL3, COLL4, then
| DB2 searches for the first package that exists in the following order:
| COLL1.PROG1.timestamp
| If you set CURRENT PACKAGESET and not CURRENT PACKAGE PATH, DB2
| uses the value of CURRENT PACKAGESET as the collection for package
| resolution. For example, if CURRENT PACKAGESET contains COLL5, then DB2
| uses COLL5.PROG1.timestamp for the package search.
| When CURRENT PACKAGE PATH is set, the server that receives the request
| ignores the collection that is specified by the request and instead uses the value of
| CURRENT PACKAGE PATH at the server to resolve the package. Specifying a
| collection list with the CURRENT PACKAGE PATH special register can avoid the
| need to issue multiple SET CURRENT PACKAGESET statements to switch
| collections for the package search.
| Table 66 shows examples of the relationship between the CURRENT PACKAGE

| PATH special register and the CURRENT PACKAGESET special register.
| Table 66. Scope of CURRENT PACKAGE PATH
| Example What happens
|| SET CURRENT PACKAGESET The collection in PACKAGESET determines which
|| SELECT ... FROM T1 ... package is invoked.
|| SET CURRENT PACKAGE PATH The collections in PACKAGE PATH determine which
|| SELECT ... FROM T1 ... package is invoked.
|| SET CURRENT PACKAGESET The collections in PACKAGE PATH determine which

|| SET CURRENT PACKAGE PATH package is invoked.
| SELECT ... FROM T1 ...
|| SET CURRENT PACKAGE PATH PACKAGE PATH at server S2 is an empty string
|| CONNECT TO S2 ... because it has not been explicitly set. The values from
| SELECT ... FROM T1 ... the PKLIST bind option of the plan that is at the
| requester determine which package is invoked.1
|| SET CURRENT PACKAGE PATH The collections in PACKAGE PATH that are set at
|| = ’A,B’ server S2 determine which package is invoked.
| CONNECT TO S2 ...
| SET CURRENT PACKAGE PATH
| = ’X,Y’
| SELECT ... FROM T1 ...
|| SET CURRENT PACKAGE PATH Three-part table name. On implicit connection to server
|| SELECT ... FROM S2.QUAL.T1 ... S2, PACKAGE PATH at server S2 is inherited from the
| local server. The collections in PACKAGE PATH at
| server S2 determine which package is invoked.
| Notes:
| 1. When CURRENT PACKAGE PATH is set at the requester (and not at the remote server),
| DB2 passes one collection at a time from the list of collections to the remote server until
| a package is found or until the end of the list. Each time a package is not found at the
| server, DB2 returns an error to the requester. The requester then sends the next
| collection in the list to the remote server.
|

| Identifying a package version: Sometimes, however, you want to have more
than one package with the same name available to your plan. The VERSION option
makes that possible. Using VERSION identifies your program with a specific version
of a package. If you bind the plan with PKLIST (COLLECT.*), then you can do this:
Step number For Version 1 For Version 2

1 Precompile program 1, using Precompile program 2, using
VERSION(1). VERSION(2).
2 Bind the DBRM with the collection Bind the DBRM with the collection
name COLLECT and your chosen name COLLECT and package
package name (say, PACKA). name PACKA.
3 Link-edit program 1 into your Link-edit program 2 into your
application. application.
4 Run the application; it uses Run the application; it uses
program 1 and PACKA, VERSION program 2 and PACKA, VERSION
1. 2.
You can do that with many versions of the program, without having to rebind the
application plan. Neither do you have to rename the plan or change any RUN
subcommands that use it.
Setting the program level: To override DB2’s construction of the consistency

token, use the LEVEL (aaaa) option. DB2 uses the value you choose for aaaa to
generate the consistency token. Although we do not recommend this method for
general use and the DSNH CLIST or the DB2 Program Preparation panels do not
support it, it allows you to do the following:
1. Change the source code (but not the SQL statements) in the DB2 precompiler
output of a bound program.
2. Compile and link-edit the changed program.
3. Run the application without rebinding a plan or package.
Using BIND and REBIND options for packages and plans

This section discusses a few of the more complex bind and rebind options. For
syntax and complete descriptions of all of the bind and rebind options, see Part 3 of
DB2 Command Reference.
Using DYNAMICRULES to specify behavior of dynamic SQL statements: The

BIND or REBIND option DYNAMICRULES determines what values apply at run
time for the following dynamic SQL attributes:
v The authorization ID that is used to check authorization
v The qualifier that is used for unqualified objects
v The source for application programming options that DB2 uses to parse and
semantically verify dynamic SQL statements
v Whether dynamic SQL statements can include GRANT, REVOKE, ALTER,
CREATE, DROP, and RENAME statements
In addition to the DYNAMICRULES value, the run-time environment of a package

controls how dynamic SQL statements behave at run time. The two possible
run-time environments are:
v The package runs as part of a stand-alone program.
v The package runs as a stored procedure or user-defined function package, or
runs under a stored procedure or user-defined function.
A package that runs under a stored procedure or user-defined function is a
package whose associated program meets one of the following conditions:

– The program is called by a stored procedure or user-defined function.
– The program is in a series of nested calls that start with a stored procedure or
The combination of the DYNAMICRULES value and the run-time environment

determine the values for the dynamic SQL attributes. That set of attribute values is
called the dynamic SQL statement behavior. The four behaviors are:
v Run behavior
v Bind behavior
v Define behavior
v Invoke behavior
Table 67 shows the combination of DYNAMICRULES value and run-time

environment that yield each dynamic SQL behavior.
Table 67. How DYNAMICRULES and the run-time environment determine dynamic SQL
statement behavior
Behavior of dynamic SQL
statements in a
Behavior of dynamic SQL user-defined function or
statements in a stand-alone stored procedure
DYNAMICRULES value program environment environment
BIND Bind behavior Bind behavior
RUN Run behavior Run behavior
DEFINEBIND Bind behavior Define behavior
DEFINERUN Run behavior Define behavior
INVOKEBIND Bind behavior Invoke behavior
INVOKERUN Run behavior Invoke behavior
Note: The BIND and RUN values can be specified for packages and plans. The other
values can be specified only for packages.
Table 68 shows the dynamic SQL attribute values for each type of dynamic SQL
behavior.
Table 68. Definitions of dynamic SQL statement behaviors
Setting for dynamic SQL attributes
Dynamic SQL attribute Bind behavior Run behavior Define behavior Invoke behavior
Authorization ID Plan or package Current SQLID User-defined Authorization ID of
owner function or stored invoker1
procedure owner
Default qualifier for Bind OWNER or Current SQLID User-defined Authorization ID of
unqualified objects QUALIFIER value function or stored invoker
procedure owner
CURRENT SQLID2 Not applicable Applies Not applicable Not applicable
Source for application Determined by Install panel Determined by Determined by
| programming options DSNHDECP DSNTIP4 DSNHDECP DSNHDECP
parameter parameter parameter
DYNRULS3 DYNRULS3 DYNRULS3
Can execute GRANT, No Yes No No
REVOKE, CREATE,
ALTER, DROP, RENAME?

Table 68. Definitions of dynamic SQL statement behaviors (continued)
Setting for dynamic SQL attributes
Dynamic SQL attribute Bind behavior Run behavior Define behavior Invoke behavior
Notes:
1. If the invoker is the primary authorization ID of the process or the CURRENT SQLID value, secondary
authorization IDs will also be checked if they are needed for the required authorization. Otherwise, only one ID, the
ID of the invoker, is checked for the required authorization.
2. DB2 uses the value of CURRENT SQLID as the authorization ID for dynamic SQL statements only for plans and
packages that have run behavior. For the other dynamic SQL behaviors, DB2 uses the authorization ID that is
associated with each dynamic SQL behavior, as shown in this table.
The value to which CURRENT SQLID is initialized is independent of the dynamic SQL behavior. For stand-alone
programs, CURRENT SQLID is initialized to the primary authorization ID. See Table 41 on page 324 and Table 77
on page 586 for information about initialization of CURRENT SQLID for user-defined functions and stored
procedures.
You can execute the SET CURRENT SQLID statement to change the value of CURRENT SQLID for packages
with any dynamic SQL behavior, but DB2 uses the CURRENT SQLID value only for plans and packages with run
behavior.
3. The value of DSNHDECP parameter DYNRULS, which you specify in field USE FOR DYNAMICRULES in
| installation panel DSNTIP4, determines whether DB2 uses the SQL statement processing options or the
application programming defaults for dynamic SQL statements. See “Options for SQL statement processing” on
page 462 for more information.
For more information about DYNAMICRULES, see Chapter 2 of DB2 SQL

Reference and Part 3 of DB2 Command Reference.
Determining the optimal authorization cache size: When DB2 determines that
you have the EXECUTE privilege on a plan, package collection, stored procedure,
or user-defined function, DB2 can cache your authorization ID. When you run the
plan, package, stored procedure, or user-defined function, DB2 can check your
authorization more quickly.
Determining the authorization cache size for plans: The CACHESIZE option
(optional) allows you to specify the size of the cache to acquire for the plan. DB2
uses this cache for caching the authorization IDs of those users that are running a
| plan. An authorization ID can take up to 128 bytes of storage. DB2 uses the
CACHESIZE value to determine the amount of storage to acquire for the
authorization cache. DB2 acquires storage from the EDM storage pool. The default
CACHESIZE value is 1024 or the size set at installation time.
The size of the cache you specify depends on the number of individual
authorization IDs actively using the plan. Required overhead takes 32 bytes, and
each authorization ID takes up 8 bytes of storage. The minimum cache size is 256
bytes (enough for 28 entries and overhead information) and the maximum is 4096
bytes (enough for 508 entries and overhead information). You should specify size in
multiples of 256 bytes; otherwise, the specified value rounds up to the next highest
value that is a multiple of 256.
If you run the plan infrequently, or if authority to run the plan is granted to PUBLIC,
you might want to turn off caching for the plan so that DB2 does not use
unnecessary storage. To do this, specify a value of 0 for the CACHESIZE option.
Any plan that you run repeatedly is a good candidate for tuning using the
CACHESIZE option. Also, if you have a plan that a large number of users run
concurrently, you might want to use a larger CACHESIZE.

Determining the authorization cache size for packages: DB2 provides a single
package authorization cache for an entire DB2 subsystem. The DB2 installer sets
the size of the package authorization cache by entering a size in field PACKAGE
AUTH CACHE of DB2 installation panel DSNTIPP. A 32-KB authorization cache is
large enough to hold authorization information for about 375 package collections.
See DB2 Installation Guide for more information about setting the size of the
package authorization cache.
Determining the authorization cache size for stored procedures and

user-defined functions: DB2 provides a single routine authorization cache for an
entire DB2 subsystem. The routine authorization cache stores a list of authorization
IDs that have the EXECUTE privilege on user-defined functions or stored
procedures. The DB2 installer sets the size of the routine authorization cache by
entering a size in field ROUTINE AUTH CACHE of DB2 installation panel DSNTIPP.
A 32-KB authorization cache is large enough to hold authorization information for
about 380 stored procedures or user-defined functions.
See DB2 Installation Guide for more information about setting the size of the routine
authorization cache.
Specifying the SQL rules: Not only does SQLRULES specify the rules under
which a type 2 CONNECT statement executes, but it also sets the initial value of
the special register CURRENT RULES when the database server is the local DB2.
When the server is not the local DB2, the initial value of CURRENT RULES is DB2.
After binding a plan, you can change the value in CURRENT RULES in an
application program using the statement SET CURRENT RULES.
CURRENT RULES determines the SQL rules, DB2 or SQL standard, that apply to
SQL behavior at run time. For example, the value in CURRENT RULES affects the
behavior of defining check constraints using the statement ALTER TABLE on a
populated table:
v If CURRENT RULES has a value of STD and no existing rows in the table
violate the check constraint, DB2 adds the constraint to the table definition.
Otherwise, an error occurs and DB2 does not add the check constraint to the
table definition.
If the table contains data and is already in a check pending status, the ALTER
TABLE statement fails.
v If CURRENT RULES has a value of DB2, DB2 adds the constraint to the table
definition, defers the enforcing of the check constraints, and places the table
space or partition in check pending status.
You can use the statement SET CURRENT RULES to control the action that the
statement ALTER TABLE takes. Assuming that the value of CURRENT RULES is
initially STD, the following SQL statements change the SQL rules to DB2, add a
check constraint, defer validation of that constraint and place the table in check
pending status, and restore the rules to STD.
EXEC SQL
SET CURRENT RULES = ’DB2’;
EXEC SQL
ALTER TABLE DSN8810.EMP
ADD CONSTRAINT C1 CHECK (BONUS <= 1000.0);
EXEC SQL
SET CURRENT RULES = ’STD’;
See “Using check constraints” on page 243 for information about check constraints.

You can also use CURRENT RULES in host variable assignments, for example:
SET :XRULE = CURRENT RULES;
You can also use CURRENT RULES as the argument of a search-condition, for
example:
SELECT * FROM SAMPTBL WHERE COL1 = CURRENT RULES;

Using packages with dynamic plan selection
CICS
You can use packages and dynamic plan selection together, but when you
dynamically switch plans, the following conditions must exist:
v All special registers, including CURRENT PACKAGESET, must contain their
initial values.
v The value in the CURRENT DEGREE special register cannot have changed
during the current transaction.
The benefit of using dynamic plan selection and packages together is that you
can convert individual programs in an application containing many programs
and plans, one at a time, to use a combination of plans and packages. This
reduces the number of plans per application, and having fewer plans reduces
the effort needed to maintain the dynamic plan exit.
Assume that you develop the following programs and DBRMs:

Program Name
DBRM Name
MAIN MAIN
PROGA
PLANA
PROGB
PKGB
PROGC
PLANC
You could create packages and plans using the following bind statements:
BIND PACKAGE(PKGB) MEMBER(PKGB)
BIND PLAN(MAIN) MEMBER(MAIN,PLANA) PKLIST(*.PKGB.*)
BIND PLAN(PLANC) MEMBER(PLANC)
The following scenario illustrates thread association for a task that runs
program MAIN:
Sequence of SQL Statements
Events
1. EXEC CICS START TRANSID(MAIN)
TRANSID(MAIN) executes program MAIN.
2. EXEC SQL SELECT...
Program MAIN issues an SQL SELECT statement. The default
dynamic plan exit selects plan MAIN.
3. EXEC CICS LINK PROGRAM(PROGA)

DB2 does not call the default dynamic plan exit, because the program
does not issue a sync point. The plan is MAIN.

CICS (continued)
Sequence of SQL Statements
Events
5. EXEC CICS LINK PROGRAM(PROGB)

DB2 does not call the default dynamic plan exit, because the program
does not issue a sync point. The plan is MAIN and the program uses
package PKGB.
7. EXEC CICS SYNCPOINT
DB2 calls the dynamic plan exit when the next SQL statement
executes.
8. EXEC CICS LINK PROGRAM(PROGC)

DB2 calls the default dynamic plan exit and selects PLANC.
10. EXEC SQL SET CURRENT SQLID = ’ABC’
11. EXEC CICS SYNCPOINT

DB2 does not call the dynamic plan exit when the next SQL statement
executes, because the previous statement modifies the special
register CURRENT SQLID.
12. EXEC CICS RETURN
Control returns to program PROGB.
SQLCODE -815 occurs because the plan is currently PLANC and the
program is PROGB.
Step 4: Run the application

After you complete all the previous steps, you are ready to run your application. At
this time, DB2 verifies that the information in the application plan and its associated
packages is consistent with the corresponding information in the DB2 system
catalog. If any destructive changes, such as DROP or REVOKE, occur (either to the
data structures that your application accesses or to the binder’s authority to access
those data structures), DB2 automatically rebinds packages or the plan as needed.
DSN command processor

The DSN command processor is a TSO command processor that runs in TSO
foreground or under TSO in JES-initiated batch. It uses the TSO attachment facility
to access DB2. The DSN command processor provides an alternative method for
running programs that access DB2 in a TSO environment.
You can use the DSN command processor implicitly during program development
for functions such as:
v Using the declarations generator (DCLGEN)
v Running the BIND, REBIND, and FREE subcommands on DB2 plans and
packages for your program

v Using SPUFI (SQL Processor Using File Input) to test some of the SQL functions
in the program
The DSN command processor runs with the TSO terminal monitor program (TMP).
Because the TMP runs in either foreground or background, DSN applications run
interactively or as batch jobs.
The DSN command processor can provide these services to a program that runs
under it:
v Automatic connection to DB2
v Attention key support
v Translation of return codes into error messages
Limitations of the DSN command processor: When using DSN services, your
application runs under the control of DSN. Because TSO executes the ATTACH
macro to start DSN, and DSN executes the ATTACH macro to start a part of itself,
your application gains control two task levels below that of TSO.
Because your program depends on DSN to manage your connection to DB2:

v If DB2 is down, your application cannot begin to run.
v If DB2 terminates, your application also terminates.
v An application can use only one plan.
If these limitations are too severe, consider having your application use the call
attachment facility or Resource Recovery Services attachment facility. For more
information about these attachment facilities, see Chapter 30, “Programming for the
call attachment facility (CAF),” on page 799 and Chapter 31, “Programming for the
Resource Recovery Services attachment facility (RRSAF),” on page 831.
DSN return code processing: At the end of a DSN session, register 15 contains
the highest value placed there by any DSN subcommand used in the session or by
any program run by the RUN subcommand. Your run-time environment might format
that value as a return code. The value does not, however, originate in DSN.
Running a program in TSO foreground

Use the DB2I RUN panel to run a program in TSO foreground. As an alternative to
the RUN panel, you can issue the DSN command followed by the RUN
subcommand of DSN. Before running the program, be sure to allocate any data
sets your program needs.
The following example shows how to start a TSO foreground application. The name
of the application is SAMPPGM, and ssid is the system ID:
TSO Prompt: READY
Enter: DSN SYSTEM(ssid)
DSN Prompt: DSN
Enter: RUN PROGRAM(SAMPPGM) -
PLAN(SAMPLAN) -
LIB(SAMPPROJ.SAMPLIB) -
. PARMS(’/D01 D02 D03’)
.
.
(Here the program runs and might prompt you for input)
DSN Prompt: DSN
Enter: END
TSO Prompt: READY
This sequence also works in ISPF option 6. You can package this sequence in a
CLIST. DB2 does not support access to multiple DB2 subsystems from a single
address space.

The PARMS keyword of the RUN subcommand allows you to pass parameters to
the run-time processor and to your application program:
PARMS (’/D01, D02, D03’)
The slash (/) indicates that you are passing parameters. For some languages, you
pass parameters and run-time options in the form PARMS(’parameters/run-time-
options). In those environments, an example of the PARMS keyword might be:
PARMS (’D01, D02, D03/’)
Check your host language publications for the correct form of the PARMS option.
Running a batch DB2 application in TSO

Most application programs written for the batch environment run under the TSO
Terminal Monitor Program (TMP) in background mode. Figure 148 shows the JCL
statements that you need in order to start such a job. The list that follows explains
each statement.
//jobname JOB USER=MY DB2ID

//GO EXEC PGM=IKJEFT01,DYNAMNBR=20
//STEPLIB DD DSN=prefix.SDSNEXIT,DISP=SHR
//
. DD DSN=prefix.SDSNLOAD,DISP=SHR
.
.
//SYSTSPRT DD SYSOUT=A
//SYSTSIN DD *
DSN SYSTEM (ssid)
RUN PROG (SAMPPGM) -
PLAN (SAMPLAN) -
LIB (SAMPPROJ.SAMPLIB) -
PARMS (’/D01 D02 D03’)
END
/*
Figure 148. JCL for running a DB2 application under the TSO terminal monitor program
v The JOB option identifies this as a job card. The USER option specifies the DB2
authorization ID of the user.
v The EXEC statement calls the TSO Terminal Monitor Program (TMP).
v The STEPLIB statement specifies the library in which the DSN Command
Processor load modules and the default application programming defaults
module, DSNHDECP, reside. It can also reference the libraries in which user
applications, exit routines, and the customized DSNHDECP module reside. The
customized DSNHDECP module is created during installation. If you do not
specify a library containing the customized DSNHDECP, DB2 uses the default
DSNHDECP.
v Subsequent DD statements define additional files needed by your program.
v The DSN command connects the application to a particular DB2 subsystem.
v The RUN subcommand specifies the name of the application program to run.
v The PLAN keyword specifies plan name.
v The LIB keyword specifies the library the application should access.
v The PARMS keyword passes parameters to the run-time processor and the
application program.
v END ends the DSN command processor.
Usage notes:
v Keep DSN job steps short.

v We recommend that you not use DSN to call the EXEC command processor to
run CLISTs that contain ISPEXEC statements; results are unpredictable.
v If your program abends or gives you a non-zero return code, DSN terminates.
v You can use a group attachment name instead of a specific ssid to connect to a
member of a data sharing group. For more information, see DB2 Data Sharing:
Planning and Administration.
For more information about using the TSO TMP in batch mode, see z/OS TSO/E
User's Guide.
Calling applications in a command procedure (CLIST)

As an alternative to the previously described foreground or batch calls to an
application, you can also run a TSO or batch application using a command
procedure (CLIST).
The following CLIST calls a DB2 application program named MYPROG. The DB2
subsystem name or group attachment name should replace ssid.
PROC 0 /* INVOCATION OF DSN FROM A CLIST */

DSN SYSTEM(ssid) /* INVOKE DB2 SUBSYSTEM ssid */
IF &LASTCC = 0 THEN /* BE SURE DSN COMMAND WAS SUCCESSFUL */
DO /* IF SO THEN DO DSN RUN SUBCOMMAND */
DATA /* ELSE OMIT THE FOLLOWING: */
RUN PROGRAM(MYPROG)
END
ENDDATA /* THE RUN AND THE END ARE FOR DSN */
END
EXIT
IMS
To run a message-driven program
First, be sure you can respond to the program’s interactive requests for data
and that you can recognize the expected results. Then, enter the transaction
code associated with the program. Users of the transaction code must be
authorized to run the program.
To run a non-message-driven program
Submit the job control statements needed to run the program.

CICS
To run a program
First, ensure that the corresponding entries in the SNT and RACF* control
areas allow run authorization for your application. The system administrator is
responsible for these functions; see Part 3 (Volume 1) of DB2 Administration
Guide for more information.
Also, be sure to define to CICS the transaction code assigned to your program
and the program itself.
Make a new copy of the program
Issue the NEWCOPY command if CICS has not been reinitialized since the
program was last bound and compiled.
Running a DB2 REXX application

You run DB2 REXX procedures under TSO. You do not precompile, compile,
link-edit or bind DB2 REXX procedures before you run them.
In a batch environment, you might use statements like these to invoke procedure
REXXPROG:
//RUNREXX EXEC PGM=IKJEFT01,DYNAMNBR=20
//SYSEXEC DD DISP=SHR,DSN=SYSADM.REXX.EXEC
//SYSTSPRT DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSTSIN DD *
%REXXPROG parameters
The SYSEXEC data set contains your REXX application, and the SYSTSIN data set
contains the command that you use to invoke the application.
Using JCL procedures to prepare applications

A number of methods are available for preparing an application to run. You can:
v Use DB2 interactive (DB2I) panels, which lead you step by step through the
preparation process. See “Using ISPF and DB2 Interactive (DB2I)” on page 495.
v Submit a background job using JCL (which the program preparation panels can
create for you).
v Start the DSNH CLIST in TSO foreground or background.
v Use TSO prompters and the DSN command processor.
v Use JCL procedures added to your SYS1.PROCLIB (or equivalent) at DB2 install
time.
This section describes how to use JCL procedures to prepare a program. For
information about using the DSNH CLIST, the TSO DSN command processor, or
JCL procedures added to your SYS1.PROCLIB, see Part 3 of DB2 Command
Reference.
Available JCL procedures

You can precompile and prepare an application program using a DB2-supplied
procedure. DB2 has a unique procedure for each supported language, with
appropriate defaults for starting the DB2 precompiler and host language compiler or

assembler. The procedures are in prefix.SDSNSAMP member DSNTIJMV, which
installs the procedures.
Table 69. Procedures for precompiling programs
Language Procedure Invocation included in...
High-level assembler DSNHASM DSNTEJ2A
C DSNHC DSNTEJ2D
C++ DSNHCPP DSNTEJ2E
DSNHCPP22 N/A
OS/VS COBOL DSNHCOB DSNTEJ2C1
COBOL/370™ DSNHICOB DSNTEJ2C
COBOL for MVS & VM DSNHICOB DSNTEJ2C1
DSNHICB22 N/A
VS COBOL II DSNHCOB2 DSNTEJ2C1
Fortran DSNHFOR DSNTEJ2F
PL/I DSNHPLI DSNTEJ2P
SQL DSNHSQL DSNTEJ63
Notes:
1. You must customize these programs to invoke the procedures listed in this table. For
information about how to do that, see Part 2 of DB2 Installation Guide.
2. This procedure demonstrates how you can prepare an object-oriented program that
consists of two data sets or members, both of which contain SQL.
If you use the PL/I macro processor, you must not use the PL/I *PROCESS
statement in the source to pass options to the PL/I compiler. You can specify the
needed options on the PARM.PLI= parameter of the EXEC statement in the
DSNHPLI procedure.
Including code from SYSLIB data sets

To include the proper interface code when you submit the JCL procedures, use one
of the following sets of statements shown in your JCL. Alternatively, if you are using
the call attachment facility, follow the instructions given in “Accessing the CAF
language interface” on page 805.
TSO, batch, and CAF

//LKED.SYSIN DD *
INCLUDE SYSLIB(member)
/*
member must be DSNELI, except for FORTRAN, in which case member must
be DSNHFT.

IMS
//LKED.SYSIN DD *
INCLUDE SYSLIB(DFSLI000)
ENTRY (specification)
/*
DFSLI000 is the module for DL/I batch attach.
ENTRY specification varies depending on the host language. Include one of

the following:
DLITCBL, for COBOL applications
PLICALLA, for PL/I applications
Your program’s name, for assembler language applications.
CICS
//LKED.SYSIN DD *
INCLUDE SYSLIB(DSNCLI)
/*
For more information on required CICS modules, see “Step 2: Compile (or
assemble) and link-edit the application” on page 471.
Starting the precompiler dynamically

You can call the precompiler from an assembler program by using one of the macro
instructions ATTACH, CALL, LINK, or XCTL. The following information supplements
the description of these macro instructions given in z/OS MVS Programming:
Assembler Services Reference, Volumes 1 and 2.
To call the precompiler, specify DSNHPC as the entry point name. You can pass
three address options to the precompiler; the following sections describe their
formats. The options are addresses of:
v A precompiler option list
v A list of alternate ddnames for the data sets that the precompiler uses
v A page number to use for the first page of the compiler listing on SYSPRINT.
Precompiler option list format

The option list must begin on a 2-byte boundary. The first 2 bytes contain a binary
count of the number of bytes in the list (excluding the count field). The remainder of
the list is EBCDIC and can contain precompiler option keywords, separated by one
or more blanks, a comma, or both.
DDNAME list format

The ddname list must begin on a 2-byte boundary. The first 2 bytes contain a binary
count of the number of bytes in the list (excluding the count field). Each entry in the
list is an 8-byte field, left-justified, and padded with blanks if needed.
Table 70 gives the following sequence of entries:

Table 70. DDNAME list entries
Entry Standard ddname Usage
1 Not applicable

Table 70. DDNAME list entries (continued)
Entry Standard ddname Usage
2 Not applicable
3 Not applicable
4 SYSLIB Library input
5 SYSIN Source input
6 SYSPRINT Diagnostic listing
7 Not applicable
8 SYSUT1 Work data
9 SYSUT2 Work data
10 SYSUT3 Work data
11 Not applicable
12 SYSTERM Diagnostic listing
13 Not applicable
14 SYSCIN Changed source output
15 Not applicable
16 DBRMLIB DBRM output
Page number format

A 6-byte field beginning on a 2-byte boundary contains the page number. The first
two bytes must contain the binary value 4 (the length of the remainder of the field).
The last 4 bytes contain the page number in character or zoned-decimal format.
The precompiler adds 1 to the last page number used in the precompiler listing and
puts this value into the page-number field before returning control to the calling
routine. Thus, if you call the precompiler again, page numbering is continuous.

An alternative method for preparing a CICS program
CICS
Instead of using the DB2 Program Preparation panels to prepare your CICS program, you can tailor
CICS-supplied JCL procedures to do that. To tailor a CICS procedure, you need to add some steps
and change some DD statements. Make changes as needed to do the following:
v Process the program with the DB2 precompiler.
v Bind the application plan. You can do this any time after you precompile the program. You can
bind the program either online by the DB2I panels or as a batch step in this or another z/OS job.
v Include a DD statement in the linkage editor step to access the DB2 load library.
v Be sure the linkage editor control statements contain an INCLUDE statement for the DB2
language interface module.
The following example illustrates the necessary changes. This example assumes the use of a VS
COBOL II or COBOL/370 program. For any other programming language, change the CICS
procedure name and the DB2 precompiler options.
//TESTC01 JOB
//*
//*********************************************************
//* DB2 PRECOMPILE THE COBOL PROGRAM
//*********************************************************
(1) //PC EXEC PGM=DSNHPC,
(1) // PARM=’HOST(COB2),XREF,SOURCE,FLAG(I),APOST’
(1) //STEPLIB DD DISP=SHR,DSN=prefix.SDSNEXIT
(1) // DD DISP=SHR,DSN=prefix.SDSNLOAD
(1) //DBRMLIB DD DISP=OLD,DSN=USER.DBRMLIB.DATA(TESTC01)
(1) //SYSCIN DD DSN=&&DSNHOUT,DISP=(MOD,PASS),UNIT=SYSDA,
(1) // SPACE=(800,(500,500))
(1) //SYSLIB DD DISP=SHR,DSN=USER.SRCLIB.DATA
(1) //SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=*
(1) //SYSTERM DD SYSOUT=*
(1) //SYSUDUMP DD SYSOUT=*
(1) //SYSUT1 DD SPACE=(800,(500,500),,,ROUND),UNIT=SYSDA
(1) //SYSUT2 DD SPACE=(800,(500,500),,,ROUND),UNIT=SYSDA
(1) //SYSIN DD DISP=SHR,DSN=USER.SRCLIB.DATA(TESTC01)
(1) //*

CICS (continued)
//********************************************************************
//*** BIND THIS PROGRAM.
//********************************************************************
(2) //BIND EXEC PGM=IKJEFT01,
(2) // COND=((4,LT,PC))
(2) //STEPLIB DD DISP=SHR,DSN=prefix.SDSNEXIT
(2) // DD DISP=SHR,DSN=prefix.SDSNLOAD
(2) //DBRMLIB DD DISP=OLD,DSN=USER.DBRMLIB.DATA(TESTC01)
(2) //SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=*
(2) //SYSTSPRT DD SYSOUT=*
(2) //SYSUDUMP DD SYSOUT=*
(2) //SYSTSIN DD *
(2) DSN S(DSN)
(2) BIND PLAN(TESTC01) MEMBER(TESTC01) ACTION(REP) RETAIN ISOLATION(CS)
(2) END
//********************************************************************
//* COMPILE THE COBOL PROGRAM
//********************************************************************
(3) //CICS EXEC DFHEITVL
(4) //TRN.SYSIN DD DSN=&&DSNHOUT,DISP=(OLD,DELETE)
(5) //LKED.SYSLMOD DD DSN=USER.RUNLIB.LOAD
(6) //LKED.CICSLOAD DD DISP=SHR,DSN=prefix.SDFHLOAD
//LKED.SYSIN DD *
(7) INCLUDE CICSLOAD(DSNCLI)
NAME TESTC01(R)
//********************************************************************
The procedure accounts for these steps:

Step 1. Precompile the program.
Step 2. Bind the application plan.
Step 3. Call the CICS procedure to translate, compile, and link-edit a COBOL program. This
procedure has several options you need to consider.
Step 4. The output of the DB2 precompiler becomes the input to the CICS command language
translator.
Step 5. Reflect an application load library in the data set name of the SYSLMOD DD statement.
You must include the name of this load library in the DFHRPL DD statement of the CICS run-time
JCL.
Step 6. Name the CICS load library that contains the module DSNCLI.
Step 7. Direct the linkage editor to include the CICS-DB2 language interface module (DSNCLI).
In this example, the order of the various control sections (CSECTs) is of no concern because the
structure of the procedure automatically satisfies any order requirements.
For more information about the procedure DFHEITVL, other CICS procedures, or CICS requirements
for application programs, please see the appropriate CICS manual.
If you are preparing a particularly large or complex application, you can use one of
the last two techniques mentioned previously. For example, if your program requires
four of your own link-edit include libraries, you cannot prepare the program with
DB2I, because DB2I limits the number of include libraries to three, plus language,
IMS or CICS, and DB2 libraries. Therefore, you would need another preparation
method. Programs using the call attachment facility can use either of the last two
techniques mentioned previously. Be careful to use the correct language
interface.

Using JCL to prepare a program with object-oriented extensions
If your C++ or Enterprise COBOL for z/OS and OS/390 program satisfies both of
these conditions, you need special JCL to prepare it:
v The program consists of more than one data set or member.
v More than one data set or member contains SQL statements.
You must precompile the contents of each data set or member separately, but the
prelinker must receive all of the compiler output together.
JCL procedures DSNHICB2 and DSNHCPP2, which are in member DSNTIJMV of

data set DSN810.SDSNSAMP, show you one way to do this. DSNHICB2 is a
procedure for COBOL, and DSNHCPP2 is a procedure for C++.
Using ISPF and DB2 Interactive (DB2I)

If you develop programs using TSO and ISPF, you can prepare them to run using
the DB2 Program Preparation panels. These panels guide you step by step through
the process of preparing your application to run. Other ways of preparing a program
to run are available, but using DB2I is the easiest, because it leads you
automatically from task to task.
This section describes the panels that are associated with DB2 Program
Preparation.
Important: If your C++ or IBM COBOL for z/OS program satisfies both of the
following conditions, you must use a JCL procedure to prepare it:
v The program consists of more than one data set or member.
v More than one data set or member contains SQL statements.
See “Using JCL to prepare a program with object-oriented extensions” for more
information.
DB2I help
The online help facility enables you to read information about how to use DB2I in
| an online DB2 book from a DB2I panel. It contains detailed information about the
| fields of each of the DB2 Program Preparation panels.
For instructions on setting up DB2 online help, see the discussion of setting up DB2
online help in Part 2 of DB2 Installation Guide.
If your site makes use of CD-ROM updates, you can make the updated books
accessible from DB2I. Select Option 10 on the DB2I Defaults panel and enter the
new book data set names. You must have write access to prefix.SDSNCLST to
perform this function.
| To access DB2I HELP, press the PF key that is associated with the HELP function.
| The default PF key for HELP is PF 1; however, your location might have assigned a
| different PF key for HELP.
DB2I Primary Option Menu

Figure 149 shows an example of the DB2I Primary Option Menu. From this point,
you can access all of the DB2I panels without passing through panels that you do
not need. For example, to bind a program, enter the number corresponding to

BIND/REBIND/FREE to reach the BIND PLAN panel without seeing the ones
previous to it.
DSNEPRI DB2I PRIMARY OPTION MENU SSID: DSN

COMMAND ===> 3_
Select one of the following DB2 functions and press ENTER.
1 SPUFI (Process SQL statements)

2 DCLGEN (Generate SQL and source language declarations)
3 PROGRAM PREPARATION (Prepare a DB2 application program to run)
4 PRECOMPILE (Invoke DB2 precompiler)
5 BIND/REBIND/FREE (BIND, REBIND, or FREE plans or packages)
6 RUN (RUN an SQL program)
7 DB2 COMMANDS (Issue DB2 commands)
8 UTILITIES (Invoke DB2 utilities)
D DB2I DEFAULTS (Set global parameters)
X EXIT (Leave DB2I)
Figure 149. Initiating program preparation through DB2I. Specify Program Preparation on the
DB2I Primary Option Menu.
| The DB2I help system describes each of the fields that are listed on the DB2I
| Primary Options Menu.
To prepare a new application, beginning with precompilation and working through

each of the subsequent preparation steps, begin by selecting the option that
corresponds to the Program Preparation panel.
| Table 71 describes each of the panels you will need to use to prepare an
| application. The DB2I help contains detailed descriptions of each panel.
| Table 71. DB2I panels used for program preparation
| Panel name Panel description
| DB2 Program Preparation The DB2 Program Preparation panel lets you choose specific
| program preparation functions to perform. For the functions you
| choose, you can also display the associated panels to specify
| options for performing those functions.
| This panel also lets you change the DB2I default values and
| perform other precompile and prelink functions.
| DB2I Defaults Panel 1 DB2I Defaults Panel 1 lets you change many of the system
| defaults that are set at DB2 installation time.
| DB2I Defaults Panel 2 DB2I Defaults Panel 2 lets you change your default job
| statement and set additional COBOL options.
| Precompile The Precompile panel lets you specify values for precompile
| functions.
| You can reach this panel directly from the DB2I Primary Option
| Menu, or from the DB2 Program Preparation panel. If you
| reach this panel from the Program Preparation panel, many of
| the fields contain values from the Primary and Precompile
| panels.

| Table 71. DB2I panels used for program preparation (continued)
| Panel name Panel description
| Bind Package The Bind Package panel lets you change many options when
| you bind a package.
| Menu, or from the DB2 Program Preparation panel. If you
| reach this panel from the DB2 Program Preparation panel,
| many of the fields contain values from the Primary and
| Precompile panels.
| Bind Plan The Bind Plan panel lets you change options when you bind an
| application plan.
| Menu, or as a part of the program preparation process. This
| panel also follows the Bind Package panels.
| Defaults for Bind or Rebind These panels let you change the defaults for BIND or REBIND
| Package or Plan panels PACKAGE or PLAN.
| System Connection Types The System Connection Types panel lets you specify a system
| panel connection type.
| This panel displays if you choose to enable or disable

| connections on the Bind or Rebind Package or Plan panels.
| Panels for entering lists of These panels are list panels that lets you enter or modify an
| values unlimited number of values. A list panel looks similar to an
| ISPF edit session and lets you scroll and use a limited set of
| commands.
| Program Prep: Compile, This panel lets you perform the last two steps in the program
| Prelink, Link, and Run preparation process (compile and link-edit).
| It also lets you do the PL/I MACRO PHASE for programs that
| require this option.
| For TSO programs, the panel also lets you run programs.
|
|

Chapter 22. Testing an application program
This section discusses how to set up a test environment, test SQL statements,
debug your programs, and read output from the precompiler.
Establishing a test environment

This section describes how to design a test data structure and how to fill tables with
test data.
CICS
Before you run an application, ensure that the corresponding entries in the
SNT and RACF control areas authorize your application to run. The system
administrator is responsible for these functions; see Part 3 (Volume 1) of DB2
Administration Guide for more information on the functions.
In addition, ensure that the program and its transaction code are defined in the
CICS CSD.
Designing a test data structure

When you test an application that accesses DB2 data, you should have DB2 data
available for testing. To do this, you can create test tables and views.
Test Views of Existing Tables: If your application does not change a set of
DB2 data and the data exists in one or more production-level tables, you might
consider using a view of existing tables.
Test Tables: To create a test table, you need a database and table space. Talk
with your DBA to make sure that a database and table spaces are available for
your use.
If the data that you want to change already exists in a table, consider using the
LIKE clause of CREATE TABLE. If you want others besides yourself to have
ownership of a table for test purposes, you can specify a secondary ID as the
owner of the table. You can do this with the SET CURRENT SQLID statement;
for details, see Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL Reference. See Part 3 (Volume 1) of DB2
Administration Guide for more information about authorization IDs.
If your location has a separate DB2 system for testing, you can create the test
tables and views on the test system, then test your program thoroughly on that
system. This chapter assumes that you do all testing on a separate system, and
that the person who created the test tables and views has an authorization ID of
TEST. The table names are TEST.EMP, TEST.PROJ and TEST.DEPT.
Analyzing application data needs

To design test tables and views, first analyze your application’s data needs.
1. List the data your application accesses and describe how it accesses each data
item. For example, suppose you are testing an application that accesses the
DSN8810.EMP, DSN8810.DEPT, and DSN8810.PROJ tables. You might record
the information about the data as shown in Table 72.

Table 72. Description of the application’s data
Update
Table or view name Insert rows? Delete rows? Column name Data type access?
DSN8810.EMP No No EMPNO CHAR(6) No
LASTNAME VARCHAR(15) No
WORKDEPT CHAR(3) Yes
PHONENO CHAR(4) Yes
JOB DECIMAL(3) Yes
DSN8810.DEPT No No DEPTNO CHAR(3) No
MGRNO CHAR (6) No
DSN8810.PROJ Yes Yes PROJNO CHAR(6) No
DEPTNO CHAR(3) Yes
RESPEMP CHAR(6) Yes
PRSTAFF DECIMAL(5,2) Yes
PRSTDATE DECIMAL(6) Yes
PRENDATE DECIMAL(6) Yes
2. Determine the test tables and views you need to test your application.
Create a test table on your list when either:
v The application modifies data in the table
v You need to create a view based on a test table because your application
modifies the view’s data.
To continue the example, create these test tables:
v TEST.EMP, with the following format:
EMPNO LASTNAME WORKDEPT PHONENO JOB

. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
v TEST.PROJ, with the same columns and format as DSN8810.PROJ, because

the application inserts rows into the DSN8810.PROJ table.
To support the example, create a test view of the DSN8810.DEPT table.
v TEST.DEPT view, with the following format:
DEPTNO MGRNO
. .
. .
. .
Because the application does not change any data in the DSN8810.DEPT table,
you can base the view on the table itself (rather than on a test table). However,
a safer approach is to have a complete set of test tables and to test the
program thoroughly using only test data.
Obtaining authorization
Before you can create a table, you need to be authorized to create tables and to
use the table space in which the table is to reside. You must also have authority to
bind and run programs you want to test. Your DBA can grant you the authorization
needed to create and access tables and to bind and run programs.

If you intend to use existing tables and views (either directly or as the basis for a
view), you need privileges to access those tables and views. Your DBA can grant
those privileges.
To create a view, you must have authorization for each table and view on which you
base the view. You then have the same privileges over the view that you have over
the tables and views on which you based the view. Before trying the examples,
have your DBA grant you the privileges to create new tables and views and to
access existing tables. Obtain the names of tables and views you are authorized to
access (as well as the privileges you have for each table) from your DBA. See
Chapter 2, “Working with tables and modifying data,” on page 19 for more
information about creating tables and views.
Creating a comprehensive test structure

The following SQL statements shows how to create a complete test structure to
contain a small table named SPUFINUM. The test structure consists of:
v A storage group named SPUFISG
v A database named SPUFIDB
v A table space named SPUFITS in SPUFIDB and using SPUFISG
v A table named SPUFINUM within the table space SPUFITS
CREATE STOGROUP SPUFISG
VOLUMES (user-volume-number)
VCAT DSNCAT ;
CREATE DATABASE SPUFIDB ;
CREATE TABLESPACE SPUFITS

IN SPUFIDB
USING STOGROUP SPUFISG ;
CREATE TABLE SPUFINUM

( XVAL CHAR(12) NOT NULL,
ISFLOAT FLOAT,
DEC30 DECIMAL(3,0),
DEC31 DECIMAL(3,1),
DEC32 DECIMAL(3,2),
DEC33 DECIMAL(3,3),
DEC10 DECIMAL(1,0),
DEC11 DECIMAL(1,1),
DEC150 DECIMAL(15,0),
DEC151 DECIMAL(15,1),
DEC1515 DECIMAL(15,15) )
IN SPUFIDB.SPUFITS ;
For details about each CREATE statement, see DB2 SQL Reference.
Filling the tables with test data

You can put test data into a table in several ways:
v INSERT ... VALUES (an SQL statement) puts one row into a table each time the
statement executes. For information about the INSERT statement, see “Inserting
rows: INSERT” on page 27.
v INSERT ... SELECT (an SQL statement) obtains data from an existing table
(based on a SELECT clause) and puts it into the table identified with the INSERT
statement. For information about this technique, see “Inserting rows into a table
from another table” on page 29.
v The LOAD utility obtains data from a sequential file (a non-DB2 file), formats it
for a table, and puts it into a table. For more details about the LOAD utility, see
DB2 Utility Guide and Reference.
Chapter 22. Testing an application program 501

v The DB2 sample UNLOAD program (DSNTIAUL) can unload data from a table or
view and build control statements for the LOAD utility. See Appendix C, “Running
the productivity-aid sample programs,” on page 921 for more information about
the sample UNLOAD program.
v The UNLOAD utility can unload data from a table and build control statements for
the LOAD utility. See Part 2 of DB2 Utility Guide and Reference for more
information about the UNLOAD utility.
Testing SQL statements using SPUFI

You can use SPUFI (an interface between ISPF and DB2) to test SQL statements
in a TSO/ISPF environment. With SPUFI panels you can put SQL statements into a
data set that DB2 subsequently executes. The SPUFI Main panel has several
functions that permit you to:
v Name an input data set to hold the SQL statements passed to DB2 for execution
v Name an output data set to contain the results of executing the SQL statements
v Specify SPUFI processing options.
SQL statements executed under SPUFI operate on actual tables (in this case, the
tables you have created for testing). Consequently, before you access DB2 data:
v Make sure that all tables and views your SQL statements refer to exist
v If the tables or views do not exist, create them (or have your database
administrator create them). You can use SPUFI to issue the CREATE statements
used to create the tables and views you need for testing.
For more information about how to use SPUFI, see Chapter 5, “Executing SQL from
your terminal using SPUFI,” on page 59.
Debugging your program

Many sites have guidelines regarding what to do if your program abends. The
following suggestions are some common ones.
Debugging programs in TSO

Documenting the errors returned from test helps you investigate and correct
problems in the program. The following information can be useful:
v The application plan name of the program
v The input data being processed
v The failing SQL statement and its function
v The contents of the SQLCA (SQL communication area) and, if your program
accepts dynamic SQL statements, the SQLDA (SQL descriptor area)
v The date and time of day
v The abend code and any error messages
When your program encounters an error that does not result in an abend, it can
pass all the required error information to a standard error routine. Online programs
might also send an error message to the terminal.
Language test facilities

For information about the compiler or assembler test facilities, see the publications
for the compiler or CODE/370. The compiler publications include information about
the appropriate debugger for the language you are using.

The TSO TEST command
The TSO TEST command is especially useful for debugging assembler programs.
The following example is a command procedure (CLIST) that runs a DB2

application named MYPROG under TSO TEST, and sets an address stop at the
entry to the program. The DB2 subsystem name in this example is DB4.
PROC 0
TEST ’prefix.SDSNLOAD(DSN)’ CP
DSN SYSTEM(DB4)
AT MYPROG.MYPROG.+0 DEFER
GO
RUN PROGRAM(MYPROG) LIBRARY(’L186331.RUNLIB.LOAD(MYPROG)’)
For more information about the TEST command, see z/OS TSO/E Command
Reference.
ISPF Dialog Test is another option to help you in the task of debugging.
Debugging programs in IMS

v The program’s application plan name
v The input message being processed
v The name of the originating logical terminal
v The failing statement and its function
v The program’s PSB name
v The transaction code that the program was processing
v The call function (that is, the name of a DL/I function)
v The contents of the PCB that the program’s call refers to
v If a DL/I database call was running, the SSAs, if any, that the call used
v The abend completion code, abend reason code, and any dump error messages.
When your program encounters an error, it can pass all the required error
information to a standard error routine. Online programs can also send an error
message to the originating logical terminal.
An interactive program also can send a message to the master terminal operator
giving information about the program’s termination. To do that, the program places
the logical terminal name of the master terminal in an express PCB and issues one
or more ISRT calls.
Some sites run a BMP at the end of the day to list all the errors that occurred
during the day. If your location does this, you can send a message using an
express PCB that has its destination set for that BMP.
Batch Terminal Simulator (BTS): The Batch Terminal Simulator (BTS) allows you
to test IMS application programs. BTS traces application program DL/I calls and
SQL statements, and simulates data communication functions. It can make a TSO
terminal appear as an IMS terminal to the terminal operator, allowing the end user
to interact with the application as though it were online. The user can use any

application program under the user’s control to access any database (whether DL/I
or DB2) under the user’s control. Access to DB2 databases requires BTS to operate
in batch BMP or TSO BMP mode.
Debugging programs in CICS

v The program’s application plan name
v The input data being processed
v The ID of the originating logical terminal
v The failing SQL statement and its function
v Data peculiar to CICS that you should record
v Abend code and dump error messages
v Transaction dump, if produced.
Using CICS facilities, you can have a printed error record; you can also print the
SQLCA (and SQLDA) contents.
Debugging aids for CICS

CICS provides the following aids to the testing, monitoring, and debugging of
application programs:
Execution (Command Level) Diagnostic Facility (EDF). EDF shows CICS
commands for all releases of CICS. See “CICS execution diagnostic facility” on
page 505 for more information. If you are using an earlier version of CICS, the
CALL TO RESOURCE MANAGER DSNCSQL screen displays a status of
″ABOUT TO EXECUTE″ or ″COMMAND EXECUTION COMPLETE.″
Abend recovery. You can use the HANDLE ABEND command to deal with
abend conditions, and the ABEND command to cause a task to abend.
Trace facility. A trace table can contain entries showing the execution of various
CICS commands, SQL statements, and entries generated by application
programs; you can have it written to main storage and, optionally, to an auxiliary
storage device.
Dump facility. You can specify areas of main storage to dump onto a sequential
data set, either tape or disk, for subsequent offline formatting and printing with a
CICS utility program.
Journals. For statistical or monitoring purposes, facilities can create entries in
special data sets called journals. The system log is a journal.
Recovery. When an abend occurs, CICS restores certain resources to their
original state so that the operator can easily resubmit a transaction for restart.
You can use the SYNCPOINT command to subdivide a program so that you
only need to resubmit the uncompleted part of a transaction.
For more details about each of these topics, see CICS Transaction Server for z/OS
Application Programming Reference.

CICS execution diagnostic facility
The CICS execution diagnostic facility (EDF) traces SQL statements in an
interactive debugging mode, enabling application programmers to test and debug
programs online without changing the program or the program preparation
procedure.
EDF intercepts the running application program at various points and displays
helpful information about the statement type, input and output variables, and any
error conditions after the statement executes. It also displays any screens that the
application program sends, making it possible to converse with the application
program during testing just as a user would on a production system.
EDF displays essential information before and after an SQL statement, while the
task is in EDF mode. This can be a significant aid in debugging CICS transaction
programs containing SQL statements. The SQL information that EDF displays is
helpful for debugging programs and for error analysis after an SQL error or warning.
Using this facility reduces the amount of work you need to do to write special error
handlers.
EDF before execution: Figure 150 is an example of an EDF screen before it

executes an SQL statement. The names of the key information fields on this panel
are in boldface.
TRANSACTION: XC05 PROGRAM: TESTC05 TASK NUMBER: 0000668 DISPLAY: 00

STATUS: ABOUT TO EXECUTE COMMAND
CALL TO RESOURCE MANAGER DSNCSQL
EXEC SQL INSERT
DBRM=TESTC05, STMT=00368, SECT=00004
IVAR 001: TYPE=CHAR, LEN=00007, IND=000 AT X’03C92810’
DATA=X’F0F0F9F4F3F4F2’
DATA=X’F0F1F3F3F7F5F1’
IVAR 003: TYPE=CHAR, LEN=00004, IND=000 AT X’03C9281E’
DATA=X’E7C3F0F5’
DATA=X’E3C5E2E3C3F0F540E2C9D4D7D3C540C4C2F240C9D5E2C5D9E3404040’...
IVAR 005: TYPE=SMALLINT, LEN=00002, IND=000 AT X’03C9284A’
DATA=X’0001’
OFFSET:X’001ECE’ LINE:UNKNOWN EIBFN=X’1002’
ENTER: CONTINUE
PF1 : UNDEFINED PF2 : UNDEFINED PF3 : UNDEFINED
PF4 : SUPPRESS DISPLAYS PF5 : WORKING STORAGE PF6 : USER DISPLAY
PF7 : SCROLL BACK PF8 : SCROLL FORWARD PF9 : STOP CONDITIONS
PF10: PREVIOUS DISPLAY PF11: UNDEFINED PF12: ABEND USER TASK
Figure 150. EDF screen before a DB2 SQL statement
The DB2 SQL information in this screen is as follows:

v EXEC SQL statement type
This is the type of SQL statement to execute. The SQL statement can be any
valid SQL statement, such as COMMIT, DROP TABLE, EXPLAIN, FETCH, or
OPEN.
v DBRM=dbrm name
The name of the database request module (DBRM) currently processing. The
DBRM, created by the DB2 precompiler, contains information about an SQL
statement.
v STMT=statement number

This is the DB2 precompiler-generated statement number. The source and error
message listings from the precompiler use this statement number, and you can
use it to determine which statement is processing. This number is a source line
counter that includes host language statements. A statement number greater than
32,767 displays as 0.
v SECT=section number
The section number of the plan that the SQL statement uses.
SQL statements containing input host variables: The IVAR (input host variables)
section and its attendant fields only appear when the executing statement contains
input host variables.
The host variables section includes the variables from predicates, the values used
for inserting or updating, and the text of dynamic SQL statements being prepared.
The address of the input variable is AT ’nnnnnnnn’.
Additional host variable information:

v TYPE=data type
Specifies the data type for this host variable. The basic data types include
character string, graphic string, binary integer, floating-point, decimal, date, time,
and timestamp. For additional information, see “Data types” on page 3.
v LEN=length
Length of the host variable.
v IND=indicator variable status number
Represents the indicator variable associated with this particular host variable. A
value of zero indicates that no indicator variable exists. If the value for the
selected column is null, DB2 puts a negative value in the indicator variable for
this host variable. For additional information, see “Using indicator variables with
host variables” on page 75.
v DATA=host variable data
The data, displayed in hexadecimal format, associated with this host variable. If
the data exceeds what can display on a single line, three periods (...) appear at
the far right to indicate more data is present.
EDF after execution: Figure 151 on page 507 shows an example of the first EDF
screen displayed after the executing an SQL statement. The names of the key
information fields on this panel are in boldface.

STATUS: COMMAND EXECUTION COMPLETE
EXEC SQL FETCH P.AUTH=SYSADM , S.AUTH=
PLAN=TESTC05, DBRM=TESTC05, STMT=00346, SECT=00001
SQL COMMUNICATION AREA:
SQLCABC = 136 AT X’03C92789’
SQLCODE = 000 AT X’03C9278D’
SQLERRML = 000 AT X’03C92791’
SQLERRMC = ’’ AT X’03C92793’
SQLERRP = ’DSN’ AT X’03C927D9’
SQLERRD(1-6) = 000, 000, 00000, -1, 00000, 000 AT X’03C927E1’
SQLWARN(0-A) = ’_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _’ AT X’03C927F9’
SQLSTATE = 00000 AT X’03C92804’
+ OVAR 001: TYPE=INTEGER, LEN=00004, IND=000 AT X’03C920A0’
DATA=X’00000001’
OFFSET:X’001D14’ LINE:UNKNOWN EIBFN=X’1802’
ENTER: CONTINUE
PF1 : UNDEFINED PF2 : UNDEFINED PF3 : END EDF SESSION
Figure 151. EDF screen after a DB2 SQL statement
The DB2 SQL information in this screen is as follows:

v P.AUTH=primary authorization ID
The primary DB2 authorization ID.
v S.AUTH=secondary authorization ID
If the RACF list of group options is not active, then DB2 uses the connected
group name that the CICS attachment facility supplies as the secondary
authorization ID. If the RACF list of group options is active, then DB2 ignores the
connected group name that the CICS attachment facility supplies, but the value
appears in the DB2 list of secondary authorization IDs.
v PLAN=plan name
The name of plan that is currently running. The PLAN represents the control
structure produced during the bind process and used by DB2 to process SQL
statements encountered while the application is running.
v SQL Communication Area (SQLCA)
The SQLCA contains information about errors, if any occur. After returning from
DB2, the information is available. DB2 uses the SQLCA to give an application
program information about the executing SQL statements.
Plus signs (+) on the left of the screen indicate that you can see additional EDF
output by using PF keys to scroll the screen forward or back.
The OVAR (output host variables) section and its attendant fields only appear when
the executing statement returns output host variables.
Figure 152 on page 508 contains the rest of the EDF output for our example.

STATUS: COMMAND EXECUTION COMPLETE
+ OVAR 002: TYPE=CHAR, LEN=00008, IND=000 AT X’03C920B0’
DATA=X’C8F3E3E3C1C2D3C5’
OVAR 003: TYPE=CHAR, LEN=00040, IND=000 AT X’03C920B8’
DATA=X’C9D5C9E3C9C1D340D3D6C1C440404040404040404040404040404040’...
OFFSET:X’001D14’ LINE:UNKNOWN EIBFN=X’1802’
ENTER: CONTINUE
PF1 : UNDEFINED PF2 : UNDEFINED PF3 : END EDF SESSION
Figure 152. EDF screen after a DB2 SQL statement, continued
The attachment facility automatically displays SQL information while in the EDF
mode. (You can start EDF as outlined in the appropriate CICS application
programmer’s reference manual.) If this is not the case, contact your installer and
see Part 2 of DB2 Installation Guide.
Locating the problem

If your program does not run correctly, you need to isolate the problem. If the DB2
did not invalidate the program’s application plan, you should check the following
items:
v Output from the precompiler which consists of errors and warnings. Ensure that
you have resolved all errors and warnings.
v Output from the compiler or assembler. Ensure that you have resolved all error
messages.
v Output from the linkage editor.
– Have you resolved all external references?
– Have you included all necessary modules in the correct order?
– Did you include the correct language interface module? The correct language
interface module is:
- DSNELI for TSO
- DFSLI000 for IMS
- DSNCLI for CICS
- DSNALI for the call attachment facility.
– Did you specify the correct entry point to your program?
v Output from the bind process.
– Have you resolved all error messages?
– Did you specify a plan name? If not, the bind process assumes you want to
process the DBRM for diagnostic purposes, but do not want to produce an
application plan.
– Have you specified all the DBRMs and packages associated with the
programs that make up the application and their partitioned data set (PDS)
names in a single application plan?

v Your JCL.
IMS
– If you are using IMS, have you included the DL/I option statement in the
correct format?
– Have you included the region size parameter in the EXEC statement? Does it
specify a region size large enough for the storage required for the DB2
interface, the TSO, IMS, or CICS system, and your program?
– Have you included the names of all data sets (DB2 and non-DB2) that the
program requires?
v Your program.
You can also use dumps to help localize problems in your program. For example,
one of the more common error situations occurs when your program is running
and you receive a message that it abended. In this instance, your test procedure
might be to capture a TSO dump. To do so, you must allocate a SYSUDUMP or
SYSABEND dump data set before calling DB2. When you press the ENTER key
(after the error message and READY message), the system requests a dump.
You then need to FREE the dump data set.
Analyzing error and warning messages from the precompiler

Under some circumstances, the statements that the DB2 precompiler generates can
produce compiler or assembly error messages. You must know why the messages
occur when you compile DB2-produced source statements. For more information
about warning messages, see the following host language sections:
v “Coding SQL statements in an assembler application” on page 129
v “Coding SQL statements in a C or C++ application” on page 143
v “Coding SQL statements in a COBOL application” on page 170
v “Coding SQL statements in a Fortran application” on page 203
v “Coding SQL statements in a PL/I application” on page 213.
SYSTERM output from the precompiler

The DB2 precompiler provides SYSTERM output when you allocate the ddname
SYSTERM. If you use the Program Preparation panels to prepare and run your
program, DB2I allocates SYSTERM according to the TERM option you specify.
The SYSTERM output provides a brief summary of the results from the precompiler,
all error messages that the precompiler generated, and the statement in error, when
possible. Sometimes, the error messages by themselves are not enough. In such
cases, you can use the line number provided in each error message to locate the
failing source statement.
Figure 153 on page 510 shows the format of SYSTERM output.

DB2 SQL PRECOMPILER MESSAGES
DSNH104I E DSNHPARS LINE 32 COL 26 ILLEGAL SYMBOL "X" VALID SYMBOLS ARE:, FROM1
SELECT VALUE INTO HIPPO X;2
DB2 SQL PRECOMPILER STATISTICS

SOURCE STATISTICS3
SOURCE LINES READ: 36
NUMBER OF SYMBOLS: 15
SYMBOL TABLE BYTES EXCLUDING ATTRIBUTES: 1848
THERE WERE 1 MESSAGES FOR THIS PROGRAM.4
THERE WERE 0 MESSAGES SUPPRESSED BY THE FLAG OPTION.5
111664 BYTES OF STORAGE WERE USED BY THE PRECOMPILER.6
RETURN CODE IS 87
Figure 153. DB2 precompiler SYSTERM output
Notes for Figure 153:

1. Error message.
2. Source SQL statement.
3. Summary statements of source statistics.
4. Summary statement of the number of errors detected.
5. Summary statement indicating the number of errors detected but not printed.
That value might occur if you specify a FLAG option other than I.
6. Storage requirement statement telling you how many bytes of working storage
that the DB2 precompiler actually used to process your source statements. That
value helps you determine the storage allocation requirements for your program.
7. Return code: 0 = success, 4 = warning, 8 = error, 12 = severe error, and 16 =
unrecoverable error.
SYSPRINT output from the precompiler

SYSPRINT output is what the DB2 precompiler provides when you use a procedure
to precompile your program. See Table 69 on page 490 for a list of JCL procedures
that DB2 provides.
When you use the Program Preparation panels to prepare and run your program,
DB2 allocates SYSPRINT according to TERM option you specify (on line 12 of the
PROGRAM PREPARATION: COMPILE, PRELINK, LINK, AND RUN panel). As an
alternative, when you use the DSNH command procedure (CLIST), you can specify
PRINT(TERM) to obtain SYSPRINT output at your terminal, or you can specify
PRINT(qualifier) to place the SYSPRINT output into a data set named
authorizationid.qualifier.PCLIST. Assuming that you do not specify PRINT as
LEAVE, NONE, or TERM, DB2 issues a message when the precompiler finishes,
telling you where to find your precompiler listings. This helps you locate your
diagnostics quickly and easily.
The SYSPRINT output can provide information about your precompiled source
module if you specify the options SOURCE and XREF when you start the DB2
precompiler.
The format of SYSPRINT output is as follows:

v A list of the DB2 precompiler options (Figure 154) that are in effect during the
precompilation (if you did not specify NOOPTIONS).

DB2 SQL PRECOMPILER Version 8
OPTIONS SPECIFIED: HOST(PLI),XREF,SOURCE1
OPTIONS USED - SPECIFIED OR DEFAULTED2

APOST
APOSTSQL
CONNECT(2)
DEC(15)
FLAG(I)
NOGRAPHIC
HOST(PLI)
NOT KATAKANA
LINECOUNT(60)
MARGINS(2,72)
ONEPASS
OPTIONS
PERIOD
SOURCE
STDSQL(NO)
SQL(DB2)
XREF
Figure 154. DB2 precompiler SYSPRINT output: Options section

1. This section lists the options specified at precompilation time. This list does
not appear if one of the precompiler option is NOOPTIONS.
2. This section lists the options that are in effect, including defaults, forced
values, and options you specified. The DB2 precompiler overrides or ignores
any options you specify that are inappropriate for the host language.
v A listing (Figure 155) of your source statements (only if you specified the
SOURCE option).
DB2 SQL PRECOMPILER TMN5P40:PROCEDURE OPTIONS (MAIN): PAGE 2
1 TMN5P40:PROCEDURE OPTIONS(MAIN) ; 00000100

2 /*******************************************************00000200
3 * program description and prologue 00000300
.
.
.
1324 /*************************************************/ 00132400
1325 /* GET INFORMATION ABOUT THE PROJECT FROM THE */ 00132500
1326 /* PROJECT TABLE. */ 00132600
1327 /*************************************************/ 00132700
1328 EXEC SQL SELECT ACTNO, PREQPROJ, PREQACT 00132800
1329 INTO PROJ_DATA 00132900
1330 FROM TPREREQ 00133000
1331 WHERE PROJNO = :PROJ_NO; 00133100
1332 00133200
1333 /*************************************************/ 00133300
1334 /* PROJECT IS FINISHED. DELETE IT. */ 00133400
1335 /*************************************************/ 00133500
1336 00133600
1337 EXEC SQL DELETE FROM PROJ 00133700
1338 WHERE PROJNO = :PROJ_NO; 00133800
.
.
.
1523 END; 00152300
Figure 155. DB2 precompiler SYSPRINT output: Source statements section

– The left column of sequence numbers, which the DB2 precompiler generates,
is for use with the symbol cross-reference listing, the precompiler error
messages, and the BIND error messages.
– The right column of sequence numbers come from the sequence numbers
supplied with your source statements.
v A list (Figure 156) of the symbolic names used in SQL statements (this listing
appears only if you specify the XREF option).
DB2 SQL PRECOMPILER SYMBOL CROSS-REFERENCE LISTING PAGE 29
DATA NAMES DEFN REFERENCE
"ACTNO" **** FIELD

1328
"PREQACT" **** FIELD
1328
"PREQPROJ" **** FIELD
1328
"PROJNO" **** FIELD
1331 1338
...
PROJ_DATA 495 CHARACTER(35)

1329
PROJ_NO 496 CHARACTER(3)
1331 1338
"TPREREQ" **** TABLE
1330 1337
Figure 156. DB2 precompiler SYSPRINT output: Symbol cross-reference section

DATA NAMES
Identifies the symbolic names used in source statements. Names enclosed in
quotation marks (″) or apostrophes (’) are names of SQL entities such as
tables, columns, and authorization IDs. Other names are host variables.
DEFN
Is the number of the line that the precompiler generates to define the name.
**** means that the object was not defined or the precompiler did not
recognize the declarations.
REFERENCE
Contains two kinds of information: what the source program defines the
symbolic name to be, and which lines refer to the symbolic name. If the
symbolic name refers to a valid host variable, the list also identifies the data
type or STRUCTURE.
v A summary (Figure 157 on page 513) of the errors detected by the DB2
precompiler and a list of the error messages generated by the precompiler.

DB2 SQL PRECOMPILER STATISTICS
SOURCE STATISTICS
SOURCE LINES READ: 15231
NUMBER OF SYMBOLS: 1282
SYMBOL TABLE BYTES EXCLUDING ATTRIBUTES: 64323
THERE WERE 1 MESSAGES FOR THIS PROGRAM.4

THERE WERE 0 MESSAGES SUPPRESSED.5
65536 BYTES OF STORAGE WERE USED BY THE PRECOMPILER.6
RETURN CODE IS 8.7
DSNH104I E LINE 590 COL 64 ILLEGAL SYMBOL: ’X’; VALID SYMBOLS ARE:,FROM8
Figure 157. DB2 precompiler SYSPRINT output: Summary section

1. Summary statement indicating the number of source lines.
2. Summary statement indicating the number of symbolic names in the symbol
table (SQL names and host names).
3. Storage requirement statement indicating the number of bytes for the symbol
table.
4. Summary statement indicating the number of messages printed.
5. Summary statement indicating the number of errors detected but not printed.
You might get this statement if you specify the option FLAG.
6. Storage requirement statement indicating the number of bytes of working
storage actually used by the DB2 precompiler to process your source
statements.
7. Return code 0 = success, 4 = warning, 8 = error, 12 = severe error, and 16 =
unrecoverable error.
8. Error messages (this example detects only one error).

Chapter 23. Processing DL/I batch applications
This chapter describes DB2 support for DL/I batch applications under these
headings:
v “Planning to use DL/I batch”
v “Program design considerations” on page 516
v “Input and output data sets” on page 518
v “Program preparation considerations” on page 520
v “Restart and recovery” on page 522
Planning to use DL/I batch

Features and functions of DB2 DL/I batch support tells what you can do in a DL/I
batch program. “Requirements for using DB2 in a DL/I batch job” on page 516 tells,
in general, what you must do to make it happen.
Features and functions of DB2 DL/I batch support

A batch DL/I program can issue:
v Any IMS batch call, except ROLS, SETS, and SYNC calls. ROLS and SETS calls
provide intermediate backout point processing, which DB2 does not support. The
SYNC call provides commit point processing without identifying the commit point
with a value. IMS does not allow a SYNC call in batch, and neither does the DB2
DL/I batch support.
Issuing a ROLS, SETS or SYNC call in an application program causes a system
abend X'04E' with the reason code X'00D44057' in register 15.
v GSAM calls.
v IMS system services calls.
v Any SQL statements, except COMMIT and ROLLBACK. IMS and CICS
environments do not allow those SQL statements; however, IMS and CICS do
allow ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT. You can use the IMS CHKP call to commit
data and the IMS ROLL or ROLB to roll back changes.
Issuing a COMMIT statement causes SQLCODE -925; issuing a ROLLBACK
statement causes SQLCODE -926. Those statements also return SQLSTATE
’2D521’.
v Any call to a standard or traditional access method (for example, QSAM, VSAM,
and so on).
The restart capabilities for DB2 and IMS databases, as well as for sequential data
sets accessed through GSAM, are available through the IMS Checkpoint and
Restart facility.
DB2 allows access to both DB2 and DL/I data through the use of the following DB2
and IMS facilities:
v IMS synchronization calls, which commit and abend units of recovery
v The DB2 IMS attachment facility, which handles the two-phase commit protocol
and allows both systems to synchronize a unit of recovery during a restart after a
failure
v The IMS log, used to record the instant of commit.
In a data sharing environment, DL/I batch supports group attachment. You can
specify a group attachment name instead of a subsystem name in the SSN

parameter of the DDITV02 data set for the DL/I batch job. See “DB2 DL/I batch
Input” on page 518 for information about the SSN parameter and the DDITV02 data
set.
Requirements for using DB2 in a DL/I batch job

Using DB2 in a DL/I batch job requires the following changes to the application
program and the job step JCL:
v You must add SQL statements to your application program to gain access to DB2
data. You must then precompile the application program and bind the resulting
DBRM into a plan or package, as described in Chapter 21, “Preparing an
application program to run,” on page 453.
v Before you run the application program, use JOBLIB, STEPLIB, or link book to
access the DB2 load library, so that DB2 modules can be loaded.
v In a data set that is specified by a DDITV02 DD statement, specify the program
name and plan name for the application, and the connection name for the DL/I
batch job.
In an input data set or in a subsystem member, specify information about the
connection between DB2 and IMS. The input data set name is specified with a
DDITV02 DD statement. The subsystem member name is specified by the
parameter SSM= on the DL/I batch invocation procedure. For detailed information
about the contents of the subsystem member and the DDITV02 data set, see
“DB2 DL/I batch Input” on page 518.
v Optionally specify an output data set using the DDOTV02 DD statement. You
might need this data set to receive messages from the IMS attachment facility
about indoubt and diagnostic information.
Authorization
When the batch application tries to run the first SQL statement, DB2 checks
whether the authorization ID has the EXECUTE privilege for the plan. DB2 uses the
same ID for later authorization checks and also identifies records from the
accounting and performance traces.
The primary authorization ID is the value of the USER parameter on the job
statement, if that is available. It is the TSO logon name if the job is submitted.
Otherwise, it is the IMS PSB name. In that case, however, the ID must not begin
with the string “SYSADM” because this string causes the job to abend. The batch
job is rejected if you try to change the authorization ID in an exit routine.
Program design considerations

Using DL/I batch can affect your application design and programming in the areas
described in the sections that follow.
Address spaces
A DL/I batch region is independent of both the IMS control region and the CICS
address space. The DL/I batch region loads the DL/I code into the application
region along with the application program.
Commits
Commit IMS batch applications frequently so that you do not use resources for an
extended time. If you need coordinated commits for recovery, see Part 4 (Volume 1)

SQL statements and IMS calls
You cannot use the SQL COMMIT and ROLLBACK statements, which return an
SQL error code. You also cannot use ROLS, SETS, and SYNC calls, which cause
the application program to abend.
Checkpoint calls
Write your program with SQL statements and DL/I calls, and use checkpoint calls.
All checkpoints issued by a batch application program must be unique. The
frequency of checkpoints depends on the application design. At a checkpoint, DL/I
positioning is lost, DB2 cursors are closed (with the possible exception of cursors
defined as WITH HOLD), commit duration locks are freed (again with some
exceptions), and database changes are considered permanent to both IMS and
DB2.
Application program synchronization

You can design an application program without using IMS checkpoints. In that case,
if the program abends before completing, DB2 backs out any updates, and you can
use the IMS batch backout utility to back out the DL/I changes.
You can also have IMS dynamically back out the updates within the same job. You
must specify the BKO parameter as ’Y’ and allocate the IMS log to DASD.
You could have a problem if the system fails after the program terminates, but
before the job step ends. If you do not have a checkpoint call before the program
ends, DB2 commits the unit of work without involving IMS. If the system fails before
DL/I commits the data, then the DB2 data is out of synchronization with the DL/I
changes. If the system fails during DB2 commit processing, the DB2 data could be
indoubt.
Recommendation: Always issue a symbolic checkpoint at the end of any update

job to coordinate the commit of the outstanding unit of work for IMS and DB2.
When you restart the application program, you must use the XRST call to obtain
checkpoint information and resolve any DB2 indoubt work units.
Checkpoint and XRST considerations

If you use an XRST call, DB2 assumes that any checkpoint issued is a symbolic
checkpoint. The options of the symbolic checkpoint call differ from the options of a
basic checkpoint call. Using the incorrect form of the checkpoint call can cause
problems.
If you do not use an XRST call, then DB2 assumes that any checkpoint call issued
is a basic checkpoint.
Checkpoint IDs must be EBCDIC characters to make restart easier.
When an application program needs to be restartable, you must use symbolic

checkpoint and XRST calls. If you use an XRST call, it must be the first IMS call
issued and must occur before any SQL statement. Also, you must use only one
XRST call.
Chapter 23. Processing DL/I batch applications 517

Synchronization call abends
If the application program contains an incorrect IMS synchronization call (CHKP,
ROLB, ROLL, or XRST), causing IMS to issue a bad status code in the PCB, DB2
abends the application program. Be sure to test these calls before placing the
programs in production.
Input and output data sets

Two data sets need your attention:
v DDITV02 for input
v DDOTV02 for output.
DB2 DL/I batch Input

Before you can run a DL/I batch job, you need to provide values for a number of
input parameters. The input parameters are positional and delimited by commas.
You can specify values for the following parameters using a DDITV02 data set or a
subsystem member:
SSN,LIT,ESMT,RTT,REO,CRC
You can specify values for the following parameters only in a DDITV02 data set:
CONNECTION_NAME,PLAN,PROG
If you use the DDITV02 data set and specify a subsystem member, the values in
the DDITV02 DD statement override the values in the specified subsystem member.
If you provide neither, DB2 abends the application program with system abend code
X'04E' and a unique reason code in register 15.
DDITV02 is the DD name for a data set that has DCB options of LRECL=80 and
RECFM=F or FB.
A subsystem member is a member in the IMS procedure library. Its name is derived
by concatenating the value of the SSM parameter to the value of the IMSID
parameter. You specify the SSM parameter and the IMSID parameter when you
invoke the DLIBATCH procedure, which starts the DL/I batch processing
environment.
The meanings of the input parameters are:

Field Content
SSN The name of the DB2 subsystem is required. You must specify a name in
order to make a connection to DB2.
The SSN value can be from one to four characters long.
If the value in the SSN parameter is the name of an active subsystem in
the data sharing group, the application attaches to that subsystem. If the
SSN parameter value is not the name of an active subsystem, but the value
is a group attachment name, the application attaches to an active DB2
subsystem in the data sharing group. See Chapter 2 of DB2 Data Sharing:
Planning and Administration for more information about group attachment.
LIT DB2 requires a language interface token to route SQL statements when
operating in the online IMS environment. Because a batch application

program can only connect to one DB2 system, DB2 does not use the LIT
value. It is recommended that you specify the value as SYS1; however, you
can omit it (enter SSN,,ESMT).
The LIT value can be from zero to four characters long.
ESMT The name of the DB2 initialization module, DSNMIN10, is required.
The ESMT value must be eight characters long.
RTT Specifying the resource translation table is optional.
The RTT can be from zero to eight characters long.
REO The region error option determines what to do if DB2 is not operational or
the plan is not available. There are three options:
v R, the default, results in returning an SQL return code to the application
program. The most common SQLCODE issued in this case is -923
(SQLSTATE ’57015’).
v Q results in an abend in the batch environment; however, in the online
environment, it places the input message in the queue again.
v A results in an abend in both the batch environment and the online
environment.
If the application program uses the XRST call, and if coordinated recovery
is required on the XRST call, then REO is ignored. In that case, the
application program terminates abnormally if DB2 is not operational.
The REO value can be from zero to one character long.

CRC Because DB2 commands are not supported in the DL/I batch environment,
the command recognition character is not used at this time.
The CRC value can be from zero to one character long.
CONNECTION_NAME
The connection name is optional. It represents the name of the job step that
coordinates DB2 activities. If you do not specify this option, the connection
name defaults are:
Type of Application Default Connection Name
Batch job Job name
Started task Started task name
TSO user TSO authorization ID
If a batch update job fails, you must use a separate job to restart the batch
job. The connection name used in the restart job must be the same as the
name used in the batch job that failed. Alternatively, if the default
connection name is used, the restart job must have the same job name as
the batch update job that failed.
DB2 requires unique connection names. If two applications try to connect

with the same connection name, the second application program fails to
connect to DB2.
The CONNECTION_NAME value can be from 1 to 8 characters long.

PLAN The DB2 plan name is optional. If you do not specify the plan name, then
the application program module name is checked against the optional

resource translation table. If there is a match in the resource translation
table, the translated name is used as the DB2 plan name. If there is no
match, then the application program module name is used as the plan
name.
The PLAN value can be from 0 to 8 characters long.
PROG The application program name is required. It identifies the application
program that is to be loaded and to receive control.
The PROG value can be from 1 to 8 characters long.
An example of the fields in the record is:

DSN,SYS1,DSNMIN10,,R,-,BATCH001,DB2PLAN,PROGA
DB2 DL/I batch output

In an online IMS environment, DB2 sends unsolicited status messages to the
master terminal operator (MTO) and records on indoubt processing and diagnostic
information to the IMS log. In a batch environment, DB2 sends this information to
the output data set specified in the DDOTV02 DD statement. The output data set
should have DCB options of RECFM=V or VB, LRECL=4092, and BLKSIZE of at
least LRECL + 4. If the DD statement is missing, DB2 issues the message IEC130I
and continues processing without any output.
You might want to save and print the data set, as the information is useful for
diagnostic purposes. You can use the IMS module, DFSERA10, to print the
variable-length data set records in both hexadecimal and character format.
Program preparation considerations

Consider the following as guidelines for program preparation when accessing DB2
and DL/I in a batch program.
Precompiling
When you add SQL statements to an application program, you must precompile the
application program and bind the resulting DBRM into a plan or package, as
described in Chapter 21, “Preparing an application program to run,” on page 453.
Binding
The owner of the plan or package must have all the privileges required to execute
the SQL statements embedded in it. Before a batch program can issue SQL
statements, a DB2 plan must exist.
You can specify the plan name to DB2 in one of the following ways:
v In the DDITV02 input data set.
v In subsystem member specification.
v By default; the plan name is then the application load module name specified in
DDITV02.
DB2 passes the plan name to the IMS attach package. If you do not specify a plan
name in DDITV02, and a resource translation table (RTT) does not exist or the
name is not in the RTT, then DB2 uses the passed name as the plan name. If the
name exists in the RTT, then the name translates to the plan specified for the RTT.

Recommendation: Give the DB2 plan the same name as that of the application
load module, which is the IMS attach default. The plan name must be the same as
the program name.
Link-editing
DB2 has language interface routines for each unique supported environment. DB2
requires the IMS language interface routine for DL/I batch. It is also necessary to
have DFSLI000 link-edited with the application program.
Loading and running

To run a program using DB2, you need a DB2 plan. The bind process creates the
DB2 plan. DB2 first verifies whether the DL/I batch job step can connect to batch
job DB2. Then DB2 verifies whether the application program can access DB2 and
enforce user identification of batch jobs accessing DB2.
There are two ways to submit DL/I batch applications to DB2:

v The DL/I batch procedure can run module DSNMTV01 as the application
program. DSNMTV01 loads the “real” application program. See “Submitting a
DL/I batch application using DSNMTV01” for an example of JCL used to submit a
DL/I batch application by this method.
v The DL/I batch procedure can run your application program without using module
DSNMTV01. To accomplish this, do the following:
– Specify SSM= in the DL/I batch procedure.
– In the batch region of your application’s JCL, specify the following:
- MBR=application-name
- SSM=DB2 subsystem name
See “Submitting a DL/I batch application without using DSNMTV01” on page 522
for an example of JCL used to submit a DL/I batch application by this method.
Submitting a DL/I batch application using DSNMTV01

The following skeleton JCL example illustrates a COBOL application program,
IVP8CP22, that runs using DB2 DL/I batch support.
v The first step uses the standard DLIBATCH IMS procedure.
v The second step shows how to use the DFSERA10 IMS program to print the
contents of the DDOTV02 output data set.
//ISOCS04 JOB 3000,ISOIR,MSGLEVEL=(1,1),NOTIFY=ISOIR,
// MSGCLASS=T,CLASS=A
//JOBLIB DD DISP=SHR,
// DSN=prefix.SDSNLOAD
//* ******************************************************************
//*
//* THE FOLLOWING STEP SUBMITS COBOL JOB IVP8CP22, WHICH UPDATES
//* BOTH DB2 AND DL/I DATABASES.
//*
//* ******************************************************************
//UPDTE EXEC DLIBATCH,DBRC=Y,LOGT=SYSDA,COND=EVEN,
// MBR=DSNMTV01,PSB=IVP8CA,BKO=Y,IRLM=N//G.STEPLIB DD
// DD
// DD DSN=prefix.SDSNLOAD,DISP=SHR
// DD DSN=prefix.RUNLIB.LOAD,DISP=SHR
// DD DSN=SYS1.COB2LIB,DISP=SHR
// DD DSN=IMS.PGMLIB,DISP=SHR
//G.STEPCAT DD DSN=IMSCAT,DISP=SHR
//G.DDOTV02 DD DSN=&TEMP1,DISP=(NEW,PASS,DELETE),
// SPACE=(TRK,(1,1),RLSE),UNIT=SYSDA,
// DCB=(RECFM=VB,BLKSIZE=4096,LRECL=4092)
//G.DDITV02 DD *

SSDQ,SYS1,DSNMIN10,,A,-,BATCH001,,IVP8CP22
/*
//***************************************************************
//*** ALWAYS ATTEMPT TO PRINT OUT THE DDOTV02 DATA SET ***
//***************************************************************
//STEP3 EXEC PGM=DFSERA10,COND=EVEN
//STEPLIB DD DSN=IMS.RESLIB,DISP=SHR
//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=A
//SYSUT1 DD DSNAME=&TEMP1,DISP=(OLD,DELETE)
//SYSIN DD *
CONTROL CNTL K=000,H=8000
OPTION PRINT
/*
//
Submitting a DL/I batch application without using DSNMTV01

The skeleton JCL in the following example illustrates a COBOL application program,
IVP8CP22, that runs using DB2 DL/I batch support.
//TEPCTEST JOB ’USER=ADMF001’,MSGCLASS=A,MSGLEVEL=(1,1),
// TIME=1440,CLASS=A,USER=SYSADM,PASSWORD=SYSADM
//*******************************
//BATCH EXEC DLIBATCH,PSB=IVP8CA,MBR=IVP8CP22,
// BKO=Y,DBRC=N,IRLM=N,SSM=SSDQ
//*******************************
//REPORT DD SYSOUT=*
//G.DDOTV02 DD DSN=&TEMP,DISP=(NEW,PASS,DELETE),
// SPACE=(CYL,(10,1),RLSE),
// UNIT=SYSDA,DCB=(RECFM=VB,BLKSIZE=4096,LRECL=4092)
//G.DDITV02 DD *
SSDQ,SYS1,DSNMIN10,,Q,",DSNMTES1,,IVP8CP22
//G.SYSIN DD *
/*
//****************************************************
//* ALWAYS ATTEMPT TO PRINT OUT THE DDOTV02 DATA SET
//****************************************************
//PRTLOG EXEC PGM=DFSERA10,COND=EVEN
//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSOUT DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSUT1 DD DSN=&TEMP,DISP=(OLD,DELETE)
//SYSIN DD *
OPTION PRINT
/*
Restart and recovery

To restart a batch program that updates data, you must first run the IMS batch
backout utility, followed by a restart job indicating the last successful checkpoint ID.
v Sample JCL for the utility is in “JCL example of a batch backout.”
v Sample JCL for a restart job is in “JCL example of restarting a DL/I batch job” on
page 523.
v For guidelines on finding the last successful checkpoint, see “Finding the DL/I
batch checkpoint ID” on page 524.
JCL example of a batch backout

The skeleton JCL example that follows illustrates a batch backout for PSB=IVP8CA.
//ISOCS04 JOB 3000,ISOIR,MSGLEVEL=(1,1),NOTIFY=ISOIR,
//* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
//* *

//* BACKOUT TO LAST CHKPT. *
//* IF RC=0028 LOG WITH NO-UPDATE *
//* *
//* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - *
//BACKOUT EXEC PGM=DFSRRC00,
// PARM=’DLI,DFSBBO00,IVP8CA,,,,,,,,,,,Y,N,,Y’,
// REGION=2600K,COND=EVEN |
//* ---> DBRC ON
//STEPCAT DD DSN=IMSCAT,DISP=SHR
//IMS DD DSN=IMS.PSBLIB,DISP=SHR
// DD DSN=IMS.DBDLIB,DISP=SHR
//*
//* IMSLOGR DD data set is required
//* IEFRDER DD data set is required
//DFSVSAMP DD *
OPTIONS,LTWA=YES
2048,7
1024,7
/*
//SYSIN DD DUMMY
/*
JCL example of restarting a DL/I batch job

Operational procedures can restart a DL/I batch job step for an application program
using IMS XRST and symbolic CHKP calls.
You cannot restart A BMP application program in a DB2 DL/I batch environment.
The symbolic checkpoint records are not accessed, causing an IMS user abend
U0102.
To restart a batch job that terminated abnormally or prematurely, find the checkpoint
ID for the job on the z/OS system log or from the SYSOUT listing of the failing job.
Before you restart the job step, place the checkpoint ID in the CKPTID=value option
of the DLIBATCH procedure, then submit the job. If the default connection name is
used (that is, you did not specify the connection name option in the DDITV02 input
data set), the job name of the restart job must be the same as the failing job. Refer
to the following skeleton example, in which the last checkpoint ID value was
IVP80002:
//ISOCS04 JOB 3000,OJALA,MSGLEVEL=(1,1),NOTIFY=OJALA,
//* ******************************************************************
//*
//* THE FOLLOWING STEP RESTARTS COBOL PROGRAM IVP8CP22, WHICH UPDATES
//* BOTH DB2 AND DL/I DATABASES, FROM CKPTID=IVP80002.
//*
//* ******************************************************************
//RSTRT EXEC DLIBATCH,DBRC=Y,COND=EVEN,LOGT=SYSDA,
// MBR=DSNMTV01,PSB=IVP8CA,BKO=Y,IRLM=N,CKPTID=IVP80002
//G.STEPLIB DD
// DD
// DD DSN=prefix.SDSNLOAD,DISP=SHR
// DD DSN=prefix.RUNLIB.LOAD,DISP=SHR
// DD DSN=SYS1.COB2LIB,DISP=SHR
// DD DSN=IMS.PGMLIB,DISP=SHR
//* other program libraries
//* G.IEFRDER data set required
//G.STEPCAT DD DSN=IMSCAT,DISP=SHR
//* G.IMSLOGR data set required
//G.DDOTV02 DD DSN=&TEMP2,DISP=(NEW,PASS,DELETE),
// SPACE=(TRK,(1,1),RLSE),UNIT=SYSDA,
// DCB=(RECFM=VB,BLKSIZE=4096,LRECL=4092)
//G.DDITV02 DD *

DB2X,SYS1,DSNMIN10,,A,-,BATCH001,,IVP8CP22
/*
//***************************************************************
//*** ALWAYS ATTEMPT TO PRINT OUT THE DDOTV02 DATA SET ***
//***************************************************************
//STEP8 EXEC PGM=DFSERA10,COND=EVEN
//SYSUT1 DD DSNAME=&TEMP2,DISP=(OLD,DELETE)
//SYSIN DD *
OPTION PRINT
/*
//
Finding the DL/I batch checkpoint ID

When an application program issues an IMS CHKP call, IMS sends the checkpoint
ID to the z/OS console and the SYSOUT listing in message DFS0540I. IMS also
records the checkpoint ID in the type X'41' IMS log record. Symbolic CHKP calls
also create one or more type X'18' records on the IMS log. XRST uses the type
X'18' log records to reposition DL/I databases and return information to the
application program.
During the commit process the application program checkpoint ID is passed to DB2.
If a failure occurs during the commit process, creating an indoubt work unit, DB2
remembers the checkpoint ID. You can use the following techniques to find the last
checkpoint ID:
v Look at the SYSOUT listing for the job step to find message DFS0540I, which
contains the checkpoint IDs issued. Use the last checkpoint ID listed.
v Look at the z/OS console log to find message(s) DFS0540I containing the
checkpoint ID issued for this batch program. Use the last checkpoint ID listed.
v Submit the IMS Batch Backout utility to back out the DL/I databases to the last
(default) checkpoint ID. When the batch backout finishes, message DFS395I
provides the last valid IMS checkpoint ID. Use this checkpoint ID on restart.
v When restarting DB2, the operator can issue the command -DISPLAY
THREAD(*) TYPE(INDOUBT) to obtain a possible indoubt unit of work
(connection name and checkpoint ID). If you restarted the application program
from this checkpoint ID, it could work because the checkpoint is recorded on the
IMS log; however, it could fail with an IMS user abend U102 because IMS did not
finish logging the information before the failure. In that case, restart the
application program from the previous checkpoint ID.
DB2 performs one of two actions automatically when restarted, if the failure occurs
outside the indoubt period: it either backs out the work unit to the prior checkpoint,
or it commits the data without any assistance. If the operator then issues the
following command, no work unit information is displayed:
-DISPLAY THREAD(*) TYPE(INDOUBT)

Part 6. Additional programming techniques
Chapter 24. Coding dynamic SQL in application programs . . . . . . . 535
Choosing between static and dynamic SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
Host variables make static SQL flexible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
Dynamic SQL is completely flexible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
What dynamic SQL cannot do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
What an application program using dynamic SQL does . . . . . . . . 537
Performance of static and dynamic SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Static SQL statements with no input host variables . . . . . . . . . 537
Static SQL statements with input host variables . . . . . . . . . . 537
Dynamic SQL statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
Caching dynamic SQL statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Using the dynamic statement cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
Conditions for statement sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
Keeping prepared statements after commit points . . . . . . . . . . 541
Limiting dynamic SQL with the resource limit facility . . . . . . . . . . . 543
Writing an application to handle reactive governing . . . . . . . . . . 544
Writing an application to handle predictive governing . . . . . . . . . 544
Handling the +495 SQLCODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
Using predictive governing and downlevel DRDA requesters . . . . . . . 544
Using predictive governing and enabled requesters . . . . . . . . . . 544
Choosing a host language for dynamic SQL applications . . . . . . . . . 545
Dynamic SQL for non-SELECT statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Dynamic execution using EXECUTE IMMEDIATE. . . . . . . . . . . 546
Declaring the host variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
Dynamic execution using PREPARE and EXECUTE . . . . . . . . . 547
Using parameter markers with PREPARE and EXECUTE . . . . . . . 548
Using the PREPARE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Using the EXECUTE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Preparing and executing the example DELETE statement . . . . . . 549
Using more than one parameter marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
| Dynamic execution of a multiple-row INSERT statement . . . . . . . . 549
| Using EXECUTE with host variable arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
| Using EXECUTE with a descriptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
Using DESCRIBE INPUT to put parameter information in an SQLDA . . . 551
Dynamic SQL for fixed-list SELECT statements . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
Declare a cursor for the statement name . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Prepare the statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Open the cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Fetch rows from the result table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
Close the cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
Dynamic SQL for varying-list SELECT statements . . . . . . . . . . . 554
Preparing a varying-list SELECT statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
An SQL descriptor area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Obtaining information about the SQL statement . . . . . . . . . . 555
Declaring a cursor for the statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
Preparing the statement using the minimum SQLDA . . . . . . . . 556
SQLn determines what SQLVAR gets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
If the statement is not a SELECT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Acquiring storage for a second SQLDA if needed . . . . . . . . . . 557
Describing the SELECT statement again . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Acquiring storage to hold a row . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559

Putting storage addresses in the SQLDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
Changing the CCSID for retrieved data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Using column labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
Describing tables with LOB and distinct type columns . . . . . . . . 563
Executing a varying-list SELECT statement dynamically . . . . . . . . 564
Open the cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
Fetch rows from the result table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
Close the cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Executing arbitrary statements with parameter markers . . . . . . . . 565
When the number and types of parameters are known . . . . . . . . 565
When the number and types of parameters are not known . . . . . . 566
Using the SQLDA with EXECUTE or OPEN . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
Using dynamic SQL in COBOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Chapter 25. Using stored procedures for client/server processing . . . . 569

Introduction to stored procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
An example of a simple stored procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
Setting up the stored procedures environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
Defining your stored procedure to DB2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Passing environment information to the stored procedure . . . . . . . 576
Example of a stored procedure definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
Refreshing the stored procedures environment (for system administrators) 579
Moving stored procedures to a WLM-established environment (for system
administrators) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
Writing and preparing an external stored procedure . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Language requirements for the stored procedure and its caller . . . . . . 581
Calling other programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
Using reentrant code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
Writing a stored procedure as a main program or subprogram . . . . . . 583
Restrictions on a stored procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Using COMMIT and ROLLBACK statements in a stored procedure . . . . 586
Using special registers in a stored procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
Accessing other sites in a stored procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Writing a stored procedure to access IMS databases . . . . . . . . . 590
Writing a stored procedure to return result sets to a DRDA client . . . . . 590
Preparing a stored procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
Binding the stored procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Writing a REXX stored procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
Writing and preparing an SQL procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Comparison of an SQL procedure and an external procedure . . . . . . 598
Statements that you can include in a procedure body . . . . . . . . . 600
Declaring and using variables in an SQL procedure . . . . . . . . . . 601
Parameter style for an SQL procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
Terminating statements in an SQL procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
Handling SQL conditions in an SQL procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Using handlers in an SQL procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
| Using the RETURN statement for the procedure status . . . . . . . 605
| Using SIGNAL or RESIGNAL to raise a condition . . . . . . . . . . 605
Forcing errors in an SQL procedure when called by a trigger . . . . . 607
Examples of SQL procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Preparing an SQL procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Using the DB2 UDB for z/OS SQL procedure processor to prepare an
SQL procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
Using JCL to prepare an SQL procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619

Sample programs to help you prepare and run SQL procedures . . . . 620
Writing and preparing an application to use stored procedures . . . . . . . 621
Forms of the CALL statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Authorization for executing stored procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Linkage conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Example of stored procedure linkage convention GENERAL . . . . . . 626
Example of stored procedure linkage convention GENERAL WITH
NULLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
Example of stored procedure linkage convention SQL . . . . . . . . 634
Special considerations for C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
Special considerations for PL/I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Using indicator variables to speed processing . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Declaring data types for passed parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Writing a DB2 UDB for z/OS client program or SQL procedure to receive
result sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
Accessing transition tables in a stored procedure . . . . . . . . . . . 654
Calling a stored procedure from a REXX Procedure . . . . . . . . . . 654
Preparing a client program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
Running a stored procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
How DB2 determines which version of a stored procedure to run . . . . . 660
Using a single application program to call different versions of a stored
procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
Running multiple stored procedures concurrently . . . . . . . . . . . 661
| Running multiple instances of a stored procedure concurrently . . . . . . 662
Accessing non-DB2 resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Testing a stored procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
Debugging the stored procedure as a stand-alone program on a workstation 664
Debugging with the Debug Tool and IBM VisualAge COBOL . . . . . . . 665
Debug Tool and C/C++ Productivity Tools for z/OS . . . . . . . . . 665
Debugging with Debug Tool for z/OS interactively and in batch mode . . . 666
Using the MSGFILE run-time option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Using driver applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Using SQL INSERT statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
Chapter 26. Tuning your queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

General tips and questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Is the query coded as simply as possible? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Are all predicates coded correctly? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Are there subqueries in your query? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
Does your query involve aggregate functions? . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
Do you have an input variable in the predicate of an SQL query? . . . . . 674
Do you have a problem with column correlation? . . . . . . . . . . . 674
Can your query be written to use a noncolumn expression? . . . . . . . 674
| Can materialized query tables help your query performance? . . . . . . 674
| Does the query contain encrypted data? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Writing efficient predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Properties of predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Predicate types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
Indexable and nonindexable predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
Stage 1 and stage 2 predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
Boolean term (BT) predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
Predicates in the ON clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
General rules about predicate evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Order of evaluating predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Summary of predicate processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680
Part 6. Additional programming techniques 527

Examples of predicate properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
Predicate filter factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
Default filter factors for simple predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
Filter factors for uniform distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
Interpolation formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
Filter factors for all distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
| Using multiple filter factors to determine the cost of a query . . . . . . 690
Column correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
How to detect column correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
Impacts of column correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692
What to do about column correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694
DB2 predicate manipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694
Predicate modifications for IN-list predicates . . . . . . . . . . . 695
When DB2 simplifies join operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
Predicates generated through transitive closure . . . . . . . . . . 696
| Predicates with encrypted data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698
Using host variables efficiently . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698
| Changing the access path at run time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
| The REOPT(ALWAYS) bind option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
| The REOPT(ONCE) bind option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
| The REOPT(NONE) bind option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
Rewriting queries to influence access path selection. . . . . . . . . . 702
Writing efficient subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
Correlated subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
Noncorrelated subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706
Single-value subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706
Multiple-value subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
Subquery transformation into join . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
Subquery tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
Using scrollable cursors efficiently . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710
| Writing efficient queries on tables with data-partitioned secondary indexes 711
Special techniques to influence access path selection . . . . . . . . . . 713
Obtaining information about access paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
Fetching a limited number of rows: FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY . . . . 714
Minimizing overhead for retrieving few rows: OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS 714
| Favoring index access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
| Using the CARDINALITY clause to improve the performance of queries with
| user-defined table function references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
Reducing the number of matching columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718
Creating indexes for efficient star join processing . . . . . . . . . . . 720
Recommendations for creating indexes for star join queries . . . . . . 720
Determining the order of columns in an index for a star schema design 721
Rearranging the order of tables in a FROM clause . . . . . . . . . . 723
Updating catalog statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723
Using a subsystem parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724
Using a subsystem parameter to favor matching index access . . . . . 724
| Using a subsystem parameter to optimize queries with IN-list predicates 725
Chapter 27. Using EXPLAIN to improve SQL performance . . . . . . . 727

Obtaining PLAN_TABLE information from EXPLAIN . . . . . . . . . . . 728
Creating PLAN_TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728
Populating and maintaining a plan table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
Executing the SQL statement EXPLAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
Binding with the option EXPLAIN(YES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
Maintaining a plan table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736
Reordering rows from a plan table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736

Retrieving rows for a plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736
Retrieving rows for a package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736
Asking questions about data access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Is access through an index? (ACCESSTYPE is I, I1, N or MX) . . . . . . 737
Is access through more than one index? (ACCESSTYPE=M) . . . . . . 737
How many columns of the index are used in matching? (MATCHCOLS=n) 738
Is the query satisfied using only the index? (INDEXONLY=Y) . . . . . . 739
Is direct row access possible? (PRIMARY_ACCESSTYPE = D) . . . . . 739
Which predicates qualify for direct row access? . . . . . . . . . . 739
Reverting to ACCESSTYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740
Using direct row access and other access methods . . . . . . . . . 741
Example: Coding with row IDs for direct row access . . . . . . . . . 741
Is a view or nested table expression materialized? . . . . . . . . . . 743
Was a scan limited to certain partitions? (PAGE_RANGE=Y) . . . . . . 743
What kind of prefetching is expected? (PREFETCH = L, S, D, or blank) 744
Is data accessed or processed in parallel? (PARALLELISM_MODE is I, C,
or X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744
Are sorts performed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744
Is a subquery transformed into a join? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
When are aggregate functions evaluated? (COLUMN_FN_EVAL) . . . . . 745
| How many index screening columns are used? . . . . . . . . . . . 745
| Is a complex trigger WHEN clause used? (QBLOCKTYPE=TRIGGR) . . . 746
Interpreting access to a single table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746
Table space scans (ACCESSTYPE=R PREFETCH=S) . . . . . . . . . 746
Table space scans of nonsegmented table spaces . . . . . . . . . 747
Table space scans of segmented table spaces . . . . . . . . . . . 747
Table space scans of partitioned table spaces . . . . . . . . . . . 747
Table space scans and sequential prefetch . . . . . . . . . . . . 747
Index access paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747
Matching index scan (MATCHCOLS>0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748
Index screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748
Nonmatching index scan (ACCESSTYPE=I and MATCHCOLS=0) . . . 749
IN-list index scan (ACCESSTYPE=N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749
Multiple index access (ACCESSTYPE is M, MX, MI, or MU) . . . . . . 749
One-fetch access (ACCESSTYPE=I1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
Index-only access (INDEXONLY=Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
Equal unique index (MATCHCOLS=number of index columns) . . . . . 751
UPDATE using an index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
Interpreting access to two or more tables (join) . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
Definitions and examples of join operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
Nested loop join (METHOD=1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
Method of joining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
Performance considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
When nested loop join is used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
Merge scan join (METHOD=2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
When merge scan join is used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758
Hybrid join (METHOD=4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758
Possible results from EXPLAIN for hybrid join . . . . . . . . . . . 760
When hybrid join is used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760
Star join (JOIN_TYPE=’S’) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760
Example of a star schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
When star join is used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762

| Dedicated virtual memory pool for star join operations . . . . . . . . 765
Interpreting data prefetch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767
Sequential prefetch (PREFETCH=S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767
| Dynamic prefetch (PREFETCH=D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768
List prefetch (PREFETCH=L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768
The access method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768
When list prefetch is used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
Bind time and execution time thresholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
Sequential detection at execution time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
When sequential detection is used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770
How to tell whether sequential detection was used . . . . . . . . . 770
How to tell if sequential detection might be used . . . . . . . . . . 770
Determining sort activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
Sorts of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
Sorts for group by and order by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
Sorts to remove duplicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772
Sorts used in join processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772
Sorts needed for subquery processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772
Sorts of RIDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772
The effect of sorts on OPEN CURSOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772
Processing for views and nested table expressions . . . . . . . . . . . 773
Merge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773
Materialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774
Two steps of materialization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774
When views or table expressions are materialized . . . . . . . . . 774
Using EXPLAIN to determine when materialization occurs . . . . . . . 776
Using EXPLAIN to determine UNION activity and query rewrite . . . . . 777
Performance of merge versus materialization . . . . . . . . . . . . 778
Estimating a statement’s cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779
Creating a statement table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780
Populating and maintaining a statement table . . . . . . . . . . . . 782
Retrieving rows from a statement table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782
Understanding the implications of cost categories . . . . . . . . . . . 782
Chapter 28. Parallel operations and query performance . . . . . . . . 785

Comparing the methods of parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785
Enabling parallel processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788
When parallelism is not used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789
Interpreting EXPLAIN output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790
A method for examining PLAN_TABLE columns for parallelism . . . . . . 790
PLAN_TABLE examples showing parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . . 790
Tuning parallel processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792
Disabling query parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793
Chapter 29. Programming for the Interactive System Productivity Facility

(ISPF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795
Using ISPF and the DSN command processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795
Invoking a single SQL program through ISPF and DSN . . . . . . . . . 796
Invoking multiple SQL programs through ISPF and DSN . . . . . . . . . 797
Invoking multiple SQL programs through ISPF and CAF . . . . . . . . . 797
Chapter 30. Programming for the call attachment facility (CAF) . . . . . 799
Call attachment facility capabilities and restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . 799
Capabilities when using CAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799
Task capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800
Programming language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800

Tracing facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800
Program preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800
CAF requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800
Program size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801
Use of LOAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801
Using CAF in IMS batch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801
Run environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801
Running DSN applications under CAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801
How to use CAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802
Implicit connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804
Accessing the CAF language interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805
Explicit load of DSNALI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805
Link-editing DSNALI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806
General properties of CAF connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806
Task termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806
DB2 abend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807
CAF function descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807
Register conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807
Call DSNALI parameter list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807
CONNECT: Syntax and usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809
OPEN: Syntax and usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813
CLOSE: Syntax and usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815
DISCONNECT: Syntax and usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816
TRANSLATE: Syntax and usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818
Summary of CAF behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819
A single task with implicit connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820
A single task with explicit connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
Several tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
Exit routines from your application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
Attention exit routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
Recovery routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822
Error messages and dsntrace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822
CAF return codes and reason codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822
Subsystem support subcomponent codes (X’00F3’) . . . . . . . . . . 823
Sample JCL for using CAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823
Sample assembler code for using CAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824
Loading and deleting the CAF language interface . . . . . . . . . . . 824
Establishing the connection to DB2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824
Checking return codes and reason codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826
Variable declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829

attachment facility (RRSAF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
RRSAF capabilities and restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
Capabilities of RRSAF applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
Task capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
Programming language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832
Tracing facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832
Program preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832
RRSAF requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832
Program size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832
Use of LOAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832

Commit and rollback operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833
Run environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833
How to use RRSAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834
| Implicit connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835
Accessing the RRSAF language interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836
Explicit Load of DSNRLI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838
Link-editing DSNRLI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838
General properties of RRSAF connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838
Task termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
DB2 abend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
RRSAF function descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840
Register conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840
Parameter conventions for function calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840
IDENTIFY: Syntax and usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841
SWITCH TO: Syntax and usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843
SIGNON: Syntax and usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846
AUTH SIGNON: Syntax and usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849
CONTEXT SIGNON: Syntax and usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852
SET_ID: Syntax and usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856
| SET_CLIENT_ID: Syntax and usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857
CREATE THREAD: Syntax and usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859
TERMINATE THREAD: Syntax and usage . . . . . . . . . . . . 861
TERMINATE IDENTIFY: Syntax and usage . . . . . . . . . . . . 862
Translate: Syntax and usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864
Summary of RRSAF behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865
A single task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867
Multiple tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867
Calling SIGNON to reuse a DB2 thread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867
Switching DB2 threads between tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867
RRSAF return codes and reason codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868
Sample JCL for using RRSAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869
Loading and deleting the RRSAF language interface . . . . . . . . . 869
Establishing a connection to DB2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870
Chapter 32. Programming considerations for CICS . . . . . . . . . . 873

Controlling the CICS attachment facility from an application . . . . . . . . 873
Improving thread reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873
Detecting whether the CICS attachment facility is operational . . . . . . . 873
| Chapter 33. Using WebSphere MQ functions from DB2 applications . . . 875

| Introduction to WebSphere MQ message handling and the AMI . . . . . . 875
| Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875
| Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876
| Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876
| Capabilities of WebSphere MQ functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876
| Commit environment for WebSphere MQ functions . . . . . . . . . . . 878
| Single-phase commit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878
| Two-phase commit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879
| How to use WebSphere MQ functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879
| Basic messaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879
| Sending messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880
| Retrieving messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881

| Application-to-application connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882
| Request-and-reply communication method . . . . . . . . . . . . 882
| Publish-and-subscribe method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883
Chapter 34. Programming techniques: Questions and answers . . . . . 887

Providing a unique key for a table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
Scrolling through previously retrieved data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
Using a scrollable cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
Using a ROWID or identity column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888
Scrolling through a table in any direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889
Updating data as it is retrieved from the database . . . . . . . . . . . 890
Updating previously retrieved data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890
Updating thousands of rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890
Retrieving thousands of rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
Using SELECT * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
Optimizing retrieval for a small set of rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
Adding data to the end of a table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892
Translating requests from end users into SQL statements . . . . . . . . . 892
Changing the table definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892
Storing data that does not have a tabular format . . . . . . . . . . . . 893
Finding a violated referential or check constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . 893

Chapter 24. Coding dynamic SQL in application programs
Before you decide to use dynamic SQL, you should consider whether using static
SQL or dynamic SQL is the best technique for your application.
For most DB2 users, static SQL, which is embedded in a host language program
and bound before the program runs, provides a straightforward, efficient path to
DB2 data. You can use static SQL when you know before run time what SQL
statements your application needs to execute.
Dynamic SQL prepares and executes the SQL statements within a program, while
the program is running. Four types of dynamic SQL are:
v Interactive SQL
A user enters SQL statements through SPUFI. DB2 prepares and executes those
statements as dynamic SQL statements.
v Embedded dynamic SQL
Your application puts the SQL source in host variables and includes PREPARE
and EXECUTE statements that tell DB2 to prepare and run the contents of those
host variables at run time. You must precompile and bind programs that include
embedded dynamic SQL.
v Deferred embedded SQL
Deferred embedded SQL statements are neither fully static nor fully dynamic.
Like static statements, deferred embedded SQL statements are embedded within
applications, but like dynamic statements, they are prepared at run time. DB2
processes deferred embedded SQL statements with bind-time rules. For
example, DB2 uses the authorization ID and qualifier determined at bind time as
the plan or package owner. Deferred embedded SQL statements are used for
DB2 private protocol access to remote data.
v Dynamic SQL executed through ODBC functions
Your application contains ODBC function calls that pass dynamic SQL statements
as arguments. You do not need to precompile and bind programs that use ODBC
function calls. See DB2 ODBC Guide and Reference for information about
ODBC.
“Choosing between static and dynamic SQL” on page 536 suggests some reasons
for choosing either static or dynamic SQL.
The rest of this chapter shows you how to code dynamic SQL in applications that
contain three types of SQL statements:
v “Dynamic SQL for non-SELECT statements” on page 545. Those statements
include DELETE, INSERT, and UPDATE.
v “Dynamic SQL for fixed-list SELECT statements” on page 552. A SELECT
statement is fixed-list if you know in advance the number and type of data items
in each row of the result.
v “Dynamic SQL for varying-list SELECT statements” on page 554. A SELECT
statement is varying-list if you cannot know in advance how many data items to
allow for or what their data types are.

Choosing between static and dynamic SQL
This section contains the following information to help you decide whether you
should use dynamic SQL statements in your application:
v “Host variables make static SQL flexible”
v “Dynamic SQL is completely flexible”
v “What an application program using dynamic SQL does” on page 537
v “What dynamic SQL cannot do”
v “Performance of static and dynamic SQL” on page 537
v “Caching dynamic SQL statements” on page 539
v “Limiting dynamic SQL with the resource limit facility” on page 543
v “Choosing a host language for dynamic SQL applications” on page 545
Host variables make static SQL flexible

When you use static SQL, you cannot change the form of SQL statements unless
you make changes to the program. However, you can increase the flexibility of
static statements by using host variables.
In the example below, the UPDATE statement can update the salary of any
employee. At bind time, you know that salaries must be updated, but you do not
know until run time whose salaries should be updated, and by how much.
01 IOAREA.
02 EMPID PIC X(06).
. 02 NEW-SALARY PIC S9(7)V9(2) COMP-3.
.
.
(Other declarations)
READ CARDIN RECORD INTO IOAREA
. AT END MOVE ’N’ TO INPUT-SWITCH.
.
.
(Other COBOL statements)
EXEC SQL
UPDATE DSN8810.EMP
SET SALARY = :NEW-SALARY
END-EXEC.
The statement (UPDATE) does not change, nor does its basic structure, but the
input can change the results of the UPDATE statement.
Dynamic SQL is completely flexible

What if a program must use different types and structures of SQL statements? If
there are so many types and structures that it cannot contain a model of each one,
your program might need dynamic SQL.
One example of such a program is the DB2 Query Management Facility (DB2
QMF), which provides an alternative interface to DB2 that accepts almost any SQL
statement. SPUFI is another example; it accepts SQL statements from an input data
set, and then processes and executes them dynamically.
What dynamic SQL cannot do

You can use only some of the SQL statements dynamically. For information about
which DB2 SQL statements you can dynamically prepare, see the table in
Appendix H, “Characteristics of SQL statements in DB2 UDB for z/OS,” on page
1013.

What an application program using dynamic SQL does
A program that provides for dynamic SQL accepts as input, or generates, an SQL
statement in the form of a character string. You can simplify the programming if you
can plan the program not to use SELECT statements, or to use only those that
return a known number of values of known types. In the most general case, in
which you do not know in advance about the SQL statements that will execute, the
program typically takes these steps:
1. Translates the input data, including any parameter markers, into an SQL
statement
2. Prepares the SQL statement to execute and acquires a description of the result
table
3. Obtains, for SELECT statements, enough main storage to contain retrieved data
4. Executes the statement or fetches the rows of data
5. Processes the information returned
6. Handles SQL return codes.
Performance of static and dynamic SQL

To access DB2 data, an SQL statement requires an access path. Two big factors in
the performance of an SQL statement are the amount of time that DB2 uses to
determine the access path at run time and whether the access path is efficient. DB2
determines the access path for a statement at either of these times:
v When you bind the plan or package that contains the SQL statement
v When the SQL statement executes
The time at which DB2 determines the access path depends on these factors:
v Whether the statement is executed statically or dynamically
v Whether the statement contains input host variables
Static SQL statements with no input host variables

For static SQL statements that do not contain input host variables, DB2 determines
the access path when you bind the plan or package. This combination yields the
best performance because the access path is already determined when the
program executes.
Static SQL statements with input host variables

| For static SQL statements that have input host variables, the time at which DB2
| determines the access path depends on which bind option you specify:
| REOPT(NONE), REOPT(ONCE), or REOPT(ALWAYS). REOPT(NONE) is the
| default.
| If you specify REOPT(NONE), DB2 determines the access path at bind time, just as
it does when there are no input variables.
| DB2 ignores REOPT(ONCE) for static SQL statements because DB2 can cache
| only dynamic SQL statements
| If you specify REOPT(ALWAYS), DB2 determines the access path at bind time and
again at run time, using the values in these types of input variables:
v Host variables
v Parameter markers
v Special registers
This means that DB2 must spend extra time determining the access path for
statements at run time, but if DB2 determines a significantly better access path
Chapter 24. Coding dynamic SQL in application programs 537

using the variable values, you might see an overall performance improvement. In
| general, using REOPT(ALWAYS) can make static SQL statements with input
variables perform like dynamic SQL statements with constants. For more
| information about using REOPT(ALWAYS) to change access paths, see “Using host
variables efficiently” on page 698.
Dynamic SQL statements

For dynamic SQL statements, DB2 determines the access path at run time, when
the statement is prepared. This can make the performance worse than that of static
SQL statements. However, if you execute the same SQL statement often, you can
use the dynamic statement cache to decrease the number of times that those
dynamic statements must be prepared. See “Performance of static and dynamic
SQL” on page 537 for more information.
| Dynamic SQL statements with input host variables: When you bind applications
| that contain dynamic SQL statements with input host variables, use either the
| REOPT(ALWAYS) or REOPT(ONCE) option.
| Use REOPT(ALWAYS) when you are not using the dynamic statement cache. DB2
| determines the access path for statements at each EXECUTE or OPEN of the
| statement. This ensure the best access path for a statement, but using
| REOPT(ALWAYS) can increase the cost of frequently used dynamic SQL
| statements.
| Use REOPT(ONCE) when you are using the dynamic statements cache. DB2
| determines and the access path for statements only at the first EXECUTE or OPEN
| of the statement. It saves that access path in the dynamic statement cache and
| uses it until the statement is invalidated or removed from the cache. This reuse of
| the access path reduces the cost of frequently used dynamic SQL statements that
| contain input host variables.
| You should code your PREPARE statements to minimize overhead. With both
| REOPT(ALWAYS) and REOPT(ONCE), DB2 prepares an SQL statement at the
| same time as it processes OPEN or EXECUTE for the statement. That is, DB2
| processes the statement as if you specify DEFER(PREPARE). However, in the
| following cases, DB2 prepares the statement twice:
| v If you execute the DESCRIBE statement before the PREPARE statement in your
| program
| v If you use the PREPARE statement with the INTO parameter
| For the first prepare, DB2 determines the access path without using input variable
| values. For the second prepare, DB2 uses the input variable values to determine
| the access path. This extra prepare can decrease performance.
| If you specify REOPT(ALWAYS), DB2 prepares the statement twice each time it is
| run.
| If you specify REOPT(ONCE), DB2 prepares the statement twice only when the
| statement has never been saved in the cache. If the statement has been prepared
| and saved in the cache, DB2 will use the saved version of the statement to
| complete the DESCRIBE statement.
For a statement that uses a cursor, you can avoid the double prepare by placing
the DESCRIBE statement after the OPEN statement in your program.

If you use predictive governing, and a dynamic SQL statement that is bound with
| either REOPT(ALWAYS) or REOPT(ONCE) exceeds a predictive governing warning
| threshold, your application does not receive a warning SQLCODE. However, it will
| receive an error SQLCODE from the OPEN or EXECUTE statement.
Caching dynamic SQL statements

As the DB2 ability to optimize SQL has improved, the cost of preparing a dynamic
SQL statement has grown. Applications that use dynamic SQL might be forced to
pay this cost more than once. When an application performs a commit operation, it
must issue another PREPARE statement if that SQL statement is to be executed
again. For a SELECT statement, the ability to declare a cursor WITH HOLD
provides some relief but requires that the cursor be open at the commit point. WITH
HOLD also causes some locks to be held for any objects that the prepared
statement is dependent on. Also, WITH HOLD offers no relief for SQL statements
that are not SELECT statements.
| DB2 can save prepared dynamic statements in a cache. The cache is a dynamic
| statement cache pool that all application processes can use to save and retrieve
prepared dynamic statements. After an SQL statement has been prepared and is
automatically saved in the cache, subsequent prepare requests for that same SQL
statement can avoid the costly preparation process by using the statement that is in
the cache. Statements that are saved in the cache can be shared among different
threads, plans, or packages.
| Example: Assume that your application program contains a dynamic SQL

| statement, STMT1, which is prepared and executed multiple times. If you are using
| the dynamic statement cache when STMT1 is prepared for the first time, it is placed
| in the cache. When your application program encounters the identical PREPARE
| statement for STMT1, DB2 uses the already prepared STMT1 that is saved in the
| dynamic statement cache. The following example shows the identical STMT1 that
| might appear in your application program:
PREPARE STMT1 FROM ... Statement is prepared and the prepared
EXECUTE STMT1 statement is put in the cache.
COMMIT
.
.
.
PREPARE STMT1 FROM ... Identical statement. DB2 uses the prepared
EXECUTE STMT1 statement from the cache.
COMMIT
.
.
.
Eligible statements: The following SQL statements can be saved in the cache:
SELECT
UPDATE
INSERT
DELETE
Distributed and local SQL statements are eligible to be saved. Prepared, dynamic
statements that use DB2 private protocol access are also eligible to be saved.
Restrictions: Even though static statements that use DB2 private protocol access
are dynamic at the remote site, those statements can not be saved in the cache.
| Statements in plans or packages that are bound with REOPT(ALWAYS) can not be
| saved in the cache. Statements in plans and packages that are bound with
| REOPT(ONCE) can be saved in the cache. See “How bind options

REOPT(ALWAYS) and REOPT(ONCE) affect dynamic SQL” on page 567 for more
| information about REOPT(ALWAYS) and REOPT(ONCE).
Prepared statements cannot be shared among data sharing members. Because

each member has its own EDM pool, a cached statement on one member is not
available to an application that runs on another member.
Using the dynamic statement cache

| To enable the dynamic statement cache to save prepared statements, specify YES
| on the CACHE DYNAMIC SQL field of installation panel DSNTIP8. See Part 2 of
DB2 Installation Guide for more information.
Conditions for statement sharing

Suppose that S1 and S2 are source statements, and P1 is the prepared version of
S1. P1 is in the dynamic statement cache.
The following conditions must be met before DB2 can use statement P1 instead of
preparing statement S2:
v S1 and S2 must be identical. The statements must pass a character by character
comparison and must be the same length. If the PREPARE statement for either
statement contains an ATTRIBUTES clause, DB2 concatenates the values in the
ATTRIBUTES clause to the statement string before comparing the strings. That
is, if A1 is the set of attributes for S1 and A2 is the set of attributes for S2, DB2
compares S1||A1 to S2||A2.
If the statement strings are not identical, DB2 cannot use the statement in the
cache.
For example, assume that S1 and S2 are specified as follows:
’UPDATE EMP SET SALARY=SALARY+50’
In this case, DB2 can use P1 instead of preparing S2.

However, assume that S1 is specified as follows:
’UPDATE EMP SET SALARY=SALARY+50’
Assume also that S2 is specified as follows:

’UPDATE EMP SET SALARY=SALARY+50 ’
In this case, DB2 cannot use P1 for S2. DB2 prepares S2 and saves the
prepared version of S2 in the cache.
v The authorization ID that was used to prepare S1 must be used to prepare S2:
– When a plan or package has run behavior, the authorization ID is the current
SQLID value.
For secondary authorization IDs:
- The application process that searches the cache must have the same
secondary authorization ID list as the process that inserted the entry into
the cache or must have a superset of that list.
- If the process that originally prepared the statement and inserted it into the
cache used one of the privileges held by the primary authorization ID to
accomplish the prepare, that ID must either be part of the secondary
authorization ID list of the process searching the cache, or it must be the
primary authorization ID of that process.
– When a plan or package has bind behavior, the authorization ID is the plan
owner’s ID. For a DDF server thread, the authorization ID is the package
owner’s ID.
– When a package has define behavior, then the authorization ID is the
user-defined function or stored procedure owner.
– When a package has invoke behavior, then the authorization ID is the
authorization ID under which the statement that invoked the user-defined
function or stored procedure executed.
For an explanation of bind, run, define, and invoke behavior, see “Using
DYNAMICRULES to specify behavior of dynamic SQL statements” on page 479.
v When the plan or package that contains S2 is bound, the values of these bind
options must be the same as when the plan or package that contains S1 was
bound:
CURRENTDATA
DYNAMICRULES
ISOLATION
SQLRULES
QUALIFIER
v When S2 is prepared, the values of the following special registers must be the
same as when S1 was prepared:
CURRENT DEGREE
CURRENT RULES
CURRENT PRECISION
| CURRENT REFRESH AGE
| CURRENT MAINTAINED TABLE TYPES FOR OPTIMIZATION
Keeping prepared statements after commit points

The bind option KEEPDYNAMIC(YES) lets you hold dynamic statements past a
commit point for an application process. An application can issue a PREPARE for a
statement once and omit subsequent PREPAREs for that statement. Figure 158
illustrates an application that is written to use KEEPDYNAMIC(YES).
PREPARE STMT1 FROM ... Statement is prepared.

EXECUTE STMT1
COMMIT
.
.
.
EXECUTE STMT1 Application does not issue PREPARE.
COMMIT
.
.
.
EXECUTE STMT1 Again, no PREPARE needed.
COMMIT
Figure 158. Writing dynamic SQL to use the bind option KEEPDYNAMIC(YES)
To understand how the KEEPDYNAMIC bind option works, you need to differentiate
between the executable form of a dynamic SQL statement, which is the prepared
statement, and the character string form of the statement, which is the statement
string.
Relationship between KEEPDYNAMIC(YES) and statement caching: When the

dynamic statement cache is not active, and you run an application bound with
KEEPDYNAMIC(YES), DB2 saves only the statement string for a prepared
statement after a commit operation. On a subsequent OPEN, EXECUTE, or
DESCRIBE, DB2 must prepare the statement again before performing the
requested operation. Figure 159 on page 542 illustrates this concept.

PREPARE STMT1 FROM ... Statement is prepared and put in memory.
EXECUTE STMT1
COMMIT
.
.
.
COMMIT
. DB2 prepares the statement again.
.
.
COMMIT
Figure 159. Using KEEPDYNAMIC(YES) when the dynamic statement cache is not active
When the dynamic statement cache is active, and you run an application bound
with KEEPDYNAMIC(YES), DB2 retains a copy of both the prepared statement and
the statement string. The prepared statement is cached locally for the application
process. In general, the statement is globally cached in the EDM pool, to benefit
other application processes. If the application issues an OPEN, EXECUTE, or
DESCRIBE after a commit operation, the application process uses its local copy of
the prepared statement to avoid a prepare and a search of the cache. Figure 160
illustrates this process.

EXECUTE STMT1
COMMIT
.
.
.
COMMIT
. DB2 uses the prepared statement in memory.
.
.
COMMIT
. DB2 uses the prepared statement in memory.
.
.
Figure 160. Using KEEPDYNAMIC(YES) when the dynamic statement cache is active
The local instance of the prepared SQL statement is kept in ssnmDBM1 storage
until one of the following occurs:
v The application process ends.
v A rollback operation occurs.
v The application issues an explicit PREPARE statement with the same statement
name.
If the application does issue a PREPARE for the same SQL statement name that
has a kept dynamic statement associated with it, the kept statement is discarded
and DB2 prepares the new statement.
v The statement is removed from memory because the statement has not been
used recently, and the number of kept dynamic SQL statements reaches the
subsystem default as set during installation.
Handling implicit prepare errors: If a statement is needed during the lifetime of

an application process, and the statement has been removed from the local cache,
DB2 might be able to retrieve it from the global cache. If the statement is not in the
global cache, DB2 must implicitly prepare the statement again. The application does
not need to issue a PREPARE statement. However, if the application issues an
OPEN, EXECUTE, or DESCRIBE for the statement, the application must be able to
handle the possibility that DB2 is doing the prepare implicitly. Any error that occurs
during this prepare is returned on the OPEN, EXECUTE, or DESCRIBE.

How KEEPDYNAMIC affects applications that use distributed data: If a
requester does not issue a PREPARE after a COMMIT, the package at the DB2
UDB for z/OS server must be bound with KEEPDYNAMIC(YES). If both requester
and server are DB2 UDB for z/OS subsystems, the DB2 requester assumes that
the KEEPDYNAMIC value for the package at the server is the same as the value
for the plan at the requester.
The KEEPDYNAMIC option has performance implications for DRDA clients that
specify WITH HOLD on their cursors:
v If KEEPDYNAMIC(NO) is specified, a separate network message is required
when the DRDA client issues the SQL CLOSE for the cursor.
v If KEEPDYNAMIC(YES) is specified, the DB2 UDB for z/OS server automatically
closes the cursor when SQLCODE +100 is detected, which means that the client
does not have to send a separate message to close the held cursor. This
reduces network traffic for DRDA applications that use held cursors. It also
reduces the duration of locks that are associated with the held cursor.
Using RELEASE(DEALLOCATE) with KEEPDYNAMIC(YES): See 391 for

information about interactions between bind options RELEASE(DEALLOCATE) and
KEEPDYNAMIC(YES).
Considerations for data sharing: If one member of a data sharing group has
enabled the cache but another has not, and an application is bound with
KEEPDYNAMIC(YES), DB2 must implicitly prepare the statement again if the
statement is assigned to a member without the cache. This can mean a slight
reduction in performance.
Limiting dynamic SQL with the resource limit facility

The resource limit facility (or governor) limits the amount of CPU time an SQL
statement can take, which prevents SQL statements from making excessive
requests. The predictive governing function of the resource limit facility provides an
estimate of the processing cost of SQL statements before they run. To predict the
cost of an SQL statement, you execute EXPLAIN to put information about the
statement cost in DSN_STATEMNT_TABLE. See “Estimating a statement’s cost” on
page 779 for information about creating, populating, and interpreting the contents of
DSN_STATEMNT_TABLE.
The governor controls only the dynamic SQL manipulative statements SELECT,
UPDATE, DELETE, and INSERT. Each dynamic SQL statement used in a program
is subject to the same limits. The limit can be a reactive governing limit or a
predictive governing limit. If the statement exceeds a reactive governing limit, the
statement receives an error SQL code. If the statement exceeds a predictive
governing limit, it receives a warning or error SQL code. “Writing an application to
handle predictive governing” on page 544 explains more about predictive governing
SQL codes.
Your system administrator can establish the limits for individual plans or packages,
for individual users, or for all users who do not have personal limits.
Follow the procedures defined by your location for adding, dropping, or modifying
entries in the resource limit specification table. For more information about the
resource limit specification tables, see Part 5 (Volume 2) of DB2 Administration
Guide.

Writing an application to handle reactive governing
When a dynamic SQL statement exceeds a reactive governing threshold, the
application program receives SQLCODE -905. The application must then determine
what to do next.
If the failed statement involves an SQL cursor, the cursor’s position remains
unchanged. The application can then close that cursor. All other operations with the
cursor do not run and the same SQL error code occurs.
If the failed SQL statement does not involve a cursor, then all changes that the
statement made are undone before the error code returns to the application. The
application can either issue another SQL statement or commit all work done so far.
Writing an application to handle predictive governing

If your installation uses predictive governing, you need to modify your applications
to check for the +495 and -495 SQLCODEs that predictive governing can generate
after a PREPARE statement executes. The +495 SQLCODE in combination with
deferred prepare requires that DB2 do some special processing to ensure that
existing applications are not affected by this new warning SQLCODE.
For information about setting up the resource limit facility for predictive governing,
see Part 5 (Volume 2) of DB2 Administration Guide.
Handling the +495 SQLCODE

If your requester uses deferred prepare, the presence of parameter markers
determines when the application receives the +495 SQLCODE. When parameter
markers are present, DB2 cannot do PREPARE, OPEN, and FETCH processing in
one message. If SQLCODE +495 is returned, no OPEN or FETCH processing
occurs until your application requests it.
v If there are parameter markers, the +495 is returned on the OPEN (not the
PREPARE).
v If there are no parameter markers, the +495 is returned on the PREPARE.
Normally with deferred prepare, the PREPARE, OPEN, and first FETCH of the data
are returned to the requester. For a predictive governor warning of +495, you would
ideally like to have the option to choose beforehand whether you want the OPEN
and FETCH of the data to occur. For downlevel requesters, you do not have this
option.
Using predictive governing and downlevel DRDA requesters

If SQLCODE +495 is returned to the requester, OPEN processing continues but the
first block of data is not returned with the OPEN. Thus, if your application does not
continue with the query, you have already incurred the performance cost of OPEN
processing.
Using predictive governing and enabled requesters

If your application does not defer the prepare, SQLCODE +495 is returned to the
requester and OPEN processing does not occur.
If your application does defer prepare processing, the application receives the +495
at its usual time (OPEN or PREPARE). If you have parameter markers with
deferred prepare, you receive the +495 at OPEN time as you normally do.
However, an additional message is exchanged.

Recommendation: Do not use deferred prepare for applications that use parameter
markers and that are predictively governed at the server side.
Choosing a host language for dynamic SQL applications

Programs that use dynamic SQL are usually written in assembler, C, PL/I, REXX,
and versions of COBOL other than OS/VS COBOL. You can write non-SELECT and
fixed-list SELECT statements in any of the DB2 supported languages. A program
containing a varying-list SELECT statement is more difficult to write in Fortran,
because the program cannot run without the help of a subroutine to manage
address variables (pointers) and storage allocation.
All SQL in REXX programs is dynamic SQL. For information about how to write
SQL REXX applications, see “Coding SQL statements in a REXX application” on
page 232
Most of the examples in this section are in PL/I. “Using dynamic SQL in COBOL” on
page 568 shows techniques for using COBOL. Longer examples in the form of
complete programs are available in the sample applications:
DSNTEP2
Processes both SELECT and non-SELECT statements dynamically. (PL/I).
DSNTIAD
Processes only non-SELECT statements dynamically. (Assembler).
DSNTIAUL
Processes SELECT statements dynamically. (Assembler).
Library prefix.SDSNSAMP contains the sample programs. You can view the
programs online, or you can print them using ISPF, IEBPTPCH, or your own printing
program.
Dynamic SQL for non-SELECT statements

The easiest way to use dynamic SQL is not to use SELECT statements
dynamically. Because you do not need to dynamically allocate any main storage,
you can write your program in any host language, including OS/VS COBOL and
Fortran. For a sample program written in C that contains dynamic SQL with
non-SELECT statements, see Figure 239 on page 944.
Your program must take the following steps:

1. Include an SQLCA. The requirements for an SQL communications area
(SQLCA) are the same as for static SQL statements. For REXX, DB2 includes
the SQLCA automatically.
2. Load the input SQL statement into a data area. The procedure for building or
reading the input SQL statement is not discussed here; the statement depends
on your environment and sources of information. You can read in complete SQL
statements, or you can get information to build the statement from data sets, a
user at a terminal, previously set program variables, or tables in the database.
If you attempt to execute an SQL statement dynamically that DB2 does not
allow, you get an SQL error.
3. Execute the statement. You can use either of these methods:
v “Dynamic execution using EXECUTE IMMEDIATE” on page 546
v “Dynamic execution using PREPARE and EXECUTE” on page 547.

4. Handle any errors that might result. The requirements are the same as those for
static SQL statements. The return code from the most recently executed SQL
statement appears in the host variables SQLCODE and SQLSTATE or
corresponding fields of the SQLCA. See “Checking the execution of SQL
statements” on page 82 for information about the SQLCA and the fields it
contains.
Dynamic execution using EXECUTE IMMEDIATE

Suppose that you design a program to read SQL DELETE statements, similar to
these, from a terminal:
DELETE FROM DSN8810.EMP WHERE EMPNO = ’000190’
DELETE FROM DSN8810.EMP WHERE EMPNO = ’000220’
After reading a statement, the program is to run it immediately.
Recall that you must prepare (precompile and bind) static SQL statements before
you can use them. You cannot prepare dynamic SQL statements in advance. The
SQL statement EXECUTE IMMEDIATE causes an SQL statement to prepare and
execute, dynamically, at run time.
Declaring the host variable

| Before you prepare and execute an SQL statement, you can read it into a host
| variable. If the maximum length of the SQL statement is 32 KB, declare the host
| variable as a character or graphic host variable according to the following rules for
| the host languages:
| v In assembler, COBOL and C, you must declare a string host variable as a
| varying-length string.
| v In Fortran, it must be a fixed-length string variable.
| v In PL/I, it can be a fixed- or varying-length string variable, or any PL/I expression
| that evaluates to a character string.
| If the length is greater than 32 KB, you must declare the host variable as a CLOB
| or DBCLOB, and the maximum is 2 MB.
For more information about declaring character-string host variables, see Chapter 9,
“Embedding SQL statements in host languages,” on page 129.
| Example: Using a varying-length character host variable: This excerpt is from a

| C program that reads a DELETE statement into the host variable dstring and
| executes the statement:
| ...
| struct VARCHAR {
| short len;
| char s[40];
| } dstring;
| ...
| /* Read a DELETE statement into the host variable dstring. */
| gets(dstring);
| EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :dstring;
| ...
| EXECUTE IMMEDIATE causes the DELETE statement to be prepared and

| executed immediately.

| Declaring a CLOB or DBLOB host variable: You declare CLOB and DBCLOB
| host variables according to the rules described in “Declaring LOB host variables
| and LOB locators” on page 284.
| The precompiler generates a structure that contains two elements, a 4-byte length
| field and a data field of the specified length. The names of these fields vary
| depending on the host language:
| v In PL/I, assembler, and Fortran, the names are variable_LENGTH and
| variable_DATA.
| v In COBOL, the names are variable–LENGTH and variable–DATA.
| v In C, the names are variable.LENGTH and variable.DATA.
| Example: Using a CLOB host variable: This excerpt is from a C program that
| copies an UPDATE statement into the host variable string1 and executes the
| statement:
| ...
| SQL TYPE IS CLOB(4k) string1;
| ...
| /* Copy a statement into the host variable string1. */
| strcpy(string1.data, "UPDATE DSN8610.EMP SET SALARY = SALARY * 1.1");
| string1.length = 44;
| EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :string1;
| ...
| EXECUTE IMMEDIATE causes the UPDATE statement to be prepared and

| executed immediately.
Dynamic execution using PREPARE and EXECUTE

Suppose that you want to execute DELETE statements repeatedly using a list of
employee numbers. Consider how you would do it if you could write the DELETE
statement as a static SQL statement:
< Read a value for EMP from the list. >
DO UNTIL (EMP = 0);
EXEC SQL
DELETE FROM DSN8810.EMP WHERE EMPNO = :EMP ;
END;
The loop repeats until it reads an EMP value of 0.
If you know in advance that you will use only the DELETE statement and only the
table DSN8810.EMP, you can use the more efficient static SQL. Suppose further
that several different tables have rows that are identified by employee numbers, and
that users enter a table name as well as a list of employee numbers to delete.
Although variables can represent the employee numbers, they cannot represent the
table name, so you must construct and execute the entire statement dynamically.
Your program must now do these things differently:
v Use parameter markers instead of host variables
v Use the PREPARE statement
v Use EXECUTE instead of EXECUTE IMMEDIATE

Using parameter markers with PREPARE and EXECUTE
Dynamic SQL statements cannot use host variables. Therefore, you cannot
dynamically execute an SQL statement that contains host variables. Instead,
substitute a parameter marker, indicated by a question mark (?), for each host
variable in the statement.
You can indicate to DB2 that a parameter marker represents a host variable of a
certain data type by specifying the parameter marker as the argument of a CAST
function. When the statement executes, DB2 converts the host variable to the data
type in the CAST function. A parameter marker that you include in a CAST function
is called a typed parameter marker. A parameter marker without a CAST function is
called an untyped parameter marker.
Recommendation: Because DB2 can evaluate an SQL statement with typed

parameter markers more efficiently than a statement with untyped parameter
markers, use typed parameter markers whenever possible. Under certain
circumstances you must use typed parameter markers. See Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL
Reference for rules for using untyped or typed parameter markers.
Example using parameter markers: Suppose that you want to prepare this
statement:
DELETE FROM DSN8810.EMP WHERE EMPNO = :EMP;
You need to prepare a string like this:

DELETE FROM DSN8810.EMP WHERE EMPNO = CAST(? AS CHAR(6))
You associate host variable :EMP with the parameter marker when you execute the
prepared statement. Suppose that S1 is the prepared statement. Then the
EXECUTE statement looks like this:
EXECUTE S1 USING :EMP;
Using the PREPARE statement

Before you prepare an SQL statement, you can assign it to a host variable. If the
length of the statement is greater than 32 KB, you must declare the host variable as
a CLOB or DBCLOB. For more information about declaring the host variable, see
“Declaring the host variable” on page 546.
You can think of PREPARE and EXECUTE as an EXECUTE IMMEDIATE done in

two steps. The first step, PREPARE, turns a character string into an SQL statement,
and then assigns it a name of your choosing.
Example using the PREPARE statement: Assume that the character host variable
:DSTRING has the value “DELETE FROM DSN8810.EMP WHERE EMPNO = ?”.
To prepare an SQL statement from that string and assign it the name S1, write:
EXEC SQL PREPARE S1 FROM :DSTRING;
The prepared statement still contains a parameter marker, for which you must
supply a value when the statement executes. After the statement is prepared, the
table name is fixed, but the parameter marker allows you to execute the same
statement many times with different values of the employee number.
Using the EXECUTE statement

The EXECUTE statement executes a prepared SQL statement by naming a list of
| one or more host variables, one or more host variable arrays, or a host structure.
This list supplies values for all of the parameter markers.

After you prepare a statement, you can execute it many times within the same unit
of work. In most cases, COMMIT or ROLLBACK destroys statements prepared in a
unit of work. Then, you must prepare them again before you can execute them
again. However, if you declare a cursor for a dynamic statement and use the option
WITH HOLD, a commit operation does not destroy the prepared statement if the
cursor is still open. You can execute the statement in the next unit of work without
preparing it again.
Example using the EXECUTE statement: To execute the prepared statement S1

just once, using a parameter value contained in the host variable :EMP, write:
EXEC SQL EXECUTE S1 USING :EMP;
Preparing and executing the example DELETE statement

The example in this section began with a DO loop that executed a static SQL
statement repeatedly:
DO UNTIL (EMP = 0);
EXEC SQL
DELETE FROM DSN8810.EMP WHERE EMPNO = :EMP ;
END;
You can now write an equivalent example for a dynamic SQL statement:
< Read a statement containing parameter markers into DSTRING.>
EXEC SQL PREPARE S1 FROM :DSTRING;
DO UNTIL (EMPNO = 0);
EXEC SQL EXECUTE S1 USING :EMP;
END;
The PREPARE statement prepares the SQL statement and calls it S1. The
EXECUTE statement executes S1 repeatedly, using different values for EMP.
Using more than one parameter marker

The prepared statement (S1 in the example) can contain more than one parameter
marker. If it does, the USING clause of EXECUTE specifies a list of variables or a
host structure. The variables must contain values that match the number and data
types of parameters in S1 in the proper order. You must know the number and
types of parameters in advance and declare the variables in your program, or you
can use an SQLDA (SQL descriptor area).
| Dynamic execution of a multiple-row INSERT statement

| Suppose that you want to repeatedly execute a multiple-row INSERT statement
| using a list of activity IDs, activity keywords, and activity descriptions that are
| provided by the user. A static SQL INSERT statement that inserts multiple rows of
| data into the activity table looks similar to the following statement:
| EXEC SQL
| VALUES (:hva_actno, :hva_actkwd, :hva_actdesc)
| FOR :num_rows ROWS;
| You might be entering the rows of data into different tables or entering different
| numbers of rows, so you want to construct the INSERT statement dynamically. This
| section describes the following methods to execute a multiple-row INSERT
| statement dynamically:
| v By using host variable arrays that contain the data to be inserted

| v By using a descriptor to describe the host variable arrays that contain the data
| Using EXECUTE with host variable arrays

| You can use the CAST function to explicitly assign a type to parameter markers that
| represent host variable arrays. For the activity table, the string for the INSERT
| statement that is to be prepared looks like this:
| VALUES (CAST(? AS SMALLINT), CAST(? AS CHAR(6)), CAST(? AS VARCHAR(20)))
| You must specify the FOR n ROWS clause on the EXECUTE statement.
| Preparing and executing the statement: The code to prepare and execute the
| INSERT statement looks like this:
| /* Copy the INSERT string into the host variable sqlstmt */
| strcpy(sqlstmt, "INSERT INTO DSN8810.ACT VALUES (CAST(? AS SMALLINT),");
| strcat(sqlstmt, " CAST(? AS CHAR(6)), CAST(? AS VARCHAR(20)))");
|
| /* Copy the INSERT attributes into the host variable attrvar */
| strcpy(attrvar, "FOR MULTIPLE ROWS");
|
| /* Prepare and execute my_insert using the host variable arrays */
| EXEC SQL PREPARE my_insert ATTRIBUTES :attrvar FROM :sqlstmt;
| EXEC SQL EXECUTE my_insert USING :hva1, :hva2, :hva3 FOR :num_rows ROWS;
| Each host variable in the USING clause of the EXECUTE statement represents an
| array of values for the corresponding column of the target of the INSERT statement.
| You can vary the number of rows, specified by num_rows in the example, without
| needing to prepare the INSERT statement again.
| Using EXECUTE with a descriptor

| You can use an SQLDA structure to specify data types and other information about
| parameters markers. The string for the INSERT statement that is to be prepared
| looks like this:
| INSERT INTO DSN8810.ACT VALUES (?, ?, ?)
| You must specify the FOR n ROWS clause on the EXECUTE statement.
| Setting the fields in the SQLDA: Assume that your program includes the
| standard SQLDA structure declaration and declarations for the program variables
| that point to the SQLDA structure. Before the INSERT statement is prepared and
| executed, you must set the fields in the SQLDA structure for your INSERT
| statement. For C application programs, the code to set the fields looks like this:
| strcpy(sqldaptr->sqldaid,"SQLDA");
| sqldaptr->sqldabc = 192; /* number of bytes of storage allocated for the SQLDA */
| sqldaptr->sqln = 4; /* number of SQLVAR occurrences */
| sqldaptr->sqld = 4;
| varptr = (struct sqlvar *) (&(sqldaptr->sqlvar[0])); /* Point to first SQLVAR */
| varptr->sqltype = 500; /* data type SMALLINT */
| varptr->sqlname.data = X’0000000000000014’; /* bytes 5-8 hva size */
| varptr->sqltype = 452; /* data type CHAR(6) */
| varptr->sqltype = 448; /* data type VARCHAR(20) */

| The SQLDA structure has these fields:

| v SQLDABC indicates the number of bytes of storage that are allocated for the
| SQLDA. The storage includes a 16-byte header and 44 bytes for each SQLVAR
| field. The value is SQLN x 44 + 16, or 192 for this example.
| v SQLN is the number of SQLVAR occurrences, plus one for use by DB2 for the
| host variable that contains the number n in the FOR n ROWS clause.
| v SQLD is the number of variables in the SQLDA that are used by DB2 when
| processing the INSERT statement.
| v An SQLVAR occurrence specifies the attributes of an element of a host variable
| array that corresponds to a value provided for a target column of the INSERT.
| Within each SQLVAR:
| – SQLTYPE indicates the data type of the elements of the host variable array.
| – SQLLEN indicates the length of a single element of the host variable array.
| – SQLDATA points to the corresponding host variable array. Assume that your
| program allocates the dynamic variable arrays hva1, hva2, and hva3.
| – SQLNAME has two parts: the LENGTH and the DATA. The LENGTH is 8. The
| first 2 bytes of the DATA field is X’0000’, and bytes 5 through 8 of the DATA
| field is a binary integer representation of the dimension of the host variable
| arrays. For the example SQLDA, the dimension of each array is 20.
| For more information about the SQLDA, see “Dynamic SQL for varying-list SELECT
| statements” on page 554. For a complete layout of the SQLDA and the descriptions
| given by the INCLUDE statement, see Appendix C of DB2 SQL Reference.
| Preparing and executing the statement: The code to prepare and execute the
| INSERT statement looks like this:
| /* Copy the INSERT string into the host variable sqlstmt */
| strcpy(sqlstmt, "INSERT INTO DSN8810.ACT VALUES (?, ?, ?)");
|
| /* Copy the INSERT attributes into the host variable attrvar */
| strcpy(attrvar, "FOR MULTIPLE ROWS");
|
| /* Prepare and execute my_insert using the descriptor */
| EXEC SQL PREPARE my_insert ATTRIBUTES :attrvar FROM :sqlstmt;
| EXEC SQL EXECUTE my_insert USING DESCRIPTOR :*sqldaptr FOR :num_rows ROWS;
| The host variable in the USING clause of the EXECUTE statement names the
| SQLDA that describes the parameter markers in the INSERT statement.
Using DESCRIBE INPUT to put parameter information in an SQLDA

You can use the DESCRIBE INPUT statement to let DB2 put the data type
information for parameter markers in an SQLDA.
Before you execute DESCRIBE INPUT, you must allocate an SQLDA with enough
instances of SQLVAR to represent all parameter markers in the SQL statements
you want to describe.
After you execute DESCRIBE INPUT, you code the application in the same way as
any other application in which you execute a prepared statement using an SQLDA.

First, you obtain the addresses of the input host variables and their indicator
variables and insert those addresses into the SQLDATA and SQLIND fields. Then
you execute the prepared SQL statement.
Example using the SQLDA: Suppose that you want to execute this statement
dynamically:
DELETE FROM DSN8810.EMP WHERE EMPNO = ?
The code to set up an SQLDA, obtain parameter information using DESCRIBE

INPUT, and execute the statement looks like this:
SQLDAPTR=ADDR(INSQLDA); /* Get pointer to SQLDA */
SQLDAID=’SQLDA’; /* Fill in SQLDA eye-catcher */
SQLDABC=LENGTH(INSQLDA); /* Fill in SQLDA length */
SQLN=1; /* Fill in number of SQLVARs */
SQLD=0; /* Initialize # of SQLVARs used */
DO IX=1 TO SQLN; /* Initialize the SQLVAR */
SQLTYPE(IX)=0;
SQLLEN(IX)=0;
SQLNAME(IX)=’’;
END;
SQLSTMT=’DELETE FROM DSN8810.EMP WHERE EMPNO = ?’;
EXEC SQL PREPARE SQLOBJ FROM SQLSTMT;
EXEC SQL DESCRIBE INPUT SQLOBJ INTO :INSQLDA;
SQLDATA(1)=ADDR(HVEMP); /* Get input data address */
SQLIND(1)=ADDR(HVEMPIND); /* Get indicator address */
EXEC SQL EXECUTE SQLOBJ USING DESCRIPTOR :INSQLDA;
Dynamic SQL for fixed-list SELECT statements

A fixed-list SELECT statement returns rows containing a known number of values of
a known type. When you use one, you know in advance exactly what kinds of host
variables you need to declare in order to store the results. (The contrasting
situation, in which you do not know in advance what host-variable structure you
might need, is in the section “Dynamic SQL for varying-list SELECT statements” on
page 554.)
The term “fixed-list” does not imply that you must know in advance how many rows
of data will be returned. However, you must know the number of columns and the
data types of those columns. A fixed-list SELECT statement returns a result table
that can contain any number of rows; your program looks at those rows one at a
time, using the FETCH statement. Each successive fetch returns the same number
of values as the last, and the values have the same data types each time.
Therefore, you can specify host variables as you do for static SQL.
An advantage of the fixed-list SELECT is that you can write it in any of the
programming languages that DB2 supports. Varying-list dynamic SELECT
statements require assembler, C, PL/I, and versions of COBOL other than OS/VS
COBOL.
For a sample program that is written in C and that illustrates dynamic SQL with
fixed-list SELECT statements, see Figure 239 on page 944.
What your application program must do

To execute a fixed-list SELECT statement dynamically, your program must:
1. Include an SQLCA.
2. Load the input SQL statement into a data area.

The preceding two steps are exactly the same as described under “Dynamic
SQL for non-SELECT statements” on page 545.
3. Declare a cursor for the statement name as described in “Declare a cursor for
the statement name.”
4. Prepare the statement, as described in “Prepare the statement.”
5. Open the cursor, as described in “Open the cursor.”
6. Fetch rows from the result table, as described in “Fetch rows from the result
table” on page 554.
7. Close the cursor, as described in “Close the cursor” on page 554.
8. Handle any resulting errors. This step is the same as for static SQL, except for
the number and types of errors that can result.
Suppose that your program retrieves last names and phone numbers by
dynamically executing SELECT statements of this form:
SELECT LASTNAME, PHONENO FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE ... ;
The program reads the statements from a terminal, and the user determines the
WHERE clause.
As with non-SELECT statements, your program puts the statements into a

varying-length character variable; call it DSTRING. Eventually you prepare a
statement from DSTRING, but first you must declare a cursor for the statement and
give it a name.
Declare a cursor for the statement name

Dynamic SELECT statements cannot use INTO; hence, you must use a cursor to
put the results into host variables. In declaring the cursor, use the statement name
(call it STMT), and give the cursor itself a name (for example, C1):
EXEC SQL DECLARE C1 CURSOR FOR STMT;
Prepare the statement

Prepare a statement (STMT) from DSTRING. This is one possible PREPARE
statement:
EXEC SQL PREPARE STMT FROM :DSTRING ATTRIBUTES :ATTRVAR;
ATTRVAR contains attributes that you want to add to the SELECT statement, such
as FETCH FIRST 10 ROWS ONLY or OPTIMIZE for 1 ROW. In general, if the
SELECT statement has attributes that conflict with the attributes in the PREPARE
statement, the attributes on the SELECT statement take precedence over the
attributes on the PREPARE statement. However, in this example, the SELECT
statement in DSTRING has no attributes specified, so DB2 uses the attributes in
ATTRVAR for the SELECT statement.
As with non-SELECT statements, the fixed-list SELECT could contain parameter

markers. However, this example does not need them.
To execute STMT, your program must open the cursor, fetch rows from the result
table, and close the cursor. The following sections describe how to do those steps.
Open the cursor

The OPEN statement evaluates the SELECT statement named STMT. For example,
without parameter markers, use this statement:
EXEC SQL OPEN C1;

If STMT contains parameter markers, you must use the USING clause of OPEN to
provide values for all of the parameter markers in STMT. If four parameter markers
are in STMT, you need the following statement:
EXEC SQL OPEN C1 USING :PARM1, :PARM2, :PARM3, :PARM4;
Fetch rows from the result table

Your program could repeatedly execute a statement such as this:
EXEC SQL FETCH C1 INTO :NAME, :PHONE;
The key feature of this statement is the use of a list of host variables to receive the
values returned by FETCH. The list has a known number of items (in this case, two
items, :NAME and :PHONE) of known data types (both are character strings, of
lengths 15 and 4, respectively).
You can use this list in the FETCH statement only because you planned the
program to use only fixed-list SELECTs. Every row that cursor C1 points to must
contain exactly two character values of appropriate length. If the program is to
handle anything else, it must use the techniques described under “Dynamic SQL for
varying-list SELECT statements.”
Close the cursor

This step is the same as for static SQL. For example, a WHENEVER NOT FOUND
statement in your program can name a routine that contains this statement:
EXEC SQL CLOSE C1;
Dynamic SQL for varying-list SELECT statements

A varying-list SELECT statement returns rows containing an unknown number of
values of unknown type. When you use one, you do not know in advance exactly
what kinds of host variables you need to declare in order to store the results. (For
the much simpler situation, in which you do know, see “Dynamic SQL for fixed-list
SELECT statements” on page 552.) Because the varying-list SELECT statement
requires pointer variables for the SQL descriptor area, you cannot issue it from a
Fortran or an OS/VS COBOL program. A Fortran or OS/VS COBOL program can
call a subroutine written in a language that supports pointer variables (such as PL/I
or assembler), if you need to use a varying-list SELECT statement.
What your application program must do

To execute a varying-list SELECT statement dynamically, your program must follow
these steps:
1. Include an SQLCA.
DB2 performs this step for a REXX procedure.
2. Load the input SQL statement into a data area.
Those first two steps are exactly the same as described under “Dynamic SQL
for non-SELECT statements” on page 545; the next step is new:
3. Prepare and execute the statement. This step is more complex than for fixed-list
SELECTs. For details, see “Preparing a varying-list SELECT statement” on page
555 and “Executing a varying-list SELECT statement dynamically” on page 564.
It involves the following steps:
a. Include an SQLDA (SQL descriptor area).
DB2 performs this step for a REXX procedure.
b. Declare a cursor and prepare the variable statement.
c. Obtain information about the data type of each column of the result table.

d. Determine the main storage needed to hold a row of retrieved data.
You do not perform this step for a REXX procedure.
e. Put storage addresses in the SQLDA to tell where to put each item of
retrieved data.
f. Open the cursor.
g. Fetch a row.
h. Eventually close the cursor and free main storage.
Additional complications exist for statements with parameter markers.
4. Handle any errors that might result.
Preparing a varying-list SELECT statement

Suppose that your program dynamically executes SQL statements, but this time
without any limits on their form. Your program reads the statements from a terminal,
and you know nothing about them in advance. They might not even be SELECT
statements.
As with non-SELECT statements, your program puts the statements into a

varying-length character variable; call it DSTRING. Your program goes on to
prepare a statement from the variable and then give the statement a name; call it
STMT.
Now, the program must find out whether the statement is a SELECT. If it is, the
program must also find out how many values are in each row, and what their data
types are. The information comes from an SQL descriptor area (SQLDA).
An SQL descriptor area

The SQLDA is a structure that is used to communicate with your program, and
storage for it is usually allocated dynamically at run time.
To include the SQLDA in a PL/I or C program, use:

For assembler, use this in the storage definition area of a CSECT:

EXEC SQL INCLUDE SQLDA
For COBOL, except for OS/VS COBOL, use:

EXEC SQL INCLUDE SQLDA END-EXEC.
You cannot include an SQLDA in an OS/VS COBOL, Fortran, or REXX program.
For a complete layout of the SQLDA and the descriptions given by INCLUDE
statements, see Appendix C of DB2 SQL Reference.
Obtaining information about the SQL statement

An SQLDA can contain a variable number of occurrences of SQLVAR, each of
which is a set of five fields that describe one column in the result table of a
SELECT statement.
The number of occurrences of SQLVAR depends on the following factors:

v The number of columns in the result table you want to describe.
v Whether you want the PREPARE or DESCRIBE to put both column names and
labels in your SQLDA. This is the option USING BOTH in the PREPARE or
DESCRIBE statement.

v Whether any columns in the result table are LOB types or distinct types.
Table 73 shows the minimum number of SQLVAR instances you need for a result
table that contains n columns.
Table 73. Minimum number of SQLVARs for a result table with n columns
Type of DESCRIBE and contents of result
table Not USING BOTH USING BOTH
No distinct types or LOBs n 2*n
Distinct types but no LOBs 2*n 3*n
LOBs but no distinct types 2*n 2*n
LOBs and distinct types 2*n 3*n
An SQLDA with n occurrences of SQLVAR is referred to as a single SQLDA, an

SQLDA with 2*n occurrences of SQLVAR a double SQLDA, an SQLDA with 3*n
occurrences of SQLVAR a triple SQLDA.
A program that admits SQL statements of every kind for dynamic execution has two
choices:
v Provide the largest SQLDA that it could ever need. The maximum number of
columns in a result table is 750, so an SQLDA for 750 columns occupies 33 016
bytes for a single SQLDA, 66 016 bytes for a double SQLDA, or 99 016 bytes for
a triple SQLDA. Most SELECT statements do not retrieve 750 columns, so the
program does not usually use most of that space.
v Provide a smaller SQLDA, with fewer occurrences of SQLVAR. From this the
program can find out whether the statement was a SELECT and, if it was, how
many columns are in its result table. If more columns are in the result than the
SQLDA can hold, DB2 returns no descriptions. When this happens, the program
must acquire storage for a second SQLDA that is long enough to hold the
column descriptions, and ask DB2 for the descriptions again. Although this
technique is more complicated to program than the first, it is more general.
How many columns should you allow? You must choose a number that is large
enough for most of your SELECT statements, but not too wasteful of space; 40 is
a good compromise. To illustrate what you must do for statements that return
more columns than allowed, the example in this discussion uses an SQLDA that
is allocated for at least 100 columns.
Declaring a cursor for the statement

As before, you need a cursor for the dynamic SELECT. For example, write:
EXEC SQL
DECLARE C1 CURSOR FOR STMT;
Preparing the statement using the minimum SQLDA

Suppose that your program declares an SQLDA structure with the name
MINSQLDA, having 100 occurrences of SQLVAR and SQLN set to 100. To prepare
a statement from the character string in DSTRING and also enter its description into
MINSQLDA, write this:
EXEC SQL PREPARE STMT FROM :DSTRING;
EXEC SQL DESCRIBE STMT INTO :MINSQLDA;
Equivalently, you can use the INTO clause in the PREPARE statement:
EXEC SQL
PREPARE STMT INTO :MINSQLDA FROM :DSTRING;

Do not use the USING clause in either of these examples. At the moment, only the
minimum SQLDA is in use. Figure 161 shows the contents of the minimum SQLDA
in use.
Figure 161. The minimum SQLDA structure
SQLn determines what SQLVAR gets

The SQLN field, which you must set before using DESCRIBE (or PREPARE INTO),
tells how many occurrences of SQLVAR the SQLDA is allocated for. If DESCRIBE
needs more than that, the results of the DESCRIBE depend on the contents of the
result table. Let n indicate the number of columns in the result table. Then:
v If the result table contains at least one distinct type column but no LOB columns,
you do not specify USING BOTH, and n<=SQLN<2*n, then DB2 returns base
SQLVAR information in the first n SQLVAR occurrences, but no distinct type
information. Base SQLVAR information includes:
– Data type code
– Length attribute (except for LOBs)
– Column name or label
– Host variable address
– Indicator variable address
v Otherwise, if SQLN is less than the minimum number of SQLVARs specified in
Table 73 on page 556, then DB2 returns no information in the SQLVARs.
Regardless of whether your SQLDA is big enough, whenever you execute

DESCRIBE, DB2 returns the following values, which you can use to build an
SQLDA of the correct size:
v SQLD is 0 if the SQL statement is not a SELECT. Otherwise, SQLD is the
number of columns in the result table. The number of SQLVAR occurrences you
need for the SELECT depends on the value in the seventh byte of SQLDAID.
v The seventh byte of SQLDAID is 2 if each column in the result table requires two
SQLVAR entries. The seventh byte of SQLDAID is 3 if each column in the result
table requires three SQLVAR entries.
If the statement is not a SELECT

To find out if the statement is a SELECT, your program can query the SQLD field in
MINSQLDA. If the field contains 0, the statement is not a SELECT, the statement is
already prepared, and your program can execute it. If no parameter markers are in
the statement, you can use:
EXEC SQL EXECUTE STMT;
(If the statement does contain parameter markers, you must use an SQL descriptor
area; for instructions, see “Executing arbitrary statements with parameter markers”
on page 565.)
Acquiring storage for a second SQLDA if needed

Now you can allocate storage for a second, full-size SQLDA; call it FULSQLDA.
Figure 162 on page 558 shows its structure.

Figure 162. The full-size SQLDA structure
FULSQLDA has a fixed-length header of 16 bytes in length, followed by a

varying-length section that consists of structures with the SQLVAR format. If the
result table contains LOB columns or distinct type columns, a varying-length section
that consists of structures with the SQLVAR2 format follows the structures with
SQLVAR format. All SQLVAR structures and SQLVAR2 structures are 44 bytes long.
See Appendix C of DB2 SQL Reference for details about the two SQLVAR formats.
The number of SQLVAR and SQLVAR2 elements you need is in the SQLD field of
MINSQLDA, and the total length you need for FULSQLDA (16 + SQLD * 44) is in
the SQLDABC field of MINSQLDA. Allocate that amount of storage.
Describing the SELECT statement again

After allocating sufficient space for FULSQLDA, your program must take these
steps:
1. Put the total number of SQLVAR and SQLVAR2 occurrences in FULSQLDA into
the SQLN field of FULSQLDA. This number appears in the SQLD field of
MINSQLDA.
2. Describe the statement again into the new SQLDA:
EXEC SQL DESCRIBE STMT INTO :FULSQLDA;
After the DESCRIBE statement executes, each occurrence of SQLVAR in the

full-size SQLDA (FULSQLDA in our example) contains a description of one column
of the result table in five fields. If an SQLVAR occurrence describes a LOB column
or distinct type column, the corresponding SQLVAR2 occurrence contains additional
information specific to the LOB or distinct type.
Figure 163 on page 559 shows an SQLDA that describes two columns that are not
LOB columns or distinct type columns. See “Describing tables with LOB and distinct
type columns” on page 563 for an example of describing a result table with LOB
columns or distinct type columns.

Figure 163. Contents of FULSQLDA after executing DESCRIBE
Acquiring storage to hold a row

Before fetching rows of the result table, your program must:
1. Analyze each SQLVAR description to determine how much space you need for
the column value.
2. Derive the address of some storage area of the required size.
3. Put this address in the SQLDATA field.
If the SQLTYPE field indicates that the value can be null, the program must also put
the address of an indicator variable in the SQLIND field. The following figures show
the SQL descriptor area after you take certain actions.
In Figure 164, the DESCRIBE statement inserted all the values except the first
occurrence of the number 200. The program inserted the number 200 before it
executed DESCRIBE to tell how many occurrences of SQLVAR to allow. If the result
table of the SELECT has more columns than this, the SQLVAR fields describe
nothing.
Figure 164. SQL descriptor area after executing DESCRIBE
The first SQLVAR pertains to the first column of the result table (the WORKDEPT
column). SQLVAR element 1 contains fixed-length character strings and does not
allow null values (SQLTYPE=452); the length attribute is 3. For information about
SQLTYPE values, see Appendix C of DB2 SQL Reference.
Figure 165 on page 560 shows the SQLDA after your program acquires storage for
the column values and their indicators, and puts the addresses in the SQLDATA
fields of the SQLDA.

Figure 165. SQL descriptor area after analyzing descriptions and acquiring storage
Figure 166 shows the SQLDA after your program executes a FETCH statement.
Figure 166. SQL descriptor area after executing FETCH
Table 74 describes the values in the descriptor area.

Table 74. Values inserted in the SQLDA
Value Field Description
SQLDA SQLDAID An “eye-catcher”
8816 SQLDABC The size of the SQLDA in bytes (16 + 44 * 200)
200 SQLN The number of occurrences of SQLVAR, set by the
program
200 SQLD The number of occurrences of SQLVAR actually used
by the DESCRIBE statement
452 SQLTYPE The value of SQLTYPE in the first occurrence of
SQLVAR. It indicates that the first column contains
fixed-length character strings, and does not allow
nulls.
3 SQLLEN The length attribute of the column
Undefined or SQLDATA Bytes 3 and 4 contain the CCSID of a string column.
CCSID value Undefined for other types of columns.
Undefined SQLIND
8 SQLNAME The number of characters in the column name
WORKDEPT SQLNAME+2 The column name of the first column
Putting storage addresses in the SQLDA

After analyzing the description of each column, your program must replace the
content of each SQLDATA field with the address of a storage area large enough to

hold values from that column. Similarly, for every column that allows nulls, the
program must replace the content of the SQLIND field. The content must be the
address of a halfword that you can use as an indicator variable for the column. The
program can acquire storage for this purpose, of course, but the storage areas used
do not have to be contiguous.
Figure 165 on page 560 shows the content of the descriptor area before the
program obtains any rows of the result table. Addresses of fields and indicator
variables are already in the SQLVAR.
Changing the CCSID for retrieved data

All DB2 string data has an encoding scheme and CCSID associated with it. When
you select string data from a table, the selected data generally has the same
encoding scheme and CCSID as the table. If the application uses some method,
such as issuing the DECLARE VARIABLE statement, to change the CCSID of the
selected data, the data is converted from the CCSID of the table to the CCSID that
is specified by the application.
You can set the default application encoding scheme for a plan or package by
specifying the value in the APPLICATION ENCODING field of the panel DEFAULTS
FOR BIND PACKAGE or DEFAULTS FOR BIND PLAN. The default application
encoding scheme for the DB2 subsystem is the value that was specified in the
APPLICATION ENCODING field of installation panel DSNTIPF.
If you want to retrieve the data in an encoding scheme and CCSID other than the
default values, you can use one of the following techniques:
v For dynamic SQL, set the CURRENT APPLICATION ENCODING SCHEME
special register before you execute the SELECT statements. For example, to set
the CCSID and encoding scheme for retrieved data to the default CCSID for
Unicode, execute this SQL statement:
EXEC SQL SET CURRENT APPLICATION ENCODING SCHEME =’UNICODE’;
The initial value of this special register is the application encoding scheme that is
determined by the BIND option.
v For static and dynamic SQL statements that use host variables and host variable
arrays, use the DECLARE VARIABLE statement to associate CCSIDs with the
host variables into which you retrieve the data. See “Changing the coded
character set ID of host variables” on page 77 for information about this
technique.
v For static and dynamic SQL statements that use a descriptor, set the CCSID for
the retrieved data in the SQLDA. The following text describes that technique.
To change the encoding scheme for SQL statements that use a descriptor, set up
the SQLDA, and then make these additional changes to the SQLDA:
1. Put the character + in the sixth byte of field SQLDAID.
2. For each SQLVAR entry:
v Set the length field of SQLNAME to 8.
v Set the first two bytes of the data field of SQLNAME to X'0000'.
v Set the third and fourth bytes of the data field of SQLNAME to the CCSID, in
hexadecimal, in which you want the results to display. You can specify any
CCSID that meets either of the following conditions:
– A row in catalog table SYSSTRINGS has a matching value for
OUTCCSID.

– The Unicode conversion services support conversion to that CCSID. See
z/OS C/C++ Programming Guide for information about the conversions
supported.
If you are modifying the CCSID to retrieve the contents of an ASCII, EBCDIC,
or Unicode table on a DB2 UDB for z/OS system, and you previously
executed a DESCRIBE statement on the SELECT statement that you are
using to retrieve the data, the SQLDATA fields in the SQLDA that you used
for the DESCRIBE contain the ASCII or Unicode CCSID for that table. To set
the data portion of the SQLNAME fields for the SELECT, move the contents
of each SQLDATA field in the SQLDA from the DESCRIBE to each
SQLNAME field in the SQLDA for the SELECT. If you are using the same
SQLDA for the DESCRIBE and the SELECT, be sure to move the contents of
the SQLDATA field to SQLNAME before you modify the SQLDATA field for
the SELECT.
For REXX, you set the CCSID in the stem.n.SQLCCSID field instead of setting
the SQLDAID and SQLNAME fields.
For example, suppose that the table that contains WORKDEPT and PHONENO is
defined with CCSID ASCII. To retrieve data for columns WORKDEPT and
PHONENO in ASCII CCSID 437 (X'01B5'), change the SQLDA as shown in
Figure 167.
Figure 167. SQL descriptor area for retrieving data in ASCII CCSID 437
Using column labels

By default, DESCRIBE describes each column in the SQLNAME field by the column
name. You can tell it to use column labels instead by writing:
EXEC SQL
DESCRIBE STMT INTO :FULSQLDA USING LABELS;
In this case, SQLNAME contains nothing for a column with no label. If you prefer to
use labels wherever they exist, but column names where there are no labels, write
USING ANY. (Some columns, such as those derived from functions or expressions,
have neither name nor label; SQLNAME contains nothing for those columns.
However, if the column is the result of a UNION, SQLNAME contains the names of
the columns of the first operand of the UNION.)
You can also write USING BOTH to obtain the name and the label when both exist.
However, to obtain both, you need a second set of occurrences of SQLVAR in
FULSQLDA. The first set contains descriptions of all the columns using names; the
second set contains descriptions using labels. This means that you must allocate a
longer SQLDA for the second DESCRIBE statement ((16 + SQLD * 88 bytes)
instead of (16 + SQLD * 44)). You must also put double the number of columns
(SLQD * 2) in the SQLN field of the second SQLDA. Otherwise, if not enough
space is available, DESCRIBE does not enter descriptions of any of the columns.

Describing tables with LOB and distinct type columns
In general, the steps you perform when you prepare an SQLDA to select rows from
a table with LOB or distinct type columns are similar to the steps you perform if the
table has no columns of this type. The only difference is that you need to analyze
some additional fields in the SQLDA for LOB or distinct type columns.
To illustrate this, suppose that you want to execute this SELECT statement:
SELECT USER, A_DOC FROM DOCUMENTS;
The USER column cannot contain nulls and is of distinct type ID, defined like this:
CREATE DISTINCT TYPE SCHEMA1.ID AS CHAR(20);
The A_DOC column can contain nulls and is of type CLOB(1M).
The result table for this statement has two columns, but you need four SQLVAR
occurrences in your SQLDA because the result table contains a LOB type and a
distinct type. Suppose that you prepare and describe this statement into
FULSQLDA, which is large enough to hold four SQLVAR occurrences. FULSQLDA
looks like Figure 168.
Figure 168. SQL descriptor area after describing a CLOB and distinct type
The next steps are the same as for result tables without LOBs or distinct types:
1. Analyze each SQLVAR description to determine the maximum amount of space
you need for the column value.
For a LOB type, retrieve the length from the SQLLONGL field instead of the
SQLLEN field.
2. Derive the address of some storage area of the required size.
For a LOB data type, you also need a 4-byte storage area for the length of the
LOB data. You can allocate this 4-byte area at the beginning of the LOB data or
in a different location.
3. Put this address in the SQLDATA field.
For a LOB data type, if you allocated a separate area to hold the length of the
LOB data, put the address of the length field in SQLDATAL. If the length field is
at beginning of the LOB data area, put 0 in SQLDATAL.
4. If the SQLTYPE field indicates that the value can be null, the program must also
put the address of an indicator variable in the SQLIND field.
Figure 169 on page 564 shows the contents of FULSQLDA after you fill in pointers
to the storage locations.

Figure 169. SQL descriptor area after analyzing CLOB and distinct type descriptions and
acquiring storage
Figure 170 shows the contents of FULSQLDA after you execute a FETCH
statement.
Figure 170. SQL descriptor area after executing FETCH on a table with CLOB and distinct
type columns
Executing a varying-list SELECT statement dynamically

You can easily retrieve rows of the result table using a varying-list SELECT
statement. The statements differ only a little from those for the fixed-list example.
Open the cursor

If the SELECT statement contains no parameter marker, this step is simple enough.
For example:
EXEC SQL OPEN C1;
For cases when there are parameter markers, see “Executing arbitrary statements
with parameter markers” on page 565 below.
Fetch rows from the result table

This statement differs from the corresponding one for the case of a fixed-list select.
Write:

EXEC SQL
FETCH C1 USING DESCRIPTOR :FULSQLDA;
The key feature of this statement is the clause USING DESCRIPTOR :FULSQLDA.
That clause names an SQL descriptor area in which the occurrences of SQLVAR
point to other areas. Those other areas receive the values that FETCH returns. It is
possible to use that clause only because you previously set up FULSQLDA to look
like Figure 164 on page 559.
Figure 166 on page 560 shows the result of the FETCH. The data areas identified
in the SQLVAR fields receive the values from a single row of the result table.
Successive executions of the same FETCH statement put values from successive
rows of the result table into these same areas.
Close the cursor

This step is the same as for the fixed-list case. When no more rows need to be
processed, execute the following statement:
EXEC SQL CLOSE C1;
When COMMIT ends the unit of work containing OPEN, the statement in STMT
reverts to the unprepared state. Unless you defined the cursor using the WITH
HOLD option, you must prepare the statement again before you can reopen the
cursor.
Executing arbitrary statements with parameter markers

Consider, as an example, a program that executes dynamic SQL statements of
several kinds, including varying-list SELECT statements, any of which might contain
a variable number of parameter markers. This program might present your users
with lists of choices: choices of operation (update, select, delete); choices of table
names; choices of columns to select or update. The program also allows the users
to enter lists of employee numbers to apply to the chosen operation. From this, the
program constructs SQL statements of several forms, one of which looks like this:
SELECT .... FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE EMPNO IN (?,?,?,...?);
The program then executes these statements dynamically.
When the number and types of parameters are known

In the preceding example, you do not know in advance the number of parameter
markers, and perhaps the kinds of parameter they represent. You can use
techniques described previously if you know the number and types of parameters,
as in the following examples:
v If the SQL statement is not SELECT, name a list of host variables in the
EXECUTE statement:
WRONG: EXEC SQL EXECUTE STMT;
RIGHT: EXEC SQL EXECUTE STMT USING :VAR1, :VAR2, :VAR3;

v If the SQL statement is SELECT, name a list of host variables in the OPEN
statement:
WRONG: EXEC SQL OPEN C1;
RIGHT: EXEC SQL OPEN C1 USING :VAR1, :VAR2, :VAR3;
In both cases, the number and types of host variables named must agree with the
number of parameter markers in STMT and the types of parameter they represent.
The first variable (VAR1 in the examples) must have the type expected for the first
parameter marker in the statement, the second variable must have the type
expected for the second marker, and so on. There must be at least as many
variables as parameter markers.
When the number and types of parameters are not known

When you do not know the number and types of parameters, you can adapt the
SQL descriptor area. Your program can include an unlimited number of SQLDAs,
and you can use them for different purposes. Suppose that an SQLDA, arbitrarily
named DPARM, describes a set of parameters.
The structure of DPARM is the same as that of any other SQLDA. The number of
occurrences of SQLVAR can vary, as in previous examples. In this case, every
parameter marker must have one SQLVAR. Each occurrence of SQLVAR describes
one host variable that replaces one parameter marker at run time. DB2 replaces the
parameter markers when a non-SELECT statement executes or when a cursor is
opened for a SELECT statement.
You must fill in certain fields in DPARM before using EXECUTE or OPEN; you can
ignore the other fields.
Field Use when describing host variables for parameter markers
SQLDAID The seventh byte indicates whether more than one SQLVAR entry
is used for each parameter marker. If this byte is not blank, at least
one parameter marker represents a distinct type or LOB value, so
the SQLDA has more than one set of SQLVAR entries.
You do not set this field for a REXX SQLDA.
SQLDABC The length of the SQLDA, which is equal to SQLN * 44 + 16. You
do not set this field for a REXX SQLDA.
SQLN The number of occurrences of SQLVAR allocated for DPARM. You
do not set this field for a REXX SQLDA.
SQLD The number of occurrences of SQLVAR actually used. This number
must not be less than the number of parameter markers. In each
occurrence of SQLVAR, put information in the following fields:
SQLTYPE, SQLLEN, SQLDATA, SQLIND.
SQLTYPE The code for the type of variable, and whether it allows nulls.
SQLLEN The length of the host variable.
SQLDATA The address of the host variable.
For REXX, this field contains the value of the host variable.
SQLIND The address of an indicator variable, if needed.
For REXX, this field contains a negative number if the value in
SQLDATA is null.
SQLNAME Ignore.
Using the SQLDA with EXECUTE or OPEN

To indicate that the SQLDA called DPARM describes the host variables substituted
for the parameter markers at run time, use a USING DESCRIPTOR clause with
EXECUTE or OPEN.
v For a non-SELECT statement, write:
EXEC SQL EXECUTE STMT USING DESCRIPTOR :DPARM;

v For a SELECT statement, write:
EXEC SQL OPEN C1 USING DESCRIPTOR :DPARM;

SQL
| When you specify the bind option REOPT(ALWAYS), DB2 reoptimizes the access
path at run time for SQL statements that contain host variables, parameter markers,
| or special registers. The option REOPT(ALWAYS) has the following effects on
dynamic SQL statements:
| v When you specify the option REOPT(ALWAYS), DB2 automatically uses
DEFER(PREPARE), which means that DB2 waits to prepare a statement until it
encounters an OPEN or EXECUTE statement.
v When you execute a DESCRIBE statement and then an EXECUTE statement on
a non-SELECT statement, DB2 prepares the statement twice: Once for the
DESCRIBE statement and once for the EXECUTE statement. DB2 uses the
values in the input variables only during the second PREPARE. These multiple
PREPAREs can cause performance to degrade if your program contains many
dynamic non-SELECT statements. To improve performance, consider putting the
code that contains those statements in a separate package and then binding that
| package with the option REOPT(NONE).
v If you execute a DESCRIBE statement before you open a cursor for that
statement, DB2 prepares the statement twice. If, however, you execute a
DESCRIBE statement after you open the cursor, DB2 prepares the statement
only once. To improve the performance of a program bound with the option
| REOPT(ALWAYS), execute the DESCRIBE statement after you open the cursor.
To prevent an automatic DESCRIBE before a cursor is opened, do not use a
PREPARE statement with the INTO clause.
| v If you use predictive governing for applications bound with REOPT(ALWAYS),
DB2 does not return a warning SQLCODE when dynamic SQL statements
exceed the predictive governing warning threshold. DB2 does return an error
SQLCODE when dynamic SQL statements exceed the predictive governing error
threshold. DB2 returns the error SQLCODE for an EXECUTE or OPEN
statement.
| When you specify the bind option REOPT(ONCE), DB2 optimizes the access path
| only once, at the first EXECUTE or OPEN, for SQL statements that contain host
| variables, parameter markers, or special registers. The option REOPT(ONCE) has
| the following effects on dynamic SQL statements:
| v When you specify the option REOPT(ONCE), DB2 automatically uses
| DEFER(PREPARE), which means that DB2 waits to prepare a statement until it
| encounters an OPEN or EXECUTE statement.
| v When DB2 prepares a statement using REOPT(ONCE), it saves the access path
| in the dynamic statement cache. This access path is used each time the
| statement is run, until the statement that is in the cache is invalidated (or
| removed from the cache) and needs to be rebound.
| v The DESCRIBE statement has the following effects on dynamic statements that
| are bound with REOPT(ONCE):
| – When you execute a DESCRIBE statement before an EXECUTE statement
| on a non-SELECT statement, DB2 prepares the statement twice if it is not
| already saved in the cache: Once for the DESCRIBE statement and once for
| the EXECUTE statement. DB2 uses the values of the input variables only
| during the second time the statement is prepared. It then saves the statement
| in the cache. If you execute a DESCRIBE statement before an EXECUTE

| statement on a non-SELECT statement that has already been saved in the
| cache, DB2 prepares the non-SELECT statement only for the DESCRIBE
| statement.
| – If you execute DESCRIBE on a statement before you open a cursor for that
| statement, DB2 always prepares the statement on DESCRIBE. However, DB2
| will not prepare the statement again on OPEN if the statement has already
| been saved in the cache. If you execute DESCRIBE on a statement after you
| open a cursor for that statement, DB2 prepared the statement only once if it is
| not already saved in the cache. If the statement is already saved in the cache
| and you execute DESCRIBE after you open a cursor for that statement, DB2
| does not prepare the statement, it used the statement that is saved in the
| cache.
| To improve the performance of a program that is bound with REOPT(ONCE),
| execute the DESCRIBE statement after you open a cursor. To prevent an
| automatic DESCRIBE before a cursor is opened, do not use a PREPARE
| statement with the INTO clause.
| v If you use predictive governing for applications that are bound with
| REOPT(ONCE), DB2 does not return a warning SQLCODE when dynamic SQL
| statements exceed the predictive governing warning threshold. DB2 does return
| an error SQLCODE when dynamic SQL statements exceed the predictive
| governing error threshold. DB2 returns the error SQLCODE for an EXECUTE or
| OPEN statement.
Using dynamic SQL in COBOL

You can use all forms of dynamic SQL in all versions of COBOL except OS/VS
COBOL. OS/VS COBOL programs using an SQLDA must use an assembler
subroutine to manage address variables (pointers) and to allocate storage. For a
detailed description and a working example of the method, see “Sample COBOL
dynamic SQL program” on page 931.

Chapter 25. Using stored procedures for client/server
processing
This chapter covers the following topics:
v “Introduction to stored procedures”
v “An example of a simple stored procedure” on page 570
v “Setting up the stored procedures environment” on page 574
v “Writing and preparing an external stored procedure” on page 581
v “Writing and preparing an SQL procedure” on page 597
v “Writing and preparing an application to use stored procedures” on page 621
v “Running a stored procedure” on page 659
v “Testing a stored procedure” on page 664
This chapter contains information that applies to all stored procedures and specific
information about stored procedures in languages other than Java. For information
about writing, preparing, and running Java stored procedures, see DB2 Application
Programming Guide and Reference for Java.
Introduction to stored procedures

A stored procedure is a compiled program, stored at a DB2 local or remote server,
that can execute SQL statements. A typical stored procedure contains two or more
SQL statements and some manipulative or logical processing in a host language. A
client application program uses the SQL statement CALL to invoke the stored
procedure.
Consider using stored procedures for a client/server application that does at least
one of the following things:
v Executes multiple remote SQL statements.
Remote SQL statements can create many network send and receive operations,
which results in increased processor costs.
Stored procedures can encapsulate many of your application’s SQL statements
into a single message to the DB2 server, reducing network traffic to a single send
and receive operation for a series of SQL statements.
Locks on DB2 tables are not held across network transmissions, which reduces
contention for resources at the server.
v Accesses tables from a dynamic SQL environment where table privileges for the
application that is running are undesirable.
Stored procedures allow static SQL authorization from a dynamic environment.
v Accesses host variables for which you want to guarantee security and integrity.
Stored procedures remove SQL applications from the workstation, which prevents
workstation users from manipulating the contents of sensitive SQL statements
and host variables.
v Creates a result set of rows to return to the client application.
Figure 171 on page 570 and Figure 172 on page 570 illustrate the difference
between using stored procedures and not using stored procedures for processing in
a client/server environment.

Figure 171 shows processing without using stored procedures. A client application
embeds SQL statements and communicates with the server separately for each
statement. This results in increased network traffic and processor costs.
Client DB2 for z/OS

EXEC SQL SELECT …
Perform SQL processing
EXEC SQL UPDATE …

EXEC SQL INSERT …

Figure 171. Processing without stored procedures
Figure 172 shows processing with stored procedures. The same series of SQL
statements that are illustrated in Figure 171 uses a single send and receive
operation, reducing network traffic and the cost of processing these statements.
z/OS system
DB2 stored
Client EXEC SQL DB2 procedures region
CALL PROCX
Schedule EXEC SQL
PROCX DECLARE C1...
EXEC SQL
Perform SQL OPEN C1...
EXEC SQL
Perform SQL UPDATE...
EXEC SQL
Perform SQL INSERT...
Return values PROCX end

and result set
to client
Figure 172. Processing with stored procedures
An example of a simple stored procedure

Suppose that an application runs on a workstation client and calls a stored
procedure A on the DB2 server at location LOCA. Stored procedure A performs the
following operations:

1. Receives a set of parameters containing the data for one row of the employee
to project activity table (DSN8810.EMPPROJACT). These parameters are input
parameters in the SQL statement CALL:
v EMP: employee number
v PRJ: project number
v ACT: activity ID
v EMT: percent of employee’s time required
v EMS: date the activity starts
v EME: date the activity is due to end
2. Declares a cursor, C1, with the option WITH RETURN, that is used to return a
result set containing all rows in EMPPROJACT to the workstation application
that called the stored procedure.
3. Queries table EMPPROJACT to determine whether a row exists where columns
PROJNO, ACTNO, EMSTDATE, and EMPNO match the values of parameters
PRJ, ACT, EMS, and EMP. (The table has a unique index on those columns.
There is at most one row with those values.)
4. If the row exists, executes an SQL statement UPDATE to assign the values of
parameters EMT and EME to columns EMPTIME and EMENDATE.
5. If the row does not exist (SQLCODE +100), executes an SQL statement
INSERT to insert a new row with all the values in the parameter list.
6. Opens cursor C1. This causes the result set to be returned to the caller when
the stored procedure ends.
7. Returns two parameters, containing these values:
v A code to identify the type of SQL statement last executed: UPDATE or
INSERT.
v The SQLCODE from that statement.
Figure 173 on page 572 illustrates the steps that are involved in executing this
stored procedure.
Chapter 25. Using stored procedures for client/server processing 571

Figure 173. Stored procedure overview
Notes to Figure 173:

1. The workstation application uses the SQL CONNECT statement to create a
conversation with DB2.
2. DB2 creates a DB2 thread to process SQL requests.

3. The SQL statement CALL tells the DB2 server that the application is going to
run a stored procedure. The calling application provides the necessary
parameters.
4. The plan for the client application contains information from catalog table
SYSROUTINES about stored procedure A. DB2 caches all rows in the table
associated with A, so future references to A do not require I/O to the table.
5. DB2 passes information about the request to the stored procedures address
space, and the stored procedure begins execution.
6. The stored procedure executes SQL statements.
DB2 verifies that the owner of the package or plan containing the SQL
statement CALL has EXECUTE authority for the package associated with the
DB2 stored procedure.
One of the SQL statements opens a cursor that has been declared WITH
RETURN. This causes a result set to be returned to the workstation application
when the procedure ends.
Any SQLCODE that is issued within an external stored procedure is not
returned to the workstation application in the SQLCA (as the result of the CALL
statement).
| 7. If an error is not encountered, the stored procedure assigns values to the output
parameters and exits.
Control returns to the DB2 stored procedures address space, and from there to
the DB2 system. If the stored procedure definition contains COMMIT ON
RETURN NO, DB2 does not commit or roll back any changes from the SQL in
the stored procedure until the calling program executes an explicit COMMIT or
ROLLBACK statement. If the stored procedure definition contains COMMIT ON
RETURN YES, and the stored procedure executed successfully, DB2 commits
all changes.
8. Control returns to the calling application, which receives the output parameters
and the result set. DB2 then:
v Closes all cursors that the stored procedure opened, except those that the
stored procedure opened to return result sets.
v Discards all SQL statements that the stored procedure prepared.
v Reclaims the working storage that the stored procedure used.
The application can call more stored procedures, or it can execute more SQL
statements. DB2 receives and processes the COMMIT or ROLLBACK request.
The COMMIT or ROLLBACK operation covers all SQL operations, whether
executed by the application or by stored procedures, for that unit of work.
If the application involves IMS or CICS, similar processing occurs based on the
IMS or CICS sync point rather than on an SQL COMMIT or ROLLBACK
statement.
9. DB2 returns a reply message to the application describing the outcome of the
COMMIT or ROLLBACK operation.
10. The workstation application executes the following steps to retrieve the
contents of table EMPPROJACT, which the stored procedure has returned in a
result set:
a. Declares a result set locator for the result set being returned.
b. Executes the ASSOCIATE LOCATORS statement to associate the result
set locator with the result set.
c. Executes the ALLOCATE CURSOR statement to associate a cursor with
the result set.
d. Executes the FETCH statement with the allocated cursor multiple times to
retrieve the rows in the result set.

Setting up the stored procedures environment
This section discusses the tasks that must be performed before stored procedures
can run. Most of this information is for system administrators, but application
programmers should read “Defining your stored procedure to DB2” on page 575.
That section explains how to use the CREATE PROCEDURE statement to define a
stored procedure to DB2.
The system administrator needs to perform these tasks to prepare the DB2
subsystem to run stored procedures:
| v Move existing stored procedures to a WLM environment, or set up WLM
| environments for new stored procedures.
| You can run only existing stored procedures in a DB2-established stored
| procedure address space; the support for this type of address space is being
| deprecated. If you are currently using DB2-established address spaces, see
| “Moving stored procedures to a WLM-established environment (for system
| administrators)” on page 580 for information about what needs to be done.
v Define JCL procedures for the stored procedures address spaces.
Member DSNTIJMV of data set DSN810.SDSNSAMP contains sample JCL
procedures for starting WLM-established and DB2-established address spaces. If
you enter a WLM procedure name or a DB2 procedure name in installation panel
DSNTIPX, DB2 customizes a JCL procedure for you. See Part 2 of DB2
Installation Guide for details.
v For WLM-established address spaces, define WLM application environments for
groups of stored procedures and associate a JCL startup procedure with each
application environment.
See Part 5 (Volume 2) of DB2 Administration Guide for information about how to
do this.
v If you plan to execute stored procedures that use the ODBA interface to access
IMS databases, modify the startup procedures for the address spaces in which
those stored procedures will run in the following way:
– Add the data set name of the IMS data set that contains the ODBA callable
interface code (usually IMS.RESLIB) to the end of the STEPLIB
concatenation.
– After the STEPLIB DD statement, add a DFSRESLB DD statement that
names the IMS data set that contains the ODBA callable interface code.
v If you plan to execute LANGUAGE JAVA stored procedures, set up the JCL and
install the software prerequisites, as described in DB2 Application Programming
Guide and Reference for Java.
v Install Language Environment and the appropriate compilers.
See z/OS Language Environment Customization for information about installing
Language Environment.
See “Language requirements for the stored procedure and its caller” on page 581
for minimum compiler and Language Environment requirements.
The system administrator needs to perform these tasks for each stored procedure:
v Be sure that the library in which the stored procedure resides is the STEPLIB
concatenation of the startup procedure for the stored procedures address space.
v Use the CREATE PROCEDURE statement to define the stored procedure to DB2
and ALTER PROCEDURE to modify the definition.
See “Defining your stored procedure to DB2” on page 575 for details.
v Perform security tasks for the stored procedure.

See Part 3 of DB2 Administration Guide for more information.
Defining your stored procedure to DB2

Before a stored procedure can run, you must define it to DB2. Use the SQL
statement CREATE PROCEDURE to define a stored procedure to DB2. To alter the
definition, use the ALTER PROCEDURE statement.
Table 75 lists the characteristics of a stored procedure and the CREATE

PROCEDURE and ALTER PROCEDURE parameters that correspond to those
characteristics.
Table 75. Characteristics of a stored procedure
Characteristic CREATE/ALTER PROCEDURE parameter
Stored procedure name PROCEDURE
Parameter declarations
Parameter types and encoding schemes PROCEDURE
External name EXTERNAL NAME
Language LANGUAGE ASSEMBLE
LANGUAGE C
LANGUAGE COBOL
LANGUAGE JAVA
LANGUAGE PLI
LANGUAGE REXX
LANGUAGE SQL
Deterministic or not deterministic NOT DETERMINISTIC
DETERMINISTIC
Types of SQL statements in the stored procedure NO SQL
CONTAINS SQL
READS SQL DATA
MODIFIES SQL DATA
| Parameter style PARAMETER STYLE SQL1
PARAMETER STYLE GENERAL
PARAMETER STYLE GENERAL WITH NULLS
PARAMETER STYLE JAVA
Address space for stored procedures FENCED
Package collection NO COLLID
COLLID collection-id
WLM environment WLM ENVIRONMENT name
WLM ENVIRONMENT name,*
How long a stored procedure can run ASUTIME NO LIMIT
ASUTIME LIMIT integer
Load module stays in memory STAY RESIDENT NO
STAY RESIDENT YES
Program type PROGRAM TYPE MAIN
PROGRAM TYPE SUB 2
Security SECURITY DB2
SECURITY USER
SECURITY DEFINER
Run-time options RUN OPTIONS options3
Maximum number of returned result sets DYNAMIC RESULT SETS integer

Table 75. Characteristics of a stored procedure (continued)
Characteristic CREATE/ALTER PROCEDURE parameter
Commit work on return from stored procedure COMMIT ON RETURN YES
COMMIT ON RETURN NO
Call with null arguments CALLED ON NULL INPUT
Pass DB2 environment information NO DBINFO
DBINFO4
Encoding scheme for all string parameters PARAMETER CCSID EBCDIC
PARAMETER CCSID ASCII
PARAMETER CCSID UNICODE
| Number of abnormal terminations before the stored STOP AFTER SYSTEM DEFAULT FAILURES
| procedure is stopped STOP AFTER n FAILURES
CONTINUE AFTER FAILURE
Notes:
1. This value is invalid for a REXX stored procedure.
| 2. This value is ignored for a REXX stored procedure. Specifying PROGRAM TYPE SUB with REXX will not result in
| an error; however, a value of MAIN will be stored in the DB2 catalog and used at runtime.
3. This value is ignored for a REXX stored procedure.
| 4. DBINFO is valid only with PARAMETER STYLE SQL.
For a complete explanation of the parameters in a CREATE PROCEDURE or

ALTER PROCEDURE statement, see Chapter 2 of DB2 SQL Reference.
Passing environment information to the stored procedure

If you specify the DBINFO parameter when you define a stored procedure with
| PARAMETER STYLE SQL, DB2 passes a structure to the stored procedure that
contains environment information. Because the structure is also used for
user-defined functions, some fields in the structure are not used for stored
procedures. The DBINFO structure includes the following information:
Location name length
An unsigned 2-byte integer field. It contains the length of the location name in
the next field.
Location name
A 128-byte character field. It contains the name of the location to which the
invoker is currently connected.
Authorization ID length
An unsigned 2-byte integer field. It contains the length of the authorization ID in
the next field.
Authorization ID
A 128-byte character field. It contains the authorization ID of the application
from which the stored procedure is invoked, padded on the right with blanks. If
this stored procedure is nested within other routines (user-defined functions or
stored procedures), this value is the authorization ID of the application that
invoked the highest-level routine.
Subsystem code page
A 48-byte structure that consists of 10 integer fields and an eight-byte reserved
area. These fields provide information about the CCSIDs of the subsystem from
which the stored procedure is invoked.

Table qualifier length
An unsigned 2-byte integer field. This field contains 0.
Table qualifier
A 128-byte character field. This field is not used for stored procedures.
Table name length
Table name
Column name length
Column name
Product information
An 8-byte character field that identifies the product on which the stored
procedure executes. This field has the form pppvvrrm, where:
v ppp is a 3-byte product code:
ARI DB2 Server for VSE & VM
DSN DB2 UDB for z/OS
QSQ DB2 UDB for iSeries
SQL DB2 UDB for Linux, UNIX, and Windows
v vv is a two-digit version identifier.
v rr is a two-digit release identifier.
v m is a one-digit maintenance level identifier.
| Reserved area
| 2 bytes.
Operating system
A 4-byte integer field. It identifies the operating system on which the program
that invokes the user-defined function runs. The value is one of these:
0 Unknown
1 OS/2
3 Windows
4 AIX®
5 Windows NT®
6 HP-UX
7 Solaris
8 z/OS
13 Siemens Nixdorf
15 Windows 95
16 SCO UNIX
| 18 Linux
| 19 DYNIX/ptx
24 Linux for S/390

| 25 Linux for zSeries
| 26 Linux/IA64
| 27 Linux/PPC
| 28 Linux/PPC64
| 29 Linux/AMD64
| 400 iSeries
Number of entries in table function column list
Reserved area
| 26 bytes.
Table function column list pointer
This field is not used for stored procedures.
Unique application identifier
This field is a pointer to a string that uniquely identifies the application’s
connection to DB2. The string is regenerated at for each connection to DB2.
The string is the LUWID, which consists of a fully-qualified LU network name
followed by a period and an LUW instance number. The LU network name
consists of a one- to eight-character network ID, a period, and a one- to
eight-character network LU name. The LUW instance number consists of 12
hexadecimal characters that uniquely identify the unit of work.
Reserved area
20 bytes.
See “Linkage conventions” on page 623 for an example of coding the DBINFO
parameter list in a stored procedure.
Example of a stored procedure definition

Suppose that you write and prepare a stored procedure that has these
characteristics:
v The name is B.
v It takes two parameters:
– An integer input parameter named V1
– A character output parameter of length 9 named V2
v It is written in the C language.
v It contains no SQL statements.
v The same input always produces the same output.
v The load module name is SUMMOD.
v The package collection name is SUMCOLL.
v It should run for no more than 900 CPU service units.
v The parameters can have null values.
v It should be deleted from memory when it completes.
v The Language Environment run-time options it needs are:
MSGFILE(OUTFILE),RPTSTG(ON),RPTOPTS(ON)
v It is part of the WLM application environment named PAYROLL.
v It runs as a main program.
v It does not access non-DB2 resources, so it does not need a special RACF
environment.

v It can return at most 10 result sets.
v When control returns to the client program, DB2 should not commit updates
automatically.
This CREATE PROCEDURE statement defines the stored procedure to DB2:

CREATE PROCEDURE B(IN V1 INTEGER, OUT V2 CHAR(9))
LANGUAGE C
DETERMINISTIC
NO SQL
EXTERNAL NAME SUMMOD
COLLID SUMCOLL
ASUTIME LIMIT 900
STAY RESIDENT NO
RUN OPTIONS ’MSGFILE(OUTFILE),RPTSTG(ON),RPTOPTS(ON)’
WLM ENVIRONMENT PAYROLL
PROGRAM TYPE MAIN
SECURITY DB2
DYNAMIC RESULT SETS 10
COMMIT ON RETURN NO;
Later, you need to make the following changes to the stored procedure definition:
v It selects data from DB2 tables but does not modify DB2 data.
v The parameters can have null values, and the stored procedure can return a
diagnostic string.
v The length of time the stored procedure runs should not be limited.
v If the stored procedure is called by another stored procedure or a user-defined
function, the stored procedure uses the WLM environment of the caller.
Execute this ALTER PROCEDURE statement to make the necessary changes:
ALTER PROCEDURE B
READS SQL DATA
ASUTIME NO LIMIT
WLM ENVIRONMENT (PAYROLL,*);
Refreshing the stored procedures environment (for system

administrators)
Depending on what has changed in a stored procedures environment, you might
need to perform one or more of these tasks:
v Refresh Language Environment.
Do this when someone has modified a load module for a stored procedure, and
that load module is cached in a stored procedures address space. When you
refresh Language Environment, the cached load module is purged. On the next
invocation of the stored procedure, the new load module is loaded.
v Restart a stored procedures address space.
You might stop and then start a stored procedures address space because you
need to make a change to the startup JCL for a stored procedures address
space.
The method that you use to perform these tasks depends on whether you are using
WLM-established or DB2-established address spaces.
For DB2-established address spaces: Use the DB2 commands START

PROCEDURE and STOP PROCEDURE to perform all of these tasks.

For WLM-established address spaces:
v If WLM is operating in goal mode:
– Use this z/OS command to refresh a WLM environment when you need to
load a new version of a stored procedure. Refreshing the WLM environment
starts a new instance of each address space that is active for this WLM
environment. Existing address spaces stop when the current requests that are
executing in those address spaces complete.
VARY WLM,APPLENV=name,REFRESH
name is the name of a WLM application environment associated with a group

of stored procedures. When you execute this command, you affect all stored
procedures that are associated with the application environment.
You can call the DB2-supplied stored procedure WLM_REFRESH to refresh a
WLM environment from a remote workstation. For information about
WLM_REFRESH, see “WLM environment refresh stored procedure
(WLM_REFRESH)” on page 1025.
– Use this z/OS command to stop all stored procedures address spaces that
are associated with WLM application environment name. The address spaces
stop when the current requests that are executing in those address spaces
complete.
VARY WLM,APPLENV=name,QUIESCE
– Use this z/OS command to start all stored procedures address spaces that
are associated with WLM application environment name. New address spaces
start when all JCL changes are established. Until that time, work requests that
use the new address spaces are queued.
VARY WLM,APPLENV=name,RESUME
See z/OS MVS Planning: Workload Management for more information about
the command VARY WLM.
v If WLM is operating in compatibility mode:
– Use this z/OS command to stop a WLM-established stored procedures
address space.
CANCEL address-space-name
– Use this z/OS command to start a WLM-established stored procedures
address space.
START address-space-name
In compatibility mode, you must stop and start stored procedures address
spaces when you refresh Language Environment.
Moving stored procedures to a WLM-established environment (for

system administrators)
| If you have existing stored procedures that use DB2-established address spaces,
| you need to move as many as possible to a WLM environment. To move stored
procedures from a DB2-established environment to a WLM-established
environment, follow these steps:
1. Define JCL procedures for the stored procedures address spaces.
Member DSNTIJMV of data set DSN810.SDSNSAMP contains sample JCL
procedures for starting WLM-established address spaces.
2. Define WLM application environments for groups of stored procedures and
associate a JCL startup procedure with each application environment.
See Part 5 (Volume 2) of DB2 Administration Guide for information about how to
do this.

3. Enter the DB2 command STOP PROCEDURE(*) to stop all activity in the
DB2-established stored procedures address space.
4. For each stored procedure, execute ALTER PROCEDURE with the WLM
ENVIRONMENT parameter to specify the name of the application environment.
5. Relink all of your existing stored procedures with DSNRLI, the language
interface module for the Resource Recovery Services attachment facility
(RRSAF). Use JCL and linkage editor control statements similar to those shown
in Figure 174.
//LINKRRS EXEC PGM=IEWL,

// PARM=’LIST,XREF,RENT,AMODE=31,RMODE=ANY’
//SYSLIB DD DISP=SHR,DSN=USER.RUNLIB.LOAD
// DD DISP=SHR,DSN=DSN810.SDSNLOAD
//SYSLMOD DD DISP=SHR,DSN=USER.RUNLIB.LOAD
//SYSUT1 DD SPACE=(1024,(50,50)),UNIT=SYSDA
//SYSLIN DD *
ENTRY STORPROC
REPLACE DSNALI(DSNRLI)
INCLUDE SYSLMOD(STORPROC)
NAME STORPROC(R)
Figure 174. Linking existing stored procedures with RRSAF
6. If WLM is operating in compatibility mode, start the new WLM-established

stored procedures address spaces by using this z/OS command:
START address-space-name
If WLM is operating in goal mode, the address spaces start automatically.
Writing and preparing an external stored procedure

A stored procedure is a DB2 application program that runs in a stored procedures
address space.
Two types of stored procedures are external stored procedures and SQL
procedures:
v External stored procedures are written in a host language. The source code for
an external stored procedure is separate from the definition for the stored
procedure. An external stored procedure is much like any other SQL application.
It can include static or dynamic SQL statements, IFI calls, and DB2 commands
issued through IFI.
v SQL procedures are written using SQL procedures statements, which are part of
a CREATE PROCEDURE statement.
This section discusses writing and preparing external stored procedures. “Writing
and preparing an SQL procedure” on page 597 discusses writing and preparing
SQL procedures.
Language requirements for the stored procedure and its caller

You can write an external stored procedure in Assembler, C, C++, COBOL, Java,
REXX, or PL/I. All programs must be designed to run using Language Environment.
Your COBOL and C++ stored procedures can contain object-oriented extensions.
See “Coding considerations for C and C++” on page 170 and “Coding
considerations for object-oriented extensions in COBOL” on page 202 for
information about including object-oriented extensions in SQL applications. For a list
of the minimum compiler and Language Environment requirements, see DB2

Release Planning Guide.For information about writing Java stored procedures, see
DB2 Application Programming Guide and Reference for Java. For information about
writing REXX stored procedures, see “Writing a REXX stored procedure” on page
594.
The program that calls the stored procedure can be in any language that supports
the SQL CALL statement. ODBC applications can use an escape clause to pass a
stored procedure call to DB2.
Calling other programs

A stored procedure can consist of more than one program, each with its own
package. Your stored procedure can call other programs, stored procedures, or
user-defined functions. Use the facilities of your programming language to call other
programs.
If the stored procedure calls other programs that contain SQL statements, each of
those called programs must have a DB2 package. The owner of the package or
plan that contains the CALL statement must have EXECUTE authority for all
packages that the other programs use.
When a stored procedure calls another program, DB2 determines which collection
the called program’s package belongs to in one of the following ways:
| v If the stored procedure definition contains COLLID collection-id, DB2 uses
| collection-id.
| v If the stored procedure executes SET CURRENT PACKAGE PATH and contains
| the NO COLLID option, the called program’s package comes from the list of
| collections in the CURRENT PACKAGE PATH special register. For example, if
| CURRENT PACKAGE PATH contains the list COLL1, COLL2, COLL3, COLL4,
| DB2 searches for the first package (in the order of the list) that exists in these
| collections.
| v If the stored procedure does not execute SET CURRENT PACKAGE PATH and
| instead executes SET CURRENT PACKAGESET, the called program’s package
| comes from the collection that is specified in the CURRENT PACKAGESET
| special register.
| v If the stored procedure does not execute SET CURRENT PACKAGE PATH, SET
| CURRENT PACKAGESET, and if the stored procedure definition contains the NO
| COLLID option, DB2 uses the collection ID of the package that contains the SQL
| statement CALL.
| When control returns from the stored procedure, DB2 restores the value of the
| CURRENT PACKAGESET special register to the value it contained before the
| client program executed the SQL statement CALL.
Using reentrant code

Whenever possible, prepare your stored procedures to be reentrant. Using reentrant
stored procedures can lead to improved performance for the following reasons:
v A reentrant stored procedure does not have to be loaded into storage every time
it is called.
v A single copy of the stored procedure can be shared by multiple tasks in the
stored procedures address space. This decreases the amount of virtual storage
used for code in the stored procedures address space.
To prepare a stored procedure as reentrant, compile it as reentrant and link-edit it

as reentrant and reusable.

For instructions on compiling programs to be reentrant, see the appropriate
language manual. For information about using the binder to produce reentrant and
reusable load modules, see DFSMS: Program Management.
To make a reentrant stored procedure remain resident in storage, specify STAY

RESIDENT YES in the CREATE PROCEDURE or ALTER PROCEDURE statement
for the stored procedure.
If your stored procedure cannot be reentrant, link-edit it as non-reentrant and

non-reusable. The non-reusable attribute prevents multiple tasks from using a single
copy of the stored procedure at the same time. A non-reentrant stored procedure
must not remain in storage. You therefore need to specify STAY RESIDENT NO in
the CREATE PROCEDURE or ALTER PROCEDURE statement for the stored
procedure.
Writing a stored procedure as a main program or subprogram

A stored procedure that runs in a WLM-established address space and uses
Language Environment Release 1.7 or a subsequent release can be either a main
program or a subprogram. A stored procedure that runs as a subprogram can
perform better because Language Environment does less processing for it.
In general, a subprogram must do the following extra tasks that Language

Environment performs for a main program:
v Initialization and cleanup processing
v Allocating and freeing storage
v Closing all open files before exiting
When you code stored procedures as subprograms, follow these rules:

v Follow the language rules for a subprogram. For example, you cannot perform
I/O operations in a PL/I subprogram.
v Avoid using statements that terminate the Language Environment enclave when
the program ends. Examples of such statements are STOP or EXIT in a PL/I
subprogram, or STOP RUN in a COBOL subprogram. If the enclave terminates
when a stored procedure ends, and the client program calls another stored
procedure that runs as a subprogram, Language Environment must build a new
enclave. As a result, the benefits of coding a stored procedure as a subprogram
are lost.
Table 76 summarizes the characteristics that define a main program and a

subprogram.
Table 76. Characteristics of main programs and subprograms
Language Main program Subprogram
Assembler MAIN=YES is specified in the MAIN=NO is specified in the
invocation of the CEEENTRY invocation of the CEEENTRY
macro. macro.
C Contains a main() function. Pass A fetchable function. Pass
parameters to it through argc and parameters to it explicitly.
argv.
COBOL A COBOL program that does not A dynamically loaded subprogram
end with GOBACK that ends with GOBACK
PL/I Contains a procedure declared with A procedure declared with
OPTIONS(MAIN) OPTIONS(FETCHABLE)

Figure 175 shows an example of coding a C stored procedure as a subprogram.
/******************************************************************/
/* This C subprogram is a stored procedure that uses linkage */
/* convention GENERAL and receives 3 parameters. */
/******************************************************************/
#pragma linkage(cfunc,fetchable)
#include <stdlib.h>
void cfunc(char p1[11],long *p2,short *p3)
{
/****************************************************************/
/* Declare variables used for SQL operations. These variables */
/* are local to the subprogram and must be copied to and from */
/* the parameter list for the stored procedure call. */
/****************************************************************/
char parm1[11];
long int parm2;
short int parm3;
Figure 175. A C stored procedure coded as a subprogram (Part 1 of 2)
/*************************************************************/
/* Receive input parameter values into local variables. */
/*************************************************************/
strcpy(parm1,p1);
parm2 = *p2;
parm3 = *p3;
/*************************************************************/
/* Perform operations on local variables. */
/*************************************************************/
.
.
.
/*************************************************************/
/* Set values to be passed back to the caller. */
/*************************************************************/
strcpy(parm1,"SETBYSP");
parm2 = 100;
parm3 = 200;
/*************************************************************/
/* Copy values to output parameters. */
/*************************************************************/
strcpy(p1,parm1);
*p2 = parm2;
*p3 = parm3;
}
Figure 175. A C stored procedure coded as a subprogram (Part 2 of 2)
Figure 176 on page 585 shows an example of coding a C++ stored procedure as a
subprogram.

/******************************************************************/
/* This subprogram is a stored procedure that uses linkage */
/* convention GENERAL and receives 3 parameters. */
/* The extern statement is required. */
/******************************************************************/
extern "C" void cppfunc(char p1[11],long *p2,short *p3);
#pragma linkage(cppfunc,fetchable)
#include <stdlib.h>
void cppfunc(char p1[11],long *p2,short *p3)
{
/****************************************************************/
/* Declare variables used for SQL operations. These variables */
/* are local to the subprogram and must be copied to and from */
/* the parameter list for the stored procedure call. */
/****************************************************************/
char parm1[11];
long int parm2;
short int parm3;
Figure 176. A C++ stored procedure coded as a subprogram (Part 1 of 2)
/*************************************************************/
/* Receive input parameter values into local variables. */
/*************************************************************/
strcpy(parm1,p1);
parm2 = *p2;
parm3 = *p3;
/*************************************************************/
/* Perform operations on local variables. */
/*************************************************************/
.
.
.
/*************************************************************/
/* Set values to be passed back to the caller. */
/*************************************************************/
strcpy(parm1,"SETBYSP");
parm2 = 100;
parm3 = 200;
/*************************************************************/
/* Copy values to output parameters. */
/*************************************************************/
strcpy(p1,parm1);
*p2 = parm2;
*p3 = parm3;
}
Figure 176. A C++ stored procedure coded as a subprogram (Part 2 of 2)
A stored procedure that runs in a DB2-established address space must contain a

main program.
Restrictions on a stored procedure

Do not include explicit attachment facility calls in a stored procedure. Stored
procedures running in a DB2-established address space use call attachment facility
(CAF) calls implicitly. Stored procedures running in a WLM-established address
space use Resource Recovery Services attachment facility (RRSAF) calls implicitly.
If a stored procedure makes an explicit attachment facility call, DB2 rejects the call.

Using COMMIT and ROLLBACK statements in a stored procedure
When you execute COMMIT or ROLLBACK statements in your stored procedure,
DB2 commits or rolls back all changes within the unit of work. These changes
include changes that the client application made before it called the stored
procedure, as well as DB2 work that the stored procedure does.
A stored procedure that includes COMMIT or ROLLBACK statements must be

defined with the CONTAINS SQL, READS SQL DATA, or MODIFIES SQL DATA
clause. There is no interaction between the COMMIT ON RETURN clause in a
stored procedure definition and COMMIT or ROLLBACK statements in the stored
procedure code. If you specify COMMIT ON RETURN YES when you define the
stored procedure, DB2 issues a COMMIT when control returns from the stored
procedure. This occurs regardless of whether the stored procedure contains
COMMIT or ROLLBACK statements.
A ROLLBACK statement has the same effect on cursors in a stored procedure as it

has on cursors in stand-alone programs. A ROLLBACK statement closes all open
cursors. A COMMIT statement in a stored procedure closes cursors that are not
declared WITH HOLD, and leaves cursors open that are declared WITH HOLD. The
effect of COMMIT or ROLLBACK on cursors applies to cursors that are declared in
the calling application, as well as cursors that are declared in the stored procedure.
Under the following conditions, you cannot include COMMIT or ROLLBACK

statements in a stored procedure:
v The stored procedure is nested within a trigger or a user-defined function.
v The stored procedure is called by a client that uses two-phase commit
processing.
v The client program uses a type 2 connection to connect to the remote server that
contains the stored procedure.
You cannot include ROLLBACK statements in a stored procedure if DB2 is not the
commit coordinator.
If a COMMIT or ROLLBACK statement in a stored procedure violates any of the

previous conditions, DB2 puts the transaction in a must-rollback state, and the
CALL statement returns a −751 SQLCODE.
Using special registers in a stored procedure

You can use all special registers in a stored procedure. However, you can modify
only some of those special registers. After a stored procedure completes, DB2
restores all special registers to the values they had before invocation.
Table 77 shows information that you need to use special registers in a stored
procedure.
Table 77. Characteristics of special registers in a stored procedure
| CLIENT_ACCTNG application application applicable5
| CLIENT_APPLNAME application application applicable5

Table 77. Characteristics of special registers in a stored procedure (continued)
| CLIENT_USERID application application applicable5
| CLIENT_WRKSTNNAME application application applicable5
APPLICATION ENCODING for the ENCODING for the
ENCODING SCHEME stored procedure stored procedure
package1 package1
CURRENT DATE New value for each SQL New value for each SQL Not
statement in the stored statement in the stored applicable5
procedure package2 procedure package2
CURRENT DEGREE Inherited from invoking The value of field Yes
application3 CURRENT DEGREE on
installation panel
| DSNTIP8
CURRENT LOCALE Inherited from invoking The value of field Yes
LC_CTYPE application CURRENT DEGREE on
installation panel
| DSNTIP8
| CURRENT MAINTAINED Inherited from invoking The value of field Yes
| TABLE TYPES FOR application CURRENT MAINT
| OPTIMIZATION TYPES on installation
panel DSNTIP6
CURRENT MEMBER New value for each SET New value for each SET No
host-variable=CURRENT host-variable=CURRENT
MEMBER statement MEMBER statement
OPTIMIZATION HINT OPTHINT for the stored OPTHINT for the stored
procedure package or procedure package
inherited from invoking
application6
CURRENT Inherited from invoking Inherited from invoking Yes
PACKAGESET application4 application4
CURRENT PATH The value of bind option The value of bind option Yes
PATH for the stored PATH for the stored
procedure package or procedure package
inherited from invoking
application6
CURRENT PRECISION Inherited from invoking The value of field Yes
application DECIMAL ARITHMETIC
on installation panel
DSNTIP4
| CURRENT REFRESH Inherited from invoking The value of field Yes
| AGE application CURRENT REFRESH
AGE on installation panel
DSNTIP6

CURRENT RULES Inherited from invoking The value of bind option Yes
application SQLRULES for the
stored procedure
package
| CURRENT SCHEMA Inherited from invoking The value of CURRENT Yes
application SQLID when the stored
procedure is entered
CURRENT SERVER Inherited from invoking Inherited from invoking Yes
application application
CURRENT SQLID The primary authorization The primary authorization Yes8
ID of the application ID of the application
process or inherited from process
invoking application7
CURRENT TIME New value for each SQL New value for each SQL Not
CURRENT TIMESTAMP New value for each SQL New value for each SQL Not
CURRENT TIMEZONE Inherited from invoking Inherited from invoking Not
application application applicable5
| ENCRYPTION Inherited from invoking A string of 0 length Yes
| PASSWORD application
USER Primary authorization ID Primary authorization ID Not
of the application of the application applicable5
process process

Notes:
1. If the ENCODING bind option is not specified, the initial value is the value that was
specified in field APPLICATION ENCODING of installation panel DSNTIPF.
2. If the stored procedure is invoked within the scope of a trigger, DB2 uses the timestamp
for the triggering SQL statement as the timestamp for all SQL statements in the function
package.
3. DB2 allows parallelism at only one level of a nested SQL statement. If you set the value
of the CURRENT DEGREE special register to ANY, and parallelism is disabled, DB2
ignores the CURRENT DEGREE value.
4. If the stored procedure definer specifies a value for COLLID in the CREATE FUNCTION
statement, DB2 sets CURRENT PACKAGESET to the value of COLLID.
5. Not applicable because no SET statement exists for the special register.
6. If a program within the scope of the invoking application issues a SET statement for the
special register before the stored procedure is invoked, the special register inherits the
value from the SET statement. Otherwise, the special register contains the value that is
set by the bind option for the stored procedure package.
7. If a program within the scope of the invoking application issues a SET CURRENT SQLID
statement before the stored procedure is invoked, the special register inherits the value
from the SET statement. Otherwise, CURRENT SQLID contains the authorization ID of
the application process.
8. If the stored procedure package uses a value other than RUN for the DYNAMICRULES
bind option, the SET CURRENT SQLID statement can be executed but does not affect
the authorization ID that is used for the dynamic SQL statements in the stored procedure
package. The DYNAMICRULES value determines the authorization ID that is used for
dynamic SQL statements. See “Using DYNAMICRULES to specify behavior of dynamic
SQL statements” on page 479 for more information about DYNAMICRULES values and
authorization IDs.
Accessing other sites in a stored procedure

Stored procedures can access tables at other DB2 locations using three-part object
names or CONNECT statements. If you use CONNECT statements, you use DRDA
access to access tables. If you use three-part object names or aliases for three-part
object names, the distributed access method depends on the value of
DBPROTOCOL you specified when you bound the stored procedure package. If
you did not specify the DBPROTOCOL bind parameter, the distributed access
method depends on the value of field DATABASE PROTOCOL on installation panel
DSNTIP5. A value of PRIVATE tells DB2 to use DB2 private protocol access to
access remote data for the stored procedure. DRDA tells DB2 to use DRDA access.
When a local DB2 application calls a stored procedure, the stored procedure cannot
have DB2 private protocol access to any DB2 sites already connected to the calling
program by DRDA access.
The local DB2 application cannot use DRDA access to connect to any location that
the stored procedure has already accessed using DB2 private protocol access.
Before making the DB2 private protocol connection, the local DB2 application must
first execute the RELEASE statement to terminate the DB2 private protocol
connection, and then commit the unit of work.

Writing a stored procedure to access IMS databases
IMS Open Database Access (ODBA) support lets a DB2 stored procedure connect
to an IMS DBCTL or IMS DB/DC system and issue DL/I calls to access IMS
databases.
ODBA support uses RRS for syncpoint control of DB2 and IMS resources.
Therefore, stored procedures that use ODBA can run only in WLM-established
stored procedures address spaces.
When you write a stored procedure that uses ODBA, follow the rules for writing an
IMS application program that issues DL/I calls. See IMS Application Programming:
Database Manager and IMS Application Programming: Transaction Manager for
information about writing DL/I applications.
IMS work that is performed in a stored procedure is in the same commit scope as
the stored procedure. As with any other stored procedure, the calling application
commits work.
A stored procedure that uses ODBA must issue a DPSB PREP call to deallocate a
PSB when all IMS work under that PSB is complete. The PREP keyword tells IMS
to move inflight work to an indoubt state. When work is in the indoubt state, IMS
does not require activation of syncpoint processing when the DPSB call is
executed. IMS commits or backs out the work as part of RRS two-phase commit
when the stored procedure caller executes COMMIT or ROLLBACK.
A sample COBOL stored procedure and client program demonstrate accessing IMS
data using the ODBA interface. The stored procedure source code is in member
DSN8EC1 and is prepared by job DSNTEJ61. The calling program source code is
in member DSN8EC1 and is prepared and executed by job DSNTEJ62. All code is
in data set DSN810.SDSNSAMP.
The startup procedure for a stored procedures address space in which stored
procedures that use ODBA run must include a DFSRESLB DD statement and an
extra data set in the STEPLIB concatenation. See “Setting up the stored procedures
environment” on page 574 for more information.
Writing a stored procedure to return result sets to a DRDA client

Your stored procedure can return multiple query result sets to a DRDA client if the
following conditions are satisfied:
v The client supports the DRDA code points used to return query result sets.
v The value of DYNAMIC RESULT SETS in the stored procedure definition is
greater than 0.
For each result set you want returned, your stored procedure must:
v Declare a cursor with the option WITH RETURN.
v Open the cursor.
v If the cursor is scrollable, ensure that the cursor is positioned before the first row
of the result table.
v Leave the cursor open.
When the stored procedure ends, DB2 returns the rows in the query result set to
the client.

DB2 does not return result sets for cursors that are closed before the stored
procedure terminates. The stored procedure must execute a CLOSE statement for
each cursor associated with a result set that should not be returned to the DRDA
client.
Example: Declaring a cursor to return a result set: Suppose you want to return
a result set that contains entries for all employees in department D11. First, declare
a cursor that describes this subset of employees:
EXEC SQL DECLARE C1 CURSOR WITH RETURN FOR
SELECT * FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE WORKDEPT=’D11’;
Then, open the cursor:

EXEC SQL OPEN C1;
DB2 returns the result set and the name of the SQL cursor for the stored procedure
to the client.
Use meaningful cursor names for returning result sets: The name of the cursor
that is used to return result sets is made available to the client application through
extensions to the DESCRIBE statement. See “Writing a DB2 UDB for z/OS client
program or SQL procedure to receive result sets” on page 648 for more information.
Use cursor names that are meaningful to the DRDA client application, especially
when the stored procedure returns multiple result sets.
Objects from which you can return result sets: You can use any of these objects
in the SELECT statement that is associated with the cursor for a result set:
v Tables, synonyms, views, created temporary tables, declared temporary tables,
and aliases defined at the local DB2 subsystem
v Tables, synonyms, views, created temporary tables, and aliases defined at
remote DB2 UDB for z/OS systems that are accessible through DB2 private
protocol access
Returning a subset of rows to the client: If you execute FETCH statements with
a result set cursor, DB2 does not return the fetched rows to the client program. For
example, if you declare a cursor WITH RETURN and then execute the statements
OPEN, FETCH, and FETCH, the client receives data beginning with the third row in
the result set. If the result set cursor is scrollable and you fetch rows with it, you
need to position the cursor before the first row of the result table after you fetch the
rows and before the stored procedure ends.
Using a temporary table to return result sets: You can use a created temporary
table or declared temporary table to return result sets from a stored procedure. This
capability can be used to return nonrelational data to a DRDA client.
For example, you can access IMS data from a stored procedure in the following
way:
v Use APPC/MVS to issue an IMS transaction.
v Receive the IMS reply message, which contains data that should be returned to
the client.
v Insert the data from the reply message into a temporary table.
v Open a cursor against the temporary table. When the stored procedure ends, the
rows from the temporary table are returned to the client.

Preparing a stored procedure
There are a number of tasks that must be completed before a stored procedure can
run on a z/OS server. You share these tasks with your system administrator. Part 2
of DB2 Installation Guide and “Defining your stored procedure to DB2” on page 575
describe what the system administrator needs to do.
Complete the following steps:

1. Precompile and compile the application.
If your stored procedure is a COBOL program, you must compile it with the
option NODYNAM.
2. Link-edit the application. Your stored procedure must either link-edit or load one
of these language interface modules:
DSNALI
The language interface module for the call attachment facility. Link-edit
or load this module if your stored procedure runs in a DB2-established
address space. For more information, see “Accessing the CAF language
interface” on page 805.
DSNRLI
The language interface module for the Resource Recovery Services
attachment facility. Link-edit or load this module if your stored procedure
runs in a WLM-established address space. If the stored procedure
references LOBs or distinct types, you must link-edit or load DSNRLI.
For more information, see “Accessing the RRSAF language interface”
on page 836.
If your stored procedure runs in a WLM-established address space, you must
specify the parameter AMODE(31) when you link-edit it.
3. Bind the DBRM to DB2 using the command BIND PACKAGE. Stored
procedures require only a package at the server. You do not need to bind a
plan. For more information, see “Binding the stored procedure” on page 593.
4. Define the stored procedure to DB2.
5. Use GRANT EXECUTE to authorize the appropriate users to use the stored
procedure. For example,
GRANT EXECUTE ON PROCEDURE SPSCHEMA.STORPRCA TO JONES;
That allows an application running under authorization ID JONES to call stored

procedure SPSCHEMA.STORPRCA.
Preparing a stored procedure to run as an authorized program: If your stored

procedure runs in a WLM-established address space, you can run it as a z/OS
authorized program. To prepare a stored procedure to run as an authorized
program, do these additional things:
v When you link-edit the stored procedure:
– Indicate that the load module can use restricted system services by specifying
the parameter value AC=1.
– Put the load module for the stored procedure in an APF-authorized library.
v Be sure that the stored procedure runs in an address space with a startup
procedure in which all libraries in the STEPLIB concatenation are
APF-authorized. Specify an application environment WLM ENVIRONMENT
parameter of the CREATE PROCEDURE or ALTER PROCEDURE statement for
the stored procedure that ensures that the stored procedure runs in an address
space with this characteristic.

Binding the stored procedure
A stored procedure does not require a DB2 plan. A stored procedure runs under the
caller’s thread, using the plan from the client program that calls it.
The calling application can use a DB2 package or plan to execute the CALL
statement. The stored procedure must use a DB2 package as Figure 177 shows.
Figure 177. Stored procedures run-time environment
When you bind a stored procedure:

v Use the command BIND PACKAGE to bind the stored procedure. If you use the
option ENABLE to control access to a stored procedure package, you must
enable the system connection type of the application that executes the CALL
statement.
v The package for the stored procedure does not need to be bound with the plan
for the program that calls it.
v The owner of the package that contains the SQL statement CALL must have the
EXECUTE privilege on all packages that the stored procedure accesses,
including packages named in SET CURRENT PACKAGESET.
The following must exist at the server, as shown in Figure 177:

v A plan or package containing the SQL statement CALL. This package is
associated with the client program.
v A package associated with the stored procedure.
The server program might use more than one package. These packages come from
two sources:
v A DBRM that you bind several times into several versions of the same package,
all with the same package name, which can then reside in different collections.
Your stored procedure can switch from one version to another by using the
statement SET CURRENT PACKAGESET.
v A package associated with another program that contains SQL statements that
the stored procedure calls.

Writing a REXX stored procedure
A REXX stored procedure is much like any other REXX procedure and follows the
same rules as stored procedures in other languages. It receives input parameters,
executes REXX commands, optionally executes SQL statements, and returns at
most one output parameter. A REXX stored procedure is different from other REXX
procedures in the following ways:
v A REXX stored procedure cannot execute the ADDRESS DSNREXX CONNECT
and ADDRESS DSNREXX DISCONNECT commands. When you execute SQL
statements in your stored procedure, DB2 establishes the connection for you.
v A REXX stored procedure must run in a WLM-established stored procedures
address space.
Unlike other stored procedures, you do not prepare REXX stored procedures for
execution. REXX stored procedures run using one of four packages that are bound
| during the installation of DB2 REXX Language Support. The current isolation level
| at which the stored procedure runs depends on the package that DB2 uses when
| the stored procedure runs:
Package name Isolation level
DSNREXRR Repeatable read (RR)
DSNREXRS Read stability (RS)
DSNREXCS Cursor stability (CS)
DSNREXUR Uncommitted read (UR)
Figure 179 on page 595 shows an example of a REXX stored procedure that
executes DB2 commands. The stored procedure performs the following actions:
v Receives one input parameter, which contains a DB2 command.
v Calls the IFI COMMAND function to execute the command.
v Extracts the command result messages from the IFI return area and places the
messages in a created temporary table. Each row of the temporary table
contains a sequence number and the text of one message.
v Opens a cursor to return a result set that contains the command result
messages.
v Returns the unformatted contents of the IFI return area in an output parameter.
Figure 178 shows the definition of the stored procedure.
CREATE PROCEDURE COMMAND(IN CMDTEXT VARCHAR(254), OUT CMDRESULT VARCHAR(32704))

LANGUAGE REXX
EXTERNAL NAME COMMAND
NO COLLID
ASUTIME NO LIMIT
STAY RESIDENT NO
RUN OPTIONS ’TRAP(ON)’
WLM ENVIRONMENT WLMENV1
SECURITY DB2
DYNAMIC RESULT SETS 1
Figure 178. Definition for REXX stored procedure COMMAND
Figure 179 on page 595 shows the COMMAND stored procedure that executes
DB2 commands.

/* REXX */
PARSE UPPER ARG CMD /* Get the DB2 command text */
/* Remove enclosing quotes */
IF LEFT(CMD,2) = ""’" & RIGHT(CMD,2) = "’"" THEN
CMD = SUBSTR(CMD,2,LENGTH(CMD)-2)
ELSE
IF LEFT(CMD,2) = """’" & RIGHT(CMD,2) = "’""" THEN
CMD = SUBSTR(CMD,3,LENGTH(CMD)-4)
COMMAND = SUBSTR("COMMAND",1,18," ")
/****************************************************************/
/* Set up the IFCA, return area, and output area for the */
/* IFI COMMAND call. */
/****************************************************************/
IFCA = SUBSTR(’00’X,1,180,’00’X)
IFCA = OVERLAY(D2C(LENGTH(IFCA),2),IFCA,1+0)
IFCA = OVERLAY("IFCA",IFCA,4+1)
RTRNAREASIZE = 262144 /*1048572*/
RTRNAREA = D2C(RTRNAREASIZE+4,4)LEFT(’ ’,RTRNAREASIZE,’ ’)
OUTPUT = D2C(LENGTH(CMD)+4,2)||’0000’X||CMD
BUFFER = SUBSTR(" ",1,16," ")
/****************************************************************/
/* Make the IFI COMMAND call. */
/****************************************************************/
ADDRESS LINKPGM "DSNWLIR COMMAND IFCA RTRNAREA OUTPUT"
WRC = RC
RTRN= SUBSTR(IFCA,12+1,4)
REAS= SUBSTR(IFCA,16+1,4)
TOTLEN = C2D(SUBSTR(IFCA,20+1,4))
/****************************************************************/
/* Set up the host command environment for SQL calls. */
/****************************************************************/
"SUBCOM DSNREXX" /* Host cmd env available? */
IF RC THEN /* No--add host cmd env */
Figure 179. Example of a REXX stored procedure: COMMAND (Part 1 of 3)

/****************************************************************/
/* Set up SQL statements to insert command output messages */
/* into a temporary table. */
/****************************************************************/
SQLSTMT=’INSERT INTO SYSIBM.SYSPRINT(SEQNO,TEXT) VALUES(?,?)’
ADDRESS DSNREXX "EXECSQL DECLARE C1 CURSOR FOR S1"
IF SQLCODE ¬= 0 THEN CALL SQLCA
ADDRESS DSNREXX "EXECSQL PREPARE S1 FROM :SQLSTMT"
/****************************************************************/
/* Extract messages from the return area and insert them into */
/* the temporary table. */
/****************************************************************/
SEQNO = 0
OFFSET = 4+1
DO WHILE ( OFFSET < TOTLEN )
LEN = C2D(SUBSTR(RTRNAREA,OFFSET,2))
SEQNO = SEQNO + 1
TEXT = SUBSTR(RTRNAREA,OFFSET+4,LEN-4-1)
ADDRESS DSNREXX "EXECSQL EXECUTE S1 USING :SEQNO,:TEXT"
OFFSET = OFFSET + LEN
END
/****************************************************************/
/* Set up a cursor for a result set that contains the command */
/* output messages from the temporary table. */
/****************************************************************/
SQLSTMT=’SELECT SEQNO,TEXT FROM SYSIBM.SYSPRINT ORDER BY SEQNO’
ADDRESS DSNREXX "EXECSQL DECLARE C2 CURSOR FOR S2"
ADDRESS DSNREXX "EXECSQL PREPARE S2 FROM :SQLSTMT"
/****************************************************************/
/* Open the cursor to return the message output result set to */
/* the caller. */
/****************************************************************/
ADDRESS DSNREXX "EXECSQL OPEN C2"
S_RC = RXSUBCOM(’DELETE’,’DSNREXX’,’DSNREXX’) /* REMOVE CMD ENV */
EXIT SUBSTR(RTRNAREA,1,TOTLEN+4)

/****************************************************************/
/* Routine to display the SQLCA */
/****************************************************************/
SQLCA:
SAY ’SQLCODE =’SQLCODE
SAY ’SQLERRMC =’SQLERRMC
SAY ’SQLERRP =’SQLERRP
SAY ’SQLERRD =’SQLERRD.1’,’,
|| SQLERRD.2’,’,
|| SQLERRD.6
SAY ’SQLWARN =’SQLWARN.0’,’,
|| SQLWARN.1’,’,
|| SQLWARN.10
SAY ’SQLSTATE=’SQLSTATE
EXIT ’SQLERRMC =’SQLERRMC’;’ ,
|| ’SQLERRP =’SQLERRP’;’ ,
|| ’SQLERRD =’SQLERRD.1’,’,
|| SQLERRD.6’;’ ,
|| ’SQLWARN =’SQLWARN.0’,’,
|| SQLWARN.10’;’ ,
|| ’SQLSTATE=’SQLSTATE’;’
Writing and preparing an SQL procedure

An SQL procedure is a stored procedure in which the source code for the
procedure is in an SQL CREATE PROCEDURE statement. The part of the CREATE
PROCEDURE statement that contains the code is called the procedure body.
Creating an SQL procedure involves writing the source statements for the SQL
procedure, creating the executable form of the SQL procedure, and defining the
SQL procedure to DB2. There are two ways to create an SQL procedure:
v Use the IBM DB2 Development Center product to specify the source statements
for the SQL procedure, define the SQL procedure to DB2, and prepare the SQL
procedure for execution.

v Write a CREATE PROCEDURE statement for the SQL procedure. Then use one
of the methods in “Preparing an SQL procedure” on page 609 to define the SQL
procedure to DB2 and create an executable procedure.
This section discusses how to write a and prepare an SQL procedure. The following
topics are included:
v “Comparison of an SQL procedure and an external procedure”
v “Statements that you can include in a procedure body” on page 600
v “Terminating statements in an SQL procedure” on page 602
v “Handling SQL conditions in an SQL procedure” on page 603
v “Examples of SQL procedures” on page 607
v “Preparing an SQL procedure” on page 609
For information about the syntax of the CREATE PROCEDURE statement and the
procedure body, see DB2 SQL Reference.
Comparison of an SQL procedure and an external procedure

Like an external stored procedure, an SQL procedure consists of a stored
procedure definition and the code for the stored procedure program.
An external stored procedure definition and an SQL procedure definition specify the
following common information:
v The procedure name.
v Input and output parameter attributes.
v The language in which the procedure is written. For an SQL procedure, the
language is SQL.
v Information that will be used when the procedure is called, such as run-time
options, length of time that the procedure can run, and whether the procedure
returns result sets.
An external stored procedure and an SQL procedure share the same rules for the
use of COMMIT and ROLLBACK statements in a procedure. For information about
the restrictions for the use of these statements and their effect, see “Using COMMIT
and ROLLBACK statements in a stored procedure” on page 586.
An external stored procedure and an SQL stored procedure differ in the way that
they handle errors.
v For an external stored procedure, DB2 does not return SQL conditions in the
| SQLCA to the workstation application. If you use PARAMETER STYLE SQL
when you define an external procedure, you can set SQLSTATE to indicate an
error before the procedure ends. For valid SQLSTATE values, see “Passing
parameter values to and from a user-defined function” on page 303.
v For an SQL stored procedure, DB2 automatically returns SQL conditions in the
SQLCA when the procedure does not include a RETURN statement or a handler.
For information about the various ways to handle errors in an SQL stored
procedure, see “Handling SQL conditions in an SQL procedure” on page 603.
An external stored procedure and an SQL procedure also differ in the way that they
specify the code for the stored procedure. An external stored procedure definition
specifies the name of the stored procedure program. An SQL procedure definition
contains the source code for the stored procedure.
For an external stored procedure, you define the stored procedure to DB2 by
executing the CREATE PROCEDURE statement. You change the definition of the

stored procedure by executing the ALTER PROCEDURE statement. For an SQL
procedure, you define the stored procedure to DB2 by preprocessing a CREATE
PROCEDURE statement, then executing the CREATE PROCEDURE statement
dynamically. As with an external stored procedure, you change the definition by
executing the ALTER PROCEDURE statement. You cannot change the procedure
body with the ALTER PROCEDURE statement. See “Preparing an SQL procedure”
on page 609 for more information about defining an SQL procedure to DB2.
Figure 180 shows a definition for an external stored procedure that is written in
COBOL. The stored procedure program, which updates employee salaries, is called
UPDSAL.
CREATE PROCEDURE UPDATESALARY1 1

(IN EMPNUMBR CHAR(10), 2
IN RATE DECIMAL(6,2))
LANGUAGE COBOL 3
EXTERNAL NAME UPDSAL; 4
Figure 180. Example of an external stored procedure definition

1 The stored procedure name is UPDATESALARY1.
2 The two parameters have data types of CHAR(10) and
DECIMAL(6,2). Both are input parameters.
3 LANGUAGE COBOL indicates that this is an external procedure, so
the code for the stored procedure is in a separate, COBOL
program.
4 The name of the load module that contains the executable stored
procedure program is UPDSAL.
Figure 181 shows a definition for an equivalent SQL procedure.
CREATE PROCEDURE UPDATESALARY1 1

(IN EMPNUMBR CHAR(10), 2
IN RATE DECIMAL(6,2))
LANGUAGE SQL 3
UPDATE EMP 4
SET SALARY = SALARY * RATE
WHERE EMPNO = EMPNUMBR
Figure 181. Example of an SQL procedure definition

1 The stored procedure name is UPDATESALARY1.
2 The two parameters have data types of CHAR(10) and
DECIMAL(6,2). Both are input parameters.
3 LANGUAGE SQL indicates that this is an SQL procedure, so a
procedure body follows the other parameters.
4 The procedure body consists of a single SQL UPDATE statement,
which updates rows in the employee table.

Statements that you can include in a procedure body
A procedure body consists of a single simple or compound statement. The types of
statements that you can include in a procedure body are:
Assignment statement
Assigns a value to an output parameter or to an SQL variable, which is a
variable that is defined and used only within a procedure body. The right side of
an assignment statement can include SQL built-in functions.
CALL statement
Calls another stored procedure. This statement is similar to the CALL statement
described in Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL Reference, except that the parameters
must be SQL variables, parameters for the SQL procedure, or constants.
CASE statement
Selects an execution path based on the evaluation of one or more conditions.
This statement is similar to the CASE expression, which is described in Chapter
2 of DB2 SQL Reference.
GET DIAGNOSTICS statement
Obtains information about the previous SQL statement that was executed. An
example of its usage is shown in “Using GET DIAGNOSTICS in a handler” on
page 604.
GOTO statement
Transfers program control to a labelled statement.
IF statement
Selects an execution path based on the evaluation of a condition.
| ITERATE statement
| Transfers program control to beginning of a labelled loop.
LEAVE statement
Transfers program control out of a loop or a block of code.
LOOP statement
Executes a statement or group of statements multiple times.
REPEAT statement
Executes a statement or group of statements until a search condition is true.
WHILE statement
Repeats the execution of a statement or group of statements while a specified
condition is true.
Compound statement
Can contain one or more of any of the other types of statements in this list. In
addition, a compound statement can contain SQL variable declarations,
condition handlers, or cursor declarations.
The order of statements in a compound statement must be:
1. SQL variable and condition declarations
2. Cursor declarations
3. Handler declarations
4. Procedure body statements (CALL, CASE, IF, LOOP, REPEAT, WHILE,
SQL)
SQL statement
A subset of the SQL statements that are described in Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL
Reference. Certain SQL statements are valid in a compound statement, but not

valid if the SQL statement is the only statement in the procedure body.
Appendix B of DB2 SQL Reference lists the SQL statements that are valid in an
SQL procedure.
| SIGNAL statement
| Enables an SQL procedure to raise a condition with a specific SQLSTATE and
| message text. This statement is described in “Using SIGNAL or RESIGNAL to
| raise a condition” on page 605.
| RESIGNAL statement
| Enables a condition handler within an SQL procedure to raise a condition with a
| specific SQLSTATE and message text, or to return the same condition that
| activated the handler. This statement is described in “Using SIGNAL or
| RESIGNAL to raise a condition” on page 605.
| RETURN statement
| Returns an integer status value for the SQL procedure. This statement is
| described in “Using the RETURN statement for the procedure status” on page
| 605.
See the discussion of the procedure body in DB2 SQL Reference for detailed
descriptions and syntax of each of these statements.
Declaring and using variables in an SQL procedure

To store data that you use only within an SQL procedure, you can declare SQL
variables. SQL variables are the equivalent of host variables in external stored
procedures. SQL variables can have the same data types and lengths as SQL
procedure parameters. For a discussion of data types and lengths, see the
CREATE PROCEDURE discussion in Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL Reference.
The general form of an SQL variable declaration is:

DECLARE SQL-variable-name data-type;
The general form of a declaration for an SQL variable that you use as a result set
locator is:
DECLARE SQL-variable-name data-type RESULT_SET_LOCATOR VARYING;
SQL variables have these restrictions:

v SQL variable names can be up to 64 bytes in length. They can include
alphanumeric characters and the underscore character. Condition names and
label names also have these restrictions.
v Because DB2 folds all SQL variables to uppercase, you cannot declare two SQL
variables that are the same except for case. For example, you cannot declare
two SQL variables named varx and VARX.
v You cannot use an SQL reserved word as an SQL variable name, even if that
SQL reserved word is delimited.
v When you use an SQL variable in an SQL statement, do not precede the variable
with a colon.
v When you call a user-defined function from an SQL procedure, and the
user-defined function definition includes parameters of type CHAR, you need to
cast the corresponding parameter values in the user-defined function invocation
to CHAR to ensure that DB2 invokes the correct function. For example, suppose
that an SQL procedure calls user-defined function CVRTNUM, which takes one

input parameter of type CHAR(6). Also suppose that you declare SQL variable
EMPNUMBR in the SQL procedure. When you invoke CVRTNUM, cast
EMPNUMBR to CHAR:
UPDATE EMP
SET EMPNO=CVRTNUM(CHAR(EMPNUMBR))
WHERE EMPNO = EMPNUMBR;
v Within a procedure body, the following rules apply to IN, OUT, and INOUT
parameters:
– You can use a parameter that you define as IN on the left or right side of an
assignment statement. However, if you assign a value to an IN parameter, you
cannot pass the new value back to the caller. The IN parameter has the same
value before and after the SQL procedure is called.
– You can use a parameter that you define as OUT on the left or right side of
an assignment statement. The last value that you assign to the parameter is
the value that is returned to the caller.
– You can use a parameter that you define as INOUT on the left or right side of
an assignment statement. The caller determines the first value of the INOUT
parameter, and the last value that you assign to the parameter is the value
that is returned to the caller.
You can perform any operations on SQL variables that you can perform on host
variables in SQL statements.
Qualifying SQL variable names and other object names is a good way to avoid
ambiguity. Use the following guidelines to determine when to qualify variable
names:
v When you use an SQL procedure parameter in the procedure body, qualify the
parameter name with the procedure name.
v Specify a label for each compound statement, and qualify SQL variable names in
the compound statement with that label.
v Qualify column names with the associated table or view names.
Recommendation: Because the way that DB2 determines the qualifier for
unqualified names might change in the future, qualify all SQL variable names to
avoid changing your code later.
Parameter style for an SQL procedure

DB2 supports only the GENERAL WITH NULLS linkage convention for SQL
procedures. This means that when you call an SQL procedure, you must include an
indicator variable with each parameter in the CALL statement. See “Linkage
conventions” on page 623 for more information about stored procedure linkage
conventions.
Terminating statements in an SQL procedure

The way that you terminate a statement in an SQL procedure depends on the use
of the statement in that procedure:
v A procedure body has no terminating character. Therefore, if an SQL procedure
statement is the outermost of a set of nested statements, or if the statement is
the only statement in the procedure body, that statement does not have a
terminating character.
v If a statement is nested within other statements in the procedure body, that
statement ends with a semicolon.

Handling SQL conditions in an SQL procedure
| You can handle SQL errors and SQL warnings in an SQL procedure by using the
| following techniques:
| v You can include statements called handlers to tell the procedure to perform some
| other action when an error occurs; see “Using handlers in an SQL procedure.”
| v You can include a RETURN statement in an SQL procedure to return an integer
| status value to the caller; see “Using the RETURN statement for the procedure
| status” on page 605.
| v If you do not include a handler or a RETURN statement in the SQL procedure,
| DB2 automatically returns any SQL conditions to the caller in the SQLCA.
| v You can include a SIGNAL statement or a RESIGNAL statement to raise a
| specific SQLSTATE and to define the message text for that SQLSTATE; see
| “Using SIGNAL or RESIGNAL to raise a condition” on page 605.
| v You can force a negative SQLCODE to be returned by a procedure if a trigger
| calls the procedure; see “Forcing errors in an SQL procedure when called by a
| trigger” on page 607.
Using handlers in an SQL procedure

If an SQL error occurs when an SQL procedure executes, the SQL procedure ends
unless you include statements called handlers to tell the procedure to perform some
other action.
Handlers are similar to WHENEVER statements in external SQL application

programs. Handlers tell the SQL procedure what to do when an SQL error or SQL
warning occurs, or when no more rows are returned from a query. In addition, you
can declare handlers for specific SQLSTATEs. You can refer to an SQLSTATE by
its number in a handler, or you can declare a name for the SQLSTATE and then
use that name in the handler.
The general form of a handler declaration is:

DECLARE handler-type HANDLER FOR condition SQL-procedure-statement;
In general, the way that a handler works is that when an error occurs that matches
condition, the SQL-procedure-statement executes. When the SQL-procedure-
statement completes, DB2 performs the action that is indicated by handler-type.
Types of handlers: The handler type determines what happens after the
completion of the SQL-procedure-statement. You can declare the handler type to be
either CONTINUE or EXIT:
CONTINUE
Specifies that after SQL-procedure-statement completes, execution continues
with the statement after the statement that caused the error.
EXIT
Specifies that after SQL-procedure-statement completes, execution continues at
the end of the compound statement that contains the handler.
Example: CONTINUE handler: This handler sets flag at_end when no more rows
satisfy a query. The handler then causes execution to continue after the statement
that returned no rows.
DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR NOT FOUND SET at_end=1;

Example: EXIT handler: This handler places the string ’Table does not exist’ into
output parameter OUT_BUFFER when condition NO_TABLE occurs. NO_TABLE is
previously declared as SQLSTATE 42704 (name is an undefined name). The
handler then causes the SQL procedure to exit the compound statement in which
the handler is declared.
DECLARE
. NO_TABLE CONDITION FOR ’42704’;
.
.
DECLARE EXIT HANDLER FOR NO_TABLE
SET OUT_BUFFER=’Table does not exist’;
Referencing SQLCODE and SQLSTATE in a handler: When an SQL error or

warning occurs in an SQL procedure, you might want a handler to reference the
SQLCODE or SQLSTATE value and assign the value to an output parameter to be
passed back to the caller.
Before you can reference SQLCODE or SQLSTATE values in a handler, you must
declare the SQLCODE and SQLSTATE as SQL variables. The definitions are:
DECLARE SQLCODE INTEGER;
DECLARE SQLSTATE CHAR(5);
If you want to pass the SQLCODE or SQLSTATE values to the caller, your SQL
procedure definition needs to include output parameters for those values. After an
error occurs, and before control returns to the caller, you can assign the value of
SQLCODE or SQLSTATE to the corresponding output parameter.
Example: Assigning SQLCODE to output parameter: Include assignment

statements in an SQLEXCEPTION handler to assign the SQLCODE value to an
output parameter:
CREATE PROCEDURE UPDATESALARY1
(IN EMPNUMBR CHAR(6),
OUT SQLCPARM INTEGER)
. LANGUAGE SQL
.
.
BEGIN:
DECLARE SQLCODE INTEGER;
DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR SQLEXCEPTION
. SET SQLCPARM = SQLCODE;
.
.
Every statement in an SQL procedure sets the SQLCODE and SQLSTATE.

Therefore, if you need to preserve SQLCODE or SQLSTATE values after a
statement executes, use a simple assignment statement to assign the SQLCODE
and SQLSTATE values to other variables. A statement like the following one does
not preserve SQLCODE:
IF (1=1) THEN SET SQLCDE = SQLCODE;
Because the IF statement is true, the SQLCODE value is reset to 0, and you lose
| the previous SQLCODE value.
| Using GET DIAGNOSTICS in a handler: You can include a GET DIAGNOSTICS

| statement in a handler to retrieve error or warning information. If you include GET
| DIAGNOSTICS, it must be the first statement that is specified in the handler.
| Example: Using GET DIAGNOSTICS to retrieve message text: Suppose that you
| create an SQL procedure, named divide1, that computes the result of the division of
| two integers. You include GET DIAGNOSTICS to return the text of the division error
| message as an output parameter:

| CREATE PROCEDURE divide1
| (IN numerator INTEGER, IN denominator INTEGER,
| OUT divide_result INTEGER, OUT divide_error VARCHAR(70))
| LANGUAGE SQL
| BEGIN
| DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR SQLEXCEPTION
| GET DIAGNOSTICS CONDITION 1 divide_error = MESSAGE_TEXT;
| SET divide_result = numerator / denominator;
| END
| Using the RETURN statement for the procedure status

| You can use the RETURN statement in an SQL procedure to return an integer
| status value. If you include a RETURN statement, DB2 sets the SQLCODE in the
| SQLCA to 0, and the caller must retrieve the return status of the procedure in either
| of the following ways:
| v By using the RETURN_STATUS item of GET DIAGNOSTICS to retrieve the
| return value of the RETURN statement
| v By retrieving SQLERRD(0) of the SQLCA, which contains the return value of the
| RETURN statement
| If you do not include a RETURN statement in an SQL procedure, by default, DB2

| sets the return status to 0 for an SQLCODE that is greater than or equal to 0, and
| to -1 for an SQLCODE less than 0.
| Example: Using GET DIAGNOSTICS to retrieve the return status: Suppose that
| you create an SQL procedure, named TESTIT, that calls another SQL procedure,
| named TRYIT. The TRYIT procedure returns a status value, and the TESTIT
| procedure retrieves that value with the RETURN_STATUS item of GET
| DIAGNOSTICS:
| CREATE PROCEDURE TESTIT ()
| LANGUAGE SQL
| A1:BEGIN
| DECLARE RETVAL INTEGER DEFAULT 0;
| ...
| CALL TRYIT;
| GET DIAGNOSTICS RETVAL = RETURN_STATUS;
| IF RETVAL <> 0 THEN
| ...
| LEAVE A1;
| ELSE
| ...
| END IF;
| END A1
| Using SIGNAL or RESIGNAL to raise a condition

| You can use either a SIGNAL or RESIGNAL statement to raise a condition with a
| specific SQLSTATE and message text within an SQL procedure. The SIGNAL and
| RESIGNAL statements differ in the following ways:
| v You can use the SIGNAL statement anywhere within an SQL procedure. You
| must specify the SQLSTATE value. In addition, you can use the SIGNAL
| statement in a trigger body. For information about using the SIGNAL statement in
| a trigger, see “Trigger body” on page 267.
| v You can use the RESIGNAL statement only within a handler of an SQL
| procedure. If you do not specify the SQLSTATE value, DB2 uses the same
| SQLSTATE value that activated the handler.
| You can use any valid SQLSTATE value in a SIGNAL or RESIGNAL statement;
| however, using the range of SQLSTATE values reserved for applications is
| recommended.

| Using the SIGNAL statement in an SQL procedure: You can use the SIGNAL
| statement anywhere within an SQL procedure. The following example uses an
| ORDERS table and a CUSTOMERS table that are defined in the following way:
| CREATE TABLE ORDERS
| PARTNO INTEGER NOT NULL,
| ORDER_DATE DATE DEFAULT,
| CUSTNO INTEGER NOT NULL,
| QUANTITY SMALLINT NOT NULL,
| CONSTRAINT REF_CUSTNO FOREIGN KEY (CUSTNO)
| REFERENCES CUSTOMERS (CUSTNO) ON DELETE RESTRICT,
| PRIMARY KEY (ORDERNO,PARTNO));
| CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS
| (CUSTNO INTEGER NOT NULL,
| CUSTNAME VARCHAR(30),
| CUSTADDR VARCHAR(80),
| PRIMARY KEY (CUSTNO));
| Example: Using SIGNAL to set message text: Suppose that you have an SQL
| procedure for an order system that signals an application error when a customer
| number is not known to the application. The ORDERS table has a foreign key to
| the CUSTOMERS table, which requires that the CUSTNO exist in the
| CUSTOMERS table before an order can be inserted:
| CREATE PROCEDURE submit_order
| (IN ONUM INTEGER, IN PNUM INTEGER,
| IN CNUM INTEGER, IN QNUM INTEGER)
| LANGUAGE SQL
| MODIFIES SQL DATA
| BEGIN
| DECLARE EXIT HANDLER FOR SQLSTATE VALUE ’23503’
| SIGNAL SQLSTATE ’75002’
| SET MESSAGE_TEXT = ’Customer number is not known’;
| INSERT INTO ORDERS (ORDERNO, PARTNO, CUSTNO, QUANTITY)
| VALUES (ONUM, PNUM, CNUM, QNUM);
| END
| In this example, the SIGNAL statement is in the handler. However, you can use the
| SIGNAL statement to invoke a handler when a condition occurs that will result in an
| error; see the example in “Using the RESIGNAL statement in a handler.”
| Using the RESIGNAL statement in a handler: You can use a RESIGNAL

| statement to assign an SQLSTATE value (to the condition that activated the
| handler) that is different from the SQLSTATE value that DB2 defined for that
| condition.
| Example: Using RESIGNAL to set an SQLSTATE value: Suppose that you create
| an SQL procedure, named divide2, that computes the result of the division of two
| integers. You include SIGNAL to invoke the handler with an overflow condition that
| is caused by a zero divisor, and you include RESIGNAL to set a different
| SQLSTATE value for that overflow condition:
| CREATE PROCEDURE divide2
| (IN numerator INTEGER, IN denominator INTEGER,
| OUT divide_result INTEGER)
| LANGUAGE SQL
| BEGIN
| DECLARE overflow CONDITION FOR SQLSTATE ’22003’;
| DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR overflow
| RESIGNAL SQLSTATE ’22375’;
| IF denominator = 0 THEN
| SIGNAL overflow;

| ELSE
| SET divide_result = numerator / denominator;
| END IF;
| END
| Forcing errors in an SQL procedure when called by a trigger

Suppose that a trigger in your application invokes an SQL stored procedure, and
the body of the procedure contains an SQL statement that returns a warning. In
some circumstances, you might want the procedure to return a negative SQLCODE
so that the trigger will fail.
You can force a negative SQLCODE by issuing a COMMIT or ROLLBACK

statement within the procedure. These statements are accepted at CREATE
PROCEDURE time, but, at run time, they violate the restriction that COMMIT and
ROLLBACK statements are not allowed in procedures that are called from a trigger.
For information about restrictions for the use of these statements, see “Using
COMMIT and ROLLBACK statements in a stored procedure” on page 586.
Examples of SQL procedures

This section contains examples of how to use each of the statements that can
appear in an SQL procedure body.
Example: CASE statement: The following SQL procedure demonstrates how to

use a CASE statement. The procedure receives an employee’s ID number and
rating as input parameters. The CASE statement modifies the employee’s salary
and bonus, using a different UPDATE statement for each of the possible ratings.
CREATE PROCEDURE UPDATESALARY2
(IN EMPNUMBR CHAR(6),
IN RATING INT)
LANGUAGE SQL
MODIFIES SQL DATA
CASE RATING
WHEN 1 THEN
UPDATE CORPDATA.EMPLOYEE
SET SALARY = SALARY * 1.10, BONUS = 1000
WHEN 2 THEN
ELSE
END CASE
Example: Compound statement with nested IF and WHILE statements: The

following example shows a compound statement that includes an IF statement, a
WHILE statement, and assignment statements. The example also shows how to
declare SQL variables, cursors, and handlers for classes of error codes.
The procedure receives a department number as an input parameter. A WHILE

statement in the procedure body fetches the salary and bonus for each employee in
the department, and uses an SQL variable to calculate a running total of employee
salaries for the department. An IF statement within the WHILE statement tests for
positive bonuses and increments an SQL variable that counts the number of
bonuses in the department. When all employee records in the department have
been processed, the FETCH statement that retrieves employee records receives
SQLCODE 100. A NOT FOUND condition handler makes the search condition for

the WHILE statement false, so execution of the WHILE statement ends. Assignment
statements then assign the total employee salaries and the number of bonuses for
the department to the output parameters for the stored procedure.
If any SQL statement in the procedure body receives a negative SQLCODE, the
SQLEXCEPTION handler receives control. This handler sets output parameter
DEPTSALARY to NULL and ends execution of the SQL procedure. When this
handler is invoked, the SQLCODE and SQLSTATE are set to 0.
CREATE PROCEDURE RETURNDEPTSALARY
(IN DEPTNUMBER CHAR(3),
OUT DEPTSALARY DECIMAL(15,2),
OUT DEPTBONUSCNT INT)
LANGUAGE SQL
READS SQL DATA
P1: BEGIN
DECLARE EMPLOYEE_SALARY DECIMAL(9,2);
DECLARE EMPLOYEE_BONUS DECIMAL(9,2);
DECLARE TOTAL_SALARY DECIMAL(15,2) DEFAULT 0;
DECLARE BONUS_CNT INT DEFAULT 0;
DECLARE END_TABLE INT DEFAULT 0;
SELECT SALARY, BONUS FROM CORPDATA.EMPLOYEE
WHERE WORKDEPT = DEPTNUMBER;
DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR NOT FOUND
SET END_TABLE = 1;
DECLARE EXIT HANDLER FOR SQLEXCEPTION
SET DEPTSALARY = NULL;
OPEN C1;
FETCH C1 INTO EMPLOYEE_SALARY, EMPLOYEE_BONUS;
WHILE END_TABLE = 0 DO
SET TOTAL_SALARY = TOTAL_SALARY + EMPLOYEE_SALARY + EMPLOYEE_BONUS;
IF EMPLOYEE_BONUS > 0 THEN
SET BONUS_CNT = BONUS_CNT + 1;
END IF;
FETCH C1 INTO EMPLOYEE_SALARY, EMPLOYEE_BONUS;
END WHILE;
CLOSE C1;
SET DEPTSALARY = TOTAL_SALARY;
SET DEPTBONUSCNT = BONUS_CNT;
END P1
Example: Compound statement with dynamic SQL statements: The following

example shows a compound statement that includes dynamic SQL statements.
The procedure receives a department number (P_DEPT) as an input parameter. In

the compound statement, three statement strings are built, prepared, and executed:
v The first statement string executes a DROP statement to ensure that the table to
be created does not already exist. This table is named DEPT_deptno_T, where
deptno is the value of input parameter P_DEPT.
v The next statement string executes a CREATE statement to create
DEPT_deptno_T.
v The third statement string inserts rows for employees in department deptno into
DEPT_deptno_T.
Just as statement strings that are prepared in host language programs cannot
contain host variables, statement strings in SQL procedures cannot contain SQL
variables or stored procedure parameters. Therefore, the third statement string
contains a parameter marker that represents P_DEPT. When the prepared
statement is executed, parameter P_DEPT is substituted for the parameter marker.

CREATE PROCEDURE CREATEDEPTTABLE (IN P_DEPT CHAR(3))
LANGUAGE SQL
BEGIN
DECLARE STMT CHAR(1000);
DECLARE MESSAGE CHAR(20);
DECLARE TABLE_NAME CHAR(30);
DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR SQLEXCEPTION
SET MESSAGE = ’ok’;
SET TABLE_NAME = ’DEPT_’||P_DEPT||’_T’;
SET STMT = ’DROP TABLE ’||TABLE_NAME;
PREPARE S1 FROM STMT;
EXECUTE S1;
SET STMT = ’CREATE TABLE ’||TABLE_NAME||
’( EMPNO CHAR(6) NOT NULL, ’||
’FIRSTNME VARCHAR(6) NOT NULL, ’||
’MIDINIT CHAR(1) NOT NULL, ’||
’LASTNAME CHAR(15) NOT NULL, ’||
’SALARY DECIMAL(9,2))’;
EXECUTE S2;
SET STMT = ’INSERT INTO ’||TABLE_NAME ||
’SELECT EMPNO, FIRSTNME, MIDINIT, LASTNAME, SALARY ’||
’FROM EMPLOYEE ’||
’WHERE WORKDEPT = ?’;
EXECUTE S3 USING P_DEPT;
END
Preparing an SQL procedure

After you create the source statements for an SQL procedure, you need to prepare
the procedure to run. This process involves three basic tasks:
v Using the DB2 SQL precompiler to convert the SQL procedure source statements
into a C language program
v Creating an executable load module and a DB2 package from the C language
program
This task includes:
– Precompiling the C language program to generate a DBRM and a modified C
language program
– Binding the DBRM to generate a DB2 package
v Defining the stored procedure to DB2
This task is done by executing the CREATE PROCEDURE statement for the
SQL procedure statically or dynamically. If you prepare an SQL procedure
through the SQL procedure processor or the IBM DB2 Development Center, this
task is performed for you.
The three methods available for preparing an SQL procedure to run are:
v Using IBM DB2 Development Center, which runs on Windows NT, Windows 95,
Windows 98, Windows 2000, and AIX.
v Using the DB2 UDB for z/OS SQL procedure processor. See “Using the DB2
UDB for z/OS SQL procedure processor to prepare an SQL procedure” on page
610.
v Using JCL. See “Using JCL to prepare an SQL procedure” on page 619.
To run an SQL procedure, you must call it from a client program, using the SQL
CALL statement. See the description of the CALL statement in Chapter 2 of DB2
SQL Reference for more information.

| To debug an SQL procedure, you must prepare and call it from a client
| development platform that includes the SQL Debugger feature. For additional
| information about IBM DB2 Development Center, see
| www.ibm.com/softwear/data/db2/zos/spb/
Using the DB2 UDB for z/OS SQL procedure processor to

prepare an SQL procedure
The SQL procedure processor, DSNTPSMP, is a REXX stored procedure that you
can use to prepare an SQL procedure for execution. You can also use DSNTPSMP
to perform selected steps in the preparation process or delete an existing SQL
| procedure. DSNTPSMP is the only preparation method that supports the SQL
| Debugger.
The following sections contain information about invoking DSNTPSMP.
Environment for calling and running DSNTPSMP: You can invoke DSNTPSMP
only through an SQL CALL statement in an application program or through IBM
DB2 Development Center.
Before you can run DSNTPSMP, you need to perform the following steps to set up
the DSNTPSMP environment:
1. Install DB2 UDB for z/OS REXX Language Support feature.
Contact your IBM service representative for more information.
2. If you plan to call DSNTPSMP directly, write and prepare an application program
that executes an SQL CALL statement for DSNTPSMP.
See “Invoking DSNTPSMP in an application program” on page 613 for more
information.
If you plan to invoke DSNTPSMP through the IBM DB2 Development Center,
see the following URL for information about installing and using the IBM DB2
Development Center.
http://www.ibm.com/software/data/db2/os390/spb
3. Set up a WLM environment in which to run DSNTPSMP. See Part 5 (Volume 2)
of DB2 Administration Guide for general information about setting up WLM
application environments for stored procedures and “Setting up a WLM
application environment for DSNTPSMP” for specific information for
DSNTPSMP.
| Setting up a WLM application environment for DSNTPSMP: You must run

| DSNTPSMP in a WLM-established stored procedures address space. You should
| run only DSNTPSMP in that address space, and you must limit the address space
| to run only one task concurrently (see the first note for Figure 182 on page 611 for
| information regarding NUMTCB).
| Figure 182 on page 611 shows sample JCL for a startup procedure for the address
| space in which DSNTPSMP runs.
|

//DSN8WLMP PROC DB2SSN=DSN,NUMTCB=1,APPLENV=WLMTPSMP 1
//*
//WLMTPSMP EXEC PGM=DSNX9WLM,TIME=1440, 2
// PARM=’&DB2SSN,&NUMTCB,&APPLENV’,
// REGION=0M,DYNAMNBR=10
//STEPLIB DD DISP=SHR,DSN=DSN810.SDSNEXIT 3
// DD DISP=SHR,DSN=CBC.SCCNCMP
// DD DISP=SHR,DSN=CEE.SCEERUN
//SYSEXEC DD DISP=SHR,DSN=DSN810.SDSNCLST 4
//SYSTSPRT DD SYSOUT=A
//CEEDUMP DD SYSOUT=A
//SYSABEND DD DUMMY
//*
//SQLDBRM DD DISP=SHR,DSN=DSN810.DBRMLIB.DATA 5
//SQLCSRC DD DISP=SHR,DSN=USER.PSMLIB.DATA 6
//SQLLMOD DD DISP=SHR,DSN=DSN810.RUNLIB.LOAD 7
//SQLLIBC DD DISP=SHR,DSN=CEE.SCEEH.H 8
// DD DISP=SHR,DSN=CEE.SCEEH.SYS.H
//SQLLIBL DD DISP=SHR,DSN=CEE.SCEELKED 9
//SYSMSGS DD DISP=SHR,DSN=CEE.SCEEMSGP(EDCPMSGE) 10
//*
//* DSNTPSMP Configuration File - CFGTPSMP (optional)
//* A site-provided sequential dataset or member, used to
//* define customized operation of DSNTPSMP in this APPLENV
//*
//* CFGTPSMP DD DISP=SHR,DSN=
//*
//SQLSRC DD UNIT=SYSALLDA,SPACE=(800,(20,20)), 11
// DCB=(RECFM=FB,LRECL=80,BLKSIZE=3200)
//SQLPRINT DD UNIT=SYSALLDA,SPACE=(16000,(20,20)),
// DCB=(RECFM=VB,LRECL=137,BLKSIZE=882)
//SQLTERM DD UNIT=SYSALLDA,SPACE=(4000,(20,20)),
//SQLOUT DD UNIT=SYSALLDA,SPACE=(16000,(20,20)),
//SQLCPRT DD UNIT=SYSALLDA,SPACE=(16000,(20,20)),
//SQLUT1 DD UNIT=SYSALLDA,SPACE=(16000,(20,20)),
//SQLUT2 DD UNIT=SYSALLDA,SPACE=(16000,(20,20)),
//SQLCIN DD UNIT=SYSALLDA,SPACE=(8000,(20,20))
//SQLLIN DD UNIT=SYSALLDA,SPACE=(3200,(30,30)),
//SYSMOD DD UNIT=SYSALLDA,SPACE=(8000,(20,20)),
//SQLDUMMY DD DUMMY
Figure 182. Startup procedure for a WLM address space in which DSNTPSMP runs
| Notes to Figure 182:

| 1 APPLENV specifies the application environment in which
| DSNTPSMP runs. To ensure that DSNTPSMP always uses the
| correct data sets and parameters for preparing each SQL
| procedure, you can set up different application environments for
| preparing different types of SQL procedures. For example, if all
| payroll applications use the same set of data sets during program
| preparation, you could set up an application environment called
| PAYROLL for preparing only payroll applications. The startup
| procedure for PAYROLL would point to the data sets that are used
| for payroll applications.

| DB2SSN specifies the DB2 subsystem name.
| NUMTCB specifies the number of programs that can run
| concurrently in the address space. You should always set NUMTCB
| to 1 to ensure that executions of DSNTPSMP occur serially.
| 2 WLMTPSMP specifies the address space in which DSNTPSMP
| runs.
| DYNAMNBR allows for dynamic allocation.
| 3 STEPLIB specifies the Language Environment run-time library that
| DSNTPSMP uses when it runs.
| 4 SYSEXEC specifies the library that contains DSNTPSMP.
| 5 SQLDBRM specifies the library into which DSNTPSMP puts the
| DBRM that it generates when it precompiles your SQL procedure.
| 6 SQLCSRC specifies the library into which DSNTPSMP puts the C
| source code that it generates from the SQL procedure source code.
| This data set should have a logical record length of 80.
| 7 SQLLMOD specifies the library into which DSNTPSMP puts the
| load module that it generates when it compiles and link-edits your
| SQL procedure.
| 8 SQLLIBC specifies the library that contains standard C header files.
| This library is used during compilation of the generated C program.
| 9 SQLLIBL specifies the following libraries, which DSNTPSMP uses
| when it link-edits the SQL procedure:
| v Language Environment link-edit library
| v DB2 load library
| 10 SYSMSGS specifies the library that contains messages that are
| used by the C prelink-edit utility.
| 11 The DD statements that follow describe work file data sets that are
| used by DSNTPSMP.
| Authorizations to execute DSNTPSMP: You must have the following

| authorizations to invoke DSNTPSMP:
| v Procedure privilege to run application programs that invoke the stored procedure:
| EXECUTE ON PROCEDURE SYSPROC.DSNTPSMP
| v Collection privilege to use BIND to create packages in the specified collection:
| CREATE ON COLLECTION collection-id
| You can use an asterisk (*) as the identifier for a collection.
| v Package privilege to use BIND or REBIND to bind packages in the specified
| collection:
| BIND ON PACKAGE collection-id.*
| v System privilege to use BIND with the ADD option to create packages and plans:
| BINDADD
| v Schema privilege to create, alter, or drop stored procedures in the specified
| schema:
| CREATEIN, ALTERIN, DROPIN ON SCHEMA schema-name
| The BUILDOWNER authorization id must have the CREATEIN privilege on the
| schema. You can use an asterisk (*) as the identifier for a schema.
| v Table privileges to select or delete from, insert into, or update these tables:
| SELECT ON TABLE SYSIBM.SYSROUTINES

| SELECT ON TABLE SYSIBM.SYSPARMS
| SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON TABLE
| SYSIBM.SYSROUTINES_SRC
| SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON TABLE
| SYSIBM.SYSROUTINES_OPTS
| ALL ON TABLE SYSIBM.SYSPSMOUT
| In addition, the authorizations must include any privileges required for the SQL
| statements that are contained within the SQL procedure-body. These privileges
| must be associated with the OWNER authorization-id that is specified in your bind
| options. The default owner is the user that is invoking DSNTPSMP.
| Invoking DSNTPSMP in an application program: In an application program, you

| can invoke DSNTPSMP through an SQL CALL statement. To prepare the program
| that calls DSNTPSMP, you need to precompile, compile, and link-edit the
| application program as usual, and then bind a package for that program.
| Figure 183 and Figure 184 shows the syntax of invoking DSNTPSMP through the
| SQL CALL statement:
|
CALL SYSPROC.DSNTPSMP ( function , SQL-procedure-name , SQL-procedure-source ,

empty-string
bind-options , compiler-options , precompiler-options ,

empty-string empty-string empty-string
prelink-options , link-options , alter-statement ,

source-data-set-name , build-owner , build-utility , return-code )

Figure 183. DSNTPSMP syntax
’ option ’
Figure 184. CALL DSNTPSMP bind-options, compiler-options, precompiler-options, prelink-options, link-options
| Note: You must specify:

| v The DSNTPSMP parameters in the order listed
| v The empty string if an optional parameter is not required for the function
| v The options in the order: bind, compiler, precompiler, prelink, and link
| The DSNTPSMP parameters are:

| function
| A VARCHAR(20) input parameter that identifies the task that you want
| DSNTPSMP to perform. The tasks are:
| BUILD
| Creates the following objects for an SQL procedure:

| v A DBRM, in the data set that DD name SQLDBRM points to
| v A load module, in the data set that DD name SQLLMOD points to
| v The C language source code for the SQL procedure, in the data set that
| DD name SQLCSRC points to
| v The stored procedure package
| v The stored procedure definition
| The following input parameters are required for the BUILD function:
| SQL-procedure name
| SQL-procedure-source or source-data-set-name
| If you choose the BUILD function, and an SQL procedure with name
| SQL-procedure-name already exists, DSNTPSMP issues an error message
| and terminates.
| BUILD_DEBUG
| Creates the following objects for an SQL procedure and includes the
| preparation necessary to debug the SQL procedure with the SQL
| Debugger:
| v A DBRM, in the data set that DD name SQLDBRM points to
| v A load module, in the data set that DD name SQLLMOD points to
| v The C language source code for the SQL procedure, in the data set that
| DD name SQLCSRC points to
| The following input parameters are required for the BUILD_DEBUG

| function:
| If you choose the BUILD_DEBUG function, and an SQL procedure with

| name SQL-procedure-name already exists, DSNTPSMP issues an error
| message and terminates.
| REBUILD
| Replaces all objects that were created by the BUILD function for an SQL
| procedure, if it exists, otherwise creates those objects.
| The following input parameters are required for the REBUILD function:
| REBUILD_DEBUG
| Replaces all objects that were created by the BUILD_DEBUG function for
| an SQL procedure, if it exists, otherwise creates those objects, and includes
| the preparation necessary to debug the SQL procedure with the SQL
| Debugger.
| The following input parameters are required for the REBUILD_DEBUG
| function:
| REBIND
| Binds the SQL procedure package for an existing SQL procedure.

| The following input parameter is required for the REBIND function:
| DESTROY
| Deletes the following objects for an existing SQL procedure:
| v The DBRM, from the data set that DD name SQLDBRM points to
| v The load module, from the data set that DD name SQLLMOD points to
| v The C language source code for the SQL procedure, from the data set
| that DD name SQLCSRC points to
| The following input parameter is required for the DESTROY function:

| ALTER
| Updates the registration for an existing SQL procedure.
| The following input parameters are required for the ALTER function:
| alter-statement
| ALTER_REBUILD
| Updates an existing SQL procedure.
| The following input parameters are required for the ALTER_REBUILD
| function:
| ALTER_REBUILD_DEBUG
| Updates an existing SQL procedure, and includes the preparation
| necessary to debug the SQL procedure with the SQL Debugger.
| The following input parameters are required for the
| ALTER_REBUILD_DEBUG function:
| ALTER_REBIND
| Updates the registration and binds the SQL package for an existing SQL
| procedure.
| The following input parameters are required for the ALTER_REBIND
| function:
| alter-statement
| QUERYLEVEL
| Obtains the interface level of the build utility invoked. No other input is
| required.
| SQL-procedure-name
| A VARCHAR(261) input parameter that specifies the SQL procedure name.
| The name can be qualified or unqualified. The name must match the procedure
| name that is specified within the CREATE PROCEDURE statement that is
| provided in SQL-procedure-source or that is obtained from
| source-data-set-name. In addition, the name must match the procedure name
| that is specified within the ALTER PROCEDURE statement that is provided in
| alter-statement. Do not mix qualified and unqualified references.

| SQL-procedure-source
| A CLOB(2M) input parameter that contains the CREATE PROCEDURE
| statement for the SQL procedure. If you specify an empty string for this
| parameter, you need to specify the name source-data-set-name of a data set
| that contains the SQL procedure source code.
| bind-options
| A VARCHAR(1024) input parameter that contains the options that you want to
| specify for binding the SQL procedure package. Do not specify the MEMBER or
| LIBRARY option for the DB2 BIND PACKAGE command. For a list of valid bind
| options for the DB2 BIND PACKAGE command, see Part 3 of DB2 Command
| Reference.
| compiler-options
| specify for compiling the C language program that DB2 generates for the SQL
| procedure. For a list of valid compiler options, see z/OS C/C++ User's Guide.
| precompiler-options
| specify for precompiling the C language program that DB2 generates for the
| SQL procedure. Do not specify the HOST option. For a list of valid precompiler
| options, see Table 63 on page 462.
| prelink-options
| specify for prelinking the C language program that DB2 generates for the SQL
| procedure. For a list of valid prelink options, see z/OS C/C++ User's Guide.
| link-options
| specify for linking the C language program that DB2 generates for the SQL
| procedure. For a list of valid link options, see z/OS DFSMS: Program
| Management.
| alter-statement
| A VARCHAR(32672) input parameter that contains the SQL ALTER
| PROCEDURE statement to process with the ALTER or ALTER_REBIND
| function.
| source-data-set-name
| A VARCHAR(80) input parameter that contains the name of a z/OS sequential
| data set or partitioned data set member that contains the source code for the
| SQL procedure. If you specify an empty string for this parameter, you need to
| provide the SQL procedure source code in SQL-procedure-source.
| build-owner
| A VARCHAR(130) input parameter that contains the SQL identifier to serve as
| the build owner for newly created SQL stored procedures.
| When this parameter is not specified, the value defaults to the value in the
| CURRENT SQLID special register when the build utility is invoked.
| build-utility
| A VARCHAR(255) input parameter that contains the name of the build utility
| that is invoked. The qualified form of the name is suggested, for example,
| SYSPROC.DSNTPSMP.
| return-code
| A VARCHAR(255) output parameter in which DB2 puts the return code from the
| DSNTPSMP invocation. The values are:

| 0 Successful invocation. The calling application can optionally retrieve the
| result set and then issue the required SQL COMMIT statement.
| 4 Successful invocation, but warnings occurred. The calling application should
| retrieve the warning messages in the result set and then issue the required
| SQL COMMIT statement.
| 8 Failed invocation. The calling application should retrieve the error messages
| in the result set and then issue the required SQL ROLLBACK statement.
| 999
| Failed invocation with severe errors. The calling application should retrieve
| the error messages in the result set and then issue the required SQL
| ROLLBACK statement. To view error messages that are not in the result
| set, see the job log of the address space for the DSNTPSMP execution.
| 1.20
| Level of DSNTPSMP when request is QUERYLEVEL. The calling
| application can retrieve the result set for additional information about the
| release and service level and then issue the required SQL COMMIT
| statement.
| Result set that DSNTPSMP returns: DSNTPSMP returns one result set that
| contains messages and listings. You can write your client program to retrieve
| information from this result set. This technique is shown in “Writing a DB2 UDB for
| z/OS client program or SQL procedure to receive result sets” on page 648.
Each row of the result set contains the following information:

Processing step
The step in the function process to which the message applies.
ddname
The ddname of the data set that contains the message.
Sequence number
The sequence number of a line of message text within a message.
Message
A line of message text.
Rows in the message result set are ordered by processing step, ddname, and
| sequence number.
| Completing the requested DSNTPSMP action: The calling application must

| issue either an SQL COMMIT statement or an SQL ROLLBACK statement after the
| DSNTPSMP request. A return value of ’0’ or ’4’ requires the COMMIT statement.
| Any other return value requires the ROLLBACK statement. You must process the
| result set before issuing the COMMIT or ROLLBACK statement.
| A QUERYLEVEL request must be followed by the COMMIT statement.
| Examples of DSNTPSMP invocation: The following examples illustrate invoking

| the BUILD, DESTROY, REBUILD, and REBIND functions of DSNTPSMP.
| DSNTPSMP BUILD function: Call DSNTPSMP to build an SQL procedure. The

| information that DSNTPSMP needs is listed in Table 78 on page 618:

| Table 78. The functions DSNTPSMP needs to BUILD an SQL stored procedure
| Function BUILD
| SQL procedure name MYSCHEMA.SQLPROC
| Source location String in CLOB host variable procsrc
| Bind options VALIDATE(BIND)
| Compiler options SOURCE, LIST, LONGNAME, RENT
| Precompiler options SOURCE, XREF, STDSQL(NO)
| Prelink options None specified
| Link options AMODE=31, RMODE=ANY, MAP, RENT
| Build utility SYSPROC.DSNTPSMP
| Return value String returned in varying-length host variable returnval
|
| The CALL statement is:

| EXEC SQL CALL SYSPROC.DSNTPSMP(’BUILD’,’MYSCHEMA.SQLPROC’,:procsrc,
| ’VALIDATE(BIND)’,
| ’SOURCE,LIST,LONGNAME,RENT’,
| ’SOURCE,XREF,STDSQL(NO)’,
| ’’,
| ’AMODE=31,RMODE=ANY,MAP,RENT’,
| ’’,’’,’’,’SYSPROC.DSNTPSMP’,
| :returnval);
| DSNTPSMP DESTROY function: Call DSNTPSMP to delete an SQL procedure

| definition and the associated load module. The information that DSNTPMSP needs
| is listed in Table 79:
| Table 79. The functions DSNTPSMP needs to DESTROY an SQL stored procedure
| Function DESTROY
| SQL procedure name MYSCHEMA.OLDPROC
| Return value String returned in varying-length host variable
| returnval
|

| EXEC SQL CALL SYSPROC.DSNTPSMP(’DESTROY’,’MYSCHEMA.OLDPROC’,’’,
| ’’,’’,’’,’’,’’,
| ’’,’’,’’,’’,
| :returnval);
| DSNTPSMP REBUILD function: Call DSNTPSMP to recreate an existing SQL

| procedure. The information that DSNTPMSP needs is listed in Table 80:
| Table 80. The functions DSNTPSMP needs to REBUILD an SQL stored procedure
| Function REBUILD
| Bind options VALIDATE(BIND)
| Compiler options SOURCE, LIST, LONGNAME, RENT
| Precompiler options SOURCE, XREF, STDSQL(NO)
| Prelink options None specified
| Link options AMODE=31, RMODE=ANY, MAP, RENT

| Table 80. The functions DSNTPSMP needs to REBUILD an SQL stored
| procedure (continued)
| Function REBUILD
| Source data set name Member PROCSRC of partitioned data set
| DSN810.SDSNSAMP
|

| EXEC SQL CALL SYSPROC.DSNTPSMP(’REBUILD’,’MYSCHEMA.SQLPROC’,’’,
| ’’,
| ’’,’DSN810.SDSNSAMP(PROCSRC)’,’’,’’,
| :returnval);
| If you want to recreate an existing SQL procedure for debugging with the SQL
| Debugger, use the following CALL statement, which includes the REBUILD_DEBUG
| function:
| EXEC SQL CALL SYSPROC.DSNTPSMP(’REBUILD_DEBUG’,’MYSCHEMA.SQLPROC’,’’,
| ’’,
| ’’,’DSN810.SDSNSAMP(PROCSRC)’,’’,’’,
| :returnval);
| DSNTPSMP REBIND function: Call DSNTPSMP to rebind the package for an

| existing SQL procedure. The information that DSNTPMSP needs is listed in
| Table 81:
| Table 81. The functions DSNTPSMP needs to REBIND an SQL stored procedure
| Function REBIND
| Bind options VALIDATE(RUN), ISOLATION(RR)
|

| EXEC SQL CALL SYSPROC.DSNTPSMP(’REBIND’,’MYSCHEMA.SQLPROC’,’’,
| ’VALIDATE(RUN),ISOLATION(RR)’,’’,’’,’’,’’,
| ’’,’’,’’,’’,
| :returnval);
| Using JCL to prepare an SQL procedure

| No support is provided for using JCL to prepare an SQL procedure for debugging
| with the SQL Debugger.
Use the following steps to prepare an SQL procedure using JCL.

1. Preprocess the CREATE PROCEDURE statement.
To do this, execute program DSNHPC, with the HOST(SQL) option. This
process converts the SQL procedure source statements into a C language
program.

2. Precompile the C language source program that was generated in step 1.
This process produces a DBRM and modified C language source statements.
When you perform this step, ensure that you do the following things:
v Give the DBRM the same name as the name of the load module for the SQL
procedure.
v Specify MARGINS(1,80) for the MARGINS precompiler option.
3. Compile and link-edit the modified C source statements that were produced in
step 1.
This process produces an executable C language program.
When you compile the C language program, ensure that the compiler options
include the option NOSEQ.
4. Bind the DBRM that was produced in step 1 into a package.
5. Define the stored procedure to DB2.
To do this, execute the CREATE PROCEDURE statement for the SQL
procedure. You can execute the CREATE PROCEDURE statement dynamically,
using an application such as SPUFI or DSNTEP2. Executing the CREATE
PROCEDURE statement puts the stored procedure definition in the DB2
catalog.
Sample programs to help you prepare and run SQL procedures

Table 82 lists the sample jobs that DB2 provides to help you prepare and run SQL
procedures. All samples are in data set DSN810.SDSNSAMP. Before you can run
the samples, you must customize them for your installation. See the prolog of each
sample for specific instructions.
Table 82. SQL procedure samples shipped with DB2
Member that
contains
source code Contents Purpose
DSNHSQL JCL procedure Precompiles, compiles, prelink-edits, and link-edits an
SQL procedure
DSNTEJ63 JCL job Invokes JCL procedure DSNHSQL to prepare SQL
procedure DSN8ES1 for execution
DSN8ES1 SQL procedure A stored procedure that accepts a department number
as input and returns a result set that contains salary
information for each employee in that department
DSNTEJ64 JCL job Prepares client program DSN8ED3 for execution
DSN8ED3 C program Calls SQL procedure DSN8ES1
DSN8ES2 SQL procedure A stored procedure that accepts one input parameter
and returns two output parameters. The input
parameter specifies a bonus to be awarded to
managers. The SQL procedure updates the BONUS
column of DSN810.SDSNSAMP. If no SQL error
occurs when the SQL procedure runs, the first output
parameter contains the total of all bonuses awarded to
managers and the second output parameter contains a
null value. If an SQL error occurs, the second output
parameter contains an SQLCODE.
DSN8ED4 C program Calls the SQL procedure processor, DSNTPSMP, to
prepare DSN8ES2 for execution

Table 82. SQL procedure samples shipped with DB2 (continued)
Member that
contains
source code Contents Purpose
DSN8WLMP JCL procedure A sample startup procedure for the WLM-established
stored procedures address space in which
DSNTPSMP runs
DSN8ED5 C program Calls SQL procedure DSN8ES2
DSNTEJ65 JCL job Prepares and executes programs DSN8ED4 and
DSN8ED5
DSNTIJSD JCL job Prepares a DB2 UDB for z/OS server for operation
with the SQL Debugger
Writing and preparing an application to use stored procedures

Use the SQL statement CALL to call a stored procedure and to pass a list of
parameters to the procedure. See Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL Reference for the syntax
and a complete description of the CALL statement.
An application program that calls a stored procedure can:

v Call more than one stored procedure.
| v Call a single stored procedure more than once at the same or at different levels
| of nesting.
v Execute the CALL statement locally or send the CALL statement to a server. The
application executes a CONNECT statement to connect to the server and then
executes the CALL statement, or uses a three-part name to identify and implicitly
connect to the server where the stored procedure is located.
v After connecting to a server, mix CALL statements with other SQL statements.
Use either of these methods to execute the CALL statement:
– Execute the CALL statement statically.
– Use an escape clause in an ODBC application to pass the CALL statement to
DB2.
v Use any of the DB2 attachment facilities.
Forms of the CALL statement

The simplest form of a CALL statement looks like this:
EXEC SQL CALL A (:EMP, :PRJ, :ACT, :EMT, :EMS, :EME, :TYPE, :CODE);
where :EMP, :PRJ, :ACT, :EMT, :EMS, :EME, :TYPE, and :CODE are host variables
that you have declared earlier in your application program. Your CALL statement
might vary from the preceding statement in the following ways:
v Instead of passing each of the employee and project parameters separately, you
could pass them together as a host structure. For example, assume that you
define a host structure like this:
struct {
char EMP[7];
char PRJ[7];
short ACT;
short EMT;
char EMS[11];
char EME[11];
} empstruc;

The corresponding CALL statement looks like this:
EXEC SQL CALL A (:empstruc, :TYPE, :CODE);
v Suppose that A is in schema SCHEMAA at remote location LOCA. To access A,
you could use either of these methods:
– Execute a CONNECT statement to LOCA, and then execute the CALL
statement:
EXEC SQL CONNECT TO LOCA;
EXEC SQL CALL SCHEMAA.A (:EMP, :PRJ, :ACT, :EMT, :EMS, :EME,
:TYPE, :CODE);
– Specify the three-part name for A in the CALL statement:
EXEC SQL CALL LOCA.SCHEMAA.A (:EMP, :PRJ, :ACT, :EMT, :EMS,
:EME, :TYPE, :CODE);
The advantage of using the second form is that you do not need to execute a
CONNECT statement. The disadvantage is that this form of the CALL statement
is not portable to other operating systems.
If your program executes the ASSOCIATE LOCATORS or DESCRIBE
PROCEDURE statements, you must use the same form of the procedure name
on the CALL statement and on the ASSOCIATE LOCATORS or DESCRIBE
PROCEDURE statement.
v The preceding examples assume that none of the input parameters can have null
values. To allow null values, code a statement like this:
EXEC SQL CALL A (:EMP :IEMP, :PRJ :IPRJ, :ACT :IACT,
:EMT :IEMT, :EMS :IEMS, :EME :IEME,
:TYPE :ITYPE, :CODE :ICODE);
where :IEMP, :IPRJ, :IACT, :IEMT, :IEMS, :IEME, :ITYPE, and :ICODE are
indicator variables for the parameters.
v You might pass integer or character string constants or the null value to the
stored procedure, as in this example:
EXEC SQL CALL A (’000130’, ’IF1000’, 90, 1.0, NULL, ’1982-10-01’,
:TYPE, :CODE);
v You might use a host variable for the name of the stored procedure:
EXEC SQL CALL :procnm (:EMP, :PRJ, :ACT, :EMT, :EMS, :EME,
:TYPE, :CODE);
Assume that the stored procedure name is A. The host variable procnm is a
character variable of length 255 or less that contains the value ’A’. You should
use this technique if you do not know in advance the name of the stored
procedure, but you do know the parameter list convention.
v If you prefer to pass your parameters in a single structure, rather than as
separate host variables, you might use this form:
EXEC SQL CALL A USING DESCRIPTOR :sqlda;
sqlda is the name of an SQLDA.
One advantage of using this form is that you can change the encoding scheme
of the stored procedure parameter values. For example, if the subsystem on
which the stored procedure runs has an EBCDIC encoding scheme, and you
want to retrieve data in ASCII CCSID 437, you can specify the desired CCSIDs
for the output parameters in the SQLVAR fields of the SQLDA.
This technique for overriding the CCSIDs of parameters is the same as the
technique for overriding the CCSIDs of variables, which is described in
“Changing the CCSID for retrieved data” on page 561. When you use this

technique, the defined encoding scheme of the parameter must be different from
the encoding scheme that you specify in the SQLDA. Otherwise, no conversion
occurs.
The defined encoding scheme for the parameter is the encoding scheme that you
specify in the CREATE PROCEDURE statement, or the default encoding scheme
for the subsystem, if you do not specify an encoding scheme in the CREATE
PROCEDURE statement.
v You might execute the CALL statement by using a host variable name for the
stored procedure with an SQLDA:
EXEC SQL CALL :procnm USING DESCRIPTOR :sqlda;
This form gives you extra flexibility because you can use the same CALL
statement to call different stored procedures with different parameter lists.
Your client program must assign a stored procedure name to the host variable
procnm and load the SQLDA with the parameter information before making the
SQL CALL.
Each of the preceding CALL statement examples uses an SQLDA. If you do not
explicitly provide an SQLDA, the precompiler generates the SQLDA based on the
variables in the parameter list.
Authorization for executing stored procedures

To execute a stored procedure, you need two types of authorization:
v Authorization to execute the CALL statement
v Authorization to execute the stored procedure package and any packages under
the stored procedure package.
The authorizations you need depend on whether the form of the CALL statement is
CALL literal or CALL :host-variable.
If the stored procedure invokes user-defined functions or triggers, you need

additional authorizations to execute the trigger, the user-defined function, and the
user-defined function packages.
For more information, see the description of the CALL statement in Chapter 5 of
DB2 SQL Reference.
Linkage conventions
When an application executes the CALL statement, DB2 builds a parameter list for
the stored procedure, using the parameters and values provided in the statement.
DB2 obtains information about parameters from the stored procedure definition you
create when you execute CREATE PROCEDURE. Parameters are defined as one
of these types:
IN Input-only parameters, which provide values to the stored
procedure
OUT Output-only parameters, which return values from the stored
procedure to the calling program
INOUT Input/output parameters, which provide values to or return values
from the stored procedure.

If a stored procedure fails to set one or more of the output-only parameters, DB2
does not detect the error in the stored procedure. Instead, DB2 returns the output
parameters to the calling program, with the values established on entry to the
stored procedure.
Initializing output parameters: For a stored procedure that runs locally, you do not
need to initialize the values of output parameters before you call the stored
procedure. However, when you call a stored procedure at a remote location, the
local DB2 cannot determine whether the parameters are input (IN) or output (OUT
or INOUT) parameters. Therefore, you must initialize the values of all output
parameters before you call a stored procedure at a remote location.
It is recommended that you initialize the length of LOB output parameters to zero.
Doing so can improve your performance.
DB2 supports three parameter list conventions. DB2 chooses the parameter list
convention based on the value of the PARAMETER STYLE parameter in the stored
| procedure definition: GENERAL, GENERAL WITH NULLS, or SQL.
v Use GENERAL when you do not want the calling program to pass null values for
input parameters (IN or INOUT) to the stored procedure. The stored procedure
must contain a variable declaration for each parameter passed in the CALL
statement.
Figure 185 shows the structure of the parameter list for PARAMETER STYLE
GENERAL.
Figure 185. Parameter convention GENERAL for a stored procedure
v Use GENERAL WITH NULLS to allow the calling program to supply a null value
for any parameter passed to the stored procedure. For the GENERAL WITH
NULLS linkage convention, the stored procedure must do the following tasks:
– Declare a variable for each parameter passed in the CALL statement.
– Declare a null indicator structure containing an indicator variable for each
parameter.
– On entry, examine all indicator variables associated with input parameters to
determine which parameters contain null values.
– On exit, assign values to all indicator variables associated with output
variables. An indicator variable for an output variable that returns a null value
to the caller must be assigned a negative number. Otherwise, the indicator
variable must be assigned the value 0.
In the CALL statement, follow each parameter with its indicator variable, using
one of the following forms:
host-variable :indicator-variable
or
host-variable INDICATOR :indicator-variable.

Figure 186 shows the structure of the parameter list for PARAMETER STYLE
GENERAL WITH NULLS.
Figure 186. Parameter convention GENERAL WITH NULLS for a stored procedure
| v Like GENERAL WITH NULLS, option SQL lets you supply a null value for any
parameter that is passed to the stored procedure. In addition, DB2 passes input
and output parameters to the stored procedure that contain this information:
| – The SQLSTATE that is to be returned to DB2. This is a CHAR(5) parameter
| that represents the SQLSTATE that is passed in to the program from the
| database manager. The initial value is set to ‘00000’. Although the SQLSTATE
| is usually not set by the program, it can be set as the result SQLSTATE that is
| used to return an error or a warning. Returned values that start with anything
| other than ‘00’, ‘01’, or ‘02’ are error conditions. Refer to DB2 Messages and
| Codes for more information about the SQLSTATE values that an application
| can generate.
– The qualified name of the stored procedure. This is a VARCHAR(27) value.
– The specific name of the stored procedure. The specific name is a
VARCHAR(18) value that is the same as the unqualified name.
– The SQL diagnostic string that is to be returned to DB2. This is a
VARCHAR(70) value. Use this area to pass descriptive information about an
error or warning to the caller.
| SQL is not a valid linkage convention for a REXX language stored procedure.
Figure 187 on page 626 shows the structure of the parameter list for
| PARAMETER STYLE SQL.

| Figure 187. Parameter convention SQL for a stored procedure
Example of stored procedure linkage convention GENERAL

The following examples demonstrate how an assembler, C, COBOL, or PL/I stored
procedure uses the GENERAL linkage convention to receive parameters. See
“Examples of using stored procedures” on page 975 for examples of complete
stored procedures and application programs that call them.
For these examples, assume that a COBOL application has the following parameter
declarations and CALL statement:
************************************************************
* PARAMETERS FOR THE SQL STATEMENT CALL *
************************************************************
01 V1 PIC S9(9) USAGE COMP.
01 .V2 PIC X(9).
.
.
EXEC SQL CALL A (:V1, :V2) END-EXEC.
In the CREATE PROCEDURE statement, the parameters are defined like this:
IN V1 INT, OUT V2 CHAR(9)
The following figures show how an assembler, C, COBOL, and PL/I stored
procedure uses the GENERAL linkage convention to receive parameters.

Figure 188 shows how a stored procedure in assembler language receives these
parameters.
*******************************************************************
* CODE FOR AN ASSEMBLER LANGUAGE STORED PROCEDURE THAT USES *
* THE GENERAL LINKAGE CONVENTION. *
*******************************************************************
A CEEENTRY AUTO=PROGSIZE,MAIN=YES,PLIST=OS
USING PROGAREA,R13
*******************************************************************
* BRING UP THE LANGUAGE ENVIRONMENT. *
*******************************************************************
.
.
.
*******************************************************************
* GET THE PASSED PARAMETER VALUES. THE GENERAL LINKAGE CONVENTION*
* FOLLOWS THE STANDARD ASSEMBLER LINKAGE CONVENTION: *
* ON ENTRY, REGISTER 1 POINTS TO A LIST OF POINTERS TO THE *
* PARAMETERS. *
*******************************************************************
L R7,0(R1) GET POINTER TO V1
MVC LOCV1(4),0(R7) MOVE VALUE INTO LOCAL COPY OF V1
.
.
.
MVC 0(9,R7),LOCV2 MOVE A VALUE INTO OUTPUT VAR V2
.
.
.
CEETERM RC=0
*******************************************************************
*******************************************************************
R1 EQU 1 REGISTER 1
R7 EQU 7 REGISTER 7
PROGAREA DSECT
LOCV1 DS F LOCAL COPY OF PARAMETER V1
LOCV2 DS CL9 LOCAL COPY OF PARAMETER V2
.
.
.
END A
Figure 188. An example of GENERAL linkage in assembler
Figure 189 shows how a stored procedure in the C language receives these
parameters.

#pragma runopts(PLIST(OS))
#pragma options(RENT)
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
/*****************************************************************/
/* Code for a C language stored procedure that uses the */
/* GENERAL linkage convention. */
/*****************************************************************/
main(argc,argv)
int argc; /* Number of parameters passed */
char *argv[]; /* Array of strings containing */
/* the parameter values */
{
long int locv1; /* Local copy of V1 */
char locv2[10]; /* Local copy of V2 */
/* (null-terminated) */
.
.
.
/***************************************************************/
/* Get the passed parameters. The GENERAL linkage convention */
/* follows the standard C language parameter passing */
/* conventions: */
/* - argc contains the number of parameters passed */
/* - argv[0] is a pointer to the stored procedure name */
/* - argv[1] to argv[n] are pointers to the n parameters */
/* in the SQL statement CALL. */
/***************************************************************/
if(argc==3) /* Should get 3 parameters: */
{ /* procname, V1, V2 */
locv1 = *(int *) argv[1];
/* Get local copy of V1 */
.
.
.
strcpy(argv[2],locv2);
/* Assign a value to V2 */
.
.
.
}
}
Figure 189. An example of GENERAL linkage in C
Figure 190 shows how a stored procedure in the COBOL language receives these
parameters.

CBL RENT
************************************************************
* CODE FOR A COBOL LANGUAGE STORED PROCEDURE THAT USES THE *
* GENERAL LINKAGE CONVENTION. *
************************************************************
PROGRAM-ID. A.
.
.
.
DATA DIVISION.
.
.
.
LINKAGE SECTION.
************************************************************
* DECLARE THE PARAMETERS PASSED BY THE SQL STATEMENT *
* CALL HERE. *
************************************************************
01 V2 PIC X(9).
.
.
.
PROCEDURE DIVISION USING V1, V2.
************************************************************
* THE USING PHRASE INDICATES THAT VARIABLES V1 AND V2 *
* WERE PASSED BY THE CALLING PROGRAM. *
************************************************************
.
.
.
****************************************
* ASSIGN A VALUE TO OUTPUT VARIABLE V2 *
****************************************
MOVE ’123456789’ TO V2.
Figure 190. An example of GENERAL linkage in COBOL
Figure 191 shows how a stored procedure in the PL/I language receives these
parameters.
A: PROC(V1, V2) OPTIONS(MAIN NOEXECOPS REENTRANT);
/***************************************************************/
/* Code for a PL/I language stored procedure that uses the */
/* GENERAL linkage convention. */
/***************************************************************/
/***************************************************************/
/* Indicate on the PROCEDURE statement that two parameters */
/* were passed by the SQL statement CALL. Then declare the */
/* parameters in the following section. */
/***************************************************************/
DCL V1 BIN FIXED(31),
V2 CHAR(9);
.
.
.
V2 = ’123456789’; /* Assign a value to output variable V2 */
Figure 191. An example of GENERAL linkage in PL/I
Example of stored procedure linkage convention GENERAL

WITH NULLS
procedure uses the GENERAL WITH NULLS linkage convention to receive

parameters. See “Examples of using stored procedures” on page 975 for examples
of complete stored procedures and application programs that call them.
For these examples, assume that a C application has the following parameter
/************************************************************/
/* Parameters for the SQL statement CALL */
/************************************************************/
long int v1;
char v2[10]; /* Allow an extra byte for */
/* the null terminator */
/************************************************************/
/* Indicator structure */
/************************************************************/
struct indicators {
short int ind1;
short int ind2;
} indstruc;
.
.
.
indstruc.ind1 = 0; /* Remember to initialize the */
/* input parameter’s indicator*/
/* variable before executing */
/* the CALL statement */
EXEC SQL CALL B (:v1 :indstruc.ind1, :v2 :indstruc.ind2);
.
.
.
The following figures show how an assembler, C, COBOL, or PL/I stored procedure
uses the GENERAL WITH NULLS linkage convention to receive parameters.
parameters.

*******************************************************************
* THE GENERAL WITH NULLS LINKAGE CONVENTION. *
*******************************************************************
B CEEENTRY AUTO=PROGSIZE,MAIN=YES,PLIST=OS
USING PROGAREA,R13
*******************************************************************
*******************************************************************
.
.
.
*******************************************************************
* GET THE PASSED PARAMETER VALUES. THE GENERAL WITH NULLS LINKAGE*
* CONVENTION IS AS FOLLOWS: *
* ON ENTRY, REGISTER 1 POINTS TO A LIST OF POINTERS. IF N *
* PARAMETERS ARE PASSED, THERE ARE N+1 POINTERS. THE FIRST *
* N POINTERS ARE THE ADDRESSES OF THE N PARAMETERS, JUST AS *
* WITH THE GENERAL LINKAGE CONVENTION. THE N+1ST POINTER IS *
* THE ADDRESS OF A LIST CONTAINING THE N INDICATOR VARIABLE *
* VALUES. *
*******************************************************************
L R7,8(R1) GET POINTER TO INDICATOR ARRAY
MVC LOCIND(2*2),0(R7) MOVE VALUES INTO LOCAL STORAGE
LH R7,LOCIND GET INDICATOR VARIABLE FOR V1
BM NULLIN IF SO, V1 IS NULL
.
.
.
L R7,8(R1) GET POINTER TO INDICATOR ARRAY
MVC 2(2,R7),=H(0) MOVE ZERO TO V2’S INDICATOR VAR
.
.
.
CEETERM RC=0
*******************************************************************
*******************************************************************
R1 EQU 1 REGISTER 1
R7 EQU 7 REGISTER 7
PROGAREA DSECT
LOCIND DS 2H LOCAL COPY OF INDICATOR ARRAY
.
.
.
END B
Figure 192. An example of GENERAL WITH NULLS linkage in assembler
Figure 193 shows how a stored procedure in the C language receives these
parameters.

#pragma options(RENT)
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
/*****************************************************************/
/* Code for a C language stored procedure that uses the */
/* GENERAL WITH NULLS linkage convention. */
/*****************************************************************/
main(argc,argv)
int argc; /* Number of parameters passed */
char *argv[]; /* Array of strings containing */
/* the parameter values */
{
long int locv1; /* Local copy of V1 */
char locv2[10]; /* Local copy of V2 */
/* (null-terminated) */
short int locind[2]; /* Local copy of indicator */
/* variable array */
short int *tempint; /* Used for receiving the */
/* indicator variable array */
.
.
.
/***************************************************************/
/* Get the passed parameters. The GENERAL WITH NULLS linkage */
/* convention is as follows: */
/* - argc contains the number of parameters passed */
/* - argv[0] is a pointer to the stored procedure name */
/* - argv[1] to argv[n] are pointers to the n parameters */
/* in the SQL statement CALL. */
/* - argv[n+1] is a pointer to the indicator variable array */
/***************************************************************/
if(argc==4) /* Should get 4 parameters: */
{ /* procname, V1, V2, */
/* indicator variable array */
locv1 = *(int *) argv[1];
/* Get local copy of V1 */
tempint = argv[3]; /* Get pointer to indicator */
/* variable array */
locind[0] = *tempint;
/* Get 1st indicator variable */
locind[1] = *(++tempint);
/* Get 2nd indicator variable */
if(locind[0]<0) /* If 1st indicator variable */
{ /* is negative, V1 is null */
.
.
.
}
.
.
.
strcpy(argv[2],locv2);
/* Assign a value to V2 */
*(++tempint) = 0; /* Assign 0 to V2’s indicator */
/* variable */
}
}
Figure 193. An example of GENERAL WITH NULLS linkage in C
parameters.

CBL RENT
************************************************************
* CODE FOR A COBOL LANGUAGE STORED PROCEDURE THAT USES THE *
* GENERAL WITH NULLS LINKAGE CONVENTION. *
************************************************************
PROGRAM-ID. B.
.
.
.
DATA DIVISION.
.
.
.
LINKAGE SECTION.
************************************************************
* DECLARE THE PARAMETERS AND THE INDICATOR ARRAY THAT *
* WERE PASSED BY THE SQL STATEMENT CALL HERE. *
************************************************************
01 V2 PIC X(9).
*
01 INDARRAY.
10 INDVAR PIC S9(4) USAGE COMP OCCURS 2 TIMES.
.
.
.
PROCEDURE DIVISION USING V1, V2, INDARRAY.
************************************************************
* THE USING PHRASE INDICATES THAT VARIABLES V1, V2, AND *
* INDARRAY WERE PASSED BY THE CALLING PROGRAM. *
************************************************************
.
.
.
***************************
* TEST WHETHER V1 IS NULL *
***************************
IF INDARRAY(1) < 0
PERFORM NULL-PROCESSING.
.
.
.
****************************************
* ASSIGN A VALUE TO OUTPUT VARIABLE V2 *
* AND ITS INDICATOR VARIABLE *
****************************************
MOVE ’123456789’ TO V2.
MOVE ZERO TO INDARRAY(2).
Figure 194. An example of GENERAL WITH NULLS linkage in COBOL
parameters.

A: PROC(V1, V2, INDSTRUC) OPTIONS(MAIN NOEXECOPS REENTRANT);
/***************************************************************/
/* Code for a PL/I language stored procedure that uses the */
/* GENERAL WITH NULLS linkage convention. */
/***************************************************************/
/***************************************************************/
/* Indicate on the PROCEDURE statement that two parameters */
/* and an indicator variable structure were passed by the SQL */
/* statement CALL. Then declare them in the following section.*/
/* For PL/I, you must declare an indicator variable structure, */
/* not an array. */
/***************************************************************/
DCL V1 BIN FIXED(31),
V2 CHAR(9);
DCL
01 INDSTRUC,
02 IND1 BIN FIXED(15),
02 IND2 BIN FIXED(15);
.
.
.
IF IND1 < 0 THEN
CALL NULLVAL; /* If indicator variable is negative */
/* then V1 is null */
.
.
.
V2 = ’123456789’; /* Assign a value to output variable V2 */
IND2 = 0; /* Assign 0 to V2’s indicator variable */
Figure 195. An example of GENERAL WITH NULLS linkage in PL/I
Example of stored procedure linkage convention SQL

| procedure uses the SQL linkage convention to receive parameters. These examples
also show how a stored procedure receives the DBINFO structure.
For these examples, assume that a C application has the following parameter
/************************************************************/
/* Parameters for the SQL statement CALL */
/************************************************************/
long int v1;
char v2[10]; /* Allow an extra byte for */
/* the null terminator */
/************************************************************/
/* Indicator variables */
/************************************************************/
short int ind1;
short int ind2;
.
.
.
ind1 = 0; /* Remember to initialize the */
/* input parameter’s indicator*/
/* variable before executing */
/* the CALL statement */
EXEC SQL CALL B (:v1 :ind1, :v2 :ind2);
.
.
.

The following figures show how an assembler, C, COBOL, or PL/I stored procedure
| uses the SQL linkage convention to receive parameters.
parameters.
*******************************************************************
| * THE SQL LINKAGE CONVENTION. *
*******************************************************************
B CEEENTRY AUTO=PROGSIZE,MAIN=YES,PLIST=OS
USING PROGAREA,R13
*******************************************************************
*******************************************************************
..
.
*******************************************************************
| * GET THE PASSED PARAMETER VALUES. THE SQL LINKAGE *
* CONVENTION IS AS FOLLOWS: *
* ON ENTRY, REGISTER 1 POINTS TO A LIST OF POINTERS. IF N *
* PARAMETERS ARE PASSED, THERE ARE 2N+4 POINTERS. THE FIRST *
* N POINTERS ARE THE ADDRESSES OF THE N PARAMETERS, JUST AS *
* WITH THE GENERAL LINKAGE CONVENTION. THE NEXT N POINTERS ARE *
* THE ADDRESSES OF THE INDICATOR VARIABLE VALUES. THE LAST *
* 4 POINTERS (5, IF DBINFO IS PASSED) ARE THE ADDRESSES OF *
* INFORMATION ABOUT THE STORED PROCEDURE ENVIRONMENT AND *
* EXECUTION RESULTS. *
*******************************************************************
L R7,8(R1) GET POINTER TO 1ST INDICATOR VARIABLE
MVC LOCI1(2),0(R7) MOVE VALUE INTO LOCAL STORAGE
L R7,20(R1) GET POINTER TO STORED PROCEDURE NAME
MVC LOCSPNM(20),0(R7) MOVE VALUE INTO LOCAL STORAGE
L R7,24(R1) GET POINTER TO DBINFO
MVC LOCDBINF(DBINFLN),0(R7)
* MOVE VALUE INTO LOCAL STORAGE
LH R7,LOCI1 GET INDICATOR VARIABLE FOR V1
BM NULLIN IF SO, V1 IS NULL
..
.
L R7,12(R1) GET POINTER TO INDICATOR VAR 2
MVC 0(2,R7),=H’0’ MOVE ZERO TO V2’S INDICATOR VAR
L R7,16(R1) GET POINTER TO SQLSTATE
MVC 0(5,R7),=CL5’xxxxx’ MOVE xxxxx TO SQLSTATE
..
.
CEETERM RC=0
| Figure 196. An example of SQL linkage in assembler (Part 1 of 2)

*******************************************************************
*******************************************************************
R1 EQU 1 REGISTER 1
R7 EQU 7 REGISTER 7
PROGAREA DSECT
LOCI1 DS H LOCAL COPY OF INDICATOR 1
LOCI2 DS H LOCAL COPY OF INDICATOR 2
LOCSQST DS CL5 LOCAL COPY OF SQLSTATE
LOCSPNM DS H,CL27 LOCAL COPY OF STORED PROC NAME
LOCSPSNM DS H,CL18 LOCAL COPY OF SPECIFIC NAME
LOCDIAG DS H,CL70 LOCAL COPY OF DIAGNOSTIC DATA
LOCDBINF DS 0H LOCAL COPY OF DBINFO DATA
DBNAMELN DS H DATABASE NAME LENGTH
DBNAME DS CL128 DATABASE NAME
AUTHIDLN DS H APPL AUTH ID LENGTH
AUTHID DS CL128 APPL AUTH ID
ASC_SBCS DS F ASCII SBCS CCSID
ASC_DBCS DS F ASCII DBCS CCSID
ASC_MIXD DS F ASCII MIXED CCSID
EBC_SBCS DS F EBCDIC SBCS CCSID
EBC_DBCS DS F EBCDIC DBCS CCSID
EBC_MIXD DS F EBCDIC MIXED CCSID
UNI_SBCS DS F UNICODE SBCS CCSID
UNI_DBCS DS F UNICODE DBCS CCSID
UNI_MIXD DS F UNICODE MIXED CCSID
| ENCODE DS F PROCEDURE ENCODING SCHEME
RESERV0 DS CL20 RESERVED
TBQUALLN DS H TABLE QUALIFIER LENGTH
TBQUAL DS CL128 TABLE QUALIFIER
TBNAMELN DS H TABLE NAME LENGTH
TBNAME DS CL128 TABLE NAME
CLNAMELN DS H COLUMN NAME LENGTH
COLNAME DS CL128 COLUMN NAME
RELVER DS CL8 DBMS RELEASE AND VERSION
| RESERV1 DS CL2 RESERVED
PLATFORM DS F DBMS OPERATING SYSTEM
NUMTFCOL DS H NUMBER OF TABLE FUNCTION COLS USED
| RESERV2 DS CL26 RESERVED
TFCOLNUM DS A POINTER TO TABLE FUNCTION COL LIST
APPLID DS A POINTER TO APPLICATION ID
RESERV3 DS CL20 RESERVED
DBINFLN EQU *-LOCDBINF LENGTH OF DBINFO
.
.
.
END B
| Figure 196. An example of SQL linkage in assembler (Part 2 of 2)
Figure 197 shows how a stored procedure written as a main program in the C
language receives these parameters.

#include <;stdlib.h>
#include <;stdio.h>
main(argc,argv)
int argc;
char *argv[];
{
int parm1;
short int ind1;
char p_proc[28];
char p_spec[19];
/***************************************************/
/* Assume that the SQL CALL statment included */
/* 3 input/output parameters in the parameter list.*/
/* The argv vector will contain these entries: */
/* argv[0] 1 contains load module */
/* argv[1-3] 3 input/output parms */
/* argv[4-6] 3 null indicators */
/* argv[7] 1 SQLSTATE variable */
/* argv[8] 1 qualified proc name */
/* argv[9] 1 specific proc name */
/* argv[10] 1 diagnostic string */
/* argv[11] + 1 dbinfo */
/* ------ */
/* 12 for the argc variable */
/***************************************************/
if argc<>12 {
..
.
/* We end up here when invoked with wrong number of parms */
}
| Figure 197. An example of SQL linkage for a C stored procedure written as a main program
(Part 1 of 2)

/***************************************************/
/* Assume the first parameter is an integer. */
/* The following code shows how to copy the integer*/
/* parameter into the application storage. */
/***************************************************/
parm1 = *(int *) argv[1];
/***************************************************/
/* We can access the null indicator for the first */
/* parameter on the SQL CALL as follows: */
/***************************************************/
ind1 = *(short int *) argv[4];
/***************************************************/
/* We can use the following expression */
/* to assign ’xxxxx’ to the SQLSTATE returned to */
/* caller on the SQL CALL statement. */
/***************************************************/
strcpy(argv[7],"xxxxx/0");
/***************************************************/
/* We obtain the value of the qualified procedure */
/***************************************************/
strcpy(p_proc,argv[8]);
/***************************************************/
/* We obtain the value of the specific procedure */
/***************************************************/
strcpy(p_spec,argv[9]);
/***************************************************/
/* We can use the following expression to assign */
/* ’yyyyyyyy’ to the diagnostic string returned */
/* in the SQLDA associated with the CALL statement.*/
/***************************************************/
. strcpy(argv[10],"yyyyyyyy/0");
.
.
}
| Figure 197. An example of SQL linkage for a C stored procedure written as a main program
(Part 2 of 2)
Figure 198 shows how a stored procedure written as a subprogram in the C

language receives these parameters.

#pragma linkage(myproc,fetchable)
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
void myproc(*parm1 int, /* assume INT for PARM1 */

. parm2 char[11], /* assume CHAR(10) parm2 */
.
.
*p_ind1 short int, /* null indicator for parm1 */
. *p_ind2 short int, /* null indicator for parm2 */
.
.
p_sqlstate char[6], /* SQLSTATE returned to DB2 */
p_proc char[28], /* Qualified stored proc name */
p_spec char[19], /* Specific stored proc name */
p_diag char[71], /* Diagnostic string */
struct sqludf_dbinfo *udf_dbinfo); /* DBINFO */
{
int l_p1;
char[11] l_p2;
short int l_ind1;
short int l_ind2;
char[6] l_sqlstate;
char[28] l_proc;
char[19] l_spec;
char[71] l_diag;
. sqludf_dbinfo *ludf_dbinfo;
.
.
/***************************************************/
/* list into a local variable, just to demonstrate */
/***************************************************/
l_p1 = *parm1;
strcpy(l_p2,parm2);
l_ind1 = *p_ind1;
l_ind1 = *p_ind2;
strcpy(l_sqlstate,p_sqlstate);
strcpy(l_proc,p_proc);
strcpy(l_spec,p_spec);
strcpy(l_diag,p_diag);
. memcpy(&ludf_dbinfo,udf_dbinfo,sizeof(ludf_dbinfo));
.
.
}
| Figure 198. An example of SQL linkage for a C stored procedure written as a subprogram
parameters.

CBL RENT
..IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
.
..DATA DIVISION.
.
LINKAGE SECTION.
* Declare each of the parameters
01 PARM1 ...
..01 PARM2 ...
.
* Declare a null indicator for each parameter
01 P-IND1 PIC S9(4) USAGE COMP.
..01 P-IND2 PIC S9(4) USAGE COMP.
.
* Declare the SQLSTATE that can be set by stored proc
01 P-SQLSTATE PIC X(5).
* Declare the qualified procedure name
01 P-PROC.
49 P-PROC-LEN PIC 9(4) USAGE BINARY.
49 P-PROC-TEXT PIC X(27).
* Declare the specific procedure name
01 P-SPEC.
49 P-SPEC-LEN PIC 9(4) USAGE BINARY.
49 P-SPEC-TEXT PIC X(18).
* Declare SQL diagnostic message token
01 P-DIAG.
49 P-DIAG-LEN PIC 9(4) USAGE BINARY.
49 P-DIAG-TEXT PIC X(70).
*********************************************************
| * Structure used for DBINFO *
| *********************************************************
| 01 SQLUDF-DBINFO.
| * Location name length
| 05 DBNAMELEN PIC 9(4) USAGE BINARY.
| * Location name
| 05 DBNAME PIC X(128).
| * authorization ID length
| 05 AUTHIDLEN PIC 9(4) USAGE BINARY.
| * authorization ID
| 05 AUTHID PIC X(128).
| * environment CCSID information
| 05 CODEPG PIC X(48).
| 05 CDPG-DB2 REDEFINES CODEPG.
| 10 DB2-CCSIDS OCCURS 3 TIMES.
| 15 DB2-SBCS PIC 9(9) USAGE BINARY.
| 15 DB2-DBCS PIC 9(9) USAGE BINARY.
| 15 DB2-MIXED PIC 9(9) USAGE BINARY.
| 10 ENCODING-SCHEME PIC 9(9) USAGE BINARY.
| 10 RESERVED PIC X(20).
| Figure 199. An example of SQL linkage in COBOL (Part 1 of 2)

| * other platform-specific deprecated CCSID structures not included here
| * schema name length
| 05 TBSCHEMALEN PIC 9(4) USAGE BINARY.
| * schema name
| 05 TBSCHEMA PIC X(128).
| * table name length
| 05 TBNAMELEN PIC 9(4) USAGE BINARY.
| * table name
| 05 TBNAME PIC X(128).
| * column name length
| 05 COLNAMELEN PIC 9(4) USAGE BINARY.
| * column name
| 05 COLNAME PIC X(128).
| * product information
| 05 VER-REL PIC X(8).
| * reserved
| 05 RESD0 PIC X(2).
| * platform type
| 05 PLATFORM PIC 9(9) USAGE BINARY.
| * number of entries in the TF column list array (tfcolumn, below)
| 05 NUMTFCOL PIC 9(4) USAGE BINARY.
| * reserved
| 05 RESD1 PIC X(26).
| * tfcolumn will be allocated dynamically of it is defined
| * otherwise this will be a null pointer
| 05 TFCOLUMN USAGE IS POINTER.
| * application identifier
| 05 APPL-ID USAGE IS POINTER.
| * reserved
| 05 RESD2 PIC X(20).
*
.
.
.
PROCEDURE DIVISION USING PARM1, PARM2,
P-IND1, P-IND2,
P-SQLSTATE, P-PROC, P-SPEC, P-DIAG,
| . SQLUDF-DBINFO.
.
.
| Figure 199. An example of SQL linkage in COBOL (Part 2 of 2)
parameters.
MYMAIN: PROC(PARM1, PARM2, ...,
P_IND1, P_IND2, ...,
P_SQLSTATE, P_PROC, P_SPEC, P_DIAG, SP_DBINFO)
DCL PARM1 ... /* first parameter */

..DCL PARM2 ... /* second parameter */
.
DCL P_IND1 BIN FIXED(15);/* indicator for 1st parm */
..DCL P_IND2 BIN FIXED(15);/* indicator for 2nd parm */
.
DCL
P_SQLSTATE CHAR(5); /* SQLSTATE to return to DB2 */
DCL
01 P-PROC CHAR(27) /* Qualified procedure name */
VARYING;
DCL 01 P-SPEC CHAR(18) /* Specific stored proc */
VARYING;
DCL 01 P-DIAG CHAR(70) /* Diagnostic string */
VARYING;
DCL DBINFO PTR;
| Figure 200. An example of SQL linkage in PL/I (Part 1 of 2)

DCL 01 SP_DBINFO BASED(DBINFO), /* Dbinfo */
03 UDF_DBINFO_LLEN BIN FIXED(15), /* location length */
03 UDF_DBINFO_LOC CHAR(128), /* location name */
03 UDF_DBINFO_ALEN BIN FIXED(15), /* auth ID length */
03 UDF_DBINFO_AUTH CHAR(128), /* authorization ID */
03 UDF_DBINFO_CCSID, /* CCSIDs for DB2 UDB for z/OS */
05 UDF_DBINFO_ASBCS BIN FIXED(15), /* ASCII SBCS CCSID */
05 UDF_DBINFO_ADBCS BIN FIXED(15), /* ASCII DBCS CCSID */
05 UDF_DBINFO_AMIXED BIN FIXED(15), /* ASCII MIXED CCSID */
05 UDF_DBINFO_ESBCS BIN FIXED(15), /* EBCDIC SBCS CCSID */
05 UDF_DBINFO_EDBCS BIN FIXED(15), /* EBCDIC DBCS CCSID */
05 UDF_DBINFO_EMIXED BIN FIXED(15), /* EBCDIC MIXED CCSID*/
05 UDF_DBINFO_USBCS BIN FIXED(15), /* Unicode SBCS CCSID */
05 UDF_DBINFO_UDBCS BIN FIXED(15), /* Unicode DBCS CCSID */
05 UDF_DBINFO_UMIXED BIN FIXED(15), /* Unicode MIXED CCSID*/
05 UDF_DBINFO_ENCODE BIN FIXED(31), /* SP encode scheme */
05 UDF_DBINFO_RESERV0 CHAR(20), /* reserved */
03 UDF_DBINFO_SLEN BIN FIXED(15), /* schema length */
03 UDF_DBINFO_SCHEMA CHAR(128), /* schema name */
03 UDF_DBINFO_TLEN BIN FIXED(15), /* table length */
03 UDF_DBINFO_TABLE CHAR(128), /* table name */
03 UDF_DBINFO_CLEN BIN FIXED(15), /* column length */
03 UDF_DBINFO_COLUMN CHAR(128), /* column name */
03 UDF_DBINFO_RELVER CHAR(8), /* DB2 release level */
03 UDF_DBINFO_PLATFORM BIN FIXED(31), /* database platform*/
03 UDF_DBINFO_NUMTFCOL BIN FIXED(15), /* # of TF cols used*/
03 UDF_DBINFO_TFCOLUMN PTR, /* -> table fun col list */
03 UDF_DBINFO_APPLID PTR, /* -> application id */
. 03 UDF_DBINFO_RESERV2 CHAR(20); /* reserved */
.
.
| Figure 200. An example of SQL linkage in PL/I (Part 2 of 2)
Special considerations for C

In order for the linkage conventions to work correctly when a C language stored
procedure runs on z/OS, you must include the following line in your source code:
This option is not applicable to other platforms, however. If you plan to use a C
stored procedure on other platforms besides z/OS, use conditional compilation, as
shown in Figure 201, to include this option only when you compile on z/OS.

#ifdef MVS
#endif
-- or --
#ifndef WKSTN
#endif
Figure 201. Using conditional compilation to include or exclude a statement
Special considerations for PL/I

In order for the linkage conventions to work correctly when a PL/I language stored
procedure runs on z/OS, you must do the following:
v Include the run-time option NOEXECOPS in your source code.
v Specify the compile-time option SYSTEM(MVS).
For information about specifying PL/I compile-time and run-time options, see IBM
Enterprise PL/I for z/OS and OS/390 Programming Guide.
Using indicator variables to speed processing

If any of your output parameters occupy a great deal of storage, it is wasteful to
pass the entire storage areas to your stored procedure. You can use indicator
variables in the program that call the stored procedure to pass only a two byte area
to the stored procedure and receive the entire area from the stored procedure. To
accomplish this, declare an indicator variable for every large output parameter in
| your SQL statement CALL. (If you are using the GENERAL WITH NULLS or SQL
linkage convention, you must declare indicator variables for all of your parameters,
so you do not need to declare another indicator variable.) Assign a negative value
to each indicator variable associated with a large output variable. Then include the
indicator variables in the CALL statement. This technique can be used whether the
stored procedure linkage convention is GENERAL, GENERAL WITH NULLS, or
| SQL.
For example, suppose that a stored procedure that is defined with the GENERAL
linkage convention takes one integer input parameter and one character output
parameter of length 6000. You do not want to pass the 6000 byte storage area to
the stored procedure. A PL/I program containing these statements passes only two
bytes to the stored procedure for the output variable and receives all 6000 bytes
from the stored procedure:
DCL INTVAR BIN FIXED(31); /* This is the input variable */
DCL BIGVAR(6000); /* This is the output variable */
DCL. I1 BIN FIXED(15); /* This is an indicator variable */
.
.
I1 = -1; /* Setting I1 to -1 causes only */
/* a two byte area representing */
/* I1 to be passed to the */
/* stored procedure, instead of */
/* the 6000 byte area for BIGVAR*/
EXEC SQL CALL PROCX(:INTVAR, :BIGVAR INDICATOR :I1);
Declaring data types for passed parameters

A stored procedure in any language except REXX must declare each parameter
passed to it. In addition, the stored procedure definition must contain a compatible

SQL data type declaration for each parameter. For information about creating a
stored procedure definition, see “Defining your stored procedure to DB2” on page
575.
For REXX: See “Calling a stored procedure from a REXX Procedure” on page 654
for information about DB2 data types and corresponding parameter formats.
For languages other than REXX: For all data types except LOBs, ROWIDs, and
locators, see the tables listed in Table 83 for the host data types that are compatible
with the data types in the stored procedure definition.
Table 83. Listing of tables of compatible data types
Language Compatible data types table
Assembler Table 12 on page 138
C Table 14 on page 162
COBOL Table 17 on page 195
PL/I Table 21 on page 226
For LOBs, ROWIDs, and locators, Table 84 shows compatible declarations for the
assembler language.
Table 84. Compatible assembler language declarations for LOBs, ROWIDs, and locators
SQL data type in definition Assembler declaration
TABLE LOCATOR DS FL4
BLOB LOCATOR
CLOB LOCATOR
DBCLOB LOCATOR
BLOB(n) If n <= 65535:
var DS 0FL4
var_length DS FL4
var_data DS CLn
If n > 65535:
var DS 0FL4
var_length DS FL4
var_data DS CL65535
CLOB(n) If n <= 65535:
var DS 0FL4
var_length DS FL4
var_data DS CLn
If n > 65535:
var DS 0FL4
var_length DS FL4
var_data DS CL65535
DBCLOB(n) If m (=2*n) <= 65534:
var DS 0FL4
var_length DS FL4
var_data DS CLm
If m > 65534:
var DS 0FL4
var_length DS FL4
var_data DS CL65534
ORG var_data+(m-65534)
ROWID DS HL2,CL40

For LOBs, ROWIDs, and locators, Table 85 shows compatible declarations for the C
language.
Table 85. Compatible C language declarations for LOBs, ROWIDs, and locators
SQL data type in definition C declaration
TABLE LOCATOR unsigned long
BLOB LOCATOR
CLOB LOCATOR
DBCLOB LOCATOR
BLOB(n) struct
char data[n];
} var;
CLOB(n) struct
char var_data[n];
} var;
DBCLOB(n) struct
| sqldbchar data[n];
} var;
ROWID struct
{short int length;
char data[40];
} var;
For LOBs, ROWIDs, and locators, Table 86 shows compatible declarations for
COBOL.
Table 86. Compatible COBOL declarations for LOBs, ROWIDs, and locators
TABLE LOCATOR 01 var PIC S9(9) USAGE IS BINARY.
BLOB LOCATOR
CLOB LOCATOR
DBCLOB LOCATOR
BLOB(n) If n <= 32767:
01 var.
USAGE COMP.
If n > 32767:
01 var.
USAGE COMP.
02 var-DATA.
49 FILLER
PIC X(32767).
49 FILLER
.. PIC X(32767).
.
49 FILLER

CLOB(n) If n <= 32767:
01 var.
USAGE COMP.
If n > 32767:
01 var.
USAGE COMP.
02 var-DATA.
49 FILLER
PIC X(32767).
49 FILLER
.. PIC X(32767).
.
49 FILLER
01 var.
USAGE COMP.
49 var-DATA PIC G(n)
USAGE DISPLAY-1.
If n > 32767:
01 var.
USAGE COMP.
02 var-DATA.
49 FILLER
PIC G(32767)
USAGE DISPLAY-1.
49 FILLER
PIC G(32767).
.. USAGE DISPLAY-1.
.
49 FILLER
PIC G(mod(n,32767))
USAGE DISPLAY-1.
ROWID 01 var.
49 var-LEN PIC 9(4)
USAGE COMP.
49 var-DATA PIC X(40).
For LOBs, ROWIDs, and locators, Table 87 shows compatible declarations for PL/I.
Table 87. Compatible PL/I declarations for LOBs, ROWIDs, and locators
TABLE LOCATOR BIN FIXED(31)
BLOB LOCATOR
CLOB LOCATOR
DBCLOB LOCATOR

Table 87. Compatible PL/I declarations for LOBs, ROWIDs, and locators (continued)
BLOB(n) If n <= 32767:
01 var,
03 var_LENGTH
BIN FIXED(31),
03 var_DATA
CHAR(n);
If n > 32767:
01 var,
02 var_LENGTH
BIN FIXED(31),
02 var_DATA,
03 var_DATA1(n)
CHAR(32767),
03 var_DATA2
CHAR(mod(n,32767));
CLOB(n) If n <= 32767:
01 var,
03 var_LENGTH
BIN FIXED(31),
03 var_DATA
CHAR(n);
If n > 32767:
01 var,
02 var_LENGTH
BIN FIXED(31),
02 var_DATA,
03 var_DATA1(n)
CHAR(32767),
03 var_DATA2
CHAR(mod(n,32767));
01 var,
03 var_LENGTH
BIN FIXED(31),
03 var_DATA
GRAPHIC(n);
If n > 16383:
01 var,
02 var_LENGTH
BIN FIXED(31),
02 var_DATA,
03 var_DATA1(n)
GRAPHIC(16383),
03 var_DATA2
GRAPHIC(mod(n,16383));
ROWID CHAR(40) VAR
Tables of results: Each high-level language definition for stored procedure

parameters supports only a single instance (a scalar value) of the parameter. There
is no support for structure, array, or vector parameters. Because of this, the SQL
statement CALL limits the ability of an application to return some kinds of tables.
For example, an application might need to return a table that represents multiple
occurrences of one or more of the parameters passed to the stored procedure.

Because the SQL statement CALL cannot return more than one set of parameters,
use one of the following techniques to return such a table:
v Put the data that the application returns in a DB2 table. The calling program can
receive the data in one of these ways:
– The calling program can fetch the rows from the table directly. Specify FOR
FETCH ONLY or FOR READ ONLY on the SELECT statement that retrieves
data from the table. A block fetch can retrieve the required data efficiently.
– The stored procedure can return the contents of the table as a result set. See
“Writing a stored procedure to return result sets to a DRDA client” on page
590 and “Writing a DB2 UDB for z/OS client program or SQL procedure to
receive result sets” for more information.
v Convert tabular data to string format and return it as a character string parameter
to the calling program. The calling program and the stored procedure can
establish a convention for interpreting the content of the character string. For
example, the SQL statement CALL can pass a 1920-byte character string
parameter to a stored procedure, allowing the stored procedure to return a 24x80
screen image to the calling program.
Writing a DB2 UDB for z/OS client program or SQL procedure to

receive result sets
You can write a program to receive result sets given either of the following
alternatives:
v For a fixed number of result sets, for which you know the contents
This is the only alternative in which you can write an SQL procedure to return
result sets.
v For a variable number of result sets, for which you do not know the contents
The first alternative is simpler to write, but if you use the second alternative, you do
not need to make major modifications to your client program if the stored procedure
changes.
The basic steps for receiving result sets are as follows:

1. Declare a locator variable for each result set that will be returned.
If you do not know how many result sets will be returned, declare enough result
set locators for the maximum number of result sets that might be returned.
2. Call the stored procedure and check the SQL return code.
If the SQLCODE from the CALL statement is +466, the stored procedure has
returned result sets.
3. Determine how many result sets the stored procedure is returning.
If you already know how many result sets the stored procedure returns, you can
skip this step.
Use the SQL statement DESCRIBE PROCEDURE to determine the number of
result sets. DESCRIBE PROCEDURE places information about the result sets
in an SQLDA. Make this SQLDA large enough to hold the maximum number of
result sets that the stored procedure might return. When the DESCRIBE
PROCEDURE statement completes, the fields in the SQLDA contain the
following values:
v SQLD contains the number of result sets returned by the stored procedure.
v Each SQLVAR entry gives information about a result set. In an SQLVAR
entry:

– The SQLNAME field contains the name of the SQL cursor used by the
stored procedure to return the result set.
– The SQLIND field contains the value -1. This indicates that no estimate of
the number of rows in the result set is available.
– The SQLDATA field contains the value of the result set locator, which is
the address of the result set.
4. Link result set locators to result sets.
You can use the SQL statement ASSOCIATE LOCATORS to link result set
locators to result sets. The ASSOCIATE LOCATORS statement assigns values
to the result set locator variables. If you specify more locators than the number
of result sets returned, DB2 ignores the extra locators.
To use the ASSOCIATE LOCATORS statement, you must embed it in an
application or SQL procedure.
If you executed the DESCRIBE PROCEDURE statement previously, the result
set locator values are in the SQLDATA fields of the SQLDA. You can copy the
values from the SQLDATA fields to the result set locators manually, or you can
execute the ASSOCIATE LOCATORS statement to do it for you.
The stored procedure name that you specify in an ASSOCIATE LOCATORS or
DESCRIBE PROCEDURE statement must match the stored procedure name in
the CALL statement that returns the result sets. That is:
v If the stored procedure name in ASSOCIATE LOCATORS or DESCRIBE
PROCEDURE is unqualified, the stored procedure name in the CALL
statement must be unqualified.
PROCEDURE is qualified with a schema name, the stored procedure name
in the CALL statement must be qualified with a schema name.
PROCEDURE is qualified with a location name and a schema name, the
stored procedure name in the CALL statement must be qualified with a
location name and a schema name.
5. Allocate cursors for fetching rows from the result sets.
Use the SQL statement ALLOCATE CURSOR to link each result set with a
cursor. Execute one ALLOCATE CURSOR statement for each result set. The
cursor names can be different from the cursor names in the stored procedure.
To use the ALLOCATE CURSOR statement, you must embed it in an
application or SQL procedure.
6. Determine the contents of the result sets.
If you already know the format of the result set, you can skip this step.
Use the SQL statement DESCRIBE CURSOR to determine the format of a
result set and put this information in an SQLDA. For each result set, you need
an SQLDA big enough to hold descriptions of all columns in the result set.
You can use DESCRIBE CURSOR only for cursors for which you executed
ALLOCATE CURSOR previously.
After you execute DESCRIBE CURSOR, if the cursor for the result set is
declared WITH HOLD, the high-order bit of the eighth byte of field SQLDAID in
the SQLDA is set to 1.
7. Fetch rows from the result sets into host variables by using the cursors that you
allocated with the ALLOCATE CURSOR statements.
If you executed the DESCRIBE CURSOR statement, perform these steps
before you fetch the rows:

a. Allocate storage for host variables and indicator variables. Use the contents
of the SQLDA from the DESCRIBE CURSOR statement to determine how
much storage you need for each host variable.
b. Put the address of the storage for each host variable in the appropriate
SQLDATA field of the SQLDA.
c. Put the address of the storage for each indicator variable in the appropriate
SQLIND field of the SQLDA.
Fetching rows from a result set is the same as fetching rows from a table.
You do not need to connect to the remote location when you execute these
statements:
v DESCRIBE PROCEDURE
v ASSOCIATE LOCATORS
v ALLOCATE CURSOR
v DESCRIBE CURSOR
v FETCH
v CLOSE
For the syntax of result set locators in each host language, see Chapter 9,
“Embedding SQL statements in host languages,” on page 129. For the syntax of
result set locators in SQL procedures, see Chapter 6 of DB2 SQL Reference. For
the syntax of the ASSOCIATE LOCATORS, DESCRIBE PROCEDURE, ALLOCATE
CURSOR, and DESCRIBE CURSOR statements, see Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL
Reference.
Figure 202 on page 651 and Figure 203 on page 652 show C language code that
accomplishes each of these steps. Coding for other languages is similar. For a
more complete example of a C language program that receives result sets, see
“Examples of using stored procedures” on page 975.
Figure 202 on page 651 demonstrates how you receive result sets when you know
how many result sets are returned and what is in each result set.

/*************************************************************/
/* Declare result set locators. For this example, */
/* assume you know that two result sets will be returned. */
/* Also, assume that you know the format of each result set. */
/*************************************************************/
static volatile SQL TYPE IS RESULT_SET_LOCATOR *loc1, *loc2;
.
.
.
/*************************************************************/
/* Call stored procedure P1. */
/* Check for SQLCODE +466, which indicates that result sets */
/* were returned. */
/*************************************************************/
EXEC SQL CALL P1(:parm1, :parm2, ...);
if(SQLCODE==+466)
{
/*************************************************************/
/* Establish a link between each result set and its */
/* locator using the ASSOCIATE LOCATORS. */
/*************************************************************/
EXEC SQL ASSOCIATE LOCATORS (:loc1, :loc2) WITH PROCEDURE P1;
.
.
.
/*************************************************************/
/* Associate a cursor with each result set. */
/*************************************************************/
EXEC SQL ALLOCATE C1 CURSOR FOR RESULT SET :loc1;
/*************************************************************/
/* Fetch the result set rows into host variables. */
/*************************************************************/
while(SQLCODE==0)
{
EXEC SQL FETCH C1 INTO :order_no, :cust_no;
.
.
.
}
while(SQLCODE==0)
{
EXEC SQL FETCH C2 :order_no, :item_no, :quantity;
.
.
.
}
}
Figure 202. Receiving known result sets
Figure 203 on page 652 demonstrates how you receive result sets when you do not
know how many result sets are returned or what is in each result set.

/*************************************************************/
/* Declare result set locators. For this example, */
/* assume that no more than three result sets will be */
/* returned, so declare three locators. Also, assume */
/* that you do not know the format of the result sets. */
/*************************************************************/
static volatile SQL TYPE IS RESULT_SET_LOCATOR *loc1, *loc2, *loc3;
.
.
.
Figure 203. Receiving unknown result sets (Part 1 of 3)
/*************************************************************/
/* Call stored procedure P2. */
/* Check for SQLCODE +466, which indicates that result sets */
/* were returned. */
/*************************************************************/
EXEC SQL CALL P2(:parm1, :parm2, ...);
if(SQLCODE==+466)
{
/*************************************************************/
/* Determine how many result sets P2 returned, using the */
/* statement DESCRIBE PROCEDURE. :proc_da is an SQLDA */
/* with enough storage to accommodate up to three SQLVAR */
/* entries. */
/*************************************************************/
EXEC SQL DESCRIBE PROCEDURE P2 INTO :proc_da;
.
.
.
/*************************************************************/
/* Now that you know how many result sets were returned, */
/* establish a link between each result set and its */
/* locator using the ASSOCIATE LOCATORS. For this example, */
/* we assume that three result sets are returned. */
/*************************************************************/
EXEC SQL ASSOCIATE LOCATORS (:loc1, :loc2, :loc3) WITH PROCEDURE P2;
.
.
.
/*************************************************************/
/* Associate a cursor with each result set. */
/*************************************************************/

/*************************************************************/
/* Use the statement DESCRIBE CURSOR to determine the */
/* format of each result set. */
/*************************************************************/
EXEC SQL DESCRIBE CURSOR C1 INTO :res_da1;
.
.
.
/*************************************************************/
/* Assign values to the SQLDATA and SQLIND fields of the */
/* SQLDAs that you used in the DESCRIBE CURSOR statements. */
/* These values are the addresses of the host variables and */
/* indicator variables into which DB2 will put result set */
/* rows. */
/*************************************************************/
.
.
.
/*************************************************************/
/* Fetch the result set rows into the storage areas */
/* that the SQLDAs point to. */
/*************************************************************/
while(SQLCODE==0)
{
EXEC SQL FETCH C1 USING :res_da1;
.
.
.
}
while(SQLCODE==0)
{
.
.
.
}
while(SQLCODE==0)
{
.
.
.
}
}
Figure 204 on page 654 demonstrates how you can use an SQL procedure to
receive result sets.

DECLARE RESULT1 RESULT_SET_LOCATOR VARYING;
DECLARE
. RESULT2 RESULT_SET_LOCATOR VARYING;
.
.
CALL TARGETPROCEDURE();
ASSOCIATE RESULT SET LOCATORS(RESULT1,RESULT2)
WITH PROCEDURE TARGETPROCEDURE;
ALLOCATE RSCUR1 CURSOR FOR RESULT1;
ALLOCATE RSCUR2 CURSOR FOR RESULT2;
WHILE AT_END = 0 DO
FETCH RSCUR1 INTO VAR1;
SET TOTAL1 = TOTAL1 + VAR1;
END WHILE;
WHILE AT_END = 0 DO
FETCH RSCUR2 INTO VAR2;
SET TOTAL2 = TOTAL2 + VAR2;
END
. WHILE;
.
.
Figure 204. Receiving result sets in an SQL procedure
Accessing transition tables in a stored procedure

When you write a user-defined function, external stored procedure, or SQL
procedure that is to be invoked from a trigger, you might need access to transition
tables for the trigger. The technique for accessing the transition tables is the same
for user-defined functions and stored procedures, and is described in “Accessing
transition tables in a user-defined function or stored procedure” on page 328.
Calling a stored procedure from a REXX Procedure

The format of the parameters that you pass in the CALL statement in a REXX
procedure must be compatible with the data types of the parameters in the
CREATE PROCEDURE statement. Table 88 lists each SQL data type that you can
specify for the parameters in the CREATE PROCEDURE statement and the
corresponding format for a REXX parameter that represents that data type.
Table 88. Parameter formats for a CALL statement in a REXX procedure
SQL data type REXX format
SMALLINT A string of numerics that does not contain a decimal point or exponent identifier.
INTEGER The first character can be a plus or minus sign. This format also applies to
indicator variables that are passed as parameters.
DECIMAL(p,s) A string of numerics that has a decimal point but no exponent identifier. The first
NUMERIC(p,s) character can be a plus or minus sign.
REAL A string that represents a number in scientific notation. The string consists of a
FLOAT(n) series of numerics followed by an exponent identifier (an E or e followed by an
DOUBLE optional plus or minus sign and a series of numerics).
CHARACTER(n) A string of length n, enclosed in single quotation marks.
VARCHAR(n)
VARCHAR(n) FOR BIT DATA
GRAPHIC(n) The character G followed by a string enclosed in single quotation marks. The string
VARGRAPHIC(n) within the quotation marks begins with a shift-out character (X'0E') and ends with a
shift-in character (X'0F'). Between the shift-out character and shift-in character are
n double-byte characters.
DATE A string of length 10, enclosed in single quotation marks. The format of the string
depends on the value of field DATE FORMAT that you specify when you install
DB2. See Chapter 2 of DB2 SQL Reference for valid date string formats.

Table 88. Parameter formats for a CALL statement in a REXX procedure (continued)
SQL data type REXX format
TIME A string of length 8, enclosed in single quotation marks. The format of the string
depends on the value of field TIME FORMAT that you specify when you install
DB2. See Chapter 2 of DB2 SQL Reference for valid time string formats.
TIMESTAMP A string of length 26, enclosed in single quotation marks. The string has the format
yyyy-mm-dd-hh.mm.ss.nnnnnn.
Figure 205 on page 656 demonstrates how a REXX procedure calls the stored
procedure in Figure 179 on page 595. The REXX procedure performs the following
actions:
v Connects to the DB2 subsystem that was specified by the REXX procedure
invoker.
v Calls the stored procedure to execute a DB2 command that was specified by the
REXX procedure invoker.
v Retrieves rows from a result set that contains the command output messages.

/* REXX */
PARSE ARG SSID COMMAND /* Get the SSID to connect to */
/* and the DB2 command to be */
/* executed */
/****************************************************************/
/* Set up the host command environment for SQL calls. */
/****************************************************************/
"SUBCOM DSNREXX" /* Host cmd env available? */
IF RC THEN /* No--make one */
/****************************************************************/
/* Connect to the DB2 subsystem. */
/****************************************************************/
ADDRESS DSNREXX "CONNECT" SSID
PROC = ’COMMAND’
RESULTSIZE = 32703
RESULT = LEFT(’ ’,RESULTSIZE,’ ’)
/****************************************************************/
/* Call the stored procedure that executes the DB2 command. */
/* The input variable (COMMAND) contains the DB2 command. */
/* The output variable (RESULT) will contain the return area */
/* from the IFI COMMAND call after the stored procedure */
/* executes. */
/****************************************************************/
ADDRESS DSNREXX "EXECSQL" ,
"CALL" PROC "(:COMMAND, :RESULT)"
IF SQLCODE < 0 THEN CALL SQLCA
SAY ’RETCODE =’RETCODE
|| SQLERRD.6
|| SQLWARN.10
SAY C2X(RESULT) "’"||RESULT||"’"
Figure 205. Example of a REXX procedure that calls a stored procedure (Part 1 of 3)

/****************************************************************/
/* Display the IFI return area in hexadecimal. */
/****************************************************************/
OFFSET = 4+1
TOTLEN = LENGTH(RESULT)
DO WHILE ( OFFSET < TOTLEN )
LEN = C2D(SUBSTR(RESULT,OFFSET,2))
SAY SUBSTR(RESULT,OFFSET+4,LEN-4-1)
OFFSET = OFFSET + LEN
END
/****************************************************************/
/* Get information about result sets returned by the */
/* stored procedure. */
/****************************************************************/
ADDRESS DSNREXX "EXECSQL DESCRIBE PROCEDURE :PROC INTO :SQLDA"
DO I = 1 TO SQLDA.SQLD
SAY "SQLDA."I".SQLNAME ="SQLDA.I.SQLNAME";"
SAY "SQLDA."I".SQLTYPE ="SQLDA.I.SQLTYPE";"
SAY "SQLDA."I".SQLLOCATOR ="SQLDA.I.SQLLOCATOR";"
SAY "SQLDA."I".SQLESTIMATE="SQLDA.I.SQLESTIMATE";"
END I
/****************************************************************/
/* Set up a cursor to retrieve the rows from the result */
/* set. */
/****************************************************************/
ADDRESS DSNREXX "EXECSQL ASSOCIATE LOCATOR (:RESULT) WITH PROCEDURE :PROC"
SAY RESULT
ADDRESS DSNREXX "EXECSQL ALLOCATE C101 CURSOR FOR RESULT SET :RESULT"
CURSOR = ’C101’
ADDRESS DSNREXX "EXECSQL DESCRIBE CURSOR :CURSOR INTO :SQLDA"
/****************************************************************/
/* Retrieve and display the rows from the result set, which */
/* contain the command output message text. */
/****************************************************************/
DO UNTIL(SQLCODE ¬= 0)
ADDRESS DSNREXX "EXECSQL FETCH C101 INTO :SEQNO, :TEXT"
IF SQLCODE = 0 THEN
DO
SAY TEXT
END
END
ADDRESS DSNREXX "EXECSQL CLOSE C101"
ADDRESS DSNREXX "EXECSQL COMMIT"

/****************************************************************/
/* Disconnect from the DB2 subsystem. */
/****************************************************************/
ADDRESS DSNREXX "DISCONNECT"
/****************************************************************/
/* Delete the host command environment for SQL. */
/****************************************************************/
S_RC = RXSUBCOM(’DELETE’,’DSNREXX’,’DSNREXX’) /* REMOVE CMD ENV */
RETURN
/****************************************************************/
/* Routine to display the SQLCA */
/****************************************************************/
SQLCA:
TRACE O
|| SQLERRD.6
|| SQLWARN.10
EXIT
Preparing a client program

You must prepare the calling program by precompiling, compiling, and link-editing it
on the client system.
Before you can call a stored procedure from your embedded SQL application, you
must bind a package for the client program on the remote system. You can use the
remote DRDA bind capability on your DRDA client system to bind the package to
the remote system.
If you have packages that contain SQL CALL statements that you bound before
DB2 Version 6, you can get better performance from those packages if you rebind
them in DB2 Version 6 or later. Rebinding lets DB2 obtain some information from
the catalog at bind time that it obtained at run time before Version 6. Therefore,
after you rebind your packages, they run more efficiently because DB2 can do
fewer catalog searches at run time.
For an ODBC or CLI application, the DB2 packages and plan associated with the
ODBC driver must be bound to DB2 before you can run your application. For

information about building client applications on platforms other than DB2 UDB for
z/OS to access stored procedures, see one of these documents:
v DB2 Universal Database Application Development Guide: Building and Running
Applications
v DB2 Universal Database for iSeries SQL Programming with Host Languages
A z/OS client can bind the DBRM to a remote server by specifying a location name
on the command BIND PACKAGE. For example, suppose you want a client
program to call a stored procedure at location LOCA. You precompile the program
to produce DBRM A. Then you can use the following command to bind DBRM A
into package collection COLLA at location LOCA:
BIND PACKAGE (LOCA.COLLA) MEMBER(A)
The plan for the package resides only at the client system.
Running a stored procedure

Stored procedures run as either main programs or subprograms. “Writing a stored
procedure as a main program or subprogram” on page 583 contains information
about the requirements for each type of stored procedure.
If a stored procedure runs as a main program, before each call, Language

Environment reinitializes the storage used by the stored procedure. Program
variables for the stored procedure do not persist between calls.
If a stored procedure runs as a subprogram, Language Environment does not

initialize the storage between calls. Program variables for the stored procedure can
persist between calls. However, you should not assume that your program variables
are available from one stored procedure call to another because:
v Stored procedures from other users can run in an instance of Language
Environment between two executions of your stored procedure.
v Consecutive executions of a stored procedure might run in different stored
procedures address spaces.
v The z/OS operator might refresh Language Environment between two executions
of your stored procedure.
DB2 runs stored procedures under the DB2 thread of the calling application, making
the stored procedures part of the caller’s unit of work.
If both the client and server application environments support two-phase commit,
the coordinator controls updates between the application, the server, and the stored
procedures. If either side does not support two-phase commit, updates will fail.
If a stored procedure abnormally terminates:

v The calling program receives an SQL error as notification that the stored
procedure failed.
v DB2 places the calling program’s unit of work in a must-rollback state.
| v DB2 stops the stored procedure, and subsequent calls fail, in either of the
| following conditions:
| – If the number of abnormal terminations equals the STOP AFTER n FAILURES
| value for the stored procedure
| – If the number of abnormal terminations equals the default MAX ABEND
| COUNT value for the subsystem

v If the stored procedure does not handle the abend condition, DB2 refreshes the
Language Environment environment to recover the storage that the application
uses. In most cases, the Language Environment environment does not need to
restart.
v If a data set is allocated to the DD name CEEDUMP in the JCL procedure that
starts the stored procedures address space, Language Environment writes a
small diagnostic dump to this data set. See your system administrator to obtain
the dump information. See “Testing a stored procedure” on page 664 for
techniques that you can use to diagnose the problem.
How DB2 determines which version of a stored procedure to run

The combination of the schema name and stored procedure name uniquely identify
a stored procedure. If you qualify the stored procedure name when you execute a
CALL statement to call a stored procedure, there is only one candidate to run.
However, if you do not qualify the stored name, DB2 uses the following method to
determine which stored procedure to run:
1. DB2 searches the list of schema names from the PATH bind option or the
CURRENT PATH special register from left to right until it finds a schema name
for which a stored procedure definition exists with the name in the CALL
statement.
DB2 uses schema names from the PATH bind option for CALL statements of
the following form:
CALL literal
DB2 uses schema names from the CURRENT PATH special register for CALL
statements of the following form:
CALL host-variable
2. When DB2 finds a stored procedure definition, DB2 executes that stored
procedure if the following conditions are true:
v The caller is authorized to execute the stored procedure.
v The stored procedure has the same number of parameters as in the CALL
statement.
If both conditions are not true, DB2 continues to go through the list of schemas
until it finds a stored procedure that meets both conditions or reaches the end of
the list.
3. If DB2 cannot find a suitable stored procedure, it returns an SQL error code for
the CALL statement.
Using a single application program to call different versions of a

stored procedure
If you want to use the same application program to call different versions of a
stored procedure that have the same load module name, follow these steps:
1. When you define each version of the stored procedure, use the same stored
procedure name but different schema names, different COLLID values, and
different WLM environments.
2. In the program that invokes the stored procedure, specify the unqualified stored
procedure name in the CALL statement.
3. Use the SQL path to indicate which version of the stored procedure that the
client program should call. You can choose the SQL path in several ways:
v If the client program is not an ODBC or JDBC application, use one of the
following methods:

– Use the CALL procedure-name form of the CALL statement. When you
bind plans or packages for the program that calls the stored procedure,
bind one plan or package for each version of the stored procedure that
you want to call. In the PATH bind option for each plan or package,
specify the schema name of the stored procedure that you want to call.
– Use the CALL host-variable form of the CALL statement. In the client
program, use the SET PATH statement to specify the schema name of the
stored procedure that you want to call.
v If the client program is an ODBC or JDBC application, choose one of the
following methods:
– Use the SET PATH statement to specify the schema name of the stored
procedure that you want to call.
– When you bind the stored procedure packages, specify a different
collection for each stored procedure package. Use the COLLID value that
you specified when defining the stored procedure to DB2.
4. When you run the client program, specify the plan or package with the PATH
value that matches the schema name of the stored procedure that you want to
call.
For example, suppose that you want to write one program, PROGY, that calls one
of two versions of a stored procedure named PROCX. The load module for both
stored procedures is named SUMMOD. Each version of SUMMOD is in a different
load library. The stored procedures run in different WLM environments, and the
startup JCL for each WLM environment includes a STEPLIB concatenation that
specifies the correct load library for the stored procedure module.
First, define the two stored procedures in different schemas and different WLM
environments:
CREATE PROCEDURE TEST.PROCX(IN V1 INTEGER, OUT V2 CHAR(9))
LANGUAGE C
WLM ENVIRONMENT TESTENV;
CREATE PROCEDURE PROD.PROCX(IN V1 INTEGER, OUT V2 CHAR(9))
LANGUAGE C
WLM ENVIRONMENT PRODENV;
When you write CALL statements for PROCX in program PROGY, use the
unqualified form of the stored procedure name:
CALL PROCX(V1,V2);
Bind two plans for PROGY. In one BIND statement, specify PATH(TEST). In the
other BIND statement, specify PATH(PROD).
To call TEST.PROCX, execute PROGY with the plan that you bound with
PATH(TEST). To call PROD.PROCX, execute PROGY with the plan that you bound
with PATH(PROD).
Running multiple stored procedures concurrently

Multiple stored procedures can run concurrently, each under its own z/OS task
(TCB). The maximum number of stored procedures that can run concurrently in a
single address space is set at DB2 installation time, on panel DSNTIPX.
See Part 2 of DB2 Installation Guide for more information.

You can override that value in the following ways:
v For WLM-established or DB2-established stored procedures address spaces, edit
the JCL procedures that start stored procedures address spaces, and modify the
value of the NUMTCB parameter.
v For WLM-established address spaces, when you set up a WLM application
environment, specify the following parameter in field Start Parameters of panel
Create An Application Environment:
NUMTCB=number-of-TCBs
| For REXX stored procedures, you must set NUMTCB to 1.
To maximize the number of stored procedures that can run concurrently, use the
following guidelines:
v Set REGION size to 0 in startup procedures for the stored procedures address
spaces to obtain the largest possible amount of storage below the 16MB line.
v Limit storage required by application programs below the 16MB line by:
– Link editing programs above the line with AMODE(31) and RMODE(ANY)
attributes
– Using the RENT and DATA(31) compiler options for COBOL programs.
v Limit storage required by IBM Language Environment by using these run-time
options:
– HEAP(,,ANY) to allocate program heap storage above the 16MB line
– STACK(,,ANY,) to allocate program stack storage above the 16MB line
– STORAGE(,,,4K) to reduce reserve storage area below the line to 4KB
– BELOWHEAP(4K,,) to reduce the heap storage below the line to 4KB
– LIBSTACK(4K,,) to reduce the library stack below the line to 4KB
– ALL31(ON) to indicate all programs contained in the stored procedure run with
AMODE(31) and RMODE(ANY).
You can list these options in the RUN OPTIONS parameter of the CREATE
PROCEDURE or ALTER PROCEDURE statement, if they are not Language
Environment installation defaults. For example, the RUN OPTIONS parameter
could specify:
H(,,ANY),STAC(,,ANY,),STO(,,,4K),BE(4K,,),LIBS(4K,,),ALL31(ON)
For more information about creating a stored procedure definition, see
“Defining your stored procedure to DB2” on page 575.
v If you use WLM-established address spaces for your stored procedures, assign
stored procedures to WLM application environments according to guidelines that
are described in Part 5 (Volume 2) of DB2 Administration Guide.
| Running multiple instances of a stored procedure concurrently

| Multiple instances of a stored procedure, invoked at either the same or different
| level of nesting, can run at the same time. When your application program issues
| multiple CALL statements to the same stored procedure, each CALL statement
| invokes a unique instance of the stored procedure. If the stored procedure returns
| result sets, each instance of the stored procedure opens its own set of cursors that
| return result sets.
| Multiple instances of a stored procedure can be invoked only if both the client and
| the server are DB2 Version 8 new-function mode or later.
| Storage shortages can occur if too many instances of a stored procedure or if too
| many cursors that return result sets are open at the same time. To minimize these
| storage shortages, two subsystem parameters control the maximum number of

| stored procedures instances and the maximum number of open cursors for a
| thread. MAX_ST_PROC controls the maximum number of stored procedure
| instances that can run concurrently. MAX_NUM_CUR controls the maximum
| number of cursors that can be open concurrently. When either of the values from
| these subsystem parameters is exceeded while an application is running, the CALL
| statement receives SQLCODE -904.
| The maximum number of stored procedure instances and the maximum number of
| open cursors is set on installation panel DSNTIPX. See Part 2 of DB2 Installation
| Guide for more information about setting the maximum number of stored procedure
| instances and the maximum number of open cursors.
Accessing non-DB2 resources

Applications that run in a stored procedures address space can access any
resources available to z/OS address spaces, such as VSAM files, flat files,
APPC/MVS conversations, and IMS or CICS transactions.
Consider the following when you develop stored procedures that access non-DB2
resources:
v When a stored procedure runs in a DB2-established stored procedures address
space, DB2 does not coordinate commit and rollback activity on recoverable
resources such as IMS or CICS transactions, and MQI messages. DB2 has no
knowledge of, and therefore cannot control, the dependency between a stored
procedure and a recoverable resource.
v When a stored procedure runs in a WLM-established stored procedures address
space, the stored procedure uses the Recoverable Resource Manager Services
for commitment control. When DB2 commits or rolls back work in this
environment, DB2 coordinates all updates made to recoverable resources by
other RRS compliant resource managers in the z/OS system.
v When a stored procedure runs in a DB2-established stored procedures address
space, z/OS is not aware that the stored procedures address space is processing
work for DB2. One consequence of this is that z/OS accesses RACF-protected
resources using the user ID associated with the z/OS task (ssnmSPAS) for
stored procedures, not the user ID of the client.
v When a stored procedure runs in a WLM-established stored procedures address
space, DB2 can establish a RACF environment for accessing non-DB2
resources. The authority used when the stored procedure accesses protected
z/OS resources depends on the value of SECURITY in the stored procedure
definition:
– If the value of SECURITY is DB2, the authorization ID associated with the
stored procedures address space is used.
– If the value of SECURITY is USER, the authorization ID under which the
CALL statement is executed is used.
– If the value of SECURITY is DEFINER, the authorization ID under which the
CREATE PROCEDURE statement was executed is used.
v Not all non-DB2 resources can tolerate concurrent access by multiple TCBs in
the same address space. You might need to serialize the access within your
application.

CICS
Stored procedure applications can access CICS by one of these methods:
v Stored procedure DSNACICS
DSNACICS gives workstation applications a way to invoke CICS server
programs while using TCP/IP or SNA as their communication protocol. The
workstation applications use DB2 CONNECT to connect to a DB2 for z/OS
subsystem, and then call DSNACICS to invoke the CICS server programs.
v Message Queue Interface (MQI) for asynchronous execution of CICS
transactions
v External CICS interface (EXCI) for synchronous execution of CICS
transactions
v Advanced Program-to-Program Communication (APPC), using the Common
Programming Interface Communications (CPI Communications) application
programming interface
For DB2-established address spaces, a CICS application runs as a separate

unit of work from the unit of work under which the stored procedure runs.
Consequently, results from CICS processing do not affect the completion of
stored procedure processing. For example, a CICS transaction in a stored
procedure that rolls back a unit of work does not prevent the stored procedure
from committing the DB2 unit of work. Similarly, a rollback of the DB2 unit of
work does not undo the successful commit of a CICS transaction.
For WLM-established address spaces, if your system is running a release of

CICS that uses z/OS RRS, then z/OS RRS controls commitment of all
resources.
IMS
If your system is not running a release of IMS that uses z/OS RRS, you can
use one of the following methods to access DL/I data from your stored
procedure:
v Use the CICS EXCI interface to run a CICS transaction synchronously. That
CICS transaction can, in turn, access DL/I data.
v Invoke IMS transactions asynchronously using the MQI.
v Use APPC through the CPI Communications application programming
interface
Testing a stored procedure

Some commonly used debugging tools, such as TSO TEST, are not available in the
environment where stored procedures run. Here are some alternative testing
strategies to consider.
Debugging the stored procedure as a stand-alone program on a

workstation
If you have debugging support on a workstation, you might choose to do most of
your development and testing on a workstation, before installing a stored procedure
on z/OS. This results in very little debugging activity on z/OS.

Debugging with the Debug Tool and IBM VisualAge COBOL
If you have VisualAge COBOL installed on your workstation and the Debug Tool
installed on your z/OS system, you can use the VisualAge COBOL
Edit/Compile/Debug component with the Debug Tool to debug COBOL stored
procedures that run in a WLM-established stored procedures address space. For
detailed information about the Debug Tool, see Debug Tool User's Guide and
Reference.
After you write your COBOL stored procedure and set up the WLM environment,
follow these steps to test the stored procedure with the Debug Tool:
1. When you compile the stored procedure, specify the TEST and SOURCE
options.
Ensure that the source listing is stored in a permanent data set. VisualAge
COBOL displays the source listing during the debug session.
2. When you define the stored procedure, include run-time option TEST with the
suboption VADTCPIP&ipaddr in your RUN OPTIONS argument.
VADTCPIP& tells the Debug Tool that it is interfacing with a workstation that
runs VisualAge COBOL and is configured for TCP/IP communication with your
z/OS system. ipaddr is the IP address of the workstation on which you display
your debug information. For example, the RUN OPTIONS value in the following
stored procedure definition indicates that debug information should go to the
workstation with IP address 9.63.51.17:
CREATE PROCEDURE WLMCOB
(IN INTEGER, INOUT VARCHAR(3000), INOUT INTEGER)
MODIFIES SQL DATA
LANGUAGE COBOL EXTERNAL
PROGRAM TYPE MAIN
WLM ENVIRONMENT WLMENV1
RUN OPTIONS ’POSIX(ON),TEST(,,,VADTCPIP&9.63.51.17:*)’
3. In the JCL startup procedure for WLM-established stored procedures address
space, add the data set name of the Debug Tool load library to the STEPLIB
concatenation. For example, suppose that ENV1PROC is the JCL procedure for
application environment WLMENV1. The modified JCL for ENV1PROC might
look like this:
//DSNWLM PROC RGN=0K,APPLENV=WLMENV1,DB2SSN=DSN,NUMTCB=8
//IEFPROC EXEC PGM=DSNX9WLM,REGION=&RGN,TIME=NOLIMIT,
// PARM=’&DB2SSN,&NUMTCB,&APPLENV’
//STEPLIB DD DISP=SHR,DSN=DSN810.RUNLIB.LOAD
// DD DISP=SHR,DSN=EQAW.SEQAMOD <== DEBUG TOOL
4. On the workstation, start the VisualAge Remote Debugger daemon.
This daemon waits for incoming requests from TCP/IP.
5. Call the stored procedure.
When the stored procedure starts, a window that contains the debug session is
displayed on the workstation. You can then execute Debug Tool commands to
debug the stored procedure.

Debug Tool and C/C++ Productivity Tools for z/OS
If you have the C/C++ Productivity Tools for z/OS installed on your workstation and
the Debug Tool installed on your z/OS system, you can debug an SQL procedure or
C or C++ stored procedure that runs in a WLM-established stored procedures
address space. The code against which you run the debug tools is the C source

program that is produced by the program preparation process for the stored
procedure. For detailed information about the Debug Tool, see Debug Tool User's
Guide and Reference.
After you write your C++ stored procedure or SQL procedure and set up the WLM
environment, follow these steps to test the stored procedure with the Distributed
Debugger feature of the C/C++ Productivity Tools for z/OS and the Debug Tool:
1. When you define the stored procedure, include run-time option TEST with the
suboption VADTCPIP&ipaddr in your RUN OPTIONS argument.
VADTCPIP& tells the Debug Tool that it is interfacing with a workstation that
runs VisualAge C++ and is configured for TCP/IP communication with your z/OS
system. ipaddr is the IP address of the workstation on which you display your
debug information. For example, this RUN OPTIONS value in a stored
procedure definition indicates that debug information should go to the
workstation with IP address 9.63.51.17:
RUN OPTIONS ’POSIX(ON),TEST(,,,VADTCPIP&9.63.51.17:*)’
2. Precompile the stored procedure.
Ensure that the modified source program that is the output from the precompile
step is in a permanent, catalogued data set. For an SQL procedure, the
modified C source program that is the output from the second precompile step
must be in a permanent, catalogued data set.
3. Compile the output from the precompile step. Specify the TEST, SOURCE, and
OPT(0) compiler options.
4. In the JCL startup procedure for the stored procedures address space, add the
data set name of the Debug Tool load library to the STEPLIB concatenation. For
example, suppose that ENV1PROC is the JCL procedure for application
environment WLMENV1. The modified JCL for ENV1PROC might look like this:
//DSNWLM PROC RGN=0K,APPLENV=WLMENV1,DB2SSN=DSN,NUMTCB=8
//IEFPROC EXEC PGM=DSNX9WLM,REGION=&RGN,TIME=NOLIMIT,
// PARM=’&DB2SSN,&NUMTCB,&APPLENV’
//STEPLIB DD DISP=SHR,DSN=DSN810.RUNLIB.LOAD
// DD DISP=SHR,DSN=EQAW.SEQAMOD <== DEBUG TOOL
5. On the workstation, start the Distributed Debugger daemon.
This daemon waits for incoming requests from TCP/IP.
6. Call the stored procedure.
When the stored procedure starts, a window that contains the debug session is
displayed on the workstation. You can then execute Debug Tool commands to
debug the stored procedure.
Debugging with Debug Tool for z/OS interactively and in batch mode
You can use the Debug Tool for z/OS to test z/OS stored procedures written in any
of the supported languages either interactively or in batch mode.
Using Debug Tool interactively: To test a stored procedure interactively using the
Debug Tool, you must have the Debug Tool installed on the z/OS system where the
stored procedure runs. To debug your stored procedure using the Debug Tool, do
the following:
v Compile the stored procedure with option TEST. This places information in the
program that the Debug Tool uses during a debugging session.
v Invoke the Debug Tool. One way to do that is to specify the Language
Environment run-time option TEST. The TEST option controls when and how the

Debug Tool is invoked. The most convenient place to specify run-time options is
in the RUN OPTIONS parameter of the CREATE PROCEDURE or ALTER
PROCEDURE statement for the stored procedure.
For example, you can code the TEST option using the following parameters:
TEST(ALL,*,PROMPT,JBJONES%SESSNA:)
Table 89 lists the effects each parameter has on the Debug Tool:
Table 89. Effects of the TEST option parameters on the Debug Tool
Parameter value Effect on the Debug Tool
ALL The Debug Tool gains control when an
attention interrupt, ABEND, or program or
Language Environment condition of Severity
1 and above occurs.
Debug commands will be entered from the

terminal.
PROMPT The Debug Tool is invoked immediately after
Language Environment initialization.
JBJONES%SESSNA: The Debug Tool initiates a session on a
workstation identified to APPC/MVS as
JBJONES with a session ID of SESSNA.
v If you want to save the output from your debugging session, issue the following
command:
SET LOG ON FILE dbgtool.log;
This command saves a log of your debugging session to a file on the workstation
called dbgtool.log. This should be the first command that you enter from the
terminal or include in your commands file.
Using Debug Tool in batch mode: To test your stored procedure in batch mode,
you must have the Debug Tool installed on the z/OS system where the stored
procedure runs. To debug your stored procedure in batch mode using the Debug
Tool, do the following:
v Compile the stored procedure with option TEST, if you plan to use the Language
Environment run-time option TEST to invoke the Debug Tool. This places
information in the program that the Debug Tool uses during a debugging session.
v Allocate a log data set to receive the output from the Debug Tool. Put a DD
statement for the log data set in the start-up procedure for the stored procedures
address space.
v Enter commands in a data set that you want the Debug Tool to execute. Put a
DD statement for that data set in the start-up procedure for the stored
procedures address space. To define the commands data set to the Debug Tool,
specify the commands data set name or DD name in the TEST run-time option.
For example, to specify that the Debug Tool use the commands that are in the
data set that is associated with the DD name TESTDD, include the following
parameter in the TEST option:
TEST(ALL,TESTDD,PROMPT,*)
The first command in the commands data set should be:
SET LOG ON FILE ddname;
This command directs output from your debugging session to the log data set
that you defined in the previous step. For example, if you defined a log data set

with DD name INSPLOG in the stored procedures address space start-up
procedure, the first command should be the following command:
SET LOG ON FILE INSPLOG;
v Invoke the Debug Tool. The following are two possible methods for invoking the
Debug Tool:
– Specify the run-time option TEST. The most convenient place to do that is in
the RUN OPTIONS parameter of the CREATE PROCEDURE or ALTER
PROCEDURE statement for the stored procedure.
– Put CEETEST calls in the stored procedure source code. If you use this
approach for an existing stored procedure, you must recompile, re-link, and
bind it, and issue the STOP PROCEDURE and START PROCEDURE
commands to reload the stored procedure.
You can combine the run-time option TEST with CEETEST calls. For example,
you might want to use TEST to name the commands data set but use
CEETEST calls to control when the Debug Tool takes control.
For more information about using the Debug Tool for z/OS, see Debug Tool User's
Guide and Reference.
Using the MSGFILE run-time option

Language Environment supports the run-time option MSGFILE, which identifies a
JCL DD statement used for writing debugging messages. You can use the
MSGFILE option to direct debugging messages to a disk file or JES spool file. The
following considerations apply:
v For each MSGFILE argument, you must add a DD statement to the JCL
procedure used to start the DB2 stored procedures address space.
v Execute ALTER PROCEDURE with the RUN OPTIONS parameter to add the
MSGFILE option to the list of run-time options for the stored procedure.
v Because multiple TCBs can be active in the DB2 stored procedures address
space, you must serialize I/O to the data set associated with the MSGFILE
option. For example:
– Use the ENQ option of the MSGFILE option to serialize I/O to the message
file.
– To prevent multiple procedures from sharing a data set, each stored
procedure can specify a unique DD name with the MSGFILE option.
– If you debug your applications infrequently or on a DB2 test system, you can
serialize I/O by temporarily running the DB2 stored procedures address space
with NUMTCB=1 in the stored procedures address space start-up procedure.
Ask your system administrator for assistance in doing this.
These considerations also apply to a WLM stored procedures address space.
Using driver applications

You can write a small driver application that calls the stored procedure as a
subprogram and passes the parameter list supported by the stored procedure. You
can then test and debug the stored procedure as a normal DB2 application under
TSO. Using this method, you can use TSO TEST and other commonly used
debugging tools.

Using SQL INSERT statements
You can use SQL statements to insert debugging information into a DB2 table. This
allows other machines in the network (such as a workstation) to easily access the
data in the table using DRDA access.
DB2 discards the debugging information if the application executes the ROLLBACK
statement. To prevent the loss of the debugging data, code the calling application
so that it retrieves the diagnostic data before executing the ROLLBACK statement.

Chapter 26. Tuning your queries
This chapter tells you how to improve the performance of your queries. It begins
with“General tips and questions.”
For more detailed information and suggestions, see:

v “Writing efficient predicates” on page 675
v “Using host variables efficiently” on page 698
v “Writing efficient subqueries” on page 705
v “Using scrollable cursors efficiently” on page 710
If you still have performance problems after you have tried the suggestions in these
sections, you can use other, more risky techniques. See “Special techniques to
influence access path selection” on page 713 for information.
General tips and questions

Recommendation: If you have a query that is performing poorly, first go over the
following checklist to see that you have not overlooked some of the basics:
v “Is the query coded as simply as possible?”
v “Are all predicates coded correctly?”
v “Are there subqueries in your query?” on page 672
v “Does your query involve aggregate functions?” on page 673
v “Do you have an input variable in the predicate of an SQL query?” on page 674
v “Do you have a problem with column correlation?” on page 674
v “Can your query be written to use a noncolumn expression?” on page 674
v “Can materialized query tables help your query performance?” on page 674
v “Does the query contain encrypted data?” on page 675
Is the query coded as simply as possible?

Make sure the SQL query is coded as simply and efficiently as possible. Make sure
that no unused columns are selected and that there is no unneeded ORDER BY or
GROUP BY.
Are all predicates coded correctly?

Indexable predicates: Make sure all the predicates that you think should be
indexable are coded so that they can be indexable. Refer to Table 91 on page 680
to see which predicates are indexable and which are not.
Unintentionally redundant or unnecessary predicates: Try to remove any

predicates that are unintentionally redundant or not needed; they can slow down
performance.
| Declared lengths of host variables: For string comparisons other than equal
| comparisons, ensure that the declared length of a host variable is less than or
| equal to the length attribute of the table column that it is compared to. For
| languages in which character strings are nul-terminated, the string length can be
| less than or equal to the column length plus 1. If the declared length of the host
| variable is greater than the column length, the predicate is stage 1 but cannot be a
| matching predicate for an index scan.

| For example, assume that a host variable and an SQL column are defined as
| follows:
|| C language declaration SQL definition
| char string_hv[15] STRING_COL CHAR(12)
|
| A predicate such as WHERE STRING_COL > :string_hv is not a matching predicate for
| an index scan because the length of string_hv is greater than the length of
| STRING_COL. One way to avoid an inefficient predicate using character host
| variables is to declare the host variable with a length that is less than or equal to
| the column length:
| char string_hv[12]
| Because this is a C language example, the host variable length could be 1 byte
| greater than the column length:
| char string_hv[13]
| For numeric comparisons, a comparison between a DECIMAL column and a float or

| real host variable is stage 2 if the precision of the DECIMAL column is greater than
| 15. For example, assume that a host variable and an SQL column are defined as
| follows:
|| C language declaration SQL definition
| float float_hv DECIMAL_COL DECIMAL(16,2)
|
| A predicate such as WHERE DECIMAL_COL = :float_hv is not a matching predicate for
| an index scan because the length of DECIMAL_COL is greater than 15. However, if
| DECIMAL_COL is defined as DECIMAL(15,2), the predicate is stage 1 and
| indexable.
Are there subqueries in your query?

If your query uses subqueries, see “Writing efficient subqueries” on page 705 to
understand how DB2 executes subqueries. There are no absolute rules to follow
when deciding how or whether to code a subquery. But these are general
guidelines:
v If efficient indexes are available on the tables in the subquery, then a correlated
subquery is likely to be the most efficient kind of subquery.
v If no efficient indexes are available on the tables in the subquery, then a
noncorrelated subquery would be likely to perform better.
v If multiple subqueries are in any parent query, make sure that the subqueries are
ordered in the most efficient manner.
Example: Assume that MAIN_TABLE has 1000 rows:

SELECT * FROM MAIN_TABLE
WHERE TYPE IN (subquery 1) AND
PARTS IN (subquery 2);
Assuming that subquery 1 and subquery 2 are the same type of subquery (either
correlated or noncorrelated) and the subqueries are stage 2, DB2 evaluates the
subquery predicates in the order they appear in the WHERE clause. Subquery 1
rejects 10% of the total rows, and subquery 2 rejects 80% of the total rows.
The predicate in subquery 1 (which is referred to as P1) is evaluated 1000 times,

and the predicate in subquery 2 (which is referred to as P2) is evaluated 900 times,
for a total of 1900 predicate checks. However, if the order of the subquery

predicates is reversed, P2 is evaluated 1000 times, but P1 is evaluated only 200
times, for a total of 1200 predicate checks.
Coding P2 before P1 appears to be more efficient if P1 and P2 take an equal

amount of time to execute. However, if P1 is 100 times faster to evaluate than P2,
then coding subquery 1 first might be advisable. If you notice a performance
degradation, consider reordering the subqueries and monitoring the results. Consult
“Writing efficient subqueries” on page 705 to help you understand what factors
make one subquery run more slowly than another.
If you are unsure, run EXPLAIN on the query with both a correlated and a
noncorrelated subquery. By examining the EXPLAIN output and understanding your
data distribution and SQL statements, you should be able to determine which form
is more efficient.
This general principle can apply to all types of predicates. However, because
subquery predicates can potentially be thousands of times more processor- and
I/O-intensive than all other predicates, the order of subquery predicates is
particularly important.
| Regardless of coding order, DB2 performs noncorrelated subquery predicates

| before correlated subquery predicates, unless the subquery is transformed into a
| join.
Refer to “DB2 predicate manipulation” on page 694 to see in what order DB2 will
evaluate predicates and when you can control the evaluation order.
Does your query involve aggregate functions?

If your query involves aggregate functions, make sure that they are coded as simply
as possible; this increases the chances that they will be evaluated when the data is
retrieved, rather than afterward. In general, a aggregate function performs best
when evaluated during data access and next best when evaluated during DB2 sort.
Least preferable is to have a aggregate function evaluated after the data has been
retrieved. Refer to “When are aggregate functions evaluated?
(COLUMN_FN_EVAL)” on page 745 for help in using EXPLAIN to get the
information you need.
For aggregate functions to be evaluated during data retrieval, the following

conditions must be met for all aggregate functions in the query:
v No sort is needed for GROUP BY. Check this in the EXPLAIN output.
v No stage 2 (residual) predicates exist. Check this in your application.
v No distinct set functions exist, such as COUNT(DISTINCT C1).
v If the query is a join, all set functions must be on the last table joined. Check this
by looking at the EXPLAIN output.
v All aggregate functions must be on single columns with no arithmetic
expressions.
v The aggregate function is not one of the following aggregate functions:
– STDDEV
– STDDEV_SAMP
– VAR
– VAR_SAMP
Chapter 26. Tuning your queries 673

If your query involves the functions MAX or MIN, refer to “One-fetch access
(ACCESSTYPE=I1)” on page 751 to see whether your query could take advantage
of that method.
Do you have an input variable in the predicate of an SQL query?

When host variables or parameter markers are used in a query, the actual values
are not known when you bind the package or plan that contains the query. DB2
therefore uses a default filter factor to determine the best access path for an SQL
statement. If that access path proves to be inefficient, you can do several things to
obtain a better access path.
See “Using host variables efficiently” on page 698 for more information.
Do you have a problem with column correlation?

Two columns in a table are said to be correlated if the values in the columns do not
vary independently.
DB2 might not determine the best access path when your queries include correlated
columns. If you think you have a problem with column correlation, see “Column
correlation” on page 691 for ideas on what to do about it.
Can your query be written to use a noncolumn expression?

The following predicate combines a column, SALARY, with values that are not from
columns on one side of the operator:
WHERE SALARY + (:hv1 * SALARY) > 50000
If you rewrite the predicate in the following way, DB2 can evaluate it more
efficiently:
WHERE SALARY > 50000/(1 + :hv1)
In the second form, the column is by itself on one side of the operator, and all the
other values are on the other side of the operator. The expression on the right is
called a noncolumn expression. DB2 can evaluate many predicates with noncolumn
expressions at an earlier stage of processing called stage 1, so the queries take
less time to run.
For more information on noncolumn expressions and stage 1 processing, see

“Properties of predicates” on page 675.
| Can materialized query tables help your query performance?

| Dynamic queries that operate on very large amounts of data and involve multiple
| joins might take a long time to run. One way to improve the performance of these
| queries is to generate the results of all or parts of the queries in advance, and store
| the results in materialized query tables.
| Materialized query tables are user-created tables. Depending on how the tables are
| defined, they are user-maintained or system-maintained. If you have set subsystem
| parameters or an application sets special registers to tell DB2 to use materialized
| query tables, when DB2 executes a dynamic query, DB2 uses the contents of
| applicable materialized query tables if DB2 finds a performance advantage to doing
| so.
| For information about materialized query tables, see Part 5 (Volume 2) of DB2
| Administration Guide.

| Does the query contain encrypted data?
| Encryption and decryption can degrade the performance of some queries. However,
| you can lessen the performance impact of encryption and decryption by writing your
| queries carefully and designing your database with encrypted data in mind. For
| more information about avoiding performance degradation while using encrypted
| data, see Part 3 (Volume 1) of DB2 Administration Guide.
Writing efficient predicates

Definition: Predicates are found in the clauses WHERE, HAVING or ON of SQL
statements; they describe attributes of data. They are usually based on the columns
of a table and either qualify rows (through an index) or reject rows (returned by a
scan) when the table is accessed. The resulting qualified or rejected rows are
independent of the access path chosen for that table.
Example: The following query has three predicates: an equal predicate on C1, a
BETWEEN predicate on C2, and a LIKE predicate on C3.
SELECT * FROM T1
WHERE C1 = 10 AND
C2 BETWEEN 10 AND 20 AND
C3 NOT LIKE ’A%’
Effect on access paths: This section explains the effect of predicates on access
paths. Because SQL allows you to express the same query in different ways,
knowing how predicates affect path selection helps you write queries that access
data efficiently.
This section describes:

v “Properties of predicates”
v “General rules about predicate evaluation” on page 679
v “Predicate filter factors” on page 685
v “DB2 predicate manipulation” on page 694
v “Column correlation” on page 691
Properties of predicates
Predicates in a HAVING clause are not used when selecting access paths; hence,
in this section the term ’predicate’ means a predicate after WHERE or ON.
A predicate influences the selection of an access path because of:

v Its type, as described in “Predicate types” on page 676
v Whether it is indexable, as described in “Indexable and nonindexable predicates”
on page 677
v Whether it is stage 1 or stage 2
v Whether it contains a ROWID column, as described in “Is direct row access
possible? (PRIMARY_ACCESSTYPE = D)” on page 739
There are special considerations for “Predicates in the ON clause” on page 678.
Predicate definitions: Predicates are identified as:

Simple or compound
A compound predicate is the result of two predicates, whether simple or
compound, connected together by AND or OR Boolean operators. All others
are simple.

Local or join
Local predicates reference only one table. They are local to the table and
restrict the number of rows returned for that table. Join predicates involve
more than one table or correlated reference. They determine the way rows
are joined from two or more tables. For examples of their use, see
“Interpreting access to two or more tables (join)” on page 752.
Boolean term
Any predicate that is not contained by a compound OR predicate structure
is a Boolean term. If a Boolean term is evaluated false for a particular row,
the whole WHERE clause is evaluated false for that row.
Predicate types
The type of a predicate depends on its operator or syntax. The type determines
what type of processing and filtering occurs when the predicate is evaluated.
Table 90 shows the different predicate types.
Table 90. Definitions and examples of predicate types
Type Definition Example
Subquery Any predicate that includes another C1 IN (SELECT C10 FROM
SELECT statement. TABLE1)
Equal Any predicate that is not a subquery C1=100
predicate and has an equal operator and
no NOT operator. Also included are
predicates of the form C1 IS NULL and C
IS NOT DISTINCT FROM.
Range Any predicate that is not a subquery C1>100
predicate and has an operator in the
following list: >, >=, <, <=, LIKE, or
BETWEEN.
IN-list A predicate of the form column IN (list of C1 IN (5,10,15)
values).
NOT Any predicate that is not a subquery COL1 <> 5 or COL1 NOT
predicate and contains a NOT operator. BETWEEN 10 AND 20
Also included are predicates of the form
C1 IS DISTINCT FROM.
Example: Influence of type on access paths: The following two examples show
how the predicate type can influence DB2’s choice of an access path. In each one,
assume that a unique index I1 (C1) exists on table T1 (C1, C2), and that all values
of C1 are positive integers.
The following query has a range predicate:

SELECT C1, C2 FROM T1 WHERE C1 >= 0;
However, the predicate does not eliminate any rows of T1. Therefore, it could be
determined during bind that a table space scan is more efficient than the index
scan.
The following query has an equal predicate:

SELECT * FROM T1 WHERE C1 = 0;
DB2 chooses the index access in this case because the index is highly selective on
column C1.

Indexable and nonindexable predicates
Definition: Indexable predicate types can match index entries; other types cannot.
Indexable predicates might not become matching predicates of an index; it depends
on the indexes that are available and the access path chosen at bind time.
Examples: If the employee table has an index on the column LASTNAME, the
following predicate can be a matching predicate:
SELECT * FROM DSN8810.EMP WHERE LASTNAME = ’SMITH’;
The following predicate cannot be a matching predicate, because it is not indexable.

SELECT * FROM DSN8810.EMP WHERE SEX <> ’F’;
Recommendation: To make your queries as efficient as possible, use indexable

predicates in your queries and create suitable indexes on your tables. Indexable
predicates allow the possible use of a matching index scan, which is often a very
efficient access path.
Stage 1 and stage 2 predicates

Definition: Rows retrieved for a query go through two stages of processing.
1. Stage 1 predicates (sometimes called sargable) can be applied at the first
stage.
2. Stage 2 predicates (sometimes called nonsargable or residual) cannot be
applied until the second stage.
The following items determine whether a predicate is stage 1:

v Predicate syntax
See Table 91 on page 680 for a list of simple predicates and their types. See
Examples of predicate properties for information on compound predicate types.
| v Type and length of constants or columns in the predicate
| A simple predicate whose syntax classifies it as indexable and stage 1 might not
| be indexable or stage 1 because it contains constants and columns whose
| lengths are too long.
| Example: The following predicate is not indexable:
| CHARCOL<'ABCDEFG', where CHARCOL is defined as CHAR(6)
| The predicate is not indexable because the length of the column is shorter than
| the length of the constant.
| Example: The following predicate is not stage 1:
| DECCOL>34.5, where DECCOL is defined as DECIMAL(18,2)
| The predicate is not stage 1 because the precision of the decimal column is
| greater than 15.
v Whether DB2 evaluates the predicate before or after a join operation. A predicate
that is evaluated after a join operation is always a stage 2 predicate.
| v Join sequence
| The same predicate might be stage 1 or stage 2, depending on the join
| sequence. Join sequence is the order in which DB2 joins tables when it
| evaluates a query. The join sequence is not necessarily the same as the order in
| which the tables appear in the predicate.
| Example: This predicate might be stage 1 or stage 2:
| T1.C1=T2.C1+1

| If T2 is the first table in the join sequence, the predicate is stage 1, but if T1 is
| the first table in the join sequence, the predicate is stage 2.
| You can determine the join sequence by executing EXPLAIN on the query and
| examining the resulting plan table. See Chapter 27, “Using EXPLAIN to improve
| SQL performance,” on page 727 for details.
All indexable predicates are stage 1. The predicate C1 LIKE %BC is stage 1, but is
not indexable.
Recommendation: Use stage 1 predicates whenever possible.
Boolean term (BT) predicates

Definition: A Boolean term predicate, or BT predicate, is a simple or compound
predicate that, when it is evaluated false for a particular row, makes the entire
WHERE clause false for that particular row.
Examples: In the following query P1, P2 and P3 are simple predicates:

SELECT * FROM T1 WHERE P1 AND (P2 OR P3);
v P1 is a simple BT predicate.
v P2 and P3 are simple non-BT predicates.
v P2 OR P3 is a compound BT predicate.
v P1 AND (P2 OR P3) is a compound BT predicate.
Effect on access paths: In single-index processing, only Boolean term predicates

are chosen for matching predicates. Hence, only indexable Boolean term predicates
are candidates for matching index scans. To match index columns by predicates
that are not Boolean terms, DB2 considers multiple-index access.
In join operations, Boolean term predicates can reject rows at an earlier stage than
can non-Boolean term predicates.
Recommendation: For join operations, choose Boolean term predicates over

non-Boolean term predicates whenever possible.
Predicates in the ON clause

The ON clause supplies the join condition in an outer join. For a full outer join, the
clause can use only equal predicates. For other outer joins, the clause can use any
predicates except predicates that contain subqueries.
For left and right outer joins, and for inner joins, join predicates in the ON clause
are treated the same as other stage 1 and stage 2 predicates. A stage 2 predicate
in the ON clause is treated as a stage 2 predicate of the inner table.
For full outer join, the ON clause is evaluated during the join operation like a stage
2 predicate.
In an outer join, predicates that are evaluated after the join are stage 2 predicates.
Predicates in a table expression can be evaluated before the join and can therefore
be stage 1 predicates.
Example: In the following statement, the predicate “EDLEVEL > 100” is evaluated
before the full join and is a stage 1 predicate:
SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM DSN8810.EMP
WHERE EDLEVEL > 100) AS X FULL JOIN DSN8810.DEPT
ON X.WORKDEPT = DSN8810.DEPT.DEPTNO;

For more information about join methods, see “Interpreting access to two or more
tables (join)” on page 752.
General rules about predicate evaluation

Recommendations:
1. In terms of resource usage, the earlier a predicate is evaluated, the better.
2. Stage 1 predicates are better than stage 2 predicates because they disqualify
rows earlier and reduce the amount of processing needed at stage 2.
3. When possible, try to write queries that evaluate the most restrictive predicates
first. When predicates with a high filter factor are processed first, unnecessary
rows are screened as early as possible, which can reduce processing cost at a
later stage. However, a predicate’s restrictiveness is only effective among
predicates of the same type and the same evaluation stage. For information
about filter factors, see “Predicate filter factors” on page 685.
This section contains the following topics:

v “Order of evaluating predicates”
v “Examples of predicate properties” on page 684
v “Predicate filter factors” on page 685
v “Column correlation” on page 691
v “DB2 predicate manipulation” on page 694
| v “Predicates with encrypted data” on page 698
Order of evaluating predicates

Two sets of rules determine the order of predicate evaluation.
The first set:

1. Indexable predicates are applied first. All matching predicates on index key
columns are applied first and evaluated when the index is accessed.
Next, stage 1 predicates that have not been picked as matching predicates but
still refer to index columns are applied to the index. This is called index
screening.
2. Other stage 1 predicates are applied next.
After data page access, stage 1 predicates are applied to the data.
3. Finally, the stage 2 predicates are applied on the returned data rows.
The second set of rules describes the order of predicate evaluation within each of
the stages:
| 1. All equal predicates (including column IN list, where list has only one element,
| or column BETWEEN value1 AND value1) are evaluated.
2. All range predicates and predicates of the form column IS NOT NULL are
evaluated.
3. All other predicate types are evaluated.
After both sets of rules are applied, predicates are evaluated in the order in which
they appear in the query. Because you specify that order, you have some control
over the order of evaluation.
| Exception: Regardless of coding order, non-correlated subqueries are evaluated

| before correlated subqueries, unless DB2 transforms the subquery into a join.

Summary of predicate processing
Table 91 lists many of the simple predicates and tells whether those predicates are
indexable or stage 1. The following terms are used:
v subq means a correlated or noncorrelated subquery.
v noncor subq means a noncorrelated subquery.
v cor subq means a correlated subquery.
v op is any of the operators >, >=, <, <=, ¬>, ¬<.
v value is a constant, host variable, or special register.
v pattern is any character string that does not start with the special characters for
percent (%) or underscore (_).
v char is any character string that does not include the special characters for
percent (%) or underscore (_).
v expression is any expression that contains arithmetic operators, scalar functions,
aggregate functions, concatenation operators, columns, constants, host variables,
special registers, or date or time expressions.
v noncol expr is a noncolumn expression, which is any expression that does not
contain a column. That expression can contain arithmetic operators, scalar
functions, concatenation operators, constants, host variables, special registers, or
date or time expressions.
An example of a noncolumn expression is
CURRENT DATE - 50 DAYS
| v Tn col expr is an expression that contains a column in table Tn. The expression
| might be only that column.
v predicate is a predicate of any type.
In general, if you form a compound predicate by combining several simple

predicates with OR operators, the result of the operation has the same
characteristics as the simple predicate that is evaluated latest. For example, if two
indexable predicates are combined with an OR operator, the result is indexable. If a
stage 1 predicate and a stage 2 predicate are combined with an OR operator, the
result is stage 2.
Table 91. Predicate types and processing
Index- Stage
Predicate Type able? 1? Notes
COL = value Y Y 16
| COL = noncol expr Y Y 9, 11, 12,
15
COL IS NULL Y Y
COL op value Y Y 13
| COL op noncol expr Y Y 9, 11, 12,
13
COL BETWEEN value1 Y Y 13
AND value2
| COL BETWEEN noncol expr1 Y Y 9, 11, 12,
| AND noncol expr2 13
value BETWEEN COL1 N N
AND COL2
COL BETWEEN COL1 N N 10
AND COL2

Table 91. Predicate types and processing (continued)
Index- Stage
| COL BETWEEN expression1 Y Y 6, 7, 11, 12,
| AND expression2 13, 14
COL LIKE 'pattern' Y Y 5
| COL IN (list) Y Y 17, 19
| COL <> value N Y 8, 11
| COL <> noncol expr N Y 8, 11
| COL IS NOT NULL Y Y
COL NOT BETWEEN value1 N Y
AND value2
COL NOT BETWEEN noncol expr1 N Y
AND noncol expr2
value NOT BETWEEN N N
COL1 AND COL2
COL NOT IN (list) N Y
COL NOT LIKE ' char' N Y 5
COL LIKE '%char' N Y 1, 5
COL LIKE '_char' N Y 1, 5
COL LIKE host variable Y Y 2, 5
| T1.COL = T2 col expr Y Y 6, 9, 11, 12,
14, 15
| T1.COL op T2 col expr Y Y 6, 9, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15
| T1.COL <> T2 col expr N Y 8, 11
T1.COL1 = T1.COL2 N N 3
T1.COL1 op T1.COL2 N N 3
T1.COL1 <> T1.COL2 N N 3
COL=(noncor subq) Y Y 18
COL = ANY (noncor subq) N N
COL = ALL (noncor subq) N N
COL op (noncor subq) Y Y 18
COL op ANY (noncor subq) Y Y
COL op ALL (noncor subq) Y Y
COL <> (noncor subq) N Y
COL <> ANY (noncor subq) N N
COL <> ALL (noncor subq) N N
COL IN (noncor subq) Y Y
(COL1,...COLn) IN (noncor subq) Y Y
COL NOT IN (noncor subq) N N
(COL1,...COLn) NOT IN (noncor subq) N N
COL = (cor subq) N N 4
COL = ANY (cor subq) N N

Table 91. Predicate types and processing (continued)
Index- Stage
COL = ALL (cor subq) N N
COL op (cor subq) N N 4
COL op ANY (cor subq) N N
COL op ALL (cor subq) N N
COL <> (cor subq) N N 4
COL <> ANY (cor subq) N N
COL <> ALL (cor subq) N N
COL IN (cor subq) N N 20
(COL1,...COLn) IN (cor subq) N N
COL NOT IN (cor subq) N N
(COL1,...COLn) NOT IN (cor subq) N N
| COL IS DISTINCT FROM value N Y 8, 11
| COL IS NOT DISTINCT FROM value Y Y 16
| COL IS DISTINCT FROM noncol expr N Y 8, 11
| COL IS NOT DISTINCT FROM noncol expr Y Y 9, 11, 12,
| 15
| T1.COL1 IS DISTINCT FROM T2.COL2 N N 3
| T1.COL1 IS NOT DISTINCT FROM T2.COL2 N N 3
| T1.COL1 IS DISTINCT FROM T2 col expr N Y 8, 11
| T1.COL1 IS NOT DISTINCT FROM T2 col expr Y Y 6, 9, 11, 12,
| 14, 15
| COL IS DISTINCT FROM (noncor subq) N Y
| COL IS NOT DISTINCT FROM (noncor subq) Y Y 18
| COL IS DISTINCT FROM ANY (noncor subq) N N
| COL IS NOT DISTINCT FROM ANY (noncor subq) N N
| COL IS DISTINCT FROM ALL (noncor subq) N N
| COL IS NOT DISTINCT FROM ALL (noncor subq) N N 4
| COL IS NOT DISTINCT FROM (cor subq) N N 4
| COL IS DISTINCT FROM ANY (cor subq) N N
| COL IS DISTINCT FROM ANY (cor subq) N N
| COL IS NOT DISTINCT FROM ANY (cor subq) N N
| COL IS DISTINCT FROM ALL (cor subq) N N
| COL IS NOT DISTINCT FROM ALL (cor subq) N N
EXISTS (subq) N N 20
NOT EXISTS (subq) N N
expression = value N N
expression <> value N N
expression op value N N
expression op (subq) N N

Notes to Table 91 on page 680:
1. Indexable only if an ESCAPE character is specified and used in the LIKE
predicate. For example, COL LIKE '+%char' ESCAPE '+' is indexable.
2. Indexable only if the pattern in the host variable is an indexable constant (for
example, host variable='char%').
3. If both COL1 and COL2 are from the same table, access through an index on
either one is not considered for these predicates. However, the following query
is an exception:
SELECT * FROM T1 A, T1 B WHERE A.C1 = B.C2;
By using correlation names, the query treats one table as if it were two
separate tables. Therefore, indexes on columns C1 and C2 are considered for
access.
4. If the subquery has already been evaluated for a given correlation value, then
the subquery might not have to be reevaluated.
5. Not indexable or stage 1 if a field procedure exists on that column.
6. The column on the left side of the join sequence must be in a different table
from any columns on the right side of the join sequence.
7. The tables that contain the columns in expression1 or expression2 must
already have been accessed.
8. The processing for WHERE NOT COL = value is like that for WHERE COL <>
value, and so on.
9. If noncol expr, noncol expr1, or noncol expr2 is a noncolumn expression of
one of these forms, then the predicate is not indexable:
v noncol expr + 0
v noncol expr - 0
v noncol expr * 1
v noncol expr / 1
v noncol expr CONCAT empty string
| 10. COL, COL1, and COL2 can be the same column or different columns. The
| columns are in the same table.
| 11. Any of the following sets of conditions make the predicate stage 2:
| v The left side of the join sequence is DECIMAL(p,s), where p>15, and the
| right side of the join sequence is REAL or FLOAT.
| v The left side of the join sequence is CHAR, VARCHAR, GRAPHIC, or
| VARGRAPHIC, and the right side of the join sequence is DATE, TIME, or
| TIMESTAMP.
| 12. The predicate is stage 1 but not indexable if the left side of the join sequence
| is CHAR or VARCHAR, the right side of the join sequence is GRAPHIC or
| VARGRAPHIC, and the left side of the join sequence is not Unicode mixed.
| 13. If both sides of the comparison are strings, any of the following sets of
| conditions makes the predicate stage 1 but not indexable:
| v The left side of the join sequence is CHAR or VARCHAR, and the right side
| of the join sequence is GRAPHIC or VARGRAPHIC.
| v Both of the following conditions are true:
| – Both sides of the comparison are CHAR or VARCHAR.
| – The length the left side of the join sequence is less than the length of the
| right side of the join sequence.
| – Both sides of the comparison are GRAPHIC or VARGRAPHIC.

| – The length of the left side of the join sequence is less than the length of
| the right side of the join sequence.
| – The left side of the join sequence is GRAPHIC or VARGRAPHIC, and
| the right side of the join sequence is CHAR or VARCHAR.
| – The length of the left side of the join sequence is less than the length of
| the right side of the join sequence.
| 14. If both sides of the comparison are strings, but the two sides have different
| CCSIDs, the predicate is stage 1 and indexable only if the left side of the join
| sequence is Unicode and the comparison does not meet any of the conditions
| in note 13 on page 683.
| 15. Under either of these circumstances, the predicate is stage 2:
| v noncol expr is a case expression.
| v All of the following conditions are true:
| – noncol expr is the product or the quotient of two noncolumn expressions
| – noncol expr is an integer value
| – COL is a FLOAT or a DECIMAL column
16. If COL has the ROWID data type, DB2 tries to use direct row access instead
of index access or a table space scan.
17. If COL has the ROWID data type, and an index is defined on COL, DB2 tries
to use direct row access instead of index access.
18. Stage 2 if COL is not null and the noncorrelated subquery SELECT clause
entry can be null.
| 19. IN-list predicates are indexable and stage 1 if the following conditions are true:
| v The IN list contains only simple items. For example, constants, host
| variables, parameter markers, and special registers.
| v The IN list does not contain any aggregate functions or scalar functions.
| v The IN list is not contained in a trigger’s WHEN clause.
| v For numeric predicates where the left side column is DECIMAL with
| precision greater than 15, none of the items in the IN list are FLOAT.
| v For string predicates, the coded character set identifier is the same as the
| identifier for the left side column.
| v For DATE, TIME, and TIMESTAMP predicates, the left side column must be
| DATE, TIME, or TIMESTAMP.
| 20. COL IN (corr subq) and EXISTS (corr subq) predicates might become
| indexable and stage 1 if they are transformed to a join during processing.
Examples of predicate properties

Assume that predicate P1 and P2 are simple, stage 1, indexable predicates:
P1 AND P2 is a compound, stage 1, indexable predicate.
P1 OR P2 is a compound, stage 1 predicate, not indexable except by a union of
RID lists from two indexes.
The following examples of predicates illustrate the general rules shown in Table 91
on page 680. In each case, assume that there is an index on columns
(C1,C2,C3,C4) of the table and that 0 is the lowest value in each column.
v WHERE C1=5 AND C2=7
Both predicates are stage 1 and the compound predicate is indexable. A
matching index scan could be used with C1 and C2 as matching columns.
v WHERE C1=5 AND C2>7

Both predicates are stage 1 and the compound predicate is indexable. A
matching index scan could be used with C1 and C2 as matching columns.
v WHERE C1>5 AND C2=7
Both predicates are stage 1, but only the first matches the index. A matching
index scan could be used with C1 as a matching column.
v WHERE C1=5 OR C2=7
Both predicates are stage 1 but not Boolean terms. The compound is indexable.
| Multiple-index access for the compound predicate is not possible because there
| is no index that has C2 as the leading column. For single-index access, C1 and
C2 can be only index screening columns.
v WHERE C1=5 OR C2<>7
The first predicate is indexable and stage 1, and the second predicate is stage 1
but not indexable. The compound predicate is stage 1 and not indexable.
v WHERE C1>5 OR C2=7
Both predicates are stage 1 but not Boolean terms. The compound is indexable.
| Multiple-index access for the compound predicate is not possible because no
| index has C2 as the leading column. For single-index access, C1 and C2 can be
only index screening columns.
v WHERE C1 IN (cor subq) AND C2=C1
Both predicates are stage 2 and not indexable. The index is not considered for
matching-index access, and both predicates are evaluated at stage 2.
v WHERE C1=5 AND C2=7 AND (C3 + 5) IN (7,8)
The first two predicates only are stage 1 and indexable. The index is considered
for matching-index access, and all rows satisfying those two predicates are
passed to stage 2 to evaluate the third predicate.
v WHERE C1=5 OR C2=7 OR (C3 + 5) IN (7,8)
The third predicate is stage 2. The compound predicate is stage 2 and all three
predicates are evaluated at stage 2. The simple predicates are not Boolean
terms and the compound predicate is not indexable.
v WHERE C1=5 OR (C2=7 AND C3=C4)
The third predicate is stage 2. The two compound predicates (C2=7 AND C3=C4)
and (C1=5 OR (C2=7 AND C3=C4)) are stage 2. All predicates are evaluated at
stage 2.
v WHERE (C1>5 OR C2=7) AND C3 = C4
The compound predicate (C1>5 OR C2=7) is indexable and stage 1. The simple
predicate C3=C4 is not stage1; so the index is not considered for matching-index
access. Rows that satisfy the compound predicate (C1>5 OR C2=7) are passed
to stage 2 for evaluation of the predicate C3=C4.
Predicate filter factors

Definition: The filter factor of a predicate is a number between 0 and 1 that
estimates the proportion of rows in a table for which the predicate is true. Those
rows are said to qualify by that predicate.
Example: Suppose that DB2 can determine that column C1 of table T contains only
five distinct values: A, D, Q, W and X. In the absence of other information, DB2
estimates that one-fifth of the rows have the value D in column C1. Then the
predicate C1=’D’ has the filter factor 0.2 for table T.
How DB2 uses filter factors: Filter factors affect the choice of access paths by
estimating the number of rows qualified by a set of predicates.

For simple predicates, the filter factor is a function of three variables:
1. The literal value in the predicate; for instance, ’D’ in the previous example.
2. The operator in the predicate; for instance, ’=’ in the previous example and ’<>’
in the negation of the predicate.
3. Statistics on the column in the predicate. In the previous example, those include
the information that column T.C1 contains only five values.
Recommendation: Control the first two of those variables when you write a
predicate. Your understanding of how DB2 uses filter factors should help you write
more efficient predicates.
Values of the third variable, statistics on the column, are kept in the DB2 catalog.
You can update many of those values, either by running the utility RUNSTATS or by
executing UPDATE for a catalog table. For information about using RUNSTATS, see
. see the discussion of maintaining statistics in the catalog in Part 4 (Volume 1) of
DB2 Administration Guide For information on updating the catalog manually, see
“Updating catalog statistics” on page 723.
If you intend to update the catalog with statistics of your own choice, you should
understand how DB2 uses:
v “Default filter factors for simple predicates”
v “Filter factors for uniform distributions”
v “Interpolation formulas” on page 687
v “Filter factors for all distributions” on page 688
Default filter factors for simple predicates

Table 92 lists default filter factors for different types of predicates. DB2 uses those
values when no other statistics exist.
Example: The default filter factor for the predicate C1 = ’D’ is 1/25 (0.04). If D is
actually not close to 0.04, the default probably does not lead to an optimal access
path.
Table 92. DB2 default filter factors by predicate type
Predicate Type Filter Factor
Col = literal 1/25
Col <> literal 1 – (1/25)
Col IS NULL 1/25
| Col IS NOT DISTINCT FROM 1/25
| Col IS DISTINCT FROM 1 – (1/25)
Col IN (literal list) (number of literals)/25
Col Op literal 1/3
Col LIKE literal 1/10
Col BETWEEN literal1 and literal2 1/10
Note:
Op is one of these operators: <, <=, >, >=.
Literal is any constant value that is known at bind time.
Filter factors for uniform distributions

DB2 uses the filter factors in Table 93 on page 687 if:

v There is a positive value in column COLCARDF of catalog table
SYSIBM.SYSCOLUMNS for the column “Col”.
v There are no additional statistics for “Col” in SYSIBM.SYSCOLDIST.
Example: If D is one of only five values in column C1, using RUNSTATS puts the
value 5 in column COLCARDF of SYSCOLUMNS. If there are no additional
statistics available, the filter factor for the predicate C1 = ’D’ is 1/5 (0.2).
Table 93. DB2 uniform filter factors by predicate type
Predicate type Filter factor
Col = literal 1/COLCARDF
Col <> literal 1 – (1/COLCARDF)
Col IS NULL 1/COLCARDF
| Col IS NOT DISTINCT FROM 1/COLCARDF
| Col IS DISTINCT FROM 1 – (1/COLCARDF)
Col IN (literal list) number of literals /COLCARDF
Col Op1 literal interpolation formula
Col Op2 literal interpolation formula
Col LIKE literal interpolation formula
Col BETWEEN literal1 and literal2 interpolation formula
Note:
Op1 is < or <=, and the literal is not a host variable.
Op2 is > or >=, and the literal is not a host variable.
Literal is any constant value that is known at bind time.
Filter factors for other predicate types: The examples selected in Table 92 on
page 686 and Table 93 represent only the most common types of predicates. If P1
is a predicate and F is its filter factor, then the filter factor of the predicate NOT P1
is (1 - F). But, filter factor calculation is dependent on many things, so a specific
filter factor cannot be given for all predicate types.
Interpolation formulas
Definition: For a predicate that uses a range of values, DB2 calculates the filter
factor by an interpolation formula. The formula is based on an estimate of the ratio
of the number of values in the range to the number of values in the entire column of
the table.
The formulas: The formulas that follow are rough estimates, subject to further
modification by DB2. They apply to a predicate of the form col op. literal. The
value of (Total Entries) in each formula is estimated from the values in columns
HIGH2KEY and LOW2KEY in catalog table SYSIBM.SYSCOLUMNS for column col:
Total Entries = (HIGH2KEY value - LOW2KEY value).
v For the operators < and <=, where the literal is not a host variable:
(Literal value - LOW2KEY value) / (Total Entries)
v For the operators > and >=, where the literal is not a host variable:
(HIGH2KEY value - Literal value) / (Total Entries)
v For LIKE or BETWEEN:
(High literal value - Low literal value) / (Total Entries)

Example: For column C2 in a predicate, suppose that the value of HIGH2KEY is
1400 and the value of LOW2KEY is 200. For C2, DB2 calculates (Total Entries) =
1200.
For the predicate C1 BETWEEN 800 AND 1100, DB2 calculates the filter factor F as:
F = (1100 - 800)/1200 = 1/4 = 0.25
Interpolation for LIKE: DB2 treats a LIKE predicate as a type of BETWEEN

predicate. Two values that bound the range qualified by the predicate are generated
from the literal string in the predicate. Only the leading characters found before the
escape character (’%’ or ’_’) are used to generate the bounds. So if the escape
character is the first character of the string, the filter factor is estimated as 1, and
the predicate is estimated to reject no rows.
Defaults for interpolation: DB2 might not interpolate in some cases; instead, it
can use a default filter factor. Defaults for interpolation are:
v Relevant only for ranges, including LIKE and BETWEEN predicates
v Used only when interpolation is not adequate
v Based on the value of COLCARDF
v Used whether uniform or additional distribution statistics exist on the column if
either of the following conditions is met:
– The predicate does not contain constants
– COLCARDF < 4.
Table 94 shows interpolation defaults for the operators <, <=, >, >= and for LIKE
and BETWEEN.
Table 94. Default filter factors for interpolation
Factor for LIKE
COLCARDF Factor for Op or BETWEEN
>=100000000 1/10,000 3/100000
>=10000000 1/3,000 1/10000
>=1000000 1/1,000 3/10000
>=100000 1/300 1/1000
>=10000 1/100 3/1000
>=1000 1/30 1/100
>=100 1/10 3/100
| >=2 1/3 1/10
| =1 1/1 1/1
| <=0 1/3 1/10
Note: Op is one of these operators: <, <=, >, >=.
Filter factors for all distributions

| RUNSTATS can generate additional statistics for a column or set of columns. DB2
can use that information to calculate filter factors. DB2 collects two kinds of
distribution statistics:
Frequency
| The percentage of rows in the table that contain a value for a column or set
| of columns

Cardinality
| The number of distinct values in a set of columns
When they are used: Table 95 lists the types of predicates on which these
statistics are used.
Table 95. Predicates for which distribution statistics are used
Single column or
Type of statistic concatenated columns Predicates
Frequency Single COL=literal
COL IS NULL
COL IN (literal-list)
COL op literal
COL BETWEEN literal AND literal
COL=host-variable
COL1=COL2
T1.COL=T2.COL
| COL IS NOT DISTINCT FROM
Frequency Concatenated COL=literal
Cardinality Single COL=literal
COL IS NULL
COL IN (literal-list)
COL op literal
COL BETWEEN literal AND literal
COL=host-variable
COL1=COL2
T1.COL=T2.COL
Cardinality Concatenated COL=literal
COL=:host-variable
COL1=COL2
Note: op is one of these operators: <, <=, >, >=.
How they are used: Columns COLVALUE and FREQUENCYF in table

SYSCOLDIST contain distribution statistics. Regardless of the number of values in
those columns, running RUNSTATS deletes the existing values and inserts rows for
frequent values.
| You can run RUNSTATS without the FREQVAL option, with the FREQVAL option in
| the correl-spec, with the FREQVAL option in the colgroup-spec, or in both, with the
| following effects:
| v If you run RUNSTATS without the FREQVAL option, RUNSTATS inserts rows for
| the 10 most frequent values for the first column of the specified index.
| v If you run RUNSTATS with the FREQVAL option in the correl-spec, RUNSTATS
| inserts rows for concatenated columns of an index. The NUMCOLS option
| specifies the number of concatenated index columns. The COUNT option
| specifies the number of frequent values. You can collect most-frequent values,
| least-frequent values, or both.
| v If you run RUNSTATS with the FREQVAL option in the colgroup-spec,
| RUNSTATS inserts rows for the columns in the column group that you specify.
| The COUNT option specifies the number of frequent values. You can collect
| most-frequent values, least-frequent values, or both.

| v If you specify the FREQVAL option, RUNSTATS inserts rows for columns of the
| specified index and for columns in a column group.
See Part 2 of DB2 Utility Guide and Reference for more information about
RUNSTATS. DB2 uses the frequencies in column FREQUENCYF for predicates that
use the values in column COLVALUE and assumes that the remaining data are
uniformly distributed.
Example: Filter factor for a single column
Suppose that the predicate is C1 IN (’3’,’5’) and that SYSCOLDIST contains these
values for column C1:
COLVALUE FREQUENCYF
’3’ .0153
’5’ .0859
’8’ .0627
The filter factor is .0153 + .0859 = .1012.
Example: Filter factor for correlated columns
| Suppose that columns C1 and C2 are correlated. Suppose also that the predicate is
C1=’3’ AND C2=’5’ and that SYSCOLDIST contains these values for columns C1
and C2:
COLVALUE FREQUENCYF
’1’ ’1’ .1176
’2’ ’2’ .0588
’3’ ’3’ .0588
’3’ ’5’ .1176
’4’ ’4’ .0588
’5’ ’3’ .1764
’5’ ’5’ .3529
’6’ ’6’ .0588
The filter factor is .1176.
| Using multiple filter factors to determine the cost of a query

| When DB2 estimates the cost of a query, it determines the filter factor repeatedly
| and at various levels. For example, suppose that you execute the following query:
| SELECT COLS FROM T1
| WHERE C1 = ’A’
| AND C3 = ’B’
| AND C4 = ’C’;
| Table T1 consists of columns C1, C2, C3, and C4. Index I1 is defined on table T1
| and contains columns C1, C2, and C3.
| Suppose that the simple predicates in the compound predicate have the following
| characteristics:
| C1='A' Matching predicate
| C3='B' Screening predicate
| C4='C' Stage 1, nonindexable predicate
| To determine the cost of accessing table T1 through index I1, DB2 performs these
| steps:

| 1. Estimates the matching index cost. DB2 determines the index matching filter
| factor by using single-column cardinality and single-column frequency statistics
| because only one column can be a matching column.
| 2. Estimates the total index filtering. This includes matching and screening filtering.
| If statistics exist on column group (C1,C3), DB2 uses those statistics. Otherwise
| DB2 uses the available single-column statistics for each of these columns.
| DB2 will also use FULLKEYCARDF as a bound. Therefore, it can be critical to
| have column group statistics on column group (C1, C3) to get an accurate
| estimate.
| 3. Estimates the table-level filtering. If statistics are available on column group
| (C1,C3,C4), DB2 uses them. Otherwise, DB2 uses statistics that exist on
| subsets of those columns.
| Important: If you supply appropriate statistics at each level of filtering, DB2 is more
| likely to choose the most efficient access path.
| You can use RUNSTATS to collect any of the needed statistics.
Column correlation
Two columns of data, A and B of a single table, are correlated if the values in
column A do not vary independently of the values in column B.
Example: Table 96 is an excerpt from a large single table. Columns CITY and
STATE are highly correlated, and columns DEPTNO and SEX are entirely
independent.
Table 96. Data from the CREWINFO table
CITY STATE DEPTNO SEX EMPNO ZIPCODE
Fresno CA A345 F 27375 93650
Fresno CA J123 M 12345 93710
Fresno CA J123 F 93875 93650
Fresno CA J123 F 52325 93792
New York NY J123 M 19823 09001
New York NY A345 M 15522 09530
Miami FL B499 M 83825 33116
Miami FL A345 F 35785 34099
Los Angeles CA X987 M 12131 90077
Los Angeles CA A345 M 38251 90091
In this simple example, for every value of column CITY that equals 'FRESNO', there
is the same value in column STATE ('CA').
How to detect column correlation

The first indication that column correlation is a problem is because of poor response
times when DB2 has chosen an inappropriate access path. If you suspect two
columns in a table (CITY and STATE in table CREWINFO) are correlated, then you
can issue the following SQL queries that reflect the relationships between the
columns:
| SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT CITY) AS CITYCOUNT,
| COUNT (DISTINCT STATE) AS STATECOUNT FROM CREWINFO;

The result of the count of each distinct column is the value of COLCARDF in the
DB2 catalog table SYSCOLUMNS. Multiply the previous two values together to get
a preliminary result:
| CITYCOUNT x STATECOUNT = ANSWER1
Then issue the following SQL statement:

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM
(SELECT DISTINCT CITY, STATE
FROM CREWINFO) AS V1; (ANSWER2)
Compare the result of the previous count (ANSWER2) with ANSWER1. If

ANSWER2 is less than ANSWER1, then the suspected columns are correlated.
Impacts of column correlation

DB2 might not determine the best access path, table order, or join method when
your query uses columns that are highly correlated. Column correlation can make
the estimated cost of operations cheaper than they actually are. Column correlation
affects both single table queries and join queries.
Column correlation on the best matching columns of an index: The following

query selects rows with females in department A345 from Fresno, California. Two
indexes are defined on the table, Index 1 (CITY,STATE,ZIPCODE) and Index 2
(DEPTNO,SEX).
Query 1
SELECT ... FROM CREWINFO WHERE

CITY = ’FRESNO’ AND STATE = ’CA’ (PREDICATE1)
AND DEPTNO = ’A345’ AND SEX = ’F’; (PREDICATE2)
Consider the two compound predicates (labeled PREDICATE1 and PREDICATE2),

their actual filtering effects (the proportion of rows they select), and their DB2 filter
factors. Unless the proper catalog statistics are gathered, the filter factors are
calculated as if the columns of the predicate are entirely independent (not
correlated).
When the columns in a predicate correlate but the correlation is not reflected in
catalog statistics, the actual filtering effect to be significantly different from the DB2
filter factor. Table 97 on page 693 shows how the actual filtering effect and the DB2
filter factor can differ, and how that difference can affect index choice and
performance.

Table 97. Effects of column correlation on matching columns
INDEX 1 INDEX 2
Matching predicates Predicate1 Predicate2
CITY=FRESNO AND STATE=CA DEPTNO=A345 AND SEX=F
Matching columns 2 2
DB2 estimate for column=CITY, COLCARDF=4 column=DEPTNO,
matching columns Filter Factor=1/4 COLCARDF=4
(Filter Factor) column=STATE, COLCARDF=3 Filter Factor=1/4
Filter Factor=1/3 column=SEX, COLCARDF=2
Filter Factor=1/2
Compound filter factor 1/4 × 1/3 = 0.083 1/4 × 1/2 = 0.125
for matching columns
Qualified leaf pages 0.083 × 10 = 0.83 0.125 × 10 = 1.25
based on DB2 estimations INDEX CHOSEN (.8 < 1.25)
Actual filter factor based on data 4/10 2/10
distribution
Actual number of qualified leaf pages 4/10 × 10 = 4 2/10 × 10 = 2
based on compound predicate BETTER INDEX CHOICE
(2 < 4)
DB2 chooses an index that returns the fewest rows, partly determined by the
smallest filter factor of the matching columns. Assume that filter factor is the only
influence on the access path. The combined filtering of columns CITY and STATE
seems very good, whereas the matching columns for the second index do not seem
to filter as much. Based on those calculations, DB2 chooses Index 1 as an access
path for Query 1.
The problem is that the filtering of columns CITY and STATE should not look good.
Column STATE does almost no filtering. Since columns DEPTNO and SEX do a
better job of filtering out rows, DB2 should favor Index 2 over Index 1.
Column correlation on index screening columns of an index: Correlation might

also occur on nonmatching index columns, used for index screening. See
“Nonmatching index scan (ACCESSTYPE=I and MATCHCOLS=0)” on page 749 for
more information. Index screening predicates help reduce the number of data rows
that qualify while scanning the index. However, if the index screening predicates are
correlated, they do not filter as many data rows as their filter factors suggest. To
illustrate this, use “Query 1” on page 692 with the following indexes on Table 96 on
page 691:
Index 3 (EMPNO,CITY,STATE)
Index 4 (EMPNO,DEPTNO,SEX)
In the case of Index 3, because the columns CITY and STATE of Predicate 1 are
correlated, the index access is not improved as much as estimated by the
screening predicates and therefore Index 4 might be a better choice. (Note that
index screening also occurs for indexes with matching columns greater than zero.)
Multiple table joins: In Query 2, Table 98 on page 694 is added to the original
query (see “Query 1” on page 692) to show the impact of column correlation on
join queries.

Table 98. Data from the DEPTINFO table
CITY STATE MANAGER DEPT DEPTNAME
Fresno CA Smith J123 ADMIN
Los Angeles CA Jones A345 LEGAL
Query 2
SELECT ... FROM CREWINFO T1,DEPTINFO T2
WHERE T1.CITY = ’FRESNO’ AND T1.STATE=’CA’ (PREDICATE 1)
AND T1.DEPTNO = T2.DEPT AND T2.DEPTNAME = ’LEGAL’;
The order that tables are accessed in a join statement affects performance. The
estimated combined filtering of Predicate1 is lower than its actual filtering. So table
CREWINFO might look better as the first table accessed than it should.
Also, due to the smaller estimated size for table CREWINFO, a nested loop join
might be chosen for the join method. But, if many rows are selected from table
CREWINFO because Predicate1 does not filter as many rows as estimated, then
another join method or join sequence might be better.
What to do about column correlation

If column correlation is causing DB2 to choose an inappropriate access path, try
one of these techniques to alter the access path:
| v For leading indexed columns, run the RUNSTATS utility with the KEYCARD
| option determine the column correlation. For all other column groups, run the
| RUNSTATS utility with the COLGROUP option.
| v Run the RUNSTATS utility to collect column correlation information for any
| column group with the COLGROUP option.
v Update the catalog statistics manually.
v Use SQL that forces access through a particular index.
The last two techniques are discussed in “Special techniques to influence access
path selection” on page 713.
The RUNSTATS utility collects the statistics DB2 needs to make proper choices
about queries. With RUNSTATS, you can collect statistics on the concatenated key
columns of an index and the number of distinct values for those concatenated
columns. This gives DB2 accurate information to calculate the filter factor for the
query.
Example: RUNSTATS collects statistics that benefit queries like this:

SELECT * FROM T1
WHERE C1 = ’a’ AND C2 = ’b’ AND C3 = ’c’ ;
where:
v The first three index keys are used (MATCHCOLS = 3).
v An index exists on C1, C2, C3, C4, C5.
v Some or all of the columns in the index are correlated in some way.
See Part 5 (Volume 2) of DB2 Administration Guide for information on using

RUNSTATS to influence access path selection.
DB2 predicate manipulation

In some specific cases, DB2 either modifies some predicates, or generates extra
predicates. Although these modifications are transparent to you, they have a direct

impact on the access path selection and your PLAN_TABLE results. This is
because DB2 always uses an index access path when it is cost effective.
Generating extra predicates provides more indexable predicates potentially, which
creates more chances for an efficient index access path.
Therefore, to understand your PLAN_TABLE results, you must understand how DB2
manipulates predicates. The information in Table 91 on page 680 is also helpful.
Predicate modifications for IN-list predicates

If an IN-list predicate has only one item in its list, the predicate becomes an EQUAL
predicate.
A set of simple, Boolean term, equal predicates on the same column that are
connected by OR predicates can be converted into an IN-list predicate. For
example: C1=5 or C1=10 or C1=15 converts to C1 IN (5,10,15).
When DB2 simplifies join operations

Because full outer joins are less efficient than left or right joins, and left and right
joins are less efficient than inner joins, you should always try to use the simplest
type of join operation in your queries. However, if DB2 encounters a join operation
that it can simplify, it attempts to do so. In general, DB2 can simplify a join
operation when the query contains a predicate or an ON clause that eliminates the
null values that are generated by the join operation.
Example: Consider this query:

SELECT * FROM T1 X FULL JOIN T2 Y
ON X.C1=Y.C1
WHERE X.C2 > 12;
The outer join operation gives you these result table rows:
v The rows with matching values of C1 in tables T1 and T2 (the inner join result)
v The rows from T1 where C1 has no corresponding value in T2
v The rows from T2 where C1 has no corresponding value in T1
However, when you apply the predicate, you remove all rows in the result table that
came from T2 where C1 has no corresponding value in T1. DB2 transforms the full
join into a left join, which is more efficient:
SELECT * FROM T1 X LEFT JOIN T2 Y
ON X.C1=Y.C1
WHERE X.C2 > 12;
Example: The predicate, X.C2>12, filters out all null values that result from the right
join:
SELECT * FROM T1 X RIGHT JOIN T2 Y
ON X.C1=Y.C1
WHERE X.C2>12;
Therefore, DB2 can transform the right join into a more efficient inner join without
changing the result:
SELECT * FROM T1 X INNER JOIN T2 Y
ON X.C1=Y.C1
WHERE X.C2>12;
The predicate that follows a join operation must have the following characteristics
before DB2 transforms an outer join into a simpler outer join or into an inner join:
v The predicate is a Boolean term predicate.

v The predicate is false if one table in the join operation supplies a null value for all
of its columns.
These predicates are examples of predicates that can cause DB2 to simplify join
operations:
T1.C1 > 10
T1.C1 IS NOT NULL
T1.C1 > 10 OR T1.C2 > 15
T1.C1 > T2.C1
T1.C1 IN (1,2,4)
T1.C1 LIKE 'ABC%'
T1.C1 BETWEEN 10 AND 100
12 BETWEEN T1.C1 AND 100
Example: This examples shows how DB2 can simplify a join operation because the
query contains an ON clause that eliminates rows with unmatched values:
FULL JOIN T3 Z ON Y.C1=Z.C1
ON X.C1=Y.C1;
Because the last ON clause eliminates any rows from the result table for which
column values that come from T1 or T2 are null, DB2 can replace the full join with a
more efficient left join to achieve the same result:
LEFT JOIN T3 Z ON Y.C1=Z.C1
ON X.C1=Y.C1;
In one case, DB2 transforms a full outer join into a left join when you cannot write
code to do it. This is the case where a view specifies a full outer join, but a
subsequent query on that view requires only a left outer join.
Example: Consider this view:

CREATE VIEW V1 (C1,T1C2,T2C2) AS
SELECT COALESCE(T1.C1, T2.C1), T1.C2, T2.C2
FROM T1 X FULL JOIN T2 Y
ON T1.C1=T2.C1;
This view contains rows for which values of C2 that come from T1 are null.
However, if you execute the following query, you eliminate the rows with null values
for C2 that come from T1:
SELECT * FROM V1
WHERE T1C2 > 10;
Therefore, for this query, a left join between T1 and T2 would have been adequate.
DB2 can execute this query as if the view V1 was generated with a left outer join so
that the query runs more efficiently.
Predicates generated through transitive closure

When the set of predicates that belong to a query logically imply other predicates,
DB2 can generate additional predicates to provide more information for access path
selection.
Rules for generating predicates: For single-table or inner join queries, DB2
generates predicates for transitive closure if:
v The query has an equal type predicate: COL1=COL2. This could be:
– A local predicate

– A join predicate
v The query also has a Boolean term predicate on one of the columns in the first
predicate with one of the following formats:
– COL1 op value
op is =, <>, >, >=, <, or <=.
value is a constant, host variable, or special register.
– COL1 (NOT) BETWEEN value1 AND value2
– COL1=COL3
For outer join queries, DB2 generates predicates for transitive closure if the query
has an ON clause of the form COL1=COL2 and a before join predicate that has
one of the following formats:
v COL1 op value
op is =, <>, >, >=, <, or <=
v COL1 (NOT) BETWEEN value1 AND value2
DB2 generates a transitive closure predicate for an outer join query only if the
generated predicate does not reference the table with unmatched rows. That is, the
generated predicate cannot reference the left table for a left outer join or the right
table for a right outer join.
| For a multiple-CCSID query, DB2 does not generate a transitive closure predicate if
| the predicate that would be generated has these characteristics:
| v The generated predicate is a range predicate (op is >, >=, <, or <=).
| v Evaluation of the query with the generated predicate results in different CCSID
| conversion from evaluation of the query without the predicate. See Chapter 4 of
| DB2 SQL Reference for information on CCSID conversion.
When a predicate meets the transitive closure conditions, DB2 generates a new
predicate, whether or not it already exists in the WHERE clause.
The generated predicates have one of the following formats:

v COL op value
op is =, <>, >, >=, <, or <=.
value is a constant, host variable, or special register.
v COL (NOT) BETWEEN value1 AND value2
v COL1=COL2 (for single-table or inner join queries only)
Example of transitive closure for an inner join: Suppose that you have written
this query, which meets the conditions for transitive closure:
SELECT * FROM T1, T2
WHERE T1.C1=T2.C1 AND
T1.C1>10;
DB2 generates an additional predicate to produce this query, which is more

efficient:
WHERE T1.C1=T2.C1 AND
T1.C1>10 AND
T2.C1>10;

| Example of transitive closure for an outer join: Suppose that you have written
| this outer join query:
| SELECT * FROM
| (SELECT T1.C1 FROM T1 WHERE T1.C1>10) X
| LEFT JOIN
| (SELECT T2.C1 FROM T2) Y
| ON X.C1 = Y.C1;
| The before join predicate, T1.C1>10, meets the conditions for transitive closure, so
| DB2 generates a query that has the same result as this more-efficient query:
| SELECT * FROM
| (SELECT T1.C1 FROM T1 WHERE T1.C1>10) X
| LEFT JOIN
| (SELECT T2.C1 FROM T2 WHERE T2.C1>10) Y
| ON X.C1 = Y.C1;
| Predicate redundancy: A predicate is redundant if evaluation of other predicates in

| the query already determines the result that the predicate provides. You can specify
| redundant predicates or DB2 can generate them. DB2 does not determine that any
| of your query predicates are redundant. All predicates that you code are evaluated
| at execution time regardless of whether they are redundant. If DB2 generates a
| redundant predicate to help select access paths, that predicate is ignored at
| execution.
| Adding extra predicates: DB2 performs predicate transitive closure only on equal
| and range predicates. However, you can help DB2 to choose a better access path
| by adding transitive closure predicates for other types of operators, such as IN or
| LIKE. For example, consider the following SELECT statement:
| SELECT * FROM T1,T2
| WHERE T1.C1=T2.C1
| AND T1.C1 LIKE ’A%’;
| If T1.C1=T2.C1 is true, and T1.C1 LIKE ’A%’ is true, then T2.C1 LIKE ’A%’ must also
| be true. Therefore, you can give DB2 extra information for evaluating the query by
| adding T2.C1 LIKE ’A%’:
| SELECT * FROM T1,T2
| WHERE T1.C1=T2.C1
| AND T1.C1 LIKE ’A%’
| AND T2.C1 LIKE ’A%’;
| Predicates with encrypted data

| DB2 provides built-in functions for data encryption and decryption. These functions
| can secure sensitive data, but they can also degrade the performance of some
| statements if they are not used carefully. If a predicate contains any operator other
| than = and <>, encrypted data must be decrypted before comparisons can be
| made. Decryption makes the predicates stage 2. For advice on avoiding
| unnecessary encryption and decryption for predicate evaluation, see Part 3 (Volume
| 1) of DB2 Administration Guide.
Using host variables efficiently

Host variables require default filter factors: When you bind a static SQL
statement that contains host variables, DB2 uses a default filter factor to determine
the best access path for the SQL statement. For more information on filter factors,
including default values, see “Predicate filter factors” on page 685.

DB2 often chooses an access path that performs well for a query with several host
variables. However, in a new release or after maintenance has been applied, DB2
might choose a new access path that does not perform as well as the old access
path. In many cases, the change in access paths is due to the default filter factors,
which might lead DB2 to optimize the query in a different way.
The two ways to change the access path for a query that contains host variables
are:
v Bind the package or plan that contains the query with the option
REOPT(ALWAYS) or the option REOPT(ONCE).
v Rewrite the query.
| Changing the access path at run time

| You can use the following bind options to control how DB2 determines the access
| path for SQL statements with variable values:
| REOPT(ALWAYS) DB2 determines the access path for any SQL
| statement with variable values each time the
| statement is run.
| REOPT(ONCE) DB2 determines and caches the access path for
| any SQL statement with variable values only once
| at run time, using the first set of input variable
| values. If the statement is run multiple times, DB2
| does not reoptimize each time unless the cached
| statement is invalidated or removed from the cache.
| REOPT(NONE) DB2 determines the access path at bind time, and
| does not change the access path at run time.
| The REOPT(ALWAYS) bind option

| Specify the REOPT(ALWAYS) bind option when you want DB2 to determine access
| paths at both bind time and run time for statements that contain one or more of the
| following:
| v Host variables
| v Parameter markers
| v Special registers
| At run time, DB2 uses the values in these variables to determine the access paths.
| If the statement runs multiple times, DB2 determines the access path each time that
| the statement runs.
| Consider using the REOPT(ALWAYS) bind option in the following circumstances:

| v The SQL statement does not perform well with the access path that is chosen at
| bind time.
| v The SQL statement takes a relatively long time to execute. For long-running SQL
| statements, the performance gain from the better access path that is chosen
| based on the input variable values for each run can be greater than the
| performance cost of reoptimizing the access path each time that the statement
| runs.
| v The SQL statement runs only a few times; it is not repeated in a loop or used by
| multiple threads. In most cases, the REOPT(ALWAYS) bind option is a poor
| choice for performance if it causes tens or hundreds of potentially redundant
| reoptimizations.
| However, if you are using a cursor, you can put the FETCH statements in a loop,
| and the reoptimization only occurs when the cursor is opened.

| To use the REOPT(ALWAYS) bind option most efficiently, first determine which SQL
| statements in your applications perform poorly with the REOPT(NONE) bind option
| and the REOPT(ONCE) bind option. Separate the code containing those statements
| into units that you bind into packages with the REOPT(ALWAYS) option. Bind the
| rest of the code into packages using the REOPT(NONE) bind option or the
| REOPT(ONCE) bind option, as appropriate. Then bind the plan with the
| REOPT(NONE) bind option. Statements in the packages bound with
| REOPT(ALWAYS) are candidates for repeated reoptimization at run time.
| Example: To determine which queries in plans and packages that are bound with
| the REOPT(ALWAYS) bind option will be reoptimized at run time, execute the
| following SELECT statements:
| SELECT PLNAME,
| CASE WHEN STMTNOI <> 0
| THEN STMTNOI
| ELSE STMTNO
| END AS STMTNUM,
| SEQNO, TEXT
| FROM SYSIBM.SYSSTMT
| WHERE STATUS IN (’B’,’F’,’G’,’J’)
| ORDER BY PLNAME, STMTNUM, SEQNO;
| SELECT COLLID, NAME, VERSION,
| THEN STMTNOI
| ELSE STMTNO
| END AS STMTNUM,
| SEQNO, STMT
| FROM SYSIBM.SYSPACKSTMT
| WHERE STATUS IN (’B’,’F’,’G’,’J’)
| ORDER BY COLLID, NAME, VERSION, STMTNUM, SEQNO;
| If you specify the bind option VALIDATE(RUN), and a statement in the plan or
| package is not bound successfully, that statement is incrementally bound at run
| time. If you also specify the bind option REOPT(ALWAYS), DB2 reoptimizes the
| access path during the incremental bind.
| Example: To determine which plans and packages have statements that will be
| incrementally bound, execute the following SELECT statements:
| SELECT DISTINCT NAME
| WHERE STATUS = ’F’ OR STATUS = ’H’;
| SELECT DISTINCT COLLID, NAME, VERSION
| The REOPT(ONCE) bind option

| You can use the REOPT(ONCE) bind option to determine the acccess path for an
| SQL statement at run time. Like the REOPT(ALWAYS) bind option, the
| REOPT(ONCE) bind option determines the access path at run time. However,
| unlike the REOPT(ALWAYS) bind option, the REOPT(ONCE) bind option
| determines the access path for an SQL statement only once at run time and works
| only with dynamic SQL statements. The REOPT(ONCE) bind option allows DB2 to
| store the access path for dynamic SQL statements in the dynamic statement cache.
| Consider using the REOPT(ONCE) bind option in the following circumstances:

| v The SQL statement is a dynamic SQL statement.
| v The SQL statement does not perform well with the access path that is chosen at
| bind time.

| v The SQL statement is relatively simple and takes a relatively short time to
| execute.. For simple SQL statements, reoptimizing the access path each time
| that the statement runs can degrade performance more than using the access
| path from the first run for each subsequent run.
| v The same SQL statement is repeated many times in a loop, or is run by many
| threads. Because of the dynamic statement cache, the access path that DB2
| chooses for the first set of input variables will perform well for subsequent
| executions of the same SQL statement, even if the input variable values are
| different each time.
| To use the REOPT(ONCE) bind option most efficiently, first determine which
| dynamic SQL statements in your applications perform poorly with the
| REOPT(NONE) bind option and the REOPT(ALWAYS) bind option. Separate the
| code containing those statements into units that you bind into packages with the
| REOPT(ONCE) option. Bind the rest of the code into packages using the
| REOPT(NONE) bind option or the REOPT(ALWAYS) bind option, as appropriate.
| Then bind the plan with the REOPT(NONE) bind option. A dynamic statement in a
| package that is bound with REOPT(ONCE) is a candidate for reoptimization the first
| time that the statement is run.
| Example: To determine which queries in plans and packages that are bound with
| the REOPT(ONCE) bind option will be reoptimized at run time, execute the
| following SELECT statements:
| SELECT PLNAME,
| THEN STMTNOI
| ELSE STMTNO
| END AS STMTNUM,
| SEQNO, TEXT
| WHERE STATUS IN (’J’)
| ORDER BY PLNAME, STMTNUM, SEQNO;
| SELECT COLLID, NAME, VERSION,
| THEN STMTNOI
| ELSE STMTNO
| END AS STMTNUM,
| SEQNO, STMT
| WHERE STATUS IN (’J’)
| ORDER BY COLLID, NAME, VERSION, STMTNUM, SEQNO;
| If you specify the bind option VALIDATE(RUN), and a statement in the plan or
| package is not bound successfully, that statement is incrementally bound at run
| time.
| Example: To determine which plans and packages have statements that will be
| incrementally bound, execute the following SELECT statements:
| SELECT DISTINCT NAME
| SELECT DISTINCT COLLID, NAME, VERSION
| The REOPT(NONE) bind option

| You should use the REOPT(NONE) bind option when an SQL statement with
| variable values performs well with the access path that is chosen at bind time. Keep

| in mind that an SQL statement that performs well with the REOPT(NONE) bind
| option might perform even better with the bind options that change the access path
| at run time.
Rewriting queries to influence access path selection

The examples that follow identify potential performance problems and offer
suggestions for tuning the queries. However, before you rewrite any query, you
should consider whether the REOPT(ALWAYS) or REOPT(ONCE) bind options can
solve your access path problems. See “Changing the access path at run time” on
page 699 for more information about REOPT(ALWAYS) and REOPT(ONCE).
Example 1: An equal predicate
An equal predicate has a default filter factor of 1/COLCARDF. The actual filter factor
might be quite different.
Query:
WHERE SEX = :HV1;
Assumptions: Because the column SEX has only two different values, 'M' and 'F',
the value COLCARDF for SEX is 2. If the numbers of male and female employees
are not equal, the actual filter factor of 1/2 is larger or smaller than the default,
depending on whether :HV1 is set to 'M' or 'F'.
Recommendation: One of these two actions can improve the access path:
v Bind the package or plan that contains the query with the REOPT(ALWAYS) bind
option. This action causes DB2 to reoptimize the query at run time, using the
input values you provide. You might also consider binding the package or plan
with the REOPT(ONCE) bind option.
v Write predicates to influence the DB2 selection of an access path, based on your
knowledge of actual filter factors. For example, you can break the query into
three different queries, two of which use constants. DB2 can then determine the
exact filter factor for most cases when it binds the plan.
SELECT (HV1);
WHEN ('M')
DO;
WHERE SEX = 'M';
END;
WHEN ('F')
DO;
WHERE SEX = 'F';
END;
OTHERWISE
DO:
WHERE SEX = :HV1;
END;
END;
Example 2: Known ranges
Table T1 has two indexes: T1X1 on column C1 and T1X2 on column C2.
Query:

SELECT * FROM T1
WHERE C1 BETWEEN :HV1 AND :HV2
AND C2 BETWEEN :HV3 AND :HV4;
Assumptions: You know that:

v The application always provides a narrow range on C1 and a wide range on C2.
v The desired access path is through index T1X1.
Recommendation: If DB2 does not choose T1X1, rewrite the query as follows, so
that DB2 does not choose index T1X2 on C2:
SELECT * FROM T1
AND (C2 BETWEEN :HV3 AND :HV4 OR 0=1);
Example 3: Variable ranges
Query:
SELECT * FROM T1
AND C2 BETWEEN :HV3 AND :HV4;
Assumptions: You know that the application provides both narrow and wide ranges
on C1 and C2. Hence, default filter factors do not allow DB2 to choose the best
access path in all cases. For example, a small range on C1 favors index T1X1 on
C1, a small range on C2 favors index T1X2 on C2, and wide ranges on both C1
and C2 favor a table space scan.
Recommendation: If DB2 does not choose the best access path, try either of the
following changes to your application:
v Use a dynamic SQL statement and embed the ranges of C1 and C2 in the
statement. With access to the actual range values, DB2 can estimate the actual
filter factors for the query. Preparing the statement each time it is executed
requires an extra step, but it can be worthwhile if the query accesses a large
amount of data.
v Include some simple logic to check the ranges of C1 and C2, and then execute
one of these static SQL statements, based on the ranges of C1 and C2:
SELECT * FROM T1 WHERE C1 BETWEEN :HV1 AND :HV2
SELECT * FROM T1 WHERE C2 BETWEEN :HV3 AND :HV4

SELECT * FROM T1 WHERE (C1 BETWEEN :HV1 AND :HV2 OR 0=1)

Example 4: ORDER BY
Query:
SELECT * FROM T1
ORDER BY C2;
In this example, DB2 could choose one of the following actions:

v Scan index T1X1 and then sort the results by column C2
v Scan the table space in which T1 resides and then sort the results by column C2
v Scan index T1X2 and then apply the predicate to each row of data, thereby
avoiding the sort
Which choice is best depends on the following factors:
v The number of rows that satisfy the range predicate
v The cluster ratio of the indexes
If the actual number of rows that satisfy the range predicate is significantly different
from the estimate, DB2 might not choose the best access path.
Assumptions: You disagree with the DB2 choice.
Recommendation: In your application, use a dynamic SQL statement and embed

the range of C1 in the statement. That allows DB2 to use the actual filter factor
rather than the default, but requires extra processing for the PREPARE statement.
Example 5: A join operation
Tables A, B, and C each have indexes on columns C1, C2, C3, and C4.
Query:
SELECT * FROM A, B, C
WHERE A.C1 = B.C1
AND A.C2 = C.C2
AND A.C2 BETWEEN :HV1 AND :HV2
AND A.C4 < :HV5
AND B.C2 BETWEEN :HV6 AND :HV7
AND B.C3 < :HV8
AND C.C2 < :HV9;
Assumptions: The actual filter factors on table A are much larger than the default
factors. Hence, DB2 underestimates the number of rows selected from table A and
wrongly chooses that as the first table in the join.
Recommendations: You can:

v Reduce the estimated size of Table A by adding predicates
v Disfavor any index on the join column by making the join predicate on table A
nonindexable
Example: The following query illustrates the second of those choices.

SELECT * FROM T1 A, T1 B, T1 C
WHERE (A.C1 = B.C1 OR 0=1)
AND A.C2 = C.C2
AND A.C4 < :HV5
AND B.C2 BETWEEN :HV6 AND :HV7
AND B.C3 < :HV8
AND C.C2 < :HV9;
The result of making the join predicate between A and B a nonindexable predicate
(which cannot be used in single index access) disfavors the use of the index on
column C1. This, in turn, might lead DB2 to access table A or B first. Or, it might
lead DB2 to change the access type of table A or B, thereby influencing the join
sequence of the other tables.

Writing efficient subqueries
Definitions: A subquery is a SELECT statement within the WHERE or HAVING
clause of another SQL statement.
Decision needed: You can often write two or more SQL statements that achieve
identical results, particularly if you use subqueries. The statements have different
access paths, however, and probably perform differently.
Topic overview: The topics that follow describe different methods to achieve the
results intended by a subquery and tell what DB2 does for each method. The
information should help you estimate what method performs best for your query.
The first two methods use different types of subqueries:

v “Correlated subqueries”
v “Noncorrelated subqueries” on page 706
A subquery can sometimes be transformed into a join operation. Sometimes DB2

does that to improve the access path, and sometimes you can get better results by
doing it yourself. The third method is:
v “Subquery transformation into join” on page 707
Finally, for a comparison of the three methods as applied to a single task, see:
v “Subquery tuning” on page 709
Correlated subqueries
Definition: A correlated subquery refers to at least one column of the outer query.
Any predicate that contains a correlated subquery is a stage 2 predicate unless it is

transformed to a join.
Example: In the following query, the correlation name, X, illustrates the subquery’s
reference to the outer query block.
SELECT * FROM DSN8810.EMP X
WHERE JOB = ’DESIGNER’
AND EXISTS (SELECT 1
FROM DSN8810.PROJ
WHERE DEPTNO = X.WORKDEPT
AND MAJPROJ = ’MA2100’);
What DB2 does: A correlated subquery is evaluated for each qualified row of the
outer query that is referred to. In executing the example, DB2:
1. Reads a row from table EMP where JOB=’DESIGNER’.
2. Searches for the value of WORKDEPT from that row, in a table stored in
memory.
The in-memory table saves executions of the subquery. If the subquery has
already been executed with the value of WORKDEPT, the result of the subquery
is in the table and DB2 does not execute it again for the current row. Instead,
DB2 can skip to step 5.
3. Executes the subquery, if the value of WORKDEPT is not in memory. That
requires searching the PROJ table to check whether there is any project, where
MAJPROJ is ’MA2100’, for which the current WORKDEPT is responsible.
4. Stores the value of WORKDEPT and the result of the subquery in memory.
5. Returns the values of the current row of EMP to the application.

DB2 repeats this whole process for each qualified row of the EMP table.
Notes on the in-memory table: The in-memory table is applicable if the operator
of the predicate that contains the subquery is one of the following operators:
<, <=, >, >=, =, <>, EXISTS, NOT EXISTS
The table is not used, however, if:

v There are more than 16 correlated columns in the subquery
v The sum of the lengths of the correlated columns is more than 256 bytes
v There is a unique index on a subset of the correlated columns of a table from the
outer query
The in-memory table is a wrap-around table and does not guarantee saving the
results of all possible duplicated executions of the subquery.
Noncorrelated subqueries
Definition: A noncorrelated subquery makes no reference to outer queries.
Example:
AND WORKDEPT IN (SELECT DEPTNO
FROM DSN8810.PROJ
WHERE MAJPROJ = ’MA2100’);
What DB2 does: A noncorrelated subquery is executed once when the cursor is
opened for the query. What DB2 does to process it depends on whether it returns a
single value or more than one value. The query in the preceding example can
return more than one value.
Single-value subqueries
When the subquery is contained in a predicate with a simple operator, the subquery
is required to return 1 or 0 rows. The simple operator can be one of the following
operators:
<, <=, >, >=, =, <>, NOT <, NOT <=, NOT >, NOT >=
The following noncorrelated subquery returns a single value:

SELECT *
FROM DSN8810.EMP
AND WORKDEPT <= (SELECT MAX(DEPTNO)
FROM DSN8810.PROJ);
What DB2 does: When the cursor is opened, the subquery executes. If it returns
more than one row, DB2 issues an error. The predicate that contains the subquery
is treated like a simple predicate with a constant specified, for example,
WORKDEPT <= ’value’.
| Stage 1 and stage 2 processing: The rules for determining whether a predicate
| with a noncorrelated subquery that returns a single value is stage 1 or stage 2 are
| generally the same as for the same predicate with a single variable.

Multiple-value subqueries
A subquery can return more than one value if the operator is one of the following:
op ANY, op ALL , op SOME, IN, EXISTS
where op is any of the operators >, >=, <, <=, NOT <, NOT <=, NOT >, NOT >=.
What DB2 does: If possible, DB2 reduces a subquery that returns more than one
row to one that returns only a single row. That occurs when there is a range
comparison along with ANY, ALL, or SOME. The following query is an example:
AND WORKDEPT <= ANY (SELECT DEPTNO
FROM DSN8810.PROJ
DB2 calculates the maximum value for DEPTNO from table DSN8810.PROJ and
removes the ANY keyword from the query. After this transformation, the subquery is
treated like a single-value subquery.
That transformation can be made with a maximum value if the range operator is:
v > or >= with the quantifier ALL
v < or <= with the quantifier ANY or SOME
The transformation can be made with a minimum value if the range operator is:
v < or <= with the quantifier ALL
v > or >= with the quantifier ANY or SOME
The resulting predicate is determined to be stage 1 or stage 2 by the same rules as

for the same predicate with a single-valued subquery.
When a subquery is sorted: A noncorrelated subquery is sorted when the

comparison operator is IN, NOT IN, = ANY, <> ANY, = ALL, or <> ALL. The sort
enhances the predicate evaluation, reducing the amount of scanning on the
subquery result. When the value of the subquery becomes smaller or equal to the
expression on the left side, the scanning can be stopped and the predicate can be
determined to be true or false.
When the subquery result is a character data type and the left side of the predicate
is a datetime data type, then the result is placed in a work file without sorting. For
some noncorrelated subqueries that use IN, NOT IN, = ANY, <> ANY, = ALL, or <>
ALL comparison operators, DB2 can more accurately pinpoint an entry point into the
work file, thus further reducing the amount of scanning that is done.
Results from EXPLAIN: For information about the result in a plan table for a
subquery that is sorted, see “When are aggregate functions evaluated?
(COLUMN_FN_EVAL)” on page 745.
Subquery transformation into join

For a SELECT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement, DB2 can sometimes transform a
subquery into a join between the result table of a subquery and the result table of
an outer query.
For a SELECT statement, DB2 does the transformation if the following conditions
are true:
v The transformation does not introduce redundancy.
v The subquery appears in a WHERE clause.

v The subquery does not contain GROUP BY, HAVING, or aggregate functions.
v The subquery has only one table in the FROM clause.
| v For a correlated subquery, the comparison operator of the predicate containing
| the subquery is IN, = ANY, or = SOME.
| v For a noncorrelated subquery, the comparison operator of the predicate
| containing the subquery is IN, EXISTS, = ANY, or = SOME.
| v For a noncorrelated subquery, the subquery select list has only one column,
| guaranteed by a unique index to have unique values.
v For a noncorrelated subquery, the left side of the predicate is a single column
with the same data type and length as the subquery’s column. (For a correlated
subquery, the left side can be any expression.)
For an UPDATE or DELETE statement, or a SELECT statement that does not meet
the previous conditions for transformation, DB2 does the transformation of a
correlated subquery into a join if the following conditions are true:
v The transformation does not introduce redundancy.
v The subquery is correlated to its immediate outer query.
v The FROM clause of the subquery contains only one table, and the outer query
(for SELECT), UPDATE, or DELETE references only one table.
v If the outer predicate is a quantified predicate with an operator of =ANY or an IN
predicate, the following conditions are true:
– The left side of the outer predicate is a single column.
– The right side of the outer predicate is a subquery that references a single
column.
– The two columns have the same data type and length.
v The subquery does not contain the GROUP BY or DISTINCT clauses.
v The subquery does not contain aggregate functions.
v The SELECT clause of the subquery does not contain a user-defined function
with an external action or a user-defined function that modifies data.
v The subquery predicate is a Boolean term predicate.
v The predicates in the subquery that provide correlation are stage 1 predicates.
v The subquery does not contain nested subqueries.
v The subquery does not contain a self-referencing UPDATE or DELETE.
v For a SELECT statement, the query does not contain the FOR UPDATE OF
clause.
v For an UPDATE or DELETE statement, the statement is a searched UPDATE or
DELETE.
v For a SELECT statement, parallelism is not enabled.
For a statement with multiple subqueries, DB2 does the transformation only on the
last subquery in the statement that qualifies for transformation.
Example: The following subquery can be transformed into a join because it meets
the first set of conditions for transformation:
SELECT * FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO IN
(SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT
WHERE LOCATION IN (’SAN JOSE’, ’SAN FRANCISCO’)
AND DIVISION = ’MARKETING’);

If there is a department in the marketing division which has branches in both San
Jose and San Francisco, the result of the SQL statement is not the same as if a
join were done. The join makes each employee in this department appear twice
because it matches once for the department of location San Jose and again of
location San Francisco, although it is the same department. Therefore, it is clear
that to transform a subquery into a join, the uniqueness of the subquery select list
must be guaranteed. For this example, a unique index on any of the following sets
of columns would guarantee uniqueness:
v (DEPTNO)
v (DIVISION, DEPTNO)
v (DEPTNO, DIVISION).
The resultant query is:

SELECT EMP.* FROM EMP, DEPT
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO AND
DEPT.LOCATION IN (’SAN JOSE’, ’SAN FRANCISCO’) AND
DEPT.DIVISION = ’MARKETING’;
Example: The following subquery can be transformed into a join because it meets
the second set of conditions for transformation:
UPDATE T1 SET T1.C1 = 1
WHERE T1.C1 =ANY
(SELECT T2.C1 FROM T2
WHERE T2.C2 = T1.C2);
Results from EXPLAIN: For information about the result in a plan table for a
subquery that is transformed into a join operation, see “Is a subquery transformed
into a join?” on page 745.
Subquery tuning
The following three queries all retrieve the same rows. All three retrieve data about
all designers in departments that are responsible for projects that are part of major
project MA2100. These three queries show that there are several ways to retrieve a
desired result.
Query A: A join of two tables

SELECT DSN8810.EMP.* FROM DSN8810.EMP, DSN8810.PROJ
AND WORKDEPT = DEPTNO
AND MAJPROJ = ’MA2100’;
Query B: A correlated subquery

SELECT * FROM DSN8810.EMP X
AND EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM DSN8810.PROJ
WHERE DEPTNO = X.WORKDEPT
AND MAJPROJ = ’MA2100’);
Query C: A noncorrelated subquery

AND WORKDEPT IN (SELECT DEPTNO FROM DSN8810.PROJ
If you need columns from both tables EMP and PROJ in the output, you must use a
join.

PROJ might contain duplicate values of DEPTNO in the subquery, so that an
equivalent join cannot be written.
In general, query A might be the one that performs best. However, if there is no
index on DEPTNO in table PROJ, then query C might perform best. The
IN-subquery predicate in query C is indexable. Therefore, if an index on
WORKDEPT exists, DB2 might do IN-list access on table EMP. If you decide that a
join cannot be used and there is an available index on DEPTNO in table PROJ,
then query B might perform best.
When looking at a problem subquery, see if the query can be rewritten into another
format or see if there is an index that you can create to help improve the
performance of the subquery.
Knowing the sequence of evaluation is important, for the different subquery

predicates and for all other predicates in the query. If the subquery predicate is
costly, perhaps another predicate could be evaluated before that predicate so that
the rows would be rejected before even evaluating the problem subquery predicate.
Using scrollable cursors efficiently

The following recommendations help you get the best performance from your
scrollable cursors:
v Determine when scrollable cursors work best for you.
Scrollable cursors are a valuable tool for writing applications such as
screen-based applications, in which the result table is small and you often move
back and forth through the data. However, scrollable cursors require more DB2
processing than non-scrollable cursors. If your applications require large result
tables or you only need to move sequentially forward through the data, use
non-scrollable cursors.
v Declare scrollable cursors as SENSITIVE only if you need to see the latest data.
If you do not need to see updates that are made by other cursors or application
processes, using a cursor that you declare as INSENSITIVE requires less
processing by DB2.
| If you need to see only some of the latest updates, and you do not need to see
| the results of insert operations, declare scrollable cursors as SENSITIVE STATIC.
| See Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL Reference for information about which updates you
| can see with a scrollable cursor that is declared as SENSITIVE STATIC.
| If you need to see all of the latest updates and inserts, declare scrollable cursors
| as SENSITIVE DYNAMIC.
v To ensure maximum concurrency when you use a scrollable cursor for positioned
update and delete operations, specify ISOLATION(CS) and CURRENTDATA(NO)
when you bind packages and plans that contain updatable scrollable cursors.
See Chapter 18, “Planning for concurrency,” on page 375 for more details.
v Use the FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY clause with scrollable cursors when it is
appropriate.
In a distributed environment, when you need to retrieve a limited number of rows,
FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY can improve your performance for distributed
queries that use DRDA access by eliminating unneeded network traffic. See
“Limiting the number of rows returned to DRDA clients” on page 446 for more
information.

In a local environment, if you need to scroll through a limited subset of rows in a
table, you can use FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY to make the result table
smaller.
v In a distributed environment, if you do not need to use your scrollable cursors to
modify data, do your cursor processing in a stored procedure.
Using stored procedures can decrease the amount of network traffic that your
application requires.
| v In a TEMP database, create table spaces that are large enough for processing
| your static scrollable cursors.
| Static scrollable cursors require declared temporary tables for their processing.
| See Part 2 of DB2 Installation Guide for information about calculating the
| appropriate size for those declared temporary tables.
v Remember to commit changes often for the following reasons:
– You frequently need to leave scrollable cursors open longer than
non-scrollable cursors.
| – There is an increased chance of deadlocks with scrollable cursors because
| scrollable cursors allow rows to be accessed and updated in any order.
| Frequent commits can decrease the chances of deadlocks.
To prevent cursors from closing after commit operations, declare your scrollable
cursors WITH HOLD.
| Writing efficient queries on tables with data-partitioned secondary

| indexes
| The number of partitions that DB2 accesses to evaluate a query predicate can
| affect the performance of the query. A query that provides data retrieval through a
| data-partitioned secondary index (DPSI) might access some or all partitions of the
| DPSI. For a query that is based only on a DPSI key value or range, DB2 must
| examine all partitions. If the query also has predicates on the leading columns of
| the partitioning key, DB2 does not need to examine all partitions. The removal from
| consideration of inapplicable partitions is known as page range screening or limited
| partition scan. A limited partition scan can be determined at bind time or at run time.
| For example, a limited partition scan can be determined at bind time for a predicate
| in which a column is compared to a constant. A limited partition scan occurs at run
| time if the column is compared to a host variable, parameter marker, or special
| register.
| The following example demonstrates how you can use a partitioning index to enable
| a limited partition scan on a set of partitions that DB2 needs to examine to satisfy a
| query predicate.
| Suppose that you create table Q1, with partitioning index DATE_IX and DPSI
| STATE_IX:
| CREATE TABLESPACE TS1 NUMPARTS 3;
|
| CREATE TABLE Q1 (DATE DATE,
| CUSTNO CHAR(5),
| STATE CHAR(2),
| PURCH_AMT DECIMAL(9,2))
| IN TS1
| PARTITION BY (DATE)
| (PARTITION 1 ENDING AT (’2002-1-31’),
| PARTITION 2 ENDING AT (’2002-2-28’),
| PARTITION 3 ENDING AT (’2002-3-31’));
|

| CREATE INDEX DATE_IX ON Q1 (DATE) PARTITIONED CLUSTER;
|
| CREATE INDEX STATE_IX ON Q1 (STATE) PARTITIONED;
| Now suppose that you want to execute the following query against table Q1:
| SELECT CUSTNO, PURCH_AMT
| FROM Q1
| WHERE STATE = ’CA’;
| Because the predicate is based only on values of a DPSI key (STATE), DB2 must
| examine all partitions to find the matching rows.
| Now suppose that you modify the query in the following way:
| FROM Q1
| WHERE DATE BETWEEN ’2002-01-01’ AND ’2002-01-31’ AND
| STATE = ’CA’;
| Because the predicate is now based on values of a partitioning index key (DATE)
| and on values of a DPSI key (STATE), DB2 can eliminate the scanning of data
| partitions 2 and 3, which do not satisfy the query for the partitioning key. This can
| be determined at bind time because the columns of the predicate are compared to
| constants.
| Now suppose that you use host variables instead of constants in the same query:
| FROM Q1
| WHERE DATE BETWEEN :hv1 AND :hv2 AND
| STATE = :hv3;
| DB2 can use the predicate on the partitioning column to eliminate the scanning of
| unneeded partitions at run time.
| Writing queries to take advantage of limited partition scan is especially useful when
| a correlation exists between columns that are in a partitioning index and columns
| that are in a DPSI.
| For example, suppose that you create table Q2, with partitioning index DATE_IX
| and DPSI ORDERNO_IX:
| CREATE TABLESPACE TS2 NUMPARTS 3;
|
| CREATE TABLE Q2 (DATE DATE,
| ORDERNO CHAR(8),
| STATE CHAR(2),
| PURCH_AMT DECIMAL(9,2))
| IN TS2
| PARTITION BY (DATE)
| (PARTITION 1 ENDING AT (’2000-12-31’),
| PARTITION 2 ENDING AT (’2001-12-31’),
| PARTITION 3 ENDING AT (’2002-12-31’));
|
| CREATE INDEX DATE_IX ON Q2 (DATE) PARTITIONED CLUSTER;
|
| CREATE INDEX ORDERNO_IX ON Q2 (ORDERNO) PARTITIONED;
| Also suppose that the first 4 bytes of each ORDERNO column value represent the
| four-digit year in which the order is placed. This means that the DATE column and
| the ORDERNO column are correlated.

| To take advantage of limited partition scan, when you write a query that has the
| ORDERNO column in the predicate, also include the DATE column in the predicate.
| The partitioning index on DATE lets DB2 eliminate the scanning of partitions that
| are not needed to satisfy the query. For example:
| SELECT ORDERNO, PURCH_AMT
| FROM Q2
| WHERE ORDERNO BETWEEN ’2002AAAA’ AND ’2002ZZZZ’ AND
| DATE BETWEEN ’2002-01-01’ AND ’2002-12-31’;
Special techniques to influence access path selection
Important
This section describes tactics for rewriting queries and modifying catalog
statistics to influence how DB2 selects access paths. The access path
selection "tricks"that are described in the section might cause significant
performance degradation if they are not carefully implemented and monitored.
For example, the selection method might change in a later release of DB2,
causing your changes to degrade performance. Save the old catalog statistics
or SQL before you consider making any changes to control the choice of
access path. Before and after you make any changes, take performance
measurements. When you migrate to a new release, evaluate the performance
again. Be prepared to back out any changes that have degraded performance.
This section contains the following information about determining and changing
access paths:
v Obtaining information about access paths
v “Minimizing overhead for retrieving few rows: OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS” on page
714
v “Fetching a limited number of rows: FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY” on page 714
v “Using the CARDINALITY clause to improve the performance of queries with
user-defined table function references” on page 717
v “Reducing the number of matching columns” on page 718
v “Rearranging the order of tables in a FROM clause” on page 723
v “Updating catalog statistics” on page 723
v “Using a subsystem parameter” on page 724
Obtaining information about access paths

You can obtain information about DB2 access paths by using the following methods:
v Use Visual Explain.
The DB2 Visual Explain tool, which is invoked from a workstation client, can be
used to display and analyze information on access paths chosen by DB2. Visual
Explain displays the access path information in both graphic and text formats.
The tool provides you with an easy-to-use interface to the PLAN_TABLE output
and allows you to invoke EXPLAIN for dynamic SQL statements. You can also
access the catalog statistics for certain referenced objects of an access path. In
addition, the tool allows you to archive EXPLAIN output from previous SQL
statements to analyze changes in your SQL environment. See DB2 Visual
Explain online help for more information.
v Run DB2 Performance Monitor accounting reports.

Another way to track performance is with the DB2 Performance Monitor
accounting reports. The accounting report, short layout, ordered by PLANNAME,
lists the primary performance figures. Check the plans that contain SQL
statements whose access paths you tried to influence. If the elapsed time, TCB
time, or number of getpage requests increases sharply without a corresponding
increase in the SQL activity, then there could be a problem. You can use DB2
Performance Expert Online Monitor to track events after your changes have been
implemented, providing immediate feedback on the effects of your changes.
v Specify the bind option EXPLAIN.
You can also use the EXPLAIN option when you bind or rebind a plan or
package. Compare the new plan or package for the statement to the old one. If
the new one has a table space scan or a nonmatching index space scan, but the
old one did not, the problem is probably the statement. Investigate any changes
in access path in the new plan or package; they could represent performance
improvements or degradations. If neither the accounting report ordered by
PLANNAME or PACKAGE nor the EXPLAIN statement suggest corrective action,
use the DB2 Performance Expert SQL activity reports for additional information.
For more information on using EXPLAIN, see “Obtaining PLAN_TABLE
information from EXPLAIN” on page 728.
Fetching a limited number of rows: FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY

In some applications, you execute queries that can return a large number of rows,
but you need only a small subset of those rows. Retrieving the entire result table
from the query can be inefficient. You can specify the FETCH FIRST n ROWS
ONLY clause in a SELECT statement to limit the number of rows in the result table
of a query to n rows. In addition, for a distributed query that uses DRDA access,
FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY, DB2 prefetches only n rows.
Example: Suppose that you write an application that requires information on only
the 20 employees with the highest salaries. To return only the rows of the employee
table for those 20 employees, you can write a query like this:
SELECT LASTNAME, FIRSTNAME, EMPNO, SALARY
FROM EMP
ORDER BY SALARY DESC
FETCH FIRST 20 ROWS ONLY;
Interaction between OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS and FETCH FIRST n ROWS

ONLY: In general, if you specify FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY but not OPTIMIZE
FOR n ROWS in a SELECT statement, DB2 optimizes the query as if you had
specified OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS.
| When both the FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY clause and the OPTIMIZE FOR n
| ROWS clause are specified, the value for the OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS clause is
| used for access path selection.
| Example: Suppose that you submit the following SELECT statement:

| SELECT * FROM EMP
| FETCH FIRST 5 ROWS ONLY
| OPTIMIZE FOR 20 ROWS;
| The OPTIMIZE FOR value of 20 rows is used for access path selection.
Minimizing overhead for retrieving few rows: OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS

When an application executes a SELECT statement, DB2 assumes that the
application will retrieve all the qualifying rows. This assumption is most appropriate

for batch environments. However, for interactive SQL applications, such as SPUFI,
it is common for a query to define a very large potential result set but retrieve only
the first few rows. The access path that DB2 chooses might not be optimal for
those interactive applications.
This section discusses the use of OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS to affect the
performance of interactive SQL applications. Unless otherwise noted, this
information pertains to local applications. For more information on using OPTIMIZE
FOR n ROWS in distributed applications, see “Limiting the number of DRDA
network transmissions” on page 442.
What OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS does: The OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS clause lets an
application declare its intent to do either of these things:
v Retrieve only a subset of the result set
v Give priority to the retrieval of the first few rows
DB2 uses the OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS clause to choose access paths that
minimize the response time for retrieving the first few rows. For distributed queries,
the value of n determines the number of rows that DB2 sends to the client on each
DRDA network transmission. See “Limiting the number of DRDA network
transmissions” on page 442 for more information on using OPTIMIZE FOR n
ROWS in the distributed environment.
Use OPTIMIZE FOR 1 ROW to avoid sorts: You can influence the access path
most by using OPTIMIZE FOR 1 ROW. OPTIMIZE FOR 1 ROW tells DB2 to select
an access path that returns the first qualifying row quickly. This means that
whenever possible, DB2 avoids any access path that involves a sort. If you specify
a value for n that is anything but 1, DB2 chooses an access path based on cost,
and you won’t necessarily avoid sorts.
How to specify OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS for a CLI application: For a Call Level
Interface (CLI) application, you can specify that DB2 uses OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS
for all queries. To do that, specify the keyword OPTIMIZEFORNROWS in the
initialization file. For more information, see Chapter 3 of DB2 ODBC Guide and
Reference.
How many rows you can retrieve with OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS: The OPTIMIZE
FOR n ROWS clause does not prevent you from retrieving all the qualifying rows.
However, if you use OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS, the total elapsed time to retrieve all
the qualifying rows might be significantly greater than if DB2 had optimized for the
entire result set.
When OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS is effective: OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS is effective

only on queries that can be performed incrementally. If the query causes DB2 to
gather the whole result set before returning the first row, DB2 ignores the
OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS clause, as in the following situations:
v The query uses SELECT DISTINCT or a set function distinct, such as
COUNT(DISTINCT C1).
v Either GROUP BY or ORDER BY is used, and no index can give the necessary
ordering.
v A aggregate function and no GROUP BY clause is used.
v The query uses UNION.

Example: Suppose that you query the employee table regularly to determine the
employees with the highest salaries. You might use a query like this:
SELECT LASTNAME, FIRSTNAME, EMPNO, SALARY
FROM EMP
ORDER BY SALARY DESC;
An index is defined on column EMPNO, so employee records are ordered by

EMPNO. If you have also defined a descending index on column SALARY, that
index is likely to be very poorly clustered. To avoid many random, synchronous I/O
operations, DB2 would most likely use a table space scan, then sort the rows on
SALARY. This technique can cause a delay before the first qualifying rows can be
returned to the application.
If you add the OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS clause to the statement, DB2 will probably
use the SALARY index directly because you have indicated that you expect to
retrieve the salaries of only the 20 most highly paid employees.
Example: The following statement uses that strategy to avoid a costly sort
operation:
SELECT LASTNAME,FIRSTNAME,EMPNO,SALARY
FROM EMP
ORDER BY SALARY DESC
OPTIMIZE FOR 20 ROWS;
Effects of using OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS:

v The join method could change. Nested loop join is the most likely choice,
because it has low overhead cost and appears to be more efficient if you want to
retrieve only one row.
v An index that matches the ORDER BY clause is more likely to be picked. This is
because no sort would be needed for the ORDER BY.
v List prefetch is less likely to be picked.
v Sequential prefetch is less likely to be requested by DB2 because it infers that
you only want to see a small number of rows.
v In a join query, the table with the columns in the ORDER BY clause is likely to be
picked as the outer table if there is an index on that outer table that gives the
ordering needed for the ORDER BY clause.
Recommendation: For a local query, specify OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS only in

applications that frequently fetch only a small percentage of the total rows in a
query result set. For example, an application might read only enough rows to fill the
end user's terminal screen. In cases like this, the application might read the
remaining part of the query result set only rarely. For an application like this,
OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS can result in better performance by causing DB2 to favor
SQL access paths that deliver the first n rows as fast as possible.
When you specify OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS for a remote query, a small value of n
can help limit the number of rows that flow across the network on any given
transmission.
You can improve the performance for receiving a large result set through a remote
query by specifying a large value of n in OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS. When you
specify a large value, DB2 attempts to send the n rows in multiple transmissions.
For better performance when retrieving a large result set, in addition to specifying
OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS with a large value of n in your query, do not execute
other SQL statements until the entire result set for the query is processed. If

retrieval of data for several queries overlaps, DB2 might need to buffer result set
data in the DDF address space. See "Block fetching result sets" in Part 5 (Volume
2) of DB2 Administration Guide for more information.
For local or remote queries, to influence the access path most, specify OPTIMIZE
for 1 ROW. This value does not have a detrimental effect on distributed queries.
| Favoring index access

| One common database design involves tables that contain groups of rows that
| logically belong together. Within each group, the rows should be accessed in the
| same sequence every time. The sequence is determined by the primary key on the
| table. Lock contention can occur when DB2 chooses different access paths for
| different applications that operate on a table with this design.
| To minimize contention among applications that access tables with this design,
| specify the VOLATILE keyword when you create or alter the tables. A table that is
| defined with the VOLATILE keyword is known as a volatile table. When DB2
| executes queries that include volatile tables, DB2 uses index access whenever
| possible. As well as minimizing contention, using index access preserves the
| access sequence that the primary key provides.
| Defining a table as volatile has a similar effect on a query to setting the

| NPGTHRSH subsystem parameter to favor matching index access for all qualified
| tables. (See “Using a subsystem parameter” on page 724 for information on the
| settings for NPGTHRSH.) However, the effect of NPGTHRSH is subsystem-wide,
| and index access might not be appropriate for many queries. Defining tables as
| volatile lets you limit the set of queries that favor index access to queries that
| involve the volatile tables.
| Using the CARDINALITY clause to improve the performance of queries

| with user-defined table function references
| The cardinality of a user-defined table function is the number of rows that are
| returned when the function is invoked. DB2 uses this number to estimate the cost of
| executing a query that invokes a user-defined table function. The cost of executing
| a query is one of the factors that DB2 uses when it calculates the access path.
| Therefore, if you give DB2 an accurate estimate of a user-defined table function’s
| cardinality, DB2 can better calculate the best access path.
| You can specify a cardinality value for a user-defined table function by using the
| CARDINALITY clause of the SQL CREATE FUNCTION or ALTER FUNCTION
| statement. However, this value applies to all invocations of the function, whereas a
| user-defined table function might return different numbers of rows, depending on
| the query in which it is referenced.
| To give DB2 a better estimate of the cardinality of a user-defined table function for a
| particular query, you can use the CARDINALITY or CARDINALITY MULTIPLIER
| clause in that query. DB2 uses those clauses at bind time when it calculates the
| access cost of the user-defined table function. Using this clause is recommended
| only for programs that run on DB2 UDB for z/OS because the clause is not
| supported on earlier versions of DB2.
| Example of using the CARDINALITY clause to specify the cardinality of a

| user-defined table function invocation: Suppose that when you created
| user-defined table function TUDF1, you set a cardinality value of 5, but in the
| following query, you expect TUDF1 to return 30 rows:

| SELECT *
| FROM TABLE(TUDF1(3)) AS X;
| Add the CARDINALITY 30 clause to tell DB2 that, for this query, TUDF1 should
| return 30 rows:
| SELECT *
| FROM TABLE(TUDF1(3) CARDINALITY 30) AS X;
| Example of using the CARDINALITY MULTIPLIER clause to specify the

| cardinality of a user-defined table function invocation: Suppose that when you
| created user-defined table function TUDF2, you set a cardinality value of 5, but in
| the following query, you expect TUDF2 to return 30 times that many rows:
| SELECT *
| FROM TABLE(TUDF2(10)) AS X;
| Add the CARDINALITY MULTIPLIER 30 clause to tell DB2 that, for this query,
| TUDF1 should return 5*30, or 150, rows:
| SELECT *
| FROM TABLE(TUDF2(10) CARDINALITY MULTIPLIER 30) AS X;
Reducing the number of matching columns

Discourage the use of a poorer performing index by reducing the index’s matching
predicate on its leading column. Consider the example in Figure 206 on page 719,
where the index that DB2 picks is less than optimal.

CREATE TABLE PART_HISTORY (
PART_TYPE CHAR(2), IDENTIFIES THE PART TYPE
PART_SUFFIX CHAR(10), IDENTIFIES THE PART
W_NOW INTEGER, TELLS WHERE THE PART IS
W_FROM INTEGER, TELLS WHERE THE PART CAME FROM
DEVIATIONS INTEGER, TELLS IF ANYTHING SPECIAL WITH THIS PART
COMMENTS CHAR(254),
DESCRIPTION CHAR(254),
DATE1 DATE,
DATE2 DATE,
DATE3 DATE);
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IX1 ON PART_HISTORY

(PART_TYPE,PART_SUFFIX,W_FROM,W_NOW);
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IX2 ON PART_HISTORY
(W_FROM,W_NOW,DATE1);
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table statistics | Index statistics IX1 IX2 |
|--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------|
| CARDF 100,000 | FIRSTKEYCARDF 1000 50 |
| NPAGES 10,000 | FULLKEYCARDF 100,000 100,000 |
| | CLUSTERRATIO 99% 99% |
| | NLEAF 3000 2000 |
| | NLEVELS 3 3 |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| column cardinality HIGH2KEY LOW2KEY |
| -------- ----------- -------- ------- |
| Part_type 1000 ’ZZ’ ’AA’ |
| w_now 50 1000 1 |
| w_from 50 1000 1 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Q1:
SELECT * FROM PART_HISTORY -- SELECT ALL PARTS
WHERE PART_TYPE = ’BB’ P1 -- THAT ARE ’BB’ TYPES
AND W_FROM = 3 P2 -- THAT WERE MADE IN CENTER 3
AND W_NOW = 3 P3 -- AND ARE STILL IN CENTER 3
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Filter factor of these predicates. |
| P1 = 1/1000= .001 |
| P2 = 1/50 = .02 |
| P3 = 1/50 = .02 |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ESTIMATED VALUES | WHAT REALLY HAPPENS |
| filter data | filter data |
| index matchcols factor rows | index matchcols factor rows |
| ix2 2 .02*.02 40 | ix2 2 .02*.50 1000 |
| ix1 1 .001 100 | ix1 1 .001 100 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Figure 206. Reducing the number of MATCHCOLS
DB2 picks IX2 to access the data, but IX1 would be roughly 10 times quicker. The
problem is that 50% of all parts from center number 3 are still in Center 3; they
have not moved. Assume that there are no statistics on the correlated columns in
catalog table SYSCOLDIST. Therefore, DB2 assumes that the parts from center
number 3 are evenly distributed among the 50 centers.
You can get the desired access path by changing the query. To discourage the use
of IX2 for this particular query, you can change the third predicate to be
nonindexable.

SELECT * FROM PART_HISTORY
WHERE PART_TYPE = ’BB’
AND W_FROM = 3
AND (W_NOW = 3 + 0) <-- PREDICATE IS MADE NONINDEXABLE
Now index I2 is not picked, because it has only one match column. The preferred
index, I1, is picked. The third predicate is a nonindexable predicate, so an index is
not used for the compound predicate.
You can make a predicate nonindexable in many ways. The recommended way is
to add 0 to a predicate that evaluates to a numeric value or to concatenate an
empty string to a predicate that evaluates to a character value.
Indexable Nonindexable
T1.C3=T2.C4 (T1.C3=T2.C4 CONCAT '')

T1.C1=5 T1.C1=5+0
These techniques do not affect the result of the query and cause only a small
amount of overhead.
The preferred technique for improving the access path when a table has correlated
columns is to generate catalog statistics on the correlated columns. You can do that
either by running RUNSTATS or by updating catalog table SYSCOLDIST manually.
Creating indexes for efficient star join processing

A star schema is a database design that, in its simplest form, consists of a large
table called a fact table, and two or more smaller tables, called dimension tables.
More complex star schemas can be created by breaking one or more of the
dimension tables into multiple tables.
To access the data in a star schema design, you often write SELECT statements
that include join operations between the fact table and the dimension tables, but no
join operations between dimension tables. These types of queries are known as
star join queries.
For a star join query, DB2 uses a special join type called a star join if the following
conditions are true:
v The tables meet the conditions that are specified in “Star join (JOIN_TYPE=’S’)”
on page 760.
v The STARJOIN system parameter is set to ENABLE, and the number of tables in
the query block is greater than or equal to the minimum number that is specified
in the SJTABLES system parameter.
See “Star join (JOIN_TYPE=’S’)” on page 760 for detailed discussions of these
system parameters.
This section gives suggestions for choosing indexes might improve star join query
performance.
Recommendations for creating indexes for star join queries

Follow these recommendations to improve performance of star join queries:
v Define a multi-column index on all key columns of the fact table. Key columns
are fact table columns that have corresponding dimension tables.

v If you do not have information about the way that your data is used, first try a
multi-column index on the fact table that is based on the correlation of the data.
Put less highly correlated columns later in the index key than more highly
correlated columns. See “Determining the order of columns in an index for a star
schema design” for information on deriving an index that follows this
recommendation.
v As the correlation of columns in the fact table changes, reevaluate the index to
determine if columns in the index should be reordered.
v Define indexes on dimension tables to improve access to those tables.
v When you have executed a number of queries and have more information about
the way that the data is used, follow these recommendations:
– Put more selective columns at the beginning of the index.
– If a number of queries do not reference a dimension, put the column that
corresponds to that dimension at the end of the index.
When a fact table has more than one multi-column index and none of those
indexes contains all key columns, DB2 evaluates all of the indexes and uses
the index that best exploits star join.
Determining the order of columns in an index for a star schema

design
You can use the following method to determine the order of columns in a
multi-column index. The description of the method uses the following terminology:
F A fact table.
D1...Dn
Dimension tables.
C1...Cn
Key columns in the fact table. C1 is joined to dimension D1, C2 is joined to
dimension D2, and so on.
cardD1...cardDn
Cardinality of columns C1...Cn in dimension tables D1...Dn.
cardC1...cardCn
Cardinality of key columns C1...Cn in fact table F.
cardCij
Cardinality of pairs of column values from key columns Ci and Cj in fact table F.
cardCijk
Cardinality of triplets of column values from key columns Ci, Cj, and Ck in fact
table F.
Density
A measure of the correlation of key columns in the fact table. The density is
calculated as follows:
For a single column
cardCi⁄cardDi
For pairs of columns
cardCij⁄(cardDi*cardDj)
For triplets of columns
cardCijk⁄(cardDi*cardDj*cardDk)
S The current set of columns whose order in the index is not yet determined.

S-{Cm}
The current set of columns, excluding column Cm
Follow these steps to derive a fact table index for a star join query that joins n
columns of fact table F to n dimension tables D1 through Dn:
1. Define the set of columns whose index key order is to be determined as the n
columns of fact table F that correspond to dimension tables. That is,
S={C1,...Cn} and L=n.
2. Calculate the density of all sets of L-1 columns in S.
3. Find the lowest density. Determine which column is not in the set of columns
with the lowest density. That is, find column Cm in S, such that for every Ci in
S, density(S-{Cm})<density(S-{Ci}).
4. Make Cm the Lth column of the index.
5. Remove Cm from S.
6. Decrement L by 1.
7. Repeat steps 2 through 6 n-2 times. The remaining column after iteration n-2 is
the first column of the index.
Example of determining column order for a fact table index: Suppose that a
star schema has three dimension tables with the following cardinalities:
cardD1=2000
cardD2=500
cardD3=100
Now suppose that the cardinalities of single columns and pairs of columns in the
fact table are:
cardC1=2000
cardC2=433
cardC3=100
cardC12=625000
cardC13=196000
cardC23=994
Determine the best multi-column index for this star schema.
Step 1: Calculate the density of all pairs of columns in the fact table:
density(C1,C2)=625000⁄(2000*500)=0.625
density(C1,C3)=196000⁄(2000*100)=0.98
density(C2,C3)=994⁄(500*100)=0.01988
Step 2: Find the pair of columns with the lowest density. That pair is (C2,C3).
Determine which column of the fact table is not in that pair. That column is C1.
Step 3: Make column C1 the third column of the index.
Step 4: Repeat steps 1 through 3 to determine the second and first columns of the
index key:
density(C2)=433⁄500=0.866
density(C3)=100⁄100=1.0
The column with the lowest density is C2. Therefore, C3 is the second column of
the index. The remaining column, C2, is the first column of the index. That is, the
best order for the multi-column index is C2, C3, C1.

Rearranging the order of tables in a FROM clause
The order of tables or views in the FROM CLAUSE can affect the access path. If
your query performs poorly, it could be because the join sequence is inefficient. You
can determine the join sequence within a query block from the PLANNO column in
the PLAN_TABLE. For information on using the PLAN_TABLE, see Chapter 27,
“Using EXPLAIN to improve SQL performance,” on page 727. If you think that the
join sequence is inefficient, try rearranging the order of the tables and views in the
FROM clause to match a join sequence that might perform better. Rearranging the
columns might cause DB2 to select the better join sequence.
Updating catalog statistics

If you have the proper authority, you can influence access path selection by using
an SQL UPDATE or INSERT statement to change statistical values in the DB2
catalog. However, this is not generally recommended except as a last resort.
Although updating catalog statistics can help a certain query, other queries can be
affected adversely. Also, the UPDATE statements must be repeated after
RUNSTATS resets the catalog values. You should be very careful if you attempt to
update statistics. .
| If you update catalog statistics for a table space or index manually, and you are
| using dynamic statement caching, you need to invalidate statements in the cache
| that involve those table spaces or indexes. To invalidate statements in the dynamic
| statement cache without updating catalog statistics or generating reports, you can
| run the RUNSTATS utility with the REPORT NO and UPDATE NONE options on the
| table space or the index that the query is dependent on.
The example shown in Figure 206 on page 719, involves this query:
SELECT * FROM PART_HISTORY -- SELECT ALL PARTS
WHERE PART_TYPE = ’BB’ P1 -- THAT ARE ’BB’ TYPES
AND W_FROM = 3 P2 -- THAT WERE MADE IN CENTER 3
AND W_NOW = 3 P3 -- AND ARE STILL IN CENTER 3
This query has a problem with data correlation. DB2 does not know that 50% of the
parts that were made in Center 3 are still in Center 3. The problem was
circumvented by making a predicate nonindexable. But suppose that hundreds of
users are writing queries similar to that query. Having all users change their queries
would be impossible. In this type of situation, the best solution is to change the
catalog statistics.
For the query in Figure 206 on page 719, you can update the catalog statistics in
one of two ways:
v Run the RUNSTATS utility, and request statistics on the correlated columns
W_FROM and W_NOW. This is the preferred method. See the discussion of
maintaining statistics in the catalog in Part 5 (Volume 2) of DB2 Administration
Guide and Part 2 of DB2 Utility Guide and Reference for more information.
v Update the catalog statistics manually.
Updating the catalog to adjust for correlated columns: One catalog table that
| you can update is SYSIBM.SYSCOLDIST, which gives information about a column
| or set of columns in a table. Assume that because columns W_NOW and W_FROM
are correlated, only 100 distinct values exist for the combination of the two columns,
rather than 2500 (50 for W_FROM * 50 for W_NOW). Insert a row like this to
indicate the new cardinality:

INSERT INTO SYSIBM.SYSCOLDIST
(FREQUENCY, FREQUENCYF, IBMREQD,
TBOWNER, TBNAME, NAME, COLVALUE,
TYPE, CARDF, COLGROUPCOLNO, NUMCOLUMNS)
VALUES(0, -1, ’N’,
’USRT001’,’PART_HISTORY’,’W_FROM’,’ ’,
’C’,100,X’00040003’,2);
You can also use the RUNSTATS utility to put this information in SYSCOLDIST. See
DB2 Utility Guide and Reference for more information.
You tell DB2 about the frequency of a certain combination of column values by
updating SYSIBM.SYSCOLDIST. For example, you can indicate that 1% of the rows
in PART_HISTORY contain the values 3 for W_FROM and 3 for W_NOW by
inserting this row into SYSCOLDIST:
INSERT INTO SYSIBM.SYSCOLDIST
(FREQUENCY, FREQUENCYF, STATSTIME, IBMREQD,
TBOWNER, TBNAME, NAME, COLVALUE,
TYPE, CARDF, COLGROUPCOLNO, NUMCOLUMNS)
VALUES(0, .0100, ’1996-12-01-12.00.00.000000’,’N’,
’USRT001’,’PART_HISTORY’,’W_FROM’,X’00800000030080000003’,
’F’,-1,X’00040003’,2);
Updating the catalog for joins with table functions: Updating catalog statistics
might cause extreme performance problems if the statistics are not updated
correctly. Monitor performance, and be prepared to reset the statistics to their
original values if performance problems arise.
Using a subsystem parameter

This section describes subsystem parameters that influence access path selection.
To set subsystem parameters, modify and run installation job DSNTIJUZ. See Part
2 of DB2 Installation Guide for information about how to set subsystem parameters.
v “Using a subsystem parameter to favor matching index access”
| v “Using a subsystem parameter to optimize queries with IN-list predicates” on
| page 725
Using a subsystem parameter to favor matching index access

DB2 often does a table space scan or nonmatching index scan when the data
access statistics indicate that a table is small, even though matching index access
is possible. This is a problem if the table is small or empty when statistics are
collected, but the table is large when it is queried. In that case, the statistics are not
accurate and can lead DB2 to pick an inefficient access path.
The best solution to the problem is to run RUNSTATS again after the table is
populated. However, if you cannot do that, you can use subsystem parameter
NPGTHRSH to cause DB2 to favor matching index access over a table space scan
and over nonmatching index access.
The value of NPGTHRSH is an integer that indicates the tables for which DB2
favors matching index access. Values of NPGTHRSH and their meanings are:
−1 DB2 favors matching index access for all tables.
0 DB2 selects the access path based on cost, and no tables qualify
for special handling. This is the default.
n>=1 If data access statistics have been collected for all tables, DB2

favors matching index access for tables for which the total number
of pages on which rows of the table appear (NPAGES) is less than
n.
If data access statistics have not been collected for some tables
(NPAGES=-1 for those tables), DB2 favors matching index access
for tables for which NPAGES=-1 or NPAGES<n.
Recommendation: Before you use NPGTHRSH, be aware that in some cases,

matching index access can be more costly than a table space scan or nonmatching
index access. Specify a small value for NPGTHRSH (10 or less), which limits the
| number of tables for which DB2 favors matching index access. If you need to use
| matching index access only for specific tables, create or alter those tables with the
| VOLATILE parameter, rather than using the system-wide NPGTHRSH parameter.
| See “Favoring index access” on page 717.
| Using a subsystem parameter to optimize queries with IN-list

| predicates
| You can use the INLISTP parameter to control IN-list predicate optimization. If you
| set the INLISTP parameter to a number n that is between 1 and 5000, DB2
| optimizes for an IN-list predicate with up to n values. If you set the INLISTP
| predicate to zero, the optimization is disabled. The default value for the INLISTP
| parameter is 50.
| When you enable the INLISTP parameter, you enable two primary means of
| optimizing some queries that contain IN-list predicates:
| v The IN-list predicate is pushed down from the parent query block into the
| materialized table expression.
| v A correlated IN-list predicate in a subquery that is generated by transitive closure
| is moved up to the parent query block.

Chapter 27. Using EXPLAIN to improve SQL performance
The information under this heading, up to the end of this chapter, is
Product-sensitive Programming Interface and Associated Guidance Information, as
defined in “Notices” on page 1037.
Definitions and purpose: EXPLAIN is a monitoring tool that produces information

about the following:
v A plan, package, or SQL statement when it is bound. The output appears in a
table that you create called PLAN_TABLE, which is also called a plan table. For
experienced users, you can use PLAN_TABLE to give optimization hints to DB2.
v An estimated cost of executing an SQL SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE
statement. The output appears in a table that you create called
DSN_STATEMNT_TABLE, which is also called a statement table. For more
information about statement tables, see “Estimating a statement’s cost” on page
779.
v User-defined functions referred to in the statement, including the specific name
and schema. The output appears in a table that you create called
DSN_FUNCTION_TABLE, which is also called a function table. For more
information about function tables, see “Ensuring that DB2 executes the intended
user-defined function” on page 339.
Other tools: The following tools can help you tune SQL queries:
v DB2 Visual Explain
Visual Explain is a graphical workstation feature of DB2 that provides:
– An easy-to-understand display of a selected access path
– Suggestions for changing an SQL statement
– An ability to invoke EXPLAIN for dynamic SQL statements
– An ability to provide DB2 catalog statistics for referenced objects of an access
path
– A subsystem parameter browser with keyword 'Find' capabilities
For information about using DB2 Visual Explain, which is a separately packaged
CD-ROM provided with your DB2 UDB for z/OS Version 8 license, see DB2
Visual Explain online help.
v DB2 Performance Expert
DB2 Performance Expert is a performance monitoring tool that formats
performance data. DB2 Performance Expert combines information from EXPLAIN
and from the DB2 catalog. It displays access paths, indexes, tables, table
spaces, plans, packages, DBRMs, host variable definitions, ordering, table
access and join sequences, and lock types. Output is presented in a dialog
rather than as a table, making the information easy to read and understand. DB2
Performance Monitor (DB2 PM) performs some of the functions of DB2
Performance Expert.
v DB2 Estimator
DB2 Estimator for Windows is an easy-to-use, stand-alone tool for estimating the
performance of DB2 UDB for z/OS applications. You can use it to predict the
performance and cost of running the applications, transactions, SQL statements,
triggers, and utilities. For instance, you can use DB2 Estimator for estimating the
impact of adding or dropping an index from a table, estimating the change in

response time from adding processor resources, and estimating the amount of
time a utility job will take to run. DB2 Estimator for Windows can be downloaded
from the Web.
Chapter overview: This chapter includes the following topics:

v “Obtaining PLAN_TABLE information from EXPLAIN”
v “Estimating a statement’s cost” on page 779
v “Asking questions about data access” on page 737
v “Interpreting access to a single table” on page 746
v “Interpreting access to two or more tables (join)” on page 752
v “Interpreting data prefetch” on page 767
v “Determining sort activity” on page 771
v “Processing for views and nested table expressions” on page 773
See also Chapter 28, “Parallel operations and query performance,” on page 785.
Obtaining PLAN_TABLE information from EXPLAIN

The information in PLAN_TABLE can help you to:
v Design databases, indexes, and application programs
v Determine when to rebind an application
v Determine the access path chosen for a query
For each access to a single table, EXPLAIN tells you if an index access or table
space scan is used. If indexes are used, EXPLAIN tells you how many indexes and
index columns are used and what I/O methods are used to read the pages. For
joins of tables, EXPLAIN tells you which join method and type are used, the order
in which DB2 joins the tables, and when and why it sorts any rows.
The primary use of EXPLAIN is to observe the access paths for the SELECT parts
of your statements. For UPDATE and DELETE WHERE CURRENT OF, and for
INSERT, you receive somewhat less information in your plan table. And some
accesses EXPLAIN does not describe: for example, the access to LOB values,
which are stored separately from the base table, and access to parent or dependent
tables needed to enforce referential constraints.
The access paths shown for the example queries in this chapter are intended only
to illustrate those examples. If you execute the queries in this chapter on your
system, the access paths chosen can be different.
Steps to obtain PLAN_TABLE information: Use the following overall steps to

obtain information from EXPLAIN:
1. Have appropriate access to a plan table. To create the table, see “Creating
PLAN_TABLE.”
2. Populate the table with the information you want. For instructions, see
“Populating and maintaining a plan table” on page 735.
3. Select the information you want from the table. For instructions, see “Reordering
rows from a plan table” on page 736.
Creating PLAN_TABLE
| Before you can use EXPLAIN, a PLAN_TABLE must be created to hold the results
| of EXPLAIN. A copy of the statements that are needed to create the table are in the

DB2 sample library, under the member name DSNTESC. (Unless you need the
information that they provide, you do not need to create a function table or
statement table to use EXPLAIN.)
| Figure 207 shows most current format of a plan table, which consists of 58
| columns. Table 99 on page 730 shows the content of each column.
QUERYNO INTEGER NOT NULL ACCESS_DEGREE SMALLINT

QBLOCKNO SMALLINT NOT NULL ACCESS_PGROUP_ID SMALLINT
APPLNAME CHAR(8) NOT NULL JOIN_DEGREE SMALLINT
| PROGNAME VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL JOIN_PGROUP_ID SMALLINT
PLANNO SMALLINT NOT NULL SORTC_PGROUP_ID SMALLINT
METHOD SMALLINT NOT NULL SORTN_PGROUP_ID SMALLINT
| CREATOR VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL PARALLELISM_MODE CHAR(1)
| TNAME VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL MERGE_JOIN_COLS SMALLINT
| TABNO SMALLINT NOT NULL CORRELATION_NAME VARCHAR(128)
ACCESSTYPE CHAR(2) NOT NULL PAGE_RANGE CHAR(1) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
MATCHCOLS SMALLINT NOT NULL JOIN_TYPE CHAR(1) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
| ACCESSCREATOR VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL GROUP_MEMBER CHAR(8) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
| ACCESSNAME VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL IBM_SERVICE_DATA VARCHAR(254) FOR BIT DATA
INDEXONLY CHAR(1) NOT NULL WHEN_OPTIMIZE CHAR(1) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
SORTN_UNIQ CHAR(1) NOT NULL QBLOCK_TYPE CHAR(6) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
SORTN_JOIN CHAR(1) NOT NULL BIND_TIME TIMESTAMP NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
| SORTN_ORDERBY CHAR(1) NOT NULL OPTHINT VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
| SORTN_GROUPBY CHAR(1) NOT NULL HINT_USED VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
SORTC_UNIQ CHAR(1) NOT NULL PRIMARY_ACCESSTYPE CHAR(1) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
SORTC_JOIN CHAR(1) NOT NULL PARENT_QBLOCK SMALLINT NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
SORTC_ORDERBY CHAR(1) NOT NULL TABLE_TYPE CHAR(1)
| SORTC_GROUPBY CHAR(1) NOT NULL TABLE_ENCODE CHAR(1) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
| TSLOCKMODE CHAR(3) NOT NULL TABLE_SCCSID SMALLINT NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
TIMESTAMP CHAR(16) NOT NULL TABLE_MCCSID SMALLINT NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
| REMARKS VARCHAR(762) NOT NULL TABLE_DCCSID SMALLINT NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
PREFETCH CHAR(1) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT ROUTINE_ID INTEGER NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
| COLUMN_FN_EVAL CHAR(1) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT CTEREF SMALLINT NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
| MIXOPSEQ SMALLINT NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT STMTTOKEN VARCHAR(240)
VERSION VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT ------------------58 column format----------------
| COLLID VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
Figure 207. 58-column format of PLAN_TABLE
| Your plan table can use many other formats with fewer columns, as shown in
| Figure 208 on page 730. However, use the 58-column format because it gives you
| the most information. If you alter an existing plan table with fewer than 58 columns
| to the 58-column format:
| v If they exist, change the data type of columns: PROGNAME, CREATOR,
| TNAME, ACCESSTYPE, ACCESSNAME, REMARKS, COLLID,
| CORRELATION_NAME, IBM_SERVICE_DATA, OPTHINT, and HINT_USED. Use
| the values shown in Figure 207.
| v Add the missing columns to the table. Use the column definitions shown in
| Figure 207. For most columns added, specify NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT so that
| default values are included for the rows in the table. However, as the figure
| shows, certain columns do allow nulls. Do not specify those columns as NOT
| NULL WITH DEFAULT.
Chapter 27. Using EXPLAIN to improve SQL performance 729

QUERYNO INTEGER NOT NULL ACCESS_DEGREE SMALLINT
QBLOCKNO SMALLINT NOT NULL ACCESS_PGROUP_ID SMALLINT
APPLNAME CHAR(8) NOT NULL JOIN_DEGREE SMALLINT
PROGNAME CHAR(8) NOT NULL JOIN_PGROUP_ID SMALLINT
PLANNO SMALLINT NOT NULL ------------------34 column format----------------
METHOD SMALLINT NOT NULL SORTC_PGROUP_ID SMALLINT
CREATOR CHAR(8) NOT NULL SORTN_PGROUP_ID SMALLINT
TNAME CHAR(18) NOT NULL PARALLELISM_MODE CHAR(1)
TABNO SMALLINT NOT NULL MERGE_JOIN_COLS SMALLINT
ACCESSTYPE CHAR(2) NOT NULL CORRELATION_NAME CHAR(18)
MATCHCOLS SMALLINT NOT NULL PAGE_RANGE CHAR(1) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
ACCESSCREATOR CHAR(8) NOT NULL JOIN_TYPE CHAR(1) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
ACCESSNAME CHAR(18) NOT NULL GROUP_MEMBER CHAR(8) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
INDEXONLY CHAR(1) NOT NULL IBM_SERVICE_DATA VARCHAR(254) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
SORTN_UNIQ CHAR(1) NOT NULL ------------------43 column format----------------
SORTN_JOIN CHAR(1) NOT NULL WHEN_OPTIMIZE CHAR(1) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
SORTN_ORDERBY CHAR(1) NOT NULL QBLOCK_TYPE CHAR(6) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
SORTN_GROUPBY CHAR(1) NOT NULL BIND_TIME TIMESTAMP NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
SORTC_UNIQ CHAR(1) NOT NULL ------------------46 column format----------------
SORTC_JOIN CHAR(1) NOT NULL OPTHINT CHAR(8) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
SORTC_ORDERBY CHAR(1) NOT NULL HINT_USED CHAR(8) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
SORTC_GROUPBY CHAR(1) NOT NULL PRIMARY_ACCESSTYPE CHAR(1) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
TSLOCKMODE CHAR(3) NOT NULL ------------------49 column format----------------
TIMESTAMP CHAR(16) NOT NULL PARENT_QBLOCK SMALLINT NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
REMARKS VARCHAR(254) NOT NULL TABLE_TYPE CHAR(1)
----------------25 column format--------------- ------------------51 column format----------------
PREFETCH CHAR(1) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
COLUMN_FN_EVAL CHAR(1) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
MIXOPSEQ SMALLINT NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
----------------28 column format---------------
VERSION VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
COLLID CHAR(18) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
----------------30 column format---------------
Figure 208. Formats of PLAN_TABLE prior to the 58-column format
Table 99 shows the descriptions of the columns in PLAN_TABLE.

Table 99. Descriptions of columns in PLAN_TABLE
Column Name Description
QUERYNO A number intended to identify the statement being explained. For a row produced by
an EXPLAIN statement, specify the number in the QUERYNO clause. For a row
produced by non-EXPLAIN statements, specify the number using the QUERYNO
clause, which is an optional part of the SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE
statement syntax. Otherwise, DB2 assigns a number based on the line number of the
SQL statement in the source program.
When the values of QUERYNO are based on the statement number in the source
program, values greater than 32767 are reported as 0. However, in a very long
program, the value is not guaranteed to be unique. If QUERYNO is not unique, the
value of TIMESTAMP is unique.
| QBLOCKNO A number that identifies each query block within a query. The value of the numbers
| are not in any particular order, nor are they necessarily consecutive.
APPLNAME The name of the application plan for the row. Applies only to embedded EXPLAIN
statements executed from a plan or to statements explained when binding a plan.
Blank if not applicable.
PROGNAME The name of the program or package containing the statement being explained.
Applies only to embedded EXPLAIN statements and to statements explained as the
result of binding a plan or package. Blank if not applicable.
PLANNO The number of the step in which the query indicated in QBLOCKNO was processed.
This column indicates the order in which the steps were executed.

Table 99. Descriptions of columns in PLAN_TABLE (continued)
METHOD A number (0, 1, 2, 3, or 4) that indicates the join method used for the step:
0 First table accessed, continuation of previous table accessed, or not used.
1 Nested loop join. For each row of the present composite table, matching rows
of a new table are found and joined.
2 Merge scan join. The present composite table and the new table are scanned
in the order of the join columns, and matching rows are joined.
3 Sorts needed by ORDER BY, GROUP BY, SELECT DISTINCT, UNION, a
quantified predicate, or an IN predicate. This step does not access a new
table.
4 Hybrid join. The current composite table is scanned in the order of the
join-column rows of the new table. The new table is accessed using list
prefetch.
CREATOR The creator of the new table accessed in this step, blank if METHOD is 3.
| TNAME The name of a table, materialized query table, created or declared temporary table,
| materialized view, or materialized table expression. The value is blank if METHOD is
3. The column can also contain the name of a table in the form DSNWFQB(qblockno).
DSNWFQB(qblockno) is used to represent the intermediate result of a UNION ALL or
an outer join that is materialized. If a view is merged, the name of the view does not
appear.
TABNO Values are for IBM use only.
ACCESSTYPE The method of accessing the new table:
I By an index (identified in ACCESSCREATOR and ACCESSNAME)
I1 By a one-fetch index scan
M By a multiple index scan (followed by MX, MI, or MU)
MI By an intersection of multiple indexes
MU By a union of multiple indexes
MX By an index scan on the index named in ACCESSNAME
N By an index scan when the matching predicate contains the IN keyword
R By a table space scan
| RW By a work file scan of the result of a materialized user-defined table function
| T By a sparse index (star join work files)
| V By buffers for an INSERT statement within a SELECT
blank Not applicable to the current row
MATCHCOLS For ACCESSTYPE I, I1, N, or MX, the number of index keys used in an index scan;
otherwise, 0.
ACCESSCREATOR For ACCESSTYPE I, I1, N, or MX, the creator of the index; otherwise, blank.
ACCESSNAME For ACCESSTYPE I, I1, N, or MX, the name of the index; otherwise, blank.
INDEXONLY Whether access to an index alone is enough to carry out the step, or whether data too
must be accessed. Y=Yes; N=No.
SORTN_UNIQ Whether the new table is sorted to remove duplicate rows. Y=Yes; N=No.
SORTN_JOIN Whether the new table is sorted for join method 2 or 4. Y=Yes; N=No.
SORTN_ORDERBY Whether the new table is sorted for ORDER BY. Y=Yes; N=No.
SORTN_GROUPBY Whether the new table is sorted for GROUP BY. Y=Yes; N=No.
SORTC_UNIQ Whether the composite table is sorted to remove duplicate rows. Y=Yes; N=No.
SORTC_JOIN Whether the composite table is sorted for join method 1, 2 or 4. Y=Yes; N=No.
SORTC_ORDERBY Whether the composite table is sorted for an ORDER BY clause or a quantified
predicate. Y=Yes; N=No.
SORTC_GROUPBY Whether the composite table is sorted for a GROUP BY clause. Y=Yes; N=No.

TSLOCKMODE An indication of the mode of lock to be acquired on either the new table, or its table
space or table space partitions. If the isolation can be determined at bind time, the
values are:
IS Intent share lock
IX Intent exclusive lock
S Share lock
U Update lock
X Exclusive lock
SIX Share with intent exclusive lock
N UR isolation; no lock
If the isolation cannot be determined at bind time, then the lock mode determined by
the isolation at run time is shown by the following values.
NS For UR isolation, no lock; for CS, RS, or RR, an S lock.
NIS For UR isolation, no lock; for CS, RS, or RR, an IS lock.
NSS For UR isolation, no lock; for CS or RS, an IS lock; for RR, an S lock.
SS For UR, CS, or RS isolation, an IS lock; for RR, an S lock.
The data in this column is right justified. For example, IX appears as a blank followed
by I followed by X. If the column contains a blank, then no lock is acquired.
TIMESTAMP Usually, the time at which the row is processed, to the last .01 second. If necessary,
DB2 adds .01 second to the value to ensure that rows for two successive queries
have different values.
REMARKS A field into which you can insert any character string of 762 or fewer characters.
| PREFETCH Whether data pages are to be read in advance by prefetch. S = pure sequential
| prefetch; L = prefetch through a page list; D = optimizer expects dynamic prefetch;
| blank = unknown or no prefetch.
COLUMN_FN_EVAL When an SQL aggregate function is evaluated. R = while the data is being read from
the table or index; S = while performing a sort to satisfy a GROUP BY clause; blank =
after data retrieval and after any sorts.
MIXOPSEQ The sequence number of a step in a multiple index operation.
1, 2, ... n For the steps of the multiple index procedure (ACCESSTYPE is MX,
MI, or MU.)
0 For any other rows (ACCESSTYPE is I, I1, M, N, R, or blank.)
VERSION The version identifier for the package. Applies only to an embedded EXPLAIN
statement executed from a package or to a statement that is explained when binding a
package. Blank if not applicable.
| COLLID The collection ID for the package. Applies only to an embedded EXPLAIN statement
| that is executed from a package or to a statement that is explained when binding a
| package. Blank if not applicable. The value DSNDYNAMICSQLCACHE indicates that
| the row is for a cached statement.
Note: The following nine columns, from ACCESS_DEGREE through CORRELATION_NAME, contain the null value if
the plan or package was bound using a plan table with fewer than 43 columns. Otherwise, each of them can contain
null if the method it refers to does not apply.
ACCESS_DEGREE The number of parallel tasks or operations activated by a query. This value is
determined at bind time; the actual number of parallel operations used at execution
time could be different. This column contains 0 if there is a host variable.
ACCESS_PGROUP_ID The identifier of the parallel group for accessing the new table. A parallel group is a
set of consecutive operations, executed in parallel, that have the same number of
parallel tasks. This value is determined at bind time; it could change at execution time.

JOIN_DEGREE The number of parallel operations or tasks used in joining the composite table with the
new table. This value is determined at bind time and can be 0 if there is a host
variable. The actual number of parallel operations or tasks used at execution time
could be different.
JOIN_PGROUP_ID The identifier of the parallel group for joining the composite table with the new table.
This value is determined at bind time; it could change at execution time.
SORTC_PGROUP_ID The parallel group identifier for the parallel sort of the composite table.
SORTN_PGROUP_ID The parallel group identifier for the parallel sort of the new table.
PARALLELISM_MODE The kind of parallelism, if any, that is used at bind time:
I Query I/O parallelism
C Query CP parallelism
X Sysplex query parallelism
MERGE_JOIN_COLS The number of columns that are joined during a merge scan join (Method=2).
CORRELATION_NAME The correlation name of a table or view that is specified in the statement. If there is no
correlation name, then the column is blank.
PAGE_RANGE Whether the table qualifies for page range screening, so that plans scan only the
partitions that are needed. Y = Yes; blank = No.
JOIN_TYPE The type of join:
F FULL OUTER JOIN
L LEFT OUTER JOIN
S STAR JOIN
blank INNER JOIN or no join
RIGHT OUTER JOIN converts to a LEFT OUTER JOIN when you use it, so that
JOIN_TYPE contains L.
GROUP_MEMBER The member name of the DB2 that executed EXPLAIN. The column is blank if the
DB2 subsystem was not in a data sharing environment when EXPLAIN was executed.
IBM_SERVICE_DATA Values are for IBM use only.
WHEN_OPTIMIZE When the access path was determined:
blank At bind time, using a default filter factor for any host variables, parameter
markers, or special registers.
B At bind time, using a default filter factor for any host variables, parameter
markers, or special registers; however, the statement is reoptimized at run
time using input variable values for input host variables, parameter markers,
or special registers. The bind option REOPT(ALWAYS) or REOPT(ONCE)
must be specified for reoptimization to occur.
R At run time, using input variables for any host variables, parameter markers,
or special registers. The bind option REOPT(ALWAYS) or REOPT(ONCE)
must be specified for this to occur.

QBLOCK_TYPE For each query block, an indication of the type of SQL operation performed. For the
outermost query, this column identifies the statement type. Possible values:
SELECT SELECT
INSERT INSERT
UPDATE UPDATE
DELETE DELETE
SELUPD SELECT with FOR UPDATE OF
DELCUR DELETE WHERE CURRENT OF CURSOR
UPDCUR UPDATE WHERE CURRENT OF CURSOR
CORSUB Correlated subselect or fullselect
NCOSUB Noncorrelated subselect or fullselect
TABLEX Table expression
| TRIGGR WHEN clause on CREATE TRIGGER
UNION UNION
UNIONA UNION ALL
TRIGGR Trigger WHEN clause
BIND_TIME The time at which the plan or package for this statement or query block was bound.
For static SQL statements, this is a full-precision timestamp value. For dynamic SQL
statements, this is the value contained in the TIMESTAMP column of PLAN_TABLE
appended by 4 zeroes.
OPTHINT A string that you use to identify this row as an optimization hint for DB2. DB2 uses this
row as input when choosing an access path.
HINT_USED If DB2 used one of your optimization hints, it puts the identifier for that hint (the value
in OPTHINT) in this column.
PRIMARY_ACCESSTYPE Indicates whether direct row access will be attempted first:
D DB2 will try to use direct row access. If DB2 cannot use direct row access at
run time, it uses the access path described in the ACCESSTYPE column of
PLAN_TABLE.
blank DB2 will not try to use direct row access.
PARENT_QBLOCKNO A number that indicates the QBLOCKNO of the parent query block.
TABLE_TYPE The type of new table:
| B Buffers for an INSERT statement within a SELECT
| C Common table expression
F Table function
| M Materialized query table
Q Temporary intermediate result table (not materialized). For the name of a
view or nested table expression, a value of Q indicates that the
materializaition was virtual and not actual. Materialization can be virtual when
the view or nested table expression definition contains a UNION ALL that is
not distributed.
| RB Recursive common table expression
T Table
W Work file
The value of the column is null if the query uses GROUP BY, ORDER BY, or
DISTINCT, which requires an implicit sort.
| TABLE_ENCODE The encoding scheme of the table. If the table has a single CCSID set, possible
| values are:
| A ASCII
| E EBCDIC
| U Unicode
| M is the value of the column when the table contains muliple CCSID set, the value of
| the column is M.

| TABLE_SCCSID The SBCS CCSID value of the table. If column TABLE_ENCODE is M, the value is 0.
| TABLE_MCCSID The mixed CCSID value of the table. If column TABLE_ENCODE is M, the value is 0
| TABLE_DCCSID The DBCS CCSID value of the table. If column TABLE_ENCODE is M, the value is 0.
| ROUTINE_ID Values are for IBM use only.
| CTEREF If the referenced table is a common table expression, the value is the top-level query
| block number.
| STMTTOKEN User-specified statement token.
Populating and maintaining a plan table

For the two distinct ways to populate a plan table, see:
v “Executing the SQL statement EXPLAIN”
v “Binding with the option EXPLAIN(YES)”
When you populate the plan table through EXPLAIN, any INSERT triggers on the
table are not activated. If you insert rows yourself, then those triggers are activated.
For tips on maintaining a growing plan table, see “Maintaining a plan table” on page
736.
Executing the SQL statement EXPLAIN

You can populate a PLAN_TABLE by executing the SQL statement EXPLAIN. In the
statement, specify a single explainable SQL statement in the FOR clause.
| If an alias is defined on a PLAN_TABLE that was created with a different

| authorization ID, and you have the appropriate SELECT and INSERT privileges,
| you can populate that PLAN_TABLE even if you do not own it.
You can execute EXPLAIN either statically from an application program, or

dynamically, using QMF or SPUFI. For instructions and for details of the
authorization that you need on PLAN_TABLE, see DB2 SQL Reference.
Binding with the option EXPLAIN(YES)

You can populate a plan table when you bind or rebind a plan or package. Specify
the option EXPLAIN(YES). EXPLAIN obtains information about the access paths for
all explainable SQL statements in a package or the DBRMs of a plan. The
information appears in table package_owner.PLAN_TABLE or
plan_owner.PLAN_TABLE. For dynamically prepared SQL, the qualifier of
PLAN_TABLE is the current SQLID.
| If the plan owner or the package owner has an alias on a PLAN_TABLE that was
| created by another owner, other_owner.PLAN_TABLE is populated instead of
| package_owner.PLAN_TABLE or plan_owner.PLAN_TABLE.
Performance considerations: EXPLAIN as a bind option should not be a

performance concern. The same processing for access path selection is performed,
regardless of whether you use EXPLAIN(YES) or EXPLAIN (NO). With
EXPLAIN(YES), there is only a small amount of overhead processing to put the
results in a plan table.
If a plan or package that was previously bound with EXPLAIN(YES) is automatically

rebound, the value of field EXPLAIN PROCESSING on installation panel DSNTIPO

determines whether EXPLAIN is run again during the automatic rebind. Again, there
is a small amount of overhead for inserting the results into a plan table.
EXPLAIN for remote binds: A remote requester that accesses DB2 can specify
EXPLAIN(YES) when binding a package at the DB2 server. The information
appears in a plan table at the server, not at the requester. If the requester does not
support the propagation of the option EXPLAIN(YES), rebind the package at the
requester with that option to obtain access path information. You cannot get
information about access paths for SQL statements that use private protocol.
Maintaining a plan table

DB2 adds rows to PLAN_TABLE as you choose; it does not automatically delete
rows. To clear the table of obsolete rows, use DELETE, just as you would for
deleting rows from any table. You can also use DROP TABLE to drop a plan table
completely.
Reordering rows from a plan table

Several processes can insert rows into the same plan table. To understand access
paths, you must retrieve the rows for a particular query in an appropriate order.
Retrieving rows for a plan

The rows for a particular plan are identified by the value of APPLNAME. The
following query to a plan table returns the rows for all the explainable statements in
a plan in their logical order:
SELECT * FROM JOE.PLAN_TABLE
WHERE APPLNAME = ’APPL1’
ORDER BY TIMESTAMP, QUERYNO, QBLOCKNO, PLANNO, MIXOPSEQ;
The result of the ORDER BY clause shows whether there are:

v Multiple QBLOCKNOs within a QUERYNO
v Multiple PLANNOs within a QBLOCKNO
v Multiple MIXOPSEQs within a PLANNO
All rows with the same non-zero value for QBLOCKNO and the same value for
QUERYNO relate to a step within the query. QBLOCKNOs are not necessarily
executed in the order shown in PLAN_TABLE. But within a QBLOCKNO, the
PLANNO column gives the substeps in the order they execute.
For each substep, the TNAME column identifies the table accessed. Sorts can be
shown as part of a table access or as a separate step.
What if QUERYNO=0? For entries that contain QUERYNO=0, use the timestamp,
which is guaranteed to be unique, to distinguish individual statements.
Retrieving rows for a package

The rows for a particular package are identified by the values of PROGNAME,
COLLID, and VERSION. Those columns correspond to the following four-part
naming convention for packages:
LOCATION.COLLECTION.PACKAGE_ID.VERSION
COLLID gives the COLLECTION name, and PROGNAME gives the PACKAGE_ID.
The following query to a plan table return the rows for all the explainable
statements in a package in their logical order:
SELECT * FROM JOE.PLAN_TABLE
WHERE PROGNAME = ’PACK1’ AND COLLID = ’COLL1’ AND VERSION = ’PROD1’
ORDER BY QUERYNO, QBLOCKNO, PLANNO, MIXOPSEQ;

Asking questions about data access
When you examine your EXPLAIN results, try to answer the following questions:
v “Is access through an index? (ACCESSTYPE is I, I1, N or MX)”
v “Is access through more than one index? (ACCESSTYPE=M)”
v “How many columns of the index are used in matching? (MATCHCOLS=n)” on
page 738
v “Is the query satisfied using only the index? (INDEXONLY=Y)” on page 739
v “Is direct row access possible? (PRIMARY_ACCESSTYPE = D)” on page 739
v “Is a view or nested table expression materialized?” on page 743
v “Was a scan limited to certain partitions? (PAGE_RANGE=Y)” on page 743
v “What kind of prefetching is expected? (PREFETCH = L, S, D, or blank)” on page
744
v “Is data accessed or processed in parallel? (PARALLELISM_MODE is I, C, or X)”
on page 744
v “Are sorts performed?” on page 744
v “Is a subquery transformed into a join?” on page 745
v “When are aggregate functions evaluated? (COLUMN_FN_EVAL)” on page 745
v “How many index screening columns are used?” on page 745
v “Is a complex trigger WHEN clause used? (QBLOCKTYPE=TRIGGR)” on page
746
As explained in this section, they can be answered in terms of values in columns of

a plan table.
Is access through an index? (ACCESSTYPE is I, I1, N or MX)

If the column ACCESSTYPE in the plan table has one of those values, DB2 uses
an index to access the table that is named in column TNAME. The columns
ACCESSCREATOR and ACCESSNAME identify the index. For a description of
methods of using indexes, see “Index access paths” on page 747.
Is access through more than one index? (ACCESSTYPE=M)

The value M indicates that DB2 uses a set of indexes to access a single table. A
set of rows in the plan table contain information about the multiple index access.
The rows are numbered in column MIXOPSEQ in the order of execution of steps in
the multiple index access. (If you retrieve the rows in order by MIXOPSEQ, the
result is similar to postfix arithmetic notation.)
Both of the following examples have these indexes: IX1 on T(C1) and IX2 on T(C2).
Example: Suppose that you issue the following SELECT statement:

SELECT * FROM T
WHERE C1 = 1 AND C2 = 1;
DB2 processes the query by performing the following steps:

1. DB2 retrieves all the qualifying record identifiers (RIDs) where C1=1, by using
index IX1.
2. DB2 retrieves all the qualifying RIDs where C2=1, by using index IX2. The
intersection of these lists is the final set of RIDs.
3. DB2 accesses the data pages that are needed to retrieve the qualified rows by
using the final RID list.

The plan table for this example is shown in Table 100.
Table 100. PLAN_TABLE output for example with intersection (AND) operator
ACCESS- MATCH- ACCESS- INDEX- MIXOP-
TNAME TYPE COLS NAME ONLY PREFETCH SEQ
T M 0 N L 0
T MX 1 IX1 Y 1
T MX 1 IX2 Y 2
T MI 0 N 3
Example: Suppose that you issue the following SELECT statement:

SELECT * FROM T
WHERE C1 BETWEEN 100 AND 199 OR
C1 BETWEEN 500 AND 599;
In this case, the same index can be used more than once in a multiple index
access because more than one predicate could be matching. DB2 processes the
query by performing the following steps:
1. DB2 retrieves all RIDs where C1 is between 100 and 199, using index IX1.
2. DB2 retrieves all RIDs where C1 is between 500 and 599, again using IX1. The
union of those lists is the final set of RIDs.
3. DB2 retrieves the qualified rows by using the final RID list.
The plan table for this example is shown in Table 101.

Table 101. PLAN_TABLE output for example with union (OR) operator
ACCESS- MATCH- ACCESS- INDEX- MIXOP-
TNAME TYPE COLS NAME ONLY PREFETCH SEQ
T M 0 N L 0
T MX 1 IX1 Y 1
T MX 1 IX1 Y 2
T MU 0 N 3
How many columns of the index are used in matching?

(MATCHCOLS=n)
If MATCHCOLS is 0, the access method is called a nonmatching index scan. All the
index keys and their RIDs are read.
If MATCHCOLS is greater than 0, the access method is called a matching index

scan: the query uses predicates that match the index columns.
In general, the matching predicates on the leading index columns are equal or IN
predicates. The predicate that matches the final index column can be an equal, IN,
NOT NULL, or range predicate (<, <=, >, >=, LIKE, or BETWEEN).
The following example illustrates matching predicates:

SELECT * FROM EMP
WHERE JOBCODE = ’5’ AND SALARY > 60000 AND LOCATION = ’CA’;
INDEX XEMP5 on (JOBCODE, LOCATION, SALARY, AGE);

The index XEMP5 is the chosen access path for this query, with MATCHCOLS = 3.
Two equal predicates are on the first two columns and a range predicate is on the
third column. Though the index has four columns in the index, only three of them
can be considered matching columns.
Is the query satisfied using only the index? (INDEXONLY=Y)

In this case, the method is called index-only access. For a SELECT operation, all
the columns needed for the query can be found in the index and DB2 does not
access the table. For an UPDATE or DELETE operation, only the index is required
to read the selected row.
Index-only access to data is not possible for any step that uses list prefetch, which
is described under “What kind of prefetching is expected? (PREFETCH = L, S, D,
| or blank)” on page 744. Index-only access is not possible for padded indexes when
| varying-length data is returned or a VARCHAR column has a LIKE predicate, unless
| the VARCHAR FROM INDEX field of installation panel DSNTIP4 is set to YES and
| plan or packages have been rebound to pick up the change. See Part 2 of DB2
| Installation Guide for more information. Index-only access is always possible for
| nonpadded indexes.
If access is by more than one index, INDEXONLY is Y for a step with access type
MX, because the data pages are not actually accessed until all the steps for
intersection (MI) or union (MU) take place.
When an SQL application uses index-only access for a ROWID column, the
application claims the table space or table space partition. As a result, contention
may occur between the SQL application and a utility that drains the table space or
partition. Index-only access to a table for a ROWID column is not possible if the
associated table space or partition is in an incompatible restrictive state. For
example, an SQL application can make a read claim on the table space only if the
restrictive state allows readers.
Is direct row access possible? (PRIMARY_ACCESSTYPE = D)

If an application selects a row from a table that contains a ROWID column, the row
ID value implicitly contains the location of the row. If you use that row ID value in
the search condition of subsequent SELECTs, DELETEs, or UPDATEs, DB2 might
be able to navigate directly to the row. This access method is called direct row
access.
Direct row access is very fast, because DB2 does not need to use the index or a
table space scan to find the row. Direct row access can be used on any table that
has a ROWID column.
To use direct row access, you first select the values of a row into host variables.
The value that is selected from the ROWID column contains the location of that
row. Later, when you perform queries that access that row, you include the row ID
value in the search condition. If DB2 determines that it can use direct row access, it
uses the row ID value to navigate directly to the row. See “Example: Coding with
row IDs for direct row access” on page 741 for a coding example.
Which predicates qualify for direct row access?

For a query to qualify for direct row access, the search condition must be a Boolean
term stage 1 predicate that fits one of these descriptions:

1. A simple Boolean term predicate of the form COL=noncolumn expression,
where COL has the ROWID data type and noncolumn expression contains a
row ID
2. A simple Boolean term predicate of the form COL IN list, where COL has the
ROWID data type and the values in list are row IDs, and an index is defined on
COL
3. A compound Boolean term that combines several simple predicates using the
AND operator, and one of the simple predicates fits description 1 or 2
However, just because a query qualifies for direct row access does not mean that
access path is always chosen. If DB2 determines that another access path is better,
direct row access is not chosen.
Examples: In the following predicate example, ID is a ROWID column in table T1.

A unique index exists on that ID column. The host variables are of the ROWID type.
WHERE ID IN (:hv_rowid1,:hv_rowid2,:hv_rowid3)
The following predicate also qualifies for direct row access:

WHERE ID = ROWID(X’F0DFD230E3C0D80D81C201AA0A280100000000000203’)
Searching for propagated rows: If rows are propagated from one table to another,
do not expect to use the same row ID value from the source table to search for the
same row in the target table, or vice versa. This does not work when direct row
access is the access path chosen.
Example: Assume that the host variable in the following statement contains a row
ID from SOURCE:
SELECT * FROM TARGET
WHERE ID = :hv_rowid
Because the row ID location is not the same as in the source table, DB2 will
probably not find that row. Search on another column to retrieve the row you want.
Reverting to ACCESSTYPE
Although DB2 might plan to use direct row access, circumstances can cause DB2
to not use direct row access at run time. DB2 remembers the location of the row as
of the time it is accessed. However, that row can change locations (such as after a
REORG) between the first and second time it is accessed, which means that DB2
cannot use direct row access to find the row on the second access attempt. Instead
of using direct row access, DB2 uses the access path that is shown in the
ACCESSTYPE column of PLAN_TABLE.
If the predicate you are using to do direct row access is not indexable and if DB2 is
unable to use direct row access, then DB2 uses a table space scan to find the row.
This can have a profound impact on the performance of applications that rely on
direct row access. Write your applications to handle the possibility that direct row
access might not be used. Some options are to:
v Ensure that your application does not try to remember ROWID columns across
reorganizations of the table space.
When your application commits, it releases its claim on the table space; it is
possible that a REORG can run and move the row, which disables direct row
access. Plan your commit processing accordingly; use the returned row ID value
before committing, or re-select the row ID value after a commit is issued.
If you are storing ROWID columns from another table, update those values after
the table with the ROWID column is reorganized.

v Create an index on the ROWID column, so that DB2 can use the index if direct
row access is disabled.
v Supplement the ROWID column predicate with another predicate that enables
DB2 to use an existing index on the table. For example, after reading a row, an
application might perform the following update:
EXEC SQL UPDATE EMP
SET SALARY = :hv_salary + 1200
WHERE EMP_ROWID = :hv_emp_rowid
AND EMPNO = :hv_empno;
If an index exists on EMPNO, DB2 can use index access if direct access fails.
The additional predicate ensures DB2 does not revert to a table space scan.
Using direct row access and other access methods

Parallelism: Direct row access and parallelism are mutually exclusive. If a query
qualifies for both direct row access and parallelism, direct row access is used. If
direct row access fails, DB2 does not revert to parallelism; instead it reverts to the
backup access type (as designated by column ACCESSTYPE in the
PLAN_TABLE). This might result in a table space scan. To avoid a table space scan
in case direct row access fails, add an indexed column to the predicate.
RID list processing: Direct row access and RID list processing are mutually
exclusive. If a query qualifies for both direct row access and RID list processing,
direct row access is used. If direct row access fails, DB2 does not revert to RID list
processing; instead it reverts to the backup access type.
Example: Coding with row IDs for direct row access

Figure 209 on page 742 is a portion of a C program that shows you how to obtain
the row ID value for a row, and then to use that value to find the row efficiently
when you want to modify it.

/**************************/
/* Declare host variables */
/**************************/
SQL TYPE IS BLOB_LOCATOR hv_picture;
SQL TYPE IS CLOB_LOCATOR hv_resume;
SQL TYPE IS ROWID hv_emp_rowid;
short hv_dept, hv_id;
char hv_name[30];
decimal hv_salary[5,2];
/**********************************************************/
/* Retrieve the picture and resume from the PIC_RES table */
/**********************************************************/
strcpy(hv_name, "Jones");
EXEC SQL SELECT PR.PICTURE, PR.RESUME INTO :hv_picture, :hv_resume
FROM PIC_RES PR
WHERE PR.Name = :hv_name;
/**********************************************************/
/* Insert a row into the EMPDATA table that contains the */
/* picture and resume you obtained from the PIC_RES table */
/**********************************************************/
EXEC SQL INSERT INTO EMPDATA
VALUES (DEFAULT,9999,’Jones’, 35000.00, 99,
:hv_picture, :hv_resume);
/**********************************************************/
/* Now retrieve some information about that row, */
/* including the ROWID value. */
/**********************************************************/
hv_dept = 99;
EXEC SQL SELECT E.SALARY, E.EMP_ROWID
INTO :hv_salary, :hv_emp_rowid
FROM EMPDATA E
WHERE E.DEPTNUM = :hv_dept AND E.NAME = :hv_name;
Figure 209. Example of using a row ID value for direct row access (Part 1 of 2)

/**********************************************************/
/* Update columns SALARY, PICTURE, and RESUME. Use the */
/* ROWID value you obtained in the previous statement */
/* to access the row you want to update. */
/* smiley_face and update_resume are */
/* user-defined functions that are not shown here. */
/**********************************************************/
EXEC SQL UPDATE EMPDATA
SET SALARY = :hv_salary + 1200,
PICTURE = smiley_face(:hv_picture),
RESUME = update_resume(:hv_resume)
WHERE EMP_ROWID = :hv_emp_rowid;
/**********************************************************/
/* Use the ROWID value to obtain the employee ID from the */
/* same record. */
/**********************************************************/
EXEC SQL SELECT E.ID INTO :hv_id
FROM EMPDATA E
WHERE E.EMP_ROWID = :hv_emp_rowid;
/**********************************************************/
/* Use the ROWID value to delete the employee record */
/* from the table. */
/**********************************************************/
EXEC SQL DELETE FROM EMPDATA
WHERE EMP_ROWID = :hv_emp_rowid;
Figure 209. Example of using a row ID value for direct row access (Part 2 of 2)
Is a view or nested table expression materialized?

When the column TNAME names a view or nested table expression and column
TABLE_TYPE contains a W, it indicates that the view or nested table expression is
materialized. Materialization means that the data rows that are selected by the view
or nested table expression are put into a work file that is to be processed like a
table. (For a more detailed description of materialization, see “Processing for views
and nested table expressions” on page 773.)
Was a scan limited to certain partitions? (PAGE_RANGE=Y)

DB2 can limit a scan of data in a partitioned table space to one or more partitions.
The method is called a limited partition scan. The query must provide a predicate
| on the first key column of the partitioning index. DB2 can use all leading columns of
| the partitioning key. The rules for using a partitioning column to limit partitions are
| the same as the rules for determining a matching column on an index. If a
| partitioning column is a candidate to be a matching column, that column can limit
| partitions.
A limited partition scan can be combined with other access methods. For example,
consider the following query:
SELECT .. FROM T
WHERE (C1 BETWEEN ’2002’ AND ’3280’
OR C1 BETWEEN ’6000’ AND ’8000’)
AND C2 = ’6’;
Assume that table T has a partitioned index on column C1 and that values of C1
between 2002 and 3280 all appear in partitions 3 and 4 and the values between

6000 and 8000 appear in partitions 8 and 9. Assume also that T has another index
on column C2. DB2 could choose any of these access methods:
v A matching index scan on column C1. The scan reads index values and data
only from partitions 3, 4, 8, and 9. (PAGE_RANGE=N)
v A matching index scan on column C2. (DB2 might choose that if few rows have
C2=6.) The matching index scan reads all RIDs for C2=6 from the index on C2
and corresponding data pages from partitions 3, 4, 8, and 9. (PAGE_RANGE=Y)
v A table space scan on T. DB2 avoids reading data pages from any partitions
except 3, 4, 8 and 9. (PAGE_RANGE=Y)
What kind of prefetching is expected? (PREFETCH = L, S, D, or blank)

Prefetching is a method of determining in advance that a set of data pages is about
to be used and then reading the entire set into a buffer with a single asynchronous
I/O operation. If the value of PREFETCH is:
v S, the method is called sequential prefetch. The data pages that are read in
advance are sequential. A table space scan always uses sequential prefetch. An
index scan might not use it. For a more complete description, see “Sequential
prefetch (PREFETCH=S)” on page 767.
v L, the method is called list prefetch. One or more indexes are used to select the
RIDs for a list of data pages to be read in advance; the pages need not be
sequential. Usually, the RIDs are sorted. The exception is the case of a hybrid
join (described under “Hybrid join (METHOD=4)” on page 758) when the value of
column SORTN_JOIN is N. For a more complete description, see “List prefetch
(PREFETCH=L)” on page 768.
| v D, the method is called dynamic prefetch. DB2 expects that the pages to be
| accessed will be sufficiently nonsequential to invoke dynamic prefetch.
v Blank, prefetching is not expected. However, depending on the pattern of the
page access, data can be prefetched at execution time through a process called
sequential detection. For a description of that process, see “Sequential detection
at execution time” on page 769.
Is data accessed or processed in parallel? (PARALLELISM_MODE is I,

C, or X)
Parallel processing applies only to read-only queries.
If mode is: DB2 plans to use:
I Parallel I/O operations
C Parallel CP operations
X Sysplex query parallelism
Non-null values in columns ACCESS_DEGREE and JOIN_DEGREE indicate to

what degree DB2 plans to use parallel operations. At execution time, however, DB2
might not actually use parallelism, or it might use fewer operations in parallel than
were originally planned. For a more complete description, see Chapter 28, “Parallel
operations and query performance,” on page 785. For more information about
Sysplex query parallelism, see Chapter 6 of DB2 Data Sharing: Planning and
Administration.
Are sorts performed?

SORTN_JOIN and SORTC_JOIN: SORTN_JOIN indicates that the new table of a
join is sorted before the join. (For hybrid join, this is a sort of the RID list.) When
SORTN_JOIN and SORTC_JOIN are both ’Y’, two sorts are performed for the join.
The sorts for joins are indicated on the same row as the new table access.

METHOD 3 sorts: These are used for ORDER BY, GROUP BY, SELECT
DISTINCT, UNION, or a quantified predicate. A quantified predicate is ’col = ANY
(fullselect)’ or ’col = SOME (fullselect)’. They are indicated on a separate row. A
single row of the plan table can indicate two sorts of a composite table, but only
one sort is actually done.
SORTC_UNIQ and SORTC_ORDERBY: SORTC_UNIQ indicates a sort to remove

duplicates, as might be needed by a SELECT statement with DISTINCT or UNION.
SORTC_ORDERBY usually indicates a sort for an ORDER BY clause. But
SORTC_UNIQ and SORTC_ORDERBY also indicate when the results of a
noncorrelated subquery are sorted, both to remove duplicates and to order the
results. One sort does both the removal and the ordering.
Is a subquery transformed into a join?

For better access paths, DB2 sometimes transforms subqueries into joins, as
described in “Subquery transformation into join” on page 707. A plan table shows
that a subquery is transformed into a join by the value in column QBLOCKNO.
v If the subquery is not transformed into a join, that means it is executed in a
separate operation, and its value of QBLOCKNO is greater than the value for the
outer query.
v If the subquery is transformed into a join, it and the outer query have the same
value of QBLOCKNO. A join is also indicated by a value of 1, 2, or 4 in column
METHOD.
When are aggregate functions evaluated? (COLUMN_FN_EVAL)

When the aggregate functions are evaluated is based on the access path chosen
for the SQL statement.
v If the ACCESSTYPE column is I1, then a MAX or MIN function can be evaluated
by one access of the index named in ACCESSNAME.
v For other values of ACCESSTYPE, the COLUMN_FN_EVAL column tells when
DB2 is evaluating the aggregate functions.
Value Functions are evaluated ...
S While performing a sort to satisfy a GROUP BY clause
R While the data is being read from the table or index
blank After data retrieval and after any sorts
Generally, values of R and S are considered better for performance than a blank.
Use variance and standard deviation with care: The VARIANCE and STDDEV
functions are always evaluated late (that is, COLUMN_FN_EVAL is blank). This
causes other functions in the same query block to be evaluated late as well. For
example, in the following query, the sum function is evaluated later than it would be
if the variance function was not present:
SELECT SUM(C1), VARIANCE(C1) FROM T1;
| How many index screening columns are used?

| The plan table does not provide the answer to this question. However, you can use
| Visual Explain to determine how many index screening columns are used. For
| information about Visual Explain, see DB2 Visual Explain online help.

| Is a complex trigger WHEN clause used? (QBLOCKTYPE=TRIGGR)
| The plan table does not report simple trigger WHEN clauses, such as WHEN (N.C1
| < 5). However, the plan table does report complex trigger WHEN clauses, which are
| clauses that involve other base tables and transition tables. The QBLOCK_TYPE
| column of the top level query block shows TRIGGR to indicate a complex trigger
| WHEN clause.
| Example: Consider the following trigger:

| CREATE TRIGGER REORDER
| AFTER UPDATE OF ON_HAND, MAX_STOCKED ON PARTS
| REFERENCING NEW TABLE AS NT OLD AS O
| FOR EACH STATEMENT MODE DB2SQL
| WHEN (O.ON_HAND < (SELECT MAX(ON_HAND) FROM NT))
| BEGIN ATOMIC
| INSERT INTO ORDER_LOG VALUES (O.PARTNO, O.ON_HAND);
| END
| Table 102 shows the corresponding plan table for the WHEN clause.
| Table 102. Plan table for the WHEN clause
| QBLOCKNO PLANNO TABLE ACCESSTYPE QBLOCK_TYPE PARENT_QBLOCK
| 1 1 TRIGGR 0
| 2 1 NT R NCOSUB 1
|
|
Interpreting access to a single table
The following sections describe different access paths that values in a plan table
can indicate, along with suggestions for supplying better access paths for DB2 to
choose from:
v Table space scans (ACCESSTYPE=R PREFETCH=S)
v “Index access paths” on page 747
v “UPDATE using an index” on page 752
Table space scans (ACCESSTYPE=R PREFETCH=S)

Table space scan is most often used for one of the following reasons:
v Access is through a created temporary table. (Index access is not possible for
created temporary tables.)
v A matching index scan is not possible because an index is not available, or no
predicates match the index columns.
v A high percentage of the rows in the table is returned. In this case, an index is
not really useful because most rows need to be read anyway.
v The indexes that have matching predicates have low cluster ratios and are
therefore efficient only for small amounts of data.
Assume that table T has no index on C1. The following is an example that uses a
table space scan:
SELECT * FROM T WHERE C1 = VALUE;
In this case, at least every row in T must be examined to determine whether the
value of C1 matches the given value.

Table space scans of nonsegmented table spaces
DB2 reads and examines every page in the table space, regardless of which table
the page belongs to. It might also read pages that have been left as free space and
space not yet reclaimed after deleting data.
Table space scans of segmented table spaces

If the table space is segmented, DB2 first determines which segments need to be
read. It then reads only the segments in the table space that contain rows of T. If
the prefetch quantity, which is determined by the size of your buffer pool, is greater
than the SEGSIZE and if the segments for T are not contiguous, DB2 might read
unnecessary pages. Use a SEGSIZE value that is as large as possible, consistent
with the size of the data. A large SEGSIZE value is best to maintain clustering of
data rows. For very small tables, specify a SEGSIZE value that is equal to the
number of pages required for the table.
Recommendation for SEGSIZE value: Table 103 summarizes the

recommendations for SEGSIZE, depending on how large the table is.
Table 103. Recommendations for SEGSIZE
Number of pages SEGSIZE recommendation
≤ 28 4 to 28
> 28 < 128 pages 32
≥ 128 pages 64
Table space scans of partitioned table spaces

Partitioned table spaces are nonsegmented. A table space scan on a partitioned
table space is more efficient than on a nonpartitioned table space. DB2 takes
advantage of the partitions by a limited partition scan, as described under “Was a
scan limited to certain partitions? (PAGE_RANGE=Y)” on page 743.
Table space scans and sequential prefetch

Regardless of the type of table space, DB2 plans to use sequential prefetch for a
table space scan. For a segmented table space, DB2 might not actually use
sequential prefetch at execution time if it can determine that fewer than four data
pages need to be accessed. For guidance on monitoring sequential prefetch, see
“Sequential prefetch (PREFETCH=S)” on page 767.
If you do not want to use sequential prefetch for a particular query, consider adding
to it the clause OPTIMIZE FOR 1 ROW.
Index access paths

DB2 uses the following index access paths:
v “Matching index scan (MATCHCOLS>0)” on page 748
v “Index screening” on page 748
v “Nonmatching index scan (ACCESSTYPE=I and MATCHCOLS=0)” on page 749
v “IN-list index scan (ACCESSTYPE=N)” on page 749
v “Multiple index access (ACCESSTYPE is M, MX, MI, or MU)” on page 749
v “One-fetch access (ACCESSTYPE=I1)” on page 751
v “Index-only access (INDEXONLY=Y)” on page 751
v “Equal unique index (MATCHCOLS=number of index columns)” on page 751

Matching index scan (MATCHCOLS>0)
In a matching index scan, predicates are specified on either the leading or all of the
index key columns. These predicates provide filtering; only specific index pages and
data pages need to be accessed. If the degree of filtering is high, the matching
index scan is efficient.
In the general case, the rules for determining the number of matching columns are
simple, although there are a few exceptions.
v Look at the index columns from leading to trailing. For each index column,
search for an indexable boolean term predicate on that column. (See “Properties
of predicates” on page 675 for a definition of boolean term.) If such a predicate is
found, then it can be used as a matching predicate.
Column MATCHCOLS in a plan table shows how many of the index columns are
matched by predicates.
v If no matching predicate is found for a column, the search for matching
predicates stops.
v If a matching predicate is a range predicate, then there can be no more matching
columns. For example, in the matching index scan example that follows, the
range predicate C2>1 prevents the search for additional matching columns.
v For star joins, a missing key predicate does not cause termination of matching
columns that are to be used on the fact table index.
The exceptional cases are:

v At most one IN-list predicate can be a matching predicate on an index.
v For MX accesses and index access with list prefetch, IN-list predicates cannot be
used as matching predicates.
v Join predicates cannot qualify as matching predicates when doing a merge join
(METHOD=2). For example, T1.C1=T2.C1 cannot be a matching predicate when
doing a merge join, although any local predicates, such as C1=’5’ can be used.
Join predicates can be used as matching predicates on the inner table of a
nested loop join or hybrid join.
Matching index scan example: Assume there is an index on T(C1,C2,C3,C4):

SELECT * FROM T
WHERE C1=1 AND C2>1
AND C3=1;
Two matching columns occur in this example. The first one comes from the
predicate C1=1, and the second one comes from C2>1. The range predicate on C2
prevents C3 from becoming a matching column.
Index screening
In index screening, predicates are specified on index key columns but are not part
of the matching columns. Those predicates improve the index access by reducing
the number of rows that qualify while searching the index. For example, with an
index on T(C1,C2,C3,C4) in the following SQL statement, C3>0 and C4=2 are index
screening predicates.
SELECT * FROM T
WHERE C1 = 1
AND C3 > 0 AND C4 = 2
AND C5 = 8;

The predicates can be applied on the index, but they are not matching predicates.
C5=8 is not an index screening predicate, and it must be evaluated when data is
retrieved. The value of MATCHCOLS in the plan table is 1.
EXPLAIN does not directly tell when an index is screened; however, if

MATCHCOLS is less than the number of index key columns, it indicates that index
screening is possible.
Nonmatching index scan (ACCESSTYPE=I and MATCHCOLS=0)

In a nonmatching index scan no matching columns are in the index. Hence, all the
index keys must be examined.
Because a nonmatching index usually provides no filtering, only a few cases

provide an efficient access path. The following situations are examples:
v When index screening predicates exist
In that case, not all of the data pages are accessed.
v When the clause OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS is used
| That clause can sometimes favor a nonmatching index, especially if the index
| gives the ordering of the ORDER BY clause or GROUP BY clause.
v When more than one table exists in a nonsegmented table space
In that case, a table space scan reads irrelevant rows. By accessing the rows
through the nonmatching index, fewer rows are read.
IN-list index scan (ACCESSTYPE=N)

An IN-list index scan is a special case of the matching index scan, in which a single
indexable IN predicate is used as a matching equal predicate.
You can regard the IN-list index scan as a series of matching index scans with the
values in the IN predicate being used for each matching index scan. The following
example has an index on (C1,C2,C3,C4) and might use an IN-list index scan:
SELECT * FROM T
WHERE C1=1 AND C2 IN (1,2,3)
AND C3>0 AND C4<100;
The plan table shows MATCHCOLS = 3 and ACCESSTYPE = N. The IN-list scan is
performed as the following three matching index scans:
(C1=1,C2=1,C3>0), (C1=1,C2=2,C3>0), (C1=1,C2=3,C3>0)
Parallelism is supported for queries that involve IN-list index access. These queries
used to run sequentially in previous releases of DB2, although parallelism could
have been used when the IN-list access was for the inner table of a parallel group.
Now, in environments in which parallelism is enabled, you can see a reduction in
elapsed time for queries that involve IN-list index access for the outer table of a
parallel group.
Multiple index access (ACCESSTYPE is M, MX, MI, or MU)

Multiple index access uses more than one index to access a table. It is a good
access path when:
v No single index provides efficient access.
v A combination of index accesses provides efficient access.
RID lists are constructed for each of the indexes involved. The unions or
intersections of the RID lists produce a final list of qualified RIDs that is used to
retrieve the result rows, using list prefetch. You can consider multiple index access

as an extension to list prefetch with more complex RID retrieval operations in its
first phase. The complex operators are union and intersection.
DB2 chooses multiple index access for the following query:

SELECT * FROM EMP
WHERE (AGE = 34) OR
(AGE = 40 AND JOB = ’MANAGER’);
For this query:

v EMP is a table with columns EMPNO, EMPNAME, DEPT, JOB, AGE, and SAL.
v EMPX1 is an index on EMP with key column AGE.
v EMPX2 is an index on EMP with key column JOB.
The plan table contains a sequence of rows describing the access. For this query,
ACCESSTYPE uses the following values:
Value Meaning
M Start of multiple index access processing
MX Indexes are to be scanned for later union or intersection
MI An intersection (AND) is performed
MU A union (OR) is performed
The following steps relate to the previous query and the values shown for the plan
table in Table 104:
1. Index EMPX1, with matching predicate AGE= 34, provides a set of candidates
for the result of the query. The value of MIXOPSEQ is 1.
2. Index EMPX1, with matching predicate AGE = 40, also provides a set of
candidates for the result of the query. The value of MIXOPSEQ is 2.
3. Index EMPX2, with matching predicate JOB=’MANAGER’, also provides a set of
candidates for the result of the query. The value of MIXOPSEQ is 3.
4. The first intersection (AND) is done, and the value of MIXOPSEQ is 4. This MI
removes the two previous candidate lists (produced by MIXOPSEQs 2 and 3)
by intersecting them to form an intermediate candidate list, IR1, which is not
shown in PLAN_TABLE.
5. The last step, where the value MIXOPSEQ is 5, is a union (OR) of the two
remaining candidate lists, which are IR1 and the candidate list produced by
MIXOPSEQ 1. This final union gives the result for the query.
Table 104. Plan table output for a query that uses multiple indexes. Depending on the filter
factors of the predicates, the access steps can appear in a different order.
PLAN- ACCESS- MATCH- ACCESS- MIXOP-
NO TNAME TYPE COLS NAME PREFETCH SEQ
1 EMP M 0 L 0
1 EMP MX 1 EMPX1 1
1 EMP MX 1 EMPX1 2
1 EMP MI 0 3
1 EMP MX 1 EMPX2 4
1 EMP MU 0 5
In this example, the steps in the multiple index access follow the physical sequence
of the predicates in the query. This is not always the case. The multiple index steps
are arranged in an order that uses RID pool storage most efficiently and for the
least amount of time.

One-fetch access (ACCESSTYPE=I1)
One-fetch index access requires retrieving only one row. It is the best possible
access path and is chosen whenever it is available. It applies to a statement with a
MIN or MAX aggregate function: the order of the index allows a single row to give
the result of the function.
One-fetch index access is a possible access path when:

v The query includes only one table.
v The query includes only one aggregate function (either MIN or MAX).
v Either no predicate or all predicates are matching predicates for the index.
v The query includes no GROUP BY clause.
v Aggregate functions are on:
– The first index column if no predicates exist
– The last matching column of the index if the last matching predicate is a
range type
– The next index column (after the last matching column) if all matching
predicates are equal type
Queries using one-fetch index access: Assuming that an index exists on

T(C1,C2,C3), the following queries use one-fetch index scan:
SELECT MIN(C1) FROM T;
SELECT MIN(C1) FROM T WHERE C1>5;
SELECT MIN(C1) FROM T WHERE C1>5 AND C1<10;
SELECT MIN(C2) FROM T WHERE C1=5;
SELECT MAX(C1) FROM T;
SELECT MAX(C2) FROM T WHERE C1=5 AND C2<10;
SELECT MAX(C2) FROM T WHERE C1=5 AND C2>5 AND C2<10;
SELECT MAX(C2) FROM T WHERE C1=5 AND C2 BETWEEN 5 AND 10;
Index-only access (INDEXONLY=Y)

With index-only access, the access path does not require any data pages because
the access information is available in the index. Conversely, when an SQL
statement requests a column that is not in the index, updates any column in the
table, or deletes a row, DB2 has to access the associated data pages. Because the
index is almost always smaller than the table itself, an index-only access path
usually processes the data efficiently.
With an index on T(C1,C2), the following queries can use index-only access:
SELECT C1, C2 FROM T WHERE C1 > 0;
SELECT C1, C2 FROM T;
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM T WHERE C1 = 1;
Equal unique index (MATCHCOLS=number of index columns)

An index that is fully matched and unique, and in which all matching predicates are
equal-predicates, is called an equal unique index case. This case guarantees that
only one row is retrieved. If there is no one-fetch index access available, this is
considered the most efficient access over all other indexes that are not equal
unique. (The uniqueness of an index is determined by whether or not it was defined
as unique.)
Sometimes DB2 can determine that an index that is not fully matching is actually an
equal unique index case. Assume the following case:

Unique Index1: (C1, C2)
Unique Index2: (C2, C1, C3)
SELECT C3 FROM T
WHERE C1 = 1 AND C2 = 5;
Index1 is a fully matching equal unique index. However, Index2 is also an equal
unique index even though it is not fully matching. Index2 is the better choice
because, in addition to being equal and unique, it also provides index-only access.
UPDATE using an index

If no index key columns are updated, you can use an index while performing an
UPDATE operation.
To use a matching index scan to update an index in which its key columns are
being updated, the following conditions must be met:
v Each updated key column must have a corresponding predicate of the form
″index_key_column = constant″ or ″index_key_column IS NULL″.
v If a view is involved, WITH CHECK OPTION must not be specified.
| For updates that do not involve dynamic scrollable cursors, DB2 can use list
| prefetch, multiple index access, or IN-list access. With list prefetch or multiple index
access, any index or indexes can be used in an UPDATE operation. Of course, to
be chosen, those access paths must provide efficient access to the data.
| A positioned update that uses a dynamic scrollable cursor cannot use an access
| path with list prefetch, or multiple index access. This means that indexes that do not
| meet the preceding criteria cannot be used to locate the rows to be updated.
Interpreting access to two or more tables (join)

A join operation retrieves rows from more than one table and combines them. The
operation specifies at least two tables, but they need not be distinct.
This section begins with “Definitions and examples of join operations” and continues
with descriptions of the methods of joining that can be indicated in a plan table:
v “Nested loop join (METHOD=1)” on page 755
v “Merge scan join (METHOD=2)” on page 757
v “Hybrid join (METHOD=4)” on page 758
v “Star join (JOIN_TYPE=’S’)” on page 760
Definitions and examples of join operations

This section contains definitions and examples that are related to join operations.
Definitions: A composite table represents the result of accessing one or more

tables in a query. If a query contains a single table, only one composite table exists.
If one or more joins are involved, an outer composite table consists of the
intermediate result rows from the previous join step. This intermediate result may, or
may not, be materialized into a work file.
The new table (or inner table) in a join operation is the table that is newly accessed
in the step.
A join operation can involve more than two tables. In these cases, the operation is
carried out in a series of steps. For non-star joins, each step joins only two tables.

Example: Figure 210 shows a two-step join operation.
(Method 1)
Nested
Composite TJ loop TK New
join
(Method 2)
Composite Work Merge scan TL New
File join
(Sort)
Result
Figure 210. Two-step join operation
DB2 performs the following steps to complete the join operation:

1. Accesses the first table (METHOD=0), named TJ (TNAME), which becomes the
composite table in step 2.
2. Joins the new table TK to TJ, forming a new composite table.
3. Sorts the new table TL (SORTN_JOIN=Y) and the composite table
(SORTC_JOIN=Y), and then joins the two sorted tables.
4. Sorts the final composite table (TNAME is blank) into the desired order
(SORTC_ORDERBY=Y).
Figure 210
Table 105 and Table 106 show a subset of columns in a plan table for this join
operation.
Table 105. Subset of columns for a two-step join operation
ACCESS- MATCH- ACCESS- INDEX- TSLOCK-
METHOD TNAME TYPE COLS NAME ONLY MODE
0 TJ I 1 TJX1 N IS
1 TK I 1 TKX1 N IS
2 TL I 0 TLX1 Y S
3 0 N
Table 106. Subset of columns for a two-step join operation

SORTN SORTN SORTN SORTN SORTC SORTC SORTC SORTC
UNIQ JOIN ORDERBY GROUPBY UNIQ JOIN ORDERBY GROUPBY
N N N N N N N N
N N N N N N N N
N Y N N N Y N N
N N N N N N Y N
Definitions: A join operation typically matches a row of one table with a row of
another on the basis of a join condition. For example, the condition might specify
that the value in column A of one table equals the value of column X in the other
table (WHERE T1.A = T2.X).

Two kinds of joins differ in what they do with rows in one table that do not match on
the join condition with any row in the other table:
v An inner join discards rows of either table that do not match any row of the other
table.
v An outer join keeps unmatched rows of one or the other table, or of both. A row
in the composite table that results from an unmatched row is filled out with null
values. As Table 107 shows, outer joins are distinguished by which unmatched
rows they keep.
Table 107. Join types and kept unmatched rows
Outer join type Included unmatched rows
Left outer join The composite (outer) table
Right outer join The new (inner) table
Full outer join Both tables
Example: Suppose that you issue the following statement to explain an outer join:
EXPLAIN PLAN SET QUERYNO = 10 FOR
SELECT PROJECT, COALESCE(PROJECTS.PROD#, PRODNUM) AS PRODNUM,
PRODUCT, PART, UNITS
FROM PROJECTS LEFT JOIN
(SELECT PART,
PRODUCTS.PRODUCT
ON PROJECTS.PROD# = PRODNUM
Table 108 shows a subset of the plan table for the outer join.
Table 108. Plan table output for an example with outer joins
QUERYNO QBLOCKNO PLANNO TNAME JOIN_TYPE
10 1 1 PROJECTS
10 1 2 TEMP L
10 2 1 PRODUCTS
10 2 2 PARTS F
Column JOIN_TYPE identifies the type of outer join with one of these values:
v F for FULL OUTER JOIN
v L for LEFT OUTER JOIN
v Blank for INNER JOIN or no join
At execution, DB2 converts every right outer join to a left outer join; thus
JOIN_TYPE never identifies a right outer join specifically.
Materialization with outer join: Sometimes DB2 has to materialize a result table
when an outer join is used in conjunction with other joins, views, or nested table
expressions. You can tell when this happens by looking at the TABLE_TYPE and
TNAME columns of the plan table. When materialization occurs, TABLE_TYPE
contains a W, and TNAME shows the name of the materialized table as
DSNWFQB(xx), where xx is the number of the query block (QBLOCKNO) that
produced the work file.

Nested loop join (METHOD=1)
This section describes nested loop join, which is common join method. Figure 211
illustrates a nested loop join.
SELECT A, B, X, Y
FROM (SELECT FROM OUTERT WHERE A=10)
LEFT JOIN INNERT ON B=X;
Left outer join using nested loop join

Table OUTERT INNERT Composite
Columns A B X Y A B X Y
10 3 5 A 10 3 3 B
3 B 10 1 1 D
10 1 2 C 10 2 2 C
1 D 10 2 2 E
2 E 10 6 - -
10 2 9 F 10 1 1 D
10 6 7 G
10 1
Scan the outer table. The nested loop join

For each qualifying row find all matching rows produces this result,
in the inner table, by a preserving the values
table space or index scan. of the outer table.
Figure 211. Nested loop join for a left outer join
Method of joining
DB2 scans the composite (outer) table. For each row in that table that qualifies (by
satisfying the predicates on that table), DB2 searches for matching rows of the new
(inner) table. It concatenates any it finds with the current row of the composite
table. If no rows match the current row, then:
v For an inner join, DB2 discards the current row.
v For an outer join, DB2 concatenates a row of null values.
Stage 1 and stage 2 predicates eliminate unqualified rows during the join. (For an
explanation of those types of predicate, see “Stage 1 and stage 2 predicates” on
page 677.) DB2 can scan either table using any of the available access methods,
including table space scan.
Performance considerations
The nested loop join repetitively scans the inner table. That is, DB2 scans the outer
table once, and scans the inner table as many times as the number of qualifying
rows in the outer table. Therefore, the nested loop join is usually the most efficient
join method when the values of the join column passed to the inner table are in
sequence and the index on the join column of the inner table is clustered, or the
number of rows retrieved in the inner table through the index is small.
When nested loop join is used

Nested loop join is often used if:
v The outer table is small.
v Predicates with small filter factors reduce the number of qualifying rows in the
outer table.
v An efficient, highly clustered index exists on the join columns of the inner table.
v The number of data pages accessed in the inner table is small.

| v No join columns exist. Hybrid and sort merge joins require join columns; nested
| loop joins do not.
Example: left outer join: Figure 211 on page 755 illustrates a nested loop for a
left outer join. The outer join preserves the unmatched row in OUTERT with values
A=10 and B=6. The same join method for an inner join differs only in discarding that
row.
Example: one-row table priority: For a case like the following example, with a
unique index on T1.C2, DB2 detects that T1 has only one row that satisfies the
search condition. DB2 makes T1 the first table in a nested loop join.
WHERE T1.C1 = T2.C1 AND
T1.C2 = 5;
Example: Cartesian join with small tables first: A Cartesian join is a form of
nested loop join in which there are no join predicates between the two tables. DB2
usually avoids a Cartesian join, but sometimes it is the most efficient method, as in
the following example. The query uses three tables: T1 has 2 rows, T2 has 3 rows,
and T3 has 10 million rows.
SELECT * FROM T1, T2, T3
WHERE T1.C1 = T3.C1 AND
T2.C2 = T3.C2 AND
T3.C3 = 5;
Join predicates are between T1 and T3 and between T2 and T3. There is no join
predicate between T1 and T2.
Assume that 5 million rows of T3 have the value C3=5. Processing time is large if
T3 is the outer table of the join and tables T1 and T2 are accessed for each of 5
million rows.
However if all rows from T1 and T2 are joined, without a join predicate, the 5 million
rows are accessed only six times, once for each row in the Cartesian join of T1 and
T2. It is difficult to say which access path is the most efficient. DB2 evaluates the
different options and could decide to access the tables in the sequence T1, T2, T3.
Sorting the composite table: Your plan table could show a nested loop join that
includes a sort on the composite table. DB2 might sort the composite table (the
outer table in Figure 211) if the following conditions exist:
v The join columns in the composite table and the new table are not in the same
sequence.
v The join column of the composite table has no index.
v The index is poorly clustered.
Nested loop join with a sorted composite table has the following performance
advantages:
v Uses sequential detection efficiently to prefetch data pages of the new table,
reducing the number of synchronous I/O operations and the elapsed time.
v Avoids repetitive full probes of the inner table index by using the index
look-aside.

Merge scan join (METHOD=2)
Merge scan join is also known as merge join or sort merge join. For this method,
there must be one or more predicates of the form TABLE1.COL1=TABLE2.COL2,
where the two columns have the same data type and length attribute.
Method of joining
Figure 212 illustrates a merge scan join.
SELECT A, B, X, Y
FROM OUTER, INNER
WHERE A=10 AND B=X;
Merge scan join
Condense and sort the Condense and sort the

outer table, or access it inner table.
through an index on
column B.
Table OUTER INNER Composite

Columns A B X Y A B X Y
10 1 1 D 10 1 1 D
10 1 2 C 10 1 1 D
10 2 2 E 10 2 2 C
10 3 3 B 10 2 2 E
10 6 5 A 10 3 3 B
7 G
9 F
Scan the outer table.

For each row, scan a group of matching The merge scan join
rows in the inner table. produces this result.
Figure 212. Merge scan join
DB2 scans both tables in the order of the join columns. If no efficient indexes on
the join columns provide the order, DB2 might sort the outer table, the inner table,
or both. The inner table is put into a work file; the outer table is put into a work file
only if it must be sorted. When a row of the outer table matches a row of the inner
table, DB2 returns the combined rows.
DB2 then reads another row of the inner table that might match the same row of
the outer table and continues reading rows of the inner table as long as there is a
match. When there is no longer a match, DB2 reads another row of the outer table.
v If that row has the same value in the join column, DB2 reads again the matching
group of records from the inner table. Thus, a group of duplicate records in the
inner table is scanned as many times as there are matching records in the outer
table.
v If the outer row has a new value in the join column, DB2 searches ahead in the
inner table. It can find any of the following rows:
– Unmatched rows in the inner table, with lower values in the join column.
– A new matching inner row. DB2 then starts the process again.
– An inner row with a higher value of the join column. Now the row of the outer
table is unmatched. DB2 searches ahead in the outer table, and can find any
of the following rows:
- Unmatched rows in the outer table.

- A new matching outer row. DB2 then starts the process again.
- An outer row with a higher value of the join column. Now the row of the
inner table is unmatched, and DB2 resumes searching the inner table.
If DB2 finds an unmatched row:

For an inner join, DB2 discards the row.
For a left outer join, DB2 discards the row if it comes from the inner table and
keeps it if it comes from the outer table.
For a full outer join, DB2 keeps the row.
When DB2 keeps an unmatched row from a table, it concatenates a set of null
values as if that matched from the other table. A merge scan join must be used for
a full outer join.
A full outer join by this method uses all predicates in the ON clause to match the
two tables and reads every row at the time of the join. Inner and left outer joins use
only stage 1 predicates in the ON clause to match the tables. If your tables match
on more than one column, it is generally more efficient to put all the predicates for
the matches in the ON clause, rather than to leave some of them in the WHERE
clause.
For an inner join, DB2 can derive extra predicates for the inner table at bind time
and apply them to the sorted outer table to be used at run time. The predicates can
reduce the size of the work file needed for the inner table.
If DB2 has used an efficient index on the join columns, to retrieve the rows of the
inner table, those rows are already in sequence. DB2 puts the data directly into the
work file without sorting the inner table, which reduces the elapsed time.
When merge scan join is used

A merge scan join is often used if:
v The qualifying rows of the inner and outer table are large, and the join predicate
does not provide much filtering; that is, in a many-to-many join.
v The tables are large and have no indexes with matching columns.
v Few columns are selected on inner tables. This is the case when a DB2 sort is
used. The fewer the columns to be sorted, the more efficient the sort is.
Hybrid join (METHOD=4)

The method applies only to an inner join and requires an index on the join column
of the inner table. Figure 213 on page 759 illustrates a hybrid join.

SELECT A, B, X, Y
FROM OUTER, INNER
WHERE A=10 AND X=B;
INNER
X Y RIDs
OUTER
A B 1 Davis P5
Index 1 Index 2 Jones P2
10 1 2 Smith P7
10 1 3 Brown P4
10 2 5 Blake P1 5
10 3 7 Stone P6
10 6 9 Meyer P3 Composite table
A B X Y
10 2 2 Jones
2 X=B List prefetch 4 10 3 3 Brown
10 1 1 Davis
Intermediate table (phase 1) 10 1 1 Davis
OUTER INNER 10 2 2 Jones
data RIDs
RID List
10 1 P5
10 1 P5 P5
10 2 P2 P2
10 2 P7 P7
10 3 P4 P4
3 SORT
RID list
P2
P4
P5
Intermediate table (phase 2) P7
OUTER INNER
data RIDs
10 2 P2
10 3 P4
10 1 P5
10 1 P5
10 2 P7
Figure 213. Hybrid join (SORTN_JOIN=’Y’)
Method of joining
The method requires obtaining RIDs in the order needed to use list prefetch. The
steps are shown in Figure 213. In that example, both the outer table (OUTER) and
the inner table (INNER) have indexes on the join columns.
DB2 performs the following steps:

1 Scans the outer table (OUTER).
2 Joins the outer table with RIDs from the index on the inner table. The result
is the phase 1 intermediate table. The index of the inner table is scanned
for every row of the outer table.

3 Sorts the data in the outer table and the RIDs, creating a sorted RID list
and the phase 2 intermediate table. The sort is indicated by a value of Y in
column SORTN_JOIN of the plan table. If the index on the inner table is a
well-clustered index, DB2 can skip this sort; the value in SORTN_JOIN is
then N.
4 Retrieves the data from the inner table, using list prefetch.
5 Concatenates the data from the inner table and the phase 2 intermediate
table to create the final composite table.
Possible results from EXPLAIN for hybrid join

Table 115 shows possible EXPLAIN results from a hybrid join and an explanation of
each column value.
Table 115. Explanation of EXPLAIN results for a hybrid join
Column value Explanation
METHOD=’4’ A hybrid join was used.
SORTC_JOIN=’Y’ The composite table was sorted.
SORTN_JOIN=’Y’ The intermediate table was sorted in the order of inner table
RIDs. A non-clustered index accessed the inner table RIDs.
SORTN_JOIN=’N’ The intermediate table RIDs were not sorted. A clustered
index retrieved the inner table RIDs, and the RIDs were
already well ordered.
PREFETCH=’L’ Pages were read using list prefetch.
Hybrid join uses list prefetch more efficiently than nested loop join, especially if
there are indexes on the join predicate with low cluster ratios. It also processes
duplicates more efficiently because the inner table is scanned only once for each
set of duplicate values in the join column of the outer table.
If the index on the inner table is highly clustered, there is no need to sort the
intermediate table (SORTN_JOIN=N). The intermediate table is placed in a table in
memory rather than in a work file.
When hybrid join is used

Hybrid join is often used if:
v A nonclustered index or indexes are used on the join columns of the inner table.
v The outer table has duplicate qualifying rows.
Star join (JOIN_TYPE=’S’)

Star join is a special join technique that DB2 uses to efficiently join tables that form
a star schema. A star schema is a logical database design that is included in
decision support applications. A star schema is composed of a fact table and a
number of dimension tables that are connected to it. A dimension table contains
several values that are given an ID, which is used in the fact table instead of all the
values.
You can think of the fact table, which is much larger than the dimension tables, as
being in the center surrounded by dimension tables; the result resembles a star
formation. Figure 214 on page 761 illustrates the star formation.

Dimension
table
Dimension Dimension
table table
Fact table
Dimension Dimension
table table
Figure 214. Star schema with a fact table and dimension tables
| Unlike the steps in the other join methods (nested loop join, merge scan join, and
| hybrid join) in which only two tables are joined in each step, a step in the star join
| method can involve three or more tables. Dimension tables are joined to the fact
| table via a multi-column index that is defined on the fact table. Therefore, having a
| well-defined, multi-column index on the fact table is critical for efficient star join
| processing.
Example of a star schema

For an example of a star schema consider the following scenario. A star schema is
composed of a fact table for sales, with dimension tables connected to it for time,
products, and geographic locations. The time table has an ID for each month, its
quarter, and the year. The product table has an ID for each product item and its
class and its inventory. The geographic location table has an ID for each city and its
country.
In this scenario, the sales table contains three columns with IDs from the dimension
tables for time, product, and location instead of three columns for time, three
columns for products, and two columns for location. Thus, the size of the fact table
is greatly reduced. In addition, if you needed to change an item, you would do it
once in a dimension table instead of several times for each instance of the item in
the fact table.

You can create even more complex star schemas by normalizing a dimension table
into several tables. The normalized dimension table is called a snowflake. Only one
of the tables in the snowflake joins directly wiht the fact table.
When star join is used

To access the data in a star schema, you often write SELECT statements that
include join operations between the fact table and the dimension tables, but no join
operations between dimension tables. DB2 uses star join processing as the join
type for the query if the following conditions are true:
v The query references at least two dimensions.
v All join predicates are between the fact table and the dimension tables, or within
| tables of the same snowflake. If a snowflake is connected to the fact table, only
| one table in the snowflake (the central dimension table) can be joined to the fact
| table.
v All join predicates between the fact table and dimension tables are equi-join
predicates.
v All join predicates between the fact table and dimension tables are Boolean term
predicates. For more information, see “Boolean term (BT) predicates” on page
678.
v There are no instances of predicates that consist of a local predicate on a
dimension table and a local predicate on a different table that are connected with
an OR logical operator.
v No correlated subqueries cross dimensions.
v No single fact table column is joined to columns of different dimension tables in
join predicates. For example, fact table column F1 cannot be joined to column D1
of dimension table T1 and also joined to column D2 of dimension table T2.
v After DB2 simplifies join operations, no outer join operations exist. For more
information, see “When DB2 simplifies join operations” on page 695.
v The data type and length of both sides of a join predicate are the same.
v The value of subsystem parameter STARJOIN is 1, or the cardinality of the fact
table to the largest dimension table meets the requirements specified by the
value of the subsystem parameter. The values of STARJOIN and cardinality
requirements are:
-1 Star join is disabled. This is the default.
1 Star join is enabled. The one table with the largest cardinality is the fact
table. However, if there is more than one table with this cardinality, star
join is not enabled.
0 Star join is enabled if the cardinality of the fact table is at least 25 times
the cardinality of the largest dimension that is a base table that is joined
to the fact table.
n Star join is enabled if the cardinality of the fact table is at least n times
the cardinality of the largest dimension that is a base table that is joined
to the fact table, where 2≤n≤32768.
| You can set the subsystem parameter STARJOIN by using the STAR JOIN
| QUERIES field on the DSNTIP8 installation panel.
v The number of tables in the star schema query block, including the fact table,
dimensions tables, and snowflake tables, meet the requirements that are
specified by the value of subsystem parameter SJTABLES. The value of
SJTABLES is considered only if the subsystem parameter STARJOIN qualifies
the query for star join. The values of SJTABLES are:

1, 2, or 3 Star join is always considered.
4 to 255 Star join is considered if the query block has at
least the specified number of tables. If star join is
enabled, 10 is the default value.
256 and greater Star join will never be considered.
Star join, which can reduce bind time significantly, does not provide optimal
performance in all cases. Performance of star join depends on a number of
factors such as the available indexes on the fact table, the cluster ratio of the
indexes, and the selectivity of rows through local and join predicates. Follow
these general guidelines for setting the value of SJTABLES:
– If you have queries that reference less than 10 tables in a star schema
database and you want to make the star join method applicable to all qualified
queries, set the value of SJTABLES to the minimum number of tables used in
queries that you want to be considered for star join.
Example: Suppose that you query a star schema database that has one fact
table and three dimension tables. You should set SJTABLES to 4.
– If you want to use star join for relatively large queries that reference a star
schema database but are not necessarily suitable for star join, use the default.
The star join method will be considered for all qualified queries that have 10
or more tables.
– If you have queries that reference a star schema database but, in general, do
not want to use star join, consider setting SJTABLES to a higher number,
such as 15, if you want to drastically cut the bind time for large queries and
avoid a potential bind time SQL return code -101 for large qualified queries.
For recommendations on indexes for star schemas, see “Creating indexes for
efficient star join processing” on page 720.
Examples: query with three dimension tables: Suppose that you have a store
in San Jose and want information about sales of audio equipment from that store in
2000. For this example, you want to join the following tables:
v A fact table for SALES (S)
v A dimension table for TIME (T) with columns for an ID, month, quarter, and year
v A dimension table for geographic LOCATION (L) with columns for an ID, city,
region, and country
v A dimension table for PRODUCT (P) with columns for an ID, product item, class,
and inventory
You could write the following query to join the tables:

SELECT *
FROM SALES S, TIME T, PRODUCT P, LOCATION L
WHERE S.TIME = T.ID AND
S.PRODUCT = P.ID AND
S.LOCATION = L.ID AND
T.YEAR = 2000 AND
P.CLASS = ’SAN JOSE’;
You would use the following index:

CREATE INDEX XSALES_TPL ON SALES (TIME, PRODUCT, LOCATION);
You EXPLAIN output looks like Table 116 on page 764.

| Table 116. Plan table output for a star join example with TIME, PRODUCT, and LOCATION
| JOIN SORTN
| QUERYNO QBLOCKNO METHOD TNAME TYPE JOIN ACCESSTYPE
| 1 1 0 TIME S Y R
| 1 1 1 PRODUCT S Y R
| 1 1 1 LOCATION S Y R
| 1 1 1 SALES S I
|
All snowflakes are processed before the central part of the star join, as individual
query blocks, and are materialized into work files. There is a work file for each
snowflake. The EXPLAIN output identifies these work files by naming them
DSN_DIM_TBLX(nn), where nn indicates the corresponding QBLOCKNO for the
snowflake.
This next example shows the plan for a star join that contains two snowflakes.
Suppose that two new tables MANUFACTURER (M) and COUNTRY (C) are added
to the tables in the previous example to break dimension tables PRODUCT (P) and
LOCATION (L) into snowflakes:
v The PRODUCT table has a new column MID that represents the manufacturer.
v Table MANUFACTURER (M) has columns for MID and name to contain
manufacturer information.
v The LOCATION table has a new column CID that represents the country.
v Table COUNTRY (C) has columns for CID and name to contain country
information.
You could write the following query to join all the tables:
SELECT *
FROM SALES S, TIME T, PRODUCT P, MANUFACTURER M,
LOCATION L, COUNTRY C
WHERE S.TIME = T.ID AND
S.PRODUCT = P.ID AND
P.MID = M.MID AND
S.LOCATION = L.ID AND
L.CID = C.CID AND
T.YEAR = 2000 AND
M.NAME = ’some_company’;
The joined table pairs (PRODUCT, MANUFACTURER) and (LOCATION,

COUNTRY) are snowflakes. The EXPLAIN output of this query looks like Table 117.
Table 117. Plan table output for a star join example with snowflakes
JOIN SORTN
QUERYNO QBLOCKNO METHOD TNAME TYPE JOIN ACCESSTYPE
1 1 0 TIME S Y R
1 1 1 DSN_DIM_TBLX(02) S Y R
1 1 1 SALES S I
1 1 1 DSN_DIM_TBLX(03) Y T
1 2 0 PRODUCT R
1 2 1 MANUFACTURER I
1 3 0 LOCATION R
1 3 4 COUNTRY I

Table 117. Plan table output for a star join example with snowflakes (continued)
JOIN SORTN
QUERYNO QBLOCKNO METHOD TNAME TYPE JOIN ACCESSTYPE
Note: This query consists of three query blocks:
v QBLOCKNO=1: The main star join block
v QBLOCKNO=2: A snowflake (PRODUCT, MANUFACTURER) that is materialized into work file
DSN_DIM_TBLX(02)
v QBLOCKNO=3: A snowflake (LOCATION, COUNTRY) that is materialized into work file DSN_DIM_TBLX(03)
The joins in the snowflakes are processed first, and each snowflake is materialized
into a work file. Therefore, when the main star join block (QBLOCKNO=1) is
processed, it contains four tables: SALES (the fact table), TIME (a base dimension
table), and the two snowflake work files.
In this example, in the main star join block, the star join method is used for the first
three tables (as indicated by S in the JOIN TYPE column of the plan table) and the
remaining work file is joined by the nested loop join with sparse index access on
the work file (as indicated by T in the ACCESSTYPE column for
DSN_DIM_TBLX(3)).
| Dedicated virtual memory pool for star join operations

| You can create a dedicated virtual memory pool for star join operations. When the
| virtual memory pool is enabled for star joins, DB2 caches data from work files that
| are used by star join queries. A virtual memory pool dedicated to star join
| operations has the following advantages:
| v Immediate data availability. During a star join operation, work files might be
| scanned many times. If the work-file data is cached in the dedicated virtual
| memory pool, that data is immediately available for join operations.
| v Reduced buffer pool contention. Because the dedicated virtual memory pool
| caches data separately from the work-file buffer pool, contention with the buffer
| pool is reduced. Reduced contention improves performance particularly when
| sort operations are performed concurrently.
| To determine the size of the virtual memory pool, perform the following steps:
| 1. Determine the value of A. Estimate the number of star join queries that run
| concurrently.
| 2. Determine the value of B. Estimate the average number of work files that a star
| join query uses. In typical cases, with highly normalized star schemas, the
| average number is about three to six work files.
| 3. Determine the value of C. Estimate the number of work-file rows, the maximum
| length of the key, and the total of the maximum length of the relevant columns.
| Multiply these three values together to find the size of the data caching space
| for the work file, or the value of C.
| 4. Multiply (A) * (B) * (C) to determine the size of the pool in MB.
| The default virtual memory pool size is 20 MB. To set the pool size, use the
| SJMXPOOL parameter on the DSNTIP4 installation panel.
| Example: The following example shows how to determine the size of the virtual
| memory pool. Suppose that you issue the following star join query, where SALES is
| the fact table:

| SELECT C.COUNTRY, P.PRDNAME, SUM(F.SPRICE)
| FROM SALES F, TIME T, PROD P, LOC L, SCOUN C
| WHERE F.TID = T.TID AND
| F.PID = P.PID AND
| F.LID = L.LID AND
| L.CID = C.CID AND
| P.PCODE IN (4, 7, 21, 22, 53)
| GROUP BY .COUNTRY, P.PRDNAME;
| The EXPLAIN output of this query looks like Table 118.

| Table 118. EXPLAIN output for a star join query
| QBLOCKNO PLANNO TNAME METHOD JOIN_TYPE ACCESSTYPE ACCESSNAME
| 1 1 TIME 0 S R
| 1 2 PROD 1 S T
| 1 3 SALES 1 S I XSALES
| 1 4 DSN_DIM_TBLX(02) 1 T
| 1 5 3
| 2 1 LOC 0 R
| 2 2 SCOUN 4 I XSCOUN
|
| For this query, two work files can be cached in memory. These work files, PROD
| and DSN_DIM_TBLX(02), are indicated by ACCESSTYPE=T.
| To determine the size of the dedicated virtual memory pool, perform the following
| steps:
| 1. Determine the value of A. Estimate the number of star join queries that run
| concurrently.
| In this example, based on the type of operation, up to 12 star join queries are
| expected run concurrently. Therefore, A = 12.
| 2. Determine the value of B. Estimate the average number of work files that a star
| join query uses.
| In this example, the star join query uses two work files, PROD and
| DSN_DIM_TBLX(02). Therefore B = 2.
| 3. Determine the value of C. Estimate the number of work-file rows, the maximum
| length of the key, and the total of the maximum length of the relevant columns.
| Multiply these three values together to find the size of the data caching space
| for the work file, or the value of C.
| Both PROD and DSN_DIM_TBLX(02) are used to determine the value of C.
| Recommendation: Average the values for a representative sample of work
| files, and round the value up to determine an estimate for a value of C.
| v The number of work-file rows depends on the number of rows that match the
| predicate. For PROD, 87 rows are stored in the work file because 87 rows
| match the IN-list predicate. No selective predicate is used for
| DSN_DIM_TBLX(02), so the entire result of the join is stored in the work file.
| The work file for DSN_DIM_TBLX(02) holds 2800 rows.
| v The maximum length of the key depends on the data type definition of the
| table’s key column. For PID, the key column for PROD, the maximum length
| is 4. DSN_DIM_TBLX(02) is a work file that results from the join of LOC and
| SCOUN. The key column that is used in the join is LID from the LOC table.
| The maximum length of LID is 4.
| v The maximum data length depends on the maximum length of the key
| column and the maximum length of the column that is selected as part of the

| star join. Add to the maximum data length 1 byte for nullable columns, 2
| bytes for varying length columns, and 3 bytes for nullable and varying length
| columns.
| For the PROD work file, the maximum data length is the maximum length of
| PID, which is 4, plus the maximum length of PRDNAME, which is 24.
| Therefore, the maximum data length for the PROD work file is 28. For the
| DSN_DIM_TBLX(02) workfile, the maximum data length is the maximum
| length of LID, which is 4, plus the maximum length of COUNTRY, which is
| 36. Therefore, the maximum data length for the DSN_DIM_TBLX(02) work
| file is 40.
| For PROD, C = (87) * (4 + 28) = 2784 bytes. For DSN_DIM_TBLX(02), C =
| (2800) * (4 + 40) = 123200 bytes.
| The average of these two estimated values for C is approximately 62 KB.
| Because the number of rows in each work file can vary depending on the
| selection criteria in the predicate, the value of C should be rounded up to the
| nearest multiple of 100 KB. Therefore C = 100 KB.
| 4. Multiply (A) * (B) * (C) to determine the size of the pool in MB.
| The size of the pool is determined by multiplying (12) * (2) * (100KB) = 2.4 MB.
Interpreting data prefetch

Prefetch is a mechanism for reading a set of pages, usually 32, into the buffer pool
with only one asynchronous I/O operation. Prefetch can allow substantial savings in
both processor cycles and I/O costs. To achieve those savings, monitor the use of
prefetch.
A plan table can indicate the use of three kinds of prefetch:

v “Sequential prefetch (PREFETCH=S)”
| v “Dynamic prefetch (PREFETCH=D)” on page 768
v “List prefetch (PREFETCH=L)” on page 768
Additionally, you can choose not to use prefetch.
If DB2 does not choose prefetch at bind time, it can sometimes use it at execution
time nevertheless. The method is described in “Sequential detection at execution
time” on page 769.
Sequential prefetch (PREFETCH=S)

Sequential prefetch reads a sequential set of pages. The maximum number of
pages read by a request issued from your application program is determined by the
size of the buffer pool used. For each buffer pool size (4 KB, 8 KB, 16 KB, and 32
KB), Table 119 shows the number pages read by prefetch for each asynchronous
I/O.
Table 119. The number of pages read by prefetch, by buffer pool size
Pages read by prefetch (for each
Buffer pool size Number of buffers asynchronous I/O)
4 KB <=223 buffers 8 pages
224-999 buffers 16 pages
1000+ buffers 32 pages

Table 119. The number of pages read by prefetch, by buffer pool size (continued)
Pages read by prefetch (for each
Buffer pool size Number of buffers asynchronous I/O)
32 KB <=16 buffers 0 pages (prefetch disabled)
For certain utilities (LOAD, REORG, RECOVER), the prefetch quantity can be twice
as much.
When sequential prefetch is used: Sequential prefetch is generally used for a

table space scan.
For an index scan that accesses eight or more consecutive data pages, DB2
requests sequential prefetch at bind time. The index must have a cluster ratio of
80% or higher. Both data pages and index pages are prefetched.
| Dynamic prefetch (PREFETCH=D)

| Dynamic prefetch can reduce paging and improve performance over sequential
| prefetch for some data access that involves data that is not on consecutive pages.
| When DB2 expects that dynamic prefetch will be used, DB2 sets PREFETCH=D. At
| runtime, dynamic prefetch might or might not actually be used. However, DB2
| expects dynamic prefetch and optimizes for that behavior.
| When dynamic prefetch is used: Dynamic prefetch is used in prefetch situations

| when the pages that DB2 will access are distributed in a nonconsecutive manner. If
| the pages are distributed in a sufficiently consecutive manner, sequential prefetch is
| used instead.
List prefetch (PREFETCH=L)

List prefetch reads a set of data pages determined by a list of RIDs taken from an
index. The data pages need not be contiguous. The maximum number of pages
that can be retrieved in a single list prefetch is 32 (64 for utilities).
List prefetch can be used in conjunction with either single or multiple index access.
The access method

List prefetch uses the following three steps:
1. RID retrieval: A list of RIDs for needed data pages is found by matching index
scans of one or more indexes.
2. RID sort: The list of RIDs is sorted in ascending order by page number.
3. Data retrieval: The needed data pages are prefetched in order using the sorted
RID list.

List prefetch does not preserve the data ordering given by the index. Because the
RIDs are sorted in page number order before accessing the data, the data is not
retrieved in order by any column. If the data must be ordered for an ORDER BY
clause or any other reason, it requires an additional sort.
In a hybrid join, if the index is highly clustered, the page numbers might not be
sorted before accessing the data.
List prefetch can be used with most matching predicates for an index scan. IN-list
predicates are the exception; they cannot be the matching predicates when list
prefetch is used.
When list prefetch is used

List prefetch is used:
v Usually with a single index that has a cluster ratio lower than 80%
v Sometimes on indexes with a high cluster ratio, if the estimated amount of data
to be accessed is too small to make sequential prefetch efficient, but large
enough to require more than one regular read
v Always to access data by multiple index access
v Always to access data from the inner table during a hybrid join
| v Usually for updatable cursors when the index contains columns that might be
| updated.
Bind time and execution time thresholds

DB2 does not consider list prefetch if the estimated number of RIDs to be
processed would take more than 50% of the RID pool when the query is executed.
You can change the size of the RID pool in the field RID POOL SIZE on installation
| panel DSNTIPC. The maximum size of a RID pool is 10 000 MB. The maximum
| size of a single RID list is approximately 26 million RIDs. For information about
calculating RID pool size, see Part 5 (Volume 2) of DB2 Administration Guide.
During execution, DB2 ends list prefetching if more than 25% of the rows in the
table (with a minimum of 4075) must be accessed. Record IFCID 0125 in the
performance trace, mapped by macro DSNDQW01, indicates whether list prefetch
ended.
When list prefetch ends, the query continues processing by a method that depends
on the current access path.
v For access through a single index or through the union of RID lists from two
indexes, processing continues by a table space scan.
v For index access before forming an intersection of RID lists, processing
continues with the next step of multiple index access. If no step remains and no
RID list has been accumulated, processing continues by a table space scan.
When DB2 forms an intersection of RID lists, if any list has 32 or fewer RIDs,
intersection stops and the list of 32 or fewer RIDs is used to access the data.
Sequential detection at execution time

If DB2 does not choose prefetch at bind time, it can sometimes use prefetch at
execution time nevertheless. The method is called sequential detection.

When sequential detection is used
DB2 can use sequential detection for both index leaf pages and data pages. It is
most commonly used on the inner table of a nested loop join, if the data is
accessed sequentially.
If a table is accessed repeatedly using the same statement (for example, DELETE
in a do-while loop), the data or index leaf pages of the table can be accessed
sequentially. This is common in a batch processing environment. Sequential
detection can then be used if access is through:
v SELECT or FETCH statements
v UPDATE and DELETE statements
v INSERT statements when existing data pages are accessed sequentially
DB2 can use sequential detection if it did not choose sequential prefetch at bind
time because of an inaccurate estimate of the number of pages to be accessed.
Sequential detection is not used for an SQL statement that is subject to referential
constraints.
How to tell whether sequential detection was used

A plan table does not indicate sequential detection, which is not determined until
run time. You can determine whether sequential detection was used from record
IFCID 0003 in the accounting trace or record IFCID 0006 in the performance trace.
How to tell if sequential detection might be used

The pattern of accessing a page is tracked when the application scans DB2 data
through an index. Tracking is done to detect situations where the access pattern
that develops is sequential or nearly sequential.
The most recent eight pages are tracked. A page is considered page-sequential if it
is within P/2 advancing pages of the current page, where P is the prefetch quantity.
P is usually 32.
If a page is page-sequential, DB2 determines further if data access is sequential or

nearly sequential. Data access is declared sequential if more than 4 out of the last
eight pages are page-sequential; this is also true for index-only access. The
tracking is continuous, allowing access to slip into and out of data access
sequential.
When data access is first declared sequential, which is called initial data access
sequential, three page ranges are calculated as follows:
v Let A be the page being requested. RUN1 is defined as the page range of length
P/2 pages starting at A.
v Let B be page A + P/2. RUN2 is defined as the page range of length P/2 pages
starting at B.
v Let C be page B + P/2. RUN3 is defined as the page range of length P pages
starting at C.
For example, assume that page A is 10. Figure 215 on page 771 illustrates the
page ranges that DB2 calculates.

A B C
RUN1 RUN2 RUN3
Page # 10 26 42
P=32 pages 16 16 32
Figure 215. Initial page ranges to determine when to use prefetch
For initial data access sequential, prefetch is requested starting at page A for P
pages (RUN1 and RUN2). The prefetch quantity is always P pages.
For subsequent page requests where the page is 1) page sequential and 2) data
access sequential is still in effect, prefetch is requested as follows:
v If the desired page is in RUN1, no prefetch is triggered because it was already
triggered when data access sequential was first declared.
v If the desired page is in RUN2, prefetch for RUN3 is triggered and RUN2
becomes RUN1, RUN3 becomes RUN2, and RUN3 becomes the page range
starting at C+P for a length of P pages.
If a data access pattern develops such that data access sequential is no longer in
effect and, thereafter, a new pattern develops that is sequential, then initial data
access sequential is declared again and handled accordingly.
Because, at bind time, the number of pages to be accessed can only be estimated,
sequential detection acts as a safety net and is employed when the data is being
accessed sequentially.
In extreme situations, when certain buffer pool thresholds are reached, sequential
prefetch can be disabled. For a description of buffer pools and thresholds, see Part
5 (Volume 2) of DB2 Administration Guide.
Determining sort activity

DB2 can use two general types of sorts that DB2 can use when accessing data.
One is a sort of data rows; the other is a sort of row identifiers (RIDs) in a RID list.
Sorts of data
After you run EXPLAIN, DB2 sorts are indicated in PLAN_TABLE. The sorts can be
either sorts of the composite table or the new table. If a single row of PLAN_TABLE
has a ’Y’ in more than one of the sort composite columns, then one sort
accomplishes two things. (DB2 will not perform two sorts when two ’Y’s are in the
same row.) For instance, if both SORTC_ORDERBY and SORTC_UNIQ are ’Y’ in
one row of PLAN_TABLE, then a single sort puts the rows in order and removes
any duplicate rows as well.
The only reason DB2 sorts the new table is for join processing, which is indicated
by SORTN_JOIN.
Sorts for group by and order by

These sorts are indicated by SORTC_ORDERBY, and SORTC_GROUPBY in
PLAN_TABLE. If there is both a GROUP BY clause and an ORDER BY clause, and
if every item in the ORDER-BY list is in the GROUP-BY list, then only one sort is
performed, which is marked as SORTC_ORDERBY.

The performance of the sort by the GROUP BY clause is improved when the query
accesses a single table and when the GROUP BY column has no index.
Sorts to remove duplicates

This type of sort is used to process a query with SELECT DISTINCT, with a set
function such as COUNT(DISTINCT COL1), or to remove duplicates in UNION
processing. It is indicated by SORTC_UNIQ in PLAN_TABLE.
Sorts used in join processing

Before joining two tables, it is often necessary to first sort either one or both of
them. For hybrid join (METHOD 4) and nested loop join (METHOD 1), the
composite table can be sorted to make the join more efficient. For merge join
(METHOD 2), both the composite table and new table need to be sorted unless an
index is used for accessing these tables that gives the correct order already. The
sorts needed for join processing are indicated by SORTN_JOIN and SORTC_JOIN
in the PLAN_TABLE.
Sorts needed for subquery processing

When a noncorrelated IN or NOT IN subquery is present in the query, the results of
the subquery are sorted and put into a work file for later reference by the parent
query. The results of the subquery are sorted because this allows the parent query
to be more efficient when processing the IN or NOT IN predicate. Duplicates are not
needed in the work file, and are removed. Noncorrelated subqueries used with
=ANY or =ALL, or NOT=ANY or NOT=ALL also need the same type of sort as IN or
NOT IN subqueries. When a sort for a noncorrelated subquery is performed, you
see both SORTC_ORDERBY and SORTC_UNIQUE in PLAN_TABLE. This is
because DB2 removes the duplicates and performs the sort.
SORTN_GROUPBY, SORTN_ORDERBY, and SORTN_UNIQ are not currently used

by DB2.
Sorts of RIDs
To perform list prefetch, DB2 sorts RIDs into ascending page number order. This
sort is very fast and is done totally in memory. A RID sort is usually not indicated in
the PLAN_TABLE, but a RID sort normally is performed whenever list prefetch is
used. The only exception to this rule is when a hybrid join is performed and a
single, highly clustered index is used on the inner table. In this case SORTN_JOIN
is ’N’, indicating that the RID list for the inner table was not sorted.
The effect of sorts on OPEN CURSOR

The type of sort processing required by the cursor affects the amount of time it can
take for DB2 to process the OPEN CURSOR statement. This section outlines the
effect of sorts and parallelism on OPEN CURSOR.
Without parallelism:
v If no sorts are required, then OPEN CURSOR does not access any data. It is at
the first fetch that data is returned.
v If a sort is required, then the OPEN CURSOR causes the materialized result
table to be produced. Control returns to the application after the result table is
materialized. If a cursor that requires a sort is closed and reopened, the sort is
performed again.
v If there is a RID sort, but no data sort, then it is not until the first row is fetched
that the RID list is built from the index and the first data record is returned.
Subsequent fetches access the RID pool to access the next data record.

With parallelism:
v At OPEN CURSOR, parallelism is asynchronously started, regardless of whether
a sort is required. Control returns to the application immediately after the
parallelism work is started.
v If there is a RID sort, but no data sort, then parallelism is not started until the first
fetch. This works the same way as with no parallelism.
Processing for views and nested table expressions

This section describes how DB2 processes views and nested table expressions. A
nested table expression (which is called table expression in this description) is the
specification of a subquery in the FROM clause of an SQL SELECT statement. The
processing of table expressions is similar to a view. Two methods are used to
satisfy your queries that reference views or table expressions:
v “Merge”
v “Materialization” on page 774
You can determine the methods that are used by executing EXPLAIN for the
statement that contains the view or nested table expression. In addition, you can
use EXPLAIN to determine when UNION operators are used and how DB2 might
eliminate unnecessary subselects to improve the performance of a query.
Merge
The merge process is more efficient than materialization, as described in
“Performance of merge versus materialization” on page 778. In the merge process,
the statement that references the view or table expression is combined with the
fullselect that defined the view or table expression. This combination creates a
logically equivalent statement. This equivalent statement is executed against the
database.
Example: Consider the following statements, one of which defines a view, the other
of which references the view:
View-defining statement: View referencing statement:
CREATE VIEW VIEW1 (VC1,VC21,VC32) AS SELECT VC1,VC21

SELECT C1,C2,C3 FROM T1 FROM VIEW1
WHERE C1 > C3; WHERE VC1 IN (A,B,C);
The fullselect of the view-defining statement can be merged with the

view-referencing statement to yield the following logically equivalent statement:
Merged statement:
SELECT C1,C2 FROM T1

WHERE C1 > C3 AND C1 IN (A,B,C);
Example: The following statements show another example of when a view and
table expression can be merged:
SELECT * FROM V1 X
LEFT JOIN
(SELECT * FROM T2) Y ON X.C1=Y.C1
LEFT JOIN T3 Z ON X.C1=Z.C1;
Merged statement:
SELECT * FROM V1 X
LEFT JOIN
T2 ON X.C1 = T2.C1
LEFT JOIN T3 Z ON X.C1 = Z.C1;

Materialization
Views and table expressions cannot always be merged.
Example: Look at the following statements:

View defining statement: View referencing statement:
CREATE VIEW VIEW1 (VC1,VC2) AS SELECT MAX(VC1)

SELECT SUM(C1),C2 FROM T1 FROM VIEW1;
GROUP BY C2;
Column VC1 occurs as the argument of a aggregate function in the view

referencing statement. The values of VC1, as defined by the view-defining fullselect,
are the result of applying the aggregate function SUM(C1) to groups after grouping
the base table T1 by column C2. No equivalent single SQL SELECT statement can
be executed against the base table T1 to achieve the intended result. There is no
way to specify that aggregate functions should be applied successively.
Two steps of materialization

In the previous example, DB2 performs materialization of the view or table
expression, which is a two step process.
1. The fullselect that defines the view or table expression is executed against the
database, and the results are placed in a temporary copy of a result table.
2. The statement that references the view or table expression is then executed
against the temporary copy of the result table to obtain the intended result.
Whether materialization is needed depends upon the attributes of the referencing
statement, or logically equivalent referencing statement from a prior merge, and the
attributes of the fullselect that defines the view or table expression.
When views or table expressions are materialized

In general, DB2 uses materialization to satisfy a reference to a view or table
expression when there is aggregate processing (grouping, aggregate functions,
distinct), indicated by the defining fullselect, in conjunction with either aggregate
processing indicated by the statement referencing the view or table expression, or
by the view or table expression participating in a join. For views and table
expressions that are defined with UNION or UNION ALL, DB2 can often distribute
aggregate processing, joins, and qualified predicates to avoid materialization. For
more information, see “Using EXPLAIN to determine UNION activity and query
rewrite” on page 777.
Table 120 indicates some cases in which materialization occurs. DB2 can also use
materialization in statements that contain multiple outer joins, outer joins that
combine with inner joins, or merges that cause a join of greater than 15 tables.
Table 120. Cases when DB2 performs view or table expression materialization. The ″X″ indicates a case of
materialization. Notes follow the table.
View definition or table expression uses...2
Aggregate
SELECT FROM view or Aggregate function UNION
table expression uses...1 GROUP BY DISTINCT function DISTINCT UNION ALL(4)
Joins (3) X X X X X
GROUP BY X X X X X
DISTINCT X X X
Aggregate function X X X X X X

Table 120. Cases when DB2 performs view or table expression materialization (continued). The ″X″ indicates a case
of materialization. Notes follow the table.
View definition or table expression uses...2
Aggregate
SELECT FROM view or Aggregate function UNION
table expression uses...1 GROUP BY DISTINCT function DISTINCT UNION ALL(4)
Aggregate function X X X X X
DISTINCT
SELECT subset of view X X
or table expression
columns
Notes to Table 120 on page 774:

1. If the view is referenced as the target of an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE, then
view merge is used to satisfy the view reference. Only updatable views can be
the target in these statements. See Chapter 5 of DB2 SQL Reference for
information about which views are read-only (not updatable).
An SQL statement can reference a particular view multiple times where some of
the references can be merged and some must be materialized.
2. If a SELECT list contains a host variable in a table expression, then
materialization occurs. For example:
SELECT C1 FROM
(SELECT :HV1 AS C1 FROM T1) X;
If a view or nested table expression is defined to contain a user-defined
function, and if that user-defined function is defined as NOT DETERMINISTIC
or EXTERNAL ACTION, then the view or nested table expression is always
materialized.
3. Additional details about materialization with outer joins:
v If a WHERE clause exists in a view or table expression, and it does not
contain a column, materialization occurs.
Example:
SELECT X.C1 FROM
(SELECT C1 FROM T1
WHERE 1=1) X LEFT JOIN T2 Y
ON X.C1=Y.C1;
v If the outer join is a full outer join and the SELECT list of the view or nested
table expression does not contain a standalone column for the column that is
used in the outer join ON clause, then materialization occurs.
Example:
SELECT X.C1 FROM
(SELECT C1+10 AS C2 FROM T1) X FULL JOIN T2 Y
ON X.C2=Y.C2;
v If there is no column in a SELECT list of a view or nested table expression,
materialization occurs.
Example:
SELECT X.C1 FROM
(SELECT 1+2+:HV1. AS C1 FROM T1) X LEFT JOIN T2 Y
ON X.C1=Y.C1;
4. DB2 cannot avoid materialization for UNION ALL in all cases. Some of the
situations in which materialization occurs includes:

v When the view is the operand in an outer join for which nulls are used for
non-matching values, materialization occurs. This situation happens when the
view is either operand in a full outer join, the right operand in a left outer join,
or the left operand in a right outer join.
| v If the number of tables would exceed 225 after distribution, then distribution
will not occur, and the result will be materialized.
Using EXPLAIN to determine when materialization occurs

For each reference to a view or table expression that is materialized, rows
describing the access path for both steps of the materialization process appear in
the PLAN_TABLE. These rows describe the access path used to formulate the
temporary result indicated by the view’s defining fullselect, and they describe the
access to the temporary result as indicated by the referencing statement. The
defining fullselect can also refer to views or table expressions that need to be
materialized.
When DB2 chooses materialization, TNAME contains the name of the view or table
expression, and TABLE_TYPE contains a W. A value of Q in TABLE_TYPE for the
name of a view or nested table expression indicates that the materialization was
virtual and not actual. (Materialization can be virtual when the view or nested table
expression definition contains a UNION ALL that is not distributed.) When DB2
chooses merge, EXPLAIN data for the merged statement appears in PLAN_TABLE;
only the names of the base tables on which the view or table expression is defined
appear.
Example: Consider the following statements, which define a view and reference the
view:
View defining statement:
CREATE VIEW V1DIS (SALARY, WORKDEPT) as

(SELECT DISTINCT SALARY, WORKDEPT FROM DSN8810.EMP)
View referencing statement:
SELECT * FROM DSN8810.DEPT

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT WORKDEPT FROM V1DIS)
Table 121 shows a subset of columns in a plan table for the query.
Table 121. Plan table output for an example with view materialization
QBLOCK_ TABLE_
QBLOCKNO PLANNO TYPE TNAME TYPE METHOD
1 1 SELECT DEPT T 0
2 1 NOCOSUB V1DIS W 0
2 2 NOCOSUB ? 3
3 1 NOCOSUB EMP T 0
3 2 NOCOSUB ? 3
Notice how TNAME contains the name of the view and TABLE_TYPE contains W to
indicate that DB2 chooses materialization for the reference to the view because of
the use of SELECT DISTINCT in the view definition.
Example: Consider the following statements, which define a view and reference the
view:

View defining statement:
CREATE VIEW V1NODIS (SALARY, WORKDEPT) as

(SELECT SALARY, WORKDEPT FROM DSN8810.EMP)
View referencing statement:
SELECT * FROM DSN8810.DEPT

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT WORKDEPT FROM V1NODIS)
If the VIEW was defined without DISTINCT, DB2 would choose merge instead of
materialization. In the sample output, the name of the view does not appear in the
plan table, but the table name on which the view is based does appear.
Table 122 shows a sample plan table for the query.

Table 122. Plan table output for an example with view merge
QBLOCK_ TABLE_
QBLOCKNO PLANNO TYPE TNAME TYPE METHOD
1 1 SELECT DEPT T 0
2 1 NOCOSUB EMP T 0
2 2 NOCOSUB ? 3
For an example of when a view definition contains a UNION ALL and DB2 can
distribute joins and aggregations and avoid materialization, see “Using EXPLAIN to
determine UNION activity and query rewrite.” When DB2 avoids materialization in
such cases, TABLE_TYPE contains a Q to indicate that DB2 uses an intermediate
result that is not materialized, and TNAME shows the name of this intermediate
result as DSNWFQB(xx), where xx is the number of the query block that produced
the result.
Using EXPLAIN to determine UNION activity and query rewrite

For each reference to a view or table expression that is defined with UNION or
UNION ALL operators, DB2 tries to rewrite the query into a logically equivalent
statement with improved performance by:
v Distributing qualified predicates, joins, and aggregations across the subselects of
UNION ALL. Such distribution helps to avoid materialization. No distribution is
performed for UNION.
v Eliminating unnecessary subselects of the view or table expression. For DB2 to
eliminate subselects, the referencing query and the view or table definition must
have predicates that are based on common columns.
The QBLOCK_TYPE column in the plan table indicates union activity. For a UNION
ALL, the column contains ’UNIONA’. For UNION, the column contains ’UNION’.
When QBLOCK_TYPE=’UNION’, the METHOD column on the same row is set to 3
and the SORTC_UNIQ column is set to ’Y’ to indicate that a sort is necessary to
remove duplicates. As with other views and table expressions, the plan table also
shows when DB2 uses materialization instead of merge.
Example: Consider the following statements, which define a view, reference the
view, and show how DB2 rewrites the referencing statement:
View defining statement: View is created on three tables that contain weekly data
CREATE VIEW V1 (CUSTNO, CHARGES, DATE) as

SELECT CUSTNO, CHARGES, DATE

FROM WEEK1
WHERE DATE BETWEEN ’01/01/2000’ And ’01/07/2000’
UNION ALL
FROM WEEK2
WHERE DATE BETWEEN ’01/08/2000’ And ’01/14/2000’
UNION ALL
FROM WEEK3
WHERE DATE BETWEEN ’01/15/2000’ And ’01/21/2000’;
View referencing statement: For each customer in California, find the average
charges during the first and third Friday of January 2000
SELECT V1.CUSTNO, AVG(V1.CHARGES)

FROM CUST, V1
WHERE CUST.CUSTNO=V1.CUSTNO
AND CUST.STATE=’CA’
AND DATE IN (’01/07/2000’,’01/21/2000’)
GROUP BY V1.CUSTNO;
Rewritten statement (assuming that CHARGES is defined as NOT NULL):
SELECT CUSTNO_U, SUM(SUM_U)/SUM(CNT_U)

FROM
( SELECT WEEK1.CUSTNO, SUM(CHARGES), COUNT(CHARGES)
FROM CUST, WEEK1
Where CUST.CUSTNO=WEEK1.CUSTNO AND CUST.STATE=’CA’
AND DATE BETWEEN ’01/01/2000’ And ’01/07/2000’
AND DATE IN (’01/07/2000’,’01/21/2000’)
GROUP BY WEEK1.CUSTNO
UNION ALL
SELECT WEEK3.CUSNTO, SUM(CHARGES), COUNT(CHARGES)
FROM CUST,WEEK3
WHERE CUST.CUSTNO=WEEK3 AND CUST.STATE=’CA’
AND DATE BETWEEN ’01/15/2000’ And ’01/21/2000’
AND DATE IN (’01/07/2000’,’01/21/2000’)
GROUP BY WEEK3.CUSTNO
) AS X(CUSTNO_U,SUM_U,CNT_U)
GROUP BY CUSNTO_U;
Table 123 shows a subset of columns in a plan table for the query.
Table 123. Plan table output for an example with a view with UNION ALLs
QBLOCK_ PARENT_
QBLOCKNO PLANNO TNAME TABLE_TYPE METHOD TYPE QBLOCK
1 1 DSNWFQB(02) Q 0 0
1 2 ? 3 0
2 1 ? 0 UNIONA 1
3 1 CUST T 0 2
3 2 WEEK1 T 1 2
4 1 CUST T 0 2
4 2 WEEK3 T 2 2
Notice how DB2 eliminates the second subselect of the view definition from the
rewritten query and how the plan table indicates this removal by showing a UNION
ALL for only the first and third subselect in the view definition. The Q in the
TABLE_TYPE column indicates that DB2 does not materialize the view.
Performance of merge versus materialization

Merge performs better than materialization. For materialization, DB2 uses a table
space scan to access the materialized temporary result. DB2 materializes a view or
table expression only if it cannot merge.
Materialization is a two-step process with the first step resulting in the formation of
a temporary result. The smaller the temporary result, the more efficient is the
second step. To reduce the size of the temporary result, DB2 attempts to evaluate
certain predicates from the WHERE clause of the referencing statement at the first
step of the process rather than at the second step. Only certain types of predicates
qualify. First, the predicate must be a simple Boolean term predicate. Second, it
must have one of the forms shown in Table 124.
Table 124. Predicate candidates for first-step evaluation
Predicate Example
COL op literal V1.C1 > hv1
COL IS (NOT) NULL V1.C1 IS NOT NULL
COL (NOT) BETWEEN literal AND literal V1.C1 BETWEEN 1 AND 10
COL (NOT) LIKE constant (ESCAPE constant) V1.C2 LIKE ’p\%%’ ESCAPE ’\’
| COL IN (list) VI.C2 IN (a,b,c)
Note: Where ″op″ is =, <>, >, <, <=, or >=, and literal is either a host variable, constant, or
special register. The literals in the BETWEEN predicate need not be identical.
Implied predicates generated through predicate transitive closure are also

considered for first step evaluation.
Estimating a statement’s cost

You can use EXPLAIN to populate a statement table,
owner.DSN_STATEMNT_TABLE, at the same time as your PLAN_TABLE is being
populated. DB2 provides cost estimates, in service units and in milliseconds, for
SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements, both static and dynamic.
The estimates do not take into account several factors, including cost adjustments
that are caused by parallel processing, or the use of triggers or user-defined
functions.
Use the information provided in the statement table to:

v Help you determine if a statement is not going to perform within range of your
service-level agreements and to tune accordingly.
DB2 puts its cost estimate into one of two cost categories: category A or category
B. Estimates that go into cost category A are the ones for which DB2 has
adequate information to make an estimate. That estimate is not likely to be 100%
accurate, but is likely to be more accurate than any estimate that is in cost
category B.
DB2 puts estimates into cost category B when it is forced to use default values
for its estimates, such as when no statistics are available, or because host
variables are used in a query. See the description of the REASON column in
Table 125 on page 780 for more information about how DB2 determines into
which cost category an estimate goes.
v Give a system programmer a basis for entering service-unit values by which to
govern dynamic statements.
Information about using predictive governing is in Part 5 (Volume 2) of DB2
This section describes the following tasks to obtain and use cost estimate
information from EXPLAIN:
1. “Creating a statement table” on page 780
2. “Populating and maintaining a statement table” on page 782

3. “Retrieving rows from a statement table” on page 782
4. “Understanding the implications of cost categories” on page 782
For more information about how to change applications to handle the SQLCODES
that are associated with predictive governing, see “Writing an application to handle
predictive governing” on page 544.
Creating a statement table

To collect information about the estimated cost of a statement, create a table called
DSN_STATEMNT_TABLE to hold the results of EXPLAIN. A copy of the statements
that are needed to create the table are in the DB2 sample library, under the
member name DSNTESC.
Figure 216 shows the current format of a statement table.
CREATE TABLE DSN_STATEMNT_TABLE

( QUERYNO INTEGER NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,
APPLNAME CHAR(8) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,
| PROGNAME VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,
| COLLID VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,
GROUP_MEMBER CHAR(8) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,
EXPLAIN_TIME TIMESTAMP NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,
STMT_TYPE CHAR(6) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,
COST_CATEGORY CHAR(1) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,
PROCMS INTEGER NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,
PROCSU INTEGER NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,
REASON VARCHAR(254) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
| STMT_ENCODE CHAR(1) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT);
Figure 216. Current format of DSN_STATEMNT_TABLE
| Your statement table can use an older format in which the STMT_ENCODE column
| does not exist, PROGNAME has a data type of CHAR(8), and COLLID has a data
| type of CHAR(18). However, use the most current format because it gives you the
| most information. You can alter a statement table in the older format to a statement
| table in the current format.
Table 125 shows the content of each column.

Table 125. Descriptions of columns in DSN_STATEMNT_TABLE
QUERYNO A number that identifies the statement being explained. See the description of the
QUERYNO column in Table 99 on page 730 for more information. If QUERYNO is not
unique, the value of EXPLAIN_TIME is unique.
APPLNAME The name of the application plan for the row, or blank. See the description of the
APPLNAME column in Table 99 on page 730 for more information.
PROGNAME The name of the program or package containing the statement being explained, or
blank. See the description of the PROGNAME column in Table 99 on page 730 for
more information.
| COLLID The collection ID for the package. Applies only to an embedded EXPLAIN statement
| executed from a package or to a statement that is explained when binding a package.
| Blank if not applicable. The value DSNDYNAMICSQLCACHE indicates that the row is
| for a cached statement.
GROUP_MEMBER The member name of the DB2 that executed EXPLAIN, or blank. See the description
of the GROUP_MEMBER column in Table 99 on page 730 for more information.

Table 125. Descriptions of columns in DSN_STATEMNT_TABLE (continued)
EXPLAIN_TIME The time at which the statement is processed. This time is the same as the
BIND_TIME column in PLAN_TABLE.
STMT_TYPE The type of statement being explained. Possible values are:
SELECT SELECT
INSERT INSERT
UPDATE UPDATE
DELETE DELETE
SELUPD SELECT with FOR UPDATE OF
DELCUR DELETE WHERE CURRENT OF CURSOR
UPDCUR UPDATE WHERE CURRENT OF CURSOR
COST_CATEGORY Indicates if DB2 was forced to use default values when making its estimates. Possible
values:
A Indicates that DB2 had enough information to make a cost estimate without
using default values.
B Indicates that some condition exists for which DB2 was forced to use default
values. See the values in REASON to determine why DB2 was unable to put
this estimate in cost category A.
PROCMS The estimated processor cost, in milliseconds, for the SQL statement. The estimate is
rounded up to the next integer value. The maximum value for this cost is 2147483647
milliseconds, which is equivalent to approximately 24.8 days. If the estimated value
exceeds this maximum, the maximum value is reported.
PROCSU The estimated processor cost, in service units, for the SQL statement. The estimate is
rounded up to the next integer value. The maximum value for this cost is 2147483647
service units. If the estimated value exceeds this maximum, the maximum value is
reported.
REASON A string that indicates the reasons for putting an estimate into cost category B.
HAVING CLAUSE A subselect in the SQL statement contains a
HAVING clause.
HOST VARIABLES The statement uses host variables, parameter
markers, or special registers.
REFERENTIAL CONSTRAINTS Referential constraints of the type CASCADE or
SET NULL exist on the target table of a DELETE
statement.
TABLE CARDINALITY The cardinality statistics are missing for one or
more of the tables that are used in the statement.
| Or, the statement required the materialization of
| views or nested table expressions.
TRIGGERS Triggers are defined on the target table of an
INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement.
UDF The statement uses user-defined functions.
| STMT_ENCODE Encoding scheme of the statement. If the statement repesents a single CCSID set, the
| possible values are:
| A ASCII
| E EBCDIC
| U Unicode
| If the statement has multiple CCSID sets, the value is M.

Populating and maintaining a statement table
You populate a statement table at the same time as you populate the corresponding
plan table. For more information, see “Populating and maintaining a plan table” on
page 735.
Just as with the plan table, DB2 just adds rows to the statement table; it does not
automatically delete rows. INSERT triggers are not activated unless you insert rows
yourself using and SQL INSERT statement.
To clear the table of obsolete rows, use DELETE, just as you would for deleting
rows from any table. You can also use DROP TABLE to drop a statement table
completely.
Retrieving rows from a statement table

To retrieve all rows in a statement table, you can use a query like the following
statement, which retrieves all rows about the statement that is represented by query
number 13:
SELECT * FROM JOE.DSN_STATEMNT_TABLE
WHERE QUERYNO = 13;
The QUERYNO, APPLNAME, PROGNAME, COLLID, and EXPLAIN_TIME columns

contain the same values as corresponding columns of PLAN_TABLE for a given
plan. You can use these columns to join the plan table and statement table:
SELECT A.*, PROCMS, COST_CATEGORY
FROM JOE.PLAN_TABLE A, JOE.DSN_STATEMNT_TABLE B
WHERE A.APPLNAME = ’APPL1’ AND
A.APPLNAME = B.APPLNAME AND
A.PROGNAME = B.PROGNAME AND
A.COLLID = B.COLLID AND
A.BIND_TIME = B.EXPLAIN_TIME
ORDER BY A.QUERYNO, A.QBLOCKNO, A.PLANNO, A.MIXOPSEQ;
Understanding the implications of cost categories

Cost categories are DB2’s way of differentiating estimates for which adequate
information is available from those for which it is not. You probably wouldn’t want to
spend a lot of time tuning a query based on estimates that are returned in cost
category B, because the actual cost could be radically different based on such
things as what value is in a host variable, or how many levels of nested triggers
and user-defined functions exist.
Similarly, if system administrators use these estimates as input into the resource
limit specification table for governing (either predictive or reactive), they probably
would want to give much greater latitude for statements in cost category B than for
those in cost category A.
Because of the uncertainty involved, category B statements are also good

candidates for reactive governing.
What goes into cost category B? DB2 puts a statement’s estimate into cost
category B when any of the following conditions exist:
v The statement has UDFs.
v Triggers are defined for the target table:
– The statement is INSERT, and insert triggers are defined on the target table.

– The statement is UPDATE, and update triggers are defined on the target
table.
– The statement is DELETE, and delete triggers are defined on the target table.
v The target table of a delete statement has referential constraints defined on it as
the parent table, and the delete rules are either CASCADE or SET NULL.
v The WHERE clause predicate has one of the following forms:
– COL op literal, and the literal is a host variable, parameter marker, or special
register. The operator can be >, >=, <, <=, LIKE, or NOT LIKE.
– COL BETWEEN literal AND literal where either literal is a host variable,
parameter marker, or special register.
– LIKE with an escape clause that contains a host variable.
v The cardinality statistics are missing for one or more tables that are used in the
statement.
v A subselect in the SQL statement contains a HAVING clause.
What goes into cost category A? DB2 puts everything that doesn’t fall into
category B into category A.

Chapter 28. Parallel operations and query performance
When DB2 plans to access data from a table or index in a partitioned table space, it
can initiate multiple parallel operations. The response time for data or
processor-intensive queries can be significantly reduced.
Query I/O parallelism manages concurrent I/O requests for a single query, fetching
pages into the buffer pool in parallel. This processing can significantly improve the
performance of I/O-bound queries. I/O parallelism is used only when one of the
other parallelism modes cannot be used.
Query CP parallelism enables true multi-tasking within a query. A large query can
be broken into multiple smaller queries. These smaller queries run simultaneously
on multiple processors accessing data in parallel. This reduces the elapsed time for
a query.
To expand even farther the processing capacity available for processor-intensive

queries, DB2 can split a large query across different DB2 members in a data
sharing group. This is known as Sysplex query parallelism. For more information
about Sysplex query parallelism, see Chapter 6 of DB2 Data Sharing: Planning and
Administration.
DB2 can use parallel operations for processing:

v Static and dynamic queries
v Local and remote data access
v Queries using single table scans and multi-table joins
v Access through an index, by table space scan or by list prefetch
v Sort operations
Parallel operations usually involve at least one table in a partitioned table space.
Scans of large partitioned table spaces have the greatest performance
improvements where both I/O and central processor (CP) operations can be carried
out in parallel.
Parallelism for partitioned and nonpartitioned table spaces: Both partitioned

and nonpartitioned table spaces can take advantage of query parallelism.
Parallelism is now enabled to include non-clustering indexes. Thus, table access
can be run in parallel when the application is bound with DEGREE (ANY) and the
table is accessed through a non-clustering index.
This chapter contains the following topics:

v “Comparing the methods of parallelism”
v “Enabling parallel processing” on page 788
v “When parallelism is not used” on page 789
v “Interpreting EXPLAIN output” on page 790
v “Tuning parallel processing” on page 792
v “Disabling query parallelism” on page 793
Comparing the methods of parallelism

The figures in this section show how the parallel methods compare with sequential
prefetch and with each other. All three techniques assume access to a table space
with three partitions, P1, P2, and P3. The notations P1, P2, and P3 are partitions of
a table space. R1, R2, R3, and so on, are requests for sequential prefetch. The
combination P2R1, for example, means the first request from partition 2.
Figure 217 shows sequential processing. With sequential processing, DB2 takes
the 3 partitions in order, completing partition 1 before starting to process partition 2,
and completing 2 before starting 3. Sequential prefetch allows overlap of CP
processing with I/O operations, but I/O operations do not overlap with each other. In
the example in Figure 217, a prefetch request takes longer than the time to process
it. The processor is frequently waiting for I/O.
CP
processing: … …
P1R1 P1R2 P1R3 P2R1 P2R2 P2R3 P3R1
I/O:
P1R1 P1R2 P1R3
… P2R1 P2R2 P2R3
… P3R1 P3R2
Time line
Figure 217. CP and I/O processing techniques. Sequential processing.
Figure 218 shows parallel I/O operations. With parallel I/O, DB2 prefetches data
from the 3 partitions at one time. The processor processes the first request from
each partition, then the second request from each partition, and so on. The
processor is not waiting for I/O, but there is still only one processing task.
CP processing: …
P1R1 P2R1 P3R1 P1R2 P2R2 P3R2 P1R3
I/O:
P1 R1 R2 R3
P2 R1 R2 R3
P3 R1 R2 R3
Time line
Figure 218. CP and I/O processing techniques. Parallel I/O processing.
Figure 219 on page 787 shows parallel CP processing. With CP parallelism, DB2
can use multiple parallel tasks to process the query. Three tasks working
concurrently can greatly reduce the overall elapsed time for data-intensive and
processor-intensive queries. The same principle applies for Sysplex query
parallelism, except that the work can cross the boundaries of a single CPC.

CP task 1: …
P1R1 P1R2 P1R3
I/O:
P1R2 P1R3
…
P1R1
CP task 2:
P2R1 P2R2 P2R3
…
I/O:
P2R1 P2R2 P2R3
…
CP task 3:
P3R1 P3R2 P3R3
…
I/O:
P3R1 P3R2 P3R3
…
Time line
Figure 219. CP and I/O processing techniques. Query processing using CP parallelism. The
tasks can be contained within a single CPC or can be spread out among the members of a
data sharing group.
Queries that are most likely to take advantage of parallel operations: Queries
that can take advantage of parallel processing are:
v Those in which DB2 spends most of the time fetching pages—an I/O-intensive
query
A typical I/O-intensive query is something like the following query, assuming that
a table space scan is used on many pages:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ACCOUNTS
WHERE BALANCE > 0 AND
DAYS_OVERDUE > 30;
v Those in which DB2 spends a lot of processor time and also, perhaps, I/O time,
to process rows. Those include:
– Queries with intensive data scans and high selectivity. Those queries involve
large volumes of data to be scanned but relatively few rows that meet the
search criteria.
– Queries containing aggregate functions. Column functions (such as MIN,
MAX, SUM, AVG, and COUNT) usually involve large amounts of data to be
scanned but return only a single aggregate result.
– Queries accessing long data rows. Those queries access tables with long
data rows, and the ratio of rows per page is very low (one row per page, for
example).
– Queries requiring large amounts of central processor time. Those queries
might be read-only queries that are complex, data-intensive, or that involve a
sort.
A typical processor-intensive query is something like:
SELECT MAX(QTY_ON_HAND) AS MAX_ON_HAND,
AVG(PRICE) AS AVG_PRICE,
AVG(DISCOUNTED_PRICE) AS DISC_PRICE,
SUM(TAX) AS SUM_TAX,
SUM(QTY_SOLD) AS SUM_QTY_SOLD,
SUM(QTY_ON_HAND - QTY_BROKEN) AS QTY_GOOD,
AVG(DISCOUNT) AS AVG_DISCOUNT,
ORDERSTATUS,
COUNT(*) AS COUNT_ORDERS
FROM ORDER_TABLE
Chapter 28. Parallel operations and query performance 787

WHERE SHIPPER = ’OVERNIGHT’ AND
SHIP_DATE < DATE(’1996-01-01’)
GROUP BY ORDERSTATUS
ORDER BY ORDERSTATUS;
Terminology: When the term task is used with information about parallel
processing, the context should be considered. For parallel query CP processing or
Sysplex query parallelism, a task is an actual z/OS execution unit used to process a
query. For parallel I/O processing, a task simply refers to the processing of one of
the concurrent I/O streams.
A parallel group is the term used to name a particular set of parallel operations
(parallel tasks or parallel I/O operations). A query can have more than one parallel
group, but each parallel group within the query is identified by its own unique ID
number.
The degree of parallelism is the number of parallel tasks or I/O operations that
| DB2 determines can be used for the operations on the parallel group. The
| maximum of parallel operations that DB2 can generate is 254. However, for most
| queries and DB2 environments, DB2 chooses a lover number. You might need to
| limit the maximum number further because more parallel operations consume
| processor, real storage, and I/O resources. If resource consumption in high in your
| parallelism environment, use the MAX DEGREE field on installation panel DSNTIP4
| to explicitly limit the maximum number of parallel operations that DB2 generates, as
| explain in “Enabling parallel processing.”
Enabling parallel processing

Queries can only take advantage of parallelism if you enable parallel processing.
Use the following actions to enable parallel processing:
v For static SQL, specify DEGREE(ANY) on BIND or REBIND. This bind option
affects static SQL only and does not enable parallelism for dynamic statements.
v For dynamic SQL, set the CURRENT DEGREE special register to 'ANY'. Setting
the special register affects dynamic statements only. It will have no effect on your
static SQL statements. You should also make sure that parallelism is not disabled
for your plan, package, or authorization ID in the RLST. You can set the special
register with the following SQL statement:
SET CURRENT DEGREE=’ANY’;
You can also change the special register default from 1 to ANY for the entire DB2
subsystem by modifying the CURRENT DEGREE field on installation panel
DSNTIP4.
v If you bind with isolation CS, choose also the option CURRENTDATA(NO), if
possible. This option can improve performance in general, but it also ensures
that DB2 will consider parallelism for ambiguous cursors. If you bind with
CURRENDATA(YES) and DB2 cannot tell if the cursor is read-only, DB2 does not
consider parallelism. When a cursor is read-only, it is recommended that you
specify the FOR FETCH ONLY or FOR READ ONLY clause on the DECLARE
CURSOR statement to explicitly indicate that the cursor is read-only.
v The virtual buffer pool parallel sequential threshold (VPPSEQT) value must be
large enough to provide adequate buffer pool space for parallel processing. For a
description of buffer pools and thresholds, see Part 5 (Volume 2) of DB2
If you enable parallel processing when DB2 estimates a given query’s I/O and
central processor cost is high, multiple parallel tasks can be activated if DB2
estimates that elapsed time can be reduced by doing so.
| Recommendation: For parallel sorts, allocate sufficient work files to maintain
| performance.
Special requirements for CP parallelism: DB2 must be running on a central

processor complex that contains two or more tightly coupled processors (sometimes
called central processors, or CPs). If only one CP is online when the query is
bound, DB2 considers only parallel I/O operations.
DB2 also considers only parallel I/O operations if you declare a cursor WITH HOLD
and bind with isolation RR or RS. For more restrictions on parallelism, see
Table 126.
For complex queries, run the query in parallel within a member of a data sharing
group. With Sysplex query parallelism, use the power of the data sharing group to
process individual complex queries on many members of the data sharing group.
For more information about how you can use the power of the data sharing group
to run complex queries, see Chapter 6 of DB2 Data Sharing: Planning and
Administration.
Limiting the degree of parallelism: If you want to limit the maximum number of
parallel tasks that DB2 generates, you can use the MAX DEGREE field on
installation panel DSNTIP4. Changing MAX DEGREE, however, is not the way to
turn parallelism off. You use the DEGREE bind parameter or CURRENT DEGREE
special register to turn parallelism off.
When parallelism is not used

Parallelism is not used for all queries; for some access paths, it doesn’t make
sense to incur parallelism overhead. For example, if you are selecting from a
temporary table, parallelism is not used. Check Table 126 to determine whether
your query uses any of the access paths that do not allow parallelism.
Table 126. Checklist of parallel modes and query restrictions
Is parallelism allowed?
If query uses this... I/O CP Sysplex Comments
Access via RID list (list Yes Yes No Indicated by an “L” in the PREFETCH column of
prefetch and multiple index PLAN_TABLE, or an M, MX, MI, or MQ in the
access) ACCESSTYPE column of PLAN_TABLE.
Queries that return LOB Yes Yes No
values
| Merge scan join on more Yes Yes Yes
| than one column
Queries that qualify for No No No Indicated by D in the PRIMARY_ACCESS_TYPE column
direct row access of PLAN_TABLE
Materialized views or No No No
materialized nested table
expressions at reference
time
EXISTS within WHERE No No No
predicate
| Security label column on Yes Yes No
| table

DB2 avoids certain hybrid joins when parallelism is enabled: To ensure that
you can take advantage of parallelism, DB2 does not pick one type of hybrid join
(SORTN_JOIN=Y) when the plan or package is bound with CURRENT
DEGREE=ANY or if the CURRENT DEGREE special register is set to ’ANY’.
Interpreting EXPLAIN output

To understand how DB2 plans to use parallelism, examine your PLAN_TABLE
output. (Details on all columns in PLAN_TABLE are described in Table 99 on page
730.) This section describes a method for examining PLAN_TABLE columns for
parallelism and gives several examples.
A method for examining PLAN_TABLE columns for parallelism

The steps for interpreting the output for parallelism are as follows:
1. Determine if DB2 plans to use parallelism:
For each query block (QBLOCKNO) in a query (QUERYNO), a non-null value in
ACCESS_DEGREE or JOIN_DEGREE indicates that some degree of
parallelism is planned.
2. Identify the parallel groups in the query:
All steps (PLANNO) with the same value for ACCESS_PGROUP_ID,
JOIN_PGROUP_ID, SORTN_PGROUP_ID, or SORTC_PGROUP_ID indicate
that a set of operations are in the same parallel group. Usually, the set of
operations involves various types of join methods and sort operations. Parallel
group IDs can appear in the same row of PLAN_TABLE output, or in different
rows, depending on the operation being performed. The examples in
“PLAN_TABLE examples showing parallelism” help clarify this concept.
3. Identify the parallelism mode:
The column PARALLELISM_MODE tells you the kind of parallelism that is
planned: I for query I/O, C for query CP, and X for Sysplex query. Within a
query block, you cannot have a mixture of “I” and “C” parallel modes. However,
a statement that uses more than one query block, such as a UNION, can have
“I” for one query block and “C” for another. You can have a mixture of “C” and
“X” modes in a query block, but not in the same parallel group.
If the statement was bound while this DB2 is a member of a data sharing group,
the PARALLELISM_MODE column can contain “X” even if only this one DB2
member is active. This lets DB2 take advantage of extra processing power that
might be available at execution time. If other members are not available at
execution time, then DB2 runs the query within the single DB2 member.
PLAN_TABLE examples showing parallelism

For these examples, the other values would not change whether the
PARALLELISM_MODE is I, C, or X.
v Example 1: single table access
Assume that DB2 decides at bind time to initiate three concurrent requests to
retrieve data from table T1. Part of PLAN_TABLE appears as shown in Table 127
on page 791. If DB2 decides not to use parallel operations for a step,
ACCESS_DEGREE and ACCESS_PGROUP_ID contain null values.

Table 127. Part of PLAN_TABLE for single table access
ACCESS_ JOIN_ SORTC_ SORTN_
ACCESS_ PGROUP_ JOIN_ PGROUP_ PGROUP_ PGROUP_
TNAME METHOD DEGREE ID DEGREE ID ID ID
T1 0 3 1 (null) (null) (null) (null)
v Example 2: nested loop join

Consider a query that results in a series of nested loop joins for three tables, T1,
T2 and T3. T1 is the outermost table, and T3 is the innermost table. DB2 decides
at bind time to initiate three concurrent requests to retrieve data from each of the
| three tables. Each request accesses part of T1 and all of T2 and T3. For the
| nested loop join method with sort, all the retrievals are in the same parallel group
| except for star join with ACCESSTYPE=T (sparse index). Part of PLAN_TABLE
appears as shown in Table 128:
Table 128. Part of PLAN_TABLE for a nested loop join
T2 1 3 1 3 1 (null) (null)
T3 1 3 1 3 1 (null) (null)
v Example 3: merge scan join

Consider a query that causes a merge scan join between two tables, T1 and T2.
DB2 decides at bind time to initiate three concurrent requests for T1 and six
concurrent requests for T2. The scan and sort of T1 occurs in one parallel group.
The scan and sort of T2 occurs in another parallel group. Furthermore, the
merging phase can potentially be done in parallel. Here, a third parallel group is
used to initiate three concurrent requests on each intermediate sorted table. Part
of PLAN_TABLE appears as shown in Table 129:
Table 129. Part of PLAN_TABLE for a merge scan join
T1 0 3 d (null) (null) d (null)
T2 2 6 2 3 3 d d
| In a multi-table join, DB2 might also execute the sort for a composite that
| involves more than one table in a parallel task. DB2 uses a cost basis model to
| determine whether to use parallel sort in all cases. When DB2 decides to use
| parallel sort, SORTC_PGROUP_ID and SORTN_PGROUP_ID indicate the
| parallel group identifier. Consider a query that joins three tables, T1, T2, and T3,
| and uses a merge scan join between T1 and T2, and then between the
| composite and T3. If DB2 decides, based on the cost model, that all sorts in this
| query are to be performed in parallel, part of PLAN_TABLE appears as shown in
| Table 130 on page 792:

| Table 130. Part of PLAN_TABLE for a multi-table, merge scan join
| ACCESS_ JOIN_ SORTC_ SORTN_
| ACCESS_ PGROUP_ JOIN_ PGROUP_ PGROUP_ PGROUP_
| TNAME METHOD DEGREE ID DEGREE ID ID ID
| T1 0 3 1 (null) (null) (null) (null)
| T2 2 6 2 6 3 1 2
| T3 2 6 4 6 5 3 4
|
| v Example 4: hybrid join
Consider a query that results in a hybrid join between two tables, T1 and T2.
Furthermore, T1 needs to be sorted; as a result, in PLAN_TABLE the T2 row has
SORTC_JOIN=Y. DB2 decides at bind time to initiate three concurrent requests
for T1 and six concurrent requests for T2. Parallel operations are used for a join
through a clustered index of T2.
Because T2’s RIDs can be retrieved by initiating concurrent requests on the
clustered index, the joining phase is a parallel step. The retrieval of T2’s RIDs
and T2’s rows are in the same parallel group. Part of PLAN_TABLE appears as
shown in Table 131:
Table 131. Part of PLAN_TABLE for a hybrid join
T2 4 6 2 6 2 1 (null)
Tuning parallel processing

Much of the information in this section applies also to Sysplex query parallelism.
See Chapter 6 of DB2 Data Sharing: Planning and Administration for more
information.
A parallel group can run at a parallel degree less than that shown in the
PLAN_TABLE output. The following factors can cause a reduced degree of
parallelism:
v Buffer pool availability
v Logical contention.
Consider a nested loop join. The inner table could be in a partitioned or
nonpartitioned table space, but DB2 is more likely to use a parallel join operation
when the outer table is partitioned.
v Physical contention
v Run-time host variables
A host variable can determine the qualifying partitions of a table for a given
query. In such cases, DB2 defers the determination of the planned degree of
parallelism until run time, when the host variable value is known.
v Updatable cursor
At run time, DB2 might determine that an ambiguous cursor is updatable.
v A change in the configuration of online processors
If fewer processors are online at run time, DB2 might need to reformulate the
parallel degree.

Locking considerations for repeatable read applications: For CP parallelism,
locks are obtained independently by each task. Be aware that this situation can
possibly increase the total number of locks taken for applications that:
v Use an isolation level of repeatable read
v Use CP parallelism
v Repeatedly access the table space using a lock mode of IS without issuing
COMMITs
Recommendation: As is recommended for all repeatable-read applications, issue

frequent COMMITs to release the lock resources that are held. Repeatable read or
read stability isolation cannot be used with Sysplex query parallelism.
Disabling query parallelism

To disable parallel operations, do any of the following actions:
v For static SQL, rebind to change the option DEGREE(ANY) to DEGREE(1). You
can do this by using the DB2I panels, the DSN subcommands, or the DSNH
CLIST. The default is DEGREE(1).
v For dynamic SQL, execute the following SQL statement:
SET CURRENT DEGREE = ’1’;
The default value for CURRENT DEGREE is 1 unless your installation has
changed the default for the CURRENT DEGREE special register.
You can use system controls to disable parallelism, as well. These are described in
Part 5 (Volume 2) of DB2 Administration Guide.

Chapter 29. Programming for the Interactive System
Productivity Facility (ISPF)
The Interactive System Productivity Facility (ISPF) helps you to construct and
execute dialogs. DB2 includes a sample application that illustrates how to use ISPF
through the call attachment facility (CAF). Instructions for compiling, printing, and
using the application are in Part 2 of DB2 Installation Guide. This chapter describes
how to structure applications for use with ISPF.
The following sections discuss scenarios for interaction among your program, DB2,
and ISPF. Each has advantages and disadvantages in terms of efficiency, ease of
coding, ease of maintenance, and overall flexibility.
Using ISPF and the DSN command processor

There are some restrictions on how you make and break connections to DB2 in any
structure. If you use the PGM option of ISPF SELECT, ISPF passes control to your
load module by the LINK macro; if you use CMD, ISPF passes control by the
ATTACH macro.
The DSN command processor (see “DSN command processor” on page 485)
permits only single task control block (TCB) connections. Take care not to change
the TCB after the first SQL statement. ISPF SELECT services change the TCB if
you started DSN under ISPF, so you cannot use these to pass control from load
module to load module. Instead, use LINK, XCTL, or LOAD.
Figure 220 on page 796 shows the task control blocks that result from attaching the
DSN command processor below TSO or ISPF.
If you are in ISPF and running under DSN, you can perform an ISPLINK to another
program, which calls a CLIST. In turn, the CLIST uses DSN and another
application. Each such use of DSN creates a separate unit of recovery (process or
transaction) in DB2.
All such initiated DSN work units are unrelated, with regard to isolation (locking)
and recovery (commit). It is possible to deadlock with yourself; that is, one unit
(DSN) can request a serialized resource (a data page, for example) that another
unit (DSN) holds incompatibly.
A COMMIT in one program applies only to that process. There is no facility for
coordinating the processes.

Figure 220. DSN task structure

1. The RUN command with the CP option causes DSN to attach your program and
create a new TCB.
2. The RUN command without the CP option causes DSN to link to your program.
Invoking a single SQL program through ISPF and DSN

With this structure, the user of your application first invokes ISPF, which displays
the data and selection panels. When the user selects the program on the selection
panel, ISPF calls a CLIST that runs the program. A corresponding CLIST might
contain:
DSN
RUN PROGRAM(MYPROG) PLAN(MYPLAN)
END
The application has one large load module and one plan.
Disadvantages: For large programs of this type, you want a more modular design,
making the plan more flexible and easier to maintain. If you have one large plan,
you must rebind the entire plan whenever you change a module that includes SQL
statements. 1 You cannot pass control to another load module that makes SQL calls
by using ISPLINK; rather, you must use LINK, XCTL, or LOAD and BALR.
1. To achieve a more modular construction when all parts of the program use SQL, consider using packages. See Chapter 17,
“Planning for DB2 program preparation,” on page 363.

If you want to use ISPLINK, then call ISPF to run under DSN:
DSN
RUN PROGRAM(ISPF) PLAN(MYPLAN)
END
You then need to leave ISPF before you can start your application.
Furthermore, the entire program is dependent on DB2; if DB2 is not running, no

part of the program can begin or continue to run.
Invoking multiple SQL programs through ISPF and DSN

You can break a large application into several different functions, each
communicating through a common pool of shared variables controlled by ISPF. You
might write some functions as separately compiled and loaded programs, others as
EXECs or CLISTs. You can start any of those programs or functions through the
ISPF SELECT service, and you can start that from a program, a CLIST, or an ISPF
selection panel.
When you use the ISPF SELECT service, you can specify whether ISPF should
create a new ISPF variable pool before calling the function. You can also break a
large application into several independent parts, each with its own ISPF variable
pool.
You can call different parts of the program in different ways. For example, you can
use the PGM option of ISPF SELECT:
PGM(program-name) PARM(parameters)
Alternatively, you can use the CMD option:

CMD(command)
For a part that accesses DB2, the command can name a CLIST that starts DSN:
DSN
RUN PROGRAM(PART1) PLAN(PLAN1) PARM(input from panel)
END
Breaking the application into separate modules makes it more flexible and easier to
maintain. Furthermore, some of the application might be independent of DB2;
portions of the application that do not call DB2 can run, even if DB2 is not running.
A stopped DB2 database does not interfere with parts of the program that refer only
to other databases.
Disadvantages: The modular application, on the whole, has to do more work. It

calls several CLISTs, and each one must be located, loaded, parsed, interpreted,
and executed. It also makes and breaks connections to DB2 more often than the
single load module. As a result, you might lose some efficiency.
Invoking multiple SQL programs through ISPF and CAF

You can use the call attachment facility (CAF) to call DB2; for details, see
Chapter 30, “Programming for the call attachment facility (CAF),” on page 799. The
ISPF/CAF sample connection manager programs (DSN8SPM and DSN8SCM) take
advantage of the ISPLINK SELECT services, letting each routine make its own
connection to DB2 and establish its own thread and plan.
Chapter 29. Programming for the Interactive System Productivity Facility (ISPF) 797
With the same modular structure as in the previous example, using CAF is likely to
provide greater efficiency by reducing the number of CLISTs. This does not mean,
however, that any DB2 function executes more quickly.
Disadvantages: Compared to the modular structure using DSN, the structure using
CAF is likely to require a more complex program, which in turn might require
assembler language subroutines. For more information, see Chapter 30,
“Programming for the call attachment facility (CAF),” on page 799.

Chapter 30. Programming for the call attachment facility (CAF)
An attachment facility is a part of the DB2 code that allows other programs to
connect to and use DB2 to process SQL statements, commands, or instrumentation
facility interface (IFI) calls. With the call attachment facility (CAF), your application
program can establish and control its own connection to DB2. Programs that run in
z/OS batch, TSO foreground, and TSO background can use CAF.
It is also possible for IMS batch applications to access DB2 databases through
CAF, though that method does not coordinate the commitment of work between the
IMS and DB2 systems. We highly recommend that you use the DB2 DL/I batch
support for IMS batch applications.
CICS application programs must use the CICS attachment facility; IMS application
programs, the IMS attachment facility. Programs running in TSO foreground or TSO
background can use either the DSN command processor or CAF; each has
advantages and disadvantages.
Prerequisite knowledge: Analysts and programmers who consider using CAF must
be familiar with z/OS concepts and facilities in the following areas:
v The CALL macro and standard module linkage conventions
v Program addressing and residency options (AMODE and RMODE)
v Creating and controlling tasks; multitasking
v Functional recovery facilities such as ESTAE, ESTAI, and FRRs
v Asynchronous events and TSO attention exits (STAX)
v Synchronization techniques such as WAIT/POST.
Call attachment facility capabilities and restrictions

To decide whether to use the call attachment facility, consider the capabilities and
restrictions described on the pages that follow.
Capabilities when using CAF

A program using CAF can:
v Access DB2 from z/OS address spaces where TSO, IMS, or CICS do not exist.
v Access DB2 from multiple z/OS tasks in an address space.
v Access the DB2 IFI.
v Run when DB2 is down (though it cannot run SQL when DB2 is down).
v Run with or without the TSO terminal monitor program (TMP).
v Run without being a subtask of the DSN command processor (or of any DB2
code).
v Run above or below the 16-MB line. (The CAF code resides below the line.)
v Establish an explicit connection to DB2, through a CALL interface, with control
over the exact state of the connection.
v Establish an implicit connection to DB2, by using SQL statements or IFI calls
without first calling CAF, with a default plan name and subsystem identifier.
v Verify that your application is using the correct release of DB2.
v Supply event control blocks (ECBs), for DB2 to post, that signal startup or
termination.
v Intercept return codes, reason codes, and abend codes from DB2 and translate
them into messages as desired.

Task capabilities
Any task in an address space can establish a connection to DB2 through CAF.
There can be only one connection for each task control block (TCB). A DB2 service
request issued by a program running under a given task is associated with that
task’s connection to DB2. The service request operates independently of any DB2
activity under any other task.
Each connected task can run a plan. Multiple tasks in a single address space can
specify the same plan, but each instance of a plan runs independently from the
others. A task can terminate its plan and run a different plan without fully breaking
its connection to DB2.
CAF does not generate task structures, nor does it provide attention processing
exits or functional recovery routines. You can provide whatever attention handling
and functional recovery your application needs, but you must use ESTAE/ESTAI
type recovery routines and not Enabled Unlocked Task (EUT) FRR routines.
Using multiple simultaneous connections can increase the possibility of deadlocks

and DB2 resource contention. Your application design must consider that possibility.
Programming language
You can write CAF applications in assembler language, C, COBOL, Fortran, and
PL/I. When choosing a language to code your application in, consider these
restrictions:
v If you need to use z/OS macros (ATTACH, WAIT, POST, and so on), you must
choose a programming language that supports them or else embed them in
modules written in assembler language.
v The CAF TRANSLATE function is not available from Fortran. To use the function,
code it in a routine written in another language, and then call that routine from
Fortran.
You can find a sample assembler program (DSN8CA) and a sample COBOL
program (DSN8CC) that use the call attachment facility in library prefix.SDSNSAMP.
A PL/I application (DSN8SPM) calls DSN8CA, and a COBOL application
(DSN8SCM) calls DSN8CC. For more information about the sample applications
and on accessing the source code, see Appendix B, “Sample applications,” on page
915.
Tracing facility
A tracing facility provides diagnostic messages that aid in debugging programs and
diagnosing errors in the CAF code. In particular, attempts to use CAF incorrectly
cause error messages in the trace stream.
Program preparation
Preparing your application program to run in CAF is similar to preparing it to run in
other environments, such as CICS, IMS, and TSO. You can prepare a CAF
application either in the batch environment or by using the DB2 program
preparation process. You can use the program preparation system either through
DB2I or through the DSNH CLIST. For examples and guidance in program
preparation, see Chapter 21, “Preparing an application program to run,” on page
453.
CAF requirements
When you write programs that use CAF, be aware of the following characteristics.

Program size
The CAF code requires about 16 KB of virtual storage per address space and an
additional 10 KB for each TCB using CAF.
Use of LOAD
CAF uses z/OS SVC LOAD to load two modules as part of the initialization
following your first service request. Both modules are loaded into fetch-protected
storage that has the job-step protection key. If your local environment intercepts and
replaces the LOAD SVC, you must ensure that your version of LOAD manages the
load list element (LLE) and contents directory entry (CDE) chains like the standard
z/OS LOAD macro.
Using CAF in IMS batch

If you use CAF from IMS batch, you must write data to only one system in any one
unit of work. If you write to both systems within the same unit, a system failure can
leave the two databases inconsistent with no possibility of automatic recovery. To
end a unit of work in DB2, execute the SQL COMMIT statement; to end one in IMS,
issue the SYNCPOINT command.
Run environment
Applications requesting DB2 services must adhere to several run environment
characteristics. Those characteristics must be in effect regardless of the attachment
facility you use. They are not unique to CAF.
v The application must be running in TCB mode. SRB mode is not supported.
v An application task cannot have any EUT FRRs active when requesting DB2
services. If an EUT FRR is active, the DB2 functional recovery can fail, and your
application can receive some unpredictable abends.
v Different attachment facilities cannot be active concurrently within the same
address space. Therefore:
– An application must not use CAF in an CICS or IMS address space.
– An application that runs in an address space that has a CAF connection to
DB2 cannot connect to DB2 using RRSAF.
– An application that runs in an address space that has an RRSAF connection
to DB2 cannot connect to DB2 using CAF.
– An application cannot invoke the z/OS AXSET macro after executing the CAF
CONNECT call and before executing the CAF DISCONNECT call.
v One attachment facility cannot start another. This means that your CAF
application cannot use DSN, and a DSN RUN subcommand cannot call your
CAF application.
v The language interface module for CAF, DSNALI, is shipped with the linkage
attributes AMODE(31) and RMODE(ANY). If your applications load CAF below
the 16-MB line, you must link-edit DSNALI again.
Running DSN applications under CAF

Although doing so is not recommended, you can run existing DSN applications with
CAF merely by allowing them to make implicit connections to DB2. For DB2 to
make an implicit connection successfully, the plan name for the application must be
the same as the member name of the database request module (DBRM) that DB2
produced when you precompiled the source program that contains the first SQL
call. You must also substitute the DSNALI language interface module for the TSO
language interface module, DSNELI.
Running DSN applications with CAF is not advantageous, and the loss of DSN
services can affect how well your program runs. In general, running DSN
Chapter 30. Programming for the call attachment facility (CAF) 801
applications with CAF is not recommended unless you provide an application
controller to manage the DSN application and replace any needed DSN functions.
Even then, you could have to change the application to communicate connection
failures to the controller correctly.
How to use CAF

To use CAF, you must first make available a load module known as the call
attachment language interface, or DSNALI. For considerations for loading or
link-editing this module, see “Accessing the CAF language interface” on page 805.
When the language interface is available, your program can make use of the CAF
in two ways:
v Implicitly, by including SQL statements or IFI calls in your program just as you
would in any program. The CAF facility establishes the connections to DB2 using
default values for the pertinent parameters described under “Implicit connections”
on page 804.
v Explicitly, by writing CALL DSNALI statements, providing the appropriate options.
For the general form of the statements, see “CAF function descriptions” on page
807.
The first element of each option list is a function, which describes the action that
you want CAF to take. For the available values of function and an approximation of
their effects, see “Summary of connection functions” on page 804. The effect of any
function depends in part on what functions the program has already run. Before
using any function, be sure to read the description of its usage. Also read
“Summary of CAF behavior” on page 819, which describes the influence of previous
functions.
You might structure a CAF configuration like the one that is illustrated in Figure 221
on page 803. The application contains statements to load DSNALI, DSNHLI2, and
DSNWLI2. The application accesses DB2 by using the CAF Language Interface. It
calls DSNALI to handle CAF requests, DSNWLI to handle IFI calls, and DSNHLI to
handle SQL calls.

Figure 221. Sample call attachment facility configuration
The remainder of this chapter discusses:

v “Summary of connection functions” on page 804
v “Sample scenarios” on page 820
v “Exit routines from your application” on page 821
v “Error messages and dsntrace” on page 822
v “Program examples” on page 823.
Summary of connection functions

You can use the following functions with CALL DSNALI:
CONNECT
Establishes the task (TCB) as a user of the named DB2 subsystem. When the
first task within an address space issues a connection request, the address
space is also initialized as a user of DB2. See “CONNECT: Syntax and usage”
on page 809.
OPEN
Allocates a DB2 plan. You must allocate a plan before DB2 can process SQL
statements. If you did not request the CONNECT function, OPEN implicitly
establishes the task, and optionally the address space, as a user of DB2. See
“OPEN: Syntax and usage” on page 813.
CLOSE
Optionally commits or abends any database changes and deallocates the plan.
If OPEN implicitly requests the CONNECT function, CLOSE removes the task,
and possibly the address space, as a user of DB2. See “CLOSE: Syntax and
usage” on page 815.
DISCONNECT
Removes the task as a user of DB2 and, if this is the last or only task in the
address space with a DB2 connection, terminates the address space
connection to DB2. See “DISCONNECT: Syntax and usage” on page 816.
TRANSLATE
Returns an SQLCODE and printable text in the SQLCA that describes a DB2
hexadecimal error reason code. See “TRANSLATE: Syntax and usage” on page
818. You cannot call the TRANSLATE function from the Fortran language.
Implicit connections
If you do not explicitly specify executable SQL statements in a CALL DSNALI
statement of your CAF application, CAF initiates implicit CONNECT and OPEN
requests to DB2. Although CAF performs these connection requests using the
following default values, the requests are subject to the same DB2 return codes and
reason codes as explicitly specified requests.
Implicit connections use the following defaults:

Subsystem name
The default name specified in the module DSNHDECP. CAF uses the
installation default DSNHDECP, unless your own DSNHDECP is in a library in a
STEPLIB of JOBLIB concatenation, or in the link list. In a data sharing group,
the default subsystem name is the group attachment name.
Plan name
The member name of the database request module (DBRM) that DB2 produced
when you precompiled the source program that contains the first SQL call. If
your program can make its first SQL call from different modules with different
DBRMs, you cannot use a default plan name; you must use an explicit call
using the OPEN function.
If your application includes both SQL and IFI calls, you must issue at least one
SQL call before you issue any IFI calls. This ensures that your application uses
the correct plan.

Different types of implicit connections exist. The simplest is for application to run
neither CONNECT nor OPEN. You can also use CONNECT only or OPEN only.
Each of these implicitly connects your application to DB2. To terminate an implicit
connection, you must use the proper calls. See Table 139 on page 819 for details.
Your application program must successfully connect, either implicitly or explicitly, to

DB2 before it can execute any SQL calls to the CAF DSNHLI entry point. Therefore,
the application program must first determine the success or failure of all implicit
connection requests.
For implicit connection requests, register 15 contains the return code, and register 0
contains the reason code. The return code and reason code are also in the
message text for SQLCODE -991. The application program should examine the
return and reason codes immediately after the first executable SQL statement within
the application program. Two ways to do this are to:
v Examine registers 0 and 15 directly.
v Examine the SQLCA, and if the SQLCODE is -991, obtain the return and reason
code from the message text. The return code is the first token, and the reason
code is the second token.
If the implicit connection was successful, the application can examine the
SQLCODE for the first, and subsequent, SQL statements.
Accessing the CAF language interface

Part of the call attachment facility is a DB2 load module, DSNALI, known as the call
attachment facility language interface. DSNALI has the alias names DSNHLI2 and
DSNWLI2. The module has five entry points: DSNALI, DSNHLI, DSNHLI2,
DSNWLI, and DSNWLI2:
v Entry point DSNALI handles explicit DB2 connection service requests.
v DSNHLI and DSNHLI2 handle SQL calls (use DSNHLI if your application
program link-edits CAF; use DSNHLI2 if your application program loads CAF).
v DSNWLI and DSNWLI2 handle IFI calls (use DSNWLI if your application program
link-edits CAF; use DSNWLI2 if your application program loads CAF).
You can access the DSNALI module by either explicitly issuing LOAD requests
when your program runs, or by including the module in your load module when you
link-edit your program. There are advantages and disadvantages to each approach.
Explicit load of DSNALI

To load DSNALI, issue z/OS LOAD service requests for entry points DSNALI and
DSNHLI2. If you use IFI services, you must also load DSNWLI2. The entry point
addresses that LOAD returns are saved for later use with the CALL macro.
By explicitly loading the DSNALI module, you beneficially isolate the maintenance of
your application from future IBM maintenance to the language interface. If the
language interface changes, the change will probably not affect your load module.
You must indicate to DB2 which entry point to use. You can do this in one of two
ways:
v Specify the precompiler option ATTACH(CAF).
This causes DB2 to generate calls that specify entry point DSNHLI2. You cannot
use this option if your application is written in Fortran.
v Code a dummy entry point named DSNHLI within your load module.
If you do not specify the precompiler option ATTACH, the DB2 precompiler
generates calls to entry point DSNHLI for each SQL request. The precompiler
does not know and is independent of the different DB2 attachment facilities.
When the calls generated by the DB2 precompiler pass control to DSNHLI, your
code corresponding to the dummy entry point must preserve the option list
passed in R1 and call DSNHLI2 specifying the same option list. For a coding
example of a dummy DSNHLI entry point, see “Using dummy entry point
DSNHLI” on page 828.
Link-editing DSNALI
You can include the CAF language interface module DSNALI in your load module
during a link-edit step. The module must be in a load module library, which is
included either in the SYSLIB concatenation or another INCLUDE library defined in
the linkage editor JCL. Because all language interface modules contain an entry
point declaration for DSNHLI, the linkage editor JCL must contain an INCLUDE
linkage editor control statement for DSNALI; for example, INCLUDE
DB2LIB(DSNALI). By coding these options, you avoid inadvertently picking up the
wrong language interface module.
If you do not need explicit calls to DSNALI for CAF functions, including DSNALI in
your load module has some advantages. When you include DSNALI during the
link-edit, you need not code the previously described dummy DSNHLI entry point in
your program or specify the precompiler option ATTACH. Module DSNALI contains
an entry point for DSNHLI, which is identical to DSNHLI2, and an entry point
DSNWLI, which is identical to DSNWLI2.
A disadvantage to link-editing DSNALI into your load module is that any IBM
maintenance to DSNALI requires a new link-edit of your load module.
General properties of CAF connections

Some of the basic properties of the connection the call attachment facility makes
with DB2 are:
v Connection name: DB2CALL. You can use the DISPLAY THREAD command to
list CAF applications having the connection name DB2CALL.
v Connection type: BATCH. BATCH connections use a single phase commit
process coordinated by DB2. Application programs can also use the SQL
COMMIT and ROLLBACK statements.
v Authorization IDs: DB2 establishes authorization identifiers for each task’s
connection when it processes the connection for each task. For the BATCH
connection type, DB2 creates a list of authorization IDs based on the
authorization ID associated with the address space and the list is the same for
every task. A location can provide a DB2 connection authorization exit routine to
change the list of IDs. For information about authorization IDs and the connection
authorization exit routine, see Appendix B (Volume 2) of DB2 Administration
Guide.
v Scope: The CAF processes connections as if each task is entirely isolated.
When a task requests a function, the CAF passes the functions to DB2, unaware
of the connection status of other tasks in the address space. However, the
application program and the DB2 subsystem are aware of the connection status
of multiple tasks in an address space.
Task termination
If a connected task terminates normally before the CLOSE function deallocates the
plan, DB2 commits any database changes that the thread made since the last

commit point. If a connected task abends before the CLOSE function deallocates
the plan, DB2 rolls back any database changes since the last commit point.
In either case, DB2 deallocates the plan, if necessary, and terminates the task’s
connection before it allows the task to terminate.
DB2 abend
If DB2 abends while an application is running, the application is rolled back to the
last commit point. If DB2 terminates while processing a commit request, DB2 either
commits or rolls back any changes at the next restart. The action taken depends on
the state of the commit request when DB2 terminates.
CAF function descriptions

To code CAF functions in C, COBOL, Fortran, or PL/I, follow the individual
language’s rules for making calls to assembler routines. Specify the return code and
reason code parameters in the parameter list for each CAF call.
A description of the call attach register and parameter list conventions for assembler
language follow. Following it, the syntax description of specific functions describe
the parameters for those particular functions.
Register conventions
If you do not specify the return code and reason code parameters in your CAF
calls, CAF puts a return code in register 15 and a reason code in register 0. CAF
also supports high-level languages that cannot interrogate individual registers. See
Figure 222 on page 808 and the discussion following it for more information. The
contents of registers 2 through 14 are preserved across calls. You must conform to
the standard calling conventions listed in Table 132:
Table 132. Standard usage of registers R1 and R13-R15
Register Usage
R1 Parameter list pointer (for details, see “Call DSNALI parameter list”)
R13 Address of caller’s save area
R14 Caller’s return address
R15 CAF entry point address
Call DSNALI parameter list

Use a standard z/OS CALL parameter list. Register 1 points to a list of fullword
addresses that point to the actual parameters. The last address must contain a 1 in
the high-order bit. Figure 222 on page 808 shows a sample parameter list structure
for the CONNECT function.
When you code CALL DSNALI statements, you must specify all parameters that
come before the return code parameter. You cannot omit any of those parameters
by coding zeros or blanks. There are no defaults for those parameters for explicit
connection service requests. Defaults are provided only for implicit connections.
All parameters starting with the return code parameter are optional.
For all languages except assembler language, code zero for a parameter in the
CALL DSNALI statement when you want to use the default value for that parameter
but specify subsequent parameters. For example, suppose you are coding a
CONNECT call in a COBOL program. You want to specify all parameters except the
return code parameter. Write the call in this way:
CALL ’DSNALI’ USING FUNCTN SSID TECB SECB RIBPTR
BY CONTENT ZERO BY REFERENCE REASCODE SRDURA EIBPTR.
For an assembler language call, code a comma for a parameter in the CALL
DSNALI statement when you want to use the default value for that parameter but
specify subsequent parameters. For example, code a CONNECT call like this to
specify all optional parameters except the return code parameter:
CALL DSNALI,(FUNCTN,SSID,TERMECB,STARTECB,RIBPTR,,REASCODE,SRDURA,EIBPTR,GROUPOVERRIDE)
Figure 222. The parameter list for a CONNECT call
Figure 222 illustrates how you can use the indicator end of parameter list to control
the return codes and reason code fields following a CAF CONNECT call. Each of
the six illustrated termination points applies to all CAF parameter lists:
1. Terminates the parameter list without specifying the parameters retcode,
reascode, and srdura, and places the return code in register 15 and the reason
code in register 0.
Terminating at this point ensures compatibility with CAF programs that require a
return code in register 15 and a reason code in register 0.
2. Terminates the parameter list after the parameter retcode, and places the return
code in the parameter list and the reason code in register 0.
Terminating at this point permits the application program to take action, based
on the return code, without further examination of the associated reason code.
3. Terminates the parameter list after the parameter reascode, and places the
return code and the reason code in the parameter list.

Terminating at this point provides support to high-level languages that are
unable to examine the contents of individual registers.
If you code your CAF application in assembler language, you can specify the
reason code parameter and omit the return code parameter. To do this, specify
a comma as a place-holder for the omitted return code parameter.
4. Terminates the parameter list after the parameter srdura.
If you code your CAF application in assembler language, you can specify this
parameter and omit the retcode and reascode parameters. To do this, specify
commas as place-holders for the omitted parameters.
5. Terminates the parameter list after the parameter eibptr.
parameter and omit the retcode, reascode, or srdura parameters. To do this,
specify commas as place-holders for the omitted parameters.
6. Terminates the parameter list after the parameter groupoverride.
parameter and omit the retcode, reascode, srdura, or eibptr parameters. To do
this, specify commas as place-holders for the omitted parameters.
Even if you specify that the return code be placed in the parameter list, it is also
placed in register 15 to accommodate high-level languages that support special
return code processing.
CONNECT: Syntax and usage

CONNECT initializes a connection to DB2. You should not confuse the CONNECT
function of the call attachment facility with the DB2 CONNECT statement that
accesses a remote location within DB2.
“DSNALI CONNECT function” shows the syntax for the CONNECT function.
DSNALI CONNECT function
CALL DSNALI ( function, ssnm, termecb, startecb, ribptr
)
,retcode
,reascode
,srdura
,eibptr
,groupoverride
Parameters point to the following areas:

function
A 12-byte area containing CONNECT followed by five blanks.
ssnm
A 4-byte DB2 subsystem name or group attachment name (if used in a data
sharing group) to which the connection is made.
If you specify the group attachment name, the program connects to the DB2 on
the z/OS system on which the program is running. When you specify a group
attachment name and a startup ECB, DB2 ignores the startup ECB. If you need
to use a startup ECB, specify a subsystem name, rather than a group
attachment name. That subsystem name must be different from the group
attachment name.
If your ssnm is less than four characters long, pad it on the right with blanks to
a length of four characters.
termecb
The application’s event control block (ECB) for DB2 termination. DB2 posts this
ECB when the operator enters the STOP DB2 command or when DB2 is
abnormally terminating. It indicates the type of termination by a POST code, as
shown in Table 133:
Table 133. POST codes and related termination types
POST code Termination type
8 QUIESCE
12 FORCE
16 ABTERM
Before you check termecb in your CAF application program, first check the
return code and reason code from the CONNECT call to ensure that the call
completed successfully. See “Checking return codes and reason codes” on
page 826 for more information.
startecb
The application’s startup ECB. If DB2 has not yet started when the application
issues the call, DB2 posts the ECB when it successfully completes its startup
processing. DB2 posts at most one startup ECB per address space. The ECB is
the one associated with the most recent CONNECT call from that address
space. Your application program must examine any nonzero CAF/DB2 reason
codes before issuing a WAIT on this ECB.
If ssnm is a group attachment name, the first DB2 subsystem that starts on the
local z/OS system and matches the specified group attachment name posts the
ECB.
ribptr
A 4-byte area in which CAF places the address of the release information block
(RIB) after the call. You can determine what release level of DB2 you are
currently running by examining field RIBREL. You can determine the
modification level within the release level by examining fields RIBCNUMB and
RIBCINFO. If the value in RIBCNUMB is greater than zero, check RIBCINFO
for modification levels.
If the RIB is not available (for example, if you name a subsystem that does not
exist), DB2 sets the 4-byte area to zeros.
The area to which ribptr points is below the 16-MB line.
Your program does not have to use the release information block, but it cannot
omit the ribptr parameter.
Macro DSNDRIB maps the release information block (RIB). It can be found in
prefix.SDSNMACS(DSNDRIB).
retcode
A 4-byte area in which CAF places the return code.
This field is optional. If not specified, CAF places the return code in register 15
and the reason code in register 0.

reascode
A 4-byte area in which CAF places a reason code. If not specified, CAF places
the reason code in register 0.
This field is optional. If specified, you must also specify retcode.
srdura
A 10-byte area containing the string ’SRDURA(CD)’. This field is optional. If it is
provided, the value in the CURRENT DEGREE special register stays in effect
from CONNECT until DISCONNECT. If it is not provided, the value in the
CURRENT DEGREE special register stays in effect from OPEN until CLOSE. If
you specify this parameter in any language except assembler, you must also
specify the return code and reason code parameters. In assembler language,
you can omit the return code and reason code parameters by specifying
commas as place-holders.
eibptr
A 4-byte area in which CAF puts the address of the environment information
block (EIB). The EIB contains information that you can use if you are
connecting to a DB2 subsystem that is part of a data sharing group. For
example, you can determine the name of the data sharing group and member
to which you are connecting. If the DB2 subsystem that you connect to is not
part of a data sharing group, then the fields in the EIB that are related to data
sharing are blank. If the EIB is not available (for example, if you name a
subsystem that does not exist), DB2 sets the 4-byte area to zeros.
The area to which eibptr points is below the 16-MB line.
You can omit this parameter when you make a CONNECT call.
If you specify this parameter in any language except assembler, you must also
specify the return code, reason code, and srdura parameters. In assembler
language, you can omit the return code, reason code, and srdura parameters
by specifying commas as place-holders.
Macro DSNDEIB maps the EIB. It can be found in
prefix.SDSNMACS(DSNDEIB).
groupoverride
An 8-byte area that the application provides. This field is optional. If this field is
provided, it contains the string ’NOGROUP’. This string indicates that the
subsystem name that is specified by ssnm is to be used as a DB2 subsystem
name, even if ssnm matches a group attachment name. If groupoverride is not
provided, ssnm is used as the group attachment name if it matches a group
attachment name. If you specify this parameter in any language except
assembler, you must also specify the return code, reason code, srdura, and
eibptr parameters. In assembler language, you can omit the return code, reason
code, srdura, and eibptr parameters by specifying commas as place-holders.
Usage: CONNECT establishes the caller’s task as a user of DB2 services. If no

other task in the address space currently holds a connection with the subsystem
named by ssnm, CONNECT also initializes the address space for communication to
the DB2 address spaces. CONNECT establishes the address space’s cross
memory authorization to DB2 and builds address space control blocks.
In a data sharing environment, use the groupoverride parameter on a CONNECT

call when you want to connect to a specific member of a data sharing group, and
the subsystem name of that member is the same as the group attachment name. In
general, using the groupoverride parameter is not desirable because it limits the
ability to do dynamic workload routing in a Parallel Sysplex.
Using a CONNECT call is optional. The first request from a task, either OPEN, or
an SQL or IFI call, causes CAF to issue an implicit CONNECT request. If a task is
connected implicitly, the connection to DB2 is terminated either when you execute
CLOSE or when the task terminates.
Establishing task and address space level connections is essentially an initialization

function and involves significant overhead. If you use CONNECT to establish a task
connection explicitly, it terminates when you use DISCONNECT or when the task
terminates. The explicit connection minimizes the overhead by ensuring that the
connection to DB2 remains after CLOSE deallocates a plan.
You can run CONNECT from any or all tasks in the address space, but the address
space level is initialized only once when the first task connects.
If a task does not issue an explicit CONNECT or OPEN, the implicit connection
from the first SQL or IFI call specifies a default DB2 subsystem name. A systems
programmer or administrator determines the default subsystem name when
installing DB2. Be certain that you know what the default name is and that it names
the specific DB2 subsystem you want to use.
Practically speaking, you must not mix explicit CONNECT and OPEN requests with
implicitly established connections in the same address space. Either explicitly
specify which DB2 subsystem you want to use or allow all requests to use the
default subsystem.
Use CONNECT when:

v You need to specify a particular (non-default) subsystem name (ssnm).
v You need the value of the CURRENT DEGREE special register to last as long as
the connection (srdura).
v You need to monitor the DB2 startup ECB (startecb), the DB2 termination ECB
(termecb), or the DB2 release level.
v Multiple tasks in the address space will be opening and closing plans.
v A single task in the address space will be opening and closing plans more than
once.
The other parameters of CONNECT enable the caller to learn:

v That the operator has issued a STOP DB2 command. When this happens, DB2
posts the termination ECB, termecb. Your application can either wait on or just
look at the ECB.
v That DB2 is abnormally terminating. When this happens, DB2 posts the
termination ECB, termecb.
v That DB2 is available again (after a connection attempt that failed because DB2
was down). Wait on or look at the startup ECB, startecb. DB2 ignores this ECB if
it was active at the time of the CONNECT request, or if the CONNECT request
was to a group attachment name.
v The current release level of DB2. Access the RIBREL field in the release
information block (RIB).
Do not issue CONNECT requests from a TCB that already has an active DB2
connection. (See “Summary of CAF behavior” on page 819 and “Error messages
and dsntrace” on page 822 for more information about CAF errors.)
Table 134 on page 813 shows a CONNECT call in each language.

Table 134. Examples of CAF CONNECT calls
Language Call example
Assembler CALL
DSNALI,(FUNCTN,SSID,TERMECB,STARTECB,RIBPTR,RETCODE,REASCODE,SRDURA,
EIBPTR, GRPOVER)
C fnret=dsnali(&functn[0],&ssid[0], &tecb, &secb,&ribptr,&retcode, &reascode, &srdura[0], &eibptr,
&grpover[0]);
COBOL CALL ’DSNALI’ USING FUNCTN SSID TERMECB STARTECB RIBPTR RETCODE REASCODE
SRDURA EIBPTR GRPOVER.
Fortran CALL
DSNALI(FUNCTN,SSID,TERMECB,STARTECB,RIBPTR,RETCODE,REASCODE,SRDURA,
EIBPTR,GRPOVER)
PL/I CALL
DSNALI(FUNCTN,SSID,TERMECB,STARTECB,RIBPTR,RETCODE,REASCODE,SRDURA,
EIBPTR,GRPOVER);
Note: DSNALI is an assembler language program; therefore, the following compiler directives must be included in
your C and PL/I applications:
C #pragma linkage(dsnali, OS)
C++
extern "OS" {
int DSNALI(
char * functn,
...); }
PL/I DCL DSNALI ENTRY OPTIONS(ASM,INTER,RETCODE);
OPEN: Syntax and usage

OPEN allocates resources to run the specified plan. Optionally, OPEN requests a
DB2 connection for the issuing task.
“DSNALI OPEN function” shows the syntax for the OPEN function.
DSNALI OPEN function
CALL DSNALI ( function, ssnm, plan
)
, retcode
, reascode
, groupoverride

function
A 12-byte area containing the word OPEN followed by eight blanks.
ssnm
sharing group). Optionally, OPEN establishes a connection from ssnm to the
named DB2 subsystem. If your ssnm is less than four characters long, pad it on
the right with blanks to a length of four characters.
plan
An 8-byte DB2 plan name.
retcode
reascode
groupoverride
assembler, you must also specify the return code and reason code parameters.
In assembler language, you can omit the return code and reason code
parameters by specifying commas as place-holders.
Usage: OPEN allocates DB2 resources needed to run the plan or issue IFI
requests. If the requesting task does not already have a connection to the named
DB2 subsystem, then OPEN establishes it.
OPEN allocates the plan to the DB2 subsystem named in ssnm. The ssnm
parameter, like the others, is required, even if the task issues a CONNECT call. If a
task issues CONNECT followed by OPEN, then the subsystem names for both calls
must be the same.
In a data sharing environment, use the groupoverride parameter on an OPEN call

when you want to connect to a specific member of a data sharing group, and the
subsystem name of that member is the same as the group attachment name. In
The use of OPEN is optional. If you do not use OPEN, the action of OPEN occurs
on the first SQL or IFI call from the task, using the defaults listed under “Implicit
connections” on page 804.
Do not use OPEN if the task already has a plan allocated.
Table 135 shows an OPEN call in each language.

Table 135. Examples of CAF OPEN calls
Assembler CALL DSNALI,(FUNCTN,SSID,PLANNAME, RETCODE,REASCODE,GRPOVER)
C fnret=dsnali(&functn[0],&ssid[0], &planname[0],&retcode, &reascode,&grpover[0]);
COBOL CALL ’DSNALI’ USING FUNCTN SSID PLANNAME RETCODE REASCODE GRPOVER.
Fortran CALL DSNALI(FUNCTN,SSID,PLANNAME, RETCODE,REASCODE,GRPOVER)
PL/I CALL DSNALI(FUNCTN,SSID,PLANNAME, RETCODE,REASCODE,GRPOVER);

Table 135. Examples of CAF OPEN calls (continued)
C++
extern "OS" {
int DSNALI(
char * functn,
...); }
CLOSE: Syntax and usage

CLOSE deallocates the plan and optionally disconnects the task, and possibly the
address space, from DB2.
“DSNALI CLOSE function” shows the syntax for the CLOSE function.
DSNALI CLOSE function
CALL DSNALI ( function, termop )

, retcode
, reascode

function
A 12-byte area containing the word CLOSE followed by seven blanks.
termop
A 4-byte terminate option, with one of these values:
SYNC Commit any modified data
ABRT Roll back data to the previous commit point.
retcode
A 4-byte area in which CAF should place the return code.
reascode
Usage: CLOSE deallocates the created plan either explicitly using OPEN or
implicitly at the first SQL call.
If you did not issue a CONNECT for the task, CLOSE also deletes the task’s
connection to DB2. If no other task in the address space has an active connection
to DB2, DB2 also deletes the control block structures created for the address space
and removes the cross memory authorization.
Do not use CLOSE when your current task does not have a plan allocated.
Using CLOSE is optional. If you omit it, DB2 performs the same actions when your
task terminates, using the SYNC parameter if termination is normal and the ABRT
parameter if termination is abnormal. (The function is an implicit CLOSE.) If the
objective is to shut down your application, you can improve shut down performance
by using CLOSE explicitly before the task terminates.
If you want to use a new plan, you must issue an explicit CLOSE, followed by an
OPEN, specifying the new plan name.
If DB2 terminates, a task that did not issue CONNECT should explicitly issue
CLOSE, so that CAF can reset its control blocks to allow for future connections.
This CLOSE returns the reset accomplished return code (+004) and reason code
X'00C10824'. If you omit CLOSE, then when DB2 is back on line, the task’s next
connection request fails. You get either the message YOUR TCB DOES NOT HAVE
A CONNECTION, with X'00F30018' in register 0, or CAF error message DSNA201I
or DSNA202I, depending on what your application tried to do. The task must then
issue CLOSE before it can reconnect to DB2.
A task that issued CONNECT explicitly should issue DISCONNECT to cause CAF
to reset its control blocks when DB2 terminates. In this case, CLOSE is not
necessary.
Table 136 shows a CLOSE call in each language.

Table 136. Examples of CAF CLOSE calls
Assembler CALL DSNALI,(FUNCTN,TERMOP,RETCODE, REASCODE)
C fnret=dsnali(&functn[0], &termop[0], &retcode,&reascode);
COBOL CALL ’DSNALI’ USING FUNCTN TERMOP RETCODE REASCODE.
Fortran CALL DSNALI(FUNCTN,TERMOP, RETCODE,REASCODE)
PL/I CALL DSNALI(FUNCTN,TERMOP, RETCODE,REASCODE);
C++
extern "OS" {
int DSNALI(
char * functn,
...); }
DISCONNECT: Syntax and usage

DISCONNECT terminates a connection to DB2.
“DSNALI DISCONNECT function” on page 817 shows the syntax for the
DISCONNECT function.

DSNALI DISCONNECT function
CALL DSNALI ( function )

, retcode
, reascode
The single parameter points to the following area:

function
A 12-byte area containing the word DISCONNECT followed by two blanks.
retcode
reascode
Usage: DISCONNECT removes the calling task’s connection to DB2. If no other

task in the address space has an active connection to DB2, DB2 also deletes the
control block structures created for the address space and removes the cross
memory authorization.
Only those tasks that issued CONNECT explicitly can issue DISCONNECT. If
CONNECT was not used, then DISCONNECT causes an error.
If an OPEN is in effect when the DISCONNECT is issued (that is, a plan is

allocated), CAF issues an implicit CLOSE with the SYNC parameter.
Using DISCONNECT is optional. Without it, DB2 performs the same functions when
the task terminates. (The function is an implicit DISCONNECT.) If the objective is to
shut down your application, you can improve shut down performance if you request
DISCONNECT explicitly before the task terminates.
If DB2 terminates, a task that issued CONNECT must issue DISCONNECT to reset
the CAF control blocks. The function returns the reset accomplished return codes
and reason codes (+004 and X'00C10824'), and ensures that future connection
requests from the task work when DB2 is back on line.
A task that did not issue CONNECT explicitly must issue CLOSE to reset the CAF
control blocks when DB2 terminates.
Table 137 shows a DISCONNECT call in each language.

Table 137. Examples of CAF DISCONNECT calls
Assembler CALL DSNALI(,FUNCTN,RETCODE,REASCODE)
C fnret=dsnali(&functn[0], &retcode, &reascode);
Table 137. Examples of CAF DISCONNECT calls (continued)
COBOL CALL ’DSNALI’ USING FUNCTN RETCODE REASCODE.
Fortran CALL DSNALI(FUNCTN,RETCODE,REASCODE)
PL/I CALL DSNALI(FUNCTN,RETCODE,REASCODE);
C++
extern "OS" {
int DSNALI(
char * functn,
...); }
TRANSLATE: Syntax and usage

You can use TRANSLATE to convert a DB2 hexadecimal error reason code into a
signed integer SQLCODE and a printable error message text. The SQLCODE and
message text appear in the caller’s SQLCA. You cannot call the TRANSLATE
function from the Fortran language.
TRANSLATE is useful only after an OPEN fails, and then only if you used an
explicit CONNECT before the OPEN request. For errors that occur during SQL or
IFI requests, the TRANSLATE function performs automatically.
“DSNALI TRANSLATE function” shows the syntax for the TRANSLATE function.
DSNALI TRANSLATE function
CALL DSNALI ( function, sqlca )

, retcode
, reascode

function
A 12-byte area containing the word TRANSLATE followed by three blanks.
sqlca
The program’s SQL communication area (SQLCA).
retcode
reascode

Usage: Use TRANSLATE to get a corresponding SQL error code and message text
for the DB2 error reason codes that CAF returns in register 0 following an OPEN
service request. DB2 places the information into the SQLCODE and SQLSTATE
host variables or related fields of the SQLCA.
The TRANSLATE function can translate those codes beginning with X'00F3', but it
does not translate CAF reason codes beginning with X'00C1'. If you receive error
reason code X'00F30040' (resource unavailable) after an OPEN request,
TRANSLATE returns the name of the unavailable database object in the last 44
characters of field SQLERRM. If the DB2 TRANSLATE function does not recognize
the error reason code, it returns SQLCODE -924 (SQLSTATE ’58006’) and places a
printable copy of the original DB2 function code and the return and error reason
codes in the SQLERRM field. The contents of registers 0 and 15 do not change,
unless TRANSLATE fails; in which case, register 0 is set to X'C10205' and register
15 to 200.
Table 138 shows a TRANSLATE call in each language.

Table 138. Examples of CAF TRANSLATE calls
Assembler CALL DSNALI,(FUNCTN,SQLCA,RETCODE, REASCODE)
C fnret=dsnali(&functn[0], &sqlca, &retcode, &reascode);
COBOL CALL ’DSNALI’ USING FUNCTN SQLCA RETCODE REASCODE.
PL/I CALL DSNALI(FUNCTN,SQLCA,RETCODE, REASCODE);
C++
extern "OS" {
int DSNALI(
char * functn,
...); }
Summary of CAF behavior

Table 139 summarizes CAF behavior after various inputs from application programs.
Use it to help plan the calls your program makes, and to help understand where
CAF errors can occur. Careful use of this table can avoid major structural problems
in your application.
In the table, an error shows as Error nnn. The corresponding reason code is
X'00C10'nnn; the message number is DSNAnnnI or DSNAnnnE. For a list of reason
codes, see “CAF return codes and reason codes” on page 822.
Table 139. Effects of CAF calls, as dependent on connection history
Next function
Previous
function CONNECT OPEN SQL CLOSE DISCONNECT TRANSLATE
Empty: first call CONNECT OPEN CONNECT, Error 203 Error 204 Error 205
OPEN,
followed by the
SQL or IFI call
Table 139. Effects of CAF calls, as dependent on connection history (continued)
Next function
Previous
function CONNECT OPEN SQL CLOSE DISCONNECT TRANSLATE
CONNECT Error 201 OPEN OPEN, Error 203 DISCONNECT TRANSLATE
followed by the
SQL or IFI call
CONNECT Error 201 Error 202 The SQL or IFI CLOSE1 DISCONNECT TRANSLATE
followed by call
OPEN
CONNECT Error 201 Error 202 The SQL or IFI CLOSE1 DISCONNECT TRANSLATE
followed by call
SQL or IFI call
OPEN Error 201 Error 202 The SQL or IFI CLOSE2 Error 204 TRANSLATE
call
SQL or IFI call Error 201 Error 202 The SQL or IFI CLOSE2 Error 204 TRANSLATE3
call
Notes:
1. The task and address space connections remain active. If CLOSE fails because DB2 was down, then the CAF
control blocks are reset, the function produces return code 4 and reason code XX'00C10824', and CAF is ready
for more connection requests when DB2 is again on line.
2. A TRANSLATE request is accepted, but in this case it is redundant. CAF automatically issues a TRANSLATE
request when an SQL or IFI request fails.
Table 139 on page 819 uses the following conventions:

v The top row lists the possible CAF functions that programs can use as their call.
v The first column lists the task’s most recent history of connection requests. For
example, CONNECT followed by OPEN means that the task issued CONNECT
and then OPEN with no other CAF calls in between.
v The intersection of a row and column shows the effect of the next call if it follows
the corresponding connection history. For example, if the call is OPEN and the
connection history is CONNECT, the effect is OPEN: the OPEN function is
performed. If the call is SQL and the connection history is empty (meaning that
the SQL call is the first CAF function the program), the effect is that an implicit
CONNECT and OPEN function is performed, followed by the SQL function.
Sample scenarios
This section shows sample scenarios for connecting tasks to DB2.
A single task with implicit connections

The simplest connection scenario is a single task making calls to DB2, using no
explicit CALL DSNALI statements. The task implicitly connects to the default
subsystem name, using the default plan name.
When the task terminates:

v Any database changes are committed (if termination was normal) or rolled back
(if termination was abnormal).
v The active plan and all database resources are deallocated.
v The task and address space connections to DB2 are terminated.

A single task with explicit connections
A more complex scenario, but still with a single task, is this:
CONNECT
OPEN allocate a plan
SQL or IFI call
.
.
.
CLOSE deallocate the current plan
OPEN allocate a new plan
SQL or IFI call
.
.
.
CLOSE
DISCONNECT
A task can have a connection to one and only one DB2 subsystem at any point in
time. A CAF error occurs if the subsystem name on OPEN does not match the one
on CONNECT. To switch to a different subsystem, the application must disconnect
from the current subsystem, then issue a connect request specifying a new
subsystem name.
Several tasks
In this scenario, multiple tasks within the address space are using DB2 services.
Each task must explicitly specify the same subsystem name on either the
CONNECT or OPEN function request. Task 1 makes no SQL or IFI calls. Its
purpose is to monitor the DB2 termination and startup ECBs, and to check the DB2
release level.
TASK 1 TASK 2 TASK 3 TASK n
CONNECT
OPEN OPEN OPEN
SQL SQL SQL
... ... ...
CLOSE CLOSE CLOSE
OPEN OPEN OPEN
SQL SQL SQL
... ... ...
CLOSE CLOSE CLOSE
DISCONNECT
Exit routines from your application

You can provide exit routines from your application for the purposes described in
the following text.
Attention exit routines

An attention exit routine enables you to regain control from DB2, during
long-running or erroneous requests, by detaching the TCB currently waiting on an
SQL or IFI request to complete. DB2 detects the abend caused by DETACH and
performs termination processing (including ROLLBACK) for that task.
The call attachment facility has no attention exit routines. You can provide your own
if necessary. However, DB2 uses enabled unlocked task (EUT) functional recovery
routines (FRRs), so if you request attention while DB2 code is running, your routine
may not get control.
Recovery routines
The call attachment facility has no abend recovery routines.
Your program can provide an abend exit routine. It must use tracking indicators to
determine if an abend occurred during DB2 processing. If an abend occurs while
DB2 has control, you have these choices:
v Allow task termination to complete. Do not retry the program. DB2 detects task
termination and terminates the thread with the ABRT parameter. You lose all
database changes back to the last SYNC or COMMIT point.
This is the only action that you can take for abends that CANCEL or DETACH
cause. You cannot use additional SQL statements at this point. If you attempt to
execute another SQL statement from the application program or its recovery
routine, a return code of +256 and a reason code of X’00F30083’ occurs.
v In an ESTAE routine, issue CLOSE with the ABRT parameter followed by
DISCONNECT. The ESTAE exit routine can retry so that you do not need to
reinstate the application task.
Standard z/OS functional recovery routines (FRRs) can cover only code running in
service request block (SRB) mode. Because DB2 does not support calls from SRB
mode routines, you can use only enabled unlocked task (EUT) FRRs in your
routines that call DB2.
Do not have an EUT FRR active when using CAF, processing SQL requests, or
calling IFI.
An EUT FRR can be active, but it cannot retry failing DB2 requests. An EUT FRR
retry bypasses DB2’s ESTAE routines. The next DB2 request of any type, including
DISCONNECT, fails with a return code of +256 and a reason code of X'00F30050'.
With z/OS, if you have an active EUT FRR, all DB2 requests fail, including the initial
CONNECT or OPEN. The requests fail because DB2 always creates an ARR-type
ESTAE, and z/OS does not allow the creation of ARR-type ESTAEs when an FRR
is active.
Error messages and dsntrace

CAF produces no error messages unless you allocate a DSNTRACE data set. If
you allocate a DSNTRACE data set either dynamically or by including a
//DSNTRACE DD statement in your JCL, CAF writes diagnostic trace message to
that data set. You can refer to “Sample JCL for using CAF” on page 823 for sample
JCL that allocates a DSNTRACE data set. The trace message numbers contain the
last three digits of the reason codes.
CAF return codes and reason codes

CAF returns the return codes and reason codes either to the corresponding
parameters named in a CAF call or, if you choose not to use those parameters, to
registers 15 and 0. Detailed explanations of the reason codes appear in DB2
Messages and Codes.
When the reason code begins with X'00F3' (except for X'00F30006'), you can use
the CAF TRANSLATE function to obtain error message text that can be printed and
displayed.

For SQL calls, CAF returns standard SQLCODEs in the SQLCA. See Part 1 of DB2
Messages and Codes for a list of those return codes and their meanings. CAF
returns IFI return codes and reason codes in the instrumentation facility
communication area (IFCA).
Table 140 shows the CAF return codes and reason codes.
Table 140. CAF return codes and reason codes
Return code Reason code Explanation
0 X'00000000' Successful completion.
4 X'00C10823' Release level mismatch between DB2 and the and the call
attachment facility code.
4 X'00C10824' CAF reset complete. Ready to make a new connection.
1
200 X'00C10201' Received a second CONNECT from the same TCB. The first
CONNECT could have been implicit or explicit.
2001 X'00C10202' Received a second OPEN from the same TCB. The first OPEN could
have been implicit or explicit.
2001 X'00C10203' CLOSE issued when there was no active OPEN.
1
200 X'00C10204' DISCONNECT issued when there was no active CONNECT, or the
AXSET macro was issued between CONNECT and DISCONNECT.
2001 X'00C10205' TRANSLATE issued when there was no connection to DB2.
1
200 X'00C10206' Wrong number of parameters or the end-of-list bit was off.
1
200 X'00C10207' Unrecognized function parameter.
1
200 X'00C10208' Received requests to access two different DB2 subsystems from the
same TCB.
2
204 CAF system error. Probable error in the attach or DB2.
Notes:
1. A CAF error probably caused by errors in the parameter lists coming from application programs. CAF errors do not
change the current state of your connection to DB2; you can continue processing with a corrected request.
2. System errors cause abends. For an explanation of the abend reason codes, see Part 3 of DB2 Messages and
Codes. If tracing is on, a descriptive message is written to the DSNTRACE data set just before the abend.
Subsystem support subcomponent codes (X’00F3’)

These reason codes are issued by the subsystem support for allied memories, a
part of the DB2 subsystem support subcomponent that services all DB2 connection
and work requests. For more information about the codes, along with abend and
subsystem termination reason codes issued by other parts of subsystem support,
see Part 3 of DB2 Messages and Codes.
Program examples
The following pages contain sample JCL and assembler programs that access the
call attachment facility (CAF).
Sample JCL for using CAF

The sample JCL that follows is a model for using CAF in a batch (non-TSO)
environment. The DSNTRACE statement shown in this example is optional.
//jobname JOB z/OS_jobcard_information
//CAFJCL EXEC PGM=CAF_application_program
//STEPLIB DD DSN=application_load_library
// DD DSN=DB2_load_library
.
.
.
//DSNTRACE DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSUDUMP DD SYSOUT=*
Sample assembler code for using CAF

The following sections show parts of a sample assembler program using the call
attachment facility. It demonstrates the basic techniques for making CAF calls but
does not show the code and z/OS macros needed to support those calls. For
example, many applications need a two-task structure so that attention-handling
routines can detach connected subtasks to regain control from DB2. This structure
is not shown in the code that follows.
These code segments assume the existence of a WRITE macro. Anywhere you find
this macro in the code is a good place for you to substitute code of your own. You
must decide what you want your application to do in those situations; you probably
do not want to write the error messages shown.
Loading and deleting the CAF language interface

The following code segment shows how an application can load entry points
DSNALI and DSNHLI2 for the call attachment language interface. Storing the entry
points in variables LIALI and LISQL ensures that the application has to load the
entry points only once.
When the module is done with DB2, you should delete the entries.
****************************** GET LANGUAGE INTERFACE ENTRY ADDRESSES
LOAD EP=DSNALI Load the CAF service request EP
ST R0,LIALI Save this for CAF service requests
LOAD EP=DSNHLI2 Load the CAF SQL call Entry Point
ST R0,LISQL Save this for SQL calls
* .
* . Insert connection service requests and SQL calls here
* .
DELETE EP=DSNALI Correctly maintain use count
DELETE EP=DSNHLI2 Correctly maintain use count
Establishing the connection to DB2

Figure 223 on page 825 shows how to issue explicit requests for certain actions
(CONNECT, OPEN, CLOSE, DISCONNECT, and TRANSLATE), using the
CHEKCODE subroutine to check the return reason codes from CAF:

****************************** CONNECT ********************************
L R15,LIALI Get the Language Interface address
MVC FUNCTN,CONNECT Get the function to call
CALL (15),(FUNCTN,SSID,TECB,SECB,RIBPTR),VL,MF=(E,CAFCALL)
BAL R14,CHEKCODE Check the return and reason codes
CLC CONTROL,CONTINUE Is everything still OK
BNE EXIT If CONTROL not ’CONTINUE’, stop loop
USING R8,RIB Prepare to access the RIB
L R8,RIBPTR Access RIB to get DB2 release level
WRITE ’The current DB2 release level is’ RIBREL
****************************** OPEN ***********************************

MVC FUNCTN,OPEN Get the function to call
CALL (15),(FUNCTN,SSID,PLAN),VL,MF=(E,CAFCALL)
****************************** SQL ************************************

* Insert your SQL calls here. The DB2 Precompiler
* generates calls to entry point DSNHLI. You should
* specify the precompiler option ATTACH(CAF), or code
* a dummy entry point named DSNHLI to intercept
* all SQL calls. A dummy DSNHLI is shown below.
****************************** CLOSE **********************************
CLC CONTROL,CONTINUE Is everything still OK?
BNE EXIT If CONTROL not ’CONTINUE’, shut down
MVC TRMOP,ABRT Assume termination with ABRT parameter
L R4,SQLCODE Put the SQLCODE into a register
C R4,CODE0 Examine the SQLCODE
BZ SYNCTERM If zero, then CLOSE with SYNC parameter
C R4,CODE100 See if SQLCODE was 100
BNE DISC If not 100, CLOSE with ABRT parameter
SYNCTERM MVC TRMOP,SYNC Good code, terminate with SYNC parameter
DISC DS 0H Now build the CAF parmlist
MVC FUNCTN,CLOSE Get the function to call
CALL (15),(FUNCTN,TRMOP),VL,MF=(E,CAFCALL)
****************************** DISCONNECT *****************************

MVC FUNCTN,DISCON Get the function to call
CALL (15),(FUNCTN),VL,MF=(E,CAFCALL)
Figure 223. CHEKCODE Subroutine for connecting to DB2
The code does not show a task that waits on the DB2 termination ECB. If you like,
you can code such a task and use the z/OS WAIT macro to monitor the ECB. You
probably want this task to detach the sample code if the termination ECB is posted.
That task can also wait on the DB2 startup ECB. This sample waits on the startup
ECB at its own task level.
On entry, the code assumes that certain variables are already set:
Variable Usage
LIALI The entry point that handles DB2 connection service requests.
LISQL The entry point that handles SQL calls.
SSID The DB2 subsystem identifier.
TECB The address of the DB2 termination ECB.
SECB The address of the DB2 startup ECB.
RIBPTR A fullword that CAF sets to contain the RIB address.
PLAN The plan name to use on the OPEN call.
CONTROL Used to shut down processing because of unsatisfactory return or
reason codes. Subroutine CHEKCODE sets CONTROL.
CAFCALL List-form parameter area for the CALL macro.
Checking return codes and reason codes

Figure 224 illustrates a way to check the return codes and the DB2 termination ECB
after each connection service request and SQL call. The routine sets the variable
CONTROL to control further processing within the module.
***********************************************************************
* CHEKCODE PSEUDOCODE *
***********************************************************************
*IF TECB is POSTed with the ABTERM or FORCE codes
* THEN
* CONTROL = ’SHUTDOWN’
* WRITE ’DB2 found FORCE or ABTERM, shutting down’
* ELSE /* Termination ECB was not POSTed */
* SELECT (RETCODE) /* Look at the return code */
* WHEN (0) ; /* Do nothing; everything is OK */
* WHEN (4) ; /* Warning */
* SELECT (REASCODE) /* Look at the reason code */
* WHEN (’00C10823’X) /* DB2 / CAF release level mismatch*/
* WRITE ’Found a mismatch between DB2 and CAF release levels’
* WHEN (’00C10824’X) /* Ready for another CAF call */
* CONTROL = ’RESTART’ /* Start over, from the top */
* OTHERWISE
* WRITE ’Found unexpected R0 when R15 was 4’
* END INNER-SELECT
* WHEN (8,12) /* Connection failure */
* SELECT (REASCODE) /* Look at the reason code */
* WHEN (’00F30002’X, /* These mean that DB2 is down but */
* ’00F30012’X) /* will POST SECB when up again */
* DO
* WRITE ’DB2 is unavailable. I’ll tell you when it’s up.’
* WAIT SECB /* Wait for DB2 to come up */
* WRITE ’DB2 is now available.’
* END
* /**********************************************************/
* /* Insert tests for other DB2 connection failures here. */
* /* CAF Externals Specification lists other codes you can */
* /* receive. Handle them in whatever way is appropriate */
* /* for your application. */
* /**********************************************************/
* OTHERWISE /* Found a code we’re not ready for*/
* WRITE ’Warning: DB2 connection failure. Cause unknown’
* CALL DSNALI (’TRANSLATE’,SQLCA) /* Fill in SQLCA */
* WRITE SQLCODE and SQLERRM
* END INNER-SELECT
* WHEN (200)
* WRITE ’CAF found user error. See DSNTRACE dataset’
* WHEN (204)
* WRITE ’CAF system error. See DSNTRACE data set’
* OTHERWISE
* WRITE ’Got an unrecognized return code’
* END MAIN SELECT
* IF (RETCODE > 4) THEN /* Was there a connection problem?*/
* END CHEKCODE
Figure 224. Subroutine to check return codes from CAF and DB2, in assembler (Part 1 of 3)

***********************************************************************
* Subroutine CHEKCODE checks return codes from DB2 and Call Attach.
* When CHEKCODE receives control, R13 should point to the caller’s
* save area.
***********************************************************************
CHEKCODE DS 0H
STM R14,R12,12(R13) Prolog
ST R15,RETCODE Save the return code
ST R0,REASCODE Save the reason code
LA R15,SAVEAREA Get save area address
ST R13,4(,R15) Chain the save areas
LR R13,R15 Put save area address in R13
* ********************* HUNT FOR FORCE OR ABTERM ***************
TM TECB,POSTBIT See if TECB was POSTed
BZ DOCHECKS Branch if TECB was not POSTed
CLC TECBCODE(3),QUIESCE Is this "STOP DB2 MODE=FORCE"
BE DOCHECKS If not QUIESCE, was FORCE or ABTERM
MVC CONTROL,SHUTDOWN Shutdown
WRITE ’Found found FORCE or ABTERM, shutting down’
B ENDCCODE Go to the end of CHEKCODE
DOCHECKS DS 0H Examine RETCODE and REASCODE
* ********************* HUNT FOR 0 *****************************
CLC RETCODE,ZERO Was it a zero?
BE ENDCCODE Nothing to do in CHEKCODE for zero
* ********************* HUNT FOR 4 *****************************
CLC RETCODE,FOUR Was it a 4?
BNE HUNT8 If not a 4, hunt eights
CLC REASCODE,C10823 Was it a release level mismatch?
BNE HUNT824 Branch if not an 823
WRITE ’Found a mismatch between DB2 and CAF release levels’
B ENDCCODE We are done. Go to end of CHEKCODE
HUNT824 DS 0H Now look for ’CAF reset’ reason code
CLC REASCODE,C10824 Was it 4? Are we ready to restart?
BNE UNRECOG If not 824, got unknown code
WRITE ’CAF is now ready for more input’
MVC CONTROL,RESTART Indicate that we should re-CONNECT
UNRECOG DS 0H
WRITE ’Got RETCODE = 4 and an unrecognized reason code’
MVC CONTROL,SHUTDOWN Shutdown, serious problem
* ********************* HUNT FOR 8 *****************************
HUNT8 DS 0H
CLC RETCODE,EIGHT Hunt return code of 8
BE GOT8OR12
CLC RETCODE,TWELVE Hunt return code of 12
BNE HUNT200
GOT8OR12 DS 0H Found return code of 8 or 12
WRITE ’Found RETCODE of 8 or 12’
CLC REASCODE,F30002 Hunt for X’00F30002’
BE DB2DOWN
CLC REASCODE,F30012 Hunt for X’00F30012’
BE DB2DOWN
WRITE ’DB2 connection failure with an unrecognized REASCODE’
CLC SQLCODE,ZERO See if we need TRANSLATE
BNE A4TRANS If not blank, skip TRANSLATE
* ********************* TRANSLATE unrecognized RETCODEs ********
WRITE ’SQLCODE 0 but R15 not, so TRANSLATE to get SQLCODE’
CALL (15),(TRANSLAT,SQLCA),VL,MF=(E,CAFCALL)
C R0,C10205 Did the TRANSLATE work?
BNE A4TRANS If not C10205, SQLERRM now filled in
WRITE ’Not able to TRANSLATE the connection failure’
B ENDCCODE Go to end of CHEKCODE
A4TRANS DS 0H SQLERRM must be filled in to get here
* Note: your code should probably remove the X’FF’
* separators and format the SQLERRM feedback area.
* Alternatively, use DB2 Sample Application DSNTIAR
* to format a message.
WRITE ’SQLERRM is:’ SQLERRM
DB2DOWN DS 0H Hunt return code of 200
WRITE ’DB2 is down and I will tell you when it comes up’
WAIT ECB=SECB Wait for DB2 to come up
WRITE ’DB2 is now available’
MVC CONTROL,RESTART Indicate that we should re-CONNECT
B ENDCCODE
* ********************* HUNT FOR 200 ***************************
HUNT200 DS 0H Hunt return code of 200
CLC RETCODE,NUM200 Hunt 200
BNE HUNT204
WRITE ’CAF found user error, see DSNTRACE data set’
* ********************* HUNT FOR 204 ***************************
HUNT204 DS 0H Hunt return code of 204
CLC RETCODE,NUM204 Hunt 204
BNE WASSAT If not 204, got strange code
WRITE ’CAF found system error, see DSNTRACE data set’
* ********************* UNRECOGNIZED RETCODE *******************
WASSAT DS 0H
WRITE ’Got an unrecognized RETCODE’
BE ENDCCODE We are done. Go to end of CHEKCODE
ENDCCODE DS 0H Should we shut down?
L R4,RETCODE Get a copy of the RETCODE
C R4,FOUR Have a look at the RETCODE
BNH BYEBYE If RETCODE <= 4 then leave CHEKCODE
BYEBYE DS 0H Wrap up and leave CHEKCODE
L R13,4(,R13) Point to caller’s save area
RETURN (14,12) Return to the caller
Using dummy entry point DSNHLI

Each of the four DB2 attachment facilities contains an entry point named DSNHLI.
When you use CAF but do not specify the precompiler option ATTACH(CAF), SQL
statements result in BALR instructions to DSNHLI in your program. To find the
correct DSNHLI entry point without including DSNALI in your load module, code a
subroutine with entry point DSNHLI that passes control to entry point DSNHLI2 in
the DSNALI module. DSNHLI2 is unique to DSNALI and is at the same location in

DSNALI as DSNHLI. DSNALI uses 31-bit addressing. If the application that calls
this intermediate subroutine uses 24-bit addressing, this subroutine should account
for the difference.
In the example that follows, LISQL is addressable because the calling CSECT used
the same register 12 as CSECT DSNHLI. Your application must also establish
addressability to LISQL.
***********************************************************************
* Subroutine DSNHLI intercepts calls to LI EP=DSNHLI
***********************************************************************
DS 0D
DSNHLI CSECT Begin CSECT
STM R14,R12,12(R13) Prologue
LA R15,SAVEHLI Get save area address
L R15,LISQL Get the address of real DSNHLI
BASSM R14,R15 Branch to DSNALI to do an SQL call
* DSNALI is in 31-bit mode, so use
* BASSM to assure that the addressing
* mode is preserved.
L R13,4(,R13) Restore R13 (caller’s save area addr)
L R14,12(,R13) Restore R14 (return address)
RETURN (1,12) Restore R1-12, NOT R0 and R15 (codes)
Variable declarations
Figure 225 on page 830 shows declarations for some of the variables used in the
previous subroutines.
****************************** VARIABLES ******************************
SECB DS F DB2 Startup ECB
TECB DS F DB2 Termination ECB
LIALI DS F DSNALI Entry Point address
LISQL DS F DSNHLI2 Entry Point address
SSID DS CL4 DB2 Subsystem ID. CONNECT parameter
PLAN DS CL8 DB2 Plan name. OPEN parameter
TRMOP DS CL4 CLOSE termination option (SYNC|ABRT)
FUNCTN DS CL12 CAF function to be called
RIBPTR DS F DB2 puts Release Info Block addr here
RETCODE DS F Chekcode saves R15 here
REASCODE DS F Chekcode saves R0 here
CONTROL DS CL8 GO, SHUTDOWN, or RESTART
SAVEAREA DS 18F Save area for CHEKCODE
****************************** CONSTANTS ******************************
SHUTDOWN DC CL8’SHUTDOWN’ CONTROL value: Shutdown execution
RESTART DC CL8’RESTART ’ CONTROL value: Restart execution
CONTINUE DC CL8’CONTINUE’ CONTROL value: Everything OK, cont
CODE0 DC F’0’ SQLCODE of 0
CODE100 DC F’100’ SQLCODE of 100
QUIESCE DC XL3’000008’ TECB postcode: STOP DB2 MODE=QUIESCE
CONNECT DC CL12’CONNECT ’ Name of a CAF service. Must be CL12!
OPEN DC CL12’OPEN ’ Name of a CAF service. Must be CL12!
CLOSE DC CL12’CLOSE ’ Name of a CAF service. Must be CL12!
DISCON DC CL12’DISCONNECT ’ Name of a CAF service. Must be CL12!
TRANSLAT DC CL12’TRANSLATE ’ Name of a CAF service. Must be CL12!
SYNC DC CL4’SYNC’ Termination option (COMMIT)
ABRT DC CL4’ABRT’ Termination option (ROLLBACK)
****************************** RETURN CODES (R15) FROM CALL ATTACH ****
ZERO DC F’0’ 0
FOUR DC F’4’ 4
EIGHT DC F’8’ 8
TWELVE DC F’12’ 12 (Call Attach return code in R15)
NUM200 DC F’200’ 200 (User error)
NUM204 DC F’204’ 204 (Call Attach system error)
****************************** REASON CODES (R00) FROM CALL ATTACH ****
C10205 DC XL4’00C10205’ Call attach could not TRANSLATE
C10823 DC XL4’00C10823’ Call attach found a release mismatch
C10824 DC XL4’00C10824’ Call attach ready for more input
F30002 DC XL4’00F30002’ DB2 subsystem not up
F30025 DC XL4’00F30025’ DB2 is stopping (REASCODE)
*
* Insert more codes here as necessary for your application
*
****************************** SQLCA and RIB **************************
DSNDRIB Get the DB2 Release Information Block
****************************** CALL macro parm list *******************
CAFCALL CALL ,(*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*),VL,MF=L
Figure 225. Declarations for variables used in the previous subroutines

attachment facility (RRSAF)
An application program can use the Resource Recovery Services attachment facility
(RRSAF) to connect to and use DB2 to process SQL statements, commands, or
instrumentation facility interface (IFI) calls. Programs that run in z/OS batch, TSO
foreground, and TSO background can use RRSAF.
RRSAF uses z/OS Transaction Management and Recoverable Resource Manager

Services (z/OS RRS). With RRSAF, you can coordinate DB2 updates with updates
made by all other resource managers that also use z/OS RRS in an z/OS system.
Prerequisite knowledge: Before you consider using RRSAF, you must be familiar
with the following z/OS topics:
v The CALL macro and standard module linkage conventions
v Program addressing and residency options (AMODE and RMODE)
v Creating and controlling tasks; multitasking
v Functional recovery facilities such as ESTAE, ESTAI, and FRRs
v Synchronization techniques such as WAIT/POST.
v z/OS RRS functions, such as SRRCMIT and SRRBACK.
RRSAF capabilities and restrictions

To decide whether to use RRSAF, consider the following capabilities and
restrictions.
Capabilities of RRSAF applications

An application program using RRSAF can:
v Use the z/OS System Authorization Facility and an external security product,
such as RACF, to sign on to DB2 with the authorization ID of an end user.
v Sign on to DB2 using a new authorization ID and an existing connection and
plan.
v Access DB2 from multiple z/OS tasks in an address space.
v Switch a DB2 thread among z/OS tasks within a single address space.
v Access the DB2 IFI.
v Run with or without the TSO terminal monitor program (TMP).
v Run without being a subtask of the DSN command processor (or of any DB2
code).
v Run above or below the 16-MB line.
v Establish an explicit connection to DB2, through a call interface, with control over
the exact state of the connection.
| v Establish an implicit connection to DB2 (with a default subsystem identifier and a
| default plan name) by using SQL statements or IFI calls without first calling
| RRSAF.
v Supply event control blocks (ECBs), for DB2 to post, that signal start-up or
termination.
v Intercept return codes, reason codes, and abend codes from DB2 and translate
them into messages as desired.
Task capabilities
Any task in an address space can establish a connection to DB2 through RRSAF.

Number of connections to DB2: Each task control block (TCB) can have only one
connection to DB2. A DB2 service request issued by a program that runs under a
given task is associated with that task’s connection to DB2. The service request
operates independently of any DB2 activity under any other task.
Using multiple simultaneous connections can increase the possibility of deadlocks

and DB2 resource contention. Consider this when you write your application
program.
Specifying a plan for a task: Each connected task can run a plan. Tasks within a
single address space can specify the same plan, but each instance of a plan runs
independently from the others. A task can terminate its plan and run a different plan
without completely breaking its connection to DB2.
Providing attention processing exits and recovery routines: RRSAF does not
generate task structures, and it does not provide attention processing exits or
functional recovery routines. You can provide whatever attention handling and
functional recovery your application needs, but you must use ESTAE/ESTAI type
recovery routines only.
Programming language
You can write RRSAF applications in assembler language, C, COBOL, Fortran, and
PL/I. When choosing a language to code your application in, consider these
restrictions:
v If you use z/OS macros (ATTACH, WAIT, POST, and so on), you must choose a
programming language that supports them.
v The RRSAF TRANSLATE function is not available from Fortran. To use the
function, code it in a routine written in another language, and then call that
routine from Fortran.
Tracing facility
A tracing facility provides diagnostic messages that help you debug programs and
diagnose errors in the RRSAF code. The trace information is available only in a
SYSABEND or SYSUDUMP dump.
Program preparation
Preparing your application program to run in RRSAF is similar to preparing it to run
in other environments, such as CICS, IMS, and TSO. You can prepare an RRSAF
application either in the batch environment or by using the DB2 program
preparation process. You can use the program preparation system either through
DB2I or through the DSNH CLIST. For examples and guidance in program
preparation, see Chapter 21, “Preparing an application program to run,” on page
453.
RRSAF requirements
When you write an application to use RRSAF, be aware of the following
characteristics.
Program size
The RRSAF code requires about 10-KB of virtual storage per address space and an
additional 10-KB for each TCB that uses RRSAF.
Use of LOAD
RRSAF uses z/OS SVC LOAD to load a module as part of the initialization following
your first service request. The module is loaded into fetch-protected storage that

has the job-step protection key. If your local environment intercepts and replaces
the LOAD SVC, then you must ensure that your version of LOAD manages the load
list element (LLE) and contents directory entry (CDE) chains like the standard z/OS
LOAD macro.
Commit and rollback operations

To commit work in RRSAF applications, use the CPIC SRRCMIT function or the
DB2 COMMIT statement. To roll back work, use the CPIC SRRBACK function or
the DB2 ROLLBACK statement. For information about coding the SRRCMIT and
SRRBACK functions, see z/OS MVS Programming: Callable Services for High-Level
Languages.
Follow these guidelines for choosing the DB2 statements or the CPIC functions for
commit and rollback operations:
v Use DB2 COMMIT and ROLLBACK statements when you know that the following
conditions are true:
– The only recoverable resource accessed by your application is DB2 data
managed by a single DB2 instance.
DB2 COMMIT and ROLLBACK statements will fail if your RRSAF application
accesses recoverable resources other than DB2 data that is managed by a
single DB2 instance.
– The address space from which syncpoint processing is initiated is the same
as the address space that is connected to DB2.
v If your application accesses other recoverable resources, or syncpoint processing
and DB2 access are initiated from different address spaces, use SRRCMIT and
SRRBACK.
Run environment
Applications that request DB2 services must adhere to several run environment
requirements. Those requirements must be met regardless of the attachment facility
you use. They are not unique to RRSAF.
v The application must be running in TCB mode.
v No EUT FRRs can be active when the application requests DB2 services. If an
EUT FRR is active, DB2’s functional recovery can fail, and your application can
receive unpredictable abends.
v Different attachment facilities cannot be active concurrently within the same
address space. For example:
– An application should not use RRSAF in CICS or IMS address spaces.
– An application running in an address space that has a CAF connection to DB2
cannot connect to DB2 using RRSAF.
– An application running in an address space that has an RRSAF connection to
DB2 cannot connect to DB2 using CAF.
v One attachment facility cannot start another. This means your RRSAF application
cannot use DSN, and a DSN RUN subcommand cannot call your RRSAF
application.
v The language interface module for RRSAF, DSNRLI, is shipped with the linkage
attributes AMODE(31) and RMODE(ANY). If your applications load RRSAF below
the 16-MB line, you must link-edit DSNRLI again.
Chapter 31. Programming for the Resource Recovery Services attachment facility (RRSAF) 833
How to use RRSAF
To use RRSAF, you must first make available the RRSAF language interface load
module, DSNRLI. For information about loading or link-editing this module, see
“Accessing the RRSAF language interface” on page 836.
| When the language interface is available, your program can make use of the
| RRSAF in two ways:
| v Implicitly, by including SQL statements or IFI calls in your program just as you
| would in any program. The RRSAF facility establishes the connections to DB2
| using default values for the pertinent parameters as described in “Implicit
| connections” on page 835.
| v Explicitly, by issuing CALL DSNRLI statements with the appropriate options. For
| the general form of the statements, see “RRSAF function descriptions” on page
| 840.
The first element of each option list is a function, which describes the action you
want RRSAF to take. For a list of available functions and what they do, see
“Summary of connection functions.” The effect of any function depends in part on
what functions the program has already performed. Before using any function, be
sure to read the description of its usage. Also read “Summary of connection
functions,” which describes the influence of previously invoked functions.
Summary of connection functions

You can use the following functions with CALL DSNRLI:
IDENTIFY
Establishes the task as a user of the named DB2 subsystem. When the first
task within an address space issues a connection request, the address space is
initialized as a user of DB2. See “IDENTIFY: Syntax and usage” on page 841.
SWITCH TO
Directs RRSAF, SQL or IFI requests to a specified DB2 subsystem. See
“SWITCH TO: Syntax and usage” on page 843.
SIGNON
Provides to DB2 a user ID and, optionally, one or more secondary authorization
IDs that are associated with the connection. See “SIGNON: Syntax and usage”
on page 846.
AUTH SIGNON
Provides to DB2 a user ID, an Accessor Environment Element (ACEE) and,
optionally, one or more secondary authorization IDs that are associated with the
connection. See “AUTH SIGNON: Syntax and usage” on page 849.
CONTEXT SIGNON
Provides to DB2 a user ID and, optionally, one or more secondary authorization
IDs that are associated with the connection. You can execute CONTEXT
SIGNON from an unauthorized program. See “CONTEXT SIGNON: Syntax and
SET_ID
Sets end-user information that is passed to DB2 when the next SQL request is
processed. SET_ID establishes a new value for the client program ID that can
be used to identify the end user. See “SET_ID: Syntax and usage” on page
856.

| SET_CLIENT_ID
| Sets end-user information that is passed to DB2 when the next SQL request is
| processed. SET_CLIENT_ID establishes new values for the client user ID, the
| application program name, the workstation name, and the accounting token.
| See “SET_CLIENT_ID: Syntax and usage” on page 857.
CREATE THREAD
Allocates a DB2 plan or package. CREATE THREAD must complete before the
application can execute SQL statements. See “CREATE THREAD: Syntax and
TERMINATE THREAD
Deallocates the plan. See “TERMINATE THREAD: Syntax and usage” on page
861.
TERMINATE IDENTIFY
Removes the task as a user of DB2 and, if this is the last or only task in the
address space that has a DB2 connection, terminates the address space
connection to DB2. See “TERMINATE IDENTIFY: Syntax and usage” on page
862.
TRANSLATE
Returns an SQL code and printable text, in the SQLCA, that describes a DB2
error reason code. You cannot call the TRANSLATE function from the Fortran
language. See “Translate: Syntax and usage” on page 864.
| Implicit connections
| If you do not explicitly specify the IDENTIFY function in a CALL DSNRLI statement,
| RRSAF initiates an implicit connection to DB2 if the application includes SQL
| statements or IFI calls. An implicit connection causes RRSAF to initiate implicit
| IDENTIFY and CREATE THREAD requests to DB2. Although RRSAF performs the
| connection request by using the following default values, the request is subject to
| the same DB2 return codes and reason codes as are explicitly specified requests.
| Implicit connections use the following defaults:

| Subsystem name
| The default name specified in the module DSNHDECP. RRSAF uses the
| installation default DSNHDECP, unless your own DSNHDECP is in a library in a
| STEPLIB of JOBLIB concatenation, or in the link list. In a data sharing group,
| the default subsystem name is the group attachment name.
| Plan name
| The member name of the database request module (DBRM) that DB2 produced
| when you precompiled the source program that contains the first SQL call. If
| your program can make its first SQL call from different modules with different
| DBRMs, you cannot use a default plan name; you must use an explicit call
| using the CREATE THREAD function.
| If your application includes both SQL and IFI calls, you must issue at least one
| SQL call before you issue any IFI calls. This ensures that your application uses
| the correct plan.
| Authorization ID
| The 7-byte user ID that is associated with the address space, unless an
| authorized function has built an Accessor Environment Element (ACEE) for the
| address space. If an authorized function has built an ACEE, DB2 passes the
| 8-byte user ID from the ACEE.
| For an implicit connection request, your application should not explicitly specify
| either IDENTIFY or CREATE THREAD. It can execute other explicit RRSAF calls
| after the implicit connection. An implicit connection does not perform any SIGNON
| processing. Your application can execute SIGNON at any point of consistency. To
| terminate an implicit connection, you must use the proper calls. See “Summary of
| RRSAF behavior” on page 865 for details.
| Your application program must successfully connect, either implicitly or explicitly, to

| DB2 before it can execute any SQL calls to the RRSAF DSNHLI entry point.
| Therefore, the application program must first determine the success or failure of all
| implicit connection requests.
| For implicit connection requests, register 15 contains the return code, and register 0
| contains the reason code. The return code and reason code are also in the
| message text for SQLCODE -981. The application program should examine the
| return and reason codes immediately after the first executable SQL statement within
| the application program. Two ways to do this are to:
| v Examine registers 0 and 15 directly.
| v Examine the SQLCA, and if the SQLCODE is -981, obtain the return and reason
| code from the message text. The return code is the first token, and the reason
| code is the second token.
| If the implicit connection is successful, the application can examine the SQLCODE
| for the first, and subsequent, SQL statements.
Accessing the RRSAF language interface

Figure 226 on page 837 shows the general structure of RRSAF and a program that
uses it.

Application RRSAF
Load
Language
LOAD DSNRLI Interface
LOAD DSNWLIR
RRSAF
LOAD DSNRLIR
Mainline
CALL DSNRLI Call DSNRLI Code
(’IDENTIFY’)
(’SWITCH TO’)
(’SIGNON’)
(’AUTH SIGNON’)
(’SET_ID’)
(’SET_CLIENT_ID’)
(’CONTEXT SIGNON’)
(’CREATE THREAD’)
(’TERMINATE THREAD’)
(’TERMINATE IDENTIFY’)
(Process
CALL DSNWLI connection
CALL DSNHLI requests)
(SQL calls)
DSNHLI (dummy DB2

application
entry point)
CALL DSNHLIR DSNHLIR

(Transfer calls (Process
to real RRSAF SQL stmts)
SQL entry point)
DSNWLI (dummy
application
entry point)
CALL DSNWLIR DSNWLIR

(Transfer calls
to real RRSAF
IFI)
Figure 226. Sample RRSAF configuration
Part of RRSAF is a DB2 load module, DSNRLI, the RRSAF language interface
module. DSNRLI has the alias names DSNHLIR and DSNWLIR. The module has
five entry points: DSNRLI, DSNHLI, DSNHLIR, DSNWLI, and DSNWLIR:
v Entry point DSNRLI handles explicit DB2 connection service requests.
v DSNHLI and DSNHLIR handle SQL calls. Use DSNHLI if your application
program link-edits RRSAF; use DSNHLIR if your application program loads
RRSAF.
v DSNWLI and DSNWLIR handle IFI calls. Use DSNWLI if your application
program link-edits RRSAF; use DSNWLIR if your application program loads
RRSAF.
You can access the DSNRLI module by explicitly issuing LOAD requests when your
program runs, or by including the DSNRLI module in your load module when you
link-edit your program. There are advantages and disadvantages to each approach.
Explicit Load of DSNRLI

To load DSNRLI, issue z/OS LOAD macros for entry points DSNRLI and DSNHLIR.
If you use IFI services, you must also load DSNWLIR. Save the entry point address
that LOAD returns and use it in the CALL macro.
By explicitly loading the DSNRLI module, you can isolate the maintenance of your
application from future IBM maintenance to the language interface. If the language
interface changes, the change will probably not affect your load module.
You must indicate to DB2 which entry point to use. You can do this in one of two
ways:
v Specify the precompiler option ATTACH(RRSAF).
This causes DB2 to generate calls that specify entry point DSNHLIR. You cannot
use this option if your application is written in Fortran.
v Code a dummy entry point named DSNHLI within your load module.
If you do not specify the precompiler option ATTACH, the DB2 precompiler
generates calls to entry point DSNHLI for each SQL request. The precompiler
does not know and is independent of the different DB2 attachment facilities.
When the calls generated by the DB2 precompiler pass control to DSNHLI, your
code corresponding to the dummy entry point must preserve the option list
passed in register 1 and call DSNHLIR specifying the same option list. For a
coding example of a dummy DSNHLI entry point, see “Using dummy entry point
DSNHLI” on page 869.
Link-editing DSNRLI
You can include DSNRLI when you link-edit your load module. For example, you
can use a linkage editor control statement like this in your JCL:
INCLUDE DB2LIB(DSNRLI).
By coding this statement, you avoid linking the wrong language interface module.
When you include DSNRLI during the link-edit, you do not include a dummy
DSNHLI entry point in your program or specify the precompiler option ATTACH.
Module DSNRLI contains an entry point for DSNHLI, which is identical to DSNHLIR,
and an entry point DSNWLI, which is identical to DSNWLIR.
A disadvantage of link-editing DSNRLI into your load module is that if IBM makes a
change to DSNRLI, you must link-edit your program again.
General properties of RRSAF connections

Some of the basic properties of an RRSAF connection with DB2 are:

Connection name and connection type: The connection name and connection
type are RRSAF. You can use the DISPLAY THREAD command to list RRSAF
applications that have the connection name RRSAF.
Authorization id: Each DB2 connection is associated with a set of authorization

IDs. A connection must have a primary ID, and can have one or more secondary
IDs. Those identifiers are used for:
v Validating access to DB2
v Checking privileges on DB2 objects
v Assigning ownership of DB2 objects
v Identifying the user of a connection for audit, performance, and accounting
traces.
RRSAF relies on the z/OS System Authorization Facility (SAF) and a security
product, such as RACF, to verify and authorize the authorization IDs. An application
that connects to DB2 through RRSAF must pass those identifiers to SAF for
verification and authorization checking. RRSAF retrieves the identifiers from SAF.
A location can provide an authorization exit routine for a DB2 connection to change
the authorization IDs and to indicate whether the connection is allowed. The actual
values assigned to the primary and secondary authorization IDs can differ from the
values provided by a SIGNON or AUTH SIGNON request. A site’s DB2 signon exit
routine can access the primary and secondary authorization IDs and can modify the
IDs to satisfy the site’s security requirements. The exit can also indicate whether
the signon request should be accepted.
For information about authorization IDs and the connection and signon exit routines,
see Appendix B (Volume 2) of DB2 Administration Guide.
Scope: The RRSAF processes connections as if each task is entirely isolated.

When a task requests a function, RRSAF passes the function to DB2, regardless of
the connection status of other tasks in the address space. However, the application
program and the DB2 subsystem have access to the connection status of multiple
tasks in an address space.
Do not mix RRSAF connections with other connection types in a single address
space. The first connection to DB2 made from an address space determines the
type of connection allowed.
Task termination
If an application that is connected to DB2 through RRSAF terminates normally
before the TERMINATE THREAD or TERMINATE IDENTIFY functions deallocate
the plan, then RRS commits any changes made after the last commit point.
If the application terminates abnormally before the TERMINATE THREAD or

TERMINATE IDENTIFY functions deallocate the plan, then z/OS RRS rolls back
any changes made after the last commit point.
In either case, DB2 deallocates the plan, if necessary, and terminates the
application’s connection.
DB2 abend
If DB2 abends while an application is running, DB2 rolls back changes to the last
commit point. If DB2 terminates while processing a commit request, DB2 either
commits or rolls back any changes at the next restart. The action taken depends on
the state of the commit request when DB2 terminates.
RRSAF function descriptions
To code RRSAF functions in C, COBOL, Fortran, or PL/I, follow the individual
language’s rules for making calls to assembler language routines. Specify the return
code and reason code parameters in the parameter list for each RRSAF call.
This section contains the following information:

v “Register conventions”
v “Parameter conventions for function calls”
v “IDENTIFY: Syntax and usage” on page 841
v “SWITCH TO: Syntax and usage” on page 843
v “SIGNON: Syntax and usage” on page 846
v “AUTH SIGNON: Syntax and usage” on page 849
v “CONTEXT SIGNON: Syntax and usage” on page 852
| v “SET_ID: Syntax and usage” on page 856
| v “SET_CLIENT_ID: Syntax and usage” on page 857
v “CREATE THREAD: Syntax and usage” on page 859
v “TERMINATE THREAD: Syntax and usage” on page 861
v “TERMINATE IDENTIFY: Syntax and usage” on page 862
v “Translate: Syntax and usage” on page 864
Register conventions
Table 141 summarizes the register conventions for RRSAF calls.
If you do not specify the return code and reason code parameters in your RRSAF
calls, RRSAF puts a return code in register 15 and a reason code in register 0. If
you specify the return code and reason code parameters, RRSAF places the return
code in register 15 and in the return code parameter to accommodate high-level
languages that support special return code processing. RRSAF preserves the
contents of registers 2 through 14.
Table 141. Register conventions for RRSAF calls
Register Usage
R1 Parameter list pointer
R13 Address of caller’s save area
R14 Caller’s return address
R15 RRSAF entry point address
Parameter conventions for function calls

For assembler language: Use a standard parameter list for an z/OS CALL. This
means that when you issue the call, register 1 must contain the address of a list of
pointers to the parameters. Each pointer is a 4-byte address. The last address must
contain the value 1 in the high-order bit.
In an assembler language call, code a comma for a parameter in the CALL DSNRLI
statement when you want to use the default value for that parameter and specify
subsequent parameters. For example, code an IDENTIFY call like this to specify all
parameters except the return code parameter:
CALL DSNRLI,(IDFYFN,SSNM,RIBPTR,EIBPTR,TERMECB,STARTECB,,REASCODE)
For all languages: When you code CALL DSNRLI statements in any language,
specify all parameters that come before the return code parameter. You cannot omit
any of those parameters by coding zeros or blanks. There are no defaults for those
parameters.

All parameters starting with Return Code are optional.
For all languages except assembler language: Code 0 for an optional parameter
in the CALL DSNRLI statement when you want to use the default value for that
parameter but specify subsequent parameters. For example, suppose you are
coding an IDENTIFY call in a COBOL program. You want to specify all parameters
except the return code parameter. Write the call in this way:
CALL ’DSNRLI’ USING IDFYFN SSNM RIBPTR EIBPTR TERMECB STARTECB
BY CONTENT ZERO BY REFERENCE REASCODE.
IDENTIFY: Syntax and usage

IDENTIFY initializes a connection to DB2.
“DSNRLI IDENTIFY function” shows the syntax for the IDENTIFY function.
DSNRLI IDENTIFY function
CALL DSNRLI ( function, ssnm, ribptr, eibptr, termecb, startecb
)
,retcode
,reascode
,groupoverride

function
An 18-byte area containing IDENTIFY followed by 10 blanks.
ssnm
sharing group) to which the connection is made. If ssnm is less than four
characters long, pad it on the right with blanks to a length of four characters.
ribptr
A 4-byte area in which RRSAF places the address of the release information
block (RIB) after the call. This can be used to determine the release level of the
DB2 subsystem to which the application is connected. You can determine the
modification level within the release level by examining fields RIBCNUMB and
RIBCINFO. If the value in RIBCNUMB is greater than zero, check RIBCINFO
for modification levels.
If the RIB is not available (for example, if you name a subsystem that does not
exist), DB2 sets the 4-byte area to zeros.
The area to which ribptr points is below the 16-MB line.
This parameter is required, although the application does not need to refer to
the returned information.
eibptr
A 4-byte area in which RRSAF places the address of the environment
information block (EIB) after the call. The EIB contains environment information,
such as the data sharing group and member name for the DB2 to which the
IDENTIFY request was issued. If the DB2 subsystem is not in a data sharing
group, then RRSAF sets the data sharing group and member names to blanks.
If the EIB is not available (for example, if ssnm names a subsystem that does
not exist), RRSAF sets the 4-byte area to zeros.
The area to which eibptr points is above the 16-MB line.
This parameter is required, although the application does not need to refer to
the returned information.
termecb
The address of the application’s event control block (ECB) used for DB2
termination. DB2 posts this ECB when the system operator enters the
command STOP DB2 or when DB2 is terminating abnormally. Specify a value
of 0 if you do not want to use a termination ECB.
RRSAF puts a POST code in the ECB to indicate the type of termination as
shown in Table 142.
Table 142. Post codes for types of DB2 termination
POST code Termination type
8 QUIESCE
12 FORCE
16 ABTERM
startecb
The address of the application’s startup ECB. If DB2 has not started when the
application issues the IDENTIFY call, DB2 posts the ECB when DB2 startup
has completed. Enter a value of zero if you do not want to use a startup ECB.
DB2 posts a maximum of one startup ECB per address space. The ECB posted
is associated with the most recent IDENTIFY call from that address space. The
application program must examine any nonzero RRSAF or DB2 reason codes
before issuing a WAIT on this ECB.
retcode
A 4-byte area in which RRSAF places the return code.
This parameter is optional. If you do not specify this parameter, RRSAF places
the return code in register 15 and the reason code in register 0.
reascode
A 4-byte area in which RRSAF places a reason code.
If you specify this parameter, you must also specify retcode or its default (by
specifying a comma or zero, depending on the language).
groupoverride
Usage: IDENTIFY establishes the caller’s task as a user of DB2 services. If no

other task in the address space currently is connected to the subsystem named by

ssnm, then IDENTIFY also initializes the address space to communicate with the
DB2 address spaces. IDENTIFY establishes the cross-memory authorization of the
address space to DB2 and builds address space control blocks.
During IDENTIFY processing, DB2 determines whether the user address space is
authorized to connect to DB2. DB2 invokes the z/OS SAF and passes a primary
authorization ID to SAF. That authorization ID is the 7-byte user ID associated with
the address space, unless an authorized function has built an ACEE for the address
space. If an authorized function has built an ACEE, DB2 passes the 8-byte user ID
from the ACEE. SAF calls an external security product, such as RACF, to determine
if the task is authorized to use:
v The DB2 resource class (CLASS=DSNR)
v The DB2 subsystem (SUBSYS=ssnm)
v Connection type RRSAF
If that check is successful, DB2 calls the DB2 connection exit to perform additional
verification and possibly change the authorization ID. DB2 then sets the connection
name to RRSAF and the connection type to RRSAF.
In a data sharing environment, use the groupoverride parameter on an IDENTIFY

Table 143 shows an IDENTIFY call in each language.

Table 143. Examples of RRSAF IDENTIFY calls
Assembler CALL DSNRLI,(IDFYFN,SSNM,RIBPTR,EIBPTR,TERMECB,STARTECB,
RETCODE,REASCODE,GRPOVER)
C fnret=dsnrli(&idfyfn[0],&ssnm[0], &ribptr, &eibptr, &termecb, &startecb, &retcode,
&reascode,&grpover[0]);
COBOL CALL ’DSNRLI’ USING IDFYFN SSNM RIBTPR EIBPTR TERMECB STARTECB RETCODE
REASCODE GRPOVER.
Fortran CALL DSNRLI(IDFYFN,SSNM,RIBPTR,EIBPTR,TERMECB,STARTECB,
RETCODE,REASCODE,GRPOVER)
PL/I CALL DSNRLI(IDFYFN,SSNM,RIBPTR,EIBPTR,TERMECB,STARTECB,
RETCODE,REASCODE,GRPOVER);
Note: DSNRLI is an assembler language program; therefore, you must include the following compiler directives in
your C, C++, and PL/I applications:
C #pragma linkage(dsnrli, OS)
C++ extern ″OS″ {
int DSNRLI(
char * functn,
...); }
PL/I DCL DSNRLI ENTRY OPTIONS(ASM,INTER,RETCODE);
SWITCH TO: Syntax and usage

You can use SWITCH TO to direct RRSAF, SQL, or IFI requests to a specified DB2
subsystem.
SWITCH TO is useful only after a successful IDENTIFY call. If you have established
a connection with one DB2 subsystem, then you must issue SWITCH TO before
you make an IDENTIFY call to another DB2 subsystem.
“DSNRLI SWITCH TO function” shows the syntax for the SWITCH TO function.
DSNRLI SWITCH TO function
CALL DSNRLI ( function,ssnm
)
, retcode
, reascode
, groupoverride

function
An 18-byte area containing SWITCH TO followed by nine blanks.
ssnm
sharing group) to which the connection is made. If ssnm is less than four
characters long, pad it on the right with blanks to a length of four characters.
retcode
reascode
A 4-byte area in which RRSAF places the reason code.
If you specify this parameter, you must also specify retcode.
groupoverride
Usage: Use SWITCH TO to establish connections to multiple DB2 subsystems

from a single task. If you make a SWITCH TO call to a DB2 subsystem before you
have issued an initial IDENTIFY call, DB2 returns return Code 4 and reason code
X'00C12205' as a warning that the task has not yet identified to any DB2
subsystem.

After you establish a connection to a DB2 subsystem, you must make a SWITCH
TO call before you identify to another DB2 subsystem. If you do not make a
SWITCH TO call before you make an IDENTIFY call to another DB2 subsystem,
then DB2 returns return Code = X'200' and reason code X'00C12201'.
In a data sharing environment, use the groupoverride parameter on an SWITCH TO

This example shows how you can use SWITCH TO to interact with three DB2
subsystems.
RRSAF calls for subsystem db21:
IDENTIFY
SIGNON
CREATE THREAD
Execute SQL on subsystem db21
SWITCH TO db22
RRSAF calls on subsystem db22:
IDENTIFY
SIGNON
CREATE THREAD
Execute SQL on subsystem db22
SWITCH TO db23
RRSAF calls on subsystem db23:
IDENTIFY
SIGNON
CREATE THREAD
Execute SQL on subsystem 23
SWITCH TO db21
SWITCH TO db22
SWITCH TO db21
SRRCMIT (to commit the UR)
SWITCH TO db23
SWITCH TO db22
SWITCH TO db21
SRRCMIT (to commit the UR)
Table 144 shows a SWITCH TO call in each language.

Table 144. Examples of RRSAF SWITCH TO calls
Assembler CALL DSNRLI,(SWITCHFN,SSNM,RETCODE,REASCODE,GRPOVER)
C fnret=dsnrli(&switchfn[0], &ssnm[0], &retcode, &reascode,&grpover[0]);
COBOL CALL ’DSNRLI’ USING SWITCHFN RETCODE REASCODE GRPOVER.
Fortran CALL DSNRLI(SWITCHFN,RETCODE,REASCODE,GRPOVER)
PL/I CALL DSNRLI(SWITCHFN,RETCODE,REASCODE,GRPOVER);
Table 144. Examples of RRSAF SWITCH TO calls (continued)
int DSNRLI(
char * functn,
...); }
SIGNON: Syntax and usage

SIGNON establishes a primary authorization ID and can establish one or more
secondary authorization IDs for a connection.
“DSNRLI SIGNON function” shows the syntax for the SIGNON function.
DSNRLI SIGNON function
CALL DSNRLI ( function, correlation-id, accounting-token, accounting-interval
)
, retcode
, reascode
, user
, appl
, ws
, xid

function
An 18-byte area containing SIGNON followed by twelve blanks.
correlation-id
A 12-byte area in which you can put a DB2 correlation ID. The correlation ID is
displayed in DB2 accounting and statistics trace records. You can use the
correlation ID to correlate work units. This token appears in output from the
command DISPLAY THREAD. If you do not want to specify a correlation ID, fill
the 12-byte area with blanks.
accounting-token
A 22-byte area in which you can put a value for a DB2 accounting token. This
| value is displayed in DB2 accounting and statistics trace records. Setting the
| value of the accounting token sets the value of the CLIENT ACCTG special
| register. If you do not want to specify an accounting token, fill the 22-byte area
with blanks.
accounting-interval
A 6-byte area with which you can control when DB2 writes an accounting
record. If you specify COMMIT in that area, then DB2 writes an accounting
record each time the application issues SRRCMIT. If you specify any other
value, DB2 writes an accounting record when the application terminates or
when you call SIGNON with a new authorization ID.

retcode
reascode
user
A 16-byte area that contains the user ID of the client end user. You can use this
parameter to provide the identity of the client end user for accounting and
monitoring purposes. DB2 displays this user ID in DISPLAY THREAD output
| and in DB2 accounting and statistics trace records. Setting the user ID sets the
| value of the CURRENT CLIENT_USERID special register. If user is less than
16 characters long, you must pad it on the right with blanks to a length of 16
characters.
This field is optional. If specified, you must also specify retcode and reascode. If
not specified, no user ID is associated with the connection. You can omit this
parameter by specifying a value of 0.
appl
A 32-byte area that contains the application or transaction name of the end
user’s application. You can use this parameter to provide the identity of the
client end user for accounting and monitoring purposes. DB2 displays the
application name in the DISPLAY THREAD output and in DB2 accounting and
| statistics trace records. Setting the application name sets the value of the
| CURRENT CLIENT_APPLNAME special register. If appl is less than 32
characters long, you must pad it on the right with blanks to a length of 32
characters.
This field is optional. If specified, you must also specify retcode, reascode, and
user. If not specified, no application or transaction is associated with the
connection. You can omit this parameter by specifying a value of 0.
ws An 18-byte area that contains the workstation name of the client end user. You
can use this parameter to provide the identity of the client end user for
accounting and monitoring purposes. DB2 displays the workstation name in the
DISPLAY THREAD output and in DB2 accounting and statistics trace records.
| Setting the workstation name sets the value of the CURRENT
| CLIENT_WRKSTNNAME special register. If ws is less than 18 characters long,
you must pad it on the right with blanks to a length of 18 characters.
This field is optional. If specified, you must also specify retcode, reascode, user,
and appl. If not specified, no workstation name is associated with the
connection.
xid
A 4-byte area into which you put one of the following values:
0 Indicates that the thread is not part of a global transaction. The
0 value must be specified as a binary integer.
1 Indicates that the thread is part of a global transaction and that
DB2 should retrieve the global transaction ID from RRS. If a
global transaction ID already exists for the task, the thread
becomes part of the associated global transaction. Otherwise,
RRS generates a new global transaction ID. The 1 value must
be specified as a binary integer.
address The 4-byte address of an area into which you enter a global
transaction ID for the thread. If the global transaction ID already
exists, the thread becomes part of the associated global
transaction. Otherwise, RRS creates a new global transaction
with the ID that you specify.
A DB2 thread that is part of a global transaction can share locks with other DB2
threads that are part of the same global transaction and can access and modify
the same data. A global transaction exists until one of the threads that is part of
the global transaction is committed or rolled back.
The global transaction ID has the format shown in Table 145.

Table 145. Format of a user-created global transaction ID
Field description Length in bytes Data type
Format ID 4 Character
Global transaction ID length 4 Integer
Branch qualifier length 4 Integer
Global transaction ID 1 to 64 Character
Branch qualifier 1 to 64 Character
Usage: SIGNON causes a new primary authorization ID and an optional

secondary authorization IDs to be assigned to a connection. Your program does not
need to be an authorized program to issue the SIGNON call. For that reason,
before you issue the SIGNON call, you must issue the external security interface
macro RACROUTE REQUEST=VERIFY to do the following:
v Define and populate an ACEE to identify the user of the program.
v Associate the ACEE with the user’s TCB.
v Verify that the user is defined to RACF and authorized to use the application.
See z/OS Security Server RACF Macros and Interfaces for more information about
the RACROUTE macro.
Generally, you issue a SIGNON call after an IDENTIFY call and before a CREATE
THREAD call. You can also issue a SIGNON call if the application is at a point of
consistency, and one of the following conditions is true:
v The value of reuse in the CREATE THREAD call was RESET.
v The value of reuse in the CREATE THREAD call was INITIAL, no held cursors
are open, the package or plan is bound with KEEPDYNAMIC(NO), and all
special registers are at their initial state. If there are open held cursors or the
package or plan is bound with KEEPDYNAMIC(YES), a SIGNON call is permitted
only if the primary authorization ID has not changed.
Table 146 shows a SIGNON call in each language.

Table 146. Examples of RRSAF SIGNON calls
assembler CALL DSNRLI,(SGNONFN,CORRID,ACCTTKN,ACCTINT,
RETCODE,REASCODE,USERID,APPLNAME,WSNAME)

Table 146. Examples of RRSAF SIGNON calls (continued)
C fnret=dsnrli(&sgnonfn[0], &corrid[0], &accttkn[0], &acctint[0], &retcode, &reascode, &userid[0],
&applname[0], &wsname[0]);
COBOL CALL ’DSNRLI’ USING SGNONFN CORRID ACCTTKN ACCTINT RETCODE REASCODE
USERID APPLNAME WSNAME.
Fortran CALL DSNRLI(SGNONFN,CORRID,ACCTTKN,ACCTINT,
PL/I CALL DSNRLI(SGNONFN,CORRID,ACCTTKN,ACCTINT,
RETCODE,REASCODE,USERID,APPLNAME,WSNAME);
int DSNRLI(
char * functn,
...); }
AUTH SIGNON: Syntax and usage

AUTH SIGNON allows an APF-authorized program to pass either of the following to
DB2:
v A primary authorization ID and, optionally, one or more secondary authorization
IDs.
v An ACEE that is used for authorization checking
AUTH SIGNON establishes a primary authorization ID and can establish one or

more secondary authorization IDs for the connection.
“DSNRLI AUTH SIGNON function” shows the syntax for the AUTH SIGNON
function.
DSNRLI AUTH SIGNON function
CALL DSNRLI ( function, correlation-id, accounting-token,
accounting-interval, primary-authid, ACEE-address, secondary-authid
)
, retcode
, reascode
, user
, appl
, ws
, xid

function
An 18-byte area containing AUTH SIGNON followed by seven blanks.
correlation-id
accounting-token
with blanks.
accounting-interval
primary-authid
An 8-byte area in which you can put a primary authorization ID. If you are not
passing the authorization ID to DB2 explicitly, put X'00' or a blank in the first
byte of the area.
ACEE-address
The 4-byte address of an ACEE that you pass to DB2. If you do not want to
provide an ACEE, specify 0 in this field.
secondary-authid
An 8-byte area in which you can put a secondary authorization ID. If you do not
pass the authorization ID to DB2 explicitly, put X'00' or a blank in the first byte
of the area. If you enter a secondary authorization ID, you must also enter a
primary authorization ID.
retcode
reascode
user
characters.
appl

characters.
| CLIENT_WRKSTNNAME special register. If ws is less than 18 characters long,
connection.
xid
with the ID that you specify. The global transaction ID has the
format shown in Table 145 on page 848.
Usage: AUTH SIGNON causes a new primary authorization ID and optional

secondary authorization IDs to be assigned to a connection.
Generally, you issue an AUTH SIGNON call after an IDENTIFY call and before a
CREATE THREAD call. You can also issue an AUTH SIGNON call if the application
is at a point of consistency, and one of the following conditions is true:
Table 147 shows a AUTH SIGNON call in each language.

Table 147. Examples of RRSAF AUTH SIGNON calls
Assembler CALL DSNRLI,(ASGNONFN,CORRID,ACCTTKN,ACCTINT,PAUTHID,ACEEPTR,
SAUTHID,RETCODE,REASCODE,USERID,APPLNAME,WSNAME)
C fnret=dsnrli(&asgnonfn[0], &corrid[0], &accttkn[0], &acctint[0], &pauthid[0], &aceeptr, &sauthid[0],
&retcode, &reascode, &userid[0], &applname[0], &wsname[0]);
COBOL CALL ’DSNRLI’ USING ASGNONFN CORRID ACCTTKN ACCTINT PAUTHID ACEEPTR
SAUTHID RETCODE REASCODE USERID APPLNAME WSNAME.
Fortran CALL DSNRLI(ASGNONFN,CORRID,ACCTTKN,ACCTINT,PAUTHID,ACEEPTR,
SAUTHID,RETCODE,REASCODE,USERID,APPLNAME,WSNAME)
PL/I CALL DSNRLI(ASGNONFN,CORRID,ACCTTKN,ACCTINT,PAUTHID,ACEEPTR,
SAUTHID,RETCODE,REASCODE,USERID,APPLNAME,WSNAME);
int DSNRLI(
char * functn,
...); }
CONTEXT SIGNON: Syntax and usage

CONTEXT SIGNON establishes a primary authorization ID and one or more
secondary authorization IDs for a connection.
“DSNRLI CONTEXT SIGNON function” shows the syntax for the CONTEXT
SIGNON function.
DSNRLI CONTEXT SIGNON function
CALL DSNRLI (
function, correlation-id, accounting-token, accounting-interval, context-key
)
, retcode
, reascode
, user
, appl
, ws
, xid

function
An 18-byte area containing CONTEXT SIGNON followed by four blanks.
correlation-id

accounting-token
with blanks.
accounting-interval
context-key
A 32-byte area in which you put the context key that you specified when you
called the RRS Set Context Data (CTXSDTA) service to save the primary
authorization ID and an optional ACEE address.
retcode
reascode
user
characters.
appl
characters.
Setting the workstation name sets the value of the CURRENT
CLIENT_WRKSTNNAME special register. If ws is less than 18 characters long,
connection.
xid
with the ID that you specify. The global transaction ID has the
format shown in Table 145 on page 848.
Usage: CONTEXT SIGNON relies on the RRS context services functions Set
Context Data (CTXSDTA) and Retrieve Context Data (CTXRDTA). Before you
invoke CONTEXT SIGNON, you must have called CTXSDTA to store a primary
authorization ID and optionally, the address of an ACEE in the context data whose
context key you supply as input to CONTEXT SIGNON.
CONTEXT SIGNON establishes a new primary authorization ID for the connection

and optionally causes one or more secondary authorization IDs to be assigned.
CONTEXT SIGNON uses the context key to retrieve the primary authorization ID
from data associated with the current RRS context. DB2 uses the RRS context
services function CTXRDTA to retrieve context data that contains the authorization
ID and ACEE address. The context data must have the following format:
Version Number
A 4-byte area that contains the version number of the context data.
Set this area to 1.

Server Product Name
An 8-byte area that contains the name of the server product that
set the context data.
ALET A 4-byte area that can contain an ALET value. DB2 does not
reference this area.
ACEE Address
A 4-byte area that contains an ACEE address or 0 if an ACEE is
not provided. DB2 requires that the ACEE is in the home address
space of the task.
primary-authid An 8-byte area that contains the primary authorization ID to be
used. If the authorization ID is less than 8 bytes in length, pad it on
the right with blank characters to a length of 8 bytes.
If the new primary authorization ID is not different than the current primary
authorization ID (established at IDENTIFY time or at a previous SIGNON
invocation), DB2 invokes only the signon exit. If the value has changed, then DB2
establishes a new primary authorization ID and new SQL authorization ID and then
invokes the signon exit.
If you pass an ACEE address, then CONTEXT SIGNON uses the value in
ACEEGRPN as the secondary authorization ID if the length of the group name
(ACEEGRPL) is not 0.
Generally, you issue a CONTEXT SIGNON call after an IDENTIFY call and before a
CREATE THREAD call. You can also issue a CONTEXT SIGNON call if the
application is at a point of consistency, and one of the following conditions is true:
Table 148 shows a CONTEXT SIGNON call in each language.

Table 148. Examples of RRSAF CONTEXT SIGNON calls
Assembler CALL DSNRLI,(CSGNONFN,CORRID,ACCTTKN,ACCTINT,CTXTKEY,
C fnret=dsnrli(&csgnonfn[0], &corrid[0], &accttkn[0], &acctint[0], &ctxtkey[0], &retcode, &reascode,
&userid[0], &applname[0], &wsname[0]);
COBOL CALL ’DSNRLI’ USING CSGNONFN CORRID ACCTTKN ACCTINT CTXTKEY RETCODE
REASCODE USERID APPLNAME WSNAME.
Fortran CALL DSNRLI(CSGNONFN,CORRID,ACCTTKN,ACCTINT,CTXTKEY, RETCODE,REASCODE,
USERID,APPLNAME,WSNAME)
PL/I CALL DSNRLI(CSGNONFN,CORRID,ACCTTKN,ACCTINT,CTXTKEY,
RETCODE,REASCODE,USERID,APPLNAME,WSNAME);
Table 148. Examples of RRSAF CONTEXT SIGNON calls (continued)
int DSNRLI(
char * functn,
...); }
SET_ID: Syntax and usage

SET_ID sets end-user information that is passed to DB2 when the next SQL
request is processed. SET_ID establishes a new value for the client program ID
that can be used to identify the end user.
“DSNRLI SET_ID function” shows the syntax of the SET_ID function.
DSNRLI SET_ID function
CALL DSNRLI ( function, program-id )

, retcode
, reascode

function
An 18-byte area containing SET_ID followed by 12 blanks.
program-id
An 80-byte area containing the caller-provided string to be passed to DB2. If
program-id is less than 80 characters, you must pad it with blanks on the right
to a length of 80 characters.
retcode
reascode
Usage: SET_ID establishes a new value for program-id that can be used to
identify the end user. The calling program defines the contents of program-id. DB2
places the contents of program-id into IFCID 316 records, along with other
statistics, so that you can identify which program is associated with a particular SQL
statement.
Table 149 on page 857 shows a SET_ID call in each language.

Table 149. Examples of RRSAF SET_ID calls
Assembler CALL DSNRLI,(SETIDFN,PROGID,RETCODE,REASCODE)
C fnret=dsnrli(&setidfn[0], &progid[0], &retcode, &reascode);
COBOL CALL ’DSNRLI’ USING SETIDFN PROGID RETCODE REASCODE.
Fortran CALL DSNRLI(SETIDFN,PROGID,RETCODE,REASCODE)
PL/I CALL DSNRLI(SETIDFN,PROGID,RETCODE,REASCODE);
int DSNRLI(
char * functn,
...); }
| SET_CLIENT_ID: Syntax and usage

| SET_CLIENT_ID sets end-user information that is passed to DB2 when the next
| SQL request is processed. SET_CLIENT_ID establishes new values for the client
| user ID, the application program name, the workstation name, and the accounting
| token.
| “DSNRLI SET_CLIENT_ID function” shows the syntax of the SET_CLIENT_ID

| function.
|
| DSNRLI SET_CLIENT_ID function
| CALL DSNRLI ( function, accounting-token, user, appl, ws

|
| )
| ,retcode
,reascode
||
|
| Parameters point to the following areas:

| function
| An 18-byte area containing SET_CLIENT_ID followed by 5 blanks.
| accounting-token
| A 22-byte area in which you can put a value for a DB2 accounting token. This
| value is placed in DB2 accounting and statistics trace records. Setting the value
| of the accounting token sets the value of the CLIENT ACCTG special register. If
| accounting-token is less than 22 characters long, you must pad it with blanks
| on the right to a length of 22 characters.
| This parameter is optional. You can omit this parameter by specifying a value of
| 0 in the parameter list.
| You can retrieve the DB2 accounting token from the CURRENT
| CLIENT_ACCTNG special register.
| user
| A 16-byte area that contains the user ID of the client end user. You can use this
| parameter to provide the identity of the client end user for accounting and
| monitoring purposes. DB2 places this user ID in DISPLAY THREAD output and
| in DB2 accounting and statistics trace records. Setting the user ID sets the
| 16 characters long, you must pad it on the right with blanks to a length of 16
| characters.
| You can retrieve the client user ID from the CURRENT CLIENT_USERID
| special register.
| appl
| An 32-byte area that contains the application or transaction name of the end
| user’s application. You can use this parameter to provide the identity of the
| client end user for accounting and monitoring purposes. DB2 places the
| application name in DISPLAY THREAD output and in DB2 accounting and
| characters, you must pad it with blanks on the right to a length of 16 characters.
| You can retrieve the application name from the CURRENT
| CLIENT_APPLNAME special register.
| ws
| An 18-byte area that contains the workstation name of the client end user. You
| can use this parameter to provide the identity of the client end user for
| accounting and monitoring purposes. DB2 places this workstation name in
| DISPLAY THREAD output and in DB2 accounting and statistics trace records.
| CLIENT_WRKSTNNAME special register. If ws is less than 18 characters, you
| must pad it with blanks on the right to a length of 18 characters.
| You can retrieve the application name from the CURRENT
| CLIENT_WRKSTNNAME special register.
| retcode
| A 4-byte area in which RRSAF places the return code.
| This parameter is optional. If you do not specify this parameter, RRSAF places
| the return code in register 15 and the reason code in register 0.
| reascode
| A 4-byte area in which RRSAF places the reason code.
| This parameter is optional. If you do not specify this parameter, RRSAF places
| the reason code in register 0.
| If you specify this parameter, you must also specify retcode.
| Usage: SET_CLIENT_ID establishes new values for the client user ID, application
| program name, workstation name, and accounting token. The calling program
| defines the contents of these parameters. DB2 places the parameter values in
| DISPLAY THREAD output and in DB2 accounting and statistics trace records.
| Table 150 shows a SET_CLIENT_ID call in each language.
| Table 150. Examples of RRSAF SET_CLIENT_ID calls
| Language Call example
| Assembler CALL DSNRLI,(SECLIDFN,ACCT,USER,APPL,WS,RETCODE,REASCODE)
| C fnret=dsnrli(&seclidfn[0], &acct[0], &user[0], &appl[0], &ws[0], &retcode, &reascode);
| COBOL CALL ’DSNRLI’ USING SECLIDFN ACCT USER APPL WS RETCODE REASCODE.
| Fortran CALL DSNRLI(SECLIDFN,ACCT,USER,APPL,WS,RETCODE,REASCODE)
| PL/I CALL DSNRLI(SECLIDFN,ACCT,USER,APPL,WS,RETCODE,REASCODE);
| Note: DSNRLI is an assembler language program; therefore, you must include the following compiler directives in
| your C, C++, and PL/I applications:
| C #pragma linkage(dsnrli, OS)
| C++ extern ″OS″ {
| int DSNRLI(
| char * functn,
| ...); }
| PL/I DCL DSNRLI ENTRY OPTIONS(ASM,INTER,RETCODE);
|
| CREATE THREAD: Syntax and usage

CREATE THREAD allocates DB2 resources for the application.
“DSNRLI CREATE THREAD function” shows the syntax of the CREATE THREAD
function.
DSNRLI CREATE THREAD function
CALL DSNRLI ( function, plan, collection, reuse
)
, retcode
, reascode
, pklistptr

function
An 18-byte area containing CREATE THREAD followed by five blanks.
plan
An 8-byte DB2 plan name. If you provide a collection name instead of a plan
name, specify the character ? in the first byte of this field. DB2 then allocates a
special plan named ?RRSAF and uses the collection parameter. If you do not
provide a collection name in the collection field, you must enter a valid plan
name in this field.
collection
An 18-byte area in which you enter a collection name. When you provide a
collection name and put the character ? in the plan field, DB2 allocates a plan
named ?RRSAF and a package list that contains two entries:
v This collection name
v An entry that contains * for the location, collection name, and package name
If you provide a plan name in the plan field, DB2 ignores the value in this field.
reuse
An 8-byte area that controls the action DB2 takes if a SIGNON call is issued
after a CREATE THREAD call. Specify either of these values in this field:
v RESET - to release any held cursors and reinitialize the special registers
v INITIAL - to disallow the SIGNON
This parameter is required. If the 8-byte area does not contain either RESET or
INITIAL, then the default value is INITIAL.
retcode
reascode
pklistptr
A 4-byte field that can contain a pointer to a user-supplied data area that
| contains a list of collection IDs. A collection ID is an SQL identifier of 1 to 128
| letters, digits, or the underscore character that identifies a collection of
| packages. The length of the data area is a maximum of 2050 bytes. The data
| area contains a 2-byte length field, followed by up to 2048 bytes of collection ID
| entries, separated by commas.
When you specify a pointer to a set of collection IDs (in the pklistptr parameter)
and the character ? in the plan parameter, DB2 allocates a plan named
?RRSAF and a package list in the data area that pklistptr points to. If you also
specify a value for the collection parameter, DB2 ignores that value.
Each collection entry must be of the form collection-ID.*, *.collection-ID.*, or
*.*.*. collection-ID and must follow the naming conventions for a collection ID,
as specified in Chapter 1 of DB2 Command Reference.
This parameter is optional. If you specify this parameter, you must also specify
retcode and reascode.
If you provide a plan name in the plan field, DB2 ignores the pklistptr value.
Using a package list can have a negative impact on performance. For better
performance, specify a short package list.
Usage: CREATE THREAD allocates the DB2 resources required to issue SQL or
IFI requests. If you specify a plan name, RRSAF allocates the named plan.
If you specify ? in the first byte of the plan name and provide a collection name,
DB2 allocates a special plan named ?RRSAF and a package list that contains the
following entries:
v The collection name
v An entry that contains * for the location, collection ID, and package name
If you specify ? in the first byte of the plan name and specify pklistptr, DB2 allocates
a special plan named ?RRSAF and a package list that contains the following
entries:

v The collection names that you specify in the data area to which pklistptr points
v An entry that contains * for the location, collection ID, and package name
The collection names are used to locate a package associated with the first SQL
statement in the program. The entry that contains *.*.* lets the application access
remote locations and access packages in collections other than the default
collection that is specified at create thread time.
The application can use the SQL statement SET CURRENT PACKAGESET to
change the collection ID that DB2 uses to locate a package.
When DB2 allocates a plan named ?RRSAF, DB2 checks authorization to execute
the package in the same way as it checks authorization to execute a package from
a requester other than DB2 UDB for z/OS. See Part 3 (Volume 1) of DB2
Administration Guide for more information about authorization checking for package
execution.
Table 151 shows a CREATE THREAD call in each language.

Table 151. Examples of RRSAF CREATE THREAD calls
Assembler CALL DSNRLI,(CRTHRDFN,PLAN,COLLID,REUSE,RETCODE,REASCODE,PKLISTPTR)
C fnret=dsnrli(&crthrdfn[0], &plan[0], &collid[0], &reuse[0], &retcode, &reascode, &pklistptr);
COBOL CALL ’DSNRLI’ USING CRTHRDFN PLAN COLLID REUSE RETCODE REASCODE
PKLSTPTR.
Fortran CALL DSNRLI(CRTHRDFN,PLAN,COLLID,REUSE,RETCODE,REASCODE,PKLSTPTR)
PL/I CALL DSNRLI(CRTHRDFN,PLAN,COLLID,REUSE,RETCODE,REASCODE,PKLSTPTR);
int DSNRLI(
char * functn,
...); }
TERMINATE THREAD: Syntax and usage

TERMINATE THREAD deallocates DB2 resources that were previously allocated for
an application by CREATE THREAD.
“DSNRLI TERMINATE THREAD function” shows the syntax of the TERMINATE

THREAD function.
DSNRLI TERMINATE THREAD function
CALL DSNRLI ( function, )

, retcode
, reascode
function
An 18-byte area containing TERMINATE THREAD followed by two blanks.
retcode
reascode
Usage: TERMINATE THREAD deallocates the DB2 resources associated with a

plan. Those resources were previously allocated through CREATE THREAD. You
can then use CREATE THREAD to allocate another plan using the same
connection.
If you issue TERMINATE THREAD, and the application is not at a point of

consistency, RRSAF returns reason code X'00C12211'.
Table 152 shows a TERMINATE THREAD call in each language.

Table 152. Examples of RRSAF TERMINATE THREAD calls
Assembler CALL DSNRLI,(TRMTHDFN,RETCODE,REASCODE)
C fnret=dsnrli(&trmthdfn[0], &retcode, &reascode);
COBOL CALL ’DSNRLI’ USING TRMTHDFN RETCODE REASCODE.
Fortran CALL DSNRLI(TRMTHDFN,RETCODE,REASCODE)
PL/I CALL DSNRLI(TRMTHDFN,RETCODE,REASCODE);
int DSNRLI(
char * functn,
...); }
TERMINATE IDENTIFY: Syntax and usage

TERMINATE IDENTIFY terminates a connection to DB2.
“DSNRLI TERMINATE IDENTIFY function” on page 863 shows the syntax of the
TERMINATE IDENTIFY function.

DSNRLI TERMINATE IDENTIFY function
CALL DSNRLI ( function )

, retcode
, reascode

function
An 18-byte area containing TERMINATE IDENTIFY.
retcode
reascode
Usage: TERMINATE IDENTIFY removes the calling task’s connection to DB2. If

no other task in the address space has an active connection to DB2, DB2 also
deletes the control block structures created for the address space and removes the
cross-memory authorization.
If the application is not at a point of consistency when you issue TERMINATE

IDENTIFY, RRSAF returns reason code X'00C12211'.
If the application allocated a plan, and you issue TERMINATE IDENTIFY without
first issuing TERMINATE THREAD, DB2 deallocates the plan before terminating the
connection.
Issuing TERMINATE IDENTIFY is optional. If you do not, DB2 performs the same
functions when the task terminates.
If DB2 terminates, the application must issue TERMINATE IDENTIFY to reset the
RRSAF control blocks. This ensures that future connection requests from the task
are successful when DB2 restarts.
Table 153 shows a TERMINATE IDENTIFY call in each language.

Table 153. Examples of RRSAF TERMINATE IDENTIFY calls
Assembler CALL DSNRLI,(TMIDFYFN,RETCODE,REASCODE)
C fnret=dsnrli(&tmidfyfn[0], &retcode, &reascode);
COBOL CALL ’DSNRLI’ USING TMIDFYFN RETCODE REASCODE.
Fortran CALL DSNRLI(TMIDFYFN,RETCODE,REASCODE)
PL/I CALL DSNRLI(TMIDFYFN,RETCODE,REASCODE);
Table 153. Examples of RRSAF TERMINATE IDENTIFY calls (continued)
int DSNRLI(
char * functn,
...); }
Translate: Syntax and usage

TRANSLATE converts a hexadecimal reason code for a DB2 error into a signed
integer SQLCODE and a printable error message. The SQLCODE and message
text are placed in the caller’s SQLCA. You cannot call the TRANSLATE function
from the Fortran language.
Issue TRANSLATE only after a successful IDENTIFY operation. For errors that
occur during SQL or IFI requests, the TRANSLATE function performs automatically.
“DSNRLI TRANSLATE function” shows the syntax of the TRANSLATE function.
DSNRLI TRANSLATE function
CALL DSNRLI ( function, sqlca )

, retcode
, reascode

function
An 18-byte area containing the word TRANSLATE followed by nine blanks.
sqlca
The program’s SQL communication area (SQLCA).
retcode
reascode
Usage: Use TRANSLATE to get a corresponding SQL error code and message
text for the DB2 error reason codes that RRSAF returns in register 0 following a
CREATE THREAD service request. DB2 places this information in the SQLCODE
and SQLSTATE host variables or related fields of the SQLCA.

The TRANSLATE function translates codes that begin with X'00F3', but it does not
translate RRSAF reason codes that begin with X'00C1'. If you receive error reason
code X'00F30040' (resource unavailable) after an OPEN request, TRANSLATE
returns the name of the unavailable database object in the last 44 characters of
field SQLERRM. If the DB2 TRANSLATE function does not recognize the error
reason code, it returns SQLCODE -924 (SQLSTATE ’58006’) and places a printable
copy of the original DB2 function code and the return and error reason codes in the
SQLERRM field. The contents of registers 0 and 15 do not change, unless
TRANSLATE fails. In this case, register 0 is set to X'00C12204', and register 15 is
set to 200.
Table 154 shows a TRANSLATE call in each language.

Table 154. Examples of RRSAF TRANSLATE calls
Assembler CALL DSNRLI,(XLATFN,SQLCA,RETCODE,REASCODE)
C fnret=dsnrli(&connfn[0], &sqlca, &retcode, &reascode);
COBOL CALL ’DSNRLI’ USING XLATFN SQLCA RETCODE REASCODE.
PL/I CALL DSNRLI(XLATFN,SQLCA,RETCODE,REASCODE);
int DSNRLI(
char * functn,
...); }
Summary of RRSAF behavior

Table 155 and Table 156 on page 866 summarize RRSAF behavior after various
inputs from application programs. Errors are identified by the DB2 reason code that
RRSAF returns. For a list of reason codes, see the X'C1' reason codes in Part 3 of
DB2 Messages and Codes. Use these tables to understand the order in which your
application must issue RRSAF calls, SQL statements, and IFI requests.
In these tables, the first column lists the most recent RRSAF or DB2 function
executed. The first row lists the next function executed. The contents of the
intersection of a row and column indicate the result of calling the function in the first
column followed by the function in the first row. For example, if you issue
TERMINATE THREAD, then you execute SQL or issue an IFI call, RRSAF returns
reason code X'00C12219'.
Table 155 summarizes RRSAF behavior when the next call is the IDENTIFY,
SWITCH TO, SIGNON, or CREATE THREAD function.
| Table 155. Effect of call order when next call is IDENTIFY, SWITCH TO, SIGNON, or CREATE THREAD
| Next function
| SIGNON, AUTH SIGNON,
| Previous function IDENTIFY SWITCH TO or CONTEXT SIGNON CREATE THREAD
| Empty: first call IDENTIFY X'00C12205' X'00C12204' X'00C12204'
1
| IDENTIFY X'00F30049' Switch to ssnm Signon X'00C12217'
| Table 155. Effect of call order when next call is IDENTIFY, SWITCH TO, SIGNON, or CREATE THREAD (continued)
| Next function
| SIGNON, AUTH SIGNON,
| Previous function IDENTIFY SWITCH TO or CONTEXT SIGNON CREATE THREAD
1
| SWITCH TO IDENTIFY Switch to ssnm Signon CREATE THREAD
1
| SIGNON, AUTH SIGNON, X'00F30049' Switch to ssnm Signon CREATE THREAD
| or CONTEXT SIGNON
1
| CREATE THREAD X'00F30049' Switch to ssnm Signon X'00C12202'
1
| TERMINATE THREAD X'00C12201' Switch to ssnm Signon CREATE THREAD
1
| IFI X'00F30049' Switch to ssnm Signon X'00C12202'
2
| SQL X'00F30049' Switch to ssnm X'00F30092' X'00C12202'
1
| SRRCMIT or SRRBACK X'00F30049' Switch to ssnm Signon X'00C12202'
| Notes:
| 1. Signon means the signon to DB2 through either SIGNON, AUTH SIGNON, or CONTEXT SIGNON.
| 2. SIGNON, AUTH SIGNON, or CONTEXT SIGNON are not allowed if any SQL operations are requested after
| CREATE THREAD or after the last SRRCMIT or SRRBACK request.
|
Table 156 summarizes RRSAF behavior when the next call is the SQL or IFI,
TERMINATE THREAD, TERMINATE IDENTIFY, or TRANSLATE function.
| Table 156. Effect of call order when next call is SQL or IFI, TERMINATE THREAD, TERMINATE IDENTIFY, or
| TRANSLATE
| Next function
| Previous function SQL or IFI TERMINATE THREAD TERMINATE IDENTIFY TRANSLATE
3
| Empty: first call SQL or IFI call X'00C12204' X'00C12204' X'00C12204'
3
| IDENTIFY SQL or IFI call X'00C12203' TERMINATE IDENTIFY TRANSLATE
3
| SWITCH TO SQL or IFI call TERMINATE THREAD TERMINATE IDENTIFY TRANSLATE
3
| SIGNON, AUTH SIGNON, SQL or IFI call TERMINATE THREAD TERMINATE IDENTIFY TRANSLATE
| or CONTEXT SIGNON
3
| CREATE THREAD SQL or IFI call TERMINATE THREAD TERMINATE IDENTIFY TRANSLATE
3
| TERMINATE THREAD SQL or IFI call X'00C12203' TERMINATE IDENTIFY TRANSLATE
3
| IFI SQL or IFI call TERMINATE THREAD TERMINATE IDENTIFY TRANSLATE
3 1 2
| SQL SQL or IFI call X'00F30093' X'00F30093' TRANSLATE
3
| SRRCMIT or SRRBACK SQL or IFI call TERMINATE THREAD TERMINATE IDENTIFY TRANSLATE
| Notes:
| 1. TERMINATE THREAD is not allowed if any SQL operations are requested after CREATE THREAD or after the last
| SRRCMIT or SRRBACK request.
| 2. TERMINATE IDENTIFY is not allowed if any SQL operations are requested after CREATE THREAD or after the
| last SRRCMIT or SRRBACK request.
| 3. Using implicit connect with SQL or IFI calls causes RRSAF to issue an implicit IDENTIFY and CREATE THREAD.
| If you continue with explicit RRSAF statements after an implicit connect, you must follow the standard order of
| explicit RRSAF calls. Implicit connect does not issue a SIGNON. Therefore, you might need to issue an explicit
| SIGNON to satisfy the standard order requirement. For example, an SQL statement followed by an explicit
| TERMINATE THREAD requires an explicit SIGNON before issuing the TERMINATE THREAD.
|

Sample scenarios
This section shows sample scenarios for connecting tasks to DB2.
A single task
This example shows a single task running in an address space. z/OS RRS controls
commit processing when the task terminates normally.
IDENTIFY
SIGNON
CREATE THREAD
SQL
. or IFI
.
.
TERMINATE IDENTIFY
Multiple tasks
This example shows multiple tasks in an address space. Task 1 executes no SQL
statements and makes no IFI calls. Its purpose is to monitor DB2 termination and
startup ECBs and to check the DB2 release level.
TASK 1 TASK 2 TASK 3 TASK n
IDENTIFY IDENTIFY IDENTIFY IDENTIFY

SIGNON SIGNON SIGNON
CREATE THREAD CREATE THREAD CREATE THREAD
SQL SQL SQL
... ... ...
SRRCMIT SRRCMIT SRRCMIT
SQL SQL SQL
... ... ...
SRRCMIT SRRCMIT SRRCMIT
... ... ...
TERMINATE IDENTIFY
Calling SIGNON to reuse a DB2 thread

This example shows a DB2 thread that is to be used again by another user at a
point of consistency. The application calls SIGNON for user B, using the DB2 plan
that is allocated by the CREATE THREAD issued for user A.
IDENTIFY
SIGNON user A
CREATE THREAD
SQL
...
SRRCMIT
SIGNON user B
SQL
...
SRRCMIT
Switching DB2 threads between tasks

This example shows how you can switch the threads for four users (A, B, C, and D)
among two tasks (1 and 2). The steps that the applications perform are:
v Task 1 creates context a, performs a context switch to make context a active for
task 1, then identifies to a subsystem. A task must always perform an identify
operation before a context switch can occur. After the identify operation is
complete, task 1 allocates a thread for user A and performs SQL operations.
At the same time, task 2 creates context b, performs a context switch to make
context b active for task 2, identifies to the subsystem, then allocates a thread for
user B and also performs SQL operations.
When the SQL operations complete, both tasks perform RRS context switch
operations. Those operations disconnect each DB2 thread from the task under
which it was running.
v Task 1 then creates context c, identifies to the subsystem, performs a context
switch to make context c active for task 1, then allocates a thread for user C and
performs SQL operations for user C.
Task 2 does the same for user D.
When the SQL operations for user C complete, task 1 performs a context switch
operation to:
– Switch the thread for user C away from task 1.
– Switch the thread for user B to task 1.
For a context switch operation to associate a task with a DB2 thread, the DB2
thread must have previously performed an identify operation. Therefore, before
the thread for user B can be associated with task 1, task 1 must have performed
an identify operation.
v Task 2 performs two context switch operations to:
– Disassociate the thread for user D from task 2.
– Associate the thread for user A with task 2.
Task 1 Task 2
CTXBEGC (create context a) CTXBEGC (create context b)

CTXSWCH(a,0) CTXSWCH(b,0)
IDENTIFY IDENTIFY
SIGNON user A SIGNON user B
CREATE THREAD (Plan A) CREATE THREAD (plan B)
SQL SQL
... ...
CTXSWCH(0,a) CTXSWCH(0,b)
CTXBEGC (create context c) CTXBEGC (create context d)

CTXSWCH(c,0) CTXSWCH(d,0)
IDENTIFY IDENTIFY
SIGNON user C SIGNON user D
CREATE THREAD (plan C) CREATE THREAD (plan D)
SQL SQL
... ...
CTXSWCH(b,c) CTXSWCH(0,d)
SQL (plan B) ...
... CTXSWCH(a,0)
SQL (plan A)
RRSAF return codes and reason codes

| For an implicit connection request, register 15 contains the return code, and register
| 0 contains the reason code. If you specify return code and reason code parameters
in an explicit RRSAF call, RRSAF puts the return code and reason code in those
parameters. Otherwise, RRSAF puts the return code in register 15 and the reason
code in register 0. See Part 3 of DB2 Messages and Codes for detailed
explanations of the reason codes.
When the reason code begins with X'00F3' (except for X'00F30006'), you can use
the RRSAF TRANSLATE function to obtain error message text that can be printed
and displayed.
For SQL calls, RRSAF returns standard SQL return codes in the SQLCA. See Part
1 of DB2 Messages and Codes for a list of those return codes and their meanings.
RRSAF returns IFI return codes and reason codes in the instrumentation facility

communication area (IFCA). See Part 3 of DB2 Messages and Codes for a list of
those return codes and their meanings.
Table 157. RRSAF return codes
Return code Explanation
0 Successful completion.
4 Status information. See the reason code for details.
>4 The call failed. See the reason code for details.
Program examples
This section contains sample JCL for running an RRSAF application and assembler
code for accessing RRSAF.
Sample JCL for using RRSAF

Use the sample JCL that follows as a model for using RRSAF in a batch
environment. The DD statement for DSNRRSAF starts the RRSAF trace. Use that
DD statement only if you are diagnosing a problem.
//jobname JOB z/OS_jobcard_information
//RRSJCL EXEC PGM=RRS_application_program
//STEPLIB DD DSN=application_load_library
// DD DSN=DB2_load_library
.
.
.
//DSNRRSAF DD DUMMY
Loading and deleting the RRSAF language interface

The following code segment shows how an application loads entry points DSNRLI
and DSNHLIR of the RRSAF language interface. Storing the entry points in
variables LIRLI and LISQL ensures that the application loads the entry points only
once.
Delete the loaded modules when the application no longer needs to access DB2.
****************************** GET LANGUAGE INTERFACE ENTRY ADDRESSES
LOAD EP=DSNRLI Load the RRSAF service request EP
ST R0,LIRLI Save this for RRSAF service requests
LOAD EP=DSNHLIR Load the RRSAF SQL call Entry Point
ST R0,LISQL Save this for SQL calls
* .
* . Insert connection service requests and SQL calls here
* .
DELETE EP=DSNRLI Correctly maintain use count
DELETE EP=DSNHLIR Correctly maintain use count
Using dummy entry point DSNHLI

Each of the DB2 attachment facilities contains an entry point named DSNHLI. When
you use RRSAF but do not specify the precompiler option ATTACH(RRSAF), the
precompiler generates BALR instructions to DSNHLI for SQL statements in your
program. To find the correct DSNHLI entry point without including DSNRLI in your
load module, code a subroutine, with entry point DSNHLI, that passes control to
entry point DSNHLIR in the DSNRLI module. DSNHLIR is unique to DSNRLI and is
at the same location as DSNHLI in DSNRLI. DSNRLI uses 31-bit addressing. If the
application that calls this intermediate subroutine uses 24-bit addressing, the
intermediate subroutine must account for the difference.
In the example that follows, LISQL is addressable because the calling CSECT used
the same register 12 as CSECT DSNHLI. Your application must also establish
addressability to LISQL.
***********************************************************************
* Subroutine DSNHLI intercepts calls to LI EP=DSNHLI
***********************************************************************
DS 0D
DSNHLI CSECT Begin CSECT
STM R14,R12,12(R13) Prologue
LA R15,SAVEHLI Get save area address
L R15,LISQL Get the address of real DSNHLI
BASSM R14,R15 Branch to DSNRLI to do an SQL call
* DSNRLI is in 31-bit mode, so use
* BASSM to assure that the addressing
* mode is preserved.
L R13,4(,R13) Restore R13 (caller’s save area addr)
L R14,12(,R13) Restore R14 (return address)
RETURN (1,12) Restore R1-12, NOT R0 and R15 (codes)
Establishing a connection to DB2

Figure 227 on page 871 shows how to issue requests for certain RRSAF functions
(IDENTIFY, SIGNON, CREATE THREAD, TERMINATE THREAD, and TERMINATE
IDENTIFY).
The code in Figure 227 does not show a task that waits on the DB2 termination
ECB. You can code such a task and use the z/OS WAIT macro to monitor the ECB.
The task that waits on the termination ECB should detach the sample code if the
termination ECB is posted. That task can also wait on the DB2 startup ECB. The
task in Figure 227 waits on the startup ECB at its own task level.

***************************** IDENTIFY ********************************
L R15,LIRLI Get the Language Interface address
CALL (15),(IDFYFN,SSNM,RIBPTR,EIBPTR,TERMECB,STARTECB),VL,MF=X
(E,RRSAFCLL)
BAL R14,CHEKCODE Call a routine (not shown) to check
* return and reason codes
USING R8,RIB Prepare to access the RIB
L R8,RIBPTR Access RIB to get DB2 release level
WRITE ’The current DB2 release level is’ RIBREL
***************************** SIGNON **********************************
CALL (15),(SGNONFN,CORRID,ACCTTKN,ACCTINT),VL,MF=(E,RRSAFCLL)
*************************** CREATE THREAD *****************************
CALL (15),(CRTHRDFN,PLAN,COLLID,REUSE),VL,MF=(E,RRSAFCLL)
****************************** SQL ************************************
* Insert your SQL calls here. The DB2 Precompiler
* generates calls to entry point DSNHLI. You should
* code a dummy entry point of that name to intercept
* all SQL calls. A dummy DSNHLI is shown in the following
* section.
************************ TERMINATE THREAD *****************************
CLC CONTROL,CONTINUE Is everything still OK?
BNE EXIT If CONTROL not ’CONTINUE’, shut down
CALL (15),(TRMTHDFN),VL,MF=(E,RRSAFCLL)
************************ TERMINATE IDENTIFY ***************************
CALL (15),(TMIDFYFN),VL,MF=(E,RRSAFCLL)
Figure 227. Using RRSAF to connect to DB2
Figure 228 on page 872 shows declarations for some of the variables that are used
in Figure 227.
****************** VARIABLES SET BY APPLICATION ***********************
LIRLI DS F DSNRLI entry point address
LISQL DS F DSNHLIR entry point address
SSNM DS CL4 DB2 subsystem name for IDENTIFY
CORRID DS CL12 Correlation ID for SIGNON
ACCTTKN DS CL22 Accounting token for SIGNON
ACCTINT DS CL6 Accounting interval for SIGNON
PLAN DS CL8 DB2 plan name for CREATE THREAD
COLLID DS CL18 Collection ID for CREATE THREAD. If
* PLAN contains a plan name, not used.
REUSE DS CL8 Controls SIGNON after CREATE THREAD
CONTROL DS CL8 Action that application takes based
* on return code from RRSAF
****************** VARIABLES SET BY DB2 *******************************
STARTECB DS F DB2 startup ECB
TERMECB DS F DB2 termination ECB
EIBPTR DS F Address of environment info block
RIBPTR DS F Address of release info block
****************************** CONSTANTS ******************************
CONTINUE DC CL8’CONTINUE’ CONTROL value: Everything OK
IDFYFN DC CL18’IDENTIFY ’ Name of RRSAF service
SGNONFN DC CL18’SIGNON ’ Name of RRSAF service
CRTHRDFN DC CL18’CREATE THREAD ’ Name of RRSAF service
TRMTHDFN DC CL18’TERMINATE THREAD ’ Name of RRSAF service
TMIDFYFN DC CL18’TERMINATE IDENTIFY’ Name of RRSAF service
****************************** SQLCA and RIB **************************
DSNDRIB Map the DB2 Release Information Block
******************* Parameter list for RRSAF calls ********************
RRSAFCLL CALL ,(*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*),VL,MF=L
Figure 228. Declarations for variables used in the RRSAF connection routine

Chapter 32. Programming considerations for CICS
This section discusses some special topics of importance to CICS application
programmers:
v Controlling the CICS attachment facility from an application
v Improving thread reuse
v Detecting whether the CICS attachment facility is operational
Controlling the CICS attachment facility from an application

You can start and stop the CICS attachment facility from within an application
program. To start the attach facility, include this statement in your source code:
EXEC CICS LINK PROGRAM(’DSN2COM0’)
To stop the attachment facility, include this statement:

EXEC CICS LINK PROGRAM(’DSN2COM2’)
| In addition, you can start and stop the CICS attachment facility from within an
| application program by using the system programming interface SET DB2CONN.
| For more information, see the CICS Transaction Server for z/OS System
| Programming Reference.
Improving thread reuse

In general, you want transactions to reuse threads whenever possible, because
there is a high processor cost associated with thread creation. Part 5 (Volume 2) of
DB2 Administration Guide contains a discussion of what factors affect CICS thread
reuse and how you can write your applications to control these factors.
One of the most important things you can do to maximize thread reuse is to close
all cursors that you declared WITH HOLD before each sync point, because DB2
does not automatically close them. A thread for an application that contains an open
cursor cannot be reused. It is a good programming practice to close all cursors
immediately after you finish using them. For more information about the effects of
declaring cursors WITH HOLD in CICS applications, see “Held and non-held
cursors” on page 112.
Detecting whether the CICS attachment facility is operational

You can use the INQUIRE EXITPROGRAM command in your applications to test
whether the CICS attachment is available. The following example shows how to do
this:
STST DS F
ENTNAME DS CL8
EXITPROG
. DS CL8
.
.
MVC ENTNAME,=CL8’DSNCSQL’
MVC EXITPROG,=CL8’DSN2EXT1’
EXEC CICS INQUIRE EXITPROGRAM(EXITPROG) X
ENTRYNAME(ENTNAME) CONNECTST(STST) NOHANDLE
CLC EIBRESP,DFHRESP(NORMAL)
BNE NOTREADY
CLC STST,DFHVALUE(CONNECTED)
BNE NOTREADY

UPNREADY DS 0H
attach is up
NOTREADY DS 0H
attach isn’t up yet
In this example, the INQUIRE EXITPROGRAM command tests whether the

resource manager for SQL, DSNCSQL, is up and running. CICS returns the results
in the EIBRESP field of the EXEC interface block (EIB) and in the field whose name
is the argument of the CONNECTST parameter (in this case, STST). If the
EIBRESP value indicates that the command completed normally and the STST
value indicates that the resource manager is available, it is safe to execute SQL
statements. For more information about the INQUIRE EXITPROGRAM command,
see CICS Transaction Server for z/OS System Programming Reference.
Attention
The stormdrain effect is a condition that occurs when a system continues to
receive work, even though that system is down.
When both of the following conditions are true, the stormdrain effect can
occur:
v The CICS attachment facility is down.
v You are using INQUIRE EXITPROGRAM to avoid AEY9 abends.
For more information on the stormdrain effect and how to avoid it, see Chapter
2 of DB2 Data Sharing: Planning and Administration.
| If the CICS attachment facility is started and you are using standby mode, you do
| not need to test whether the CICS attachment facility is up before executing SQL.
| When an SQL statement is executed, and the CICS attachment facility is in standby
| mode, the attachment issues SQLCODE -923 with a reason code that indicates that
| DB2 is not available. See CICS DB2 Guide for information about the
| STANDBYMODE and CONNECTERROR parameters, and DB2 Messages and
| Codes for an explanation of SQLCODE -923.

|
| Chapter 33. Using WebSphere MQ functions from DB2
| applications
| WebSphere MQ is a message handling system that enables applications to
| communicate in a distributed environment across different operating systems and
| networks. WebSphere MQ handles the communication from one program to another
| by using APIs.
| The Application Messaging Interface (AMI) is a commonly used API for WebSphere
| MQ that is available in a number of high-level languages. In addition to the AMI,
| DB2 provides its own application programming interface to the WebSphere MQ
| message handling system through a set of external user-defined functions. Using
| these functions in SQL statements allows you to combine DB2 database access
| with WebSphere MQ message handling.
| This chapter discusses some topics of importance to application programmers that

| plan to use WebSphere MQ functions from DB2:
| v “Introduction to WebSphere MQ message handling and the AMI”
| v “Capabilities of WebSphere MQ functions” on page 876
| v “Commit environment for WebSphere MQ functions” on page 878
| v “How to use WebSphere MQ functions” on page 879
|
| Introduction to WebSphere MQ message handling and the AMI
| Conceptually, the WebSphere MQ message handling system takes a piece of
| information (the message) and sends it to its destination. MQ guarantees delivery
| despite any network disruptions that might occur.
| Applications programmers use the AMI to send messages and to receive

| messages. The three components in the AMI are:
| v The message, which defines what is sent from one program to another
| v The service, which defines where the message is going to or coming from
| v The policy, which defines how the message is handled
| To send a message that uses the AMI, an application must specify the message
| data, the service, and the policy. A system administrator defines the WebSphere
| MQ configuration that is required for a particular installation, including the default
| service and default policy. DB2 provides the default service and default policy,
| DB2.DEFAULT.SERVICE and DB2.DEFAULT.POLICY, which application
| programmers can use to simplify their programs. For detailed information about the
| AMI, see MQSeries Application Messaging Interface.
| Messages
| WebSphere MQ uses messages to pass information between applications.
| Messages consist of the following parts:
| v The message attributes, which identify the message and its properties. The AMI
| uses the attributes and the policy to interpret and construct MQ headers and
| message descriptors.
| v The message data, which is the application data that is carried in the message.
| The AMI does not act on this data.

| Attributes are properties of an AMI message. With the AMI, the message can
| contain the attributes, or a system administrator can define the attributes in a
| default policy. The application programmer is not concerned with the details of
| message attributes.
| Services
| A service describes a destination to which an application sends messages or from
| which an application receives messages. For WebSphere MQ, a destination is
| called a message queue, and a queue resides in a queue manager.
| Applications can put messages on queues or get messages from them by using the
| AMI. A system administrator sets up the parameters for managing a queue, which
| are defined in the service. Therefore, the complexity is hidden from the application
| programmer. An application program selects a service by specifying it as a
| parameter for WebSphere MQ function calls.
| Policies
| A policy controls how the AMI functions operate to handle messages. Policies
| control such items as:
| v The attributes of the message, for example, the priority
| v Options for send and receive operations, for example, whether an operation is
| part of a unit of work
| The AMI provides default policies. Alternatively, a system administrator can define
| customized policies and store them in a repository. An application program can
| specify a policy as a parameter for WebSphere MQ function calls.
|
| Capabilities of WebSphere MQ functions
| The WebSphere MQ functions support the following types of operations:
| v Send and forget, where no reply is needed.
| v Read or receive, where one or all messages are either read without removing
| them from the queue, or received and removed from the queue.
| v Request and response, where a sending application needs a response to a
| request.
| v Publish and subscribe, where messages are assigned to specific publisher
| services and are sent to queues. Applications that subscribe to the corresponding
| subscriber service can monitor specific messages.
| You can use the WebSphere MQ functions to send messages to a message queue
| or to receive messages from the message queue. You can send a request to a
| message queue and receive a response, and you can also publish messages to the
| WebSphere MQ publisher and subscribe to messages that have been published
| with specific topics.
| The WebSphere MQ server is located on the same z/OS system as the DB2
| database server. The MQ functions are registered with the DB2 database server
| and provide access to the WebSphere MQ server by using the AMI. For information
| about installing the WebSphere MQ functions for DB2, see Part 2 of DB2
| Installation Guide.
| The WebSphere MQ functions for DB2 include both scalar functions and table
| functions. Table 158 on page 877 describes the DB2 MQ scalar functions.

| Table 158. DB2 MQ scalar functions
| Scalar function Description
| MQPUBLISH (publisher-service, MQPUBLISH publishes a message, as specified in the msg-data variable, to the
| service-policy, msg-data, topic-list, WebSphere MQ publisher that is specified in the publisher-service variable. It
| correlation-id) uses the quality of service policy as specified in the service-policy variable. The
| topic-list variable specifies a list of topics for the message. The optional
| correlation-id variable specifies the correlation id that is to be associated with
| this message. The return value is 1 if successful or 0 if not successful.
| MQREAD (receive-service, MQREAD returns a message in a VARCHAR variable from the MQ location
| service-policy) specified by receive-service, using the policy defined in service-policy. This
| operation does not remove the message from the head of the queue but instead
| returns it. If no messages are available to be returned, a null value is returned.
| MQREADCLOB (receive-service, MQREADCLOB returns a message in a CLOB variable from the MQ location
| service-policy) specified by receive-service, using the policy defined in service-policy. This
| operation does not remove the message from the head of the queue but instead
| returns it. If no messages are available to be returned, a null value is returned.
| MQRECEIVE (receive-service, MQRECEIVE returns a message in a VARCHAR variable from the MQ location
| service-policy, correlation-id) specified by receive-service, using the policy defined in service-policy. This
| operation removes the message from the queue. If correlation-id is specified, the
| first message with a matching correlation identifier is returned; if correlation-id is
| not specified, the message at the beginning of queue is returned. If no
| messages are available to be returned, a null value is returned.
| MQRECEIVECLOB MQRECEIVECLOB returns a message in a CLOB variable from the MQ location
| (receive-service, service-policy, specified by receive-service, using the policy defined in service-policy. This
| correlation-id) operation removes the message from the queue. If correlation-id is specified, the
| first message with a matching correlation identifier is returned; if correlation-id is
| not specified, the message at the head of queue is returned. If no messages are
| available to be returned, a null value is returned.
| MQSEND (send-service, MQSEND sends the data in a VARCHAR or CLOB variable msg-data to the MQ
| service-policy, msg-data, location specified by send-service, using the policy defined in service-policy. An
| correlation-id) optional user-defined message correlation identifier can be specified by
| correlation-id. The return value is 1 if successful or 0 if not successful.
| MQSUBSCRIBE MQSUBSCRIBE registers interest in WebSphere MQ messages that are
| (subscriber-service, service-policy, published to the list of topics that are specified in the topic-list variable. The
| topic-list) subscriber-service variable specifies a logical destination for messages that
| match the specified list of topics. Messages that match each topic are placed on
| the queue at the specified destination, using the policy specified in the
| service-policy variable. These messages can be read or received by issuing a
| subsequent call to MQREAD, MQREADALL, MQREADCLOB,
| MQREADALLCLOB, MQRECEIVE, MQRECEIVEALL, MQRECEIVECLOB, or
| MQRECEIVEALLCLOB. The return value is 1 if successful or 0 if not successful.
| MQUNSUBSCRIBE MQUNSUBSCRIBE unregisters previously specified interest in WebSphere MQ
| (subscriber-service, service-policy, messages that are published to the list of topics that are specified in the
| topic-list) topic-list variable. The subscriber-service, service-policy, and topic-list variables
| specify which subscription is to be cancelled. The return value is 1 if successful
| or 0 if not successful.
| Notes:
| 1. You can send or receive messages in VARCHAR variables or CLOB variables. The maximum length for a
| message in a VARCHAR variable is 4000 bytes. The maximum length for a message in a CLOB variable is 1 MB.
|
| Table 159 on page 878 describes the MQ table functions that DB2 can use.
Chapter 33. Using WebSphere MQ functions from DB2 applications 877

| Table 159. DB2 MQ table functions
| Table functions Description
| MQREADALL (receive-service, MQREADALL returns a table that contains the messages and message
| service-policy, num-rows) metadata in VARCHAR variables from the MQ location specified by
| receive-service, using the policy defined in service-policy. This operation does
| not remove the messages from the queue. If num-rows is specified, a maximum
| of num-rows messages is returned; if num-rows is not specified, all available
| messages are returned.
| MQREADALLCLOB MQREADALLCLOB returns a table that contains the messages and message
| (receive-service, service-policy, metadata in CLOB variables from the MQ location specified by receive-service,
| num-rows) using the policy defined in service-policy. This operation does not remove the
| messages from the queue. If num-rows is specified, a maximum of num-rows
| messages is returned; if num-rows is not specified, all available messages are
| returned.
| MQRECEIVEALL (receive-service, MQRECEIVEALL returns a table that contains the messages and message
| service-policy, correlation-id, metadata in VARCHAR variables from the MQ location specified by
| num-rows) receive-service, using the policy defined in service-policy. This operation
| removes the messages from the queue. If correlation-id is specified, only those
| messages with a matching correlation identifier are returned; if correlation-id is
| not specified, all available messages are returned. If num-rows is specified, a
| maximum of num-rows messages is returned; if num-rows is not specified, all
| available messages are returned.
| MQRECEIVEALLCLOB MQRECEIVEALLCLOB returns a table that contains the messages and
| (receive-service, service-policy, message metadata in CLOB variables from the MQ location specified by
| correlation-id, num-rows) receive-service, using the policy defined in service-policy. This operation
| removes the messages from the queue. If correlation-id is specified, only those
| messages with a matching correlation identifier are returned; if correlation-id is
| not specified, all available messages are returned. If num-rows is specified, a
| maximum of num-rows messages is returned; if num-rows is not specified, all
| available messages are returned.
| Notes:
| 1. You can send or receive messages in VARCHAR variables or CLOB variables. The maximum length for a
| message in a VARCHAR variable is 4000 bytes. The maximum length for a message in a CLOB variable is 1 MB.
| 2. The first column of the result table of a DB2 MQ table function contains the message. For a description of the
| other columns, see DB2 SQL Reference.
|
|
| Commit environment for WebSphere MQ functions
| DB2 provides two versions of commit when you use DB2 MQ functions:
| v A single-phase commit: the schema name when you use functions for this
| version is DB2MQ1C.
| v A two-phase commit: the schema name when you use functions for this version
| is DB2MQ2C.
| You need to assign these two versions to different WLM environments, which
| guarantees that the versions are never invoked from the same address space.
| Single-phase commit
| If your application uses single-phase commit, any DB2 COMMIT or ROLLBACK
| operations are independent of WebSphere MQ operations. If a transaction is rolled
| back, the messages that have been sent to a queue within the current unit of work
| are not discarded.

| This type of commit is typically used in the case of application error. You might want
| to use WebSphere MQ messaging functions to notify a system programmer that an
| application error has occurred. The application issues a ROLLBACK after the error
| occurs, but the message is still delivered to the queue that contains the error
| messages.
| In a single-phase commit environment, WebSphere MQ controls its own queue

| operations. A DB2 COMMIT or ROLLBACK does not affect when or if messages are
| added to or deleted from an MQ queue.
| Two-phase commit
| If your application uses two-phase commit, RRS coordinates the commit process. If
| a transaction is rolled back, the messages that have been sent to a queue within
| the current unit of work are discarded.
| This type of commit is typically used when a transaction causes a message to be

| sent, which causes another transaction to be initiated. For example, assume that a
| sales transaction causes a WebSphere MQ message to be sent to a queue. The
| message causes your inventory system to order replacement merchandise. That
| message should be discarded if the transaction representing the sale is rolled back.
| In a two-phase commit environment, if you want to force messages to be added to

| or deleted from an MQ queue, you need to issue a COMMIT in your application
| program after you call a DB2 MQ function.
|
| How to use WebSphere MQ functions
| This section describes some of the common scenarios for using DB2 MQ functions
| and provides examples of their use:
| v “Basic messaging”
| v “Sending messages” on page 880
| v “Retrieving messages” on page 881
| v “Application-to-application connectivity” on page 882
| Basic messaging
| The most basic form of messaging with the DB2 MQ functions occurs when all
| database applications connect to the same DB2 database server. Clients can be
| local to the database server or distributed in a network environment.
| In a simple scenario, client A invokes the MQSEND function to send a user-defined

| string to the location that is defined by the default service. DB2 executes the MQ
| functions that perform this operation on the database server. At some later time,
| client B invokes the MQRECEIVE function to remove the message at the head of
| the queue that is defined by the default service, and return it to the client. DB2
| executes the MQ functions that perform this operation on the database server.
| Database clients can use simple messaging in a number of ways:

| v Data collection
| Information is received in the form of messages from one or more sources. An
| information source can be any application. The data is received from queues and
| stored in database tables for additional processing.
| v Workload distribution
| Work requests are posted to a queue that is shared by multiple instances of the
| same application. When an application instance is ready to perform some work, it

| receives a message that contains a work request from the head of the queue.
| Multiple instances of the application can share the workload that is represented
| by a single queue of pooled requests.
| v Application signaling
| In a situation where several processes collaborate, messages are often used to
| coordinate their efforts. These messages might contain commands or requests
| for work that is to be performed. For more information about this technique, see
| “Application-to-application connectivity” on page 882.
| The following scenario extends basic messaging to incorporate remote messaging.

| Assume that machine A sends a message to machine B.
| 1. The DB2 client executes an MQSEND function call, specifying a target service
| that has been defined to be a remote queue on machine B.
| 2. The MQ functions perform the work to send the message. The WebSphere MQ
| server on machine A accepts the message and guarantees that it will deliver it
| to the destination that is defined by the service and the current MQ
| configuration of machine A. The server determines that the destination is a
| queue on machine B. The server then attempts to deliver the message to the
| WebSphere MQ server on machine B, retrying as needed.
| 3. The WebSphere MQ server on machine B accepts the message from the server
| on machine A and places it in the destination queue on machine B.
| 4. A WebSphere MQ client on machine B requests the message at the head of the
| queue.
| Sending messages
| When you use MQSEND, you choose what data to send, where to send it, and
| when to send it. This type of messaging is called send and forget; the sender only
| sends a message, relying on WebSphere MQ to ensure that the message reaches
| its destination.
| The following examples use the DB2MQ2C schema for two-phase commit, with the
| default service DB2.DEFAULT.SERVICE and the default policy
| DB2.DEFAULT.POLICY. For more information about two-phase commit, see
| “Commit environment for WebSphere MQ functions” on page 878.
| Example: The following SQL SELECT statement sends a message that consists of
| the string ″Testing msg″:
| SELECT DB2MQ2C.MQSEND (’Testing msg’)
| FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1;
| COMMIT;
| The MQSEND function is invoked once because SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1 has only

| one row. Because this MQSEND function uses two-phase commit, the COMMIT
| statement ensures that the message is added to the queue.
| When you use single-phase commit, you do not need to use a COMMIT statement.
| For example:
| SELECT DB2MQ1C.MQSEND (’Testing msg’)
| The MQ operation causes the message to be added to the queue.

| Example: Assume that you have an EMPLOYEE table, with VARCHAR columns
| LASTNAME, FIRSTNAME, and DEPARTMENT. To send a message that contains
| this information for each employee in DEPARTMENT 5LGA, issue the following
| SQL SELECT statement:
| SELECT DB2MQ2C.MQSEND (LASTNAME || ’ ’ || FIRSTNAME || ’ ’ || DEPARTMENT)
| FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE DEPARTMENT = ’5lGA’;
| COMMIT;
| Message content can be any combination of SQL statements, expressions,

| functions, and user-specified data. Because this MQSEND function uses two-phase
| commit, the COMMIT statement ensures that the message is added to the MQ
| queue.
| Retrieving messages
| The DB2 MQ functions allow messages to be either read or received. The
| difference between reading and receiving is that reading returns the message at the
| head of a queue without removing it from the queue, whereas receiving causes the
| message to be removed from the queue. A message that is retrieved using a
| receive operation can be retrieved only once, whereas a message that is retrieved
| using a read operation allows the same message to be retrieved many times.
| The following examples use the DB2MQ2C schema for two-phase commit, with the
| default service DB2.DEFAULT.SERVICE and the default policy
| DB2.DEFAULT.POLICY. For more information about two-phase commit, see
| “Commit environment for WebSphere MQ functions” on page 878.
| Example: The following SQL SELECT statement reads the message at the head of
| the queue that is specified by the default service and policy:
| SELECT DB2MQ2C.MQREAD()
| The MQREAD function is invoked once because SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1 has only

| one row. The SELECT statement returns a VARCHAR(4000) string. If no messages
| are available to be read, a null value is returned. Because MQREAD does not
| change the queue, you do not need to use a COMMIT statement.
| Example: The following SQL SELECT statement causes the contents of a queue to
| be materialized as a DB2 table:
| SELECT T.*
| FROM TABLE(DB2MQ2C.MQREADALL()) T;
| The result table T of the table function consists of all the messages in the queue,
| which is defined by the default service, and the metadata about those messages.
| The first column of the materialized result table is the message itself, and the
| remaining columns contain the metadata. The SELECT statement returns both the
| messages and the metadata.
| To return only the messages, issue the following statement:

| SELECT T.MSG
| FROM TABLE(DB2MQ2C.MQREADALL()) T;
| The result table T of the table function consists of all the messages in the queue,
| which is defined by the default service, and the metadata about those messages.
| This SELECT statement returns only the messages.

| Example: The following SQL SELECT statement receives (removes) the message
| at the head of the queue:
| SELECT DB2MQ2C.MQRECEIVE()
| COMMIT;
| The MQRECEIVE function is invoked once because SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1 has

| only one row. The SELECT statement returns a VARCHAR(4000) string. Because
| this MQRECEIVE function uses two-phase commit, the COMMIT statement ensures
| that the message is removed from the queue. If no messages are available to be
| retrieved, a null value is returned, and the queue does not change.
| Example: Assume that you have a MESSAGES table with a single

| VARCHAR(2000) column. The following SQL INSERT statement inserts all of the
| messages from the default service queue into the MESSAGES table in your DB2
| database:
| INSERT INTO MESSAGES
| SELECT T.MSG
| FROM TABLE(DB2MQ2C.MQRECEIVEALL()) T;
| COMMIT;
| The result table T of the table function consists of all the messages in the default
| service queue and the metadata about those messages. The SELECT statement
| returns only the messages. The INSERT statement stores the messages into a
| table in your database.
| Application-to-application connectivity
| Application-to-application connectivity is typically used to solve the problem of
| putting together a diverse set of application subsystems. To facilitate application
| integration, WebSphere MQ provides the means to interconnect applications. This
| section describes two common scenarios:
| v Request-and-reply communication method
| v Publish-and-subscribe method
| Request-and-reply communication method

| The request-and-reply method enables one application to request the services of
| another application. One way to do this is for the requester to send a message to
| the service provider to request that some work be performed. When the work has
| been completed, the provider might decide to send results, or just a confirmation of
| completion, back to the requester. Unless the requester waits for a reply before
| continuing, WebSphere MQ must provide a way to associate the reply with its
| request.
| WebSphere MQ provides a correlation identifier to correlate messages in an

| exchange between a requester and a provider. The requester marks a message
| with a known correlation identifier. The provider marks its reply with the same
| correlation identifier. To retrieve the associated reply, the requester provides that
| correlation identifier when receiving messages from the queue. The first message
| with a matching correlation identifier is returned to the requester.
| The following examples use the DB2MQ1C schema for single-phase commit. For
| more information about single-phase commit, see “Commit environment for
| WebSphere MQ functions” on page 878.

| Example: The following SQL SELECT statement sends a message consisting of
| the string ″Msg with corr id″ to the service MYSERVICE, using the policy
| MYPOLICY with correlation identifier CORRID1:
| SELECT DB2MQ1C.MQSEND (’MYSERVICE’, ’MYPOLICY’, ’Msg with corr id’, ’CORRID1’)
| The MQSEND function is invoked once because SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1 has only

| one row. Because this MQSEND uses single-phase commit, WebSphere MQ adds
| the message to the queue, and you do not need to use a COMMIT statement.
| Example: The following SQL SELECT statement receives the first message that
| matches the identifier CORRID1 from the queue that is specified by the service
| MYSERVICE, using the policy MYPOLICY:
| SELECT DB2MQ1C.MQRECEIVE (’MYSERVICE’, ’MYPOLICY’, ’CORRID1’)
| The SELECT statement returns a VARCHAR(4000) string. If no messages are

| available with this correlation identifier, a null value is returned, and the queue does
| not change.
| Publish-and-subscribe method
| Another common method of application integration is for one application to notify
| other applications about events of interest. An application can do this by sending a
| message to a queue that is monitored by other applications. The message can
| contain a user-defined string or can be composed from database columns.
| Simple data publication: In many cases, only a simple message needs to be sent
| using the MQSEND function. When a message needs to be sent to multiple
| recipients concurrently, the distribution list facility of the MQSeries® AMI can be
| used.
| You define distribution lists by using the AMI administration tool. A distribution list
| comprises a list of individual services. A message that is sent to a distribution list is
| forwarded to every service defined within the list. Publishing messages to a
| distribution list is especially useful when there are multiple services that are
| interested in every message.
| Example: The following example shows how to send a message to the distribution
| list ″InterestedParties″:
| SELECT DB2MQ2C.MQSEND (’InterestedParties’,’Information of general interest’)
| When you require more control over the messages that a particular service should
| receive, you can use the MQPUBLISH function, in conjunction with the WebSphere
| MQSeries Integrator facility. This facility provides a publish-and-subscribe system,
| which provides a scalable, secure environment in which many subscribers can
| register to receive messages from multiple publishers. Subscribers are defined by
| queues, which are represented by service names.
| MQPUBLISH allows you to specify a list of topics that are associated with a
| message. Topics allow subscribers to more clearly specify the messages they
| receive. The following sequence illustrates how the publish-and-subscribe
| capabilities are used:
| 1. An MQSeries administrator configures the publish-and-subscribe capability of
| the WebSphere MQSeries Integrator facility.

| 2. Interested applications subscribe to subscriber services that are defined in the
| WebSphere MQSeries Integrator configuration. Each subscriber selects relevant
| topics and can also use the content-based subscription techniques that are
| provided by Version 2 of the WebSphere MQSeries Integrator facility.
| 3. A DB2 application publishes a message to a specified publisher service. The
| message indicates the topic it concerns.
| 4. The MQSeries functions provided by DB2 UDB for z/OS handle the mechanics
| of publishing the message. The message is sent to the WebSphere MQSeries
| Integrator facility by using the specified service policy.
| 5. The WebSphere MQSeries Integrator facility accepts the message from the
| specified service, performs any processing defined by the WebSphere
| MQSeries Integrator configuration, and determines which subscriptions the
| message satisfies. It then forwards the message to the subscriber queues that
| match the subscriber service and topic of the message.
| 6. Applications that subscribe to the specific service, and register an interest in the
| specific topic, will receive the message in their receiving service.
| Example: To publish the last name, first name, department, and age of employees
| who are in department 5LGA, using all the defaults and a topic of EMP, you can
| use the following statement:
| SELECT DB2MQ2C.MQPUBLISH (LASTNAME || ’ ’ || FIRSTNAME || ’ ’ ||
| DEPARTMENT || ’ ’ || char(AGE), 'EMP')
| FROM DSN8810.EMP
| WHERE DEPARTMENT = ’5LGA’;
| Example: The following statement publishes messages that contain only the last
| name of employees who are in department 5LGA to the HR_INFO_PUB publisher
| service using the SPECIAL_POLICY service policy:
| SELECT DB2MQ2C.MQPUBLISH (’HR_INFO_PUB’, ’SPECIAL_POLICY’, LASTNAME,
| ’ALL_EMP:5LGA’, ’MANAGER’)
| FROM DSN8810.EMP
| WHERE DEPARTMENT = ’5LGA’;
| The messages indicate that the sender has the MANAGER correlation id. The topic
| string demonstrates that multiple topics, concatenated using a ’:’ (a colon) can be
| specified. In this example, the use of two topics allows subscribers of both the
| ALL_EMP and the 5LGA topics to receive these messages.
| To receive published messages, you must first register your application’s interest in
| messages of a given topic and indicate the name of the subscriber service to which
| messages are sent. An AMI subscriber service defines a broker service and a
| receiver service. The broker service is how the subscriber communicates with the
| publish-and-subscribe broker. The receiver service is the location where messages
| that match the subscription request are sent.
| Example: The following statement subscribes to the topic ALL_EMP and indicates
| that messages be sent to the subscriber service, ″aSubscriber″:
| SELECT DB2MQ2C.MQSUBSCRIBE (’aSubscriber’,’ALL_EMP’)
| When an application is subscribed, messages published with the topic, ALL_EMP,

| are forwarded to the receiver service that is defined by the subscriber service. An
| application can have multiple concurrent subscriptions. Messages that match the
| subscription topic can be retrieved by using any of the standard message retrieval
| functions.

| Example: The following statement non-destructively reads the first message, where
| the subscriber service, ″aSubscriber″, defines the receiver service as
| ″aSubscriberReceiver″:
| SELECT DB2MQ2C.MQREAD (’aSubscriberReceiver’)
| To display both the messages and the topics with which they are published, you
| can use one of the table functions.
| Example: The following statement receives the first five messages from
| ″aSubscriberReceiver″ and display both the message and the topic for each of the
| five messages:
| SELECT t.msg, t.topic
| FROM table (DB2MQ2C.MQRECEIVEALL (’aSubscriberReceiver’,5)) t;
| Example: To read all of the messages with the topic ALL_EMP, issue the following
| statement:
| SELECT t.msg
| FROM table (DB2MQ2C.MQREADALL (’aSubscriberReceiver’)) t
| WHERE t.topic = ’ALL_EMP’;
| Note: If you use MQRECEIVEALL with a constraint, your application receives the
| entire queue, not just those messages that are published with the topic ALL_EMP.
| This is because the table function is performed before the constraint is applied.
| When you are no longer interested in having your application subscribe to a

| particular topic, you must explicitly unsubscribe.
| Example: The following statement unsubscribes from the ALL_EMP topic of the
| ″aSubscriber″ subscriber service:
| SELECT DB2MQ2C.MQUNSUBSCRIBE (’aSubscriber’, ’ALL_EMP’)
| After you issue the preceding statement, the publish-and-subscribe broker no longer
| delivers messages that match the ALL_EMP topic to the ″aSubscriber″ subscriber
| service.
| Automated Publication: Another important method in application message

| publishing is automated publication. Using the trigger facility within DB2 UDB for
| z/OS, you can automatically publish messages as part of a trigger invocation.
| Although other techniques exist for automated message publication, the
| trigger-based approach allows you more freedom in constructing the message
| content and more flexibility in defining the actions of a trigger. As with the use of
| any trigger, you must be aware of the frequency and cost of execution.
| Example: The following example shows how you can use the MQSeries functions
| of DB2 UDB for z/OS with a trigger to publish a message each time a new
| employee is hired:
| CREATE TRIGGER new_employee AFTER INSERT ON DSN8810.EMP
| REFERENCING NEW AS n
| FOR EACH ROW MODE DB2SQL
| SELECT DB2MQ2C.MQPUBLISH (’HR_INFO_PUB’, current date || ’ ’ ||
| LASTNAME || ’ ’ || DEPARTMENT, ’NEW_EMP’);
| Any users or applications that subscribe to the HR_INFO_PUB service with a

| registered interest in the NEW_EMP topic will receive a message that contains the
| date, the name, and the department of each new employee when rows are inserted

| into the DSN8810.EMP table.

Chapter 34. Programming techniques: Questions and answers
This chapter answers some frequently asked questions about database
programming techniques.
Providing a unique key for a table

Question: How can I provide a unique identifier for a table that has no unique
column?
Answer: Add a column with the data type ROWID or an identity column. ROWID
columns and identity columns contain a unique value for each row in the table. You
can define the column as GENERATED ALWAYS, which means that you cannot
insert values into the column, or GENERATED BY DEFAULT, which means that
DB2 generates a value if you do not specify one. If you define the ROWID or
identity column as GENERATED BY DEFAULT, you need to define a unique index
that includes only that column to guarantee uniqueness.
| For more information about using DB2-generated values as unique keys, see
| Chapter 11, “Using DB2-generated values as keys,” on page 253.
Scrolling through previously retrieved data

Question: When a program retrieves data from the database, how can the program
scroll backward through the data?
Answer: Use one of the following techniques:

v Use a scrollable cursor.
v If the table contains a ROWID or an identity column, retrieve the values from that
column into an array. Then use the ROWID or identity column values to retrieve
the rows in reverse order.
These options are described in more detail in “Using a scrollable cursor” and “Using
a ROWID or identity column” on page 888.
Using a scrollable cursor

Using a scrollable cursor to fetch backward through data involves these basic steps:
1. Declare the cursor with the SCROLL parameter.
2. Open the cursor.
3. Execute a FETCH statement to position the cursor at the end of the result table.
4. In a loop, execute FETCH statements that move the cursor backward and then
retrieve the data.
5. When you have retrieved all the data, close the cursor.
You can use code like the following example to retrieve department names in
reverse order from table DSN8810.DEPT:
/**************************/
/**************************/
char[37] hv_deptname;
/**********************************************************/
/* Declare scrollable cursor to retrieve department names */

/**********************************************************/
EXEC SQL DECLARE C1 SCROLL CURSOR FOR
. SELECT DEPTNAME FROM DSN8810.DEPT;
.
.
/**********************************************************/
/* Open the cursor and position it after the end of the */
/* result table. */
/**********************************************************/
EXEC SQL OPEN C1;
EXEC SQL FETCH AFTER FROM C1;
/**********************************************************/
/* Fetch rows backward until all rows are fetched. */
/**********************************************************/
while(SQLCODE==0) {
EXEC SQL FETCH PRIOR FROM C1 INTO :hv_deptname;
.
.
.
}
EXEC SQL CLOSE C1;
Using a ROWID or identity column

If your table contains a ROWID column or an identity column, you can use that
column to rapidly retrieve the rows in reverse order. When you perform the original
SELECT, you can store the ROWID or identity column value for each row you
retrieve. Then, to retrieve the values in reverse order, you can execute SELECT
statements with a WHERE clause that compares the ROWID or identity column
value to each stored value.
For example, suppose you add ROWID column DEPTROWID to table

DSN8810.DEPT. You can use code like the following example to select all
department names, then retrieve the names in reverse order:
/**************************/
/**************************/
SQL TYPE IS ROWID hv_dept_rowid;
/***************************/
/* Declare other variables */
/***************************/
struct rowid_struct {
short int length;
char data[40]; /* ROWID variable structure */
}
struct rowid_struct rowid_array[200];
/* Array to hold retrieved */
/* ROWIDs. Assume no more */
/* than 200 rows will be */
/* retrieved. */
short int i,j,n;
/***********************************************/
/* Declare cursor to retrieve department names */
/***********************************************/
. SELECT DEPTNAME, DEPTROWID FROM DSN8810.DEPT;
.
.
/**********************************************************/
/* Retrieve the department name and ROWID from DEPT table */
/* and store the ROWID in an array. */
/**********************************************************/
EXEC SQL OPEN C1;
i=0;

while(SQLCODE==0) {
EXEC SQL FETCH C1 INTO :hv_deptname, :hv_dept_rowid;
rowid_array[i].length=hv_dept_rowid.length;
for(j=0;j<hv_dept_rowid.length;j++)
rowid_array[i].data[j]=hv_dept_rowid.data[j];
i++;
}
EXEC SQL CLOSE C1;
n=i-1; /* Get the number of array elements */
/**********************************************************/
/* Use the ROWID values to retrieve the department names */
/* in reverse order. */
/**********************************************************/
for(i=n;i>=0;i--) {
hv_dept_rowid.length=rowid_array[i].length;
for(j=0;j<hv_dept_rowid.length;j++)
hv_dept_rowid.data[j]=rowid_array[i].data[j];
EXEC SQL SELECT DEPTNAME INTO :hv_deptname
FROM DSN8810.DEPT
WHERE DEPTROWID=:hv_dept_rowid;
}
Scrolling through a table in any direction

Question: How can I fetch rows from a table in any direction?
Answer: Declare your cursor as scrollable. When you select rows from the table,
you can use the various forms of the FETCH statement to move to an absolute row
number, move ahead or back a certain number of rows, to the first or last row,
before the first row or after the last row, forward, or backward. You can use any
combination of these FETCH statements to change direction repeatedly.
You can use code like the following example to move forward in the department
table by 10 records, backward five records, and forward again by three records:
/**************************/
/**************************/
/**********************************************************/
/* Declare scrollable cursor to retrieve department names */
/**********************************************************/
EXEC SQL DECLARE C1 SCROLL CURSOR FOR
. SELECT DEPTNAME FROM DSN8810.DEPT;
.
.
/**********************************************************/
/* Open the cursor and position it before the start of */
/* the result table. */
/**********************************************************/
EXEC SQL OPEN C1;
EXEC SQL FETCH BEFORE FROM C1;
/**********************************************************/
/* Fetch first 10 rows */
/**********************************************************/
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
EXEC SQL FETCH NEXT FROM C1 INTO :hv_deptname;
}
/**********************************************************/
/* Save the value in the tenth row */
/**********************************************************/
tenth_row=hv_deptname;
/**********************************************************/
Chapter 34. Programming techniques: Questions and answers 889

/* Fetch backward 5 rows */
/**********************************************************/
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
EXEC SQL FETCH PRIOR FROM C1 INTO :hv_deptname;
}
/**********************************************************/
/* Save the value in the fifth row */
/**********************************************************/
fifth_row=hv_deptname;
/**********************************************************/
/* Fetch forward 3 rows */
/**********************************************************/
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
EXEC SQL FETCH NEXT FROM C1 INTO :hv_deptname;
}
/**********************************************************/
/* Save the value in the eighth row */
/**********************************************************/
eighth_row=hv_deptname;
/**********************************************************/
/* Close the cursor */
/**********************************************************/
EXEC SQL CLOSE C1;
Updating data as it is retrieved from the database

Question: How can I update rows of data as I retrieve them?
Answer: On the SELECT statement, use the FOR UPDATE clause without a
column list, or the FOR UPDATE OF clause with a column list. For a more efficient
program, specify a column list with only those columns that you intend to update.
Then use the positioned UPDATE statement. The clause WHERE CURRENT OF
identifies the cursor that points to the row you want to update.
Updating previously retrieved data

Question: How can you scroll backward and update data that was retrieved
previously?
Answer: Use a scrollable cursor that is declared with the FOR UPDATE clause.
Using a scrollable cursor to update backward involves these basic steps:
1. Declare the cursor with the SENSITIVE STATIC SCROLL parameters.
2. Open the cursor.
3. Execute a FETCH statement to position the cursor at the end of the result table.
4. FETCH statements that move the cursor backward, until you reach the row that
you want to update.
5. Execute the UPDATE WHERE CURRENT OF statement to update the current
row.
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 until you have update all the rows that you need to.
7. When you have retrieved and updated all the data, close the cursor.
Updating thousands of rows

Question: Are there any special techniques for updating large volumes of data?

Answer: Yes. When updating large volumes of data using a cursor, you can
minimize the amount of time that you hold locks on the data by declaring the cursor
with the HOLD option and by issuing commits frequently.
Retrieving thousands of rows

Question: Are there any special techniques for fetching and displaying large
volumes of data?
Answer: There are no special techniques; but for large numbers of rows, efficiency
can become very important. In particular, you need to be aware of locking
considerations, including the possibilities of lock escalation.
If your program allows input from a terminal before it commits the data and thereby
releases locks, it is possible that a significant loss of concurrency results. Review
the description of locks in “The ISOLATION option” on page 394 while designing
your program. Then review the expected use of tables to predict whether you could
have locking problems.
Using SELECT *
Question: What are the implications of using SELECT * ?
Answer: Generally, you should select only the columns you need because DB2 is
sensitive to the number of columns selected. Use SELECT * only when you are
sure you want to select all columns. One alternative is to use views defined with
only the necessary columns, and use SELECT * to access the views. Avoid
SELECT * if all the selected columns participate in a sort operation (SELECT
DISTINCT and SELECT...UNION, for example).
Optimizing retrieval for a small set of rows

Question: How can I tell DB2 that I want only a few of the thousands of rows that
satisfy a query?
Answer: Use OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS or FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY.
DB2 usually optimizes queries to retrieve all rows that qualify. But sometimes you
want to retrieve only the first few rows. For example, to retrieve the first row that is
greater than or equal to a known value, code:
SELECT column list FROM table
WHERE key >= value
ORDER BY key ASC
Even with the ORDER BY clause, DB2 might fetch all the data first and sort it
afterwards, which could be wasteful. Instead, you can write the query in one of the
following ways:
SELECT * FROM table
WHERE key >= value
ORDER BY key ASC
OPTIMIZE FOR 1 ROW
SELECT * FROM table
WHERE key >= value
ORDER BY key ASC
FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY

Use OPTIMIZE FOR 1 ROW to influence the access path. OPTIMIZE FOR 1 ROW
tells DB2 to select an access path that returns the first qualifying row quickly.
Use FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY to limit the number of rows in the result table to
n rows. FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY has the following benefits:
v When you use FETCH statements to retrieve data from a result table, FETCH
FIRST n ROWS ONLY causes DB2 to retrieve only the number of rows that you
need. This can have performance benefits, especially in distributed applications.
If you try to execute a FETCH statement to retrieve the n+1st row, DB2 returns a
+100 SQLCODE.
v When you use FETCH FIRST ROW ONLY in a SELECT INTO statement, you
never retrieve more than one row. Using FETCH FIRST ROW ONLY in a
SELECT INTO statement can prevent SQL errors that are caused by
inadvertently selecting more than one value into a host variable.
When you specify FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY but not OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS,
OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS is implied. When you specify FETCH FIRST n ROWS
ONLY and OPTIMIZE FOR m ROWS, and m is less than n, DB2 optimizes the
query for m rows. If m is greater than n, DB2 optimizes the query for n rows.
Adding data to the end of a table

Question: How can I add data to the end of a table?
Answer: Though the question is often asked, it has no meaning in a relational

database. The rows of a base table are not ordered; hence, the table does not have
an “end”.
To get the effect of adding data to the “end” of a table, define a unique index on a
TIMESTAMP column in the table definition. Then, when you retrieve data from the
table, use an ORDER BY clause naming that column. The newest insert appears
last.
Translating requests from end users into SQL statements

Question: A program translates requests from end users into SQL statements
before executing them, and users can save a request. How can the corresponding
SQL statement be saved?
Answer: You can save the corresponding SQL statements in a table with a column
having a data type of VARCHAR(n), where n is the maximum length of any SQL
statement. You must save the source SQL statements, not the prepared versions.
That means that you must retrieve and then prepare each statement before
executing the version stored in the table. In essence, your program prepares an
SQL statement from a character string and executes it dynamically. (For a
description of dynamic SQL, see Chapter 24, “Coding dynamic SQL in application
programs,” on page 535.)
Changing the table definition

Question: How can I write an SQL application that allows users to create new
tables, add columns to them, increase the length of character columns, rearrange
the columns, and delete columns?

Answer: Your program can dynamically execute CREATE TABLE and ALTER
TABLE statements entered by users to create new tables, add columns to existing
tables, or increase the length of VARCHAR columns. Added columns initially
contain either the null value or a default value. Both statements, like any data
definition statement, are relatively expensive to execute; consider the effects of
locks.
You cannot rearrange or delete columns in a table without dropping the entire table.
You can, however, create a view on the table, which includes only the columns you
want, in the order you want. This has the same effect as redefining the table.
For a description of dynamic SQL execution, see Chapter 24, “Coding dynamic SQL
in application programs,” on page 535.
Storing data that does not have a tabular format

Question: How can I store a large volume of data that is not defined as a set of
columns in a table?
Answer: You can store the data in a table in a VARCHAR column or a LOB
column.
Finding a violated referential or check constraint

Question: When a referential or check constraint has been violated, how do I
determine which one it is?
Answer: When you receive an SQL error because of a constraint violation, print out
the SQLCA. You can use the DSNTIAR routine described in “Calling DSNTIAR to
display SQLCA fields” on page 89 to format the SQLCA for you. Check the SQL
error message insertion text (SQLERRM) for the name of the constraint. For
information on possible violations, see SQLCODEs -530 through -548 in Part 1 of
DB2 Messages and Codes.

Part 7. Appendixes

Appendix A. DB2 sample tables
Most of the examples in this book refer to the tables described in this appendix. As
a group, the tables include information that describes employees, departments,
projects, and activities, and make up a sample application that exemplifies most of
the features of DB2. The sample storage group, databases, tablespaces, tables,
and views are created when you run the installation sample jobs DSNTEJ1 and
DSNTEJ7. DB2 sample objects that include LOBs are created in job DSNTEJ7. All
other sample objects are created in job DSNTEJ1. The CREATE INDEX statements
for the sample tables are not shown here; they, too, are created by the DSNTEJ1
and DSNTEJ7 sample jobs.
Authorization on all sample objects is given to PUBLIC in order to make the sample
programs easier to run. The contents of any table can easily be reviewed by
executing an SQL statement, for example SELECT * FROM DSN8810.PROJ. For
convenience in interpreting the examples, the department and employee tables are
listed here in full.
Activity table (DSN8810.ACT)

The activity table describes the activities that can be performed during a project.
The table resides in database DSN8D81A and is created with:
CREATE TABLE DSN8810.ACT
(ACTNO SMALLINT NOT NULL,
ACTKWD CHAR(6) NOT NULL,
ACTDESC VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (ACTNO) )
IN DSN8D81A.DSN8S81P
CCSID EBCDIC;
Content of the activity table:
Table 160 shows the content of the columns.

Table 160. Columns of the activity table
Column Column Name Description
1 ACTNO Activity ID (the primary key)
2 ACTKWD Activity keyword (up to six characters)
3 ACTDESC Activity description
The activity table has these indexes:

Table 161. Indexes of the activity table
Name On Column Type of Index
DSN8810.XACT1 ACTNO Primary, ascending
DSN8810.XACT2 ACTKWD Unique, ascending
Relationship to other tables:
The activity table is a parent table of the project activity table, through a foreign key
on column ACTNO.

Department table (DSN8810.DEPT)
The department table describes each department in the enterprise and identifies its
manager and the department to which it reports.
The table, shown in Table 164 on page 899, resides in table space
DSN8D81A.DSN8S81D and is created with:
CREATE TABLE DSN8810.DEPT
(DEPTNO CHAR(3) NOT NULL,
DEPTNAME VARCHAR(36) NOT NULL,
MGRNO CHAR(6) ,
ADMRDEPT CHAR(3) NOT NULL,
LOCATION CHAR(16) ,
PRIMARY KEY (DEPTNO) )
IN DSN8D81A.DSN8S81D
CCSID EBCDIC;
Because the table is self-referencing, and also is part of a cycle of dependencies,

its foreign keys must be added later with these statements:
ALTER TABLE DSN8810.DEPT
FOREIGN KEY RDD (ADMRDEPT) REFERENCES DSN8810.DEPT
ON DELETE CASCADE;
ALTER TABLE DSN8810.DEPT

FOREIGN KEY RDE (MGRNO) REFERENCES DSN8810.EMP
ON DELETE SET NULL;
Content of the department table:

Table 162. Columns of the department table
1 DEPTNO Department ID, the primary key
2 DEPTNAME A name describing the general activities of the
department
3 MGRNO Employee number (EMPNO) of the department
manager
4 ADMRDEPT ID of the department to which this department
reports; the department at the highest level reports to
itself
5 LOCATION The remote location name
Table 163 shows the indexes of the department table:

Table 163. Indexes of the department table
DSN8810.XDEPT1 DEPTNO Primary, ascending
DSN8810.XDEPT2 MGRNO Ascending
DSN8810.XDEPT3 ADMRDEPT Ascending

Table 164 shows the content of the department table:
Table 164. DSN8810.DEPT: department table
A00 SPIFFY COMPUTER SERVICE 000010 A00 ----------------

DIV.
B01 PLANNING 000020 A00 ----------------
C01 INFORMATION CENTER 000030 A00 ----------------
D01 DEVELOPMENT CENTER ------ A00 ----------------
E01 SUPPORT SERVICES 000050 A00 ----------------
D11 MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS 000060 D01 ----------------
D21 ADMINISTRATION SYSTEMS 000070 D01 ----------------
E11 OPERATIONS 000090 E01 ----------------
E21 SOFTWARE SUPPORT 000100 E01 ----------------
F22 BRANCH OFFICE F2 ------ E01 ----------------
G22 BRANCH OFFICE G2 ------ E01 ----------------
H22 BRANCH OFFICE H2 ------ E01 ----------------
I22 BRANCH OFFICE I2 ------ E01 ----------------
J22 BRANCH OFFICE J2 ------ E01 ----------------
The LOCATION column contains nulls until sample job DSNTEJ6 updates this
column with the location name.
The table is self-referencing: the value of the administering department must be a

department ID.
The table is a parent table of:

v The employee table, through a foreign key on column WORKDEPT
v The project table, through a foreign key on column DEPTNO.
It is a dependent of the employee table, through its foreign key on column MGRNO.
Employee table (DSN8810.EMP)

The employee table identifies all employees by an employee number and lists basic
personnel information.
The table shown in Table 167 on page 900 and Table 168 on page 901 resides in
the partitioned table space DSN8D81A.DSN8S81E. Because it has a foreign key
referencing DEPT, that table and the index on its primary key must be created first.
Then EMP is created with:
CREATE TABLE DSN8810.EMP
FIRSTNME VARCHAR(12) NOT NULL,
MIDINIT CHAR(1) NOT NULL,
LASTNAME VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
WORKDEPT CHAR(3) ,
PHONENO CHAR(4) CONSTRAINT NUMBER CHECK
(PHONENO >= ’0000’ AND
PHONENO <= ’9999’) ,
HIREDATE DATE ,
JOB CHAR(8) ,
EDLEVEL SMALLINT ,
SEX CHAR(1) ,
Appendix A. DB2 sample tables 899

BIRTHDATE DATE ,
SALARY DECIMAL(9,2) ,
BONUS DECIMAL(9,2) ,
COMM DECIMAL(9,2) ,
PRIMARY KEY (EMPNO) ,
FOREIGN KEY RED (WORKDEPT) REFERENCES DSN8810.DEPT
ON DELETE SET NULL )
EDITPROC DSN8EAE1
IN DSN8D81A.DSN8S81E
CCSID EBCDIC;
Content of the employee table:
Table 165 shows the content of the columns. The table has a check constraint,
NUMBER, which checks that the phone number is in the numeric range 0000 to
9999.
Table 165. Columns of the employee table
1 EMPNO Employee number (the primary key)
2 FIRSTNME First name of employee
3 MIDINIT Middle initial of employee
4 LASTNAME Last name of employee
5 WORKDEPT ID of department in which the employee works
6 PHONENO Employee telephone number
7 HIREDATE Date of hire
8 JOB Job held by the employee
9 EDLEVEL Number of years of formal education
10 SEX Sex of the employee (M or F)
11 BIRTHDATE Date of birth
12 SALARY Yearly salary in dollars
13 BONUS Yearly bonus in dollars
14 COMM Yearly commission in dollars
Table 166 shows the indexes of the employee table:

Table 166. Indexes of the employee table
DSN8810.XEMP1 EMPNO Primary, partitioned, ascending
DSN8810.XEMP2 WORKDEPT Ascending
Table 167 and Table 168 on page 901 show the content of the employee table:
Table 167. Left half of DSN8810.EMP: employee table. Note that a blank in the MIDINIT column is an actual value of
″ ″ rather than null.
EMPNO FIRSTNME MIDINIT LASTNAME WORKDEPT PHONENO HIREDATE
000010 CHRISTINE I HAAS A00 3978 1965-01-01

000020 MICHAEL L THOMPSON B01 3476 1973-10-10
000030 SALLY A KWAN C01 4738 1975-04-05
000050 JOHN B GEYER E01 6789 1949-08-17

Table 167. Left half of DSN8810.EMP: employee table (continued). Note that a blank in the MIDINIT column is an
actual value of ″ ″ rather than null.
EMPNO FIRSTNME MIDINIT LASTNAME WORKDEPT PHONENO HIREDATE
000060 IRVING F STERN D11 6423 1973-09-14

000070 EVA D PULASKI D21 7831 1980-09-30
000090 EILEEN W HENDERSON E11 5498 1970-08-15
000100 THEODORE Q SPENSER E21 0972 1980-06-19
000110 VINCENZO G LUCCHESSI A00 3490 1958-05-16
000120 SEAN O’CONNELL A00 2167 1963-12-05
000130 DOLORES M QUINTANA C01 4578 1971-07-28
000140 HEATHER A NICHOLLS C01 1793 1976-12-15
000150 BRUCE ADAMSON D11 4510 1972-02-12
000160 ELIZABETH R PIANKA D11 3782 1977-10-11
000170 MASATOSHI J YOSHIMURA D11 2890 1978-09-15
000180 MARILYN S SCOUTTEN D11 1682 1973-07-07
000190 JAMES H WALKER D11 2986 1974-07-26
000200 DAVID BROWN D11 4501 1966-03-03
000210 WILLIAM T JONES D11 0942 1979-04-11
000220 JENNIFER K LUTZ D11 0672 1968-08-29
000230 JAMES J JEFFERSON D21 2094 1966-11-21
000240 SALVATORE M MARINO D21 3780 1979-12-05
000250 DANIEL S SMITH D21 0961 1969-10-30
000260 SYBIL P JOHNSON D21 8953 1975-09-11
000270 MARIA L PEREZ D21 9001 1980-09-30
000280 ETHEL R SCHNEIDER E11 8997 1967-03-24
000290 JOHN R PARKER E11 4502 1980-05-30
000300 PHILIP X SMITH E11 2095 1972-06-19
000310 MAUDE F SETRIGHT E11 3332 1964-09-12
000320 RAMLAL V MEHTA E21 9990 1965-07-07
000330 WING LEE E21 2103 1976-02-23
000340 JASON R GOUNOT E21 5698 1947-05-05
200010 DIAN J HEMMINGER A00 3978 1965-01-01
200120 GREG ORLANDO A00 2167 1972-05-05
200140 KIM N NATZ C01 1793 1976-12-15
200170 KIYOSHI YAMAMOTO D11 2890 1978-09-15
200220 REBA K JOHN D11 0672 1968-08-29
200240 ROBERT M MONTEVERDE D21 3780 1979-12-05
200280 EILEEN R SCHWARTZ E11 8997 1967-03-24
200310 MICHELLE F SPRINGER E11 3332 1964-09-12
200330 HELENA WONG E21 2103 1976-02-23
200340 ROY R ALONZO E21 5698 1947-05-05
Table 168. Right half of DSN8810.EMP: employee table

(EMPNO) JOB EDLEVEL SEX BIRTHDATE SALARY BONUS COMM
(000010) PRES 18 F 1933-08-14 52750.00 1000.00 4220.00

(000020) MANAGER 18 M 1948-02-02 41250.00 800.00 3300.00
(000030) MANAGER 20 F 1941-05-11 38250.00 800.00 3060.00
(000050) MANAGER 16 M 1925-09-15 40175.00 800.00 3214.00
(000060) MANAGER 16 M 1945-07-07 32250.00 600.00 2580.00
(000070) MANAGER 16 F 1953-05-26 36170.00 700.00 2893.00
(000090) MANAGER 16 F 1941-05-15 29750.00 600.00 2380.00
(000100) MANAGER 14 M 1956-12-18 26150.00 500.00 2092.00
(000110) SALESREP 19 M 1929-11-05 46500.00 900.00 3720.00
(000120) CLERK 14 M 1942-10-18 29250.00 600.00 2340.00
(000130) ANALYST 16 F 1925-09-15 23800.00 500.00 1904.00
(000140) ANALYST 18 F 1946-01-19 28420.00 600.00 2274.00

Table 168. Right half of DSN8810.EMP: employee table (continued)
(EMPNO) JOB EDLEVEL SEX BIRTHDATE SALARY BONUS COMM
(000150) DESIGNER 16 M 1947-05-17 25280.00 500.00 2022.00

(000160) DESIGNER 17 F 1955-04-12 22250.00 400.00 1780.00
(000170) DESIGNER 16 M 1951-01-05 24680.00 500.00 1974.00
(000180) DESIGNER 17 F 1949-02-21 21340.00 500.00 1707.00
(000190) DESIGNER 16 M 1952-06-25 20450.00 400.00 1636.00
(000200) DESIGNER 16 M 1941-05-29 27740.00 600.00 2217.00
(000210) DESIGNER 17 M 1953-02-23 18270.00 400.00 1462.00
(000220) DESIGNER 18 F 1948-03-19 29840.00 600.00 2387.00
(000230) CLERK 14 M 1935-05-30 22180.00 400.00 1774.00
(000240) CLERK 17 M 1954-03-31 28760.00 600.00 2301.00
(000250) CLERK 15 M 1939-11-12 19180.00 400.00 1534.00
(000260) CLERK 16 F 1936-10-05 17250.00 300.00 1380.00
(000270) CLERK 15 F 1953-05-26 27380.00 500.00 2190.00
(000280) OPERATOR 17 F 1936-03-28 26250.00 500.00 2100.00
(000290) OPERATOR 12 M 1946-07-09 15340.00 300.00 1227.00
(000300) OPERATOR 14 M 1936-10-27 17750.00 400.00 1420.00
(000310) OPERATOR 12 F 1931-04-21 15900.00 300.00 1272.00
(000320) FIELDREP 16 M 1932-08-11 19950.00 400.00 1596.00
(000330) FIELDREP 14 M 1941-07-18 25370.00 500.00 2030.00
(000340) FIELDREP 16 M 1926-05-17 23840.00 500.00 1907.00
(200010) SALESREP 18 F 1933-08-14 46500.00 1000.00 4220.00
(200120) CLERK 14 M 1942-10-18 29250.00 600.00 2340.00
(200140) ANALYST 18 F 1946-01-19 28420.00 600.00 2274.00
(200170) DESIGNER 16 M 1951-01-05 24680.00 500.00 1974.00
(200220) DESIGNER 18 F 1948-03-19 29840.00 600.00 2387.00
(200240) CLERK 17 M 1954-03-31 28760.00 600.00 2301.00
(200280) OPERATOR 17 F 1936-03-28 26250.00 500.00 2100.00
(200310) OPERATOR 12 F 1931-04-21 15900.00 300.00 1272.00
(200330) FIELDREP 14 F 1941-07-18 25370.00 500.00 2030.00
(200340) FIELDREP 16 M 1926-05-17 23840.00 500.00 1907.00
The table is a parent table of:

v The department table, through a foreign key on column MGRNO
v The project table, through a foreign key on column RESPEMP.
It is a dependent of the department table, through its foreign key on column

WORKDEPT.
Employee photo and resume table (DSN8810.EMP_PHOTO_RESUME)

The employee photo and resume table complements the employee table. Each row
of the photo and resume table contains a photo of the employee, in two formats,
and the employee″s resume. The photo and resume table resides in table space
DSN8D81A.DSN8S81E. The following statement creates the table:
CREATE TABLE DSN8810.EMP_PHOTO_RESUME
EMP_ROWID ROWID NOT NULL GENERATED ALWAYS,
PSEG_PHOTO BLOB(500K),
BMP_PHOTO BLOB(100K),
RESUME CLOB(5K))
PRIMARY KEY (EMPNO)
IN DSN8D81L.DSN8S81B
CCSID EBCDIC;

DB2 requires an auxiliary table for each LOB column in a table. These statements
define the auxiliary tables for the three LOB columns in
DSN8810.EMP_PHOTO_RESUME:
CREATE AUX TABLE DSN8810.AUX_BMP_PHOTO
IN DSN8D81L.DSN8S81M
STORES DSN8810.EMP_PHOTO_RESUME
COLUMN BMP_PHOTO;
CREATE AUX TABLE DSN8810.AUX_PSEG_PHOTO

IN DSN8D81L.DSN8S81L
COLUMN PSEG_PHOTO;
CREATE AUX TABLE DSN8810.AUX_EMP_RESUME

IN DSN8D81L.DSN8S81N
COLUMN RESUME;
Content of the employee photo and resume table:

Table 169. Columns of the employee photo and resume table
1 EMPNO Employee ID (the primary key)
2 EMP_ROWID Row ID to uniquely identify each row of the table.
DB2 supplies the values of this column.
3 PSEG_PHOTO Employee photo, in PSEG format
4 BMP_PHOTO Employee photo, in BMP format
5 RESUME Employee resume
Table 170 shows the indexes for the employee photo and resume table:
Table 170. Indexes of the employee photo and resume table
DSN8810.XEMP_PHOTO_RESUME EMPNO Primary, ascending
Table 171 shows the indexes for the auxiliary tables for the employee photo and
resume table:
Table 171. Indexes of the auxiliary tables for the employee photo and resume table
Name On Table Type of Index
DSN8810.XAUX_BMP_PHOTO DSN8810.AUX_BMP_PHOTO Unique
DSN8810.XAUX_PSEG_PHOTO DSN8810.AUX_PSEG_PHOTO Unique
DSN8810.XAUX_EMP_RESUME DSN8810.AUX_EMP_RESUME Unique
The table is a parent table of the project table, through a foreign key on column
RESPEMP.

Project table (DSN8810.PROJ)
The project table describes each project that the business is currently undertaking.
Data contained in each row include the project number, name, person responsible,
and schedule dates.
The table resides in database DSN8D81A. Because it has foreign keys referencing
DEPT and EMP, those tables and the indexes on their primary keys must be
created first. Then PROJ is created with:
CREATE TABLE DSN8810.PROJ
(PROJNO CHAR(6) PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
PROJNAME VARCHAR(24) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT
’PROJECT NAME UNDEFINED’,
DEPTNO CHAR(3) NOT NULL REFERENCES
DSN8810.DEPT ON DELETE RESTRICT,
RESPEMP CHAR(6) NOT NULL REFERENCES
DSN8810.EMP ON DELETE RESTRICT,
PRSTAFF DECIMAL(5, 2) ,
PRSTDATE DATE ,
PRENDATE DATE ,
MAJPROJ CHAR(6))
CCSID EBCDIC;
Because the table is self-referencing, the foreign key for that restraint must be
added later with:
ALTER TABLE DSN8810.PROJ
FOREIGN KEY RPP (MAJPROJ) REFERENCES DSN8810.PROJ
ON DELETE CASCADE;
Content of the project table:

Table 172. Columns of the project table
1 PROJNO Project ID (the primary key)
2 PROJNAME Project name
3 DEPTNO ID of department responsible for the project
4 RESPEMP ID of employee responsible for the project
5 PRSTAFF Estimated mean number of persons needed
between PRSTDATE and PRENDATE to achieve
the whole project, including any subprojects
6 PRSTDATE Estimated project start date
7 PRENDATE Estimated project end date
8 MAJPROJ ID of any project of which this project is a part
Table 173 shows the indexes for the project table:

Table 173. Indexes of the project table
DSN8810.XPROJ1 PROJNO Primary, ascending
DSN8810.XPROJ2 RESPEMP Ascending

The table is self-referencing: a nonnull value of MAJPROJ must be a project

number. The table is a parent table of the project activity table, through a foreign
key on column PROJNO. It is a dependent of:
v The department table, through its foreign key on DEPTNO
v The employee table, through its foreign key on RESPEMP.
Project activity table (DSN8810.PROJACT)

The project activity table lists the activities performed for each project. The table
resides in database DSN8D81A. Because it has foreign keys referencing PROJ and
ACT, those tables and the indexes on their primary keys must be created first. Then
PROJACT is created with:
CREATE TABLE DSN8810.PROJACT
(PROJNO CHAR(6) NOT NULL,
ACSTAFF DECIMAL(5,2) ,
ACSTDATE DATE NOT NULL,
ACENDATE DATE ,
PRIMARY KEY (PROJNO, ACTNO, ACSTDATE),
FOREIGN KEY RPAP (PROJNO) REFERENCES DSN8810.PROJ
ON DELETE RESTRICT,
FOREIGN KEY RPAA (ACTNO) REFERENCES DSN8810.ACT
ON DELETE RESTRICT)
CCSID EBCDIC;
Content of the project activity table:

Table 174. Columns of the project activity table
1 PROJNO Project ID
2 ACTNO Activity ID
3 ACSTAFF Estimated mean number of employees needed to
staff the activity
4 ACSTDATE Estimated activity start date
5 ACENDATE Estimated activity completion date
Table 175 shows the index of the project activity table:

Table 175. Index of the project activity table
Name On Columns Type of Index
DSN8810.XPROJAC1 PROJNO, ACTNO, primary, ascending
ACSTDATE
The table is a parent table of the employee to project activity table, through a
foreign key on columns PROJNO, ACTNO, and EMSTDATE. It is a dependent of:
v The activity table, through its foreign key on column ACTNO
v The project table, through its foreign key on column PROJNO

Employee to project activity table (DSN8810.EMPPROJACT)
The employee to project activity table identifies the employee who performs an
activity for a project, tells the proportion of the employee’s time required, and gives
a schedule for the activity.
The table resides in database DSN8D81A. Because it has foreign keys referencing
EMP and PROJACT, those tables and the indexes on their primary keys must be
created first. Then EMPPROJACT is created with:
CREATE TABLE DSN8810.EMPPROJACT
PROJNO CHAR(6) NOT NULL,
EMPTIME DECIMAL(5,2) ,
EMSTDATE DATE ,
EMENDATE DATE ,
FOREIGN KEY REPAPA (PROJNO, ACTNO, EMSTDATE)
REFERENCES DSN8810.PROJACT
ON DELETE RESTRICT,
FOREIGN KEY REPAE (EMPNO) REFERENCES DSN8810.EMP
ON DELETE RESTRICT)
CCSID EBCDIC;
Content of the employee to project activity table:

Table 176. Columns of the employee to project activity table
1 EMPNO Employee ID number
2 PROJNO Project ID of the project
3 ACTNO ID of the activity within the project
4 EMPTIME A proportion of the employee’s full time (between
0.00 and 1.00) to be spent on the activity
5 EMSTDATE Date the activity starts
6 EMENDATE Date the activity ends
Table 177 shows the indexes for the employee to project activity table:
Table 177. Indexes of the employee to project activity table
Name On Columns Type of Index
DSN8810.XEMPPROJACT1 PROJNO, ACTNO, Unique, ascending
EMSTDATE, EMPNO
DSN8810.XEMPPROJACT2 EMPNO Ascending
The table is a dependent of:

v The employee table, through its foreign key on column EMPNO
v The project activity table, through its foreign key on columns PROJNO, ACTNO,
and EMSTDATE.

| Unicode sample table (DSN8810.DEMO_UNICODE)
| The Unicode sample table is used to verify that data conversions to and from
| EBCDIC and Unicode are working as expected. The table resides in database
| DSN8D81A, and is defined with the following statement:
| CREATE TABLE DSN8810.DEMO_UNICODE
| (LOWER_A_TO_Z CHAR(26) ,
| UPPER_A_TO_Z CHAR(26) ,
| ZERO_TO_NINE CHAR(10) ,
| X00_TO_XFF VARCHAR(256) FOR BIT DATA)
| IN DSN8D81E.DSN8S81U
| CCSID UNICODE;
| Content of the Unicode sample table:
| Table 178 shows the content of the columns:

| Table 178. Columns of the Unicode sample table
| Column Column Name Description
| 1 LOWER_A_TO_Z Array of characters, ’a’ to ’z’
| 2 UPPER_A_TO_Z Array of characters, ’A’ to ’Z’
| 3 ZERO_TO_NINE Array of characters, ’0’ to ’9’
| 4 X00_TO_XFF Array of characters, x’00’ to x’FF’
|
| This table has no indexes
| Relationship to other tables:
| This table has no relationship to other tables.
Relationships among the sample tables

Figure 229 on page 908 shows relationships among the tables. These are
established by foreign keys in dependent tables that reference primary keys in
parent tables. You can find descriptions of the columns with descriptions of the
tables.

CASCADE
DEPT
SET SET
NULL NULL
RESTRICT EMP
RESTRICT
RESTRICT EMP_PHOTO_RESUME
RESTRICT
CASCADE ACT
PROJ RESTRICT
RESTRICT
PROJACT
RESTRICT
RESTRICT
EMPPROJACT
Figure 229. Relationships among tables in the sample application
Views on the sample tables

DB2 creates a number of views on the sample tables for use in the sample
applications. Table 179 indicates the tables on which each view is defined and the
sample applications that use the view. All view names have the qualifier DSN8810.
Table 179. Views on sample tables
On tables or
View name views Used in application
VDEPT DEPT Organization
Project
VHDEPT DEPT Distributed organization
VEMP EMP Distributed organization
Organization
Project
VPROJ PROJ Project
VACT ACT Project
VEMPPROJACT EMPROJACT Project
VDEPMG1 DEPT Organization
EMP
VEMPDPT1 DEPT Organization
EMP
VASTRDE1 DEPT
VASTRDE2 VDEPMG1 Organization
EMP

Table 179. Views on sample tables (continued)
On tables or
View name views Used in application
VPROJRE1 PROJ Project
EMP
VPSTRDE1 VPROJRE1 Project
VPROJRE2
VPSTRDE2 VPROJRE1 Project
VSTAFAC1 PROJACT Project
ACT
VSTAFAC2 EMPPROJACT Project
ACT
EMP
VPHONE EMP Phone
DEPT
VEMPLP EMP Phone
The following SQL statements are used to create the sample views:
CREATE VIEW DSN8810.VDEPT
AS SELECT ALL DEPTNO ,
DEPTNAME,
MGRNO ,
ADMRDEPT
FROM DSN8810.DEPT;
CREATE VIEW DSN8810.VHDEPT
AS SELECT ALL DEPTNO ,
DEPTNAME,
MGRNO ,
ADMRDEPT,
LOCATION
FROM DSN8810.DEPT;
CREATE VIEW DSN8810.VEMP
AS SELECT ALL EMPNO ,
FIRSTNME,
MIDINIT ,
LASTNAME,
WORKDEPT
FROM DSN8810.EMP;
CREATE VIEW DSN8810.VPROJ
AS SELECT ALL
PROJNO, PROJNAME, DEPTNO, RESPEMP, PRSTAFF,
PRSTDATE, PRENDATE, MAJPROJ
FROM DSN8810.PROJ ;
CREATE VIEW DSN8810.VACT
AS SELECT ALL ACTNO ,
ACTKWD ,
ACTDESC
FROM DSN8810.ACT ;
CREATE VIEW DSN8810.VPROJACT
AS SELECT ALL
PROJNO,ACTNO, ACSTAFF, ACSTDATE, ACENDATE
FROM DSN8810.PROJACT ;
CREATE VIEW DSN8810.VEMPPROJACT
AS SELECT ALL
EMPNO, PROJNO, ACTNO, EMPTIME, EMSTDATE, EMENDATE
FROM DSN8810.EMPPROJACT ;

CREATE VIEW DSN8810.VDEPMG1
(DEPTNO, DEPTNAME, MGRNO, FIRSTNME, MIDINIT,
LASTNAME, ADMRDEPT)
AS SELECT ALL
DEPTNO, DEPTNAME, EMPNO, FIRSTNME, MIDINIT,
LASTNAME, ADMRDEPT
FROM DSN8810.DEPT LEFT OUTER JOIN DSN8810.EMP
ON MGRNO = EMPNO ;
CREATE VIEW DSN8810.VEMPDPT1
(DEPTNO, DEPTNAME, EMPNO, FRSTINIT, MIDINIT,
LASTNAME, WORKDEPT)
AS SELECT ALL
DEPTNO, DEPTNAME, EMPNO, SUBSTR(FIRSTNME, 1, 1), MIDINIT,
LASTNAME, WORKDEPT
FROM DSN8810.DEPT RIGHT OUTER JOIN DSN8810.EMP
ON WORKDEPT = DEPTNO ;
CREATE VIEW DSN8810.VASTRDE1
(DEPT1NO,DEPT1NAM,EMP1NO,EMP1FN,EMP1MI,EMP1LN,TYPE2,
DEPT2NO,DEPT2NAM,EMP2NO,EMP2FN,EMP2MI,EMP2LN)
AS SELECT ALL
D1.DEPTNO,D1.DEPTNAME,D1.MGRNO,D1.FIRSTNME,D1.MIDINIT,
D1.LASTNAME, ’1’,
D2.LASTNAME
FROM DSN8810.VDEPMG1 D1, DSN8810.VDEPMG1 D2
WHERE D1.DEPTNO = D2.ADMRDEPT ;
CREATE VIEW DSN8810.VASTRDE2
(DEPT1NO,DEPT1NAM,EMP1NO,EMP1FN,EMP1MI,EMP1LN,TYPE2,
DEPT2NO,DEPT2NAM,EMP2NO,EMP2FN,EMP2MI,EMP2LN)
AS SELECT ALL
D1.LASTNAME,’2’,
D1.DEPTNO,D1.DEPTNAME,E2.EMPNO,E2.FIRSTNME,E2.MIDINIT,
E2.LASTNAME
FROM DSN8810.VDEPMG1 D1, DSN8810.EMP E2
WHERE D1.DEPTNO = E2.WORKDEPT;
CREATE VIEW DSN8810.VPROJRE1
(PROJNO,PROJNAME,PROJDEP,RESPEMP,FIRSTNME,MIDINIT,
LASTNAME,MAJPROJ)
AS SELECT ALL
PROJNO,PROJNAME,DEPTNO,EMPNO,FIRSTNME,MIDINIT,
LASTNAME,MAJPROJ
FROM DSN8810.PROJ, DSN8810.EMP
WHERE RESPEMP = EMPNO ;
CREATE VIEW DSN8810.VPSTRDE1
(PROJ1NO,PROJ1NAME,RESP1NO,RESP1FN,RESP1MI,RESP1LN,
PROJ2NO,PROJ2NAME,RESP2NO,RESP2FN,RESP2MI,RESP2LN)
AS SELECT ALL
P1.PROJNO,P1.PROJNAME,P1.RESPEMP,P1.FIRSTNME,P1.MIDINIT,
P1.LASTNAME,
P2.LASTNAME
FROM DSN8810.VPROJRE1 P1,
DSN8810.VPROJRE1 P2
WHERE P1.PROJNO = P2.MAJPROJ ;
CREATE VIEW DSN8810.VPSTRDE2
(PROJ1NO,PROJ1NAME,RESP1NO,RESP1FN,RESP1MI,RESP1LN,
PROJ2NO,PROJ2NAME,RESP2NO,RESP2FN,RESP2MI,RESP2LN)
AS SELECT ALL
P1.LASTNAME,
P1.LASTNAME
FROM DSN8810.VPROJRE1 P1

WHERE NOT EXISTS
(SELECT * FROM DSN8810.VPROJRE1 P2
WHERE P1.PROJNO = P2.MAJPROJ) ;
CREATE VIEW DSN8810.VFORPLA
(PROJNO,PROJNAME,RESPEMP,PROJDEP,FRSTINIT,MIDINIT,LASTNAME)
AS SELECT ALL
F1.PROJNO,PROJNAME,RESPEMP,PROJDEP, SUBSTR(FIRSTNME, 1, 1),
MIDINIT, LASTNAME
FROM DSN8810.VPROJRE1 F1 LEFT OUTER JOIN DSN8810.EMPPROJACT F2
ON F1.PROJNO = F2.PROJNO;
CREATE VIEW DSN8810.VSTAFAC1
(PROJNO, ACTNO, ACTDESC, EMPNO, FIRSTNME, MIDINIT, LASTNAME,
EMPTIME,STDATE,ENDATE, TYPE)
AS SELECT ALL
PA.PROJNO, PA.ACTNO, AC.ACTDESC,’ ’, ’ ’, ’ ’, ’ ’,
PA.ACSTAFF, PA.ACSTDATE,
PA.ACENDATE,’1’
FROM DSN8810.PROJACT PA, DSN8810.ACT AC
WHERE PA.ACTNO = AC.ACTNO ;
CREATE VIEW DSN8810.VSTAFAC2
(PROJNO, ACTNO, ACTDESC, EMPNO, FIRSTNME, MIDINIT, LASTNAME,
EMPTIME,STDATE, ENDATE, TYPE)
AS SELECT ALL
EP.PROJNO, EP.ACTNO, AC.ACTDESC, EP.EMPNO,EM.FIRSTNME,
EM.MIDINIT, EM.LASTNAME, EP.EMPTIME, EP.EMSTDATE,
EP.EMENDATE,’2’
FROM DSN8810.EMPPROJACT EP, DSN8810.ACT AC, DSN8810.EMP EM
WHERE EP.ACTNO = AC.ACTNO AND EP.EMPNO = EM.EMPNO ;
CREATE VIEW DSN8810.VPHONE
(LASTNAME,
FIRSTNAME,
MIDDLEINITIAL,
PHONENUMBER,
EMPLOYEENUMBER,
DEPTNUMBER,
DEPTNAME)
AS SELECT ALL LASTNAME,
FIRSTNME,
MIDINIT ,
VALUE(PHONENO,’ ’),
EMPNO,
DEPTNO,
DEPTNAME
FROM DSN8810.EMP, DSN8810.DEPT
WHERE WORKDEPT = DEPTNO;
CREATE VIEW DSN8810.VEMPLP
(EMPLOYEENUMBER,
PHONENUMBER)
AS SELECT ALL EMPNO ,
PHONENO
FROM DSN8810.EMP ;
Storage of sample application tables

Figure 230 on page 912 shows how the sample tables are related to databases and
storage groups. Two databases are used to illustrate the possibility. Normally,
related data is stored in the same database.

Storage group: DSN8Gvr0
DSN8DvrA DSN8DvrL DSN8DvrP

Databases: LOB application common for
application
data data programming
tables
Table
spaces: Separate
LOB spaces
spaces for DSN8SvrP
for employee
DSN8SvrD DSN8SvrE other common for
photo and
department employee application programming
resume table
table table tables tables
vr is a 2-digit version identifer.
Figure 230. Relationship among sample databases and table spaces
In addition to the storage group and databases shown in Figure 230, the storage
group DSN8G81U and database DSN8D81U are created when you run DSNTEJ2A.
Storage group
The default storage group, SYSDEFLT, created when DB2 is installed, is not used
to store sample application data. The storage group used to store sample
application data is defined by this statement:
CREATE STOGROUP DSN8G810
VOLUMES (DSNV01)
VCAT DSNC810;
Databases
The default database, created when DB2 is installed, is not used to store the
| sample application data. DSN8D81P is the database that is used for tables that are
| related to programs. The remainder of the databases are used for tables that are
| related to applications. They are defined by the following statements:
CREATE DATABASE DSN8D81A
STOGROUP DSN8G810
BUFFERPOOL BP0
CCSID EBCDIC;
CREATE DATABASE DSN8D81P

STOGROUP DSN8G810
BUFFERPOOL BP0
CCSID EBCDIC;
CREATE DATABASE DSN8D81L

STOGROUP DSN8G810
BUFFERPOOL BP0
CCSID EBCDIC;
| CREATE DATABASE DSN8D81E

| STOGROUP DSN8G810
| BUFFERPOOL BP0
| CCSID UNICODE;
|
| CREATE DATABASE DSN8D81U
| STOGROUP DSN8G81U
| CCSID EBCDIC;

Table spaces
The following table spaces are explicitly defined by the following statements. The
table spaces not explicitly defined are created implicitly in the DSN8D81A database,
using the default space attributes.
CREATE TABLESPACE DSN8S81D
IN DSN8D81A
USING STOGROUP DSN8G810
PRIQTY 20
SECQTY 20
ERASE NO
LOCKSIZE PAGE LOCKMAX SYSTEM
BUFFERPOOL BP0
CLOSE NO
CCSID EBCDIC;
CREATE TABLESPACE DSN8S81E

IN DSN8D81A
PRIQTY 20
SECQTY 20
ERASE NO
NUMPARTS 4
(PART 1 USING STOGROUP DSN8G810
PRIQTY 12
SECQTY 12,
PART 3 USING STOGROUP DSN8G810
PRIQTY 12
SECQTY 12)
BUFFERPOOL BP0
CLOSE NO
COMPRESS YES
CCSID EBCDIC;
CREATE TABLESPACE DSN8S81B
IN DSN8D81L
PRIQTY 20
SECQTY 20
ERASE NO
LOCKSIZE PAGE
LOCKMAX SYSTEM
BUFFERPOOL BP0
CLOSE NO
CCSID EBCDIC;
CREATE LOB TABLESPACE DSN8S81M
IN DSN8D81L
LOG NO;
CREATE LOB TABLESPACE DSN8S81L

IN DSN8D81L
LOG NO;
CREATE LOB TABLESPACE DSN8S81N

IN DSN8D81L
LOG NO;
CREATE TABLESPACE DSN8S81C
IN DSN8D81P
PRIQTY 160
SECQTY 80
SEGSIZE 4
LOCKSIZE TABLE
BUFFERPOOL BP0
CLOSE NO

CCSID EBCDIC;
CREATE TABLESPACE DSN8S81P

IN DSN8D81A
PRIQTY 160
SECQTY 80
SEGSIZE 4
LOCKSIZE ROW
BUFFERPOOL BP0
CLOSE NO
CCSID EBCDIC;
CREATE TABLESPACE DSN8S81R
IN DSN8D81A
PRIQTY 20
SECQTY 20
ERASE NO
BUFFERPOOL BP0
CLOSE NO
CCSID EBCDIC;
CREATE TABLESPACE DSN8S81S
IN DSN8D81A
PRIQTY 20
SECQTY 20
ERASE NO
BUFFERPOOL BP0
CLOSE NO
CCSID EBCDIC;
| CREATE TABLESPACE DSN8S81Q
| IN DSN8D81P
| USING STOGROUP DSN8G810
| PRIQTY 160
| SECQTY 80
| SEGSIZE 4
| LOCKSIZE PAGE
| BUFFERPOOL BP0
| CLOSE NO
| CCSID EBCDIC;
| CREATE TABLESPACE DSN8S81U
| IN DSN8D81E
| USING STOGROUP DSN8G810
| PRIQTY 5
| SECQTY 5
| ERASE NO
| LOCKSIZE PAGE LOCKMAX SYSTEM
| BUFFERPOOL BP0
| CLOSE NO
| CCSID UNICODE;

Appendix B. Sample applications
This appendix describes the DB2 sample applications and the environments under
which each application runs. It also provides information on how to use the
applications, and how to print the application listings.
Several sample applications come with DB2 to help you with DB2 programming
techniques and coding practices within each of the four environments: batch, TSO,
IMS, and CICS. The sample applications contain various applications that might
apply to managing to company.
You can examine the source code for the sample application programs in the online
sample library included with the DB2 product. The name of this sample library is
prefix.SDSNSAMP.
Types of sample applications

Organization application: The organization application manages the following
company information:
v Department administrative structure
v Individual departments
v Individual employees.
Management of information about department administrative structures involves
how departments relate to other departments. You can view or change the
organizational structure of an individual department, and the information about
individual employees in any department. The organization application runs
interactively in the ISPF/TSO, IMS, and CICS environments and is available in PL/I
and COBOL.
Project application: The project application manages information about a

company’s project activities, including the following:
v Project structures
v Project activity listings
v Individual project processing
v Individual project activity estimate processing
v Individual project staffing processing.
Each department works on projects that contain sets of related activities.

Information available about these activities includes staffing assignments,
completion-time estimates for the project as a whole, and individual activities within
a project. The project application runs interactively in IMS and CICS and is
available in PL/I only.
Phone application: The phone application lets you view or update individual
employee phone numbers. There are different versions of the application for
ISPF/TSO, CICS, IMS, and batch:
v ISPF/TSO applications use COBOL and PL/I.
v CICS and IMS applications use PL/I.
v Batch applications use C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, and PL/I.
Stored procedure applications: There are three sets of stored procedure

applications:
v IFI applications

These applications let you pass DB2 commands from a client program to a
stored procedure, which runs the commands at a DB2 server using the
instrumentation facility interface (IFI). There are two sets of client programs and
stored procedures. One set has a PL/I client and stored procedure; the other set
has a C client and stored procedure.
v ODBA application
This application demonstrates how you can use the IMS ODBA interface to
access IMS databases from stored procedures. The stored procedure accesses
the IMS sample DL/I database. The client program and the stored procedure are
written in COBOL.
v Utilities stored procedure application
This application demonstrates how to call the utilities stored procedure. For more
information on the utilities stored procedure, see Appendix B of DB2 Utility Guide
and Reference.
v SQL procedure applications
These applications demonstrate how to write, prepare, and invoke SQL
procedures. One set of applications demonstrates how to prepare SQL
procedures using JCL. The other set of applications shows how to prepare SQL
procedures using the SQL procedure processor. The client programs are written
in C.
v WLM refresh application
This application is a client program that calls the DB2–supplied stored procedure
WLM_REFRESH to refresh a WLM environment. This program is written in C.
v System parameter reporting application
This application is a client program that calls the DB2–supplied stored procedure
DSNWZP to display the current settings of system parameters. This program is
written in C.
All stored procedure applications run in the TSO batch environment.
User-defined function applications: The user-defined function applications consist

of a client program that invokes the sample user-defined functions and a set of
user-defined functions that perform the following functions:
v Convert the current date to a user-specified format
v Convert a date from one format to another
v Convert the current time to a user-specified format
v Convert a date from one format to another
v Return the day of the week for a user-specified date
v Return the month for a user-specified date
v Format a floating point number as a currency value
v Return the table name for a table, view, or alias
v Return the qualifier for a table, view or alias
v Return the location for a table, view or alias
v Return a table of weather information
All programs are written in C or C++ and run in the TSO batch environment.
LOB application: The LOB application demonstrates how to perform the following
tasks:
v Define DB2 objects to hold LOB data
v Populate DB2 tables with LOB data using the LOAD utility, or using INSERT and
UPDATE statements when the data is too large for use with the LOAD utility
v Manipulate the LOB data using LOB locators

The programs that create and populate the LOB objects use DSNTIAD and run in
the TSO batch environment. The program that manipulates the LOB data is written
in C and runs under ISPF/TSO.
Using the applications

You can use the applications interactively by accessing data in the sample tables on
screen displays (panels). You can also access the sample tables in batch when
using the phone applications. Part 2 of DB2 Installation Guide contains detailed
information about using each application. All sample objects have PUBLIC
authorization, which makes the samples easier to run.
Application languages and environments:Table 180 shows the environments

under which each application runs, and the languages the applications use for each
environment.
Table 180. Application languages and environments
Programs ISPF/TSO IMS CICS Batch SPUFI
Dynamic SQL Assembler
Programs PL/I
Exit Routines Assembler Assembler Assembler Assembler Assembler
1
Organization COBOL COBOL COBOL
PL/I PL/I
Phone COBOL PL/I PL/I COBOL
PL/I FORTRAN
Assembler2 PL/I
C
C++
Project PL/I PL/I
SQLCA Assembler Assembler Assembler Assembler
Formatting
Routines
Stored COBOL PL/I
Procedures C
SQL
User-Defined C
Functions C++
LOBs C
Notes:
1. For all instances of COBOL in this table, the application can be compiled using OS/VS COBOL, VS/COBOL II, or
IBM COBOL for MVS & VM.
2. Assembler subroutine DSN8CA.
Application programs: Tables 181 through 183 on pages 918 through 920 provide
the program names, JCL member names, and a brief description of some of the
programs included for each of the three environments: TSO, IMS, and CICS.
Appendix B. Sample applications 917

TSO
Table 181. Sample DB2 applications for TSO
Preparation
JCL member Attachment
Application Program name name facility Description
Phone DSN8BC3 DSNTEJ2C DSNELI This COBOL batch program lists employee
telephone numbers and updates them if
requested.
Phone DSN8BD3 DSNTEJ2D DSNELI This C batch program lists employee telephone
numbers and updates them if requested.
Phone DSN8BE3 DSNTEJ2E DSNELI This C++ batch program lists employee
requested.
Phone DSN8BP3 DSNTEJ2P DSNELI This PL/I batch program lists employee
requested.
Phone DSN8BF3 DSNTEJ2F DSNELI This FORTRAN program lists employee
requested.
Organization DSN8HC3 DSNTEJ3C or DSNALI This COBOL ISPF program displays and
DSNTEJ6 updates information about a local department. It
can also display and update information about
an employee at a local or remote location.
Phone DSN8SC3 DSNTEJ3C DSNALI This COBOL ISPF program lists employee
requested.
Phone DSN8SP3 DSNTEJ3P DSNALI This PL/I ISPF program lists employee
requested.
UNLOAD DSNTIAUL DSNTEJ2A DSNELI This assembler language program allows you to
unload the data from a table or view and to
produce LOAD utility control statements for the
data.
Dynamic SQL DSNTIAD DSNTIJTM DSNELI This assembler language program dynamically
executes non-SELECT statements read in from
SYSIN; that is, it uses dynamic SQL to execute
non-SELECT SQL statements.
Dynamic SQL DSNTEP2 DSNTEJ1P or DSNELI This PL/I program dynamically executes SQL
DSNTEJ1L statements read in from SYSIN. Unlike
DSNTIAD, this application can also execute
SELECT statements.

Table 181. Sample DB2 applications for TSO (continued)
Preparation
JCL member Attachment
Application Program name name facility Description
Stored DSN8EP1 DSNTEJ6P DSNELI These applications consist of a calling program,
procedures a stored procedure program, or both. Samples
that are prepared by jobs DSNTEJ6P,
DSN8EP2 DSNTEJ6S DSNALI
DSNTEJ6S, DSNTEJ6D, and DSNTEJ6T
execute DB2 commands using the
DSN8EPU DSNTEJ6U DSNELI instrumentation facility interface (IFI). DSNTEJ6P
and DSNTEJ6S prepare a PL/I version of the
application. DSNTEJ6D and DSNTEJ6T prepare
DSN8ED1 DSNTEJ6D DSNELI a version in C. The C stored procedure uses
result sets to return commands to the client. The
DSN8ED2 DSNTEJ6T DSNALI sample that is prepared by DSNTEJ61 and
DSNTEJ62 demonstrates a stored procedure
that accesses IMS databases through the ODBA
DSN8EC1 DSNTEJ61 DSNRLI interface. The sample that is prepared by
DSNTEJ6U invokes the utilities stored
DSN8EC2 DSNTEJ62 DSNELI procedure. The sample that is prepared by jobs
DSNTEJ63 and DSNTEJ64 demonstrates how
to prepare an SQL procedure using JCL. The
DSN8ES1 DSNTEJ63 DSNELI sample that is prepared by job DSNTEJ65
demonstrates how to prepare an SQL procedure
DSN8ED3 DSNTEJ64 DSNELI using the SQL procedure processor. The sample
that is prepared by job DSNTEJ6W
demonstrates how to prepare and run a client
DSN8ES2 DSNTEJ65 DSNELI program that calls a DB2–supplied stored
procedure to refresh a WLM environment. The
DSN8ED6 DSNTEJ6W DSNELI sample that is prepared by job DSNTEJ6Z
demonstrates how to prepare and run a client
program that calls a DB2–supplied stored
DSN8ED7 DSNTEJ6Z DSNELI procedure to display the current settings of
system parameters.
User-defined DSN8DUAD DSNTEJ2U DSNELI These applications consist of a set of
functions user-defined scalar functions that can be
DSN8DUAT DSNTEJ2U DSNELI
invoked through SPUFI or DSNTEP2 and one
DSN8DUCD DSNTEJ2U DSNELI user-defined table function, DSN8DUWF, that
DSN8DUCT DSNTEJ2U DSNELI can be invoked by client program DSN8DUWC.
DSN8EUDN and DSN8EUMN are written in
DSN8DUCY DSNTEJ2U DSNELI C++. All other programs are written in C.
DSN8DUTI DSNTEJ2U DSNELI
DSN8DUWC DSNTEJ2U DSNELI
DSN8DUWF DSNTEJ2U DSNELI
DSN8EUDN DSNTEJ2U DSNELI
DSN8EUMN DSNTEJ2U DSNELI
LOBs DSN8DLPL DSNTEJ71 DSNELI These applications demonstrate how to populate
a LOB column that is greater than 32KB,
DSN8DLCT DSNTEJ71 DSNELI
manipulate the data using the POSSTR and
DSN8DLRV DSNTEJ73 DSNELI SUBSTR built-in functions, and display the data
DSN8DLPV DSNTEJ75 DSNELI in ISPF using GDDM®.
Appendix B. Sample applications 919

IMS
Table 182. Sample DB2 applications for IMS
Application Program name JCL member name Description
Organization DSN8IC0 DSNTEJ4C IMS COBOL
DSN8IC1 Organization
DSN8IC2 Application
Organization DSN8IP0 DSNTEJ4P IMS PL/I Organization
DSN8IP1 Application
DSN8IP2
Project DSN8IP6 DSNTEJ4P IMS PL/I Project
DSN8IP7 Application
DSN8IP8
Phone DSN8IP3 DSNTEJ4P IMS PL/I Phone
Application. This
program lists
employee telephone
numbers and updates
them if requested.
CICS
Table 183. Sample DB2 applications for CICS
Application Program name JCL member name Description
Organization DSN8CC0 DSNTEJ5C CICS COBOL
DSN8CC1 Organization
DSN8CC2 Application
Organization DSN8CP0 DSNTEJ5P CICS PL/I
DSN8CP1 Organization
DSN8CP2 Application
Project DSN8CP6 DSNTEJ5P CICS PL/I Project
DSN8CP7 Application
DSN8CP8
Phone DSN8CP3 DSNTEJ5P CICS PL/I Phone
Application. This
program lists
employee telephone
numbers and updates
them if requested.

Appendix C. Running the productivity-aid sample programs
DB2 provides four sample programs that many users find helpful as productivity
aids. These programs are shipped as source code, so you can modify them to meet
your needs. The programs are:
DSNTIAUL The sample unload program. This program, which is written in
assembler language, is a simple alternative to the UNLOAD utility. It
unloads some or all rows from up to 100 DB2 tables. With
DSNTIAUL, you can unload data of any DB2 built-in data type or
distinct type. You can unload up to 32 KB of data from a LOB
column. DSNTIAUL unloads the rows in a form that is compatible
with the LOAD utility and generates utility control statements for
LOAD. DSNTIAUL also lets you execute any SQL non-SELECT
statement that can be executed dynamically.
DSNTIAD A sample dynamic SQL program that is written in assembler
language. With this program, you can execute any SQL statement
that can be executed dynamically, except a SELECT statement.
DSNTEP2 A sample dynamic SQL program that is written in the PL/I language.
With this program, you can execute any SQL statement that can be
executed dynamically. You can use the source version of DSNTEP2
and modify it to meet your needs, or, if you do not have a PL/I
compiler at your installation, you can use the object code version of
DSNTEP2.
| DSNTEP4 A sample dynamic SQL program that is written in the PL/I language.
| This program is identical to DSNTEP2 except DSNTEP4 uses
| multi-row fetch for increased performance. You can use the source
| version of DSNTEP4 and modify it to meet your needs, or, if you do
| not have a PL/I compiler at your installation, you can use the object
| code version of DSNTEP4.
Because these four programs also accept the static SQL statements CONNECT,
SET CONNECTION, and RELEASE, you can use the programs to access DB2
tables at remote locations.
DSNTIAUL and DSNTIAD are shipped only as source code, so you must
precompile, assemble, link, and bind them before you can use them. If you want to
| use the source code version of DSNTEP2 or DSNTEP4, you must precompile,
| compile, link, and bind it. You need to bind the object code version of DSNTEP2 or
| DSNTEP4 before you can use it. Usually a system administrator prepares the
programs as part of the installation process. Table 184 indicates which installation
job prepares each sample program. All installation jobs are in data set
DSN810.SDSNSAMP.
Table 184. Jobs that prepare DSNTIAUL, DSNTIAD, DSNTEP2, and DSNTEP4
Program name Program preparation job
DSNTIAUL DSNTEJ2A
DSNTIAD DSNTIJTM
DSNTEP2 (source) DSNTEJ1P
DSNTEP2 (object) DSNTEJ1L
DSNTEP4 (source) DSNTEJ1P

Table 184. Jobs that prepare DSNTIAUL, DSNTIAD, DSNTEP2, and DSNTEP4 (continued)
Program name Program preparation job
DSNTEP4 (object) DSNTEJ1L
To run the sample programs, use the DSN RUN command, which is described in
detail in Chapter 2 of DB2 Command Reference. Table 185 lists the load module
name and plan name that you must specify, and the parameters that you can
specify when you run each program. See the following sections for the meaning of
each parameter.
Table 185. DSN RUN option values for DSNTIAUL, DSNTIAD, DSNTEP2, and DSNTEP4
Program name Load module Plan Parameters
DSNTIAUL DSNTIAUL DSNTIB81 SQL
number of rows per fetch
DSNTIAD DSNTIAD DSNTIA81 RC0
SQLTERM(termchar)
DSNTEP2 DSNTEP2 DSNTEP81 ALIGN(MID)
or ALIGN(LHS)
NOMIXED or MIXED
SQLTERM(termchar)
DSNTEP4 DSNTEP4 DSNTEP481 ALIGN(MID)
or ALIGN(LHS)
NOMIXED or MIXED
SQLTERM(termchar)
The remainder of this chapter contains the following information about running each
program:
v Descriptions of the input parameters
v Data sets that you must allocate before you run the program
v Return codes from the program
v Examples of invocation
See the sample jobs that are listed in Table 184 on page 921 for a working example
of each program.
Running DSNTIAUL
This section contains information that you need when you run DSNTIAUL, including
parameters, data sets, return codes, and invocation examples.
DSNTIAUL parameters:
SQL
Specify SQL to indicate that your input data set contains one or more complete
SQL statements, each of which ends with a semicolon. You can include any
SQL statement that can be executed dynamically in your input data set. In
addition, you can include the static SQL statements CONNECT, SET
CONNECTION, or RELEASE. DSNTIAUL uses the SELECT statements to
determine which tables to unload and dynamically executes all other statements
except CONNECT, SET CONNECTION, and RELEASE. DSNTIAUL executes
CONNECT, SET CONNECTION, and RELEASE statically to connect to remote
locations.

| number of rows per fetch
| Specify a number from 1 to 32767 to specify the number of rows per fetch that
| DSNTIAUL retrieves. If you do not specify this number, DSNTIAUL retrieves
| 100 rows per fetch. This parameter can be specified with the SQL parameter.
If you do not specify the SQL parameter, your input data set must contain one or
more single-line statements (without a semicolon) that use the following syntax:
table or view name [WHERE conditions] [ORDER BY columns]
Each input statement must be a valid SQL SELECT statement with the clause
SELECT * FROM omitted and with no ending semicolon. DSNTIAUL generates a
SELECT statement for each input statement by appending your input line to
SELECT * FROM, then uses the result to determine which tables to unload. For this
input format, the text for each table specification can be a maximum of 72 bytes
and must not span multiple lines.
You can use the input statements to specify SELECT statements that join two or
more tables or select specific columns from a table. If you specify columns, you
need to modify the LOAD statement that DSNTIAUL generates.
DSNTIAUL data sets:

Data set Description
SYSIN Input data set.
You cannot enter comments in DSNTIAUL input.
The record length for the input data set must be at least 72 bytes.
DSNTIAUL reads only the first 72 bytes of each record.
SYSPRINT Output data set. DSNTIAUL writes informational and error
messages in this data set.
The record length for the SYSPRINT data set is 121 bytes.
SYSPUNCH Output data set. DSNTIAUL writes the LOAD utility control
statements in this data set.
SYSRECnn Output data sets. The value nn ranges from 00 to 99. You can have
a maximum of 100 output data sets for a single execution of
DSNTIAUL. Each data set contains the data that is unloaded when
DSNTIAUL processes a SELECT statement from the input data set.
Therefore, the number of output data sets must match the number
of SELECT statements (if you specify parameter SQL) or table
specifications in your input data set.
Define all data sets as sequential data sets. You can specify the record length and
block size of the SYSPUNCH and SYSRECnn data sets. The maximum record
length for the SYSPUNCH and SYSRECnn data sets is 32760 bytes.
DSNTIAUL return codes:

Table 186. DSNTIAUL return codes
Return code Meaning
Appendix C. Running the productivity-aid sample programs 923

Table 186. DSNTIAUL return codes (continued)
Return code Meaning
4 An SQL statement received a warning code. If the SQL statement was a
SELECT statement, DB2 did not perform the associated unload operation.
If DB2 return a +394, which indicates that it is using optimization hints,
DB2 performs the unload operation.
8 An SQL statement received an error code. If the SQL statement was a
SELECT statement, DB2 did not perform the associated unload operation.
12 DSNTIAUL could not open a data set, an SQL statement returned a
severe error code (-8nn or -9nn), or an error occurred in the SQL
message formatting routine.
Examples of DSNTIAUL invocation: Suppose that you want to unload the rows
for department D01 from the project table. Because you can fit the table
specification on one line, and you do not want to execute any non-SELECT
statements, you do not need the SQL parameter. Your invocation looks like the one
that is shown in Figure 231:
//UNLOAD EXEC PGM=IKJEFT01,DYNAMNBR=20

//SYSTSIN DD *
DSN SYSTEM(DSN)
RUN PROGRAM(DSNTIAUL) PLAN(DSNTIB81) -
LIB(’DSN810.RUNLIB.LOAD’)
//SYSREC00 DD DSN=DSN8UNLD.SYSREC00,
// UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(32760,(1000,500)),DISP=(,CATLG),
// VOL=SER=SCR03
//SYSPUNCH DD DSN=DSN8UNLD.SYSPUNCH,
// VOL=SER=SCR03,RECFM=FB,LRECL=120,BLKSIZE=1200
//SYSIN DD *
DSN8810.PROJ WHERE DEPTNO='D01'
Figure 231. DSNTIAUL invocation without the SQL parameter
If you want to obtain the LOAD utility control statements for loading rows into a
table, but you do not want to unload the rows, you can set the data set names for
the SYSRECnn data sets to DUMMY. For example, to obtain the utility control
statements for loading rows into the department table, you invoke DSNTIAUL as
shown in Figure 232 on page 925:

//SYSTSIN DD *
DSN SYSTEM(DSN)
RUN PROGRAM(DSNTIAUL) PLAN(DSNTIB81) -
//SYSREC00 DD DUMMY
//SYSIN DD *
DSN8810.DEPT
Figure 232. DSNTIAUL invocation to obtain LOAD control statements
Now suppose that you also want to use DSNTIAUL to do these things:
v Unload all rows from the project table
v Unload only rows from the employee table for employees in departments with
department numbers that begin with D, and order the unloaded rows by
employee number
v Lock both tables in share mode before you unload them
| v Retrieve 250 rows per fetch
| For these activities, you must specify the SQL parameter and specify the number of
| rows per fetch when you run DSNTIAUL. Your DSNTIAUL invocation is shown in
Figure 233:

//SYSTSIN DD *
DSN SYSTEM(DSN)
| RUN PROGRAM(DSNTIAUL) PLAN(DSNTIB81) PARMS('SQL,250') -
// VOL=SER=SCR03
// VOL=SER=SCR03
//SYSIN DD *
LOCK TABLE DSN8810.EMP IN SHARE MODE;
LOCK TABLE DSN8810.PROJ IN SHARE MODE;
SELECT * FROM DSN8810.PROJ;
WHERE WORKDEPT LIKE ’D%’
ORDER BY EMPNO;
Figure 233. DSNTIAUL invocation with the SQL parameter

Running DSNTIAD
This section contains information that you need when you run DSNTIAD, including
parameters, data sets, return codes, and invocation examples.
DSNTIAD parameters:
RC0
If you specify this parameter, DSNTIAD ends with return code 0, even if the
program encounters SQL errors. If you do not specify RC0, DSNTIAD ends with
a return code that reflects the severity of the errors that occur. Without RC0,
DSNTIAD terminates if more than 10 SQL errors occur during a single
execution.
SQLTERM(termchar)
Specify this parameter to indicate the character that you use to end each SQL
statement. You can use any special character except one of those listed in
Table 187. SQLTERM(;) is the default.
Table 187. Invalid special characters for the SQL terminator
Name Character Hexadecimal representation
blank X'40'
comma , X'6B'
double quotation mark " X'7F'
left parenthesis ( X'4D'
right parenthesis ) X'5D'
single quotation mark ' X'7D'
underscore _ X'6D'
contains embedded semicolons.
Example: Suppose that you specify the parameter SQLTERM(#) to indicate that
the character # is the statement terminator. Then a CREATE TRIGGER
statement with embedded semicolons looks like this:
AFTER INSERT ON EMP
BEGIN ATOMIC
END#
Be careful to choose a character for the statement terminator that is not used
within the statement.
DSNTIAD data sets:

Data set Description
SYSIN Input data set. In this data set, you can enter any number of
non-SELECT SQL statements, each terminated with a semicolon. A
statement can span multiple lines, but DSNTIAD reads only the first
72 bytes of each line.
You cannot enter comments in DSNTIAD input.
SYSPRINT Output data set. DSNTIAD writes informational and error messages

in this data set. DSNTIAD sets the record length of this data set to
121 bytes and the block size to 1210 bytes.
Define all data sets as sequential data sets.
DSNTIAD return codes:

Table 188. DSNTIAD return codes:
Return code Meaning
0 Successful completion, or the user-specified parameter RC0.
4 An SQL statement received a warning code.
8 An SQL statement received an error code.
12 DSNTIAD could not open a data set, the length of an SQL statement was
more than 32760 bytes, an SQL statement returned a severe error code
(-8nn or -9nn), or an error occurred in the SQL message formatting
routine.
Example of DSNTIAD invocation: Suppose that you want to execute 20 UPDATE

statements, and you do not want DSNTIAD to terminate if more than 10 errors
occur. Your invocation looks like the one that is shown in Figure 234:
//RUNTIAD EXEC PGM=IKJEFT01,DYNAMNBR=20

//SYSTSIN DD *
DSN SYSTEM(DSN)
RUN PROGRAM(DSNTIAD) PLAN(DSNTIA81) PARMS('RC0') -
//SYSIN DD *
UPDATE DSN8810.PROJ SET DEPTNO='J01' WHERE DEPTNO='A01';
UPDATE
. DSN8810.PROJ SET DEPTNO='J02' WHERE DEPTNO='A02';
.
.
UPDATE DSN8810.PROJ SET DEPTNO='J20' WHERE DEPTNO='A20';
Figure 234. DSNTIAD Invocation with the RC0 Parameter
Running DSNTEP2 and DSNTEP4

| This section contains information that you need when you run DSNTEP2 or
| DSNTEP4, including parameters, data sets, return codes, and invocation examples.
| DSNTEP2 and DSNTEP4 parameters:

ALIGN(MID) or ALIGN(LHS)
Specifies the alignment.
ALIGN(MID)
| Specifies that DSNTEP2 or DSNTEP4 output should be centered.
ALIGN(MID) is the default.
ALIGN(LHS)
| Specifies that the DSNTEP2 or DSNTEP4 output should be left-justified.
NOMIXED or MIXED
| Specifies whether DSNTEP2 or DSNTEP4 contains any DBCS characters.

NOMIXED
| Specifies that the DSNTEP2 or DSNTEP4 input contains no DBCS
characters. NOMIXED is the default.
MIXED
| Specifies that the DSNTEP2 or DSNTEP4 input contains some DBCS
characters.
SQLTERM(termchar)
Specifies the character that you use to end each SQL statement. You can use
any character except one of those that are listed in Table 187 on page 926.
SQLTERM(;) is the default.
contains embedded semicolons.
Example: Suppose that you specify the parameter SQLTERM(#) to indicate that
the character # is the statement terminator. Then a CREATE TRIGGER
statement with embedded semicolons looks like this:
AFTER INSERT ON EMP
BEGIN ATOMIC
END#
Be careful to choose a character for the statement terminator that is not used
within the statement.
If you want to change the SQL terminator within a series of SQL statements,
you can use the --#SET TERMINATOR control statement.
Example: Suppose that you have an existing set of SQL statements to which
you want to add a CREATE TRIGGER statement that has embedded
semicolons. You can use the default SQLTERM value, which is a semicolon, for
all of the existing SQL statements. Before you execute the CREATE TRIGGER
statement, include the --#SET TERMINATOR # control statement to change
the SQL terminator to the character #:
SELECT * FROM DEPT;
SELECT * FROM ACT;
SELECT * FROM EMPPROJACT;
SELECT * FROM PROJ;
SELECT * FROM PROJACT;
--#SET TERMINATOR #
AFTER INSERT ON EMP
BEGIN ATOMIC
END#
See the following discussion of the SYSIN data set for more information about
the --#SET control statement.
| DSNTEP2 and DSNTEP4 data sets:

Data Set Description
SYSIN Input data set. In this data set, you can enter any number of SQL

statements, each terminated with a semicolon. A statement can
| span multiple lines, but DSNTEP2 or DSNTEP4 reads only the first
72 bytes of each line.
| You can enter comments in DSNTEP2 or DSNTEP4 input with an
asterisk (*) in column 1 or two hyphens (--) anywhere on a line. Text
that follows the asterisk is considered to be comment text. Text that
follows two hyphens can be comment text or a control statement.
| Comments are not considered in dynamic statement caching.
Comments and control statements cannot span lines.
You can enter control statements of the following form in the
| DSNTEP2 and DSNTEP4 input data set:
--#SET control-option value
The control options are:

TERMINATOR
The SQL statement terminator. value is any single-byte
character other than one of those that are listed in Table 187 on
page 926. The default is the value of the SQLTERM parameter.
ROWS_FETCH
The number of rows that are to be fetched from the result table.
value is a numeric literal between -1 and the number of rows in
the result table. -1 means that all rows are to be fetched. The
default is -1.
ROWS_OUT
The number of fetched rows that are to be sent to the output
data set. value is a numeric literal between -1 and the number
of fetched rows. -1 means that all fetched rows are to be sent
to the output data set. The default is -1.
| MULT_FETCH
| This option is valid only for DSNTEP4. Use MULT_FETCH to
| specify the number of rows that are to be fetched at one time
| from the result table. The default fetch amount for DSNTEP4 is
| 100 rows, but you can specify from 1 to 32676 rows.
| SYSPRINT Output data set. DSNTEP2 and DSNTEP4 write informational and
| error messages in this data set. DSNTEP2 and DSNTEP4 write
output records of no more than 133 bytes.
Define all data sets as sequential data sets.
| DSNTEP2 and DSNTEP4 return codes:

| Table 189. DSNTEP2 and DSNTEP4 return codes:
Return code Meaning
4 An SQL statement received a warning code.
8 An SQL statement received an error code.
12 The length of an SQL statement was more than 32760 bytes, an SQL
statement returned a severe error code (-8nn or -9nn), or an error
occurred in the SQL message formatting routine.

Example of DSNTEP2 invocation: Suppose that you want to use DSNTEP2 to
execute SQL SELECT statements that might contain DBCS characters. You also
want left-aligned output. Your invocation looks like the one in Figure 235:
//RUNTEP2 EXEC PGM=IKJEFT01,DYNAMNBR=20

//SYSTSIN DD *
DSN SYSTEM(DSN)
RUN PROGRAM(DSNTEP2) PLAN(DSNTEP81) PARMS('/ALIGN(LHS) MIXED') -
//SYSIN DD *
SELECT * FROM DSN8810.PROJ;
Figure 235. DSNTEP2 invocation with the ALIGN(LHS) and MIXED parameters
| Example of DSNTEP4 invocation: Suppose that you want to use DSNTEP4 to

| execute SQL SELECT statements that might contain DBCS characters, and you
| want center-aligned output. You also want DSNTEP4 to fetch 250 rows at a time.
| Your invocation looks like the one in Figure 236:
|
//RUNTEP2 EXEC PGM=IKJEFT01,DYNAMNBR=20
//SYSTSIN DD *
DSN SYSTEM(DSN)
RUN PROGRAM(DSNTEP4) PLAN(DSNTEP481) PARMS('/ALIGN(MID) MIXED') -
//SYSIN DD *
--#SET MULT_FETCH 250
SELECT * FROM DSN8810.EMP;
Figure 236. DSNTEP4 invocation with the ALIGN(MID) and MIXED parameters and using the
MULT_FETCH control option

Appendix D. Programming examples
This appendix contains the following programming examples:
v Sample COBOL dynamic SQL program
v “Sample dynamic and static SQL in a C program” on page 944
v “Sample DB2 REXX application” on page 947
v “Sample COBOL program using DRDA access” on page 961
v “Sample COBOL program using DB2 private protocol access” on page 969
v “Examples of using stored procedures” on page 975
To prepare and run these applications, use the JCL in DSN810.SDSNSAMP as a

model for your JCL. See Appendix B, “Sample applications,” on page 915 for a list
JCL procedures for preparing sample programs. See Part 2 of DB2 Installation
Guide for information on the appropriate compiler options to use for each language.
Sample COBOL dynamic SQL program

Chapter 24, “Coding dynamic SQL in application programs,” on page 535 describes
three variations of dynamic SQL statements:
v Non-SELECT statements
v Fixed-List SELECT statements
In this case, you know the number of columns returned and their data types
when you write the program.
v Varying-List SELECT statements.
In this case, you do not know the number of columns returned and their data
types when you write the program.
This appendix documents a technique of coding varying list SELECT statements in

VS COBOL II, COBOL/370, or IBM COBOL for MVS & VM. In the rest of this
appendix, COBOL refers to those versions only.
This example program does not support BLOB, CLOB, or DBCLOB data types.
Pointers and based variables

COBOL has a POINTER type and a SET statement that provide pointers and based
variables.
The SET statement sets a pointer from the address of an area in the linkage
section or another pointer; the statement can also set the address of an area in the
linkage section. Figure 238 on page 934 provides these uses of the SET statement.
The SET statement does not permit the use of an address in the
WORKING-STORAGE section.
Storage allocation
COBOL does not provide a means to allocate main storage within a program. You
can achieve the same end by having an initial program which allocates the storage,
and then calls a second program that manipulates the pointer. (COBOL does not
permit you to directly manipulate the pointer because errors and abends are likely
to occur.)
The initial program is extremely simple. It includes a working storage section that
allocates the maximum amount of storage needed. This program then calls the

second program, passing the area or areas on the CALL statement. The second
program defines the area in the linkage section and can then use pointers within
the area.
If you need to allocate parts of storage, the best method is to use indexes or
subscripts. You can use subscripts for arithmetic and comparison operations.
Example
Figure 237 shows an example of the initial program DSN8BCU1 that allocates the
storage and calls the second program DSN8BCU2 shown in Figure 238 on page
934. DSN8BCU2 then defines the passed storage areas in its linkage section and
includes the USING clause on its PROCEDURE DIVISION statement.
Defining the pointers, then redefining them as numeric, permits some manipulation
of the pointers that you cannot perform directly. For example, you cannot add the
column length to the record pointer, but you can add the column length to the
numeric value that redefines the pointer.
**** DSN8BCU1- DB2 SAMPLE BATCH COBOL UNLOAD PROGRAM ***********

* *
* MODULE NAME = DSN8BCU1 *
* *
* DESCRIPTIVE NAME = DB2 SAMPLE APPLICATION *
* UNLOAD PROGRAM *
* BATCH *
* VS COBOL II, COBOL/370, OR *
* IBM COBOL FOR MVS & VM *
* *
* FUNCTION = THIS MODULE PROVIDES THE STORAGE NEEDED BY *
* DSN8BCU2 AND CALLS THAT PROGRAM. *
* *
* NOTES = *
* DEPENDENCIES = VS COBOL II IS REQUIRED. SEVERAL NEW *
* FACILITIES ARE USED. *
* *
* RESTRICTIONS = *
* THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF COLUMNS IS 750, *
* WHICH IS THE SQL LIMIT. *
* *
* DATA RECORDS ARE LIMITED TO 32700 BYTES, *
* INCLUDING DATA, LENGTHS FOR VARCHAR DATA, *
* AND SPACE FOR NULL INDICATORS. *
* *
* MODULE TYPE = COBOL PROGRAM *
* PROCESSOR = VS COBOL II, COBOL/370 OR *
* MODULE SIZE = SEE LINK EDIT *
* ATTRIBUTES = REENTRANT *
* *
Figure 237. Initial program that allocates storage (Part 1 of 2)

* ENTRY POINT = DSN8BCU1 *
* PURPOSE = SEE FUNCTION *
* LINKAGE = INVOKED FROM DSN RUN *
* INPUT = NONE *
* OUTPUT = NONE *
* *
* EXIT-NORMAL = RETURN CODE 0 NORMAL COMPLETION *
* *
* EXIT-ERROR = *
* RETURN CODE = NONE *
* ABEND CODES = NONE *
* ERROR-MESSAGES = NONE *
* *
* EXTERNAL REFERENCES = *
* ROUTINES/SERVICES = *
* DSN8BCU2 - ACTUAL UNLOAD PROGRAM *
* *
* DATA-AREAS = NONE *
* CONTROL-BLOCKS = NONE *
* *
* TABLES = NONE *
* CHANGE-ACTIVITY = NONE *
* *
* *PSEUDOCODE* *
* *
* PROCEDURE *
* CALL DSN8BCU2. *
* END. *
*---------------------------------------------------------------*
/
*-----------------------
PROGRAM-ID. DSN8BCU1
*
*
CONFIGURATION SECTION.
DATA DIVISION.
*
*
01 WORKAREA-IND.
02 WORKIND PIC S9(4) COMP OCCURS 750 TIMES.
01 RECWORK.
02 RECWORK-LEN PIC S9(8) COMP VALUE 32700.
02 RECWORK-CHAR PIC X(1) OCCURS 32700 TIMES.
*
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
*
CALL ’DSN8BCU2’ USING WORKAREA-IND RECWORK.
GOBACK.
Figure 237. Initial program that allocates storage (Part 2 of 2)
Appendix D. Programming examples 933

**** DSN8BCU2- DB2 SAMPLE BATCH COBOL UNLOAD PROGRAM ***********
* *
* MODULE NAME = DSN8BCU2 *
* *
* DESCRIPTIVE NAME = DB2 SAMPLE APPLICATION *
* UNLOAD PROGRAM *
* BATCH *
* VS COBOL II, COBOL/370, OR *
* *
* FUNCTION = THIS MODULE ACCEPTS A TABLE NAME OR VIEW NAME *
* AND UNLOADS THE DATA IN THAT TABLE OR VIEW. *
* READ IN A TABLE NAME FROM SYSIN. *
* PUT DATA FROM THE TABLE INTO DD SYSREC01. *
* WRITE RESULTS TO SYSPRINT. *
* *
* NOTES = *
* DEPENDENCIES = CANNOT USE OS/VS COBOL. *
* *
* RESTRICTIONS = *
* THE SQLDA IS LIMITED TO 33016 BYTES. *
* THIS SIZE ALLOWS FOR THE DB2 MAXIMUM *
* OF 750 COLUMNS. *
* *
* DATA RECORDS ARE LIMITED TO 32700 BYTES, *
* INCLUDING DATA, LENGTHS FOR VARCHAR DATA, *
* AND SPACE FOR NULL INDICATORS. *
* *
* TABLE OR VIEW NAMES ARE ACCEPTED, AND ONLY *
* ONE NAME IS ALLOWED PER RUN. *
* *
* PROCESSOR = DB2 PRECOMPILER *
* VS/COBOL II, COBOL/370, OR *
* ATTRIBUTES = REENTRANT *
* *
* ENTRY POINT = DSN8BCU2 *
* PURPOSE = SEE FUNCTION *
* LINKAGE = *
* CALL ’DSN8BCU2’ USING WORKAREA-IND RECWORK. *
* *
* INPUT = SYMBOLIC LABEL/NAME = WORKAREA-IND *
* DESCRIPTION = INDICATOR VARIABLE ARRAY *
* 01 WORKAREA-IND. *
* 02 WORKIND PIC S9(4) COMP OCCURS 750 TIMES. *
* *
* SYMBOLIC LABEL/NAME = RECWORK *
* DESCRIPTION = WORK AREA FOR OUTPUT RECORD *
* 01 RECWORK. *
* 02 RECWORK-LEN PIC S9(8) COMP. *
* *
* SYMBOLIC LABEL/NAME = SYSIN *
* DESCRIPTION = INPUT REQUESTS - TABLE OR VIEW *
* *
Figure 238. Called program that does pointer manipulation (Part 1 of 10)

* OUTPUT = SYMBOLIC LABEL/NAME = SYSPRINT *
* DESCRIPTION = PRINTED RESULTS *
* *
* SYMBOLIC LABEL/NAME = SYSREC01 *
* DESCRIPTION = UNLOADED TABLE DATA *
* *
* EXIT-NORMAL = RETURN CODE 0 NORMAL COMPLETION *
* EXIT-ERROR = *
* RETURN CODE = NONE *
* ABEND CODES = NONE *
* ERROR-MESSAGES = *
* DSNT490I SAMPLE COBOL DATA UNLOAD PROGRAM RELEASE 3.0*
* - THIS IS THE HEADER, INDICATING A NORMAL *
* - START FOR THIS PROGRAM. *
* DSNT493I SQL ERROR, SQLCODE = NNNNNNNN *
* - AN SQL ERROR OR WARNING WAS ENCOUNTERED *
* - ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FROM DSNTIAR *
* - FOLLOWS THIS MESSAGE. *
* DSNT495I SUCCESSFUL UNLOAD XXXXXXXX ROWS OF *
* TABLE TTTTTTTT *
* - THE UNLOAD WAS SUCCESSFUL. XXXXXXXX IS *
* - THE NUMBER OF ROWS UNLOADED. TTTTTTTT *
* - IS THE NAME OF THE TABLE OR VIEW FROM *
* - WHICH IT WAS UNLOADED. *
* DSNT496I UNRECOGNIZED DATA TYPE CODE OF NNNNN *
* - THE PREPARE RETURNED AN INVALID DATA *
* - TYPE CODE. NNNNN IS THE CODE, PRINTED *
* - IN DECIMAL. USUALLY AN ERROR IN *
* - THIS ROUTINE OR A NEW DATA TYPE. *
* DSNT497I RETURN CODE FROM MESSAGE ROUTINE DSNTIAR *
* - THE MESSAGE FORMATTING ROUTINE DETECTED *
* - AN ERROR. SEE THAT ROUTINE FOR RETURN *
* - CODE INFORMATION. USUALLY AN ERROR IN *
* - THIS ROUTINE. *
* DSNT498I ERROR, NO VALID COLUMNS FOUND *
* - THE PREPARE RETURNED DATA WHICH DID NOT *
* - PRODUCE A VALID OUTPUT RECORD. *
* - USUALLY AN ERROR IN THIS ROUTINE. *
* DSNT499I NO ROWS FOUND IN TABLE OR VIEW *
* - THE CHOSEN TABLE OR VIEWS DID NOT *
* - RETURN ANY ROWS. *
* ERROR MESSAGES FROM MODULE DSNTIAR *
* - WHEN AN ERROR OCCURS, THIS MODULE *
* - PRODUCES CORRESPONDING MESSAGES. *
* *
* ROUTINES/SERVICES = *
* DSNTIAR - TRANSLATE SQLCA INTO MESSAGES *
* CONTROL-BLOCKS = *
* SQLCA - SQL COMMUNICATION AREA *
* *
* TABLES = NONE *
* *

* *PSEUDOCODE* *
* PROCEDURE *
* EXEC SQL DECLARE DT CURSOR FOR SEL END-EXEC. *
* EXEC SQL DECLARE SEL STATEMENT END-EXEC. *
* INITIALIZE THE DATA, OPEN FILES. *
* OBTAIN STORAGE FOR THE SQLDA AND THE DATA RECORDS. *
* READ A TABLE NAME. *
* OPEN SYSREC01. *
* BUILD THE SQL STATEMENT TO BE EXECUTED *
* EXEC SQL PREPARE SQL STATEMENT INTO SQLDA END-EXEC. *
* SET UP ADDRESSES IN THE SQLDA FOR DATA. *
* INITIALIZE DATA RECORD COUNTER TO 0. *
* EXEC SQL OPEN DT END-EXEC. *
* DO WHILE SQLCODE IS 0. *
* EXEC SQL FETCH DT USING DESCRIPTOR SQLDA END-EXEC. *
* ADD IN MARKERS TO DENOTE NULLS. *
* WRITE THE DATA TO SYSREC01. *
* INCREMENT DATA RECORD COUNTER. *
* END. *
* EXEC SQL CLOSE DT END-EXEC. *
* INDICATE THE RESULTS OF THE UNLOAD OPERATION. *
* CLOSE THE SYSIN, SYSPRINT, AND SYSREC01 FILES. *
* END. *
*---------------------------------------------------------------*
/
*-----------------------
PROGRAM-ID. DSN8BCU2
*
*--------------------
FILE-CONTROL.
SELECT SYSIN
ASSIGN TO DA-S-SYSIN.
SELECT SYSPRINT
ASSIGN TO UT-S-SYSPRINT.
SELECT SYSREC01
ASSIGN TO DA-S-SYSREC01.
*
DATA DIVISION.
*-------------
*
FILE SECTION.
FD SYSIN
RECORD CONTAINS 80 CHARACTERS
BLOCK CONTAINS 0 RECORDS
LABEL RECORDS ARE OMITTED
RECORDING MODE IS F.
01 CARDREC PIC X(80).
*
FD SYSPRINT
DATA RECORD IS MSGREC
RECORDING MODE IS F.
01 MSGREC PIC X(120).

*
FD SYSREC01
RECORD CONTAINS 5 TO 32704 CHARACTERS
DATA RECORD IS REC01
RECORDING MODE IS V.
01 REC01.
02 REC01-LEN PIC S9(8) COMP.
02 REC01-CHAR PIC X(1) OCCURS 1 TO 32700 TIMES
DEPENDING ON REC01-LEN.
/
*
*****************************************************
* STRUCTURE FOR INPUT *
*****************************************************
01 IOAREA.
02 TNAME PIC X(72).
01 STMTBUF.
49 STMTLEN PIC S9(4) COMP VALUE 92.
49 STMTCHAR PIC X(92).
01 STMTBLD.
02 FILLER PIC X(20) VALUE ’SELECT * FROM’.
02 STMTTAB PIC X(72).
*
*****************************************************
* REPORT HEADER STRUCTURE *
*****************************************************
01 HEADER.
02 FILLER PIC X(35)
VALUE ’ DSNT490I SAMPLE COBOL DATA UNLOAD ’.
02 FILLER PIC X(85) VALUE ’PROGRAM RELEASE 3.0’.
01 MSG-SQLERR.
02 FILLER PIC X(31)
VALUE ’ DSNT493I SQL ERROR, SQLCODE = ’.
02 MSG-MINUS PIC X(1).
02 MSG-PRINT-CODE PIC 9(8).
02 FILLER PIC X(81) VALUE ’ ’.
01 UNLOADED.
02 FILLER PIC X(28)
VALUE ’ DSNT495I SUCCESSFUL UNLOAD ’.
02 ROWS PIC 9(8).
02 FILLER PIC X(15) VALUE ’ ROWS OF TABLE ’.
02 TABLENAM PIC X(72) VALUE ’ ’.
01 BADTYPE.
02 FILLER PIC X(42)
VALUE ’ DSNT496I UNRECOGNIZED DATA TYPE CODE OF ’.
02 TYPCOD PIC 9(8).
01 MSGRETCD.
02 FILLER PIC X(42)
VALUE ’ DSNT497I RETURN CODE FROM MESSAGE ROUTINE’.
02 FILLER PIC X(9) VALUE ’DSNTIAR ’.
02 RETCODE PIC 9(8).

01 MSGNOCOL.
02 FILLER PIC X(120)
VALUE ’ DSNT498I ERROR, NO VALID COLUMNS FOUND’.
01 MSG-NOROW.
02 FILLER PIC X(120)
VALUE ’ DSNT499I NO ROWS FOUND IN TABLE OR VIEW’.
*****************************************************
* WORKAREAS *
*****************************************************
77 NOT-FOUND PIC S9(8) COMP VALUE +100.
*****************************************************
* VARIABLES FOR ERROR-MESSAGE FORMATTING *
00
*****************************************************
01 ERROR-MESSAGE.
77 ERROR-TEXT-LEN PIC S9(8) COMP VALUE +120.
*****************************************************
* SQL DESCRIPTOR AREA *
*****************************************************
EXEC SQL INCLUDE SQLDA END-EXEC.
*
* DATA TYPES FOUND IN SQLTYPE, AFTER REMOVING THE NULL BIT
*
77 VARCTYPE PIC S9(4) COMP VALUE +448.
77 CHARTYPE PIC S9(4) COMP VALUE +452.
77 VARLTYPE PIC S9(4) COMP VALUE +456.
77 VARGTYPE PIC S9(4) COMP VALUE +464.
77 GTYPE PIC S9(4) COMP VALUE +468.
77 LVARGTYP PIC S9(4) COMP VALUE +472.
77 FLOATYPE PIC S9(4) COMP VALUE +480.
77 DECTYPE PIC S9(4) COMP VALUE +484.
77 INTTYPE PIC S9(4) COMP VALUE +496.
77 HWTYPE PIC S9(4) COMP VALUE +500.
77 DATETYP PIC S9(4) COMP VALUE +384.
77 TIMETYP PIC S9(4) COMP VALUE +388.
77 TIMESTMP PIC S9(4) COMP VALUE +392.
*

*****************************************************
* THE REDEFINES CLAUSES BELOW ARE FOR 31-BIT ADDRESSING.
* IF YOUR COMPILER SUPPORTS ONLY 24-BIT ADDRESSING,
* CHANGE THE DECLARATIONS TO THESE:
* 01 RECNUM REDEFINES RECPTR PICTURE S9(8) COMPUTATIONAL.
* 01 IRECNUM REDEFINES IRECPTR PICTURE S9(8) COMPUTATIONAL.
*****************************************************
01 RECPTR POINTER.
01 RECNUM REDEFINES RECPTR PICTURE S9(9) COMPUTATIONAL.
01 IRECPTR POINTER.
01 IRECNUM REDEFINES IRECPTR PICTURE S9(9) COMPUTATIONAL.
01 I PICTURE S9(4) COMPUTATIONAL.
01 J PICTURE S9(4) COMPUTATIONAL.
01 DUMMY PICTURE S9(4) COMPUTATIONAL.
01 MYTYPE PICTURE S9(4) COMPUTATIONAL.
01 COLUMN-IND PICTURE S9(4) COMPUTATIONAL.
01 COLUMN-LEN PICTURE S9(4) COMPUTATIONAL.
01 COLUMN-PREC PICTURE S9(4) COMPUTATIONAL.
01 COLUMN-SCALE PICTURE S9(4) COMPUTATIONAL.
01 INDCOUNT PIC S9(4) COMPUTATIONAL.
01 ROWCOUNT PIC S9(4) COMPUTATIONAL.
01 WORKAREA2.
02 WORKINDPTR POINTER OCCURS 750 TIMES.
*****************************************************
* DECLARE CURSOR AND STATEMENT FOR DYNAMIC SQL
*****************************************************
*
EXEC SQL DECLARE DT CURSOR FOR SEL END-EXEC.
EXEC SQL DECLARE SEL STATEMENT END-EXEC.
*
*****************************************************
* SQL INCLUDE FOR SQLCA *
*****************************************************
*
77 ONE PIC S9(4) COMP VALUE +1.
77 TWO PIC S9(4) COMP VALUE +2.
77 FOUR PIC S9(4) COMP VALUE +4.
77 QMARK PIC X(1) VALUE ’?’.
*
LINKAGE SECTION.
01 LINKAREA-IND.
02 IND PIC S9(4) COMP OCCURS 750 TIMES.
01 LINKAREA-REC.
02 REC1-LEN PIC S9(8) COMP.
02 REC1-CHAR PIC X(1) OCCURS 1 TO 32700 TIMES
DEPENDING ON REC1-LEN.
01 LINKAREA-QMARK.
02 INDREC PIC X(1).
/

PROCEDURE DIVISION USING LINKAREA-IND LINKAREA-REC.
*
*****************************************************
* SQL RETURN CODE HANDLING *
*****************************************************
EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLERROR GOTO DBERROR END-EXEC.
EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLWARNING GOTO DBERROR END-EXEC.
EXEC SQL WHENEVER NOT FOUND CONTINUE END-EXEC.
*
*****************************************************
* MAIN PROGRAM ROUTINE *
*****************************************************
SET IRECPTR TO ADDRESS OF REC1-CHAR(1).
* **OPEN FILES
OPEN INPUT SYSIN
OUTPUT SYSPRINT
OUTPUT SYSREC01.
* **WRITE HEADER
WRITE MSGREC FROM HEADER
AFTER ADVANCING 2 LINES.
* **GET FIRST INPUT
READ SYSIN RECORD INTO IOAREA.
* **MAIN ROUTINE
PERFORM PROCESS-INPUT THROUGH IND-RESULT.
*
PROG-END.
* **CLOSE FILES
CLOSE SYSIN
SYSPRINT
SYSREC01.
GOBACK.
/
***************************************************************
* *
* PERFORMED SECTION: *
* PROCESSING FOR THE TABLE OR VIEW JUST READ *
* *
***************************************************************
PROCESS-INPUT.
*
MOVE TNAME TO STMTTAB.
MOVE STMTBLD TO STMTCHAR.
EXEC SQL PREPARE SEL INTO :SQLDA FROM :STMTBUF END-EXEC.
***************************************************************
* *
* SET UP ADDRESSES IN THE SQLDA FOR DATA. *
* *
***************************************************************
IF SQLD = ZERO THEN
WRITE MSGREC FROM MSGNOCOL
AFTER ADVANCING 2 LINES
GO TO IND-RESULT.
MOVE ZERO TO ROWCOUNT.
MOVE ZERO TO REC1-LEN.
SET RECPTR TO IRECPTR.
MOVE ONE TO I.
PERFORM COLADDR UNTIL I > SQLD.

****************************************************************
* *
* SET LENGTH OF OUTPUT RECORD. *
* EXEC SQL OPEN DT END-EXEC. *
* DO WHILE SQLCODE IS 0. *
* EXEC SQL FETCH DT USING DESCRIPTOR :SQLDA END-EXEC. *
* ADD IN MARKERS TO DENOTE NULLS. *
* WRITE THE DATA TO SYSREC01. *
* INCREMENT DATA RECORD COUNTER. *
* END. *
* *
****************************************************************
* **OPEN CURSOR
EXEC SQL OPEN DT END-EXEC.
PERFORM BLANK-REC.
EXEC SQL FETCH DT USING DESCRIPTOR :SQLDA END-EXEC.
* **NO ROWS FOUND
* **PRINT ERROR MESSAGE
IF SQLCODE = NOT-FOUND
WRITE MSGREC FROM MSG-NOROW
AFTER ADVANCING 2 LINES
ELSE
* **WRITE ROW AND
* **CONTINUE UNTIL
* **NO MORE ROWS
PERFORM WRITE-AND-FETCH
UNTIL SQLCODE IS NOT EQUAL TO ZERO.
*
EXEC SQL WHENEVER NOT FOUND GOTO CLOSEDT END-EXEC.
*
CLOSEDT.
EXEC SQL CLOSE DT END-EXEC.
*
****************************************************************
* *
* INDICATE THE RESULTS OF THE UNLOAD OPERATION. *
* *
****************************************************************
IND-RESULT.
MOVE TNAME TO TABLENAM.
MOVE ROWCOUNT TO ROWS.
WRITE MSGREC FROM UNLOADED
GO TO PROG-END.
*
WRITE-AND-FETCH.
* ADD IN MARKERS TO DENOTE NULLS.
MOVE ONE TO INDCOUNT.
PERFORM NULLCHK UNTIL INDCOUNT = SQLD.
MOVE REC1-LEN TO REC01-LEN.
WRITE REC01 FROM LINKAREA-REC.
ADD ONE TO ROWCOUNT.
PERFORM BLANK-REC.
EXEC SQL FETCH DT USING DESCRIPTOR :SQLDA END-EXEC.
*
NULLCHK.
IF IND(INDCOUNT) < 0 THEN
SET ADDRESS OF LINKAREA-QMARK TO WORKINDPTR(INDCOUNT)
MOVE QMARK TO INDREC.
ADD ONE TO INDCOUNT.

*****************************************************
* BLANK OUT RECORD TEXT FIRST *
*****************************************************
BLANK-REC.
MOVE ONE TO J.
PERFORM BLANK-MORE UNTIL J > REC1-LEN.
BLANK-MORE.
MOVE ’ ’ TO REC1-CHAR(J).
ADD ONE TO J.
*
COLADDR.
SET SQLDATA(I) TO RECPTR.
****************************************************************
*
* DETERMINE THE LENGTH OF THIS COLUMN (COLUMN-LEN)
* THIS DEPENDS ON THE DATA TYPE. MOST DATA TYPES HAVE
* THE LENGTH SET, BUT VARCHAR, GRAPHIC, VARGRAPHIC, AND
* DECIMAL DATA NEED TO HAVE THE BYTES CALCULATED.
* THE NULL ATTRIBUTE MUST BE SEPARATED TO SIMPLIFY MATTERS.
*
****************************************************************
MOVE SQLLEN(I) TO COLUMN-LEN.
* COLUMN-IND IS 0 FOR NO NULLS AND 1 FOR NULLS
DIVIDE SQLTYPE(I) BY TWO GIVING DUMMY REMAINDER COLUMN-IND.
* MYTYPE IS JUST THE SQLTYPE WITHOUT THE NULL BIT
MOVE SQLTYPE(I) TO MYTYPE.
SUBTRACT COLUMN-IND FROM MYTYPE.
* SET THE COLUMN LENGTH, DEPENDENT ON DATA TYPE
EVALUATE MYTYPE
WHEN CHARTYPE CONTINUE,
WHEN DATETYP CONTINUE,
WHEN TIMETYP CONTINUE,
WHEN TIMESTMP CONTINUE,
WHEN FLOATYPE CONTINUE,
WHEN VARCTYPE
ADD TWO TO COLUMN-LEN,
WHEN VARLTYPE
ADD TWO TO COLUMN-LEN,
WHEN GTYPE
MULTIPLY COLUMN-LEN BY TWO GIVING COLUMN-LEN,
WHEN VARGTYPE
PERFORM CALC-VARG-LEN,
WHEN LVARGTYP
PERFORM CALC-VARG-LEN,
WHEN HWTYPE
MOVE TWO TO COLUMN-LEN,
WHEN INTTYPE
MOVE FOUR TO COLUMN-LEN,
WHEN DECTYPE
PERFORM CALC-DECIMAL-LEN,
WHEN OTHER
PERFORM UNRECOGNIZED-ERROR,
END-EVALUATE.
ADD COLUMN-LEN TO RECNUM.
ADD COLUMN-LEN TO REC1-LEN.

****************************************************************
* *
* IF THIS COLUMN CAN BE NULL, AN INDICATOR VARIABLE IS *
* NEEDED. WE ALSO RESERVE SPACE IN THE OUTPUT RECORD TO *
* NOTE THAT THE VALUE IS NULL. *
* *
****************************************************************
MOVE ZERO TO IND(I).
IF COLUMN-IND = ONE THEN
SET SQLIND(I) TO ADDRESS OF IND(I)
SET WORKINDPTR(I) TO RECPTR
ADD ONE TO RECNUM
ADD ONE TO REC1-LEN.
*
ADD ONE TO I.
* PERFORMED PARAGRAPH TO CALCULATE COLUMN LENGTH
* FOR A DECIMAL DATA TYPE COLUMN
CALC-DECIMAL-LEN.
DIVIDE COLUMN-LEN BY 256 GIVING COLUMN-PREC
REMAINDER COLUMN-SCALE.
MOVE COLUMN-PREC TO COLUMN-LEN.
ADD ONE TO COLUMN-LEN.
DIVIDE COLUMN-LEN BY TWO GIVING COLUMN-LEN.
* PERFORMED PARAGRAPH TO CALCULATE COLUMN LENGTH
* FOR A VARGRAPHIC DATA TYPE COLUMN
CALC-VARG-LEN.
MULTIPLY COLUMN-LEN BY TWO GIVING COLUMN-LEN.
ADD TWO TO COLUMN-LEN.
* PERFORMED PARAGRAPH TO NOTE AN UNRECOGNIZED
* DATA TYPE COLUMN
UNRECOGNIZED-ERROR.
*
* ERROR MESSAGE FOR UNRECOGNIZED DATA TYPE
*
MOVE SQLTYPE(I) TO TYPCOD.
WRITE MSGREC FROM BADTYPE
GO TO IND-RESULT.
*
*****************************************************
* SQL ERROR OCCURRED - GET MESSAGE *
*****************************************************
DBERROR.
* **SQL ERROR
MOVE SQLCODE TO MSG-PRINT-CODE.
IF SQLCODE < 0 THEN MOVE ’-’ TO MSG-MINUS.
WRITE MSGREC FROM MSG-SQLERR
IF RETURN-CODE = ZERO
PERFORM ERROR-PRINT VARYING ERROR-INDEX
FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL ERROR-INDEX GREATER THAN 8
ELSE
* **ERROR FOUND IN DSNTIAR
* **PRINT ERROR MESSAGE
MOVE RETURN-CODE TO RETCODE
WRITE MSGREC FROM MSGRETCD
GO TO PROG-END.
*
*****************************************************
* PRINT MESSAGE TEXT *
*****************************************************
ERROR-PRINT.
WRITE MSGREC FROM ERROR-TEXT (ERROR-INDEX)
AFTER ADVANCING 1 LINE.

Sample dynamic and static SQL in a C program
Figure 239 illustrates dynamic SQL and static SQL embedded in a C program. Each
section of the program is identified with a comment. Section 1 of the program
shows static SQL; sections 2, 3, and 4 show dynamic SQL. The function of each
section is explained in detail in the prologue to the program.
/**********************************************************************/
/* Descriptive name = Dynamic SQL sample using C language */
/* */
/* Function = To show examples of the use of dynamic and static */
/* SQL. */
/* */
/* Notes = This example assumes that the EMP and DEPT tables are */
/* defined. They need not be the same as the DB2 Sample */
/* tables. */
/* */
/* Module type = C program */
/* Processor = DB2 precompiler, C compiler */
/* Module size = see link edit */
/* Attributes = not reentrant or reusable */
/* */
/* Input = */
/* */
/* symbolic label/name = DEPT */
/* description = arbitrary table */
/* symbolic label/name = EMP */
/* description = arbitrary table */
/* */
/* Output = */
/* */
/* symbolic label/name = SYSPRINT */
/* description = print results via printf */
/* */
/* Exit-normal = return code 0 normal completion */
/* */
/* Exit-error = */
/* */
/* Return code = SQLCA */
/* */
/* Abend codes = none */
/* */
/* External references = none */
/* */
/* Control-blocks = */
/* SQLCA - sql communication area */
/* */
Figure 239. Sample SQL in a C program (Part 1 of 4)

/* Logic specification: */
/* */
/* There are four SQL sections. */
/* */
/* 1) STATIC SQL 1: using static cursor with a SELECT statement. */
/* Two output host variables. */
/* 2) Dynamic SQL 2: Fixed-list SELECT, using same SELECT statement */
/* used in SQL 1 to show the difference. The prepared string */
/* :iptstr can be assigned with other dynamic-able SQL statements. */
/* 3) Dynamic SQL 3: Insert with parameter markers. */
/* Using four parameter markers which represent four input host */
/* variables within a host structure. */
/* 4) Dynamic SQL 4: EXECUTE IMMEDIATE */
/* A GRANT statement is executed immediately by passing it to DB2 */
/* via a varying string host variable. The example shows how to */
/* set up the host variable before passing it. */
/* */
/**********************************************************************/
#include "stdio.h"
#include "stdefs.h"
short edlevel;
struct { short len;
char x1[56];
} stmtbf1, stmtbf2, inpstr;
struct { short len;
char x1[15];
} lname;
short hv1;
struct { char deptno[4];
struct { short len;
char x[36];
} deptname;
char mgrno[7];
char admrdept[4];
} hv2;
short ind[4];
EXEC SQL DECLARE EMP TABLE
(EMPNO CHAR(6) ,
FIRSTNAME VARCHAR(12) ,
MIDINIT CHAR(1) ,
LASTNAME VARCHAR(15) ,
WORKDEPT CHAR(3) ,
PHONENO CHAR(4) ,
HIREDATE DECIMAL(6) ,
JOBCODE DECIMAL(3) ,
EDLEVEL SMALLINT ,
SEX CHAR(1) ,
BIRTHDATE DECIMAL(6) ,
SALARY DECIMAL(8,2) ,
FORFNAME VARGRAPHIC(12) ,
FORMNAME GRAPHIC(1) ,
FORLNAME VARGRAPHIC(15) ,
FORADDR VARGRAPHIC(256) ) ;

EXEC SQL DECLARE DEPT TABLE
(
DEPTNO CHAR(3) ,
DEPTNAME VARCHAR(36) ,
MGRNO CHAR(6) ,
ADMRDEPT CHAR(3) );
main ()
{
printf("??/n*** begin of program ***");
EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLERROR GO TO HANDLERR;
EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLWARNING GO TO HANDWARN;
EXEC SQL WHENEVER NOT FOUND GO TO NOTFOUND;
/******************************************************************/
/* Assign values to host variables which will be input to DB2 */
/******************************************************************/
strcpy(hv2.deptno,"M92");
strcpy(hv2.deptname.x,"DDL");
hv2.deptname.len = strlen(hv2.deptname.x);
strcpy(hv2.mgrno,"123456");
strcpy(hv2.admrdept,"abc");
/******************************************************************/
/* Static SQL 1: DECLARE CURSOR, OPEN, FETCH, CLOSE */
/* Select into :edlevel, :lname */
/******************************************************************/
printf("??/n*** begin declare ***");
EXEC SQL DECLARE C1 CURSOR FOR SELECT EDLEVEL, LASTNAME FROM EMP
printf("??/n*** begin open ***");
EXEC SQL OPEN C1;
printf("??/n*** begin fetch ***");

EXEC SQL FETCH C1 INTO :edlevel, :lname;
printf("??/n*** returned values ***");
printf("??/n??/nedlevel = %d",edlevel);
printf("??/nlname = %s\n",lname.x1);
printf("??/n*** begin close ***");

EXEC SQL CLOSE C1;
/******************************************************************/
/* Dynamic SQL 2: PREPARE, DECLARE CURSOR, OPEN, FETCH, CLOSE */
/* Select into :edlevel, :lname */
/******************************************************************/
sprintf (inpstr.x1,
"SELECT EDLEVEL, LASTNAME FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO = ’000010’");
inpstr.len = strlen(inpstr.x1);
printf("??/n*** begin prepare ***");
EXEC SQL PREPARE STAT1 FROM :inpstr;
printf("??/n*** begin declare ***");
EXEC SQL DECLARE C2 CURSOR FOR STAT1;
printf("??/n*** begin open ***");
EXEC SQL OPEN C2;
printf("??/n*** begin fetch ***");

EXEC SQL FETCH C2 INTO :edlevel, :lname;
printf("??/n*** returned values ***");
printf("??/n??/nedlevel = %d",edlevel);
printf("??/nlname = %s\n",lname.x1);
printf("??/n*** begin close ***");

EXEC SQL CLOSE C2;

/******************************************************************/
/* Dynamic SQL 3: PREPARE with parameter markers */
/* Insert into with four values. */
/******************************************************************/
sprintf (stmtbf1.x1,
"INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (?,?,?,?)");
stmtbf1.len = strlen(stmtbf1.x1);
printf("??/n*** begin prepare ***");
EXEC SQL PREPARE s1 FROM :stmtbf1;
printf("??/n*** begin execute ***");
EXEC SQL EXECUTE s1 USING :hv2:ind;
printf("??/n*** following are expected insert results ***");
printf("??/n hv2.deptno = %s",hv2.deptno);
printf("??/n hv2.deptname.len = %d",hv2.deptname.len);
printf("??/n hv2.deptname.x = %s",hv2.deptname.x);
printf("??/n hv2.mgrno = %s",hv2.mgrno);
printf("??/n hv2.admrdept = %s",hv2.admrdept);
EXEC SQL COMMIT;
/******************************************************************/
/* Dynamic SQL 4: EXECUTE IMMEDIATE */
/* Grant select */
/******************************************************************/
sprintf (stmtbf2.x1,
"GRANT SELECT ON EMP TO USERX");
stmtbf2.len = strlen(stmtbf2.x1);
printf("??/n*** begin execute immediate ***");
EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :stmtbf2;
printf("??/n*** end of program ***");
goto progend;
HANDWARN: HANDLERR: NOTFOUND: ;
printf("??/n SQLCODE = %d",SQLCODE);
printf("??/n SQLWARN0 = %c",SQLWARN0);
progend: ;
}
Sample DB2 REXX application

The following example shows a complete DB2 REXX application named DRAW.
DRAW must be invoked from the command line of an ISPF edit session. DRAW
takes a table or view name as input and produces a SELECT, INSERT, or UPDATE
SQL statement or a LOAD utility control statement that includes the columns of the
table as output.

DRAW syntax:
%DRAW object-name (
SSID=ssid SELECT
TYPE= INSERT
UPDATE
LOAD
DRAW parameters:
object-name
The name of the table or view for which DRAW builds an SQL statement or
utility control statement. The name can be a one-, two-, or three-part name. The
table or view to which object-name refers must exist before DRAW can run.
object-name is a required parameter.
SSID=ssid
Specifies the name of the local DB2 subsystem.
S can be used as an abbreviation for SSID.
If you invoke DRAW from the command line of the edit session in SPUFI,
SSID=ssid is an optional parameter. DRAW uses the subsystem ID from the
DB2I Defaults panel.
TYPE=operation-type
The type of statement that DRAW builds.
T can be used as an abbreviation for TYPE.
operation-type has one of the following values:
SELECT Builds a SELECT statement in which the result table contains
all columns of object-name.
S can be used as an abbreviation for SELECT.
INSERT Builds a template for an INSERT statement that inserts values
into all columns of object-name. The template contains
comments that indicate where the user can place column
values.
I can be used as an abbreviation for INSERT.
UPDATE Builds a template for an UPDATE statement that updates
columns of object-name. The template contains comments that
indicate where the user can place column values and qualify
the update operation for selected rows.
U can be used as an abbreviation for UPDATE.
LOAD Builds a template for a LOAD utility control statement for
object-name.
L can be used as an abbreviation for LOAD.
TYPE=operation-type is an optional parameter. The default is TYPE=SELECT.
DRAW data sets:

Edit data set
The data set from which you issue the DRAW command when you are in an
ISPF edit session. If you issue the DRAW command from a SPUFI session, this
data set is the data set that you specify in field 1 of the main SPUFI panel
(DSNESP01). The output from the DRAW command goes into this data set.
DRAW return codes:

Return code Meaning
12 An error occurred when DRAW edited the input file.
20 One of the following errors occurred:
v No input parameters were specified.
v One of the input parameters was not valid.
v An SQL error occurred when the output statement was
generated.
Examples of DRAW invocation:
Generate a SELECT statement for table DSN8810.EMP at the local subsystem.

Use the default DB2I subsystem ID.
The DRAW invocation is:

DRAW DSN8810.EMP (TYPE=SELECT
The output is:

SELECT "EMPNO" , "FIRSTNME" , "MIDINIT" , "LASTNAME" , "WORKDEPT" ,
"PHONENO" , "HIREDATE" , "JOB" , "EDLEVEL" , "SEX" , "BIRTHDATE" ,
"SALARY" , "BONUS" , "COMM"
FROM DSN8810.EMP
Generate a template for an INSERT statement that inserts values into table
DSN8810.EMP at location SAN_JOSE. The local subsystem ID is DSN.

DRAW SAN_JOSE.DSN8810.EMP (TYPE=INSERT SSID=DSN
The output is:

INSERT INTO SAN_JOSE.DSN8810.EMP ( "EMPNO" , "FIRSTNME" , "MIDINIT" ,
"LASTNAME" , "WORKDEPT" , "PHONENO" , "HIREDATE" , "JOB" ,
"EDLEVEL" , "SEX" , "BIRTHDATE" , "SALARY" , "BONUS" , "COMM" )
VALUES (
-- ENTER VALUES BELOW COLUMN NAME DATA TYPE
, -- EMPNO CHAR(6) NOT NULL
, -- FIRSTNME VARCHAR(12) NOT NULL
, -- MIDINIT CHAR(1) NOT NULL
, -- LASTNAME VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL
, -- WORKDEPT CHAR(3)
, -- PHONENO CHAR(4)
, -- HIREDATE DATE
, -- JOB CHAR(8)
, -- EDLEVEL SMALLINT
, -- SEX CHAR(1)
, -- BIRTHDATE DATE
, -- SALARY DECIMAL(9,2)
, -- BONUS DECIMAL(9,2)
) -- COMM DECIMAL(9,2)

Generate a template for an UPDATE statement that updates values of table
DSN8810.EMP. The local subsystem ID is DSN.

DRAW DSN8810.EMP (TYPE=UPDATE SSID=DSN
The output is:

UPDATE DSN8810.EMP SET
-- COLUMN NAME ENTER VALUES BELOW DATA TYPE
"EMPNO"= -- CHAR(6) NOT NULL
, "FIRSTNME"= -- VARCHAR(12) NOT NULL
, "MIDINIT"= -- CHAR(1) NOT NULL
, "LASTNAME"= -- VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL
, "WORKDEPT"= -- CHAR(3)
, "PHONENO"= -- CHAR(4)
, "HIREDATE"= -- DATE
, "JOB"= -- CHAR(8)
, "EDLEVEL"= -- SMALLINT
, "SEX"= -- CHAR(1)
, "BIRTHDATE"= -- DATE
, "SALARY"= -- DECIMAL(9,2)
, "BONUS"= -- DECIMAL(9,2)
, "COMM"= -- DECIMAL(9,2)
WHERE
Generate a LOAD control statement to load values into table DSN8810.EMP. The
local subsystem ID is DSN.
The draw invocation is:

DRAW DSN8810.EMP (TYPE=LOAD SSID=DSN
The output is:

LOAD DATA INDDN SYSREC INTO TABLE DSN8810.EMP
( "EMPNO" POSITION( 1) CHAR(6)
, "FIRSTNME" POSITION( 8) VARCHAR
, "MIDINIT" POSITION( 21) CHAR(1)
, "LASTNAME" POSITION( 23) VARCHAR
, "WORKDEPT" POSITION( 39) CHAR(3)
NULLIF( 39)=’?’
, "PHONENO" POSITION( 43) CHAR(4)
NULLIF( 43)=’?’
, "HIREDATE" POSITION( 48) DATE EXTERNAL
NULLIF( 48)=’?’
, "JOB" POSITION( 59) CHAR(8)
NULLIF( 59)=’?’
, "EDLEVEL" POSITION( 68) SMALLINT
NULLIF( 68)=’?’
, "SEX" POSITION( 71) CHAR(1)
NULLIF( 71)=’?’
, "BIRTHDATE" POSITION( 73) DATE EXTERNAL
NULLIF( 73)=’?’
, "SALARY" POSITION( 84) DECIMAL EXTERNAL(9,2)
NULLIF( 84)=’?’
, "BONUS" POSITION( 90) DECIMAL EXTERNAL(9,2)
NULLIF( 90)=’?’
, "COMM" POSITION( 96) DECIMAL EXTERNAL(9,2)
NULLIF( 96)=’?’
)
DRAW source code:

/* REXX ***************************************************************/
L1 = WHEREAMI()
/*
DRAW creates basic SQL queries by retrieving the description of a
table. You must specify the name of the table or view to be queried.
You can specify the type of query you want to compose. You might need
to specify the name of the DB2 subsystem.
>>--DRAW-----tablename-----|---------------------------|-------><
|-(-|-Ssid=subsystem-name-|-|
| +-Select-+ |
|-Type=-|-Insert-|----|
|-Update-|
+--Load--+
Ssid=subsystem-name
subsystem-name specified the name of a DB2 subsystem.
Select
Composes a basic query for selecting data from the columns of a
table or view. If TYPE is not specified, SELECT is assumed.
Using SELECT with the DRAW command produces a query that would
retrieve all rows and all columns from the specified table. You
can then modify the query as needed.
A SELECT query of EMP composed by DRAW looks like this:
FROM DSN8810.EMP
If you include a location qualifier, the query looks like this:
FROM STLEC1.DSN8810.EMP
Figure 240. REXX sample program DRAW (Part 1 of 10)

To use this SELECT query, type the other clauses you need. If
you are selecting from more than one table, use a DRAW command
for each table name you want represented.
Insert
Composes a basic query to insert data into the columns of a table
or view.
The following example shows an INSERT query of EMP that
DRAW composed:
INSERT INTO DSN8810.EMP ( "EMPNO" , "FIRSTNME" , "MIDINIT" , "LASTNAME" ,
"WORKDEPT" , "PHONENO" , "HIREDATE" , "JOB" , "EDLEVEL" , "SEX" ,
"BIRTHDATE" , "SALARY" , "BONUS" , "COMM" )
VALUES (
-- ENTER VALUES BELOW COLUMN NAME DATA TYPE
, -- EMPNO CHAR(6) NOT NULL
, -- FIRSTNME VARCHAR(12) NOT NULL
, -- MIDINIT CHAR(1) NOT NULL
, -- LASTNAME VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL
, -- WORKDEPT CHAR(3)
, -- PHONENO CHAR(4)
, -- HIREDATE DATE
, -- JOB CHAR(8)
, -- EDLEVEL SMALLINT
, -- SEX CHAR(1)
, -- BIRTHDATE DATE
, -- SALARY DECIMAL(9,2)
, -- BONUS DECIMAL(9,2)
) -- COMM DECIMAL(9,2)
To insert values into EMP, type values to the left of the
column names. See DB2 SQL Reference for more information on
INSERT queries.
Update
Composes a basic query to change the data in a table or view.
The following example shows an UPDATE query of EMP composed
by DRAW:

UPDATE DSN8810.EMP SET
-- COLUMN NAME ENTER VALUES BELOW DATA TYPE
"EMPNO"= -- CHAR(6) NOT NULL
, "FIRSTNME"= -- VARCHAR(12) NOT NULL
, "MIDINIT"= -- CHAR(1) NOT NULL
, "LASTNAME"= -- VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL
, "WORKDEPT"= -- CHAR(3)
, "PHONENO"= -- CHAR(4)
, "HIREDATE"= -- DATE
, "JOB"= -- CHAR(8)
, "EDLEVEL"= -- SMALLINT
, "SEX"= -- CHAR(1)
, "BIRTHDATE"= -- DATE
, "SALARY"= -- DECIMAL(9,2)
, "BONUS"= -- DECIMAL(9,2)
, "COMM"= -- DECIMAL(9,2)
WHERE
To use this UPDATE query, type the changes you want to make to
the right of the column names, and delete the lines you don’t
need. Be sure to complete the WHERE clause. For information on
writing queries to update data, refer to DB2 SQL Reference.
Load
Composes a load statement to load the data in a table.
The following example shows a LOAD statement of EMP composed
by DRAW:
LOAD DATA INDDN SYSREC INTO TABLE DSN8810 .EMP
( "EMPNO" POSITION( 1) CHAR(6)
, "FIRSTNME" POSITION( 8) VARCHAR
, "MIDINIT" POSITION( 21) CHAR(1)
, "LASTNAME" POSITION( 23) VARCHAR
, "WORKDEPT" POSITION( 39) CHAR(3)
NULLIF( 39)=’?’
, "PHONENO" POSITION( 43) CHAR(4)
NULLIF( 43)=’?’
, "HIREDATE" POSITION( 48) DATE EXTERNAL
NULLIF( 48)=’?’
, "JOB" POSITION( 59) CHAR(8)
NULLIF( 59)=’?’
, "EDLEVEL" POSITION( 68) SMALLINT
NULLIF( 68)=’?’
, "SEX" POSITION( 71) CHAR(1)
NULLIF( 71)=’?’
, "BIRTHDATE" POSITION( 73) DATE EXTERNAL
NULLIF( 73)=’?’
, "SALARY" POSITION( 84) DECIMAL EXTERNAL(9,2)
NULLIF( 84)=’?’
, "BONUS" POSITION( 90) DECIMAL EXTERNAL(9,2)
NULLIF( 90)=’?’
, "COMM" POSITION( 96) DECIMAL EXTERNAL(9,2)
NULLIF( 96)=’?’
)

To use this LOAD statement, type the changes you want to make,
and delete the lines you don’t need. For information on writing
queries to update data, refer to
DB2 Utility Guide and Reference.
*/
L2 = WHEREAMI()
/**********************************************************************/
/* TRACE ?R */
/**********************************************************************/
Address ISPEXEC
"ISREDIT MACRO (ARGS) NOPROCESS"
If ARGS = "" Then
Do
Do I = L1+2 To L2-2;Say SourceLine(I);End
Exit (20)
End
Parse Upper Var Args Table "(" Parms
Parms = Translate(Parms," ",",")
Type = "SELECT" /* Default */
SSID = "" /* Default */
"VGET (DSNEOV01)"
If RC = 0 Then SSID = DSNEOV01
If (Parms <> "") Then
Do Until(Parms = "")
Parse Var Parms Var "=" Value Parms
If Var = "T" | Var = "TYPE" Then Type = Value
Else
If Var = "S" | Var = "SSID" Then SSID = Value
Else
Exit (20)
End
"CONTROL ERRORS RETURN"
"ISREDIT (LEFTBND,RIGHTBND) = BOUNDS"
"ISREDIT (LRECL) = DATA_WIDTH" /*LRECL*/
BndSize = RightBnd - LeftBnd + 1
If BndSize > 72 Then BndSize = 72
"ISREDIT PROCESS DEST"
Select
When rc = 0 Then
’ISREDIT (ZDEST) = LINENUM .ZDEST’
When rc <= 8 Then /* No A or B entered */
Do
zedsmsg = ’Enter "A"/"B" line cmd’
zedlmsg = ’DRAW requires an "A" or "B" line command’
’SETMSG MSG(ISRZ001)’
Exit 12
End
When rc < 20 Then /* Conflicting line commands - edit sets message */
Exit 12
When rc = 20 Then
zdest = 0
Otherwise
Exit 12
End

SQLTYPE. = "UNKNOWN TYPE"
VCHTYPE = 448; SQLTYPES.VCHTYPE = ’VARCHAR’
CHTYPE = 452; SQLTYPES.CHTYPE = ’CHAR’
LVCHTYPE = 456; SQLTYPES.LVCHTYPE = ’VARCHAR’
VGRTYP = 464; SQLTYPES.VGRTYP = ’VARGRAPHIC’
GRTYP = 468; SQLTYPES.GRTYP = ’GRAPHIC’
LVGRTYP = 472; SQLTYPES.LVGRTYP = ’VARGRAPHIC’
FLOTYPE = 480; SQLTYPES.FLOTYPE = ’FLOAT’
DCTYPE = 484; SQLTYPES.DCTYPE = ’DECIMAL’
INTYPE = 496; SQLTYPES.INTYPE = ’INTEGER’
SMTYPE = 500; SQLTYPES.SMTYPE = ’SMALLINT’
DATYPE = 384; SQLTYPES.DATYPE = ’DATE’
TITYPE = 388; SQLTYPES.TITYPE = ’TIME’
TSTYPE = 392; SQLTYPES.TSTYPE = ’TIMESTAMP’
Address TSO "SUBCOM DSNREXX" /* HOST CMD ENV AVAILABLE? */
IF RC THEN /* NO, LET’S MAKE ONE */
S_RC = RXSUBCOM(’ADD’,’DSNREXX’,’DSNREXX’) /* ADD HOST CMD ENV */
Address DSNREXX "CONNECT" SSID
If SQLCODE ^= 0 Then Call SQLCA
Address DSNREXX "EXECSQL DESCRIBE TABLE :TABLE INTO :SQLDA"
Address DSNREXX "EXECSQL COMMIT"
Address DSNREXX "DISCONNECT"
Select
When (Left(Type,1) = "S") Then
Call DrawSelect
When (Left(Type,1) = "I") Then
Call DrawInsert
When (Left(Type,1) = "U") Then
Call DrawUpdate
When (Left(Type,1) = "L") Then
Call DrawLoad
Otherwise EXIT (20)
End
Do I = LINE.0 To 1 By -1
LINE = COPIES(" ",LEFTBND-1)||LINE.I
’ISREDIT LINE_AFTER ’zdest’ = DATALINE (Line)’
End
line1 = zdest + 1
’ISREDIT CURSOR = ’line1 0
Exit

/**********************************************************************/
WHEREAMI:; RETURN SIGL
/**********************************************************************/
/* Draw SELECT */
/**********************************************************************/
DrawSelect:
Line.0 = 0
Line = "SELECT"
Do I = 1 To SQLDA.SQLD
If I > 1 Then Line = Line ’,’
ColName = ’"’SQLDA.I.SQLNAME’"’
Null = SQLDA.I.SQLTYPE//2
If Length(Line)+Length(ColName)+LENGTH(" ,") > BndSize THEN
Do
L = Line.0 + 1; Line.0 = L
Line.L = Line
Line = " "
End
Line = Line ColName
End I
If Line ^= "" Then
Do
L = Line.0 + 1; Line.0 = L
Line.L = Line
Line = " "
End
L = Line.0 + 1; Line.0 = L
Line.L = "FROM" TABLE
Return
/**********************************************************************/
/* Draw INSERT */
/**********************************************************************/
DrawInsert:
Line.0 = 0
Line = "INSERT INTO" TABLE "("
If I > 1 Then Line = Line ’,’
ColName = ’"’SQLDA.I.SQLNAME’"’
If Length(Line)+Length(ColName) > BndSize THEN
Do
L = Line.0 + 1; Line.0 = L
Line.L = Line
Line = " "
End
Line = Line ColName
If I = SQLDA.SQLD Then Line = Line ’)’
End I
If Line ^= "" Then
Do
L = Line.0 + 1; Line.0 = L
Line.L = Line
Line = " "
End

L = Line.0 + 1; Line.0 = L
Line.L = " VALUES ("
L = Line.0 + 1; Line.0 = L
Line.L = ,
"-- ENTER VALUES BELOW COLUMN NAME DATA TYPE"
If SQLDA.SQLD > 1 & I < SQLDA.SQLD Then
Line = " , --"
Else
Line = " ) --"
Line = Line Left(SQLDA.I.SQLNAME,18)
Type = SQLDA.I.SQLTYPE
Null = Type//2
If Null Then Type = Type - 1
Len = SQLDA.I.SQLLEN
Prcsn = SQLDA.I.SQLLEN.SQLPRECISION
Scale = SQLDA.I.SQLLEN.SQLSCALE
Select
When (Type = CHTYPE ,
|Type = VCHTYPE ,
|Type = LVCHTYPE ,
|Type = GRTYP ,
|Type = VGRTYP ,
|Type = LVGRTYP ) THEN
Type = SQLTYPES.Type"("STRIP(LEN)")"
When (Type = FLOTYPE ) THEN
Type = SQLTYPES.Type"("STRIP((LEN*4)-11) ")"
When (Type = DCTYPE ) THEN
Type = SQLTYPES.Type"("STRIP(PRCSN)","STRIP(SCALE)")"
Otherwise
Type = SQLTYPES.Type
End
Line = Line Type
If Null = 0 Then
Line = Line "NOT NULL"
L = Line.0 + 1; Line.0 = L
Line.L = Line
End I
Return

/**********************************************************************/
/* Draw UPDATE */
/**********************************************************************/
DrawUpdate:
Line.0 = 1
Line.1 = "UPDATE" TABLE "SET"
L = Line.0 + 1; Line.0 = L
Line.L = ,
"-- COLUMN NAME ENTER VALUES BELOW DATA TYPE"
If I = 1 Then
Line = " "
Else
Line = " ,"
Line = Line Left(’"’SQLDA.I.SQLNAME’"=’,21)
Line = Line Left(" ",20)
Null = Type//2
Select
|Type = VCHTYPE ,
|Type = LVCHTYPE ,
|Type = GRTYP ,
|Type = VGRTYP ,
Type = SQLTYPES.Type"("STRIP(PRCSN)","STRIP(SCALE)")"
Otherwise
End
Line = Line "--" Type
If Null = 0 Then
Line = Line "NOT NULL"
L = Line.0 + 1; Line.0 = L
Line.L = Line
End I
L = Line.0 + 1; Line.0 = L
Line.L = "WHERE"
Return

/**********************************************************************/
/* Draw LOAD */
/**********************************************************************/
DrawLoad:
Line.0 = 1
Line.1 = "LOAD DATA INDDN SYSREC INTO TABLE" TABLE
Position = 1
If I = 1 Then
Line = " ("
Else
Line = " ,"
Line = Line Left(’"’SQLDA.I.SQLNAME’"’,20)
Line = Line "POSITION("RIGHT(POSITION,5)")"
Null = Type//2
Select
|Type = GRTYP ) THEN
Do
Type = SQLTYPES.Type "EXTERNAL"
Type = Type"("STRIP(PRCSN)","STRIP(SCALE)")"
Len = (PRCSN+2)%2
End
When (Type = DATYPE ,
|Type = TITYPE ,
|Type = TSTYPE ) THEN
Type = SQLTYPES.Type "EXTERNAL"
Otherwise
End
If (Type = GRTYP ,
|Type = VGRTYP ,
Len = Len * 2
If (Type = VCHTYPE ,
|Type = LVCHTYPE ,
|Type = VGRTYP ,
Len = Len + 2
Line = Line Type
L = Line.0 + 1; Line.0 = L

Line.L = Line
If Null = 1 Then
Do
Line = " "
Line = Line Left(’’,20)
Line = Line " NULLIF("RIGHT(POSITION,5)")=’?’"
L = Line.0 + 1; Line.0 = L
Line.L = Line
End
Position = Position + Len + 1
End I
L = Line.0 + 1; Line.0 = L
Line.L = " )"
Return
/**********************************************************************/
/* Display SQLCA */
/**********************************************************************/
SQLCA:
"ISREDIT LINE_AFTER "zdest" = MSGLINE ’SQLSTATE="SQLSTATE"’"
"ISREDIT LINE_AFTER "zdest" = MSGLINE ’SQLWARN ="SQLWARN.0",",
|| SQLWARN.1",",
|| SQLWARN.2",",
|| SQLWARN.3",",
|| SQLWARN.4",",
|| SQLWARN.5",",
|| SQLWARN.6",",
|| SQLWARN.7",",
|| SQLWARN.8",",
|| SQLWARN.9",",
|| SQLWARN.10"’"
"ISREDIT LINE_AFTER "zdest" = MSGLINE ’SQLERRD ="SQLERRD.1",",
|| SQLERRD.2",",
|| SQLERRD.3",",
|| SQLERRD.4",",
|| SQLERRD.5",",
|| SQLERRD.6"’"
"ISREDIT LINE_AFTER "zdest" = MSGLINE ’SQLERRP ="SQLERRP"’"
"ISREDIT LINE_AFTER "zdest" = MSGLINE ’SQLERRMC ="SQLERRMC"’"
"ISREDIT LINE_AFTER "zdest" = MSGLINE ’SQLCODE ="SQLCODE"’"
Exit 20

Sample COBOL program using DRDA access
The following sample program demonstrates distributed data access using DRDA
access.
PROGRAM-ID. TWOPHASE.
AUTHOR.
REMARKS.
*****************************************************************
* *
* MODULE NAME = TWOPHASE *
* *
* DESCRIPTIVE NAME = DB2 SAMPLE APPLICATION USING *
* TWO PHASE COMMIT AND THE DRDA DISTRIBUTED *
* ACCESS METHOD *
* *
* COPYRIGHT = 5665-DB2 (C) COPYRIGHT IBM CORP 1982, 1989 *
* REFER TO COPYRIGHT INSTRUCTIONS FORM NUMBER G120-2083 *
* *
* STATUS = VERSION 5 *
* *
* FUNCTION = THIS MODULE DEMONSTRATES DISTRIBUTED DATA ACCESS *
* USING 2 PHASE COMMIT BY TRANSFERRING AN EMPLOYEE *
* FROM ONE LOCATION TO ANOTHER. *
* *
* NOTE: THIS PROGRAM ASSUMES THE EXISTENCE OF THE *
* TABLE SYSADM.EMP AT LOCATIONS STLEC1 AND *
* STLEC2. *
* *
* PROCESSOR = DB2 PRECOMPILER, VS COBOL II *
* ATTRIBUTES = NOT REENTRANT OR REUSABLE *
* *
* ENTRY POINT = *
* PURPOSE = TO ILLUSTRATE 2 PHASE COMMIT *
* LINKAGE = INVOKE FROM DSN RUN *
* INPUT = NONE *
* OUTPUT = *
* SYMBOLIC LABEL/NAME = SYSPRINT *
* DESCRIPTION = PRINT OUT THE DESCRIPTION OF EACH *
* STEP AND THE RESULTANT SQLCA *
* *
* EXIT NORMAL = RETURN CODE 0 FROM NORMAL COMPLETION *
* *
* EXIT ERROR = NONE *
* *
* ROUTINE SERVICES = NONE *
* *
* TABLES = NONE *
* *
* *
* *
* *
Figure 241. Sample COBOL two-phase commit application for DRDA access (Part 1 of 8)

* PSEUDOCODE *
* *
* MAINLINE. *
* Perform CONNECT-TO-SITE-1 to establish *
* a connection to the local connection. *
* If the previous operation was successful Then *
* Do. *
* | Perform PROCESS-CURSOR-SITE-1 to obtain the *
* | information about an employee that is *
* | transferring to another location. *
* | If the information about the employee was obtained *
* | successfully Then *
* | Do. *
* | | Perform UPDATE-ADDRESS to update the information *
* | | to contain current information about the *
* | | employee. *
* | | Perform CONNECT-TO-SITE-2 to establish *
* | | a connection to the site where the employee is *
* | | transferring to. *
* | | If the connection is established successfully *
* | | Then *
* | | Do. *
* | | | Perform PROCESS-SITE-2 to insert the *
* | | | employee information at the location *
* | | | where the employee is transferring to. *
* | | End if the connection was established *
* | | successfully. *
* | End if the employee information was obtained *
* | successfully. *
* End if the previous operation was successful. *
* Perform COMMIT-WORK to COMMIT the changes made to STLEC1 *
* and STLEC2. *
* *
* PROG-END. *
* Close the printer. *
* Return. *
* *
* CONNECT-TO-SITE-1. *
* Provide a text description of the following step. *
* Establish a connection to the location where the *
* employee is transferring from. *
* Print the SQLCA out. *
* *
* PROCESS-CURSOR-SITE-1. *
* Open a cursor that will be used to retrieve information *
* about the transferring employee from this site. *
* If the cursor was opened successfully Then *
* Do. *
* | Perform FETCH-DELETE-SITE-1 to retrieve and *
* | delete the information about the transferring *
* | employee from this site. *
* | Perform CLOSE-CURSOR-SITE-1 to close the cursor. *
* End if the cursor was opened successfully. *
* *

* FETCH-DELETE-SITE-1. *
* Fetch information about the transferring employee. *
* If the information was retrieved successfully Then *
* Do. *
* | Perform DELETE-SITE-1 to delete the employee *
* | at this site. *
* End if the information was retrieved successfully. *
* *
* DELETE-SITE-1. *
* Delete the information about the transferring employee *
* from this site. *
* *
* CLOSE-CURSOR-SITE-1. *
* Close the cursor used to retrieve information about *
* the transferring employee. *
* *
* UPDATE-ADDRESS. *
* Update the address of the employee. *
* Update the city of the employee. *
* Update the location of the employee. *
* *
* CONNECT-TO-SITE-2. *
* Establish a connection to the location where the *
* employee is transferring to. *
* *
* PROCESS-SITE-2. *
* Insert the employee information at the location where *
* the employee is being transferred to. *
* *
* COMMIT-WORK. *
* COMMIT all the changes made to STLEC1 and STLEC2. *
* *
*****************************************************************
FILE-CONTROL.
SELECT PRINTER, ASSIGN TO S-OUT1.
DATA DIVISION.
FILE SECTION.
FD PRINTER
DATA RECORD IS PRT-TC-RESULTS
LABEL RECORD IS OMITTED.
01 PRT-TC-RESULTS.
03 PRT-BLANK PIC X(120).

*****************************************************************
* Variable declarations *
*****************************************************************
01 H-EMPTBL.
05 H-EMPNO PIC X(6).
05 H-NAME.
49 H-NAME-LN PIC S9(4) COMP-4.
49 H-NAME-DA PIC X(32).
05 H-ADDRESS.
49 H-ADDRESS-LN PIC S9(4) COMP-4.
49 H-ADDRESS-DA PIC X(36).
05 H-CITY.
49 H-CITY-LN PIC S9(4) COMP-4.
49 H-CITY-DA PIC X(36).
05 H-EMPLOC PIC X(4).
05 H-SSNO PIC X(11).
05 H-BORN PIC X(10).
05 H-SEX PIC X(1).
05 H-HIRED PIC X(10).
05 H-DEPTNO PIC X(3).
05 H-JOBCODE PIC S9(3)V COMP-3.
05 H-SRATE PIC S9(5) COMP.
05 H-EDUC PIC S9(5) COMP.
05 H-SAL PIC S9(6)V9(2) COMP-3.
05 H-VALIDCHK PIC S9(6)V COMP-3.
01 H-EMPTBL-IND-TABLE.
02 H-EMPTBL-IND PIC S9(4) COMP OCCURS 15 TIMES.
*****************************************************************
* Includes for the variables used in the COBOL standard *
* language procedures and the SQLCA. *
*****************************************************************
EXEC SQL INCLUDE COBSVAR END-EXEC.

*****************************************************************
* Declaration for the table that contains employee information *
*****************************************************************
EXEC SQL DECLARE SYSADM.EMP TABLE

NAME VARCHAR(32),
ADDRESS VARCHAR(36) ,
CITY VARCHAR(36) ,
EMPLOC CHAR(4) NOT NULL,
SSNO CHAR(11),
BORN DATE,
SEX CHAR(1),
HIRED CHAR(10),
DEPTNO CHAR(3) NOT NULL,
JOBCODE DECIMAL(3),
SRATE SMALLINT,
EDUC SMALLINT,

SAL DECIMAL(8,2) NOT NULL,
VALCHK DECIMAL(6))
END-EXEC.
*****************************************************************
* Constants *
*****************************************************************
77 SITE-1 PIC X(16) VALUE ’STLEC1’.

77 SITE-2 PIC X(16) VALUE ’STLEC2’.
77 TEMP-EMPNO PIC X(6) VALUE ’080000’.
77 TEMP-ADDRESS-LN PIC 99 VALUE 15.
77 TEMP-CITY-LN PIC 99 VALUE 18.
*****************************************************************
* Declaration of the cursor that will be used to retrieve *
* information about a transferring employee *
*****************************************************************

SELECT EMPNO, NAME, ADDRESS, CITY, EMPLOC,
SSNO, BORN, SEX, HIRED, DEPTNO, JOBCODE,
SRATE, EDUC, SAL, VALCHK
FROM SYSADM.EMP
WHERE EMPNO = :TEMP-EMPNO
END-EXEC.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
A101-HOUSE-KEEPING.
OPEN OUTPUT PRINTER.
*****************************************************************
* An employee is transferring from location STLEC1 to STLEC2. *
* Retrieve information about the employee from STLEC1, delete *
* the employee from STLEC1 and insert the employee at STLEC2 *
* using the information obtained from STLEC1. *
*****************************************************************
MAINLINE.
PERFORM CONNECT-TO-SITE-1
IF SQLCODE IS EQUAL TO 0
PERFORM PROCESS-CURSOR-SITE-1
PERFORM UPDATE-ADDRESS
PERFORM CONNECT-TO-SITE-2
PERFORM PROCESS-SITE-2.
PERFORM COMMIT-WORK.

PROG-END.
CLOSE PRINTER.
GOBACK.
*****************************************************************
* Establish a connection to STLEC1 *
*****************************************************************
CONNECT-TO-SITE-1.
MOVE ’CONNECT TO STLEC1 ’ TO STNAME

WRITE PRT-TC-RESULTS FROM STNAME
EXEC SQL
CONNECT TO :SITE-1
END-EXEC.
PERFORM PTSQLCA.
*****************************************************************
* When a connection has been established successfully at STLEC1,*
* open the cursor that will be used to retrieve information *
* about the transferring employee. *
*****************************************************************
PROCESS-CURSOR-SITE-1.
MOVE ’OPEN CURSOR C1 ’ TO STNAME

EXEC SQL
OPEN C1
END-EXEC.
PERFORM PTSQLCA.
IF SQLCODE IS EQUAL TO ZERO
PERFORM FETCH-DELETE-SITE-1
PERFORM CLOSE-CURSOR-SITE-1.
*****************************************************************
* Retrieve information about the transferring employee. *
* Provided that the employee exists, perform DELETE-SITE-1 to *
* delete the employee from STLEC1. *
*****************************************************************
FETCH-DELETE-SITE-1.
MOVE ’FETCH C1 ’ TO STNAME

EXEC SQL
FETCH C1 INTO :H-EMPTBL:H-EMPTBL-IND
END-EXEC.
PERFORM PTSQLCA.
PERFORM DELETE-SITE-1.

*****************************************************************
* Delete the employee from STLEC1. *
*****************************************************************
DELETE-SITE-1.
MOVE ’DELETE EMPLOYEE ’ TO STNAME

EXEC SQL
DELETE FROM SYSADM.EMP
END-EXEC.
PERFORM PTSQLCA.
*****************************************************************
* Close the cursor used to retrieve information about the *
* transferring employee. *
*****************************************************************
CLOSE-CURSOR-SITE-1.
MOVE ’CLOSE CURSOR C1 ’ TO STNAME

EXEC SQL
CLOSE C1
END-EXEC.
PERFORM PTSQLCA.
*****************************************************************
* Update certain employee information in order to make it *
* current. *
*****************************************************************
UPDATE-ADDRESS.
MOVE TEMP-ADDRESS-LN TO H-ADDRESS-LN.
MOVE ’1500 NEW STREET’ TO H-ADDRESS-DA.
MOVE TEMP-CITY-LN TO H-CITY-LN.
MOVE ’NEW CITY, CA 97804’ TO H-CITY-DA.
MOVE ’SJCA’ TO H-EMPLOC.
*****************************************************************
* Establish a connection to STLEC2 *
*****************************************************************
CONNECT-TO-SITE-2.
MOVE ’CONNECT TO STLEC2 ’ TO STNAME

EXEC SQL
CONNECT TO :SITE-2
END-EXEC.
PERFORM PTSQLCA.

*****************************************************************
* Using the employee information that was retrieved from STLEC1 *
* and updated previously, insert the employee at STLEC2. *
*****************************************************************
PROCESS-SITE-2.
MOVE ’INSERT EMPLOYEE ’ TO STNAME

EXEC SQL
INSERT INTO SYSADM.EMP VALUES
(:H-EMPNO,
:H-NAME,
:H-ADDRESS,
:H-CITY,
:H-EMPLOC,
:H-SSNO,
:H-BORN,
:H-SEX,
:H-HIRED,
:H-DEPTNO,
:H-JOBCODE,
:H-SRATE,
:H-EDUC,
:H-SAL,
:H-VALIDCHK)
END-EXEC.
PERFORM PTSQLCA.
*****************************************************************
* COMMIT any changes that were made at STLEC1 and STLEC2. *
*****************************************************************
COMMIT-WORK.
MOVE ’COMMIT WORK ’ TO STNAME

EXEC SQL
COMMIT
END-EXEC.
PERFORM PTSQLCA.
*****************************************************************
* Include COBOL standard language procedures *
*****************************************************************
INCLUDE-SUBS.
EXEC SQL INCLUDE COBSSUB END-EXEC.

Sample COBOL program using DB2 private protocol access
The following sample program demonstrates distributed access data using DB2
private protocol access with two-phase commit.
PROGRAM-ID. TWOPHASE.
AUTHOR.
REMARKS.
*****************************************************************
* *
* MODULE NAME = TWOPHASE *
* *
* DESCRIPTIVE NAME = DB2 SAMPLE APPLICATION USING *
* TWO PHASE COMMIT AND DB2 PRIVATE PROTOCOL *
* DISTRIBUTED ACCESS METHOD *
* *
* COPYRIGHT = 5665-DB2 (C) COPYRIGHT IBM CORP 1982, 1989 *
* REFER TO COPYRIGHT INSTRUCTIONS FORM NUMBER G120-2083 *
* *
* STATUS = VERSION 5 *
* *
* FUNCTION = THIS MODULE DEMONSTRATES DISTRIBUTED DATA ACCESS *
* USING 2 PHASE COMMIT BY TRANSFERRING AN EMPLOYEE *
* FROM ONE LOCATION TO ANOTHER. *
* *
* NOTE: THIS PROGRAM ASSUMES THE EXISTENCE OF THE *
* TABLE SYSADM.EMP AT LOCATIONS STLEC1 AND *
* STLEC2. *
* *
* PROCESSOR = DB2 PRECOMPILER, VS COBOL II *
* ATTRIBUTES = NOT REENTRANT OR REUSABLE *
* *
* ENTRY POINT = *
* PURPOSE = TO ILLUSTRATE 2 PHASE COMMIT *
* LINKAGE = INVOKE FROM DSN RUN *
* INPUT = NONE *
* OUTPUT = *
* SYMBOLIC LABEL/NAME = SYSPRINT *
* DESCRIPTION = PRINT OUT THE DESCRIPTION OF EACH *
* STEP AND THE RESULTANT SQLCA *
* *
* EXIT NORMAL = RETURN CODE 0 FROM NORMAL COMPLETION *
* *
* EXIT ERROR = NONE *
* *
* ROUTINE SERVICES = NONE *
* *
* TABLES = NONE *
* *
* *
* *
Figure 242. Sample COBOL two-phase commit application for DB2 private protocol access
(Part 1 of 7)

* *
* PSEUDOCODE *
* *
* MAINLINE. *
* Perform PROCESS-CURSOR-SITE-1 to obtain the information *
* about an employee that is transferring to another *
* location. *
* If the information about the employee was obtained *
* successfully Then *
* Do. *
* | Perform UPDATE-ADDRESS to update the information to *
* | contain current information about the employee. *
* | Perform PROCESS-SITE-2 to insert the employee *
* | information at the location where the employee is *
* | transferring to. *
* End if the employee information was obtained *
* successfully. *
* Perform COMMIT-WORK to COMMIT the changes made to STLEC1 *
* and STLEC2. *
* *
* PROG-END. *
* Close the printer. *
* Return. *
* *
* PROCESS-CURSOR-SITE-1. *
* Open a cursor that will be used to retrieve information *
* about the transferring employee from this site. *
* If the cursor was opened successfully Then *
* Do. *
* | Perform FETCH-DELETE-SITE-1 to retrieve and *
* | delete the information about the transferring *
* | employee from this site. *
* | Perform CLOSE-CURSOR-SITE-1 to close the cursor. *
* End if the cursor was opened successfully. *
* *
* FETCH-DELETE-SITE-1. *
* Fetch information about the transferring employee. *
* If the information was retrieved successfully Then *
* Do. *
* | Perform DELETE-SITE-1 to delete the employee *
* | at this site. *
* End if the information was retrieved successfully. *
* *
* DELETE-SITE-1. *
* Delete the information about the transferring employee *
* from this site. *
* *
* CLOSE-CURSOR-SITE-1. *
* Close the cursor used to retrieve information about *
* the transferring employee. *
* *
(Part 2 of 7)

* UPDATE-ADDRESS. *
* Update the address of the employee. *
* Update the city of the employee. *
* Update the location of the employee. *
* *
* PROCESS-SITE-2. *
* Insert the employee information at the location where *
* the employee is being transferred to. *
* *
* COMMIT-WORK. *
* COMMIT all the changes made to STLEC1 and STLEC2. *
* *
*****************************************************************
FILE-CONTROL.
SELECT PRINTER, ASSIGN TO S-OUT1.
DATA DIVISION.
FILE SECTION.
FD PRINTER
DATA RECORD IS PRT-TC-RESULTS
LABEL RECORD IS OMITTED.
01 PRT-TC-RESULTS.
03 PRT-BLANK PIC X(120).
*****************************************************************
* Variable declarations *
*****************************************************************
01 H-EMPTBL.
05 H-EMPNO PIC X(6).
05 H-NAME.
49 H-NAME-LN PIC S9(4) COMP-4.
49 H-NAME-DA PIC X(32).
05 H-ADDRESS.
49 H-ADDRESS-LN PIC S9(4) COMP-4.
49 H-ADDRESS-DA PIC X(36).
05 H-CITY.
49 H-CITY-LN PIC S9(4) COMP-4.
49 H-CITY-DA PIC X(36).
05 H-EMPLOC PIC X(4).
05 H-SSNO PIC X(11).
05 H-BORN PIC X(10).
05 H-SEX PIC X(1).
05 H-HIRED PIC X(10).
05 H-DEPTNO PIC X(3).
05 H-JOBCODE PIC S9(3)V COMP-3.
05 H-SRATE PIC S9(5) COMP.
05 H-EDUC PIC S9(5) COMP.
05 H-SAL PIC S9(6)V9(2) COMP-3.
05 H-VALIDCHK PIC S9(6)V COMP-3.
(Part 3 of 7)

01 H-EMPTBL-IND-TABLE.
02 H-EMPTBL-IND PIC S9(4) COMP OCCURS 15 TIMES.
*****************************************************************
* Includes for the variables used in the COBOL standard *
* language procedures and the SQLCA. *
*****************************************************************
EXEC SQL INCLUDE COBSVAR END-EXEC.

*****************************************************************
* Declaration for the table that contains employee information *
*****************************************************************
EXEC SQL DECLARE SYSADM.EMP TABLE

NAME VARCHAR(32),
ADDRESS VARCHAR(36) ,
CITY VARCHAR(36) ,
EMPLOC CHAR(4) NOT NULL,
SSNO CHAR(11),
BORN DATE,
SEX CHAR(1),
HIRED CHAR(10),
DEPTNO CHAR(3) NOT NULL,
JOBCODE DECIMAL(3),
SRATE SMALLINT,
EDUC SMALLINT,
SAL DECIMAL(8,2) NOT NULL,
VALCHK DECIMAL(6))
END-EXEC.
*****************************************************************
* Constants *
*****************************************************************
77 TEMP-EMPNO PIC X(6) VALUE ’080000’.

77 TEMP-ADDRESS-LN PIC 99 VALUE 15.
77 TEMP-CITY-LN PIC 99 VALUE 18.
*****************************************************************
* Declaration of the cursor that will be used to retrieve *
* information about a transferring employee *
*****************************************************************

SELECT EMPNO, NAME, ADDRESS, CITY, EMPLOC,
SSNO, BORN, SEX, HIRED, DEPTNO, JOBCODE,
SRATE, EDUC, SAL, VALCHK
FROM STLEC1.SYSADM.EMP
END-EXEC.
(Part 4 of 7)

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
A101-HOUSE-KEEPING.
OPEN OUTPUT PRINTER.
*****************************************************************
* An employee is transferring from location STLEC1 to STLEC2. *
* Retrieve information about the employee from STLEC1, delete *
* the employee from STLEC1 and insert the employee at STLEC2 *
* using the information obtained from STLEC1. *
*****************************************************************
MAINLINE.
PERFORM PROCESS-CURSOR-SITE-1
PERFORM UPDATE-ADDRESS
PERFORM PROCESS-SITE-2.
PERFORM COMMIT-WORK.
PROG-END.
CLOSE PRINTER.
GOBACK.
*****************************************************************
* Open the cursor that will be used to retrieve information *
* about the transferring employee. *
*****************************************************************
PROCESS-CURSOR-SITE-1.
MOVE ’OPEN CURSOR C1 ’ TO STNAME

EXEC SQL
OPEN C1
END-EXEC.
PERFORM PTSQLCA.
PERFORM FETCH-DELETE-SITE-1
PERFORM CLOSE-CURSOR-SITE-1.
*****************************************************************
* Retrieve information about the transferring employee. *
* Provided that the employee exists, perform DELETE-SITE-1 to *
* delete the employee from STLEC1. *
*****************************************************************
FETCH-DELETE-SITE-1.
MOVE ’FETCH C1 ’ TO STNAME

EXEC SQL
FETCH C1 INTO :H-EMPTBL:H-EMPTBL-IND
END-EXEC.
(Part 5 of 7)

PERFORM PTSQLCA.
PERFORM DELETE-SITE-1.
*****************************************************************
* Delete the employee from STLEC1. *
*****************************************************************
DELETE-SITE-1.

EXEC SQL
DELETE FROM STLEC1.SYSADM.EMP
END-EXEC.
PERFORM PTSQLCA.
*****************************************************************
* Close the cursor used to retrieve information about the *
* transferring employee. *
*****************************************************************
CLOSE-CURSOR-SITE-1.
MOVE ’CLOSE CURSOR C1 ’ TO STNAME

EXEC SQL
CLOSE C1
END-EXEC.
PERFORM PTSQLCA.
*****************************************************************
* Update certain employee information in order to make it *
* current. *
*****************************************************************
UPDATE-ADDRESS.
MOVE TEMP-ADDRESS-LN TO H-ADDRESS-LN.
MOVE ’1500 NEW STREET’ TO H-ADDRESS-DA.
MOVE TEMP-CITY-LN TO H-CITY-LN.
MOVE ’NEW CITY, CA 97804’ TO H-CITY-DA.
MOVE ’SJCA’ TO H-EMPLOC.
(Part 6 of 7)

*****************************************************************
* Using the employee information that was retrieved from STLEC1 *
* and updated previously, insert the employee at STLEC2. *
*****************************************************************
PROCESS-SITE-2.
MOVE ’INSERT EMPLOYEE ’ TO STNAME

EXEC SQL
INSERT INTO STLEC2.SYSADM.EMP VALUES
(:H-EMPNO,
:H-NAME,
:H-ADDRESS,
:H-CITY,
:H-EMPLOC,
:H-SSNO,
:H-BORN,
:H-SEX,
:H-HIRED,
:H-DEPTNO,
:H-JOBCODE,
:H-SRATE,
:H-EDUC,
:H-SAL,
:H-VALIDCHK)
END-EXEC.
PERFORM PTSQLCA.
*****************************************************************
* COMMIT any changes that were made at STLEC1 and STLEC2. *
*****************************************************************
COMMIT-WORK.
MOVE ’COMMIT WORK ’ TO STNAME

EXEC SQL
COMMIT
END-EXEC.
PERFORM PTSQLCA.
*****************************************************************
* Include COBOL standard language procedures *
*****************************************************************
INCLUDE-SUBS.
EXEC SQL INCLUDE COBSSUB END-EXEC.
(Part 7 of 7)
Examples of using stored procedures

This section contains sample programs that you can refer to when programming
your stored procedure applications. DSN810.SDSNSAMP contains sample jobs
DSNTEJ6P and DSNTEJ6S and programs DSN8EP1 and DSN8EP2, which you
can run.

Calling a stored procedure from a C program
This example shows how to call the C language version of the GETPRML stored
procedure that uses the GENERAL WITH NULLS linkage convention. Because the
stored procedure returns result sets, this program checks for result sets and
retrieves the contents of the result sets.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
main()
{
/************************************************************/
/* Include the SQLCA and SQLDA */
/************************************************************/
/************************************************************/
/* Declare variables that are not SQL-related. */
/************************************************************/
short int i; /* Loop counter */
/************************************************************/
/* Declare the following: */
/* - Parameters used to call stored procedure GETPRML */
/* - An SQLDA for DESCRIBE PROCEDURE */
/* - An SQLDA for DESCRIBE CURSOR */
/* - Result set variable locators for up to three result */
/* sets */
/************************************************************/
char procnm[19]; /* INPUT parm -- PROCEDURE name */
char schema[9]; /* INPUT parm -- User’s schema */
long int out_code; /* OUTPUT -- SQLCODE from the */
/* SELECT operation. */
struct {
short int parmlen;
char parmtxt[254];
} parmlst; /* OUTPUT -- RUNOPTS values */
/* for the matching row in */
/* catalog table SYSROUTINES */
struct indicators {
short int procnm_ind;
short int schema_ind;
short int out_code_ind;
short int parmlst_ind;
} parmind;
/* Indicator variable structure */
struct sqlda *proc_da;

/* SQLDA for DESCRIBE PROCEDURE */
struct sqlda *res_da;
/* SQLDA for DESCRIBE CURSOR */
static volatile
SQL TYPE IS RESULT_SET_LOCATOR *loc1, *loc2, *loc3;
/* Locator variables */
Figure 243. Calling a stored procedure from a C program (Part 1 of 4)

/*************************************************************/
/* Allocate the SQLDAs to be used for DESCRIBE */
/* PROCEDURE and DESCRIBE CURSOR. Assume that at most */
/* three cursors are returned and that each result set */
/* has no more than five columns. */
/*************************************************************/
proc_da = (struct sqlda *)malloc(SQLDASIZE(3));
res_da = (struct sqlda *)malloc(SQLDASIZE(5));
/************************************************************/
/* Call the GETPRML stored procedure to retrieve the */
/* RUNOPTS values for the stored procedure. In this */
/* example, we request the PARMLIST definition for the */
/* stored procedure named DSN8EP2. */
/* */
/* The call should complete with SQLCODE +466 because */
/* GETPRML returns result sets. */
/************************************************************/
strcpy(procnm,"dsn8ep2 ");
/* Input parameter -- PROCEDURE to be found */
strcpy(schema," ");
/* Input parameter -- Schema name for proc */
parmind.procnm_ind=0;
parmind.schema_ind=0;
parmind.out_code_ind=0;
/* Indicate that none of the input parameters */
/* have null values */
parmind.parmlst_ind=-1;
/* The parmlst parameter is an output parm. */
/* Mark PARMLST parameter as null, so the DB2 */
/* requester doesn’t have to send the entire */
/* PARMLST variable to the server. This */
/* helps reduce network I/O time, because */
/* PARMLST is fairly large. */
EXEC SQL
CALL GETPRML(:procnm INDICATOR :parmind.procnm_ind,
:schema INDICATOR :parmind.schema_ind,
:out_code INDICATOR :parmind.out_code_ind,
:parmlst INDICATOR :parmind.parmlst_ind);
if(SQLCODE!=+466) /* If SQL CALL failed, */
{
/* print the SQLCODE and any */
/* message tokens */
printf("SQL CALL failed due to SQLCODE = %d\n",SQLCODE);
printf("sqlca.sqlerrmc = ");
for(i=0;i<sqlca.sqlerrml;i++)
printf("%c",sqlca.sqlerrmc[i]);
printf("\n");
}

else /* If the CALL worked, */
if(out_code!=0) /* Did GETPRML hit an error? */
printf("GETPRML failed due to RC = %d\n",out_code);
/**********************************************************/
/* If everything worked, do the following: */
/* - Print out the parameters returned. */
/* - Retrieve the result sets returned. */
/**********************************************************/
else
{
printf("RUNOPTS = %s\n",parmlst.parmtxt);
/* Print out the runopts list */
/********************************************************/
/* Use the statement DESCRIBE PROCEDURE to */
/* return information about the result sets in the */
/* SQLDA pointed to by proc_da: */
/* - SQLD contains the number of result sets that were */
/* returned by the stored procedure. */
/* - Each SQLVAR entry has the following information */
/* about a result set: */
/* - SQLNAME contains the name of the cursor that */
/* the stored procedure uses to return the result */
/* set. */
/* - SQLIND contains an estimate of the number of */
/* rows in the result set. */
/* - SQLDATA contains the result locator value for */
/* the result set. */
/********************************************************/
EXEC SQL DESCRIBE PROCEDURE INTO :*proc_da;
/********************************************************/
/* Assume that you have examined SQLD and determined */
/* that there is one result set. Use the statement */
/* ASSOCIATE LOCATORS to establish a result set locator */
/* for the result set. */
/********************************************************/
EXEC SQL ASSOCIATE LOCATORS (:loc1) WITH PROCEDURE GETPRML;
/********************************************************/
/* Use the statement ALLOCATE CURSOR to associate a */
/* cursor for the result set. */
/********************************************************/
/********************************************************/
/* Use the statement DESRIBE CURSOR to determine the */
/* columns in the result set. */
/********************************************************/
EXEC SQL DESCRIBE CURSOR C1 INTO :*res_da;

/********************************************************/
/* Call a routine (not shown here) to do the following: */
/* - Allocate a buffer for data and indicator values */
/* fetched from the result table. */
/* - Update the SQLDATA and SQLIND fields in each */
/* SQLVAR of *res_da with the addresses at which to */
/* to put the fetched data and values of indicator */
/* variables. */
/********************************************************/
alloc_outbuff(res_da);
/********************************************************/
/* Fetch the data from the result table. */
/********************************************************/
while(SQLCODE==0)
EXEC SQL FETCH C1 USING DESCRIPTOR :*res_da;
}
return;
}
Calling a stored procedure from a COBOL program

This example shows how to call a version of the GETPRML stored procedure that
uses the GENERAL WITH NULLS linkage convention from a COBOL program on
an MVS system. Because the stored procedure returns result sets, this program
checks for result sets and retrieves the contents of the result sets.

PROGRAM-ID. CALPRML.
FILE-CONTROL.
SELECT REPOUT
ASSIGN TO UT-S-SYSPRINT.
DATA DIVISION.
FILE SECTION.
FD REPOUT
DATA RECORD IS REPREC.
01 REPREC PIC X(127).
*****************************************************
* MESSAGES FOR SQL CALL *
*****************************************************
01 SQLREC.
02 BADMSG PIC X(34) VALUE
’ SQL CALL FAILED DUE TO SQLCODE = ’.
02 BADCODE PIC +9(5) USAGE DISPLAY.
02 FILLER PIC X(80) VALUE SPACES.
01 ERRMREC.
02 ERRMMSG PIC X(12) VALUE ’ SQLERRMC = ’.
02 ERRMCODE PIC X(70).
01 CALLREC.
02 CALLMSG PIC X(28) VALUE
’ GETPRML FAILED DUE TO RC = ’.
02 CALLCODE PIC +9(5) USAGE DISPLAY.
01 RSLTREC.
02 RSLTMSG PIC X(15) VALUE
’ TABLE NAME IS ’.
02 TBLNAME PIC X(18) VALUE SPACES.
Figure 244. Calling a stored procedure from a COBOL program (Part 1 of 3)

*****************************************************
* WORK AREAS *
*****************************************************
01 PROCNM PIC X(18).
01 SCHEMA PIC X(8).
01 OUT-CODE PIC S9(9) USAGE COMP.
01 PARMLST.
49 PARMLEN PIC S9(4) USAGE COMP.
49 PARMTXT PIC X(254).
01 PARMBUF REDEFINES PARMLST.
49 PARBLEN PIC S9(4) USAGE COMP.
49 PARMARRY PIC X(127) OCCURS 2 TIMES.
01 NAME.
49 NAMELEN PIC S9(4) USAGE COMP.
49 NAMETXT PIC X(18).
77 PARMIND PIC S9(4) COMP.
77 I PIC S9(4) COMP.
77 NUMLINES PIC S9(4) COMP.
*****************************************************
* DECLARE A RESULT SET LOCATOR FOR THE RESULT SET *
* THAT IS RETURNED. *
*****************************************************
01 LOC USAGE SQL TYPE IS
RESULT-SET-LOCATOR VARYING.
*****************************************************
* SQL INCLUDE FOR SQLCA *
*****************************************************
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
*------------------
PROG-START.
OPEN OUTPUT REPOUT.
* OPEN OUTPUT FILE
MOVE ’DSN8EP2 ’ TO PROCNM.
* INPUT PARAMETER -- PROCEDURE TO BE FOUND
MOVE SPACES TO SCHEMA.
* INPUT PARAMETER -- SCHEMA IN SYSROUTINES
MOVE -1 TO PARMIND.
* THE PARMLST PARAMETER IS AN OUTPUT PARM.
* MARK PARMLST PARAMETER AS NULL, SO THE DB2
* REQUESTER DOESN’T HAVE TO SEND THE ENTIRE
* PARMLST VARIABLE TO THE SERVER. THIS
* HELPS REDUCE NETWORK I/O TIME, BECAUSE
* PARMLST IS FAIRLY LARGE.
EXEC SQL
CALL GETPRML(:PROCNM,
:SCHEMA,
:OUT-CODE,
:PARMLST INDICATOR :PARMIND)
END-EXEC.

* MAKE THE CALL
IF SQLCODE NOT EQUAL TO +466 THEN
* IF CALL RETURNED BAD SQLCODE
MOVE SQLCODE TO BADCODE
WRITE REPREC FROM SQLREC
MOVE SQLERRMC TO ERRMCODE
WRITE REPREC FROM ERRMREC
ELSE
PERFORM GET-PARMS
PERFORM GET-RESULT-SET.
PROG-END.
CLOSE REPOUT.
* CLOSE OUTPUT FILE
GOBACK.
PARMPRT.
MOVE SPACES TO REPREC.
WRITE REPREC FROM PARMARRY(I)
GET-PARMS.
* IF THE CALL WORKED,
IF OUT-CODE NOT EQUAL TO 0 THEN
* DID GETPRML HIT AN ERROR?
MOVE OUT-CODE TO CALLCODE
WRITE REPREC FROM CALLREC
ELSE
* EVERYTHING WORKED
DIVIDE 127 INTO PARMLEN GIVING NUMLINES ROUNDED
* FIND OUT HOW MANY LINES TO PRINT
PERFORM PARMPRT VARYING I
FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL I GREATER THAN NUMLINES.
GET-RESULT-SET.
*****************************************************
* ASSUME YOU KNOW THAT ONE RESULT SET IS RETURNED, *
* AND YOU KNOW THE FORMAT OF THAT RESULT SET. *
* ALLOCATE A CURSOR FOR THE RESULT SET, AND FETCH *
* THE CONTENTS OF THE RESULT SET. *
*****************************************************
EXEC SQL ASSOCIATE LOCATORS (:LOC)
WITH PROCEDURE GETPRML
END-EXEC.
* LINK THE RESULT SET TO THE LOCATOR
EXEC SQL ALLOCATE C1 CURSOR FOR RESULT SET :LOC
END-EXEC.
* LINK THE CURSOR TO THE RESULT SET
PERFORM GET-ROWS VARYING I
FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL SQLCODE EQUAL TO +100.
GET-ROWS.
EXEC SQL FETCH C1 INTO :NAME
END-EXEC.
MOVE NAME TO TBLNAME.
WRITE REPREC FROM RSLTREC
Calling a stored procedure from a PL/I program

This example shows how to call a version of the GETPRML stored procedure that
uses the GENERAL linkage convention from a PL/I program on an MVS system.

CALPRML:
PROC OPTIONS(MAIN);
/************************************************************/
/* Declare the parameters used to call the GETPRML */
/* stored procedure. */
/************************************************************/
DECLARE PROCNM CHAR(18), /* INPUT parm -- PROCEDURE name */
SCHEMA CHAR(8), /* INPUT parm -- User’s schema */
OUT_CODE FIXED BIN(31),
/* OUTPUT -- SQLCODE from the */
/* SELECT operation. */
PARMLST CHAR(254) /* OUTPUT -- RUNOPTS for */
VARYING, /* the matching row in the */
/* catalog table SYSROUTINES */
PARMIND FIXED BIN(15);
/* PARMLST indicator variable */
/************************************************************/
/* Include the SQLCA */
/************************************************************/
/************************************************************/
/* Call the GETPRML stored procedure to retrieve the */
/* RUNOPTS values for the stored procedure. In this */
/* example, we request the RUNOPTS values for the */
/* stored procedure named DSN8EP2. */
/************************************************************/
PROCNM = ’DSN8EP2’;
/* Input parameter -- PROCEDURE to be found */
SCHEMA = ’ ’;
/* Input parameter -- SCHEMA in SYSROUTINES */
PARMIND = -1; /* The PARMLST parameter is an output parm. */
/* Mark PARMLST parameter as null, so the DB2 */
/* requester doesn’t have to send the entire */
/* PARMLST variable to the server. This */
/* helps reduce network I/O time, because */
/* PARMLST is fairly large. */
EXEC SQL
CALL GETPRML(:PROCNM,
:SCHEMA,
:OUT_CODE,
:PARMLST INDICATOR :PARMIND);
Figure 245. Calling a stored procedure from a PL/I program (Part 1 of 2)
IF SQLCODE¬=0 THEN /* If SQL CALL failed, */

DO;
PUT SKIP EDIT(’SQL CALL failed due to SQLCODE = ’,
SQLCODE) (A(34),A(14));
PUT SKIP EDIT(’SQLERRM = ’,
SQLERRM) (A(10),A(70));
END;
ELSE /* If the CALL worked, */
IF OUT_CODE¬=0 THEN /* Did GETPRML hit an error? */
PUT SKIP EDIT(’GETPRML failed due to RC = ’,
OUT_CODE) (A(33),A(14));
ELSE /* Everything worked. */
PUT SKIP EDIT(’RUNOPTS = ’, PARMLST) (A(11),A(200));
RETURN;
END CALPRML;
Figure 245. Calling a stored procedure from a PL/I program (Part 2 of 2)
C stored procedure: GENERAL

This example stored procedure does the following:

v Searches the DB2 catalog table SYSROUTINES for a row that matches the input
parameters from the client program. The two input parameters contain values for
NAME and SCHEMA.
v Searches the DB2 catalog table SYSTABLES for all tables in which the value of
CREATOR matches the value of input parameter SCHEMA. The stored
procedure uses a cursor to return the table names.
The linkage convention used for this stored procedure is GENERAL.
The output parameters from this stored procedure contain the SQLCODE from the
SELECT statement and the value of the RUNOPTS column from SYSROUTINES.
The CREATE PROCEDURE statement for this stored procedure might look like this:
CREATE PROCEDURE GETPRML(PROCNM CHAR(18) IN, SCHEMA CHAR(8) IN,
OUTCODE INTEGER OUT, PARMLST VARCHAR(254) OUT)
LANGUAGE C
DETERMINISTIC
READS SQL DATA
EXTERNAL NAME "GETPRML"
COLLID GETPRML
ASUTIME NO LIMIT
STAY RESIDENT NO
RUN OPTIONS "MSGFILE(OUTFILE),RPTSTG(ON),RPTOPTS(ON)"
WLM ENVIRONMENT SAMPPROG
PROGRAM TYPE MAIN
SECURITY DB2
RESULT SETS 2

#include <stdlib.h>
/***************************************************************/
/* Declare C variables for SQL operations on the parameters. */
/* These are local variables to the C program, which you must */
/* copy to and from the parameter list provided to the stored */
/* procedure. */
/***************************************************************/
char PROCNM[19];
char SCHEMA[9];
char PARMLST[255];
/***************************************************************/
/* Declare cursors for returning result sets to the caller. */
/***************************************************************/
SELECT NAME
WHERE CREATOR=:SCHEMA;
main(argc,argv)
int argc;
char *argv[];
{
/********************************************************/
/* Copy the input parameters into the area reserved in */
/* the program for SQL processing. */
/********************************************************/
strcpy(PROCNM, argv[1]);
strcpy(SCHEMA, argv[2]);
/********************************************************/
/* Issue the SQL SELECT against the SYSROUTINES */
/* DB2 catalog table. */
/********************************************************/
strcpy(PARMLST, ""); /* Clear PARMLST */
EXEC SQL
SELECT RUNOPTS INTO :PARMLST
FROM SYSIBM.ROUTINES
WHERE NAME=:PROCNM AND
SCHEMA=:SCHEMA;
Figure 246. A C stored procedure with linkage convention GENERAL (Part 1 of 2)

/********************************************************/
/* Copy SQLCODE to the output parameter list. */
/********************************************************/
*(int *) argv[3] = SQLCODE;
/********************************************************/
/* Copy the PARMLST value returned by the SELECT back to*/
/* the parameter list provided to this stored procedure.*/
/********************************************************/
strcpy(argv[4], PARMLST);
/********************************************************/
/* Open cursor C1 to cause DB2 to return a result set */
/* to the caller. */
/********************************************************/
EXEC SQL OPEN C1;
}
Figure 246. A C stored procedure with linkage convention GENERAL (Part 2 of 2)
C stored procedure: GENERAL WITH NULLS

v Searches the DB2 catalog table SYSROUTINES for a row that matches the input
NAME and SCHEMA.
The linkage convention for this stored procedure is GENERAL WITH NULLS.
SELECT operation, and the value of the RUNOPTS column retrieved from the
SYSROUTINES table.
LANGUAGE C
DETERMINISTIC
READS SQL DATA
COLLID GETPRML
ASUTIME NO LIMIT
STAY RESIDENT NO
PROGRAM TYPE MAIN
SECURITY DB2
RESULT SETS 2

#include <stdlib.h>
/***************************************************************/
/* Declare C variables used for SQL operations on the */
/* parameters. These are local variables to the C program, */
/* which you must copy to and from the parameter list provided */
/* to the stored procedure. */
/***************************************************************/
char PROCNM[19];
char SCHEMA[9];
char PARMLST[255];
struct INDICATORS {
short int PROCNM_IND;
short int SCHEMA_IND;
short int OUT_CODE_IND;
short int PARMLST_IND;
} PARM_IND;
/***************************************************************/
/* Declare cursors for returning result sets to the caller. */
/***************************************************************/
SELECT NAME
WHERE CREATOR=:SCHEMA;
main(argc,argv)
int argc;
char *argv[];
{
/********************************************************/
/* Copy the input parameters into the area reserved in */
/* the local program for SQL processing. */
/********************************************************/
strcpy(PROCNM, argv[1]);
strcpy(SCHEMA, argv[2]);
/********************************************************/
/* Copy null indicator values for the parameter list. */
/********************************************************/
memcpy(&PARM_IND,(struct INDICATORS *) argv[5],
sizeof(PARM_IND));
Figure 247. A C stored procedure with linkage convention GENERAL WITH NULLS (Part 1 of
2)

/********************************************************/
/* If any input parameter is NULL, return an error */
/* return code and assign a NULL value to PARMLST. */
/********************************************************/
if (PARM_IND.PROCNM_IND<0 ||
PARM_IND.SCHEMA_IND<0 || {
*(int *) argv[3] = 9999; /* set output return code */
PARM_IND.OUT_CODE_IND = 0; /* value is not NULL */
PARM_IND.PARMLST_IND = -1; /* PARMLST is NULL */
}
else {
/********************************************************/
/* If the input parameters are not NULL, issue the SQL */
/* SELECT against the SYSIBM.SYSROUTINES catalog */
/* table. */
/********************************************************/
strcpy(PARMLST, ""); /* Clear PARMLST */
EXEC SQL
FROM SYSIBM.SYSROUTINES
SCHEMA=:SCHEMA;
/********************************************************/
/* Copy SQLCODE to the output parameter list. */
/********************************************************/
*(int *) argv[3] = SQLCODE;
PARM_IND.OUT_CODE_IND = 0; /* OUT_CODE is not NULL */
}
/********************************************************/
/* Copy the RUNOPTS value back to the output parameter */
/* area. */
/********************************************************/
strcpy(argv[4], PARMLST);
/********************************************************/
/* Copy the null indicators back to the output parameter*/
/* area. */
/********************************************************/
memcpy((struct INDICATORS *) argv[5],&PARM_IND,
sizeof(PARM_IND));
/********************************************************/
/* Open cursor C1 to cause DB2 to return a result set */
/* to the caller. */
/********************************************************/
EXEC SQL OPEN C1;
}
Figure 247. A C stored procedure with linkage convention GENERAL WITH NULLS (Part 2 of
2)
COBOL stored procedure: GENERAL

v Searches the catalog table SYSROUTINES for a row matching the input
NAME and SCHEMA.

This stored procedure is able to return a NULL value for the output host variables.
The linkage convention for this stored procedure is GENERAL.
SYSROUTINES table.
LANGUAGE COBOL
DETERMINISTIC
READS SQL DATA
COLLID GETPRML
ASUTIME NO LIMIT
STAY RESIDENT NO
PROGRAM TYPE MAIN
SECURITY DB2
RESULT SETS 2

CBL RENT
PROGRAM-ID. GETPRML.
AUTHOR. EXAMPLE.
DATE-WRITTEN. 03/25/98.
FILE-CONTROL.
DATA DIVISION.
FILE SECTION.

***************************************************
* DECLARE A HOST VARIABLE TO HOLD INPUT SCHEMA
***************************************************
01 INSCHEMA PIC X(8).
***************************************************
* DECLARE CURSOR FOR RETURNING RESULT SETS
***************************************************
*
SELECT NAME FROM SYSIBM.SYSTABLES WHERE CREATOR=:INSCHEMA
END-EXEC.
*
LINKAGE SECTION.
***************************************************
* DECLARE THE INPUT PARAMETERS FOR THE PROCEDURE
***************************************************
01 SCHEMA PIC X(8).
*******************************************************
* DECLARE THE OUTPUT PARAMETERS FOR THE PROCEDURE
*******************************************************
01 OUT-CODE PIC S9(9) USAGE BINARY.
01 PARMLST.
49 PARMLST-LEN PIC S9(4) USAGE BINARY.
49 PARMLST-TEXT PIC X(254).
PROCEDURE DIVISION USING PROCNM, SCHEMA,

OUT-CODE, PARMLST.
Figure 248. A COBOL stored procedure with linkage convention GENERAL (Part 1 of 2)

*******************************************************
* Issue the SQL SELECT against the SYSIBM.SYSROUTINES
* DB2 catalog table.
*******************************************************
EXEC SQL
FROM SYSIBM.ROUTINES
SCHEMA=:SCHEMA
END-EXEC.
*******************************************************
* COPY SQLCODE INTO THE OUTPUT PARAMETER AREA
*******************************************************
MOVE SQLCODE TO OUT-CODE.
*******************************************************
* OPEN CURSOR C1 TO CAUSE DB2 TO RETURN A RESULT SET
* TO THE CALLER.
*******************************************************
EXEC SQL OPEN C1
END-EXEC.
PROG-END.
GOBACK.
Figure 248. A COBOL stored procedure with linkage convention GENERAL (Part 2 of 2)
COBOL stored procedure: GENERAL WITH NULLS

v Searches the DB2 SYSIBM.SYSROUTINES catalog table for a row that matches
the input parameters from the client program. The two input parameters contain
values for NAME and SCHEMA.
SYSIBM.SYSROUTINES table.
LANGUAGE COBOL
DETERMINISTIC
READS SQL DATA
COLLID GETPRML
ASUTIME NO LIMIT
STAY RESIDENT NO
PROGRAM TYPE MAIN
SECURITY DB2
RESULT SETS 2

CBL RENT
PROGRAM-ID. GETPRML.
AUTHOR. EXAMPLE.
DATE-WRITTEN. 03/25/98.
FILE-CONTROL.
DATA DIVISION.
FILE SECTION.
*
*
*
***************************************************
* DECLARE A HOST VARIABLE TO HOLD INPUT SCHEMA
***************************************************
01 INSCHEMA PIC X(8).
***************************************************
* DECLARE CURSOR FOR RETURNING RESULT SETS
***************************************************
*
SELECT NAME FROM SYSIBM.SYSTABLES WHERE CREATOR=:INSCHEMA
END-EXEC.
*
LINKAGE SECTION.
***************************************************
* DECLARE THE INPUT PARAMETERS FOR THE PROCEDURE
***************************************************
01 SCHEMA PIC X(8).
***************************************************
* DECLARE THE OUTPUT PARAMETERS FOR THE PROCEDURE
***************************************************
01 OUT-CODE PIC S9(9) USAGE BINARY.
01 PARMLST.
49 PARMLST-LEN PIC S9(4) USAGE BINARY.
49 PARMLST-TEXT PIC X(254).
***************************************************
* DECLARE THE STRUCTURE CONTAINING THE NULL
* INDICATORS FOR THE INPUT AND OUTPUT PARAMETERS.
***************************************************
01 IND-PARM.
03 PROCNM-IND PIC S9(4) USAGE BINARY.
03 SCHEMA-IND PIC S9(4) USAGE BINARY.
03 OUT-CODE-IND PIC S9(4) USAGE BINARY.
03 PARMLST-IND PIC S9(4) USAGE BINARY.
Figure 249. A COBOL stored procedure with linkage convention GENERAL WITH NULLS
(Part 1 of 2)

PROCEDURE DIVISION USING PROCNM, SCHEMA,
OUT-CODE, PARMLST, IND-PARM.
*******************************************************
* If any input parameter is null, return a null value
* for PARMLST and set the output return code to 9999.
*******************************************************
IF PROCNM-IND < 0 OR
SCHEMA-IND < 0
MOVE 9999 TO OUT-CODE
MOVE 0 TO OUT-CODE-IND
MOVE -1 TO PARMLST-IND
ELSE
*******************************************************
* Issue the SQL SELECT against the SYSIBM.SYSROUTINES
* DB2 catalog table.
*******************************************************
EXEC SQL
SCHEMA=:SCHEMA
END-EXEC
MOVE 0 TO PARMLST-IND
*******************************************************
* COPY SQLCODE INTO THE OUTPUT PARAMETER AREA
*******************************************************
MOVE SQLCODE TO OUT-CODE
MOVE 0 TO OUT-CODE-IND.
*
*******************************************************
* OPEN CURSOR C1 TO CAUSE DB2 TO RETURN A RESULT SET
* TO THE CALLER.
*******************************************************
EXEC SQL OPEN C1
END-EXEC.
PROG-END.
GOBACK.
Figure 249. A COBOL stored procedure with linkage convention GENERAL WITH NULLS
(Part 2 of 2)
PL/I stored procedure: GENERAL

This example stored procedure searches the DB2 SYSIBM.SYSROUTINES catalog
table for a row that matches the input parameters from the client program. The two
input parameters contain values for NAME and SCHEMA.
The linkage convention for this stored procedure is GENERAL.
LANGUAGE PLI
DETERMINISTIC
READS SQL DATA
COLLID GETPRML

ASUTIME NO LIMIT
STAY RESIDENT NO
PROGRAM TYPE MAIN
SECURITY DB2
RESULT SETS 0
GETPRML:
PROC(PROCNM, SCHEMA, OUT_CODE, PARMLST)

SCHEMA CHAR(8), /* INPUT parm -- User’s SCHEMA */
OUT_CODE FIXED BIN(31), /* OUTPUT -- SQLCODE from */

/* the SELECT operation. */
PARMLST CHAR(254) /* OUTPUT -- RUNOPTS for */
VARYING; /* the matching row in */
/* SYSIBM.SYSROUTINES */
/************************************************************/
/* Execute SELECT from SYSIBM.SYSROUTINES in the catalog. */
/************************************************************/
EXEC SQL
SCHEMA=:SCHEMA;
OUT_CODE = SQLCODE; /* return SQLCODE to caller */

RETURN;
END GETPRML;
Figure 250. A PL/I stored procedure with linkage convention GENERAL
PL/I stored procedure: GENERAL WITH NULLS

This example stored procedure searches the DB2 SYSIBM.SYSROUTINES catalog
table for a row that matches the input parameters from the client program. The two
input parameters contain values for NAME and SCHEMA.
LANGUAGE PLI
DETERMINISTIC
READS SQL DATA
COLLID GETPRML

ASUTIME NO LIMIT
STAY RESIDENT NO
PROGRAM TYPE MAIN
SECURITY DB2
RESULT SETS 0
|
GETPRML:
PROC(PROCNM, SCHEMA, OUT_CODE, PARMLST, INDICATORS)

SCHEMA CHAR(8), /* INPUT parm -- User’s schema */
OUT_CODE FIXED BIN(31), /* OUTPUT -- SQLCODE from */

/* the SELECT operation. */
PARMLST CHAR(254) /* OUTPUT -- PARMLIST for */
VARYING; /* the matching row in */
/* SYSIBM.SYSROUTINES */
DECLARE 1 INDICATORS, /* Declare null indicators for */
/* input and output parameters. */
3 PROCNM_IND FIXED BIN(15),
3 SCHEMA_IND FIXED BIN(15),
3 OUT_CODE_IND FIXED BIN(15),
3 PARMLST_IND FIXED BIN(15);
IF PROCNM_IND<0 |
SCHEMA_IND<0 THEN
DO; /* If any input parm is NULL, */
OUT_CODE = 9999; /* Set output return code. */
OUT_CODE_IND = 0;
/* Output return code is not NULL.*/
PARMLST_IND = -1; /* Assign NULL value to PARMLST. */
END;
ELSE /* If input parms are not NULL, */
DO; /* */
/************************************************************/
/* Issue the SQL SELECT against the SYSIBM.SYSROUTINES */
/* DB2 catalog table. */
/************************************************************/
EXEC SQL
SCHEMA=:SCHEMA;
PARMLST_IND = 0; /* Mark PARMLST as not NULL. */
OUT_CODE = SQLCODE; /* return SQLCODE to caller */

OUT_CODE_IND = 0;
OUT_CODE_IND = 0; /* Output return code is not NULL.*/
END;
RETURN;
END GETPRML;
Figure 251. A PL/I stored procedure with linkage convention GENERAL WITH NULLS

|
| Appendix E. Recursive common table expression examples
| Bill of materials (BOM) applications are a common requirement in many business
| environments. Recursive SQL is very useful in creating BOM applications. To
| illustrate the some of the capability of a recursive common table expression for
| BOM applications, consider a table of parts with associated subparts and the
| quantity of subparts required by each part. For more information about recursive
| SQL, refer to “Using recursive SQL” on page 15.
| For the examples in this appendix, create the following table:

| CREATE TABLE PARTLIST
| (PART VARCHAR(8),
| SUBPART VARCHAR(8),
| QUANTITY INTEGER);
| Assume that the PARTLIST table is populated with the values that are in Table 190:
| Table 190. PARTLIST table
| PART SUBPART QUANTITY
| 00 01 5
| 00 05 3
| 01 02 2
| 01 03 3
| 01 04 4
| 01 06 3
| 02 05 7
| 02 06 6
| 03 07 6
| 04 08 10
| 04 09 11
| 05 10 10
| 05 11 10
| 06 12 10
| 06 13 10
| 07 14 8
| 07 12 8
|
| Example 1: Single level explosion: Single level explosion answers the question,
| ″What parts are needed to build the part identified by ’01’?″. The list will include the
| direct subparts, subparts of the subparts and so on. However, if a part is used
| multiple times, its subparts are only listed once.
| WITH RPL (PART, SUBPART, QUANTITY) AS
| (SELECT ROOT.PART, ROOT.SUBPART, ROOT.QUANTITY
| FROM PARTLIST ROOT
| WHERE ROOT.PART = ’01’
| UNION ALL
| SELECT CHILD.PART, CHILD.SUBPART, CHILD.QUANTITY
| FROM RPL PARENT, PARTLIST CHILD

| WHERE PARENT.SUBPART = CHILD.PART)
| SELECT DISTINCT PART, SUBPART, QUANTITY
| FROM RPL
| ORDER BY PART, SUBPART, QUANTITY;
| The preceding query includes a common table expression, identified by the name
| RPL, that expresses the recursive part of this query. It illustrates the basic elements
| of a recursive common table expression.
| The first operand (fullselect) of the UNION, referred to as the initialization fullselect,
| gets the direct subparts of part ’01’. The FROM clause of this fullselect refers to the
| source table and will never refer to itself (RPL in this case). The result of this first
| fullselect goes into the common table expression RPL. As in this example, the
| UNION must always be a UNION ALL.
| The second operand (fullselect) of the UNION uses RPL to compute subparts of
| subparts by using the FROM clause to refer to the common table expression RPL
| and the source table PARTLIST with a join of a part from the source table (child) to
| a subpart of the current result contained in RPL (parent). The result goes then back
| to RPL again. The second operand of UNION is used repeatedly until no more
| subparts exist.
| The SELECT DISTINCT in the main fullselect of this query ensures the same
| part/subpart is not listed more than once.
| The result of the query is shown in Table 191:

| Table 191. Result table for example 1
| PART SUBPART QUANTITY
| 01 02 2
| 01 03 3
| 01 04 4
| 01 06 3
| 02 05 7
| 02 06 6
| 03 07 6
| 04 08 10
| 04 09 11
| 05 10 10
| 05 11 10
| 06 12 10
| 06 13 10
| 07 12 8
| 17 14 8
|
| Observe in the result that part ’01’ contains subpart ’02’ which contains subpart ’06’
| and so on. Further, notice that part ’06’ is reached twice, once through part ’01’
| directly and another time through part ’02’. In the output, however, the subparts of
| part ’06’ are listed only once (this is the result of using a SELECT DISTINCT).

| Remember that with recursive common table expressions it is possible to introduce
| an infinite loop. In this example, an infinite loop would be created if the search
| condition of the second operand that joins the parent and child tables was coded as
| follows:
| WHERE PARENT.SUBPART = CHILD.SUBPART
| This infinite loop is created by not coding what is intended. You should carefully
| determining what to code so that there is a definite end of the recursion cycle.
| The result produced by this example could be produced in an application program

| without using a recursive common table expression. However, such an application
| would require coding a different query for every level of recursion. Furthermore, the
| application would need to put all of the results back in the database to order the
| final result. This approach complicates the application logic and does not perform
| well. The application logic becomes more difficult and inefficient for other bill of
| material queries, such as summarized and indented explosion queries.
| Example 2: Summarized explosion: A summarized explosion answers the

| question, ″What is the total quantity of each part required to build part ’01’?″ The
| main difference from a single level explosion is the need to aggregate the
| quantities. A single level explosion indicates the quantity of subparts required for the
| part whenever it is required. It does not indicate how many of each subpart is
| needed to build part ’01’.
| WITH RPL (PART, SUBPART, QUANTITY) AS
| (
| SELECT ROOT.PART, ROOT.SUBPART, ROOT.QUANTITY
| UNION ALL
| SELECT PARENT.PART, CHILD.SUBPART,
| PARENT.QUANTITY*CHILD.QUANTITY
| WHERE PARENT.SUBPART = CHILD.PART
| )
| SELECT PART, SUBPART, SUM(QUANTITY) AS "Total QTY Used"
| FROM RPL
| GROUP BY PART, SUBPART
| ORDER BY PART, SUBPART;
| In the preceding query, the select list of the second operand of the UNION in the
| recursive common table expression, identified by the name RPL, shows the
| aggregation of the quantity. To determine how many of each subpart is used, the
| quantity of the parent is multiplied by the quantity per parent of a child. If a part is
| used multiple times in different places, it requires another final aggregation. This is
| done by the grouping the parts and subparts in the common table expression RPL
| and using the SUM column function in the select list of the main fullselect.

| PART SUBPART Total QTY Used
| 01 02 2
| 01 03 3
| 01 04 4
| 01 05 14
| 01 06 15
Appendix E. Recursive common table expression examples 999

| Table 192. Result table for example 2 (continued)
| PART SUBPART Total QTY Used
| 01 07 18
| 01 08 40
| 01 09 44
| 01 10 140
| 01 11 140
| 01 12 294
| 01 13 150
| 01 14 144
|
| Consider the total quantity for subpart ’06’. The value of 15 is derived from a
| quantity of 3 directly for part ’01’ and a quantity of 6 for part ’02’ which is needed
| two times by part ’01’.
| Example 3: Controlling depth: You can control the depth of a recursive query to
| answer the question, ″What are the first two levels of parts that are needed to build
| part ’01’?″ For the sake of clarity in this example, the level of each part is included
| in the result table.
| WITH RPL (LEVEL, PART, SUBPART, QUANTITY) AS
| (
| SELECT 1, ROOT.PART, ROOT.SUBPART, ROOT.QUANTITY
| UNION ALL
| SELECT PARENT.LEVEL+1, CHILD.PART, CHILD.SUBPART, CHILD.QUANTITY
| WHERE PARENT.SUBPART = CHILD.PART
| AND PARENT.LEVEL < 2
| )
| SELECT PART, LEVEL, SUBPART, QUANTITY
| FROM RPL;
| This query is similar to the query in example 1. The column LEVEL is introduced to
| count the level each subpart is from the original part. In the initialization fullselect,
| the value for the LEVEL column is initialized to 1. In the subsequent fullselect, the
| level from the parent table increments by 1. To control the number of levels in the
| result, the second fullselect includes the condition that the level of the parent must
| be less than 2. This ensures that the second fullselect only processes children to
| the second level.

| PART LEVEL SUBPART QUANTITY
| 01 1 02 2
| 01 1 03 3
| 01 1 04 4
| 01 1 06 3
| 02 2 05 7
| 02 2 06 6

| Table 193. Result table for example 3 (continued)
| PART LEVEL SUBPART QUANTITY
| 03 2 07 6
| 04 2 08 10
| 04 2 09 11
| 06 2 12 10
| 06 2 13 10
|
|
Appendix E. Recursive common table expression examples 1001

Appendix F. REBIND subcommands for lists of plans or
packages
If a list of packages or plans that you want to rebind is not easily specified using
asterisks, you might be able to create the needed REBIND subcommands
automatically, using the sample program DSNTIAUL.
One situation in which this technique might be useful is when a resource becomes
unavailable during a rebind of many plans or packages. DB2 normally terminates
the rebind and does not rebind the remaining plans or packages. Later, however,
you might want to rebind only the objects that remain to be rebound. You can build
REBIND subcommands for the remaining plans or packages by using DSNTIAUL to
select the plans or packages from the DB2 catalog and to create the REBIND
subcommands. You can then submit the subcommands through the DSN command
processor, as usual.
You might first need to edit the output from DSNTIAUL so that DSN can accept it as
input. The CLIST DSNTEDIT can perform much of that task for you.

v Overview of the procedure for generating lists of REBIND commands
v “Sample SELECT statements for generating REBIND commands”
v “Sample JCL for running lists of REBIND commands” on page 1006
Overview of the procedure for generating lists of REBIND commands

The following list is an overview of the procedures for REBIND PLAN:
1. Use DSNTIAUL to generate the REBIND PLAN subcommands for the selected
plans.
2. Use TSO edit commands to add TSO DSN commands to the sequential data
set.
3. Use DSN to execute the REBIND PLAN subcommands for the selected plans.
The following list is an overview of the procedures for REBIND PACKAGE:
1. Use DSNTIAUL to generate the REBIND PACKAGE subcommands for the
selected packages.
2. Use DSNTEDIT CLIST to delete extraneous blanks from the REBIND
PACKAGE subcommands.
3. Use TSO edit commands to add DSN commands to the sequential data set.
4. Use DSN to execute the REBIND PACKAGE subcommands for the selected
packages.
Sample SELECT statements for generating REBIND commands

Building REBIND subcommands: The examples that follow illustrate the following
techniques:
v Using SELECT to select specific packages or plans to be rebound
v Using the CONCAT operator to concatenate the REBIND subcommand syntax
around the plan or package names
v Using the SUBSTR function to convert a varying-length string to a fixed-length
string

v Appending additional blanks to the REBIND PLAN and REBIND PACKAGE
subcommands, so that the DSN command processor can accept the record
length as valid input
If the SELECT statement returns rows, then DSNTIAUL generates REBIND

subcommands for the plans or packages identified in the returned rows. Put those
subcommands in a sequential data set, where you can then edit them.
For REBIND PACKAGE subcommands, delete any extraneous blanks in the

package name, using either TSO edit commands or the DB2 CLIST DSNTEDIT.
For both REBIND PLAN and REBIND PACKAGE subcommands, add the DSN
command that the statement needs as the first line in the sequential data set, and
add END as the last line, using TSO edit commands. When you have edited the
sequential data set, you can run it to rebind the selected plans or packages.
If the SELECT statement returns no qualifying rows, then DSNTIAUL does not
generate REBIND subcommands.
The examples in this section generate REBIND subcommands that work in DB2
UDB for z/OS Version 8. You might need to modify the examples for prior releases
of DB2 that do not allow all of the same syntax.
Example 1:
REBIND all plans without terminating because of unavailable resources.
SELECT SUBSTR(’REBIND PLAN(’CONCAT NAME
CONCAT’) ’,1,45)
FROM SYSIBM.SYSPLAN;
Example 2:
REBIND all versions of all packages without terminating because of
unavailable resources.
SELECT SUBSTR(’REBIND PACKAGE(’CONCAT COLLID CONCAT’.’
CONCAT NAME CONCAT’.(*)) ’,1,55)
FROM SYSIBM.SYSPACKAGE;
Example 3:
REBIND all plans bound before a given date and time.
CONCAT’) ’,1,45)
FROM SYSIBM.SYSPLAN
WHERE BINDDATE <= ’yyyymmdd’ AND
BINDTIME <= ’hhmmssth’;
where yyyymmdd represents the date portion and hhmmssth represents the
time portion of the timestamp string.
Example 4:
REBIND all versions of all packages bound before a given date and time.
FROM SYSIBM.SYSPACKAGE
WHERE BINDTIME <= ’timestamp’;
where timestamp is an ISO timestamp string.

Example 5:
REBIND all plans bound since a given date and time.

CONCAT’) ’,1,45)
FROM SYSIBM.SYSPLAN
WHERE BINDDATE >= ’yyyymmdd’ AND
BINDTIME >= ’hhmmssth’;
Example 6:
REBIND all versions of all packages bound since a given date and time.
SELECT SUBSTR(’REBIND PACKAGE(’CONCAT COLLID
CONCAT’.’CONCAT NAME
CONCAT’.(*)) ’,1,55)
WHERE BINDTIME >= ’timestamp’;
where timestamp is an ISO timestamp string.

Example 7:
REBIND all plans bound within a given date and time range.
CONCAT’) ’,1,45)
FROM SYSIBM.SYSPLAN
WHERE
(BINDDATE >= ’yyyymmdd’ AND
BINDTIME >= ’hhmmssth’) AND
BINDDATE <= ’yyyymmdd’ AND
BINDTIME <= ’hhmmssth’);
Example 8:
REBIND all versions of all packages bound within a given date and time
range.
WHERE BINDTIME >= ’timestamp1’ AND
BINDTIME <= ’timestamp2’;
where timestamp1 and timestamp2 are ISO timestamp strings.

Example 9:
REBIND all invalid plans.
CONCAT’) ’,1,45)
FROM SYSIBM.SYSPLAN
WHERE VALID = ’N’;
Example 10:
REBIND all invalid versions of all packages.
WHERE VALID = ’N’;
Example 11:
REBIND all plans bound with ISOLATION level of cursor stability.

CONCAT’) ’,1,45)
FROM SYSIBM.SYSPLAN
WHERE ISOLATION = ’S’;
Example 12:
REBIND all versions of all packages that allow CPU and/or I/O parallelism.
WHERE DEGREE=’ANY’;
Sample JCL for running lists of REBIND commands

Figure 252 shows the JCL that is used to rebind all versions of all packages that
| are bound within the specified date and time period.
| You specify the date and time period for which you want packages to be rebound in
| a WHERE clause of the SELECT statement that contains the REBIND command. In
| Figure 252, the WHERE clause looks like the following clause:
| WHERE BINDTIME >= ’YYYY-MM-DD-hh.mm.ss’ AND
| BINDTIME <= ’YYYY-MM-DD-hh.mm.ss’
| The date and time period has the following format:

| YYYY The four-digit year. For example: 2003.
| MM The two-digit month, which can be a value between 01 and 12.
| DD The two-digit day, which can be a value between 01 and 31.
| hh The two-digit hour, which can be a value between 01 and 24.
| mm The two-digit minute, which can be a value between 00 and 59.
| ss The two-digit second, which can be a value between 00 and 59.
//REBINDS JOB MSGLEVEL=(1,1),CLASS=A,MSGCLASS=A,USER=SYSADM,

// REGION=1024K
//*********************************************************************/
//SETUP EXEC PGM=IKJEFT01
//SYSTSIN DD *
DSN SYSTEM(DSN)
RUN PROGRAM(DSNTIAUL) PLAN(DSNTIB81) PARMS(’SQL’) -
END
//SYSPUNCH DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSREC00 DD DSN=SYSADM.SYSTSIN.DATA,
// UNIT=SYSDA,DISP=SHR
Figure 252. Example JCL: Rebind all packages that were bound within a specified date and
time period (Part 1 of 2)

//*********************************************************************/
//*
//* GENER= ’<SUBCOMMANDS TO REBIND ALL PACKAGES BOUND IN 1994
//*
//*********************************************************************/
//SYSIN DD *
WHERE BINDTIME >= ’YYYY-MM-DD-hh.mm.ss’ AND
BINDTIME <= ’YYYY-MM-DD-hh.mm.ss’;
/*
//*********************************************************************/
//*
//* STRIP THE BLANKS OUT OF THE REBIND SUBCOMMANDS
//*
//*********************************************************************/
//STRIP EXEC PGM=IKJEFT01
//SYSPROC DD DSN=SYSADM.DSNCLIST,DISP=SHR
//SYSTSIN DD *
DSNTEDIT SYSADM.SYSTSIN.DATA
//SYSIN DD DUMMY
/*
//*********************************************************************/
//*
//* PUT IN THE DSN COMMAND STATEMENTS
//*
//*********************************************************************/
//EDIT EXEC PGM=IKJEFT01
//SYSTSIN DD *
EDIT ’SYSADM.SYSTSIN.DATA’ DATA NONUM
TOP
INSERT DSN SYSTEM(DSN)
BOTTOM
INSERT END
TOP
LIST * 99999
END SAVE
/*
//*********************************************************************/
//*
//* EXECUTE THE REBIND PACKAGE SUBCOMMANDS THROUGH DSN
//*
//*********************************************************************/
//LOCAL EXEC PGM=IKJEFT01
//DBRMLIB DD DSN=DSN810.DBRMLIB.DATA,
// DISP=SHR
//SYSTSIN DD DSN=SYSADM.SYSTSIN.DATA,
/*
Figure 252. Example JCL: Rebind all packages that were bound within a specified date and
time period (Part 2 of 2)
Figure 253 on page 1008 shows some sample JCL for rebinding all plans bound
without specifying the DEGREE keyword on BIND with DEGREE(ANY).

//REBINDS JOB MSGLEVEL=(1,1),CLASS=A,MSGCLASS=A,USER=SYSADM,
// REGION=1024K
//*********************************************************************/
//SETUP EXEC TSOBATCH
//SYSPUNCH DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSREC00 DD DSN=SYSADM.SYSTSIN.DATA,
//*********************************************************************/
//*
//* REBIND ALL PLANS THAT WERE BOUND WITHOUT SPECIFYING THE DEGREE
//* KEYWORD ON BIND WITH DEGREE(ANY)
//*
//*********************************************************************/
//SYSTSIN DD *
DSN S(DSN)
RUN PROGRAM(DSNTIAUL) PLAN(DSNTIB81) PARM(’SQL’)
END
//SYSIN DD *
CONCAT’) DEGREE(ANY) ’,1,45)
FROM SYSIBM.SYSPLAN
WHERE DEGREE = ’ ’;
/*
//*********************************************************************/
//*
//* PUT IN THE DSN COMMAND STATEMENTS
//*
//*********************************************************************/
//EDIT EXEC PGM=IKJEFT01
//SYSTSIN DD *
EDIT ’SYSADM.SYSTSIN.DATA’ DATA NONUM
TOP
INSERT DSN S(DSN)
BOTTOM
INSERT END
TOP
LIST * 99999
END SAVE
/*
//*********************************************************************/
//*
//* EXECUTE THE REBIND SUBCOMMANDS THROUGH DSN
//*
//*********************************************************************/
//REBIND EXEC PGM=IKJEFT01
//STEPLIB DD DSN=SYSADM.TESTLIB,DISP=SHR
// DD DSN=DSN810.SDSNLOAD,DISP=SHR
//DBRMLIB DD DSN=SYSADM.DBRMLIB.DATA,DISP=SHR
//SYSTSIN DD DSN=SYSADM.SYSTSIN.DATA,DISP=SHR
//SYSIN DD DUMMY
/*
Figure 253. Example JCL: Rebind selected plans with a different bind option

Appendix G. SQL reserved words
Table 194 on page 1010 lists the words that cannot be used as ordinary identifiers
in some contexts because they might be interpreted as SQL keywords. For
example, ALL cannot be a column name in a SELECT statement. Each word,
however, can be used as a delimited identifier in contexts where it otherwise cannot
be used as an ordinary identifier. For example, if the quotation mark (") is the
escape character that begins and ends delimited identifiers, “ALL” can appear as a
column name in a SELECT statement. In addition, some sections of this book might
indicate words that cannot be used in the specific context that is being described.

Table 194. SQL reserved words
ADD DATABASE HOUR ON SEQUENCE2
AFTER DAY HOURS OPEN SELECT
ALL DAYS IF OPTIMIZATION SENSITIVE
ALLOCATE DBINFO IMMEDIATE OPTIMIZE SET
ALLOW DECLARE IN OR SIGNAL2
ALTER DEFAULT INCLUSIVE2 ORDER SIMPLE
AND DELETE INDEX OUT SOME
ANY DESCRIPTOR INHERIT OUTER SOURCE
AS DETERMINISTIC INNER PACKAGE SPECIFIC
ASENSITIVE2 DISALLOW INOUT PARAMETER STANDARD
ASSOCIATE DISTINCT INSENSITIVE PART STATIC
ASUTIME DO INSERT PADDED2 STAY
AUDIT DOUBLE INTO PARTITION2 STOGROUP
AUX DROP IS PARTITIONED2 STORES
AUXILIARY DSSIZE ISOBID PARTITIONING2 STYLE
BEFORE DYNAMIC ITERATE2 PATH SUMMARY2
BEGIN EDITPROC JAR PIECESIZE SYNONYM
BETWEEN ELSE JOIN PLAN SYSFUN
BUFFERPOOL ELSEIF KEY PRECISION SYSIBM
BY ENCODING LABEL PREPARE SYSPROC
CALL ENCRYPTION2 LANGUAGE PREVVAL2 SYSTEM
CAPTURE END LC_CTYPE PRIQTY TABLE
CASCADED ENDING2 LEAVE PRIVILEGES TABLESPACE
CASE END-EXEC1 LEFT PROCEDURE THEN
CAST ERASE LIKE PROGRAM TO
CCSID ESCAPE LOCAL PSID TRIGGER
CHAR EXCEPT LOCALE QUERY2 UNDO
CHARACTER EXCEPTION2 LOCATOR QUERYNO UNION
CHECK EXECUTE LOCATORS READS UNIQUE
CLOSE EXISTS LOCK REFERENCES UNTIL
CLUSTER EXIT LOCKMAX REFRESH2 UPDATE
COLLECTION EXPLAIN LOCKSIZE RESIGNAL2 USER
COLLID EXTERNAL LONG RELEASE USING
COLUMN FENCED LOOP RENAME VALIDPROC
COMMENT FETCH MAINTAINED2 REPEAT VALUE2
COMMIT FIELDPROC MATERIALIZED2 RESTRICT VALUES
CONCAT FINAL MICROSECOND RESULT VARIABLE2
CONDITION FOR MICROSECONDS RESULT_SET_LOCATOR VARIANT
CONNECT FREE MINUTE RETURN VCAT
CONNECTION FROM MINUTES RETURNS VIEW
CONSTRAINT FULL MODIFIES REVOKE VOLATILE2
CONTAINS FUNCTION MONTH RIGHT VOLUMES
CONTINUE GENERATED MONTHS ROLLBACK WHEN
CREATE GET NEXTVAL2 ROWSET2 WHENEVER
CURRENT GLOBAL NO RUN WHERE
CURRENT_DATE GO NONE2 SAVEPOINT WHILE
CURRENT_LC_CTYPE GOTO NOT SCHEMA WITH
CURRENT_PATH GRANT NULL SCRATCHPAD WLM
CURRENT_TIME GROUP NULLS SECOND XMLELEMENT2
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP HANDLER NUMPARTS SECONDS YEAR
CURSOR HAVING OBID SECQTY2 YEARS
DATA HOLD2 OF SECURITY2
1
Note: COBOL only
2
Note: New reserved word for Version 8.
IBM SQL has additional reserved words that DB2 UDB for z/OS does not enforce.
Therefore, we suggest that you do not use these additional reserved words as

ordinary identifiers in names that have a continuing use. See IBM DB2 Universal
Database SQL Reference for Cross-Platform Development for a list of the words.
Appendix G. SQL reserved words 1011

Appendix H. Characteristics of SQL statements in DB2 UDB
for z/OS
Actions allowed on SQL statements
Table 195 shows whether a specific DB2 statement can be executed, prepared
interactively or dynamically, or processed by the requester, the server, or the
precompiler. The letter Y means yes.
Table 195. Actions allowed on SQL statements in DB2 UDB for z/OS
Interactively Processed by
or
dynamically Requesting
SQL statement Executable prepared system Server Precompiler
1
ALLOCATE CURSOR Y Y Y
2
ALTER Y Y Y
1
ASSOCIATE LOCATORS Y Y Y
BEGIN DECLARE SECTION Y
1
CALL Y Y
CLOSE Y Y
COMMENT Y Y Y
8
COMMIT Y Y Y
CONNECT Y Y
2
CREATE Y Y Y
DECLARE CURSOR Y
DECLARE GLOBAL Y Y Y
TEMPORARY TABLE
DECLARE STATEMENT Y
DECLARE TABLE Y
DELETE Y Y Y
DESCRIBE prepared statement Y Y
or table
DESCRIBE CURSOR Y Y
DESCRIBE INPUT Y Y
DESCRIBE PROCEDURE Y Y
2
DROP Y Y Y
END DECLARE SECTION Y
EXECUTE Y Y
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Y Y
EXPLAIN Y Y Y
FETCH Y Y
1
FREE LOCATOR Y Y Y
| GET DIAGNOSTICS Y Y
2
GRANT Y Y Y
1
HOLD LOCATOR Y Y Y

Table 195. Actions allowed on SQL statements in DB2 UDB for z/OS (continued)
or
INCLUDE Y
INSERT Y Y Y
LABEL Y Y Y
LOCK TABLE Y Y Y
OPEN Y Y
PREPARE Y Y4
| REFRESH TABLE Y Y Y
RELEASE connection Y Y
RELEASE SAVEPOINT Y Y Y
2
RENAME Y Y Y
2
REVOKE Y Y Y
8
ROLLBACK Y Y Y
SAVEPOINT Y Y Y
SELECT INTO Y Y
SET CONNECTION Y Y
SET CURRENT APPLICATION Y Y
ENCODING SCHEME
SET CURRENT DEGREE Y Y Y
SET CURRENT LC_CTYPE Y Y Y
| SET CURRENT MAINTAINED Y Y Y
| TABLE TYPES FOR
| OPTIMIZATION
SET CURRENT OPTIMIZATION Y Y Y
HINT
| SET CURRENT PACKAGE PATH Y Y
SET CURRENT PACKAGESET Y Y
SET CURRENT PRECISION Y Y Y
| SET CURRENT REFRESH AGE Y Y Y
SET CURRENT RULES Y Y Y
5
SET CURRENT SQLID Y Y Y
SET host-variable = CURRENT Y Y Y
APPLICATION ENCODING
SCHEME
SET host-variable = CURRENT Y Y
DATE
DEGREE
MEMBER
PACKAGESET

or
PATH
QUERY OPTIMIZATION LEVEL
SERVER
SQLID
TIME
TIMESTAMP
TIMEZONE
SET PATH Y Y Y
| SET SCHEMA Y Y Y
SET transition-variable = Y Y
CURRENT DATE
CURRENT DEGREE
CURRENT PATH
CURRENT QUERY
OPTIMIZATION LEVEL
CURRENT SQLID
CURRENT TIME
CURRENT TIMESTAMP
CURRENT TIMEZONE
SIGNAL SQLSTATE6 Y Y
UPDATE Y Y Y
6
VALUES Y Y
7
VALUES INTO Y Y
WHENEVER Y

or
Notes:
1. The statement can be dynamically prepared. It cannot be issued dynamically.
2. The statement can be dynamically prepared only if DYNAMICRULES run behavior is implicitly or explicitly
specified.
3. The statement can be dynamically prepared, but only from an ODBC or CLI driver that supports dynamic CALL
statements.
4. The requesting system processes the PREPARE statement when the statement being prepared is ALLOCATE
CURSOR or ASSOCIATE LOCATORS.
5. The value to which special register CURRENT SQLID is set is used as the SQL authorization ID and the implicit
qualifier for dynamic SQL statements only when DYNAMICRULES run behavior is in effect. The CURRENT SQLID
value is ignored for the other DYNAMICRULES behaviors.
6. This statement can be used only in the triggered action of a trigger.
7. Local special registers can be referenced in a VALUES INTO statement if it results in the assignment of a single
host-variable, not if it results in setting more than one value.
8. Some processing also occurs at the requester.
SQL statements allowed in external functions and stored procedures

Table 196 shows which SQL statements in an external stored procedure or in an
external user-defined function can execute. Whether the statements can be
executed depends on the level of SQL data access with which the stored procedure
or external function is defined (NO SQL, CONTAINS SQL, READS SQL DATA, or
MODIFIES SQL DATA). The letter Y means yes.
In general, if an executable SQL statement is encountered in a stored procedure or

function defined as NO SQL, SQLSTATE 38001 is returned. If the routine is defined
to allow some level of SQL access, SQL statements that are not supported in any
context return SQLSTATE 38003. SQL statements not allowed for routines defined
as CONTAINS SQL return SQLSTATE 38004, and SQL statements not allowed for
READS SQL DATA return SQL STATE 38002.
Table 196. SQL statements in external user-defined functions and stored procedures
Level of SQL access
CONTAINS READS SQL MODIFIES
SQL statement NO SQL SQL DATA SQL DATA
ALLOCATE CURSOR Y Y
ALTER Y
ASSOCIATE LOCATORS Y Y
1
BEGIN DECLARE SECTION Y Y Y Y
2 2
CALL Y Y Y2
CLOSE Y Y
COMMENT Y
COMMIT3 Y Y Y
CONNECT Y Y Y
CREATE Y

Table 196. SQL statements in external user-defined functions and stored
procedures (continued)
Level of SQL access
DECLARE CURSOR Y1 Y Y Y
DECLARE GLOBAL Y
TEMPORARY TABLE
DECLARE STATEMENT Y1 Y Y Y
1
DECLARE TABLE Y Y Y Y
DELETE Y
DESCRIBE Y Y
DESCRIBE CURSOR Y Y
DESCRIBE INPUT Y Y
DESCRIBE PROCEDURE Y Y
DROP Y
1
END DECLARE SECTION Y Y Y Y
4 4
EXECUTE Y Y Y
4 4
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Y Y Y
EXPLAIN Y
FETCH Y Y
FREE LOCATOR Y Y Y
| GET DIAGNOSTICS Y Y Y
GRANT Y
HOLD LOCATOR Y Y Y
1
INCLUDE Y Y Y Y
INSERT Y
LABEL Y
LOCK TABLE Y Y Y
OPEN Y Y
PREPARE Y Y Y
| REFRESH TABLE Y
RELEASE connection Y Y Y
6
RELEASE SAVEPOINT Y
REVOKE Y
6, 7, 8
ROLLBACK Y Y Y
6,
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT Y
7, 8
SAVEPOINT6 Y
9
SELECT Y Y
SELECT INTO Y Y
SET CONNECTION Y Y Y
5
SET host-variable Assignment Y Y Y

Table 196. SQL statements in external user-defined functions and stored
procedures (continued)
Level of SQL access
SET special register Y Y Y
5
SET transition-variable Y Y Y
Assignment
SIGNAL SQLSTATE Y Y Y
UPDATE Y
VALUES Y Y
5
VALUES INTO Y Y Y
1
WHENEVER Y Y Y Y
Notes:
1. Although the SQL option implies that no SQL statements can be specified,
non-executable statements are not restricted.
2. The stored procedure that is called must have the same or more restrictive level of SQL
data access than the current level in effect. For example, a routine defined as MODIFIES
SQL DATA can call a stored procedure defined as MODIFIES SQL DATA, READS SQL
DATA, or CONTAINS SQL. A routine defined as CONTAINS SQL can only call a
procedure defined as CONTAINS SQL.
3. The COMMIT statement cannot be executed in a user-defined function. The COMMIT
statement cannot be executed in a stored procedure if the procedure is in the calling
chain of a user-defined function or trigger.
4. The statement specified for the EXECUTE statement must be a statement that is allowed
for the particular level of SQL data access in effect. For example, if the level in effect is
READS SQL DATA, the statement must not be an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE.
5. The statement is supported only if it does not contain a subquery or query-expression.
6. RELEASE SAVEPOINT, SAVEPOINT, and ROLLBACK (with the TO SAVEPOINT clause)
cannot be executed from a user-defined function.
7. If the ROLLBACK statement (without the TO SAVEPOINT clause) is executed in a
user-defined function, an error is returned to the calling program, and the application is
placed in a must rollback state.
8. The ROLLBACK statement (without the TO SAVEPOINT clause) cannot be executed in a
stored procedure if the procedure is in the calling chain of a user-defined function or
trigger.
| 9. If the SELECT statement contains an INSERT in its FROM clause (INSERT within
| SELECT), the SQL level of access must be MODIFIES SQL DATA.
SQL statements allowed in SQL procedures

Table 197 on page 1019 lists the statements that are valid in an SQL procedure
body, in addition to SQL procedure statements. The table lists the statements that
can be used as the only statement in the SQL procedure and as the statements
that can be nested in a compound statement. An SQL statement can be executed in
an SQL procedure depending on whether MODIFIES SQL DATA, CONTAINS SQL,
or READS SQL DATA is specified in the stored procedure definition. See Table 196
on page 1016 for a list of SQL statements that can be executed for each of these
parameter values.

Table 197. Valid SQL statements in an SQL procedure body
SQL statement is...
The only
statement in the Nested in a
SQL statement procedure compound statement
ALLOCATE CURSOR Y
ALTER DATABASE Y Y
ALTER FUNCTION Y Y
ALTER INDEX Y Y
ALTER PROCEDURE Y Y
| ALTER SEQUENCE Y Y
ALTER STOGROUP Y Y
ALTER TABLE Y Y
ALTER TABLESPACE Y Y
| ALTER VIEW Y Y
ASSOCIATE LOCATORS Y
BEGIN DECLARE SECTION
CALL Y
CLOSE Y
COMMENT Y Y
1
COMMIT Y Y
CONNECT Y Y
CREATE ALIAS Y Y
CREATE DATABASE Y Y
CREATE DISTINCT TYPE Y Y
2
CREATE FUNCTION Y Y
CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE Y Y
CREATE INDEX Y Y
2
CREATE PROCEDURE Y Y
| CREATE SEQUENCE Y Y
CREATE STOGROUP Y Y
CREATE SYNONYM Y Y
CREATE TABLE Y Y
CREATE TABLESPACE Y Y
CREATE TRIGGER
CREATE VIEW Y Y
DECLARE CURSOR Y
DECLARE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE Y Y
DECLARE STATEMENT
DECLARE TABLE
DELETE Y Y
DESCRIBE prepared statement or table

Table 197. Valid SQL statements in an SQL procedure body (continued)
SQL statement is...
The only
DESCRIBE CURSOR
DESCRIBE INPUT
DESCRIBE PROCEDURE
DROP Y Y
END DECLARE SECTION
EXECUTE Y
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Y Y
EXPLAIN
FETCH Y
FREE LOCATOR
| GET DIAGNOSTICS Y Y
GRANT Y Y
HOLD LOCATOR
INCLUDE
INSERT Y Y
LABEL Y Y
LOCK TABLE Y Y
OPEN Y
PREPARE FROM Y
| REFRESH TABLE Y Y
RELEASE connection Y Y
RELEASE SAVEPOINT Y Y
RENAME Y Y
REVOKE Y Y
1
ROLLBACK Y Y
1
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT Y Y
SAVEPOINT Y Y
SELECT
SELECT INTO Y Y
SET CONNECTION Y Y
3
SET host-variable Assignment
SET special register3, 4
Y Y
3
SET transition-variable Assignment
SIGNAL SQLSTATE
UPDATE Y Y
VALUES
VALUES INTO Y Y

Table 197. Valid SQL statements in an SQL procedure body (continued)
SQL statement is...
The only
WHENEVER
Notes:
1. The COMMIT statement and the ROLLBACK statement (without the TO SAVEPOINT
clause) cannot be executed in a stored procedure if the procedure is in the calling chain
of a user-defined function or trigger
2. CREATE FUNCTION with LANGUAGE SQL (specified either implicitly or explicitly) and
CREATE PROCEDURE with LANGUAGE SQL are not allowed within the body of an SQL
procedure.
3. SET host-variable assignment, SET transition-variable assignment, and SET special
register are the SQL SET statements not the SQL procedure assignment statement
4. The SET SCHEMA statement cannot be executed within a SQL procedure.

Appendix I. Program preparation options for remote packages
Table 198 gives generic descriptions of program preparation options, lists the
equivalent DB2 option for each one, and indicates if appropriate, whether it is a
bind package (B) or a precompiler (P) option. In addition, the table indicates
whether a DB2 server supports the option.
Table 198. Program preparation options for packages
Bind or
Precompile
Generic option description Equivalent for Requesting DB2 Option DB2 Server Support
Package replacement: protect ACTION(ADD) B Supported
existing packages
Package replacement: replace ACTION(REPLACE) B Supported
existing packages
Package replacement: version ACTION(REPLACE REPLVER B Supported
name (version-id))
Statement string delimiter APOSTSQL/QUOTESQL P Supported
DRDA access: SQL CONNECT CONNECT(1) P Supported
(Type 1)
DRDA access: SQL CONNECT CONNECT(2) P Supported
(Type 2)
Block protocol: Do not block data CURRENTDATA(YES) B Supported
for an ambiguous cursor
Block protocol: Block data when CURRENTDATA(NO) B Supported
possible
Block protocol: Never block data (Not available) Not supported
Name of remote database CURRENTSERVER(location name) B Supported as a BIND
PLAN option
Date format of statement DATE P Supported
Protocol for remote access DBPROTOCOL B Not supported
Maximum decimal precision: 15 DEC(15) P Supported
Maximum decimal precision: 31 DEC(31) P Supported
Defer preparation of dynamic SQL DEFER(PREPARE) B Supported
Do not defer preparation of NODEFER(PREPARE) B Supported
dynamic SQL
Dynamic SQL Authorization DYNAMICRULES B Supported
Encoding scheme for static SQL ENCODING B Not supported
statements
Explain option EXPLAIN B Supported
Immediately write group IMMEDWRITE B Supported
bufferpool-dependent page sets
or partitions in a data sharing
environment
Package isolation level: CS ISOLATION(CS) B Supported
Package isolation level: RR ISOLATION(RR) B Supported
Package isolation level: RS ISOLATION(RS) B Supported
Package isolation level: UR ISOLATION(UR) B Supported

Table 198. Program preparation options for packages (continued)
Bind or
Precompile
Generic option description Equivalent for Requesting DB2 Option DB2 Server Support
Keep prepared statements after KEEPDYNAMIC B Supported
commit points
Consistency token LEVEL P Supported
Package name MEMBER B Supported
Package owner OWNER B Supported
Schema name list for PATH B Supported
user-defined functions, distinct
types, and stored procedures
Statement decimal delimiter PERIOD/COMMA P Supported
Default qualifier QUALIFIER B Supported
Use access path hints OPTHINT B Supported
Lock release option RELEASE B Supported
| Choose access path at each run REOPT(ALWAYS) B Supported
time
| Choose access path at bind time REOPT(NONE) B Supported
only
| Choose and cache access path at REOPT(ONCE) B Supported
| only the first run or open time
Creation control: create a SQLERROR(CONTINUE) B Supported
package despite errors
Creation control: create no SQLERROR(NO PACKAGE) B Supported
package if there are errors
Creation control: create no (Not available) Supported
package
Time format of statement TIME P Supported
Existence checking: full VALIDATE(BIND) B Supported
Existence checking: deferred VALIDATE(RUN) B Supported
Package version VERSION P Supported
Default character subtype: system (Not available) Supported
default
Default character subtype: BIT (Not available) Not supported
Default character subtype: SBCS (Not available) Not supported
Default character subtype: DBCS (Not available) Not supported
Default character CCSID: SBCS (Not available) Not supported
Default character CCSID: Mixed (Not available) Not supported
Default character CCSID: Graphic (Not available) Not supported
Package label (Not available) Ignored when received;
no error is returned
Privilege inheritance: retain default Supported
Privilege inheritance: revoke (Not available) Not supported

Appendix J. DB2-supplied stored procedures
DB2 provides several stored procedures that you can call in your application
programs to perform a number of utility and application programming functions.
Those stored procedures are:
v The utilities stored procedure for EBCDIC input (DSNUTILS)
This stored procedure lets you invoke utilities from a local or remote client
program. See Appendix B of DB2 Utility Guide and Reference for information.
| v The utilities stored procedure for Unicode input (DSNUTILU)
| This stored procedure lets you invoke utilities from a local or remote client
| program that generates Unicode utility control statements. See Appendix B of
| DB2 Utility Guide and Reference for information.
v The DB2 Universal Database Control Center (Control Center) table space and
index information stored procedure (DSNACCQC)
This stored procedure helps you determine when utilities should be run on your
databases. This stored procedure is designed primarily for use by the Control
Center but can be invoked from any client program. See Appendix B ofAppendix
B of DB2 Utility Guide and Reference for information.
v The Control Center partition information stored procedure (DSNACCAV)
This stored procedure helps you determine when utilities should be run on your
partitioned table spaces. This stored procedure is designed primarily for use by
the Control Center but can be invoked from any client program. See Appendix B
of DB2 Utility Guide and Reference for information.
v The real-time statistics stored procedure (DSNACCOR)
This stored procedure queries the DB2 real-time statistics tables to help you
determine when you should run COPY, REORG, or RUNSTATS, or enlarge your
DB2 data sets. See Appendix B of DB2 Utility Guide and Reference for more
information.
v The WLM environment refresh stored procedure (WLM_REFRESH)
This stored procedure lets you refresh a WLM environment from a remote
workstation. See “WLM environment refresh stored procedure
(WLM_REFRESH)” for information.
v The CICS transaction invocation stored procedure (DSNACICS)
This stored procedure lets you invoke CICS transactions from a remote
workstation. See “The CICS transaction invocation stored procedure
(DSNACICS)” on page 1029 for more information.
WLM environment refresh stored procedure (WLM_REFRESH)

The WLM_REFRESH stored procedure refreshes a WLM environment.
WLM_REFRESH can recycle the environment in which it runs, as well as any other
WLM environment.
Environment for WLM_REFRESH

WLM_REFRESH runs in a WLM-established stored procedures address space. The
load module for WLM_REFRESH, DSNTWR, must reside in an APF-authorized
library.

Authorization required for WLM_REFRESH
To execute the CALL statement, the SQL authorization ID of the process must have
READ access or higher to the z/OS Security Server System Authorization Facility
(SAF) resource profile ssid.WLM_REFRESH.WLM-environment-name in resource
class DSNR. This is a different resource profile from the ssid.WLMENV.WLM-
environment-name resource profile, which DB2 uses to determine whether a stored
procedure or user-defined function is authorized to run in the specified WLM
environment.
WLM_REFRESH uses an extended MCS console to monitor the operating system

response to a WLM environment refresh request. The privilege to create an
extended MCS console is controlled by the resource profile MVS.MCSOPER.* in
the OPERCMDS class. If the MVS.MCSOPER.* profile exists, or if the specific
profile MVS.MCSOPER.DSNTWR exists, the task ID that is associated with the
WLM environment in which WLM_REFRESH runs must have READ access to it.
If the MVS.VARY.* profile exists, or if the specific profile MVS.VARY.WLM exists, the
task ID that is associated with the WLM environment in which WLM_REFRESH
runs must have CONTROL access to it.
See Part 3 (Volume 1) DB2 Administration Guide for information about authorizing
access to SAF resource profiles. See z/OS MVS Planning: Operations for more
information about permitting access to the extended MCS console.
WLM_REFRESH syntax diagram

The WLM_REFRESH stored procedure refreshes a WLM environment.
WLM_REFRESH can recycle the environment in which it runs, as well as any other
WLM environment.
The following syntax diagram shows the SQL CALL statement for invoking
WLM_REFRESH. The linkage convention for WLM_REFRESH is GENERAL WITH
NULLS.
CALL WLM_REFRESH ( WLM-environment, ssid , status-message, return-code )

NULL
' '
WLM_REFRESH option descriptions

WLM-environment
Specifies the name of the WLM environment that you want to refresh. This is an
input parameter of type VARCHAR(32).
ssid
Specifies the subsystem ID of the DB2 subsystem with which the WLM
environment is associated. If this parameter is NULL or blank, DB2 uses one of
the following values for this parameter:
v In a non-data sharing environment, DB2 uses the subsystem ID of the
subsystem on which WLM_REFRESH runs.
v In a data sharing environment, DB2 uses the group attach name for the data
sharing group in which WLM_REFRESH runs.

This is an input parameter of type VARCHAR(4).
status-message
Contains an informational message about the execution of the WLM refresh.
This is an output parameter of type VARCHAR(120).
return-code
Contains the return code from the WLM_REFRESH call, which is one of the
following values:
0 WLM_REFRESH executed successfully.
4 One of the following conditions exists:
v The SAF resource profile ssid.WLM_REFRESH.wlm-environment is
not defined in resource class DSNR.
v The SQL authorization ID of the process (CURRENT SQLID) is not
defined to SAF.
8 The SQL authorization ID of the process (CURRENT SQLID) is not
authorized to refresh the WLM environment.
990 DSNTWR received an unexpected SQLCODE while determining the
current SQLID.
v The WLM-environment parameter value is null, blank, or contains
invalid characters.
v The ssid value contains invalid characters.
995 DSNTWR is not running as an authorized program.
996 DSNTWR could not activate an extended MCS console. See message
DSNT533I for more information.
997 DSNTWR made an unsuccessful request for a message from its
extended MCS console. See message DSNT533I for more information.
998 The extended MCS console for DSNTWR posted an alert. See
message DSNT534I for more information.
999 The operating system denied an authorized WLM_REFRESH request.
See message DSNT545I for more information.
return-code is an output parameter of type INTEGER.
Example of WLM_REFRESH invocation

Suppose that you want to refresh WLM environment WLMENV1, which is
associated with a DB2 subsystem with ID DSN. Assume that you already have
READ access to the DSN.WLM_REFRESH.WLMENV1 SAF profile. The CALL
statement for WLM_REFRESH looks like this:
strcpy(WLMENV,"WLMENV1");
strcpy(SSID,"DSN");
EXEC SQL CALL SYSPROC.WLM_REFRESH(:WLMENV, :SSID, :MSGTEXT, :RC);
For a complete example of setting up access to an SAF profile and calling

WLM_REFRESH, see job DSNTEJ6W, which is in data set DSN810.SDSNSAMP.
Appendix J. Stored procedures shipped with DB2 1027

WLM_REFRESH option descriptions
WLM-environment
Specifies the name of the WLM environment that you want to refresh. This is an
input parameter of type VARCHAR(32).
ssid
Specifies the subsystem ID of the DB2 subsystem with which the WLM
environment is associated. If this parameter is NULL or blank, DB2 uses one of
the following values for this parameter:
v In a non-data sharing environment, DB2 uses the subsystem ID of the
subsystem on which WLM_REFRESH runs.
v In a data sharing environment, DB2 uses the group attach name for the data
sharing group in which WLM_REFRESH runs.
This is an input parameter of type VARCHAR(4).
status-message
Contains an informational message about the execution of the WLM refresh.
This is an output parameter of type VARCHAR(120).
return-code
Contains the return code from the WLM_REFRESH call, which is one of the
following values:
0 WLM_REFRESH executed successfully.
v The SAF resource profile ssid.WLM_REFRESH.wlm-environment is
not defined in resource class DSNR.
v The SQL authorization ID of the process (CURRENT SQLID) is not
defined to SAF.
8 The SQL authorization ID of the process (CURRENT SQLID) is not
authorized to refresh the WLM environment.
990 DSNTWR received an unexpected SQLCODE while determining the
current SQLID.
995 DSNTWR is not running as an authorized program.
return-code is an output parameter of type INTEGER.
Example of WLM_REFRESH invocation

Suppose that you want to refresh WLM environment WLMENV1, which is
associated with a DB2 subsystem with ID DSN. Assume that you already have
READ access to the DSN.WLM_REFRESH.WLMENV1 SAF profile. The CALL
statement for WLM_REFRESH looks like this:
strcpy(WLMENV,"WLMENV1");
strcpy(SSID,"DSN");
EXEC SQL CALL SYSPROC.WLM_REFRESH(:WLMENV, :SSID, :MSGTEXT, :RC);
For a complete example of setting up access to an SAF profile and calling

WLM_REFRESH, see job DSNTEJ6W, which is in data set DSN810.SDSNSAMP.

The CICS transaction invocation stored procedure (DSNACICS)
The CICS transaction invocation stored procedure (DSNACICS) invokes CICS
server programs. DSNACICS gives workstation applications a way to invoke CICS
server programs while using TCP/IP as their communication protocol. The
workstation applications use TCP/IP and DB2 Connect to connect to a DB2 UDB for
z/OS subsystem, and then call DSNACICS to invoke the CICS server programs.
The DSNACICS input parameters require knowledge of various CICS resource

definitions with which the workstation programmer might not be familiar. For this
reason, DSNACICS invokes the DSNACICX user exit. The system programmer can
write a version of DSNACICX that checks and overrides the parameters that the
DSNACICS caller passes. If no user version of DSNACICX is provided, DSNACICS
invokes the default version of DSNACICX, which does not modify any parameters.
Environment for DSNACICS

DSNACICS runs in a WLM-established stored procedure address space and uses
the Resource Recovery Services attachment facility to connect to DB2.
If you use CICS Transaction Server for OS/390 Version 1 Release 3 or later, you
can register your CICS system as a resource manager with recoverable resource
management services (RRMS). When you do that, changes to DB2 databases that
are made by the program that calls DSNACICS and the CICS server program that
DSNACICS invokes are in the same two-phase commit scope. This means that
when the calling program performs an SQL COMMIT or ROLLBACK, DB2 and RRS
inform CICS about the COMMIT or ROLLBACK.
If the CICS server program that DSNACICS invokes accesses DB2 resources, the
server program runs under a separate unit of work from the original unit of work
that calls the stored procedure. This means that the CICS server program might
deadlock with locks that the client program acquires.
Authorization required for DSNACICS

To execute the CALL statement, the owner of the package or plan that contains the
CALL statement must have one or more of the following privileges:
v The EXECUTE privilege on stored procedure DSNACICS
v Ownership of the stored procedure
v SYSADM authority
The CICS server program that DSNACICS calls runs under the same user ID as
DSNACICS. That user ID depends on the SECURITY parameter that you specify
when you define DSNACICS. See Part 2 of DB2 Installation Guide.
The DSNACICS caller also needs authorization from an external security system,
such as RACF, to use CICS resources. See Part 2 of DB2 Installation Guide.
DSNACICS syntax diagram

The following syntax diagram shows the SQL CALL statement for invoking
DSNACICS. Because the linkage convention for DSNACICS is GENERAL WITH
NULLS, if you pass parameters in host variables, you need to include a null
indicator with every host variable. Null indicators for input host variables must be
initialized before you execute the CALL statement.

CALL DSNACICS ( parm-level , pgm-name , CICS-applid , CICS-level ,
NULL NULL NULL NULL
connect-type , netname , mirror-trans , COMMAREA , COMMAREA-total-len ,

NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL
sync-opts , return-code, msg-area )

NULL
DSNACICS option descriptions

parm-level
Specifies the level of the parameter list that is supplied to the stored procedure.
This is an input parameter of type INTEGER. The value must be 1.
pgm-name
Specifies the name of the CICS program that DSNACICS invokes. This is the
name of the program that the CICS mirror transaction calls, not the CICS
transaction name. This is an input parameter of type CHAR(8).
CICS-applid
Specifies the applid of the CICS system to which DSNACICS connects. This is
an input parameter of type CHAR(8).
CICS-level
Specifies the level of the target CICS subsystem:
1 The CICS subsystem is CICS for MVS/ESA Version 4 Release 1, CICS
Transaction Server for OS/390 Version 1 Release 1, or CICS
Transaction Server for OS/390 Version 1 Release 2.
2 The CICS subsystem is CICS Transaction Server for OS/390 Version 1
Release 3 or later.
This is an input parameter of type INTEGER.

connect-type
Specifies whether the CICS connection is generic or specific. Possible values
are GENERIC or SPECIFIC. This is an input parameter of type CHAR(8).
netname
If the value of connection-type is SPECIFIC, specifies the name of the specific
connection that is to be used. This value is ignored if the value of
connection-type is GENERIC. This is an input parameter of type CHAR(8).
mirror-trans
Specifies the name of the CICS mirror transaction to invoke. This mirror
transaction calls the CICS server program that is specified in the pgm-name
parameter. mirror-trans must be defined to the CICS server region, and the
CICS resource definition for mirror-trans must specify DFHMIRS as the program
that is associated with the transaction.
If this parameter contains blanks, DSNACICS passes a mirror transaction
parameter value of null to the CICS EXCI interface. This allows an installation
to override the transaction name in various CICS user-replaceable modules. If a

CICS user exit does not specify a value for the mirror transaction name, CICS
invokes CICS-supplied default mirror transaction CSMI.
This is an input parameter of type CHAR(4).
COMMAREA
Specifies the communication area (COMMAREA) that is used to pass data
between the DSNACICS caller and the CICS server program that DSNACICS
calls. This is an input/output parameter of type VARCHAR(32704). In the length
field of this parameter, specify the number of bytes that DSNACICS sends to
the CICS server program.
commarea-total-len
Specifies the total length of the COMMAREA that the server program needs.
This is an input parameter of type INTEGER. This length must be greater than
or equal to the value that you specify in the length field of the COMMAREA
parameter and less than or equal to 32704. When the CICS server program
completes, DSNACICS passes the server program's entire COMMAREA, which
is commarea-total-len bytes in length, to the stored procedure caller.
sync-opts
Specifies whether the calling program controls resource recovery, using
two-phase commit protocols that are supported by RRS. Possible values are:
1 The client program controls commit processing. The CICS server region
does not perform a syncpoint when the server program returns control
to CICS. Also, the server program cannot take any explicit syncpoints.
Doing so causes the server program to abnormally terminate.
2 The target CICS server region takes a syncpoint on successful
completion of the server program. If this value is specified, the server
program can take explicit syncpoints.
When CICS has been set up to be an RRS resource manager, the client
application can control commit processing using SQL COMMIT requests. DB2
UDB for z/OS ensures that CICS is notified to commit any resources that the
CICS server program modifies during two-phase commit processing.
When CICS has not been set up to be an RRS resource manager, CICS forces
syncpoint processing of all CICS resources at completion of the CICS server
program. This commit processing is not coordinated with the commit processing
of the client program.
This option is ignored when CICS-level is 1. This is an input parameter of type

INTEGER.
return-code
Return code from the stored procedure. Possible values are:
0 The call completed successfully.
12 The request to run the CICS server program failed. The msg-area
parameter contains messages that describe the error.
This is an output parameter of type INTEGER.

msg-area
Contains messages if an error occurs during stored procedure execution. The
first messages in this area are generated by the stored procedure. Messages
that are generated by CICS or the DSNACICX user exit might follow the first

messages. The messages appear as a series of concatenated, viewable text
strings. This is an output parameter of type VARCHAR(500).
DSNACICX user exit

DSNACICS always calls user exit DSNACICX. You can use DSNACICX to change
the values of DSNACICS input parameters before you pass those parameters to
CICS. If you do not supply your own version of DSNACICX, DSNACICS calls the
default DSNACICX, which modifies no values and does an immediate return to
DSNACICS. The source code for the default version of DSNACICX is in member
DSNASCIX in data set prefix.SDSNSAMP. The source code for a sample version of
DSNACICX that is written in COBOL is in member DSNASCIO in data set
prefix.SDSNSAMP.
General considerations for DSNACICX

The DSNACICX exit must follow these rules:
v It can be written in assembler, COBOL, PL/I, or C.
v It must follow the Language Environment calling linkage when the caller is an
assembler language program.
v The load module for DSNACICX must reside in an authorized program library
that is in the STEPLIB concatenation of the stored procedure address space
startup procedure.
You can replace the default DSNACICX in the prefix.SDSNLOAD, library, or you
can put the DSNACICX load module in a library that is ahead of
prefix.SDSNLOAD in the STEPLIB concatenation. It is recommended that you
put DSNACICX in the prefix.SDSNEXIT library. Sample installation job DSNTIJEX
contains JCL for assembling and link-editing the sample source code for
DSNACICX into prefix.SDSNEXIT. You need to modify the JCL for the libraries
and the compiler that you are using.
v The load module must be named DSNACICX.
v The exit must save and restore the caller’s registers. Only the contents of
register 15 can be modified.
v It must be written to be reentrant and link-edited as reentrant.
v It must be written and link-edited to execute as AMODE(31),RMODE(ANY).
v DSNACICX can contain SQL statements. However, if it does, you need to
change the DSNACICS procedure definition to reflect the appropriate SQL
access level for the types of SQL statements that you use in the user exit.
Specifying the DSNACICX exit routine

DSNACICS always calls an exit routine named DSNACICX. DSNACICS calls your
DSNACICX exit routine if it finds it before the default DSNACICX exit routine.
Otherwise, it calls the default DSNACICX exit routine.
When the DSNACICX exit routine is taken

The DSNACICX exit is taken whenever DSNACICS is called. The exit is taken
before DSNACICS invokes the CICS server program.
Loading a new version of the DSNACICX exit routine

DB2 loads DSNACICX only once, when DSNACICS is first invoked. If you change
DSNACICX, you can load the new version by quiescing and then resuming the
WLM application environment for the stored procedure address space in which
DSNACICS runs:
VARY WLM,APPLENV=DSNACICS-applenv-name,QUIESCE
VARY WLM,APPLENV=DSNACICS-applenv-name,RESUME

Parameter list for DSNACICX
At invocation, registers are set as described in Table 199.
Table 199. Registers at invocation of DSNACICX
Register Contains
1 Address of pointer to the exit parameter list (XPL).
13 Address of the register save area.
14 Return address.
15 Address of entry point of exit routine.
Table 200 shows the contents of the DSNACICX exit parameter list, XPL. Member
DSNDXPL in data set prefix.SDSNMACS contains an assembler language mapping
macro for XPL. Sample exit DSNASCIO in data set prefix.SDSNSAMP includes a
COBOL mapping macro for XPL.
Table 200. Contents of the XPL exit parameter list
Corresponding
DSNACICS
Name Hex offset Data type Description parameter
XPL_EYEC 0 Character, 4 bytes Eye-catcher: 'XPL '
XPL_LEN 4 Character, 4 bytes Length of the exit parameter list
XPL_LEVEL 8 4-byte integer Level of the parameter list parm-level
XPL_PGMNAME C Character, 8 bytes Name of the CICS server pgm-name
program
XPL_CICSAPPLID 14 Character, 8 bytes CICS VTAM applid CICS-applid
XPL_CICSLEVEL 1C 4-byte integer Level of CICS code CICS-level
XPL_CONNECTTYPE 20 Character, 8 bytes Specific or generic connection connect-type
to CICS
XPL_NETNAME 28 Character, 8 bytes Name of the specific connection netname
to CICS
XPL_MIRRORTRAN 30 Character, 8 bytes Name of the mirror transaction mirror-trans
that invokes the CICS server
program
1
XPL_COMMAREAPTR 38 Address, 4 bytes Address of the COMMAREA
2
XPL_COMMINLEN 3C 4–byte integer Length of the COMMAREA that
is passed to the server program
XPL_COMMTOTLEN 40 4–byte integer Total length of the COMMAREA commarea-total-len
that is returned to the caller
XPL_SYNCOPTS 44 4–byte integer Syncpoint control option sync-opts
XPL_RETCODE 48 4–byte integer Return code from the exit return-code
routine
XPL_MSGLEN 4C 4–byte integer Length of the output message return-code
area
XPL_MSGAREA 50 Character, 256 bytes Output message area msg-area3

Table 200. Contents of the XPL exit parameter list (continued)
Corresponding
DSNACICS
Name Hex offset Data type Description parameter
Note:
1. The area that this field points to is specified by DSNACICS parameter COMMAREA. This area does not include
the length bytes.
2. This is the same value that the DSNACICS caller specifies in the length bytes of the COMMAREA parameter.
3. Although the total length of msg-area is 500 bytes, DSNACICX can use only 256 bytes of that area.
Example of DSNACICS invocation

The following PL/I example shows the variable declarations and SQL CALL
statement for invoking the CICS transaction that is associated with program
CICSPGM1.
/***********************/
/* DSNACICS PARAMETERS */
/***********************/
DECLARE PARM_LEVEL BIN FIXED(31);
DECLARE PGM_NAME CHAR(8);
DECLARE CICS_APPLID CHAR(8);
DECLARE CICS_LEVEL BIN FIXED(31);
DECLARE CONNECT_TYPE CHAR(8);
DECLARE NETNAME CHAR(8);
DECLARE MIRROR_TRANS CHAR(4);
DECLARE COMMAREA_TOTAL_LEN BIN FIXED(31);
DECLARE SYNC_OPTS BIN FIXED(31);
DECLARE RET_CODE BIN FIXED(31);
DECLARE MSG_AREA CHAR(500) VARYING;
DECLARE 1 COMMAREA BASED(P1),

3 COMMAREA_LEN BIN FIXED(15),
3 COMMAREA_INPUT CHAR(30),
3 COMMAREA_OUTPUT CHAR(100);
/***********************************************/
/* INDICATOR VARIABLES FOR DSNACICS PARAMETERS */
/***********************************************/
DECLARE 1 IND_VARS,
3 IND_PARM_LEVEL BIN FIXED(15),
3 IND_PGM_NAME BIN FIXED(15),
3 IND_CICS_APPLID BIN FIXED(15),
3 IND_CICS_LEVEL BIN FIXED(15),
3 IND_CONNECT_TYPE BIN FIXED(15),
3 IND_NETNAME BIN FIXED(15),
3 IND_MIRROR_TRANS BIN FIXED(15),
3 IND_COMMAREA BIN FIXED(15),
3 IND_COMMAREA_TOTAL_LEN BIN FIXED(15),
3 IND_SYNC_OPTS BIN FIXED(15),
3 IND_RETCODE BIN FIXED(15),
3 IND_MSG_AREA BIN FIXED(15);
/**************************/
/* LOCAL COPY OF COMMAREA */
/**************************/
DECLARE P1 POINTER;
DECLARE COMMAREA_STG CHAR(130) VARYING;
/**************************************************************/
/* ASSIGN VALUES TO INPUT PARAMETERS PARM_LEVEL, PGM_NAME, */
/* MIRROR_TRANS, COMMAREA, COMMAREA_TOTAL_LEN, AND SYNC_OPTS. */
/* SET THE OTHER INPUT PARAMETERS TO NULL. THE DSNACICX */
/* USER EXIT MUST ASSIGN VALUES FOR THOSE PARAMETERS. */

/**************************************************************/
PARM_LEVEL = 1;
IND_PARM_LEVEL = 0;
PGM_NAME = ’CICSPGM1’;
IND_PGM_NAME = 0 ;
MIRROR_TRANS = ’MIRT’;
IND_MIRROR_TRANS = 0;
P1 = ADDR(COMMAREA_STG);
COMMAREA_INPUT = ’THIS IS THE INPUT FOR CICSPGM1’;
COMMAREA_OUTPUT = ’ ’;
COMMAREA_LEN = LENGTH(COMMAREA_INPUT);
IND_COMMAREA = 0;
COMMAREA_TOTAL_LEN = COMMAREA_LEN + LENGTH(COMMAREA_OUTPUT);

IND_COMMAREA_TOTAL_LEN = 0;
SYNC_OPTS = 1;
IND_SYNC_OPTS = 0;
IND_CICS_APPLID= -1;
IND_CICS_LEVEL = -1;
IND_CONNECT_TYPE = -1;
IND_NETNAME = -1;
/*****************************************/
/* INITIALIZE OUTPUT PARAMETERS TO NULL. */
/*****************************************/
IND_RETCODE = -1;
IND_MSG_AREA= -1;
/*****************************************/
/* CALL DSNACICS TO INVOKE CICSPGM1. */
/*****************************************/
EXEC SQL
CALL SYSPROC.DSNACICS(:PARM_LEVEL :IND_PARM_LEVEL,
:PGM_NAME :IND_PGM_NAME,
:CICS_APPLID :IND_CICS_APPLID,
:CICS_LEVEL :IND_CICS_LEVEL,
:CONNECT_TYPE :IND_CONNECT_TYPE,
:NETNAME :IND_NETNAME,
:MIRROR_TRANS :IND_MIRROR_TRANS,
:COMMAREA_STG :IND_COMMAREA,
:COMMAREA_TOTAL_LEN :IND_COMMAREA_TOTAL_LEN,
:SYNC_OPTS :IND_SYNC_OPTS,
:RET_CODE :IND_RETCODE,
:MSG_AREA :IND_MSG_AREA);
DSNACICS output
DSNACICS places the return code from DSNACICS execution in the return-code
parameter. If the value of the return code is non-zero, DSNACICS puts its own error
messages and any error messages that are generated by CICS and the DSNACICX
user exit in the msg-area parameter.
The COMMAREA parameter contains the COMMAREA for the CICS server
program that DSNACICS calls. The COMMAREA parameter has a VARCHAR type.
Therefore, if the server program puts data other than character data in the
COMMAREA, that data can become corrupted by code page translation as it is
passed to the caller. To avoid code page translation, you can change the
COMMAREA parameter in the CREATE PROCEDURE statement for DSNACICS to
VARCHAR(32704) FOR BIT DATA. However, if you do so, the client program might
need to do code page translation on any character data in the COMMAREA to
make it readable.

DSNACICS restrictions
Because DSNACICS uses the distributed program link (DPL) function to invoke
CICS server programs, server programs that you invoke through DSNACICS can
contain only the CICS API commands that the DPL function supports. The list of
supported commands is documented in CICS Transaction Server for z/OS
Application Programming Reference.
DSNACICS debugging
If you receive errors when you call DSNACICS, ask your system administrator to
add a DSNDUMP DD statement in the startup procedure for the address space in
which DSNACICS runs. The DSNDUMP DD statement causes DB2 to generate an
SVC dump whenever DSNACICS issues an error message.

Notices
This information was developed for products and services offered in the U.S.A.
IBM may not offer the products, services, or features discussed in this document in
other countries. Consult your local IBM representative for information on the
products and services currently available in your area. Any reference to an IBM
product, program, or service is not intended to state or imply that only that IBM
product, program, or service may be used. Any functionally equivalent product,
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This book is intended to help you to write programs that contain SQL statements.
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Guidance Information provided by IBM DB2 Universal Database Server for z/OS
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countries.
Notices 1039
Glossary
The following terms and abbreviations are defined after trigger. A trigger that is defined with the trigger
as they are used in the DB2 library. activation time AFTER.
agent. As used in DB2, the structure that associates

A all processes that are involved in a DB2 unit of work. An
allied agent is generally synonymous with an allied
abend. Abnormal end of task. thread. System agents are units of work that process
tasks that are independent of the allied agent, such as
abend reason code. A 4-byte hexadecimal code that prefetch processing, deferred writes, and service tasks.
uniquely identifies a problem with DB2. A complete list
of DB2 abend reason codes and their explanations is alias. An alternative name that can be used in SQL
contained in DB2 Messages and Codes. statements to refer to a table or view in the same or a
remote DB2 subsystem.
abnormal end of task (abend). Termination of a task,
job, or subsystem because of an error condition that allied address space. An area of storage that is
recovery facilities cannot resolve during execution. external to DB2 and that is connected to DB2. An allied
address space is capable of requesting DB2 services.
access method services. The facility that is used to
define and reproduce VSAM key-sequenced data sets. allied thread. A thread that originates at the local DB2
subsystem and that can access data at a remote DB2
access path. The path that is used to locate data that subsystem.
is specified in SQL statements. An access path can be
indexed or sequential. allocated cursor. A cursor that is defined for stored
procedure result sets by using the SQL ALLOCATE
active log. The portion of the DB2 log to which log CURSOR statement.
records are written as they are generated. The active
log always contains the most recent log records, already verified. An LU 6.2 security option that allows
whereas the archive log holds those records that are DB2 to provide the user’s verified authorization ID when
older and no longer fit on the active log. allocating a conversation. With this option, the user is
not validated by the partner DB2 subsystem.
active member state. A state of a member of a data
sharing group. The cross-system coupling facility | ambiguous cursor. A database cursor that is in a
identifies each active member with a group and | plan or package that contains either PREPARE or
associates the member with a particular task, address | EXECUTE IMMEDIATE SQL statements, and for which
space, and z/OS system. A member that is not active | the following statements are true: the cursor is not
has either a failed member state or a quiesced member | defined with the FOR READ ONLY clause or the FOR
state. | UPDATE OF clause; the cursor is not defined on a
| read-only result table; the cursor is not the target of a
address space. A range of virtual storage pages that | WHERE CURRENT clause on an SQL UPDATE or
is identified by a number (ASID) and a collection of | DELETE statement.
segment and page tables that map the virtual pages to
real pages of the computer’s memory. American National Standards Institute (ANSI). An
organization consisting of producers, consumers, and
address space connection. The result of connecting general interest groups, that establishes the procedures
an allied address space to DB2. Each address space by which accredited organizations create and maintain
that contains a task that is connected to DB2 has voluntary industry standards in the United States.
exactly one address space connection, even though
more than one task control block (TCB) can be present. ANSI. American National Standards Institute.
See also allied address space and task control block.
APAR. Authorized program analysis report.
| address space identifier (ASID). A unique
| system-assigned identifier for and address space. APAR fix corrective service. A temporary correction
of an IBM software defect. The correction is temporary,
administrative authority. A set of related privileges because it is usually replaced at a later date by a more
that DB2 defines. When you grant one of the permanent correction, such as a program temporary fix
administrative authorities to a person’s ID, the person (PTF).
has all of the privileges that are associated with that
administrative authority. APF. Authorized program facility.
API. Application programming interface.

APPL • batch message processing program
APPL. A VTAM® network definition statement that is authorized program analysis report (APAR). A
used to define DB2 to VTAM as an application program report of a problem that is caused by a suspected
that uses SNA LU 6.2 protocols. defect in a current release of an IBM supplied program.
application. A program or set of programs that authorized program facility (APF). A facility that
performs a task; for example, a payroll application. permits the identification of programs that are
authorized to use restricted functions.
application-directed connection. A connection that
an application manages using the SQL CONNECT | automatic query rewrite. A process that examines an
statement. | SQL statement that refers to one or more base tables,
| and, if appropriate, rewrites the query so that it performs
application plan. The control structure that is | better. This process can also determine whether to
produced during the bind process. DB2 uses the | rewrite a query so that it refers to one or more
application plan to process SQL statements that it | materialized query tables that are derived from the
encounters during statement execution. | source tables.
application process. The unit to which resources and auxiliary index. An index on an auxiliary table in
locks are allocated. An application process involves the which each index entry refers to a LOB.
execution of one or more programs.
auxiliary table. A table that stores columns outside
application programming interface (API). A the table in which they are defined. Contrast with base
functional interface that is supplied by the operating table.
system or by a separately orderable licensed program
that allows an application program that is written in a
high-level language to use specific data or functions of B
the operating system or licensed program.
backout. The process of undoing uncommitted
application requester. The component on a remote changes that an application process made. This might
system that generates DRDA requests for data on be necessary in the event of a failure on the part of an
behalf of an application. An application requester application process, or as a result of a deadlock
accesses a DB2 database server using the DRDA situation.
application-directed protocol.
backward log recovery. The fourth and final phase of
application server. The target of a request from a restart processing during which DB2 scans the log in a
remote application. In the DB2 environment, the backward direction to apply UNDO log records for all
application server function is provided by the distributed aborted changes.
data facility and is used to access DB2 data from
remote applications. base table. (1) A table that is created by the SQL
CREATE TABLE statement and that holds persistent
archive log. The portion of the DB2 log that contains data. Contrast with result table and temporary table.
log records that have been copied from the active log. (2) A table containing a LOB column definition. The
actual LOB column data is not stored with the base
ASCII. An encoding scheme that is used to represent
table. The base table contains a row identifier for each
strings in many environments, typically on PCs and
row and an indicator column for each of its LOB
workstations. Contrast with EBCDIC and Unicode.
columns. Contrast with auxiliary table.
| ASID. Address space identifier. base table space. A table space that contains base
attachment facility. An interface between DB2 and tables.
TSO, IMS, CICS, or batch address spaces. An
basic predicate. A predicate that compares two
attachment facility allows application programs to
values.
access DB2.
basic sequential access method (BSAM). An access
attribute. A characteristic of an entity. For example, in
method for storing or retrieving data blocks in a
database design, the phone number of an employee is
continuous sequence, using either a sequential-access
one of that employee’s attributes.
or a direct-access device.
authorization ID. A string that can be verified for
| batch message processing program. In IMS, an
connection to DB2 and to which a set of privileges is
| application program that can perform batch-type
allowed. It can represent an individual, an organizational
| processing online and can access the IMS input and
group, or a function, but DB2 does not determine this
| output message queues.
representation.

before trigger • catalog
before trigger. A trigger that is defined with the trigger buffer pool. Main storage that is reserved to satisfy
activation time BEFORE. the buffering requirements for one or more table spaces
or indexes.
binary integer. A basic data type that can be further
classified as small integer or large integer. built-in data type. A data type that IBM supplies.
Among the built-in data types for DB2 UDB for z/OS are
binary large object (BLOB). A sequence of bytes string, numeric, ROWID, and datetime. Contrast with
where the size of the value ranges from 0 bytes to distinct type.
2 GB−1. Such a string does not have an associated
CCSID. built-in function. A function that DB2 supplies.
Contrast with user-defined function.
binary string. A sequence of bytes that is not
associated with a CCSID. For example, the BLOB data business dimension. A category of data, such as
type is a binary string. products or time periods, that an organization might
want to analyze.
bind. The process by which the output from the SQL
precompiler is converted to a usable control structure,
often called an access plan, application plan, or C
package. During this process, access paths to the data
are selected and some authorization checking is cache structure. A coupling facility structure that
performed. The types of bind are: stores data that can be available to all members of a
automatic bind. (More correctly, automatic rebind) A Sysplex. A DB2 data sharing group uses cache
process by which SQL statements are bound structures as group buffer pools.
automatically (without a user issuing a BIND
CAF. Call attachment facility.
command) when an application process begins
execution and the bound application plan or call attachment facility (CAF). A DB2 attachment
package it requires is not valid. facility for application programs that run in TSO or z/OS
dynamic bind. A process by which SQL statements batch. The CAF is an alternative to the DSN command
are bound as they are entered. processor and provides greater control over the
incremental bind. A process by which SQL execution environment.
statements are bound during the execution of an
application process. call-level interface (CLI). A callable application
static bind. A process by which SQL statements are programming interface (API) for database access, which
bound after they have been precompiled. All static is an alternative to using embedded SQL. In contrast to
SQL statements are prepared for execution at the embedded SQL, DB2 ODBC (which is based on the CLI
same time. architecture) does not require the user to precompile or
bind applications, but instead provides a standard set of
bit data. Data that is character type CHAR or functions to process SQL statements and related
VARCHAR and is not associated with a coded character services at run time.
set.
cascade delete. The way in which DB2 enforces
BLOB. Binary large object. referential constraints when it deletes all descendent
rows of a deleted parent row.
block fetch. A capability in which DB2 can retrieve, or
fetch, a large set of rows together. Using block fetch CASE expression. An expression that is selected
can significantly reduce the number of messages that based on the evaluation of one or more conditions.
are being sent across the network. Block fetch applies
only to cursors that do not update data. cast function. A function that is used to convert
instances of a (source) data type into instances of a
BMP. Batch Message Processing (IMS). See batch different (target) data type. In general, a cast function
message processing program. has the name of the target data type. It has one single
argument whose type is the source data type; its return
bootstrap data set (BSDS). A VSAM data set that
type is the target data type.
contains name and status information for DB2, as well
as RBA range specifications, for all active and archive castout. The DB2 process of writing changed pages
log data sets. It also contains passwords for the DB2 from a group buffer pool to disk.
directory and catalog, and lists of conditional restart and
checkpoint records. castout owner. The DB2 member that is responsible
for casting out a particular page set or partition.
BSAM. Basic sequential access method.
catalog. In DB2, a collection of tables that contains
BSDS. Bootstrap data set. descriptions of objects such as tables, views, and
indexes.
Glossary 1043
catalog table • closed application
catalog table. Any table in the DB2 catalog. | statements because of rows that violate referential
| constraints, check constraints, or both.
CCSID. Coded character set identifier.
checkpoint. A point at which DB2 records internal
CDB. Communications database. status information on the DB2 log; the recovery process
uses this information if DB2 abnormally terminates.
CDRA. Character Data Representation Architecture.
| child lock. For explicit hierarchical locking, a lock that
CEC. Central electronic complex. See central | is held on either a table, page, row, or a large object
processor complex. | (LOB). Each child lock has a parent lock. See also
| parent lock.
central electronic complex (CEC). See central
processor complex. CI. Control interval.
central processor (CP). The part of the computer that | CICS. Represents (in this publication): CICS
contains the sequencing and processing facilities for | Transaction Server for z/OS: Customer Information
instruction execution, initial program load, and other | Control System Transaction Server for z/OS.
machine operations.
CICS attachment facility. A DB2 subcomponent that
central processor complex (CPC). A physical uses the z/OS subsystem interface (SSI) and
collection of hardware (such as an ES/3090™) that cross-storage linkage to process requests from CICS to
consists of main storage, one or more central DB2 and to coordinate resource commitment.
processors, timers, and channels.
CIDF. Control interval definition field.
| CFRM. Coupling facility resource management.
claim. A notification to DB2 that an object is being
CFRM policy. A declaration by a z/OS administrator accessed. Claims prevent drains from occurring until the
regarding the allocation rules for a coupling facility claim is released, which usually occurs at a commit
structure. point. Contrast with drain.
character conversion. The process of changing claim class. A specific type of object access that can
characters from one encoding scheme to another. be one of the following isolation levels:
Cursor stability (CS)
Character Data Representation Architecture
Repeatable read (RR)
(CDRA). An architecture that is used to achieve
Write
consistent representation, processing, and interchange
of string data. claim count. A count of the number of agents that are
accessing an object.
character large object (CLOB). A sequence of bytes
representing single-byte characters or a mixture of class of service. A VTAM term for a list of routes
single- and double-byte characters where the size of the through a network, arranged in an order of preference
value can be up to 2 GB−1. In general, character large for their use.
object values are used whenever a character string
might exceed the limits of the VARCHAR type. class word. A single word that indicates the nature of
a data attribute. For example, the class word PROJ
character set. A defined set of characters. indicates that the attribute identifies a project.
character string. A sequence of bytes that represent clause. In SQL, a distinct part of a statement, such as
bit data, single-byte characters, or a mixture of a SELECT clause or a WHERE clause.
single-byte and multibyte characters.
CLI. Call- level interface.
check constraint. A user-defined constraint that
specifies the values that specific columns of a base client. See requester.
table can contain.
CLIST. Command list. A language for performing TSO
check integrity. The condition that exists when each tasks.
row in a table conforms to the check constraints that are
defined on that table. Maintaining check integrity CLOB. Character large object.
requires DB2 to enforce check constraints on operations
that add or change data. closed application. An application that requires
exclusive use of certain statements on certain DB2
| check pending. A state of a table space or partition objects, so that the objects are managed solely through
| that prevents its use by some utilities and by some SQL the application’s external interface.

CLPA • connection context
CLPA. Create link pack area. command recognition character (CRC). A character
that permits a z/OS console operator or an IMS
| clustering index. An index that determines how rows subsystem user to route DB2 commands to specific
| are physically ordered (clustered) in a table space. If a DB2 subsystems.
| clustering index on a partitioned table is not a
| partitioning index, the rows are ordered in cluster command scope. The scope of command operation in
| sequence within each data partition instead of spanning a data sharing group. If a command has member scope,
| partitions. Prior to Version 8 of DB2 UDB for z/OS, the the command displays information only from the one
| partitioning index was required to be the clustering member or affects only non-shared resources that are
| index. owned locally by that member. If a command has group
scope, the command displays information from all
coded character set. A set of unambiguous rules that members, affects non-shared resources that are owned
establish a character set and the one-to-one locally by all members, displays information on sharable
relationships between the characters of the set and their resources, or affects sharable resources.
coded representations.
commit. The operation that ends a unit of work by
coded character set identifier (CCSID). A 16-bit releasing locks so that the database changes that are
number that uniquely identifies a coded representation made by that unit of work can be perceived by other
of graphic characters. It designates an encoding processes.
scheme identifier and one or more pairs consisting of a
character set identifier and an associated code page commit point. A point in time when data is considered
identifier. consistent.
code page. (1) A set of assignments of characters to committed phase. The second phase of the multisite
code points. In EBCDIC, for example, the character 'A' update process that requests all participants to commit
is assigned code point X'C1' (2) , and character 'B' is the effects of the logical unit of work.
assigned code point X'C2'. Within a code page, each
code point has only one specific meaning. common service area (CSA). In z/OS, a part of the
common area that contains data areas that are
code point. In CDRA, a unique bit pattern that addressable by all address spaces.
represents a character in a code page.
communications database (CDB). A set of tables in
coexistence. During migration, the period of time in the DB2 catalog that are used to establish
which two releases exist in the same data sharing conversations with remote database management
group. systems.
cold start. A process by which DB2 restarts without comparison operator. A token (such as =, >, or <)
processing any log records. Contrast with warm start. that is used to specify a relationship between two
values.
collection. A group of packages that have the same
qualifier. composite key. An ordered set of key columns of the
same table.
column. The vertical component of a table. A column
has a name and a particular data type (for example, compression dictionary. The dictionary that controls
character, decimal, or integer). the process of compression and decompression. This
dictionary is created from the data in the table space or
column function. An operation that derives its result table space partition.
by using values from one or more rows. Contrast with
scalar function. concurrency. The shared use of resources by more
than one application process at the same time.
"come from" checking. An LU 6.2 security option
that defines a list of authorization IDs that are allowed conditional restart. A DB2 restart that is directed by a
to connect to DB2 from a partner LU. user-defined conditional restart control record (CRCR).
command. A DB2 operator command or a DSN connection. In SNA, the existence of a

subcommand. A command is distinct from an SQL communication path between two partner LUs that
statement. allows information to be exchanged (for example, two
DB2 subsystems that are connected and
command prefix. A one- to eight-character command communicating by way of a conversation).
identifier. The command prefix distinguishes the
command as belonging to an application or subsystem connection context. In SQLJ, a Java object that
rather than to MVS. represents a connection to a data source.
Glossary 1045
connection declaration clause • coupling facility resource management
connection declaration clause. In SQLJ, a statement | copy pool. A named set of SMS storage groups that
that declares a connection to a data source. | contains data that is to be copied collectively. A copy
| pool is an SMS construct that lets you define which
connection handle. The data object containing | storage groups are to be copied by using FlashCopy®
information that is associated with a connection that | functions. HSM determines which volumes belong to a
DB2 ODBC manages. This includes general status | copy pool.
information, transaction status, and diagnostic
information. | copy target. A named set of SMS storage groups that
| are to be used as containers for copy pool volume
connection ID. An identifier that is supplied by the | copies. A copy target is an SMS construct that lets you
attachment facility and that is associated with a specific | define which storage groups are to be used as
address space connection. | containers for volumes that are copied by using
| FlashCopy functions.
consistency token. A timestamp that is used to
generate the version identifier for an application. See | copy version. A point-in-time FlashCopy copy that is
also version. | managed by HSM. Each copy pool has a version
| parameter that specifies how many copy versions are
constant. A language element that specifies an | maintained on disk.
unchanging value. Constants are classified as string
constants or numeric constants. Contrast with variable. correlated columns. A relationship between the value
of one column and the value of another column.
constraint. A rule that limits the values that can be
inserted, deleted, or updated in a table. See referential correlated subquery. A subquery (part of a WHERE
constraint, check constraint, and unique constraint. or HAVING clause) that is applied to a row or group of
rows of a table or view that is named in an outer
context. The application’s logical connection to the subselect statement.
data source and associated internal DB2 ODBC
connection information that allows the application to correlation ID. An identifier that is associated with a
direct its operations to a data source. A DB2 ODBC specific thread. In TSO, it is either an authorization ID
context represents a DB2 thread. or the job name.
contracting conversion. A process that occurs when correlation name. An identifier that designates a
the length of a converted string is smaller than that of table, a view, or individual rows of a table or view within
the source string. For example, this process occurs a single SQL statement. It can be defined in any FROM
when an EBCDIC mixed-data string that contains DBCS clause or in the first clause of an UPDATE or DELETE
characters is converted to ASCII mixed data; the statement.
converted string is shorter because of the removal of
the shift codes. cost category. A category into which DB2 places cost
estimates for SQL statements at the time the statement
control interval (CI). A fixed-length area or disk in is bound. A cost estimate can be placed in either of the
which VSAM stores records and creates distributed free following cost categories:
space. Also, in a key-sequenced data set or file, the set v A: Indicates that DB2 had enough information to
of records that an entry in the sequence-set index make a cost estimate without using default values.
record points to. The control interval is the unit of v B: Indicates that some condition exists for which DB2
information that VSAM transmits to or from disk. A was forced to use default values for its estimate.
control interval always includes an integral number of
physical records. The cost category is externalized in the
COST_CATEGORY column of the
control interval definition field (CIDF). In VSAM, a DSN_STATEMNT_TABLE when a statement is
field that is located in the 4 bytes at the end of each explained.
control interval; it describes the free space, if any, in the
control interval. coupling facility. A special PR/SM™ LPAR logical
partition that runs the coupling facility control program
conversation. Communication, which is based on LU and provides high-speed caching, list processing, and
6.2 or Advanced Program-to-Program Communication locking functions in a Parallel Sysplex®.
(APPC), between an application and a remote
transaction program over an SNA logical unit-to-logical | coupling facility resource management. A
unit (LU-LU) session that allows communication while | component of z/OS that provides the services to
processing a transaction. | manage coupling facility resources in a Parallel Sysplex.
| This management includes the enforcement of CFRM
coordinator. The system component that coordinates | policies to ensure that the coupling facility and structure
the commit or rollback of a unit of work that includes | requirements are satisfied.
work that is done on one or more other systems.

CP • database alias
CP. Central processor. current status rebuild. The second phase of restart
processing during which the status of the subsystem is
CPC. Central processor complex. reconstructed from information on the log.
C++ member. A data object or function in a structure, cursor. A named control structure that an application
union, or class. program uses to point to a single row or multiple rows
within some ordered set of rows of a result table. A
C++ member function. An operator or function that is cursor can be used to retrieve, update, or delete rows
declared as a member of a class. A member function from a result table.
has access to the private and protected data members
and to the member functions of objects in its class. cursor sensitivity. The degree to which database
Member functions are also called methods. updates are visible to the subsequent FETCH
statements in a cursor. A cursor can be sensitive to
C++ object. (1) A region of storage. An object is changes that are made with positioned update and
created when a variable is defined or a new function is delete statements specifying the name of that cursor. A
invoked. (2) An instance of a class. cursor can also be sensitive to changes that are made
with searched update or delete statements, or with
CRC. Command recognition character.
cursors other than this cursor. These changes can be
CRCR. Conditional restart control record. See also made by this application process or by another
conditional restart. application process.
create link pack area (CLPA). An option that is used cursor stability (CS). The isolation level that provides
during IPL to initialize the link pack pageable area. maximum concurrency without the ability to read
uncommitted data. With cursor stability, a unit of work
created temporary table. A table that holds temporary holds locks only on its uncommitted changes and on the
data and is defined with the SQL statement CREATE current row of each of its cursors.
GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE. Information about
created temporary tables is stored in the DB2 catalog, cursor table (CT). The copy of the skeleton cursor
so this kind of table is persistent and can be shared table that is used by an executing application process.
across application processes. Contrast with declared
cycle. A set of tables that can be ordered so that each
temporary table. See also temporary table.
table is a descendent of the one before it, and the first
cross-memory linkage. A method for invoking a table is a descendent of the last table. A self-referencing
program in a different address space. The invocation is table is a cycle with a single member.
synchronous with respect to the caller.
cross-system coupling facility (XCF). A component

D
of z/OS that provides functions to support cooperation
| DAD. See Document access definition.
between authorized programs that run within a Sysplex.
| disk. A direct-access storage device that records data
cross-system extended services (XES). A set of
| magnetically.
z/OS services that allow multiple instances of an
application or subsystem, running on different systems database. A collection of tables, or a collection of table
in a Sysplex environment, to implement spaces and index spaces.
high-performance, high-availability data sharing by using
a coupling facility. database access thread. A thread that accesses data
at the local subsystem on behalf of a remote
CS. Cursor stability. subsystem.
CSA. Common service area. database administrator (DBA). An individual who is
responsible for designing, developing, operating,
CT. Cursor table.
safeguarding, maintaining, and using a database.
current data. Data within a host structure that is
| database alias. The name of the target server if
current with (identical to) the data within the base table.
| different from the location name. The database alias
current SQL ID. An ID that, at a single point in time, | name is used to provide the name of the database
holds the privileges that are exercised when certain | server as it is known to the network. When a database
dynamic SQL statements run. The current SQL ID can | alias name is defined, the location name is used by the
be a primary authorization ID or a secondary | application to reference the server, but the database
authorization ID. | alias name is used to identify the database server to be
| accessed. Any fully qualified object names within any
Glossary 1047
database descriptor (DBD) • DBD
| SQL statements are not modified and are sent data mining. The process of collecting critical
| unchanged to the database server. business information from a data warehouse, correlating
it, and uncovering associations, patterns, and trends.
| database descriptor (DBD). An internal
| representation of a DB2 database definition, which data partition. A VSAM data set that is contained
| reflects the data definition that is in the DB2 catalog. within a partitioned table space.
| The objects that are defined in a database descriptor
| are table spaces, tables, indexes, index spaces, data-partitioned secondary index (DPSI). A
| relationships, check constraints, and triggers. A DBD secondary index that is partitioned. The index is
| also contains information about accessing tables in the partitioned according to the underlying data.
| database.
data sharing. The ability of two or more DB2
database exception status. An indication that subsystems to directly access and change a single set
something is wrong with a database. All members of a of data.
data sharing group must know and share the exception
status of databases. data sharing group. A collection of one or more DB2
subsystems that directly access and change the same
| database identifier (DBID). An internal identifier of the data while maintaining data integrity.
| database.
data sharing member. A DB2 subsystem that is
database management system (DBMS). A software assigned by XCF services to a data sharing group.
system that controls the creation, organization, and
modification of a database and the access to the data data source. A local or remote relational or
that is stored within it. non-relational data manager that is capable of
supporting data access via an ODBC driver that
database request module (DBRM). A data set supports the ODBC APIs. In the case of DB2 UDB for
member that is created by the DB2 precompiler and that z/OS, the data sources are always relational database
contains information about SQL statements. DBRMs are managers.
used in the bind process.
| data space. In releases prior to DB2 UDB for z/OS,
database server. The target of a request from a local | Version 8, a range of up to 2 GB of contiguous virtual
application or an intermediate database server. In the | storage addresses that a program can directly
DB2 environment, the database server function is | manipulate. Unlike an address space, a data space can
provided by the distributed data facility to access DB2 | hold only data; it does not contain common areas,
data from local applications, or from a remote database | system data, or programs.
server that acts as an intermediate database server.
data type. An attribute of columns, literals, host
data currency. The state in which data that is variables, special registers, and the results of functions
retrieved into a host variable in your program is a copy and expressions.
of data in the base table.
data warehouse. A system that provides critical
data definition name (ddname). The name of a data business information to an organization. The data
definition (DD) statement that corresponds to a data warehouse system cleanses the data for accuracy and
control block containing the same name. currency, and then presents the data to decision makers
so that they can interpret and use it effectively and
data dictionary. A repository of information about an efficiently.
organization’s application programs, databases, logical
data models, users, and authorizations. A data date. A three-part value that designates a day, month,
dictionary can be manual or automated. and year.
data-driven business rules. Constraints on particular date duration. A decimal integer that represents a
data values that exist as a result of requirements of the number of years, months, and days.
business.
datetime value. A value of the data type DATE, TIME,
Data Language/I (DL/I). The IMS data manipulation or TIMESTAMP.
language; a common high-level interface between a
user application and IMS. DBA. Database administrator.
data mart. A small data warehouse that applies to a DBCLOB. Double-byte character large object.
single department or team. See also data warehouse.
DBCS. Double-byte character set.
DBD. Database descriptor.

DBID • dependent table
DBID. Database identifier. default value. A predetermined value, attribute, or

option that is assumed when no other is explicitly
DBMS. Database management system. specified.
DBRM. Database request module. deferred embedded SQL. SQL statements that are
neither fully static nor fully dynamic. Like static
DB2 catalog. Tables that are maintained by DB2 and statements, they are embedded within an application,
contain descriptions of DB2 objects, such as tables, but like dynamic statements, they are prepared during
views, and indexes. the execution of the application.
DB2 command. An instruction to the DB2 subsystem deferred write. The process of asynchronously writing
that a user enters to start or stop DB2, to display changed data pages to disk.
information on current users, to start or stop databases,
to display information on the status of databases, and degree of parallelism. The number of concurrently
so on. executed operations that are initiated to process a
query.
DB2 for VSE & VM. The IBM DB2 relational database
management system for the VSE and VM operating delete-connected. A table that is a dependent of table
systems. P or a dependent of a table to which delete operations
from table P cascade.
DB2I. DB2 Interactive.
delete hole. The location on which a cursor is
DB2 Interactive (DB2I). The DB2 facility that provides positioned when a row in a result table is refetched and
for the execution of SQL statements, DB2 (operator) the row no longer exists on the base table, because
commands, programmer commands, and utility another cursor deleted the row between the time the
invocation. cursor first included the row in the result table and the
time the cursor tried to refetch it.
DB2I Kanji Feature. The tape that contains the panels
and jobs that allow a site to display DB2I panels in delete rule. The rule that tells DB2 what to do to a
Kanji. dependent row when a parent row is deleted. For each
relationship, the rule might be CASCADE, RESTRICT,
DB2 PM. DB2 Performance Monitor.
SET NULL, or NO ACTION.
DB2 thread. The DB2 structure that describes an
delete trigger. A trigger that is defined with the
application’s connection, traces its progress, processes
triggering SQL operation DELETE.
resource functions, and delimits its accessibility to DB2
resources and services. delimited identifier. A sequence of characters that are
enclosed within double quotation marks ("). The
DCLGEN. Declarations generator.
sequence must consist of a letter followed by zero or
DDF. Distributed data facility. more characters, each of which is a letter, digit, or the
underscore character (_).
ddname. Data definition name.
delimiter token. A string constant, a delimited
deadlock. Unresolvable contention for the use of a identifier, an operator symbol, or any of the special
resource, such as a table or an index. characters that are shown in DB2 syntax diagrams.
declarations generator (DCLGEN). A subcomponent denormalization. A key step in the task of building a
of DB2 that generates SQL table declarations and physical relational database design. Denormalization is
COBOL, C, or PL/I data structure declarations that the intentional duplication of columns in multiple tables,
conform to the table. The declarations are generated and the consequence is increased data redundancy.
from DB2 system catalog information. DCLGEN is also Denormalization is sometimes necessary to minimize
a DSN subcommand. performance problems. Contrast with normalization.
declared temporary table. A table that holds dependent. An object (row, table, or table space) that
temporary data and is defined with the SQL statement has at least one parent. The object is also said to be a
DECLARE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE. Information dependent (row, table, or table space) of its parent. See
about declared temporary tables is not stored in the also parent row, parent table, parent table space.
DB2 catalog, so this kind of table is not persistent and
can be used only by the application process that issued dependent row. A row that contains a foreign key that
the DECLARE statement. Contrast with created matches the value of a primary key in the parent row.
temporary table. See also temporary table.
dependent table. A table that is a dependent in at
least one referential constraint.
Glossary 1049
DES-based authenticator • DRDA access
DES-based authenticator. An authenticator that is Distributed Relational Database Architecture (DRDA

generated using the DES algorithm. ). A connection protocol for distributed relational
database processing that is used by IBM’s relational
descendent. An object that is a dependent of an database products. DRDA includes protocols for
object or is the dependent of a descendent of an object. communication between an application and a remote
relational database management system, and for
descendent row. A row that is dependent on another communication between relational database
row, or a row that is a descendent of a dependent row. management systems. See also DRDA access.
descendent table. A table that is a dependent of DL/I. Data Language/I.
another table, or a table that is a descendent of a
dependent table. DNS. Domain name server.
deterministic function. A user-defined function whose | document access definition (DAD). Used to define
result is dependent on the values of the input | the indexing scheme for an XML column or the mapping
arguments. That is, successive invocations with the | scheme of an XML collection. It can be used to enable
same input values produce the same answer. | an XML Extender column of an XML collection, which is
Sometimes referred to as a not-variant function. | XML formatted.
Contrast this with an nondeterministic function
(sometimes called a variant function), which might not domain. The set of valid values for an attribute.
always produce the same result for the same inputs.
domain name. The name by which TCP/IP
DFP. Data Facility Product (in z/OS). applications refer to a TCP/IP host within a TCP/IP
network.
DFSMS. Data Facility Storage Management
Subsystem (in z/OS). Also called Storage Management domain name server (DNS). A special TCP/IP
Subsystem (SMS). network server that manages a distributed directory that
is used to map TCP/IP host names to IP addresses.
| DFSMSdss™. The data set services (dss) component
| of DFSMS (in z/OS). double-byte character large object (DBCLOB). A
sequence of bytes representing double-byte characters
| DFSMShsm™. The hierarchical storage manager where the size of the values can be up to 2 GB. In
| (hsm) component of DFSMS (in z/OS). general, DBCLOB values are used whenever a
double-byte character string might exceed the limits of
dimension. A data category such as time, products, or the VARGRAPHIC type.
markets. The elements of a dimension are referred to
as members. Dimensions offer a very concise, intuitive double-byte character set (DBCS). A set of
way of organizing and selecting data for retrieval, characters, which are used by national languages such
exploration, and analysis. See also dimension table. as Japanese and Chinese, that have more symbols
than can be represented by a single byte. Each
dimension table. The representation of a dimension in character is 2 bytes in length. Contrast with single-byte
a star schema. Each row in a dimension table character set and multibyte character set.
represents all of the attributes for a particular member
of the dimension. See also dimension, star schema, and double-precision floating point number. A 64-bit
star join. approximate representation of a real number.
directory. The DB2 system database that contains downstream. The set of nodes in the syncpoint tree
internal objects such as database descriptors and that is connected to the local DBMS as a participant in
skeleton cursor tables. the execution of a two-phase commit.
distinct type. A user-defined data type that is | DPSI. Data-partitioned secondary index.
internally represented as an existing type (its source
type), but is considered to be a separate and drain. The act of acquiring a locked resource by
incompatible type for semantic purposes. quiescing access to that object.
distributed data. Data that resides on a DBMS other drain lock. A lock on a claim class that prevents a
than the local system. claim from occurring.
distributed data facility (DDF). A set of DB2 DRDA. Distributed Relational Database Architecture.
components through which DB2 communicates with
another relational database management system. DRDA access. An open method of accessing
distributed data that you can use to can connect to
another database server to execute packages that were
previously bound at the server location. You use the

DSN • execution context
SQL CONNECT statement or an SQL statement with a encoding scheme. A set of rules to represent
three-part name to identify the server. Contrast with character data (ASCII, EBCDIC, or Unicode).
private protocol access.
entity. A significant object of interest to an
DSN. (1) The default DB2 subsystem name. (2) The organization.
name of the TSO command processor of DB2. (3) The
first three characters of DB2 module and macro names. enumerated list. A set of DB2 objects that are defined
with a LISTDEF utility control statement in which
duration. A number that represents an interval of time. pattern-matching characters (*, %, _ or ?) are not used.
See also date duration, labeled duration, and time
duration. environment. A collection of names of logical and
physical resources that are used to support the
| dynamic cursor. A named control structure that an performance of a function.
| application program uses to change the size of the
| result table and the order of its rows after the cursor is environment handle. In DB2 ODBC, the data object
| opened. Contrast with static cursor. that contains global information regarding the state of
the application. An environment handle must be
dynamic dump. A dump that is issued during the allocated before a connection handle can be allocated.
execution of a program, usually under the control of that Only one environment handle can be allocated per
program. application.
dynamic SQL. SQL statements that are prepared and EOM. End of memory.
executed within an application program while the
program is executing. In dynamic SQL, the SQL source EOT. End of task.
is contained in host language variables rather than
being coded into the application program. The SQL equijoin. A join operation in which the join-condition
statement can change several times during the has the form expression = expression.
application program’s execution.
error page range. A range of pages that are
| dynamic statement cache pool. A cache, located considered to be physically damaged. DB2 does not
| above the 2-GB storage line, that holds dynamic allow users to access any pages that fall within this
| statements. range.
escape character. The symbol that is used to enclose

E an SQL delimited identifier. The escape character is the
double quotation mark ("), except in COBOL
EA-enabled table space. A table space or index applications, where the user assigns the symbol, which
space that is enabled for extended addressability and is either a double quotation mark or an apostrophe (').
that contains individual partitions (or pieces, for LOB
table spaces) that are greater than 4 GB. ESDS. Entry sequenced data set.
| EB. See exabyte. ESMT. External subsystem module table (in IMS).
EBCDIC. Extended binary coded decimal interchange EUR. IBM European Standards.
code. An encoding scheme that is used to represent
character data in the z/OS, VM, VSE, and iSeries™
| exabyte. For processor, real and virtual storage
environments. Contrast with ASCII and Unicode.
| capacities and channel volume:
| 1 152 921 504 606 846 976 bytes or 260.
e-business. The transformation of key business
exception table. A table that holds rows that violate
processes through the use of Internet technologies.
referential constraints or check constraints that the
| EDM pool. A pool of main storage that is used for CHECK DATA utility finds.
| database descriptors, application plans, authorization
exclusive lock. A lock that prevents concurrently
| cache, application packages.
executing application processes from reading or
EID. Event identifier. changing data. Contrast with share lock.
embedded SQL. SQL statements that are coded executable statement. An SQL statement that can be
within an application program. See static SQL. embedded in an application program, dynamically
prepared and executed, or issued interactively.
enclave. In Language Environment , an independent
collection of routines, one of which is designated as the execution context. In SQLJ, a Java object that can
main routine. An enclave is similar to a program or run be used to control the execution of SQL statements.
unit.
Glossary 1051
exit routine • forest
exit routine. A user-written (or IBM-provided default)

program that receives control from DB2 to perform
F
specific functions. Exit routines run as extensions of
failed member state. A state of a member of a data
DB2.
sharing group. When a member fails, the XCF
expanding conversion. A process that occurs when permanently records the failed member state. This state
the length of a converted string is greater than that of usually means that the member’s task, address space,
the source string. For example, this process occurs or z/OS system terminated before the state changed
when an ASCII mixed-data string that contains DBCS from active to quiesced.
characters is converted to an EBCDIC mixed-data
fallback. The process of returning to a previous
string; the converted string is longer because of the
release of DB2 after attempting or completing migration
addition of shift codes.
to a current release.
explicit hierarchical locking. Locking that is used to
false global lock contention. A contention indication
make the parent-child relationship between resources
from the coupling facility when multiple lock names are
known to IRLM. This kind of locking avoids global
hashed to the same indicator and when no real
locking overhead when no inter-DB2 interest exists on a
contention exists.
resource.
fan set. A direct physical access path to data, which is
exposed name. A correlation name or a table or view
provided by an index, hash, or link; a fan set is the
name for which a correlation name is not specified.
means by which the data manager supports the
Names that are specified in a FROM clause are
ordering of data.
exposed or non-exposed.
federated database. The combination of a DB2
expression. An operand or a collection of operators
Universal Database server (in Linux, UNIX, and
and operands that yields a single value.
Windows environments) and multiple data sources to
extended recovery facility (XRF). A facility that which the server sends queries. In a federated database
minimizes the effect of failures in z/OS, VTAM , the host system, a client application can use a single SQL
processor, or high-availability applications during statement to join data that is distributed across multiple
sessions between high-availability applications and database management systems and can view the data
designated terminals. This facility provides an as if it were local.
alternative subsystem to take over sessions from the
fetch orientation. The specification of the desired
failing subsystem.
placement of the cursor as part of a FETCH statement
Extensible Markup Language (XML). A standard (for example, BEFORE, AFTER, NEXT, PRIOR,
metalanguage for defining markup languages that is a CURRENT, FIRST, LAST, ABSOLUTE, and RELATIVE).
subset of Standardized General Markup Language
field procedure. A user-written exit routine that is
(SGML). The less complex nature of XML makes it
designed to receive a single value and transform
easier to write applications that handle document types,
(encode or decode) it in any way the user can specify.
to author and manage structured information, and to
transmit and share structured information across diverse filter factor. A number between zero and one that
computing environments. estimates the proportion of rows in a table for which a
predicate is true.
external function. A function for which the body is
written in a programming language that takes scalar fixed-length string. A character or graphic string
argument values and produces a scalar result for each whose length is specified and cannot be changed.
invocation. Contrast with sourced function, built-in Contrast with varying-length string.
function, and SQL function.
FlashCopy. A function on the IBM Enterprise Storage
external procedure. A user-written application Server® that can create a point-in-time copy of data
program that can be invoked with the SQL CALL while an application is running.
statement, which is written in a programming language.
Contrast with SQL procedure. foreign key. A column or set of columns in a
dependent table of a constraint relationship. The key
external routine. A user-defined function or stored must have the same number of columns, with the same
procedure that is based on code that is written in an descriptions, as the primary key of the parent table.
external programming language. Each foreign key value must either match a parent key
value in the related parent table or be null.
external subsystem module table (ESMT). In IMS,
the table that specifies which attachment modules must | forest. An ordered set of subtrees of XML nodes.
be loaded.

forget • group level
forget. In a two-phase commit operation, (1) the vote function signature. The logical concatenation of a
that is sent to the prepare phase when the participant fully qualified function name with the data types of all of
has not modified any data. The forget vote allows a its parameters.
participant to release locks and forget about the logical
unit of work. This is also referred to as the read-only
vote. (2) The response to the committed request in the
G
second phase of the operation.
GB. Gigabyte (1 073 741 824 bytes).
forward log recovery. The third phase of restart
GBP. Group buffer pool.
processing during which DB2 processes the log in a
forward direction to apply all REDO log records. GBP-dependent. The status of a page set or page set
partition that is dependent on the group buffer pool.
free space. The total amount of unused space in a
Either read/write interest is active among DB2
page; that is, the space that is not used to store records
subsystems for this page set, or the page set has
or control information is free space.
changed pages in the group buffer pool that have not
full outer join. The result of a join operation that yet been cast out to disk.
includes the matched rows of both tables that are being
generalized trace facility (GTF). A z/OS service
joined and preserves the unmatched rows of both
program that records significant system events such as
tables. See also join.
I/O interrupts, SVC interrupts, program interrupts, or
fullselect. A subselect, a values-clause, or a number external interrupts.
of both that are combined by set operators. Fullselect
generic resource name. A name that VTAM uses to
specifies a result table. If UNION is not used, the result
represent several application programs that provide the
of the fullselect is the result of the specified subselect.
same function in order to handle session distribution
| fully escaped mapping. A mapping from an SQL and balancing in a Sysplex environment.
| identifier to an XML name when the SQL identifier is a
getpage. An operation in which DB2 accesses a data
| column name.
page.
function. A mapping, which is embodied as a program
global lock. A lock that provides concurrency control
(the function body) that is invocable by means of zero
within and among DB2 subsystems. The scope of the
or more input values (arguments) to a single value (the
lock is across all DB2 subsystems of a data sharing
result). See also column function and scalar function.
group.
Functions can be user-defined, built-in, or generated by
DB2. (See also built-in function, cast function, external global lock contention. Conflicts on locking requests
function, sourced function, SQL function, and between different DB2 members of a data sharing group
user-defined function.) when those members are trying to serialize shared
resources.
function definer. The authorization ID of the owner of
the schema of the function that is specified in the governor. See resource limit facility.
CREATE FUNCTION statement.
graphic string. A sequence of DBCS characters.
function implementer. The authorization ID of the
owner of the function program and function package. gross lock. The shared, update, or exclusive mode
locks on a table, partition, or table space.
function package. A package that results from binding
the DBRM for a function program. group buffer pool (GBP). A coupling facility cache
structure that is used by a data sharing group to cache
function package owner. The authorization ID of the data and to ensure that the data is consistent for all
user who binds the function program’s DBRM into a members.
function package.
group buffer pool duplexing. The ability to write data
function resolution. The process, internal to the to two instances of a group buffer pool structure: a
DBMS, by which a function invocation is bound to a primary group buffer pool and a secondary group buffer
particular function instance. This process uses the pool. z/OS publications refer to these instances as the
function name, the data types of the arguments, and a "old" (for primary) and "new" (for secondary) structures.
list of the applicable schema names (called the SQL
path) to make the selection. This process is sometimes group level. The release level of a data sharing
called function selection. group, which is established when the first member
migrates to a new release.
function selection. See function resolution.
Glossary 1053
group name • IMS
group name. The z/OS XCF identifier for a data | host variable array. An array of elements, each of
sharing group. | which corresponds to a value for a column. The
| dimension of the array determines the maximum
group restart. A restart of at least one member of a | number of rows for which the array can be used.
data sharing group after the loss of either locks or the
shared communications area. HSM. Hierarchical storage manager.
GTF. Generalized trace facility. HTML. Hypertext Markup Language, a standard

method for presenting Web data to users.
H HTTP. Hypertext Transfer Protocol, a communication
protocol that the Web uses.
handle. In DB2 ODBC, a variable that refers to a data
structure and associated resources. See also statement
handle, connection handle, and environment handle. I
help panel. A screen of information that presents ICF. Integrated catalog facility.
tutorial text to assist a user at the workstation or
terminal. IDCAMS. An IBM program that is used to process
access method services commands. It can be invoked
heuristic damage. The inconsistency in data between as a job or jobstep, from a TSO terminal, or from within
one or more participants that results when a heuristic a user’s application program.
decision to resolve an indoubt LUW at one or more
participants differs from the decision that is recorded at IDCAMS LISTCAT. A facility for obtaining information
the coordinator. that is contained in the access method services catalog.
heuristic decision. A decision that forces indoubt identify. A request that an attachment service program
resolution at a participant by means other than in an address space that is separate from DB2 issues
automatic resynchronization between coordinator and thorough the z/OS subsystem interface to inform DB2 of
participant. its existence and to initiate the process of becoming
connected to DB2.
| hole. A row of the result table that cannot be accessed
| because of a delete or an update that has been identity column. A column that provides a way for
| performed on the row. See also delete hole and update DB2 to automatically generate a numeric value for each
| hole. row. The generated values are unique if cycling is not
used. Identity columns are defined with the AS
home address space. The area of storage that z/OS IDENTITY clause. Uniqueness of values can be
currently recognizes as dispatched. ensured by defining a unique index that contains only
the identity column. A table can have no more than one
host. The set of programs and resources that are identity column.
available on a given TCP/IP instance.
IFCID. Instrumentation facility component identifier.
host expression. A Java variable or expression that is
referenced by SQL clauses in an SQLJ application IFI. Instrumentation facility interface.
program.
IFI call. An invocation of the instrumentation facility
host identifier. A name that is declared in the host interface (IFI) by means of one of its defined functions.
program.
IFP. IMS Fast Path.
host language. A programming language in which you
can embed SQL statements. image copy. An exact reproduction of all or part of a
table space. DB2 provides utility programs to make full
host program. An application program that is written image copies (to copy the entire table space) or
in a host language and that contains embedded SQL incremental image copies (to copy only those pages
statements. that have been modified since the last image copy).
host structure. In an application program, a structure implied forget. In the presumed-abort protocol, an
that is referenced by embedded SQL statements. implied response of forget to the second-phase
committed request from the coordinator. The response
host variable. In an application program, an is implied when the participant responds to any
application variable that is referenced by embedded subsequent request from the coordinator.
SQL statements.
IMS. Information Management System.

IMS attachment facility • instrumentation facility interface (IFI)
IMS attachment facility. A DB2 subcomponent that indoubt resolution. The process of resolving the
uses z/OS subsystem interface (SSI) protocols and status of an indoubt logical unit of work to either the
cross-memory linkage to process requests from IMS to committed or the rollback state.
DB2 and to coordinate resource commitment.
inflight. A status of a unit of recovery. If DB2 fails
IMS DB. Information Management System Database. before its unit of recovery completes phase 1 of the
commit process, it merely backs out the updates of its
IMS TM. Information Management System Transaction unit of recovery at restart. These units of recovery are
Manager. termed inflight.
in-abort. A status of a unit of recovery. If DB2 fails inheritance. The passing downstream of class
after a unit of recovery begins to be rolled back, but resources or attributes from a parent class in the class
before the process is completed, DB2 continues to back hierarchy to a child class.
out the changes during restart.
initialization file. For DB2 ODBC applications, a file
in-commit. A status of a unit of recovery. If DB2 fails containing values that can be set to adjust the
after beginning its phase 2 commit processing, it performance of the database manager.
"knows," when restarted, that changes made to data are
consistent. Such units of recovery are termed in-commit. inline copy. A copy that is produced by the LOAD or
REORG utility. The data set that the inline copy
independent. An object (row, table, or table space) produces is logically equivalent to a full image copy that
that is neither a parent nor a dependent of another is produced by running the COPY utility with read-only
object. access (SHRLEVEL REFERENCE).
index. A set of pointers that are logically ordered by inner join. The result of a join operation that includes
the values of a key. Indexes can provide faster access only the matched rows of both tables that are being
to data and can enforce uniqueness on the rows in a joined. See also join.
table.
inoperative package. A package that cannot be used
| index-controlled partitioning. A type of partitioning in because one or more user-defined functions or
| which partition boundaries for a partitioned table are procedures that the package depends on were dropped.
| controlled by values that are specified on the CREATE Such a package must be explicitly rebound. Contrast
| INDEX statement. Partition limits are saved in the with invalid package.
| LIMITKEY column of the SYSIBM.SYSINDEXPART
| catalog table. | insensitive cursor. A cursor that is not sensitive to
| inserts, updates, or deletes that are made to the
index key. The set of columns in a table that is used | underlying rows of a result table after the result table
to determine the order of index entries. | has been materialized.
index partition. A VSAM data set that is contained insert trigger. A trigger that is defined with the
within a partitioning index space. triggering SQL operation INSERT.
index space. A page set that is used to store the install. The process of preparing a DB2 subsystem to
entries of one index. operate as a z/OS subsystem.
indicator column. A 4-byte value that is stored in a installation verification scenario. A sequence of
base table in place of a LOB column. operations that exercises the main DB2 functions and
tests whether DB2 was correctly installed.
indicator variable. A variable that is used to represent
the null value in an application program. If the value for instrumentation facility component identifier
the selected column is null, a negative value is placed (IFCID). A value that names and identifies a trace
in the indicator variable. record of an event that can be traced. As a parameter
on the START TRACE and MODIFY TRACE
indoubt. A status of a unit of recovery. If DB2 fails commands, it specifies that the corresponding event is
after it has finished its phase 1 commit processing and to be traced.
before it has started phase 2, only the commit
coordinator knows if an individual unit of recovery is to instrumentation facility interface (IFI). A
be committed or rolled back. At emergency restart, if programming interface that enables programs to obtain
DB2 lacks the information it needs to make this online trace data about DB2, to submit DB2 commands,
decision, the status of the unit of recovery is indoubt and to pass data to DB2.
until DB2 obtains this information from the coordinator.
More than one unit of recovery can be indoubt at
restart.
Glossary 1055
Interactive System Productivity Facility (ISPF) • Kerberos ticket
Interactive System Productivity Facility (ISPF). An iterator. In SQLJ, an object that contains the result set
IBM licensed program that provides interactive dialog of a query. An iterator is equivalent to a cursor in other
services in a z/OS environment. host languages.
inter-DB2 R/W interest. A property of data in a table iterator declaration clause. In SQLJ, a statement that
space, index, or partition that has been opened by more generates an iterator declaration class. An iterator is an
than one member of a data sharing group and that has object of an iterator declaration class.
been opened for writing by at least one of those
members.
J
intermediate database server. The target of a
request from a local application or a remote application | Japanese Industrial Standard. An encoding scheme
requester that is forwarded to another database server. | that is used to process Japanese characters.
In the DB2 environment, the remote request is
| JAR. Java Archive.
forwarded transparently to another database server if
the object that is referenced by a three-part name does Java Archive (JAR). A file format that is used for
not reference the local location. aggregating many files into a single file.
internationalization. The support for an encoding JCL. Job control language.
scheme that is able to represent the code points of
characters from many different geographies and JDBC. A Sun Microsystems database application
languages. To support all geographies, the Unicode programming interface (API) for Java that allows
standard requires more than 1 byte to represent a programs to access database management systems by
single character. See also Unicode. using callable SQL. JDBC does not require the use of
an SQL preprocessor. In addition, JDBC provides an
internal resource lock manager (IRLM). A z/OS architecture that lets users add modules called
subsystem that DB2 uses to control communication and database drivers, which link the application to their
database locking. choice of database management systems at run time.
| International Organization for Standardization. An JES. Job Entry Subsystem.
| international body charged with creating standards to
| facilitate the exchange of goods and services as well as JIS. Japanese Industrial Standard.
| cooperation in intellectual, scientific, technological, and
| economic activity. job control language (JCL). A control language that
is used to identify a job to an operating system and to
invalid package. A package that depends on an describe the job’s requirements.
object (other than a user-defined function) that is
dropped. Such a package is implicitly rebound on Job Entry Subsystem (JES). An IBM licensed
invocation. Contrast with inoperative package. program that receives jobs into the system and
processes all output data that is produced by the jobs.
invariant character set. (1) A character set, such as
the syntactic character set, whose code point join. A relational operation that allows retrieval of data
assignments do not change from code page to code from two or more tables based on matching column
page. (2) A minimum set of characters that is available values. See also equijoin, full outer join, inner join, left
as part of all character sets. outer join, outer join, and right outer join.
IP address. A 4-byte value that uniquely identifies a

TCP/IP host. K
IRLM. Internal resource lock manager. KB. Kilobyte (1024 bytes).
ISO. International Organization for Standardization. Kerberos. A network authentication protocol that is
designed to provide strong authentication for
isolation level. The degree to which a unit of work is client/server applications by using secret-key
isolated from the updating operations of other units of cryptography.
work. See also cursor stability, read stability, repeatable
read, and uncommitted read. Kerberos ticket. A transparent application mechanism
that transmits the identity of an initiating principal to its
ISPF. Interactive System Productivity Facility. target. A simple ticket contains the principal’s identity, a
session key, a timestamp, and other information, which
ISPF/PDF. Interactive System Productivity is sealed using the target’s secret key.
Facility/Program Development Facility.

key • location alias
key. A column or an ordered collection of columns that list. A type of object, which DB2 utilities can process,
is identified in the description of a table, index, or that identifies multiple table spaces, multiple index
referential constraint. The same column can be part of spaces, or both. A list is defined with the LISTDEF utility
more than one key. control statement.
key-sequenced data set (KSDS). A VSAM file or data list structure. A coupling facility structure that lets
set whose records are loaded in key sequence and data be shared and manipulated as elements of a
controlled by an index. queue.
keyword. In SQL, a name that identifies an option that LLE. Load list element.
is used in an SQL statement.
L-lock. Logical lock.
KSDS. Key-sequenced data set.
| load list element. A z/OS control block that controls
| the loading and deleting of a particular load module
L | based on entry point names.
labeled duration. A number that represents a duration load module. A program unit that is suitable for
of years, months, days, hours, minutes, seconds, or loading into main storage for execution. The output of a
microseconds. linkage editor.
large object (LOB). A sequence of bytes representing LOB. Large object.

bit data, single-byte characters, double-byte characters,
or a mixture of single- and double-byte characters. A LOB locator. A mechanism that allows an application
LOB can be up to 2 GB−1 byte in length. See also program to manipulate a large object value in the
BLOB, CLOB, and DBCLOB. database system. A LOB locator is a fullword integer
value that represents a single LOB value. An application
last agent optimization. An optimized commit flow for program retrieves a LOB locator into a host variable and
either presumed-nothing or presumed-abort protocols in can then apply SQL operations to the associated LOB
which the last agent, or final participant, becomes the value using the locator.
commit coordinator. This flow saves at least one
message. LOB lock. A lock on a LOB value.
latch. A DB2 internal mechanism for controlling LOB table space. A table space in an auxiliary table
concurrent events or the use of system resources. that contains all the data for a particular LOB column in
the related base table.
LCID. Log control interval definition.
local. A way of referring to any object that the local
LDS. Linear data set. DB2 subsystem maintains. A local table, for example, is
a table that is maintained by the local DB2 subsystem.
leaf page. A page that contains pairs of keys and Contrast with remote.
RIDs and that points to actual data. Contrast with
nonleaf page. locale. The definition of a subset of a user’s
environment that combines a CCSID and characters
left outer join. The result of a join operation that that are defined for a specific language and country.
includes the matched rows of both tables that are being
joined, and that preserves the unmatched rows of the local lock. A lock that provides intra-DB2 concurrency
first table. See also join. control, but not inter-DB2 concurrency control; that is, its
scope is a single DB2.
limit key. The highest value of the index key for a
partition. local subsystem. The unique relational DBMS to
which the user or application program is directly
linear data set (LDS). A VSAM data set that contains connected (in the case of DB2, by one of the DB2
data but no control information. A linear data set can be attachment facilities).
accessed as a byte-addressable string in virtual storage.
| location. The unique name of a database server. An
linkage editor. A computer program for creating load | application uses the location name to access a DB2
modules from one or more object modules or load | database server. A database alias can be used to
modules by resolving cross references among the | override the location name when accessing a remote
modules and, if necessary, adjusting addresses. | server.
link-edit. The action of creating a loadable computer | location alias. Another name by which a database
program using a linkage editor. | server identifies itself in the network. Applications can
| use this name to access a DB2 database server.
Glossary 1057
lock • LUW
lock. A means of controlling concurrent events or logically complete. A state in which the concurrent
access to data. DB2 locking is performed by the IRLM. copy process is finished with the initialization of the
target objects that are being copied. The target objects
lock duration. The interval over which a DB2 lock is are available for update.
held.
logical page list (LPL). A list of pages that are in
lock escalation. The promotion of a lock from a row, error and that cannot be referenced by applications until
page, or LOB lock to a table space lock because the the pages are recovered. The page is in logical error
number of page locks that are concurrently held on a because the actual media (coupling facility or disk)
given resource exceeds a preset limit. might not contain any errors. Usually a connection to
the media has been lost.
locking. The process by which the integrity of data is
ensured. Locking prevents concurrent users from logical partition. A set of key or RID pairs in a
accessing inconsistent data. nonpartitioning index that are associated with a
particular partition.
lock mode. A representation for the type of access
that concurrently running programs can have to a logical recovery pending (LRECP). The state in
resource that a DB2 lock is holding. which the data and the index keys that reference the
data are inconsistent.
lock object. The resource that is controlled by a DB2
lock. logical unit (LU). An access point through which an
application program accesses the SNA network in order
lock promotion. The process of changing the size or to communicate with another application program.
mode of a DB2 lock to a higher, more restrictive level.
logical unit of work (LUW). The processing that a
lock size. The amount of data that is controlled by a program performs between synchronization points.
DB2 lock on table data; the value can be a row, a page,
a LOB, a partition, a table, or a table space. logical unit of work identifier (LUWID). A name that
uniquely identifies a thread within a network. This name
lock structure. A coupling facility data structure that is consists of a fully-qualified LU network name, an LUW
composed of a series of lock entries to support shared instance number, and an LUW sequence number.
and exclusive locking for logical resources.
log initialization. The first phase of restart processing
log. A collection of records that describe the events during which DB2 attempts to locate the current end of
that occur during DB2 execution and that indicate their the log.
sequence. The information thus recorded is used for
recovery in the event of a failure during DB2 execution. log record header (LRH). A prefix, in every logical
record, that contains control information.
| log control interval definition. A suffix of the physical
| log record that tells how record segments are placed in log record sequence number (LRSN). A unique
| the physical control interval. identifier for a log record that is associated with a data
sharing member. DB2 uses the LRSN for recovery in
logical claim. A claim on a logical partition of a the data sharing environment.
nonpartitioning index.
log truncation. A process by which an explicit starting
logical data modeling. The process of documenting RBA is established. This RBA is the point at which the
the comprehensive business information requirements in next byte of log data is to be written.
an accurate and consistent format. Data modeling is the
first task of designing a database. LPL. Logical page list.
logical drain. A drain on a logical partition of a LRECP. Logical recovery pending.
nonpartitioning index.
LRH. Log record header.
logical index partition. The set of all keys that
reference the same data partition. LRSN. Log record sequence number.
logical lock (L-lock). The lock type that transactions LU. Logical unit.
use to control intra- and inter-DB2 data concurrency
between transactions. Contrast with physical lock LU name. Logical unit name, which is the name by
(P-lock). which VTAM refers to a node in a network. Contrast
with location name.
LUW. Logical unit of work.

LUWID • nested table expression
LUWID. Logical unit of work identifier. modeling database. A DB2 database that you create
on your workstation that you use to model a DB2 UDB
for z/OS subsystem, which can then be evaluated by
M the Index Advisor.
mapping table. A table that the REORG utility uses to mode name. A VTAM name for the collection of
map the associations of the RIDs of data records in the physical and logical characteristics and attributes of a
original copy and in the shadow copy. This table is session.
created by the user.
modify locks. An L-lock or P-lock with a MODIFY
mass delete. The deletion of all rows of a table. attribute. A list of these active locks is kept at all times
in the coupling facility lock structure. If the requesting
master terminal. The IMS logical terminal that has
DB2 subsystem fails, that DB2 subsystem’s modify
complete control of IMS resources during online
locks are converted to retained locks.
operations.
MPP. Message processing program (in IMS).
master terminal operator (MTO). See master
terminal. MTO. Master terminal operator.
materialize. (1) The process of putting rows from a multibyte character set (MBCS). A character set that
view or nested table expression into a work file for represents single characters with more than a single
additional processing by a query. byte. Contrast with single-byte character set and
(2) The placement of a LOB value into contiguous double-byte character set. See also Unicode.
storage. Because LOB values can be very large, DB2
avoids materializing LOB data until doing so becomes multidimensional analysis. The process of assessing
absolutely necessary. and evaluating an enterprise on more than one level.
| materialized query table. A table that is used to Multiple Virtual Storage. An element of the z/OS
| contain information that is derived and can be operating system. This element is also called the Base
| summarized from one or more source tables. Control Program (BCP).
MB. Megabyte (1 048 576 bytes). multisite update. Distributed relational database
processing in which data is updated in more than one
MBCS. Multibyte character set. UTF-8 is an example location within a single unit of work.
of an MBCS. Characters in UTF-8 can range from 1 to
4 bytes in DB2. multithreading. Multiple TCBs that are executing one
copy of DB2 ODBC code concurrently (sharing a
member name. The z/OS XCF identifier for a processor) or in parallel (on separate central
particular DB2 subsystem in a data sharing group. processors).
menu. A displayed list of available functions for must-complete. A state during DB2 processing in
selection by the operator. A menu is sometimes called a which the entire operation must be completed to
menu panel. maintain data integrity.
| metalanguage. A language that is used to create mutex. Pthread mutual exclusion; a lock. A Pthread
| other specialized languages. mutex variable is used as a locking mechanism to allow
serialization of critical sections of code by temporarily
migration. The process of converting a subsystem blocking the execution of all but one thread.
with a previous release of DB2 to an updated or current
release. In this process, you can acquire the functions | MVS. See Multiple Virtual Storage.
of the updated or current release without losing the data
that you created on the previous release.
N
mixed data string. A character string that can contain
both single-byte and double-byte characters. negotiable lock. A lock whose mode can be
downgraded, by agreement among contending users, to
MLPA. Modified link pack area. be compatible to all. A physical lock is an example of a
negotiable lock.
MODEENT. A VTAM macro instruction that associates
a logon mode name with a set of parameters nested table expression. A fullselect in a FROM
representing session protocols. A set of MODEENT clause (surrounded by parentheses).
macro instructions defines a logon mode table.
Glossary 1059
network identifier (NID) • overloaded function
network identifier (NID). The network ID that is

assigned by IMS or CICS, or if the connection type is
O
RRSAF, the RRS unit of recovery ID (URID).
OASN (origin application schedule number). In IMS,
NID. Network identifier. a 4-byte number that is assigned sequentially to each
IMS schedule since the last cold start of IMS. The
nonleaf page. A page that contains keys and page OASN is used as an identifier for a unit of work. In an
numbers of other pages in the index (either leaf or 8-byte format, the first 4 bytes contain the schedule
nonleaf pages). Nonleaf pages never point to actual number and the last 4 bytes contain the number of IMS
data. sync points (commit points) during the current schedule.
The OASN is part of the NID for an IMS connection.
| nonpartitioned index. An index that is not physically
| partitioned. Both partitioning indexes and secondary ODBC. Open Database Connectivity.
| indexes can be nonpartitioned.
ODBC driver. A dynamically-linked library (DLL) that
nonscrollable cursor. A cursor that can be moved implements ODBC function calls and interacts with a
only in a forward direction. Nonscrollable cursors are data source.
sometimes called forward-only cursors or serial cursors.
OBID. Data object identifier.
normalization. A key step in the task of building a
logical relational database design. Normalization helps Open Database Connectivity (ODBC). A Microsoft®
you avoid redundancies and inconsistencies in your database application programming interface (API) for C
data. An entity is normalized if it meets a set of that allows access to database management systems
constraints for a particular normal form (first normal by using callable SQL. ODBC does not require the use
form, second normal form, and so on). Contrast with of an SQL preprocessor. In addition, ODBC provides an
denormalization. architecture that lets users add modules called
database drivers, which link the application to their
nondeterministic function. A user-defined function choice of database management systems at run time.
whose result is not solely dependent on the values of This means that applications no longer need to be
the input arguments. That is, successive invocations directly linked to the modules of all the database
with the same argument values can produce a different management systems that are supported.
answer. this type of function is sometimes called a
variant function. Contrast this with a deterministic ordinary identifier. An uppercase letter followed by
function (sometimes called a not-variant function), which zero or more characters, each of which is an uppercase
always produces the same result for the same inputs. letter, a digit, or the underscore character. An ordinary
identifier must not be a reserved word.
not-variant function. See deterministic function.
ordinary token. A numeric constant, an ordinary
| NPSI. See nonpartitioned secondary index. identifier, a host identifier, or a keyword.
NRE. Network recovery element. originating task. In a parallel group, the primary agent
that receives data from other execution units (referred to
NUL. The null character (’\0’), which is represented by as parallel tasks) that are executing portions of the
the value X'00'. In C, this character denotes the end of query in parallel.
a string.
OS/390. Operating System/390.
null. A special value that indicates the absence of
information. OS/390 OpenEdition® Distributed Computing
Environment (OS/390 OE DCE). A set of technologies
NULLIF. A scalar function that evaluates two passed that are provided by the Open Software Foundation to
expressions, returning either NULL if the arguments are implement distributed computing.
equal or the value of the first argument if they are not.
outer join. The result of a join operation that includes
null-terminated host variable. A varying-length host the matched rows of both tables that are being joined
variable in which the end of the data is indicated by a and preserves some or all of the unmatched rows of the
null terminator. tables that are being joined. See also join.
null terminator. In C, the value that indicates the end overloaded function. A function name for which
of a string. For EBCDIC, ASCII, and Unicode UTF-8 multiple function instances exist.
strings, the null terminator is a single-byte value (X'00').
For Unicode UCS-2 (wide) strings, the null terminator is
a double-byte value (X'0000').

package • partitioned table space
P parallel task. The execution unit that is dynamically

created to process a query in parallel. A parallel task is
implemented by a z/OS service request block.
package. An object containing a set of SQL
statements that have been statically bound and that is parameter marker. A question mark (?) that appears
available for processing. A package is sometimes also in a statement string of a dynamic SQL statement. The
called an application package. question mark can appear where a host variable could
appear if the statement string were a static SQL
package list. An ordered list of package names that
statement.
may be used to extend an application plan.
| parameter-name. An SQL identifier that designates a
package name. The name of an object that is created
| parameter in an SQL procedure or an SQL function.
by a BIND PACKAGE or REBIND PACKAGE command.
The object is a bound version of a database request parent key. A primary key or unique key in the parent
module (DBRM). The name consists of a location name, table of a referential constraint. The values of a parent
a collection ID, a package ID, and a version ID. key determine the valid values of the foreign key in the
referential constraint.
page. A unit of storage within a table space (4 KB, 8
KB, 16 KB, or 32 KB) or index space (4 KB). In a table | parent lock. For explicit hierarchical locking, a lock
space, a page contains one or more rows of a table. In | that is held on a resource that might have child locks
a LOB table space, a LOB value can span more than | that are lower in the hierarchy. A parent lock is usually
one page, but no more than one LOB value is stored on | the table space lock or the partition intent lock. See also
a page. | child lock.
page set. Another way to refer to a table space or parent row. A row whose primary key value is the
index space. Each page set consists of a collection of foreign key value of a dependent row.
VSAM data sets.
parent table. A table whose primary key is referenced
page set recovery pending (PSRCP). A restrictive by the foreign key of a dependent table.
state of an index space. In this case, the entire page set
must be recovered. Recovery of a logical part is parent table space. A table space that contains a
prohibited. parent table. A table space containing a dependent of
that table is a dependent table space.
panel. A predefined display image that defines the
locations and characteristics of display fields on a participant. An entity other than the commit
display surface (for example, a menu panel). coordinator that takes part in the commit process. The
term participant is synonymous with agent in SNA.
parallel complex. A cluster of machines that work
together to handle multiple transactions and partition. A portion of a page set. Each partition
applications. corresponds to a single, independently extendable data
set. Partitions can be extended to a maximum size of 1,
parallel group. A set of consecutive operations that 2, or 4 GB, depending on the number of partitions in the
execute in parallel and that have the same number of partitioned page set. All partitions of a given page set
parallel tasks. have the same maximum size.
parallel I/O processing. A form of I/O processing in partitioned data set (PDS). A data set in disk storage
which DB2 initiates multiple concurrent requests for a that is divided into partitions, which are called members.
single user query and performs I/O processing Each partition can contain a program, part of a program,
concurrently (in parallel) on multiple data partitions. or data. The term partitioned data set is synonymous
with program library.
parallelism assistant. In Sysplex query parallelism, a
DB2 subsystem that helps to process parts of a parallel | partitioned index. An index that is physically
query that originates on another DB2 subsystem in the | partitioned. Both partitioning indexes and secondary
data sharing group. | indexes can be partitioned.
parallelism coordinator. In Sysplex query parallelism, partitioned page set. A partitioned table space or an
the DB2 subsystem from which the parallel query index space. Header pages, space map pages, data
originates. pages, and index pages reference data only within the
scope of the partition.
Parallel Sysplex. A set of z/OS systems that
communicate and cooperate with each other through partitioned table space. A table space that is
certain multisystem hardware components and software subdivided into parts (based on index key range), each
services to process customer workloads. of which can be processed independently by utilities.
Glossary 1061
partitioning index • primary authorization ID
| partitioning index. An index in which the leftmost policy. See CFRM policy.
| columns are the partitioning columns of the table. The
| index can be partitioned or nonpartitioned. Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX). The
IEEE operating system interface standard, which
| partition pruning. The removal from consideration of defines the Pthread standard of threading. See also
| inapplicable partitions through setting up predicates in a Pthread.
| query on a partitioned table to access only certain
| partitions to satisfy the query. POSIX. Portable Operating System Interface.
partner logical unit. An access point in the SNA postponed abort UR. A unit of recovery that was
network that is connected to the local DB2 subsystem inflight or in-abort, was interrupted by system failure or
by way of a VTAM conversation. cancellation, and did not complete backout during
restart.
path. See SQL path.
PPT. (1) Processing program table (in CICS). (2)
PCT. Program control table (in CICS). Program properties table (in z/OS).
PDS. Partitioned data set. precision. In SQL, the total number of digits in a
decimal number (called the size in the C language). In
piece. A data set of a nonpartitioned page set. the C language, the number of digits to the right of the
decimal point (called the scale in SQL). The DB2 library
physical claim. A claim on an entire nonpartitioning uses the SQL terms.
index.
precompilation. A processing of application programs
physical consistency. The state of a page that is not containing SQL statements that takes place before
in a partially changed state. compilation. SQL statements are replaced with
statements that are recognized by the host language
physical drain. A drain on an entire nonpartitioning
compiler. Output from this precompilation includes
index.
source code that can be submitted to the compiler and
physical lock (P-lock). A type of lock that DB2 the database request module (DBRM) that is input to
acquires to provide consistency of data that is cached in the bind process.
different DB2 subsystems. Physical locks are used only
predicate. An element of a search condition that
in data sharing environments. Contrast with logical lock
expresses or implies a comparison operation.
(L-lock).
prefix. A code at the beginning of a message or
physical lock contention. Conflicting states of the
record.
requesters for a physical lock. See also negotiable lock.
preformat. The process of preparing a VSAM ESDS
physically complete. The state in which the
for DB2 use, by writing specific data patterns.
concurrent copy process is completed and the output
data set has been created. prepare. The first phase of a two-phase commit
process in which all participants are requested to
plan. See application plan.
prepare for commit.
plan allocation. The process of allocating DB2
prepared SQL statement. A named object that is the
resources to a plan in preparation for execution.
executable form of an SQL statement that has been
plan member. The bound copy of a DBRM that is processed by the PREPARE statement.
identified in the member clause.
presumed-abort. An optimization of the
plan name. The name of an application plan. presumed-nothing two-phase commit protocol that
reduces the number of recovery log records, the
plan segmentation. The dividing of each plan into duration of state maintenance, and the number of
sections. When a section is needed, it is independently messages between coordinator and participant. The
brought into the EDM pool. optimization also modifies the indoubt resolution
responsibility.
P-lock. Physical lock.
presumed-nothing. The standard two-phase commit
PLT. Program list table (in CICS). protocol that defines coordinator and participant
responsibilities, relative to logical unit of work states,
point of consistency. A time when all recoverable recovery logging, and indoubt resolution.
data that an application accesses is consistent with
other data. The term point of consistency is primary authorization ID. The authorization ID that is
synonymous with sync point or commit point. used to identify the application process to DB2.

primary group buffer pool • quiesced member state
primary group buffer pool. For a duplexed group program temporary fix (PTF). A solution or bypass of
buffer pool, the structure that is used to maintain the a problem that is diagnosed as a result of a defect in a
coherency of cached data. This structure is used for current unaltered release of a licensed program. An
page registration and cross-invalidation. The z/OS authorized program analysis report (APAR) fix is
equivalent is old structure. Compare with secondary corrective service for an existing problem. A PTF is
group buffer pool. preventive service for problems that might be
encountered by other users of the product. A PTF is
primary index. An index that enforces the uniqueness temporary, because a permanent fix is usually not
of a primary key. incorporated into the product until its next release.
primary key. In a relational database, a unique, protected conversation. A VTAM conversation that
nonnull key that is part of the definition of a table. A supports two-phase commit flows.
table cannot be defined as a parent unless it has a
unique key or primary key. PSRCP. Page set recovery pending.
principal. An entity that can communicate securely PTF. Program temporary fix.
with another entity. In Kerberos, principals are
represented as entries in the Kerberos registry database Pthread. The POSIX threading standard model for
and include users, servers, computers, and others. splitting an application into subtasks. The Pthread
standard includes functions for creating threads,
principal name. The name by which a principal is terminating threads, synchronizing threads through
known to the DCE security services. locking, and other thread control facilities.
private connection. A communications connection

that is specific to DB2. Q
private protocol access. A method of accessing QMF™. Query Management Facility.
distributed data by which you can direct a query to
another DB2 system. Contrast with DRDA access. QSAM. Queued sequential access method.
private protocol connection. A DB2 private query. A component of certain SQL statements that
connection of the application process. See also private specifies a result table.
connection.
query block. The part of a query that is represented
privilege. The capability of performing a specific by one of the FROM clauses. Each FROM clause can
function, sometimes on a specific object. The types of have multiple query blocks, depending on DB2’s internal
privileges are: processing of the query.
explicit privileges, which have names and are held
query CP parallelism. Parallel execution of a single
as the result of SQL GRANT and REVOKE
query, which is accomplished by using multiple tasks.
statements. For example, the SELECT privilege.
See also Sysplex query parallelism.
implicit privileges, which accompany the ownership
of an object, such as the privilege to drop a query I/O parallelism. Parallel access of data, which
synonym that one owns, or the holding of an is accomplished by triggering multiple I/O requests
authority, such as the privilege of SYSADM authority within a single query.
to terminate any utility job.
queued sequential access method (QSAM). An
privilege set. For the installation SYSADM ID, the set extended version of the basic sequential access method
of all possible privileges. For any other authorization ID, (BSAM). When this method is used, a queue of data
the set of all privileges that are recorded for that ID in blocks is formed. Input data blocks await processing,
the DB2 catalog. and output data blocks await transfer to auxiliary
storage or to an output device.
process. In DB2, the unit to which DB2 allocates
resources and locks. Sometimes called an application quiesce point. A point at which data is consistent as a
process, a process involves the execution of one or result of running the DB2 QUIESCE utility.
more programs. The execution of an SQL statement is
always associated with some process. The means of quiesced member state. A state of a member of a
initiating and terminating a process are dependent on data sharing group. An active member becomes
the environment. quiesced when a STOP DB2 command takes effect
without a failure. If the member’s task, address space,
program. A single, compilable collection of executable or z/OS system fails before the command takes effect,
statements in a programming language. the member state is failed.
Glossary 1063
RACF • referential integrity
R Recoverable Resource Manager Services

attachment facility (RRSAF). A DB2 subcomponent
that uses Resource Recovery Services to coordinate
| RACF. Resource Access Control Facility, which is a
resource commitment between DB2 and all other
| component of the z/OS Security Server.
resource managers that also use RRS in a z/OS
RAMAC®. IBM family of enterprise disk storage system.
system products.
recovery. The process of rebuilding databases after a
RBA. Relative byte address. system failure.
RCT. Resource control table (in CICS attachment recovery log. A collection of records that describes
facility). the events that occur during DB2 execution and
indicates their sequence. The recorded information is
RDB. Relational database. used for recovery in the event of a failure during DB2
execution.
RDBMS. Relational database management system.
recovery manager. (1) A subcomponent that supplies
RDBNAM. Relational database name. coordination services that control the interaction of DB2
resource managers during commit, abort, checkpoint,
RDF. Record definition field. and restart processes. The recovery manager also
supports the recovery mechanisms of other subsystems
read stability (RS). An isolation level that is similar to
(for example, IMS) by acting as a participant in the
repeatable read but does not completely isolate an
other subsystem’s process for protecting data that has
application process from all other concurrently executing
reached a point of consistency. (2) A coordinator or a
application processes. Under level RS, an application
participant (or both), in the execution of a two-phase
that issues the same query more than once might read
commit, that can access a recovery log that maintains
additional rows that were inserted and committed by a
the state of the logical unit of work and names the
concurrently executing application process.
immediate upstream coordinator and downstream
rebind. The creation of a new application plan for an participants.
application program that has been bound previously. If,
recovery pending (RECP). A condition that prevents
for example, you have added an index for a table that
SQL access to a table space that needs to be
your application accesses, you must rebind the
recovered.
application in order to take advantage of that index.
recovery token. An identifier for an element that is
rebuild. The process of reallocating a coupling facility
used in recovery (for example, NID or URID).
structure. For the shared communications area (SCA)
and lock structure, the structure is repopulated; for the RECP. Recovery pending.
group buffer pool, changed pages are usually cast out
to disk, and the new structure is populated only with redo. A state of a unit of recovery that indicates that
changed pages that were not successfully cast out. changes are to be reapplied to the disk media to ensure
data integrity.
RECFM. Record format.
reentrant. Executable code that can reside in storage
record. The storage representation of a row or other as one shared copy for all threads. Reentrant code is
data. not self-modifying and provides separate storage areas
for each thread. Reentrancy is a compiler and operating
record identifier (RID). A unique identifier that DB2
system concept, and reentrancy alone is not enough to
uses internally to identify a row of data in a table.
guarantee logically consistent results when
Compare with row ID.
multithreading. See also threadsafe.
| record identifier (RID) pool. An area of main storage referential constraint. The requirement that nonnull
| that is used for sorting record identifiers during values of a designated foreign key are valid only if they
| list-prefetch processing. equal values of the primary key of a designated table.
record length. The sum of the length of all the
referential integrity. The state of a database in which
columns in a table, which is the length of the data as it
all values of all foreign keys are valid. Maintaining
is physically stored in the database. Records can be
referential integrity requires the enforcement of
fixed length or varying length, depending on how the
referential constraints on all operations that change the
columns are defined. If all columns are fixed-length
data in a table on which the referential constraints are
columns, the record is a fixed-length record. If one or
defined.
more columns are varying-length columns, the record is
a varying-length column.

referential structure • resource limit specification table (RLST)
referential structure. A set of tables and relationships reoptimization, DB2 uses the values of host variables,
that includes at least one table and, for every table in parameter markers, or special registers.
the set, all the relationships in which that table
participates and all the tables to which it is related. REORG pending (REORP). A condition that restricts
SQL access and most utility access to an object that
| refresh age. The time duration between the current must be reorganized.
| time and the time during which a materialized query
| table was last refreshed. REORP. REORG pending.
registry. See registry database. repeatable read (RR). The isolation level that provides
maximum protection from other executing application
registry database. A database of security information programs. When an application program executes with
about principals, groups, organizations, accounts, and repeatable read protection, rows that the program
security policies. references cannot be changed by other programs until
the program reaches a commit point.
relational database (RDB). A database that can be
perceived as a set of tables and manipulated in repeating group. A situation in which an entity
accordance with the relational model of data. includes multiple attributes that are inherently the same.
The presence of a repeating group violates the
relational database management system (RDBMS). requirement of first normal form. In an entity that
A collection of hardware and software that organizes satisfies the requirement of first normal form, each
and provides access to a relational database. attribute is independent and unique in its meaning and
its name. See also normalization.
relational database name (RDBNAM). A unique
identifier for an RDBMS within a network. In DB2, this replay detection mechanism. A method that allows a
must be the value in the LOCATION column of table principal to detect whether a request is a valid request
SYSIBM.LOCATIONS in the CDB. DB2 publications from a source that can be trusted or whether an
refer to the name of another RDBMS as a LOCATION untrustworthy entity has captured information from a
value or a location name. previous exchange and is replaying the information
exchange to gain access to the principal.
relationship. A defined connection between the rows
of a table or the rows of two tables. A relationship is the request commit. The vote that is submitted to the
internal representation of a referential constraint. prepare phase if the participant has modified data and
is prepared to commit or roll back.
relative byte address (RBA). The offset of a data
record or control interval from the beginning of the requester. The source of a request to access data at
storage space that is allocated to the data set or file to a remote server. In the DB2 environment, the requester
which it belongs. function is provided by the distributed data facility.
remigration. The process of returning to a current resource. The object of a lock or claim, which could
release of DB2 following a fallback to a previous be a table space, an index space, a data partition, an
release. This procedure constitutes another migration index partition, or a logical partition.
process.
resource allocation. The part of plan allocation that
remote. Any object that is maintained by a remote deals specifically with the database resources.
DB2 subsystem (that is, by a DB2 subsystem other than
the local one). A remote view, for example, is a view resource control table (RCT). A construct of the
that is maintained by a remote DB2 subsystem. CICS attachment facility, created by site-provided macro
Contrast with local. parameters, that defines authorization and access
attributes for transactions or transaction groups.
remote attach request. A request by a remote
location to attach to the local DB2 subsystem. resource definition online. A CICS feature that you
Specifically, the request that is sent is an SNA Function use to define CICS resources online without assembling
Management Header 5. tables.
remote subsystem. Any relational DBMS, except the resource limit facility (RLF). A portion of DB2 code
local subsystem, with which the user or application can that prevents dynamic manipulative SQL statements
communicate. The subsystem need not be remote in from exceeding specified time limits. The resource limit
any physical sense, and might even operate on the facility is sometimes called the governor.
same processor under the same z/OS system.
resource limit specification table (RLST). A
reoptimization. The DB2 process of reconsidering the site-defined table that specifies the limits to be enforced
access path of an SQL statement at run time; during by the resource limit facility.
Glossary 1065
resource manager • scale
resource manager. (1) A function that is responsible row. The horizontal component of a table. A row
for managing a particular resource and that guarantees consists of a sequence of values, one for each column
the consistency of all updates made to recoverable of the table.
resources within a logical unit of work. The resource
that is being managed can be physical (for example, ROWID. Row identifier.
disk or main storage) or logical (for example, a
particular type of system service). (2) A participant, in row identifier (ROWID). A value that uniquely
the execution of a two-phase commit, that has identifies a row. This value is stored with the row and
recoverable resources that could have been modified. never changes.
The resource manager has access to a recovery log so
row lock. A lock on a single row of data.
that it can commit or roll back the effects of the logical
unit of work to the recoverable resources. | rowset. A set of rows for which a cursor position is
| established.
restart pending (RESTP). A restrictive state of a page
set or partition that indicates that restart (backout) work | rowset cursor. A cursor that is defined so that one or
needs to be performed on the object. All access to the | more rows can be returned as a rowset for a single
page set or partition is denied except for access by the: | FETCH statement, and the cursor is positioned on the
v RECOVER POSTPONED command | set of rows that is fetched.
v Automatic online backout (which DB2 invokes after
restart if the system parameter LBACKOUT=AUTO) | rowset-positioned access. The ability to retrieve
| multiple rows from a single FETCH statement.
RESTP. Restart pending.
| row-positioned access. The ability to retrieve a single
result set. The set of rows that a stored procedure | row from a single FETCH statement.
returns to a client application.
row trigger. A trigger that is defined with the trigger
result set locator. A 4-byte value that DB2 uses to granularity FOR EACH ROW.
uniquely identify a query result set that a stored
procedure returns. RRE. Residual recovery entry (in IMS).
result table. The set of rows that are specified by a RRSAF. Recoverable Resource Manager Services
SELECT statement. attachment facility.
retained lock. A MODIFY lock that a DB2 subsystem RS. Read stability.
was holding at the time of a subsystem failure. The lock
is retained in the coupling facility lock structure across a RTT. Resource translation table.
DB2 failure.
RURE. Restart URE.
RID. Record identifier.
RID pool. Record identifier pool. S

right outer join. The result of a join operation that savepoint. A named entity that represents the state of
includes the matched rows of both tables that are being data and schemas at a particular point in time within a
joined and preserves the unmatched rows of the second unit of work. SQL statements exist to set a savepoint,
join operand. See also join. release a savepoint, and restore data and schemas to
the state that the savepoint represents. The restoration
RLF. Resource limit facility. of data and schemas to a savepoint is usually referred
to as rolling back to a savepoint.
RLST. Resource limit specification table.
SBCS. Single-byte character set.
RMID. Resource manager identifier.
SCA. Shared communications area.
RO. Read-only access.
scalar function. An SQL operation that produces a
rollback. The process of restoring data that was single value from another value and is expressed as a
changed by SQL statements to the state at its last function name, followed by a list of arguments that are
commit point. All locks are freed. Contrast with commit. enclosed in parentheses. Contrast with column function.
root page. The index page that is at the highest level scale. In SQL, the number of digits to the right of the
(or the beginning point) in an index. decimal point (called the precision in the C language).
The DB2 library uses the SQL definition.
routine. A term that refers to either a user-defined
function or a stored procedure.

schema • shift-in character
| schema. (1) The organization or structure of a self-referencing table. A table with a self-referencing
| database. (2) A logical grouping for user-defined constraint.
| functions, distinct types, triggers, and stored
| procedures. When an object of one of these types is | sensitive cursor. A cursor that is sensitive to changes
| created, it is assigned to one schema, which is | that are made to the database after the result table has
| determined by the name of the object. For example, the | been materialized.
| following statement creates a distinct type T in schema
| C: | sequence. A user-defined object that generates a
| sequence of numeric values according to user
| CREATE DISTINCT TYPE C.T ... | specifications.
scrollability. The ability to use a cursor to fetch in sequential data set. A non-DB2 data set whose
either a forward or backward direction. The FETCH records are organized on the basis of their successive
statement supports multiple fetch orientations to indicate physical positions, such as on magnetic tape. Several of
the new position of the cursor. See also fetch the DB2 database utilities require sequential data sets.
orientation.
sequential prefetch. A mechanism that triggers
scrollable cursor. A cursor that can be moved in both consecutive asynchronous I/O operations. Pages are
a forward and a backward direction. fetched before they are required, and several pages are
read with a single I/O operation.
SDWA. System diagnostic work area.
serial cursor. A cursor that can be moved only in a
search condition. A criterion for selecting rows from a
forward direction.
table. A search condition consists of one or more
predicates. serialized profile. A Java object that contains SQL
statements and descriptions of host variables. The
secondary authorization ID. An authorization ID that
SQLJ translator produces a serialized profile for each
has been associated with a primary authorization ID by
connection context.
an authorization exit routine.
server. The target of a request from a remote
secondary group buffer pool. For a duplexed group
requester. In the DB2 environment, the server function
buffer pool, the structure that is used to back up
is provided by the distributed data facility, which is used
changed pages that are written to the primary group
to access DB2 data from remote applications.
buffer pool. No page registration or cross-invalidation
occurs using the secondary group buffer pool. The z/OS server-side programming. A method for adding DB2
equivalent is new structure. data into dynamic Web pages.
| secondary index. A nonpartitioning index on a service class. An eight-character identifier that is
| partitioned table. used by the z/OS Workload Manager to associate user
performance goals with a particular DDF thread or
section. The segment of a plan or package that
stored procedure. A service class is also used to
contains the executable structures for a single SQL
classify work on parallelism assistants.
statement. For most SQL statements, one section in the
plan exists for each SQL statement in the source service request block. A unit of work that is
program. However, for cursor-related statements, the scheduled to execute in another address space.
DECLARE, OPEN, FETCH, and CLOSE statements
reference the same section because they each refer to session. A link between two nodes in a VTAM
the SELECT statement that is named in the DECLARE network.
CURSOR statement. SQL statements such as COMMIT,
ROLLBACK, and some SET statements do not use a session protocols. The available set of SNA
section. communication requests and responses.
segment. A group of pages that holds rows of a single shared communications area (SCA). A coupling
table. See also segmented table space. facility list structure that a DB2 data sharing group uses
for inter-DB2 communication.
segmented table space. A table space that is divided
into equal-sized groups of pages called segments. share lock. A lock that prevents concurrently
Segments are assigned to tables so that rows of executing application processes from changing data, but
different tables are never stored in the same segment. not from reading data. Contrast with exclusive lock.
self-referencing constraint. A referential constraint shift-in character. A special control character (X'0F')
that defines a relationship in which a table is a that is used in EBCDIC systems to denote that the
dependent of itself. subsequent bytes represent SBCS characters. See also
shift-out character.
Glossary 1067
shift-out character • SQL path
shift-out character. A special control character (X'0E') | source table. A table that can be a base table, a view,
that is used in EBCDIC systems to denote that the | a table expression, or a user-defined table function.
subsequent bytes, up to the next shift-in control
character, represent DBCS characters. See also shift-in source type. An existing type that DB2 uses to
character. internally represent a distinct type.
sign-on. A request that is made on behalf of an space. A sequence of one or more blank characters.
individual CICS or IMS application process by an
attachment facility to enable DB2 to verify that it is special register. A storage area that DB2 defines for
authorized to use DB2 resources. an application process to use for storing information that
can be referenced in SQL statements. Examples of
simple page set. A nonpartitioned page set. A simple special registers are USER and CURRENT DATE.
page set initially consists of a single data set (page set
piece). If and when that data set is extended to 2 GB, specific function name. A particular user-defined
another data set is created, and so on, up to a total of function that is known to the database manager by its
32 data sets. DB2 considers the data sets to be a single specific name. Many specific user-defined functions can
contiguous linear address space containing a maximum have the same function name. When a user-defined
of 64 GB. Data is stored in the next available location function is defined to the database, every function is
within this address space without regard to any assigned a specific name that is unique within its
partitioning scheme. schema. Either the user can provide this name, or a
default name is used.
simple table space. A table space that is neither
partitioned nor segmented. SPUFI. SQL Processor Using File Input.
single-byte character set (SBCS). A set of characters SQL. Structured Query Language.
in which each character is represented by a single byte.
SQL authorization ID (SQL ID). The authorization ID
Contrast with double-byte character set or multibyte
that is used for checking dynamic SQL statements in
character set.
some situations.
single-precision floating point number. A 32-bit
SQLCA. SQL communication area.
approximate representation of a real number.
SQL communication area (SQLCA). A structure that
size. In the C language, the total number of digits in a
is used to provide an application program with
decimal number (called the precision in SQL). The DB2
information about the execution of its SQL statements.
library uses the SQL term.
SQL connection. An association between an
SMF. System Management Facilities.
application process and a local or remote application
SMP/E. System Modification Program/Extended. server or database server.
SMS. Storage Management Subsystem. SQLDA. SQL descriptor area.
SNA. Systems Network Architecture. SQL descriptor area (SQLDA). A structure that
describes input variables, output variables, or the
SNA network. The part of a network that conforms to columns of a result table.
the formats and protocols of Systems Network
Architecture (SNA). SQL escape character. The symbol that is used to
enclose an SQL delimited identifier. This symbol is the
socket. A callable TCP/IP programming interface that double quotation mark ("). See also escape character.
TCP/IP network applications use to communicate with
remote TCP/IP partners. SQL function. A user-defined function in which the
CREATE FUNCTION statement contains the source
sourced function. A function that is implemented by code. The source code is a single SQL expression that
another built-in or user-defined function that is already evaluates to a single value. The SQL user-defined
known to the database manager. This function can be a function can return only one parameter.
scalar function or a column (aggregating) function; it
returns a single value from a set of values (for example, SQL ID. SQL authorization ID.
MAX or AVG). Contrast with built-in function, external
SQLJ. Structured Query Language (SQL) that is
function, and SQL function.
embedded in the Java programming language.
source program. A set of host language statements
SQL path. An ordered list of schema names that are
and SQL statements that is processed by an SQL
used in the resolution of unqualified references to
precompiler.
user-defined functions, distinct types, and stored

SQL procedure • subpage
procedures. In dynamic SQL, the current path is found statement trigger. A trigger that is defined with the
in the CURRENT PATH special register. In static SQL, it trigger granularity FOR EACH STATEMENT.
is defined in the PATH bind option.
| static cursor. A named control structure that does not
SQL procedure. A user-written program that can be | change the size of the result table or the order of its
invoked with the SQL CALL statement. Contrast with | rows after an application opens the cursor. Contrast with
external procedure. | dynamic cursor.
SQL processing conversation. Any conversation that static SQL. SQL statements, embedded within a
requires access of DB2 data, either through an program, that are prepared during the program
application or by dynamic query requests. preparation process (before the program is executed).
After being prepared, the SQL statement does not
SQL Processor Using File Input (SPUFI). A facility of change (although values of host variables that are
the TSO attachment subcomponent that enables the specified by the statement might change).
DB2I user to execute SQL statements without
embedding them in an application program. storage group. A named set of disks on which DB2
data can be stored.
SQL return code. Either SQLCODE or SQLSTATE.
stored procedure. A user-written application program
SQL routine. A user-defined function or stored that can be invoked through the use of the SQL CALL
procedure that is based on code that is written in SQL. statement.
SQL statement coprocessor. An alternative to the string. See character string or graphic string.
DB2 precompiler that lets the user process SQL
statements at compile time. The user invokes an SQL strong typing. A process that guarantees that only
statement coprocessor by specifying a compiler option. user-defined functions and operations that are defined
on a distinct type can be applied to that type. For
SQL string delimiter. A symbol that is used to example, you cannot directly compare two currency
enclose an SQL string constant. The SQL string types, such as Canadian dollars and U.S. dollars. But
delimiter is the apostrophe ('), except in COBOL you can provide a user-defined function to convert one
applications, where the user assigns the symbol, which currency to the other and then do the comparison.
is either an apostrophe or a double quotation mark (").
structure. (1) A name that refers collectively to
SRB. Service request block. different types of DB2 objects, such as tables,
databases, views, indexes, and table spaces. (2) A
SSI. Subsystem interface (in z/OS). construct that uses z/OS to map and manage storage
on a coupling facility. See also cache structure, list
SSM. Subsystem member (in IMS).
structure, or lock structure.
stand-alone. An attribute of a program that means
Structured Query Language (SQL). A standardized
that it is capable of executing separately from DB2,
language for defining and manipulating data in a
without using DB2 services.
relational database.
star join. A method of joining a dimension column of a
structure owner. In relation to group buffer pools, the
fact table to the key column of the corresponding
DB2 member that is responsible for the following
dimension table. See also join, dimension, and star
activities:
schema.
v Coordinating rebuild, checkpoint, and damage
star schema. The combination of a fact table (which assessment processing
contains most of the data) and a number of dimension v Monitoring the group buffer pool threshold and
tables. See also star join, dimension, and dimension notifying castout owners when the threshold has
table. been reached
statement handle. In DB2 ODBC, the data object that subcomponent. A group of closely related DB2
contains information about an SQL statement that is modules that work together to provide a general
managed by DB2 ODBC. This includes information such function.
as dynamic arguments, bindings for dynamic arguments
and columns, cursor information, result values, and subject table. The table for which a trigger is created.
status information. Each statement handle is associated When the defined triggering event occurs on this table,
with the connection handle. the trigger is activated.
statement string. For a dynamic SQL statement, the subpage. The unit into which a physical index page
character string form of the statement. can be divided.
Glossary 1069
subquery • table space
subquery. A SELECT statement within the WHERE or system agent. A work request that DB2 creates
HAVING clause of another SQL statement; a nested internally such as prefetch processing, deferred writes,
SQL statement. and service tasks.
subselect. That form of a query that does not include system conversation. The conversation that two DB2
an ORDER BY clause, an UPDATE clause, or UNION subsystems must establish to process system
operators. messages before any distributed processing can begin.
substitution character. A unique character that is system diagnostic work area (SDWA). The data that
substituted during character conversion for any is recorded in a SYS1.LOGREC entry that describes a
characters in the source program that do not have a program or hardware error.
match in the target coding representation.
system-directed connection. A connection that a
subsystem. A distinct instance of a relational relational DBMS manages by processing SQL
database management system (RDBMS). statements with three-part names.
surrogate pair. A coded representation for a single System Modification Program/Extended (SMP/E). A
character that consists of a sequence of two 16-bit code z/OS tool for making software changes in programming
units, in which the first value of the pair is a systems (such as DB2) and for controlling those
high-surrogate code unit in the range U+D800 through changes.
U+DBFF, and the second value is a low-surrogate code
unit in the range U+DC00 through U+DFFF. Surrogate Systems Network Architecture (SNA). The
pairs provide an extension mechanism for encoding description of the logical structure, formats, protocols,
917 476 characters without requiring the use of 32-bit and operational sequences for transmitting information
characters. through and controlling the configuration and operation
of networks.
SVC dump. A dump that is issued when a z/OS or a
DB2 functional recovery routine detects an error. SYS1.DUMPxx data set. A data set that contains a
system dump (in z/OS).
sync point. See commit point.
SYS1.LOGREC. A service aid that contains important
syncpoint tree. The tree of recovery managers and information about program and hardware errors (in
resource managers that are involved in a logical unit of z/OS).
work, starting with the recovery manager, that make the
final commit decision.
T
synonym. In SQL, an alternative name for a table or
view. Synonyms can be used to refer only to objects at table. A named data object consisting of a specific
the subsystem in which the synonym is defined. number of columns and some number of unordered
rows. See also base table or temporary table.
syntactic character set. A set of 81 graphic
characters that are registered in the IBM registry as | table-controlled partitioning. A type of partitioning in
character set 00640. This set was originally | which partition boundaries for a partitioned table are
recommended to the programming language community | controlled by values that are defined in the CREATE
to be used for syntactic purposes toward maximizing | TABLE statement. Partition limits are saved in the
portability and interchangeability across systems and | LIMITKEY_INTERNAL column of the
country boundaries. It is contained in most of the | SYSIBM.SYSTABLEPART catalog table.
primary registered character sets, with a few exceptions.
table function. A function that receives a set of
See also invariant character set.
arguments and returns a table to the SQL statement
Sysplex. See Parallel Sysplex. that references the function. A table function can be
referenced only in the FROM clause of a subselect.
Sysplex query parallelism. Parallel execution of a
single query that is accomplished by using multiple table locator. A mechanism that allows access to
tasks on more than one DB2 subsystem. See also trigger transition tables in the FROM clause of SELECT
query CP parallelism. statements, in the subselect of INSERT statements, or
from within user-defined functions. A table locator is a
system administrator. The person at a computer fullword integer value that represents a transition table.
installation who designs, controls, and manages the use
of the computer system. table space. A page set that is used to store the
records in one or more tables.

table space set • trigger
table space set. A set of table spaces and partitions time duration. A decimal integer that represents a
that should be recovered together for one of these number of hours, minutes, and seconds.
reasons:
v Each of them contains a table that is a parent or timeout. Abnormal termination of either the DB2
descendent of a table in one of the others. subsystem or of an application because of the
v The set contains a base table and associated unavailability of resources. Installation specifications are
auxiliary tables. set to determine both the amount of time DB2 is to wait
for IRLM services after starting, and the amount of time
A table space set can contain both types of IRLM is to wait if a resource that an application
relationships. requests is unavailable. If either of these time
specifications is exceeded, a timeout is declared.
task control block (TCB). A z/OS control block that is
used to communicate information about tasks within an Time-Sharing Option (TSO). An option in MVS that
address space that are connected to DB2. See also provides interactive time sharing from remote terminals.
address space connection.
timestamp. A seven-part value that consists of a date
TB. Terabyte (1 099 511 627 776 bytes). and time. The timestamp is expressed in years, months,
days, hours, minutes, seconds, and microseconds.
TCB. Task control block (in z/OS).
TMP. Terminal Monitor Program.
TCP/IP. A network communication protocol that
computer systems use to exchange information across to-do. A state of a unit of recovery that indicates that
telecommunication links. the unit of recovery’s changes to recoverable DB2
resources are indoubt and must either be applied to the
TCP/IP port. A 2-byte value that identifies an end user
disk media or backed out, as determined by the commit
or a TCP/IP network application within a TCP/IP host.
coordinator.
template. A DB2 utilities output data set descriptor that
trace. A DB2 facility that provides the ability to monitor
is used for dynamic allocation. A template is defined by
and collect DB2 monitoring, auditing, performance,
the TEMPLATE utility control statement.
accounting, statistics, and serviceability (global) data.
temporary table. A table that holds temporary data.
transaction lock. A lock that is used to control
Temporary tables are useful for holding or sorting
concurrent execution of SQL statements.
intermediate results from queries that contain a large
number of rows. The two types of temporary table, transaction program name. In SNA LU 6.2
which are created by different SQL statements, are the conversations, the name of the program at the remote
created temporary table and the declared temporary logical unit that is to be the other half of the
table. Contrast with result table. See also created conversation.
temporary table and declared temporary table.
| transient XML data type. A data type for XML values
Terminal Monitor Program (TMP). A program that | that exists only during query processing.
provides an interface between terminal users and
command processors and has access to many system transition table. A temporary table that contains all
services (in z/OS). the affected rows of the subject table in their state
before or after the triggering event occurs. Triggered
thread. The DB2 structure that describes an SQL statements in the trigger definition can reference
application’s connection, traces its progress, processes the table of changed rows in the old state or the new
resource functions, and delimits its accessibility to DB2 state.
resources and services. Most DB2 functions execute
under a thread structure. See also allied thread and transition variable. A variable that contains a column
database access thread. value of the affected row of the subject table in its state
before or after the triggering event occurs. Triggered
threadsafe. A characteristic of code that allows SQL statements in the trigger definition can reference
multithreading both by providing private storage areas the set of old values or the set of new values.
for each thread, and by properly serializing shared
(global) storage areas. | tree structure. A data structure that represents entities
| in nodes, with a most one parent node for each node,
three-part name. The full name of a table, view, or | and with only one root node.
alias. It consists of a location name, authorization ID,
and an object name, separated by a period. trigger. A set of SQL statements that are stored in a
DB2 database and executed when a certain event
time. A three-part value that designates a time of day occurs in a DB2 table.
in hours, minutes, and seconds.
Glossary 1071
trigger activation • unit of recovery
trigger activation. The process that occurs when the typed parameter marker. A parameter marker that is
trigger event that is defined in a trigger definition is specified along with its target data type. It has the
executed. Trigger activation consists of the evaluation of general form:
the triggered action condition and conditional execution CAST(? AS data-type)
of the triggered SQL statements.
type 1 indexes. Indexes that were created by a
trigger activation time. An indication in the trigger release of DB2 before DB2 Version 4 or that are
definition of whether the trigger should be activated specified as type 1 indexes in Version 4. Contrast with
before or after the triggered event. type 2 indexes. As of Version 8, type 1 indexes are no
longer supported.
trigger body. The set of SQL statements that is
executed when a trigger is activated and its triggered type 2 indexes. Indexes that are created on a release
action condition evaluates to true. A trigger body is also of DB2 after Version 7 or that are specified as type 2
called triggered SQL statements. indexes in Version 4 or later.
trigger cascading. The process that occurs when the
triggered action of a trigger causes the activation of U
another trigger.
UCS-2. Universal Character Set, coded in 2 octets,
triggered action. The SQL logic that is performed which means that characters are represented in 16-bits
when a trigger is activated. The triggered action per character.
consists of an optional triggered action condition and a
set of triggered SQL statements that are executed only UDF. User-defined function.
if the condition evaluates to true.
UDT. User-defined data type. In DB2 UDB for z/OS,
triggered action condition. An optional part of the the term distinct type is used instead of user-defined
triggered action. This Boolean condition appears as a data type. See distinct type.
WHEN clause and specifies a condition that DB2
evaluates to determine if the triggered SQL statements uncommitted read (UR). The isolation level that
should be executed. allows an application to read uncommitted data.
triggered SQL statements. The set of SQL underlying view. The view on which another view is
statements that is executed when a trigger is activated directly or indirectly defined.
and its triggered action condition evaluates to true.
Triggered SQL statements are also called the trigger undo. A state of a unit of recovery that indicates that
body. the changes that the unit of recovery made to
recoverable DB2 resources must be backed out.
trigger granularity. A characteristic of a trigger, which
determines whether the trigger is activated: Unicode. A standard that parallels the ISO-10646
v Only once for the triggering SQL statement standard. Several implementations of the Unicode
v Once for each row that the SQL statement modifies standard exist, all of which have the ability to represent
a large percentage of the characters that are contained
triggering event. The specified operation in a trigger in the many scripts that are used throughout the world.
definition that causes the activation of that trigger. The
triggering event is comprised of a triggering operation uniform resource locator (URL). A Web address,
(INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE) and a subject table on which offers a way of naming and locating specific items
which the operation is performed. on the Web.
triggering SQL operation. The SQL operation that union. An SQL operation that combines the results of
causes a trigger to be activated when performed on the two SELECT statements. Unions are often used to
subject table. merge lists of values that are obtained from several
tables.
trigger package. A package that is created when a
CREATE TRIGGER statement is executed. The unique constraint. An SQL rule that no two values in
package is executed when the trigger is activated. a primary key, or in the key of a unique index, can be
the same.
TSO. Time-Sharing Option.
unique index. An index that ensures that no identical
TSO attachment facility. A DB2 facility consisting of key values are stored in a column or a set of columns in
the DSN command processor and DB2I. Applications a table.
that are not written for the CICS or IMS environments
can run under the TSO attachment facility. unit of recovery. A recoverable sequence of
operations within a single resource manager, such as
an instance of DB2. Contrast with unit of work.

unit of recovery identifier (URID) • view check option
unit of recovery identifier (URID). The LOGRBA of user view. In logical data modeling, a model or
the first log record for a unit of recovery. The URID also representation of critical information that the business
appears in all subsequent log records for that unit of requires.
recovery.
UTF-8. Unicode Transformation Format, 8-bit encoding
unit of work. A recoverable sequence of operations form, which is designed for ease of use with existing
within an application process. At any time, an ASCII-based systems. The CCSID value for data in
application process is a single unit of work, but the life UTF-8 format is 1208. DB2 UDB for z/OS supports
of an application process can involve many units of UTF-8 in mixed data fields.
work as a result of commit or rollback operations. In a
multisite update operation, a single unit of work can UTF-16. Unicode Transformation Format, 16-bit
include several units of recovery. Contrast with unit of encoding form, which is designed to provide code
recovery. values for over a million characters and a superset of
UCS-2. The CCSID value for data in UTF-16 format is
Universal Unique Identifier (UUID). An identifier that 1200. DB2 UDB for z/OS supports UTF-16 in graphic
is immutable and unique across time and space (in data fields.
z/OS).
UUID. Universal Unique Identifier.
unlock. The act of releasing an object or system
resource that was previously locked and returning it to
general availability within DB2.
V
untyped parameter marker. A parameter marker that value. The smallest unit of data that is manipulated in
is specified without its target data type. It has the form SQL.
of a single question mark (?).
variable. A data element that specifies a value that
updatability. The ability of a cursor to perform can be changed. A COBOL elementary data item is an
positioned updates and deletes. The updatability of a example of a variable. Contrast with constant.
cursor can be influenced by the SELECT statement and
variant function. See nondeterministic function.
the cursor sensitivity option that is specified on the
DECLARE CURSOR statement. varying-length string. A character or graphic string
whose length varies within set limits. Contrast with
update hole. The location on which a cursor is
fixed-length string.
positioned when a row in a result table is fetched again
and the new values no longer satisfy the search version. A member of a set of similar programs,
condition. DB2 marks a row in the result table as an DBRMs, packages, or LOBs.
update hole when an update to the corresponding row A version of a program is the source code that is
in the database causes that row to no longer qualify for produced by precompiling the program. The program
the result table. version is identified by the program name and a
timestamp (consistency token).
update trigger. A trigger that is defined with the
A version of a DBRM is the DBRM that is produced
triggering SQL operation UPDATE.
by precompiling a program. The DBRM version is
upstream. The node in the syncpoint tree that is identified by the same program name and timestamp
responsible, in addition to other recovery or resource as a corresponding program version.
managers, for coordinating the execution of a two-phase A version of a package is the result of binding a
commit. DBRM within a particular database system. The
package version is identified by the same program
UR. Uncommitted read. name and consistency token as the DBRM.
A version of a LOB is a copy of a LOB value at a
URE. Unit of recovery element. point in time. The version number for a LOB is
stored in the auxiliary index entry for the LOB.
URID . Unit of recovery identifier.
view. An alternative representation of data from one or
URL. Uniform resource locator. more tables. A view can include all or some of the
columns that are contained in tables on which it is
user-defined data type (UDT). See distinct type.
defined.
user-defined function (UDF). A function that is
view check option. An option that specifies whether
defined to DB2 by using the CREATE FUNCTION
every row that is inserted or updated through a view
statement and that can be referenced thereafter in SQL
must conform to the definition of that view. A view check
statements. A user-defined function can be an external
option can be specified with the WITH CASCADED
function, a sourced function, or an SQL function.
Contrast with built-in function.
Glossary 1073
Virtual Storage Access Method (VSAM) • z/OS Distributed Computing Environment (z/OS
DCE)
CHECK OPTION, WITH CHECK OPTION, or WITH | XML node. The smallest unit of valid, complete
LOCAL CHECK OPTION clauses of the CREATE VIEW | structure in a document. For example, a node can
statement. | represent an element, an attribute, or a text string.
Virtual Storage Access Method (VSAM). An access | XML publishing functions. Functions that return XML
method for direct or sequential processing of fixed- and | values from SQL values.
varying-length records on disk devices. The records in a
VSAM data set or file can be organized in logical X/Open. An independent, worldwide open systems
sequence by a key field (key sequence), in the physical organization that is supported by most of the world’s
sequence in which they are written on the data set or largest information systems suppliers, user
file (entry-sequence), or by relative-record number (in organizations, and software companies. X/Open's goal
z/OS). is to increase the portability of applications by
combining existing and emerging standards.
Virtual Telecommunications Access Method
(VTAM). An IBM licensed program that controls XRF. Extended recovery facility.
communication and the flow of data in an SNA network
(in z/OS). Z
| volatile table. A table for which SQL operations
| z/OS. An operating system for the eServer™ product
| choose index access whenever possible.
| line that supports 64-bit real and virtual storage.
VSAM. Virtual Storage Access Method.
z/OS Distributed Computing Environment (z/OS
VTAM. Virtual Telecommunication Access Method (in DCE). A set of technologies that are provided by the
z/OS). Open Software Foundation to implement distributed
computing.
W
warm start. The normal DB2 restart process, which
involves reading and processing log records so that
data that is under the control of DB2 is consistent.
Contrast with cold start.
WLM application environment. A z/OS Workload

Manager attribute that is associated with one or more
stored procedures. The WLM application environment
determines the address space in which a given DB2
stored procedure runs.
write to operator (WTO). An optional user-coded

service that allows a message to be written to the
system console operator informing the operator of errors
and unusual system conditions that might need to be
corrected (in z/OS).
WTO. Write to operator.
WTOR. Write to operator (WTO) with reply.
X
XCF. See cross-system coupling facility.
XES. See cross-system extended services.
| XML. See Extensible Markup Language.

| XML attribute. A name-value pair within a tagged XML
| element that modifies certain features of the element.
| XML element. A logical structure in an XML document

| that is delimited by a start and an end tag.

Bibliography
DB2 Universal Database for z/OS Version 8 You can find DB2 UDB for z/OS information on the
product information: library Web page at
www.ibm.com/db2/zos/v8books.html
The following information about Version 8 of DB2
UDB for z/OS is available in both printed and The preceding information is published by IBM.
softcopy formats: One additional book, which is written by IBM and
v DB2 Administration Guide, SC18-7413 published by Pearson Education, Inc., is The
Official Introduction to DB2 UDB for z/OS, ISBN
v DB2 Application Programming and SQL Guide,
0-13-147750-1. This book provides an overview of
SC18-7415
the Version 8 DB2 UDB for z/OS product and is
v DB2 Application Programming Guide and recommended reading for people who are
Reference for Java, SC18-7414 preparing to take Certification Exam 700: DB2
v DB2 Command Reference, SC18-7416 UDB V8.1 Family Fundamentals.
v DB2 Data Sharing: Planning and Administration,
SC18-7417 Books and resources about related products:
v DB2 Diagnosis Guide and Reference,
APL2®
LY37-3201
v APL2 Programming Guide, SH21-1072
v DB2 Diagnostic Quick Reference Card, v APL2 Programming: Language Reference,
LY37-3202 SH21-1061
v DB2 Installation Guide, GC18-7418 v APL2 Programming: Using Structured Query
v DB2 Licensed Program Specifications, Language (SQL), SH21-1057
GC18-7420
BookManager® READ/MVS
v DB2 Messages and Codes, GC18-7422
v BookManager READ/MVS V1R3: Installation
v DB2 ODBC Guide and Reference, SC18-7423 Planning & Customization, SC38-2035
v DB2 Reference Summary, SX26-3853
v DB2 Release Planning Guide, SC18-7425 C language: IBM C/C++ for z/OS
v z/OS C/C++ Programming Guide, SC09-4765
v DB2 SQL Reference, SC18-7426
v z/OS C/C++ Run-Time Library Reference,
v DB2 Utility Guide and Reference, SC18-7427 SA22-7821
v DB2 What's New?, GC18-7428
v DB2 XML Extender for z/OS Administration and Character Data Representation Architecture
Programming, SC18-7431 v Character Data Representation Architecture
Overview, GC09-2207
v Program Directory for IBM DB2 Universal
v Character Data Representation Architecture
Database for z/OS, GI10-8566
Reference and Registry, SC09-2190
The following information is provided in softcopy
CICS Transaction Server for z/OS
format only:
v DB2 Image, Audio, and Video Extenders The publication order numbers below are for
Administration and Programming (Version 7 Version 2 Release 2 and Version 2 Release 3
level) (with the release 2 number listed first).
v DB2 Net Search Extender Administration and v CICS Transaction Server for z/OS Information
Programming Guide (Version 7 level) Center, SK3T-6903 or SK3T-6957.
v DB2 RACF Access Control Module Guide v CICS Transaction Server for z/OS Application
(Version 8 level) Programming Guide, SC34-5993 or SC34-6231
v CICS Transaction Server for z/OS Application
v DB2 Reference for Remote DRDA Requesters
Programming Reference, SC34-5994 or
and Servers (Version 8 level)
SC34-6232
v DB2 Text Extender Administration and v CICS Transaction Server for z/OS CICS-RACF
Programming (Version 7 level) Security Guide, SC34-6011 or SC34-6249

v CICS Transaction Server for z/OS CICS v DB2 for z/OS and OS/390 Development for
Supplied Transactions, SC34-5992 or Performance Volume II by Gabrielle
SC34-6230 Wiorkowski, Gabrielle & Associates, ISBN
v CICS Transaction Server for z/OS 0-96684-606-0
Customization Guide, SC34-5989 or SC34-6227 v Handbook of Relational Database Design by C.
v CICS Transaction Server for z/OS Data Areas, Fleming and B. Von Halle, Addison Wesley,
LY33-6100 or LY33-6103 ISBN 0-20111-434-8
v CICS Transaction Server for z/OS DB2 Guide,
SC34-6014 or SC34-6252 DB2 Administration Tool
v CICS Transaction Server for z/OS External v DB2 Administration Tool for z/OS User's Guide
Interfaces Guide, SC34-6006 or SC34-6244 and Reference, available on the Web at
v CICS Transaction Server for z/OS Installation www.ibm.com/software/data/db2imstools/
Guide, GC34-5985 or GC34-6224 library.html
v CICS Transaction Server for z/OS
Intercommunication Guide, SC34-6005 or DB2 Buffer Pool Analyzer for z/OS
SC34-6243
v DB2 Buffer Pool Tool for z/OS User's Guide
v CICS Transaction Server for z/OS Messages
and Reference, available on the Web at
and Codes, GC34-6003 or GC34-6241
www.ibm.com/software/data/db2imstools/
v CICS Transaction Server for z/OS Operations
library.html
and Utilities Guide, SC34-5991 or SC34-6229
v CICS Transaction Server for z/OS Performance
DB2 Connect™
Guide, SC34-6009 or SC34-6247
v IBM DB2 Connect Quick Beginnings for DB2
v CICS Transaction Server for z/OS Problem
Connect Enterprise Edition, GC09-4833
Determination Guide, SC34-6002 or SC34-6239
v IBM DB2 Connect Quick Beginnings for DB2
v CICS Transaction Server for z/OS Release
Connect Personal Edition, GC09-4834
Guide, GC34-5983 or GC34-6218
v IBM DB2 Connect User's Guide, SC09-4835
v CICS Transaction Server for z/OS Resource
Definition Guide, SC34-5990 or SC34-6228
DB2 DataPropagator
v CICS Transaction Server for z/OS System
v DB2 Universal Database Replication Guide and
Definition Guide, SC34-5988 or SC34–6226
Reference, SC27-1121
v CICS Transaction Server for z/OS System
Programming Reference, SC34-5595 or
DB2 Data Encryption for IMS and DB2
SC34–6233
Databases
v IBM Data Encryption for IMS and DB2
CICS Transaction Server for OS/390
Databases User's Guide, SC18-7336
v CICS Transaction Server for OS/390 Application
Programming Guide, SC33-1687
DB2 Performance Expert for z/OS, Version 1
v CICS Transaction Server for OS/390 DB2
Guide, SC33-1939
The following books are part of the DB2
v CICS Transaction Server for OS/390 External
Performance Expert library. Some of these books
Interfaces Guide, SC33-1944
include information about the following tools: IBM
v CICS Transaction Server for OS/390 Resource
DB2 Performance Expert for z/OS; IBM DB2
Definition Guide, SC33-1684
Performance Monitor for z/OS; and DB2 Buffer
Pool Analyzer for z/OS.
COBOL: IBM COBOL
v IBM COBOL Language Reference, SC27-1408 v DB2 Performance Expert for z/OS Buffer Pool
v IBM COBOL for MVS & VM Programming Analyzer User's Guide, SC18-7972
Guide, SC27-1412 v DB2 Performance Expert for z/OS and
Multiplatforms Installation and Customization,
Database Design SC18-7973
v DB2 for z/OS and OS/390 Development for v DB2 Performance Expert for z/OS Messages,
Performance Volume I by Gabrielle Wiorkowski, SC18-7974
Gabrielle & Associates, ISBN 0-96684-605-2
v DB2 Performance Expert for z/OS Monitoring
Performance from ISPF, SC18-7975

v DB2 Performance Expert for z/OS and DB2 Universal Database for iSeries
Multiplatforms Monitoring Performance from the
Workstation, SC18-7976 The following books are available at
v DB2 Performance Expert for z/OS Program www.ibm.com/iseries/infocenter
Directory, GI10-8549 v DB2 Universal Database for iSeries
Performance and Query Optimization
v DB2 Performance Expert for z/OS Report
v DB2 Universal Database for iSeries Database
Command Reference, SC18-7977
Programming
v DB2 Performance Expert for z/OS Report v DB2 Universal Database for iSeries SQL
Reference, SC18-7978 Programming Concepts
v DB2 Performance Expert for z/OS Reporting v DB2 Universal Database for iSeries SQL
User's Guide, SC18-7979 Programming with Host Languages
v DB2 Universal Database for iSeries SQL
DB2 Query Management Facility (QMF) Version Reference
8.1 v DB2 Universal Database for iSeries Distributed
v DB2 Query Management Facility: DB2 QMF Data Management
High Performance Option User’s Guide for v DB2 Universal Database for iSeries Distributed
TSO/CICS, SC18-7450 Database Programming
v DB2 Query Management Facility: DB2 QMF
Messages and Codes, GC18-7447 DB2 Universal Database for Linux, UNIX, and
v DB2 Query Management Facility: DB2 QMF Windows:
Reference, SC18-7446 v DB2 Universal Database Administration Guide:
v DB2 Query Management Facility: Developing Planning, SC09-4822
DB2 QMF Applications, SC18-7651 v DB2 Universal Database Administration Guide:
v DB2 Query Management Facility: Getting Implementation, SC09-4820
Started with DB2 QMF for Windows and DB2 v DB2 Universal Database Administration Guide:
QMF for WebSphere, SC18-7449 Performance, SC09-4821
v DB2 Query Management Facility: Installing and v DB2 Universal Database Administrative API
Managing DB2 QMF for TSO/CICS, GC18-7444 Reference, SC09-4824
v DB2 Query Management Facility: Installing and v DB2 Universal Database Application
Managing DB2 QMF for Windows and DB2 Development Guide: Building and Running
QMF for WebSphere, GC18-7448 Applications, SC09-4825
v DB2 Query Management Facility: Introducing v DB2 Universal Database Call Level Interface
DB2 QMF, GC18-7443 Guide and Reference, Volumes 1 and 2,
v DB2 Query Management Facility: Using DB2 SC09-4849 and SC09-4850
QMF, SC18-7445 v DB2 Universal Database Command Reference,
v DB2 Query Management Facility: DB2 QMF SC09-4828
Visionary Developer's Guide, SC18-9093 v DB2 Universal Database SQL Reference
v DB2 Query Management Facility: DB2 QMF Volume 1, SC09-4844
Visionary Getting Started Guide, GC18-9092 v DB2 Universal Database SQL Reference
Volume 2, SC09-4845
DB2 Redbooks™
Device Support Facilities
For access to all IBM Redbooks about DB2, see v Device Support Facilities User's Guide and
the IBM Redbooks Web page at Reference, GC35-0033
www.ibm.com/redbooks
DFSMS
DB2 Server for VSE & VM
v DB2 Server for VM: DBS Utility, SC09-2983 These books provide information about a variety
of components of DFSMS, including z/OS
DB2 Universal Database Cross-Platform DFSMS, z/OS DFSMSdfp, z/OS DFSMSdss, z/OS
information DFSMShsm, and z/OS DFP.
v IBM DB2 Universal Database SQL Reference v z/OS DFSMS Access Method Services for
for Cross-Platform Development, available at Catalogs, SC26-7394
www.ibm.com/software/data/ developer/cpsqlref/ v z/OS DFSMSdss Storage Administration Guide,
SC35-0423
Bibliography 1077
v z/OS DFSMSdss Storage Administration eServer zSeries®
Reference, SC35-0424 v IBM eServer zSeries Processor
v z/OS DFSMShsm Managing Your Own Data, Resource/System Manager Planning Guide,
SC35-0420 SB10-7033
v z/OS DFSMSdfp: Using DFSMSdfp in the z/OS
Environment, SC26-7473 Fortran: VS Fortran
v z/OS DFSMSdfp Diagnosis Reference, v VS Fortran Version 2: Language and Library
GY27-7618 Reference, SC26-4221
v z/OS DFSMS: Implementing System-Managed v VS Fortran Version 2: Programming Guide for
Storage, SC27-7407 CMS and MVS, SC26-4222
v z/OS DFSMS: Macro Instructions for Data Sets,
SC26-7408 High Level Assembler
v z/OS DFSMS: Managing Catalogs, SC26-7409 v High Level Assembler for MVS and VM and
v z/OS DFSMS: Program Management, VSE Language Reference, SC26-4940
SA22-7643 v High Level Assembler for MVS and VM and
v z/OS MVS Program Management: Advanced VSE Programmer's Guide, SC26-4941
Facilities, SA22-7644
v z/OS DFSMSdfp Storage Administration ICSF
Reference, SC26-7402 v z/OS ICSF Overview, SA22-7519
v z/OS DFSMS: Using Data Sets, SC26-7410 v Integrated Cryptographic Service Facility
v DFSMS/MVS: Using Advanced Services , Administrator's Guide, SA22-7521
SC26-7400
v DFSMS/MVS: Utilities, SC26-7414 IMS Version 8
DFSORT™ IMS product information is available on the IMS

v DFSORT Application Programming: Guide, Library Web page, which you can find at
SC33-4035 www.ibm.com/ims
v DFSORT Installation and Customization, v IMS Administration Guide: System, SC27-1284
SC33-4034 v IMS Administration Guide: Transaction
Manager, SC27-1285
Distributed Relational Database Architecture v IMS Application Programming: Database
v Open Group Technical Standard; the Open Manager, SC27-1286
Group presently makes the following DRDA v IMS Application Programming: Design Guide,
books available through its Web site at SC27-1287
www.opengroup.org v IMS Application Programming: Transaction
– Open Group Technical Standard, DRDA Manager, SC27-1289
Version 3 Vol. 1: Distributed Relational v IMS Command Reference, SC27-1291
Database Architecture v IMS Customization Guide, SC27-1294
– Open Group Technical Standard, DRDA v IMS Install Volume 1: Installation Verification,
Version 3 Vol. 2: Formatted Data Object GC27-1297
Content Architecture v IMS Install Volume 2: System Definition and
– Open Group Technical Standard, DRDA Tailoring, GC27-1298
Version 3 Vol. 3: Distributed Data v IMS Messages and Codes Volumes 1 and 2,
Management Architecture GC27-1301 and GC27-1302
v IMS Utilities Reference: System, SC27-1309
Domain Name System
v DNS and BIND, Third Edition, Paul Albitz and General information about IMS Batch Terminal
Cricket Liu, O’Reilly, ISBN 0-59600-158-4 Simulator for z/OS is available on the Web at
www.ibm.com/software/data/db2imstools/
Education library.html
v Information about IBM educational offerings is
available on the Web at IMS DataPropagator
www.ibm.com/software/info/education/ v IMS DataPropagator for z/OS Administrator's
v A collection of glossaries of IBM terms is Guide for Log, SC27-1216
available on the IBM Terminology Web site at v IMS DataPropagator: An Introduction,
www.ibm.com/ibm/terminology/index.html GC27-1211

v IMS DataPropagator for z/OS Reference, Parallel Sysplex Library
SC27-1210 v System/390 9672 Parallel Transaction Server,
9672 Parallel Enterprise Server, 9674 Coupling
ISPF Facility System Overview For R1/R2/R3 Based
v z/OS ISPF Dialog Developer’s Guide, Models, SB10-7033
SC23-4821 v z/OS Parallel Sysplex Application Migration,
v z/OS ISPF Messages and Codes, SC34-4815 SA22-7662
v z/OS ISPF Planning and Customizing, v z/OS Parallel Sysplex Overview: An Introduction
GC34-4814 to Data Sharing and Parallelism, SA22-7661
v z/OS ISPF User’s Guide Volumes 1 and 2, v z/OS Parallel Sysplex Test Report, SA22-7663
SC34-4822 and SC34-4823
The Parallel Sysplex Configuration Assistant is
available at www.ibm.com/s390/pso/psotool
Java for z/OS
v Persistent Reusable Java Virtual Machine
PL/I: Enterprise PL/I for z/OS and OS/390
User's Guide, SC34-6201
v IBM Enterprise PL/I for z/OS and OS/390
Language Reference, SC27-1460
Language Environment
v IBM Enterprise PL/I for z/OS and OS/390
v Debug Tool User's Guide and Reference,
Programming Guide, SC27-1457
SC18-7171
v Debug Tool for z/OS and OS/390 Reference
PL/I: OS PL/I
and Messages, SC18-7172
v OS PL/I Programming Guide, SC26-4307
v z/OS Language Environment Concepts Guide,
SA22-7567
SMP/E
v z/OS Language Environment Customization,
v SMP/E for z/OS and OS/390 Reference,
SA22-7564
SA22-7772
v z/OS Language Environment Debugging Guide,
v SMP/E for z/OS and OS/390 User's Guide,
GA22-7560
SA22-7773
v z/OS Language Environment Programming
Guide, SA22-7561
Storage Management
v z/OS DFSMS: Implementing System-Managed
Reference, SA22-7562
Storage, SC26-7407
v MVS/ESA Storage Management Library:
MQSeries
Managing Data, SC26-7397
v MQSeries Application Messaging Interface,
v MVS/ESA Storage Management Library:
SC34-5604
Managing Storage Groups, SC35-0421
v MQSeries for OS/390 Concepts and Planning
v MVS Storage Management Library: Storage
Guide, GC34-5650
Management Subsystem Migration Planning
v MQSeries for OS/390 System Setup Guide,
Guide, GC26-7398
SC34-5651
System Network Architecture (SNA)
National Language Support
v SNA Formats, GA27-3136
v National Language Design Guide Volume 1,
v SNA LU 6.2 Peer Protocols Reference,
SE09-8001
SC31-6808
v IBM National Language Support Reference
v SNA Transaction Programmer's Reference
Manual Volume 2, SE09-8002
Manual for LU Type 6.2, GC30-3084
v SNA/Management Services Alert
NetView®
Implementation Guide, GC31-6809
v Tivoli NetView for z/OS Installation: Getting
Started, SC31-8872
TCP/IP
v Tivoli NetView for z/OS User's Guide,
v IBM TCP/IP for MVS: Customization &
GC31-8849
Administration Guide, SC31-7134
v IBM TCP/IP for MVS: Diagnosis Guide,
Microsoft ODBC
LY43-0105
v IBM TCP/IP for MVS: Messages and Codes,
Information about Microsoft ODBC is available at
SC31-7132
http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/
Bibliography 1079
v IBM TCP/IP for MVS: Planning and Migration v z/OS DCE Administration Guide, SC24-5904
Guide, SC31-7189 v z/OS DCE Introduction, GC24-5911
v z/OS DCE Messages and Codes, SC24-5912
TotalStorage® Enterprise Storage Server v z/OS Information Roadmap, SA22-7500
v RAMAC Virtual Array: Implementing v z/OS Introduction and Release Guide,
Peer-to-Peer Remote Copy, SG24-5680 GA22-7502
v Enterprise Storage Server Introduction and v z/OS JES2 Initialization and Tuning Guide,
Planning, GC26-7444 SA22-7532
v IBM RAMAC Virtual Array, SG24-6424 v z/OS JES3 Initialization and Tuning Guide,
SA22-7549
Unicode v z/OS Language Environment Concepts Guide,
v z/OS Support for Unicode: Using Conversion SA22-7567
Services, SA22-7649 v z/OS Language Environment Customization,
SA22-7564
Information about Unicode, the Unicode v z/OS Language Environment Debugging Guide,
consortium, the Unicode standard, and standards GA22-7560
conformance requirements is available at v z/OS Language Environment Programming
www.unicode.org Guide, SA22-7561
VTAM Reference, SA22-7562
v Planning for NetView, NCP, and VTAM, v z/OS Managed System Infrastructure for Setup
SC31-8063 User's Guide, SC33-7985
v VTAM for MVS/ESA Diagnosis, LY43-0078 v z/OS MVS Diagnosis: Procedures, GA22-7587
v VTAM for MVS/ESA Messages and Codes, v z/OS MVS Diagnosis: Reference, GA22-7588
GC31-8369 v z/OS MVS Diagnosis: Tools and Service Aids,
v VTAM for MVS/ESA Network Implementation GA22-7589
Guide, SC31-8370 v z/OS MVS Initialization and Tuning Guide,
v VTAM for MVS/ESA Operation, SC31-8372 SA22-7591
v VTAM for MVS/ESA Programming, SC31-8373 v z/OS MVS Initialization and Tuning Reference,
v VTAM for MVS/ESA Programming for LU 6.2, SA22-7592
SC31-8374 v z/OS MVS Installation Exits, SA22-7593
v VTAM for MVS/ESA Resource Definition v z/OS MVS JCL Reference, SA22-7597
Reference, SC31-8377 v z/OS MVS JCL User's Guide, SA22-7598
v z/OS MVS Planning: Global Resource
WebSphere family Serialization, SA22-7600
v WebSphere MQ Integrator Broker: v z/OS MVS Planning: Operations, SA22-7601
Administration Guide, SC34-6171 v z/OS MVS Planning: Workload Management,
v WebSphere MQ Integrator Broker for z/OS: SA22-7602
Customization and Administration Guide, v z/OS MVS Programming: Assembler Services
SC34-6175 Guide, SA22-7605
v WebSphere MQ Integrator Broker: Introduction v z/OS MVS Programming: Assembler Services
and Planning, GC34-5599 Reference, Volumes 1 and 2, SA22-7606 and
v WebSphere MQ Integrator Broker: Using the SA22-7607
Control Center, SC34-6168 v z/OS MVS Programming: Authorized Assembler
Services Guide, SA22-7608
z/Architecture™ v z/OS MVS Programming: Authorized Assembler
v z/Architecture Principles of Operation, Services Reference Volumes 1-4, SA22-7609,
SA22-7832 SA22-7610, SA22-7611, and SA22-7612
v z/OS MVS Programming: Callable Services for
z/OS High-Level Languages, SA22-7613
v z/OS C/C++ Programming Guide, SC09-4765 v z/OS MVS Programming: Extended
v z/OS C/C++ Run-Time Library Reference, Addressability Guide, SA22-7614
SA22-7821 v z/OS MVS Programming: Sysplex Services
v z/OS C/C++ User's Guide, SC09-4767 Guide, SA22-7617
v z/OS Communications Server: IP Configuration v z/OS MVS Programming: Sysplex Services
Guide, SC31-8875 Reference, SA22-7618

v z/OS MVS Programming: Workload z/OS mSys for Setup
Management Services, SA22-7619 v z/OS Managed System Infrastructure for Setup
v z/OS MVS Recovery and Reconfiguration DB2 Customization Center User's Guide,
Guide, SA22-7623 available in softcopy format at
v z/OS MVS Routing and Descriptor Codes, www.ibm.com/db2/zos/v8books.html
SA22-7624 v z/OS Managed System Infrastructure for Setup
v z/OS MVS Setting Up a Sysplex, SA22-7625 User's Guide, SC33-7985
v z/OS MVS System Codes SA22-7626
v z/OS MVS System Commands, SA22-7627
v z/OS MVS System Messages Volumes 1-10,
SA22-7631, SA22-7632, SA22-7633,
SA22-7634, SA22-7635, SA22-7636,
SA22-7637, SA22-7638, SA22-7639, and
SA22-7640
v z/OS MVS Using the Subsystem Interface,
SA22-7642
v z/OS Planning for Multilevel Security,
SA22-7509
v z/OS RMF User's Guide, SC33-7990
v z/OS Security Server Network Authentication
Server Administration, SC24-5926
v z/OS Security Server RACF Auditor's Guide,
SA22-7684
v z/OS Security Server RACF Command
Language Reference, SA22-7687
v z/OS Security Server RACF Macros and
Interfaces, SA22-7682
v z/OS Security Server RACF Security
Administrator's Guide, SA22-7683
v z/OS Security Server RACF System
Programmer's Guide, SA22-7681
v z/OS Security Server RACROUTE Macro
v z/OS Support for Unicode: Using Conversion
Services, SA22-7649
v z/OS TSO/E CLISTs, SA22-7781
v z/OS TSO/E Command Reference, SA22-7782
v z/OS TSO/E Customization, SA22-7783
v z/OS TSO/E Messages, SA22-7786
v z/OS TSO/E Programming Guide, SA22-7788
v z/OS TSO/E Programming Services,
SA22-7789
v z/OS TSO/E REXX Reference, SA22-7790
v z/OS TSO/E User's Guide, SA22-7794
v z/OS UNIX System Services Command
v z/OS UNIX System Services Messages and
Codes, SA22-7807
v z/OS UNIX System Services Planning,
GA22-7800
v z/OS UNIX System Services Programming:
Assembler Callable Services Reference,
SA22-7803
v z/OS UNIX System Services User's Guide,
SA22-7801
Bibliography 1081
Index
Special characters address space
initialization
_ (underscore)
CAF CONNECT command 811
assembler host variable 131
CAF OPEN command 813
: (colon)
sample scenarios 820, 867
assembler host variable 133
separate tasks 800, 831
C host variable 146
termination
COBOL 176
CAF CLOSE command 816
Fortran host variable 206
CAF DISCONNECT command 817
PL/I host variable 217
ALL quantified predicate 51
’ (apostrophe)
ALLOCATE CURSOR statement 649
string delimiter precompiler option 462
ambiguous cursor 401
AMODE link-edit option 472
ANY quantified predicate 52
A APOST precompiler option 462
abend application plan
before commit point 416 binding 475
DB2 807, 839 creating 472
effect on cursor position 113 dynamic plan selection for CICS applications 484
exit routines 822 invalidated 371
for synchronization calls 518 listing packages 475
IMS rebinding 370
U0102 523 using packages 366
U0775 419 application program
U0778 420 bill of materials 997
multiple-mode program 416 coding SQL statements
program 414 assembler 129
reason codes 823 coding conventions 70
return code posted to CAF CONNECT 809 data declarations 121
return code posted to RRSAF CONNECT 841 data entry 30
single-mode program 416 description 69
system dynamic SQL 535, 568
X″04E″ 515 host variables 71
ABRT parameter of CAF (call attachment facility) 815, selecting rows using a cursor 93
824 design considerations
access path bind 363
affects lock attributes 405 CAF 800
direct row access 253, 739 checkpoint 517
index-only access 739 IMS calls 517
low cluster ratio planning for changes 368
suggests table space scan 746 precompile 363
with list prefetch 769 programming for DL/I batch 516
multiple index access RRSAF 831
description 749 SQL statements 517
PLAN_TABLE 737 stored procedures 569
selection structure 795
influencing with SQL 713 synchronization call abends 518
problems 671 using ISPF (interactive system productivity
queries containing host variables 698 facility) 495
Visual Explain 713, 727 XRST call 517
table space scan 746 duplicate CALL statements 662
unique index with matching value 751 external stored procedures 581
ACQUIRE object extensions 279
option of BIND PLAN subcommand preparation
locking tables and table spaces 390 assembling 471
activity sample table 897 binding 366, 472
compiling 471
DB2 precompiler option defaults 469
© Copyright IBM Corp. 1983, 2004 X-1

application program (continued) ATTACH option
preparation (continued) CAF 805
defining to CICS 471 precompiler 805, 838
DRDA access 430 RRSAF 838
link-editing 471 ATTACH precompiler option 463
precompiler option defaults 454 attention processing 800, 821, 831
precompiler options 365 AUTH SIGNON, RRSAF
preparing for running 453 syntax 849
program preparation panel 495 usage 849
using DB2 precompiler 363 authority
using DB2I (DB2 Interactive) 495 authorization ID 487
using SQL statement coprocessor 364 creating test tables 500
running SYSIBM.SYSTABAUTH table 18
CAF (call attachment facility) 801 automatic
CICS 489 rebind
IMS 488 EXPLAIN processing 735
program synchronization in DL/I batch 517 automatic query rewrite 251
TSO 485 automatic rebind
TSO CLIST 488 conditions for 372
suspension invalid plan or package 371
description 376 SQLCA not available 373
test environment 499 auxiliary table
testing 499 LOCK TABLE statement 411
arithmetic expressions in UPDATE statement 36
AS clause
naming columns for view 7 B
naming columns in union 8 batch processing
naming derived columns 8 access to DB2 and DL/I together
naming result columns 7 binding a plan 520
ORDER BY name 7 checkpoint calls 517
with ORDER BY clause 10 commits 516
ASCII data, retrieving 561 precompiling 520
assembler application program batch DB2 application
assembling 471 running 487
character host variable 134 starting with a CLIST 488
coding SQL statements 129 bill of materials applications 997
data type compatibility 140 binary large object (BLOB) 281
data types 136 BIND PACKAGE subcommand of DSN
declaring tables 131 options
declaring views 131 CURRENTDATA 431
fixed-length character string 134 DBPROTOCOL 431
graphic host variable 135 ENCODING 431
host variable ISOLATION 394
declaring 133 KEEPDYNAMIC 541
naming convention 131 location-name 431
INCLUDE statement 131 OPTIONS 431
including SQLCA 130 RELEASE 390
including SQLDA 130 REOPT(ALWAYS) 699
indicator variable 141 REOPT(NONE) 699
LOB variable 135 REOPT(ONCE) 699
numeric host variable 133 SQLERROR 431
reentrant 132 options associated with DRDA access 431, 433
result set locator 135 remote 473
ROWID variable 136 BIND PLAN subcommand of DSN
SQLCODE 129 options
SQLSTATE 129 ACQUIRE 390
table locator 135 CACHESIZE 481
variable declaration 139 CURRENTDATA 432
varying-length character string 134 DBPROTOCOL 432
assignment, compatibility rules 4 DISCONNECT 432
ASSOCIATE LOCATORS statement 649 ENCODING 433
X-2 Application Programming and SQL Guide

BIND PLAN subcommand of DSN (continued) C/C++ application program (continued)
options (continued) constants 165
ISOLATION 394 data type compatibility 166
KEEPDYNAMIC 541 data types 160
RELEASE 390 DCLGEN support 123
REOPT(ALWAYS) 699 declaring views 145
REOPT(NONE) 699 examples 944
REOPT(ONCE) 699 fixed-length string 167
SQLRULES 432, 482 graphic host variable 149
options associated with DRDA access 432 graphic host variable array 156
remote 473 host variable array, declaring 146
binding host variable, declaring 146
advantages of packages 367 INCLUDE statement 145
application plans 472 including SQLCA 144
changes that require 368 including SQLDA 144
checking BIND PACKAGE options 433 indicator variable 167
DBRMs precompiled elsewhere 458 indicator variable array 167
method naming convention 145
DBRMs and package list 367 precompiler option defaults 469
DBRMs into single plan 367 ROWID variable 153
package list only 366 ROWID variable array 158
options associated with DRDA access 431 SQL statement coprocessor 458
options for 366 SQLCODE 143
packages SQLSTATE 143
deciding how to use 366 table locator 152
in use 366 variable declaration 164
remote 473 varying-length string 167
planning for 366 with classes, preparing 495
plans C++ application program
in use 366 SQL statement coprocessor 459
including DBRMs 475 cache
including packages 475 dynamic SQL
options 475 effect of RELEASE(DEALLOCATE) 391
remote package requirements 473 cache (dynamic SQL)
specify SQL rules 482 statements 539
block fetch CACHESIZE
conditions for use by non-scrollable cursor 441 option of BIND PLAN subcommand 481
conditions for use by scrollable cursor 441 REBIND subcommand 481
preventing 447 CAF (call attachment facility)
using 440 application program
with cursor stability 447 examples 823
BMP (batch message processing) program preparation 800
checkpoints 418 connecting to DB2 824
transaction-oriented 418 description 799
BTS (batch terminal simulator) 503 function descriptions 807
load module structure 802
parameters 807
C programming language 800
C application program register conventions 807
declaring tables 145 restrictions 799
LOB variable 152 return codes
LOB variable array 157 checking 826
numeric host variable 147 CLOSE 815
numeric host variable array 153 CONNECT 809
result set locator 151 DISCONNECT 816
sample application 915 OPEN 813
C/C++ application program TRANSLATE 818
character host variable 147 run environment 801
character host variable array 154 running an application program 801
coding considerations 170 calculated values
coding SQL statements 143 groups with conditions 12
Index X-3
calculated values (continued) CICS (continued)
summarizing group values 11 DSNTIAC subroutine (continued)
call attachment facility (CAF) 799 C 170
CALL DSNALI statement 807, 819 COBOL 202
CALL DSNRLI statement 840 PL/I 232
CALL statement environment planning 489
example 621 facilities
multiple 662 command language translator 470
SQL procedure 600 control areas 499
cardinality of user-defined table function EDF (execution diagnostic facility) 505
improving query performance 717 language interface module (DSNCLI)
Cartesian join 756 use in link-editing an application 472
CASE statement (SQL procedure) 600 logical unit of work 414
catalog statistics operating
influencing access paths 723 indoubt data 415
catalog table running a program 499
accessing 18 system failure 415
SYSIBM.LOCATIONS 427 preparing with JCL procedures 493
SYSIBM.SYSCOLUMNS 18 programming
SYSIBM.SYSTABAUTH 18 DFHEIENT macro 132
CCSID (coded character set identifier) sample applications 917, 920
controlling in COBOL programs 196 SYNCPOINT command 414
effect of DECLARE VARIABLE 77 storage handling
host variable 77 assembler 143
precompiler option 463 C 170
SQLDA 560 COBOL 202
character host variable PL/I 232
assembler 134 sync point 414
C 147 thread reuse 873
COBOL 178 unit of work 414
Fortran 207 claim
PL/I 218 effect of cursor WITH HOLD 403
character host variable array CLOSE
C 154 statement
COBOL 185 description 98
PL/I 221 recommendation 103
character large object (CLOB) 281 WHENEVER NOT FOUND clause 554, 565
character string CLOSE (connection function of CAF)
literals 70 description 804
mixed data 4 language examples 816
width of column in results 64 program example 824
check constraint syntax 815
check integrity 244 syntax usage 815
considerations 243 cluster ratio
CURRENT RULES special register effect 244 effects
defining 243 table space scan 746
description 243 with list prefetch 769
determining violations 893 COALESCE function 42
enforcement 244 COBOL application program
programming considerations 893 assignment rules 197
CHECK-pending status 244 character host variable 178
checkpoint fixed-length string 178
calls 415, 417 varying-length string 178
frequency 419 character host variable array 185
CHKP call, IMS 415, 417 fixed-length string array 185
CICS varying-length string array 185
attachment facility CODEPAGE compiler option 197
controlling from applications 873 coding SQL statements 170
programming considerations 873 compiling 471
DSNTIAC subroutine controlling CCSID 196
assembler 143 data type compatibility 198

COBOL application program (continued) colon (continued)
data types 194 PL/I host variable array 217
DB2 precompiler option defaults 469 preceding a host variable 72
DCLGEN support 123 preceding a host variable array 78
declaring tables 173 column
declaring views 173 data types 3
defining the SQLDA 172 default value
dynamic SQL 568 system-defined 20
FILLER entry name 198 user-defined 20
graphic host variable 179 displaying, list of 18
graphic host variable array 187 heading created by SPUFI 64
host variable labels, usage 562
declaring 175 name, with UPDATE statement 36
use of hyphens 175 retrieving, with SELECT 5
host variable array specified in CREATE TABLE 19
declaring 175 width of results 64
INCLUDE statement 173 COMMA precompiler option 463
including SQLCA 171 commit point
indicator variable 199 description 414
indicator variable array 199 IMS unit of work 415
LOB variable 182 lock release 416
LOB variable array 188 COMMIT statement
naming convention 174 ending unit of work 413
numeric host variable 176 in a stored procedure 586
numeric host variable array 183 when to issue 414
object-oriented extensions 202 commit, using RRSAF 833
options 174 common table expressions
preparation 471 description 14
record description from DCLGEN 122 examples 997
resetting SQL-INIT-FLAG 175 in a CREATE VIEW statement 15
result set locator 181 in a SELECT statement 14
ROWID variable 182 in an INSERT statement 15
ROWID variable array 189 infinite loops 16
sample program 931 recursion 997
SQL statement coprocessor 460 comparison
SQLCODE 171 compatibility rules 4
SQLSTATE 171 operator, subquery 51
table locator 182 compatibility
variable declaration 196 data types 4
WHENEVER statement 174 locks 388
with classes, preparing 495 rules 4
CODEPAGE compiler option 197 composite key 246
coding SQL statements compound statement
assembler 129 example
C 143 dynamic SQL 608
C++ 143 nested IF and WHILE statements 607
COBOL 170 EXIT handler 603
dynamic 535 labels 602
Fortran 203 SQL procedure 600
PL/I 213 valid SQL statements 600
REXX 232 concurrency
collection, package control by locks 376
identifying 476 description 375
SET CURRENT PACKAGESET statement 476 effect of
colon ISOLATION options 397, 398
assembler host variable 133 lock size 386
C host variable 146 uncommitted read 396
C host variable array 146 recommendations 379
COBOL host variable 176 CONNECT (connection function of CAF)
Fortran host variable 206 description 804
PL/I host variable 217 language examples 812
Index X-5
CONNECT (connection function of CAF) (continued) CREATE TRIGGER (continued)
program example 824 example 261
syntax 809 timestamp 271
CONNECT (Type 1) statement 435 trigger naming 263
CONNECT precompiler option 463 CREATE VIEW statement 26
CONNECT statement, with DRDA access 427 created temporary table
connection instances 22
DB2 table space scan 746
connecting from tasks 795 use of NOT NULL 22
function of CAF working with 21
CLOSE 815, 824 CS (cursor stability)
CONNECT 809, 812, 824 optimistic concurrency control 394
description 802 page and row locking 394
DISCONNECT 816, 824 CURRENDATA option of BIND
OPEN 813, 824 plan and package options differ 402
sample scenarios 820, 821 CURRENT PACKAGESET special register
summary of behavior 819 dynamic plan switching 484
TRANSLATE 818, 826 identify package collection 476
function of RRSAF CURRENT RULES special register
AUTH SIGNON 849 effect on check constraints 244
CREATE THREAD 870 usage 482
description 834 CURRENT SERVER special register
IDENTIFY 841, 870 description 476
sample scenarios 867 saving value in application program 448
SIGNON 846, 870 CURRENT SQLID special register
summary of behavior 865 use in test 499
TERMINATE IDENTIFY 862, 870 value in INSERT statement 20
TERMINATE THREAD 861, 870 cursor
TRANSLATE 864 ambiguous 401
constants, syntax attributes
C 165 using GET DIAGNOSTICS 106
Fortran 210 using SQLCA 106
CONTINUE clause of WHENEVER statement 84 closing 98
CONTINUE handler (SQL procedure) CLOSE statement 103
description 603 deleting a current row 102
example 603 description 93
correlated reference duplicate 662
correlation name 54 dynamic scrollable 105
SQL rules 47 effect of abend on position 113
usage 47 example
using in subquery 54 retrieving backward with scrollable cursor 115
correlated subqueries 705 updating specific row with rowset-positioned
correlation name 54 cursor 117
CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE statement 22 updating with non-scrollable cursor 114
CREATE TABLE statement updating with rowset-positioned cursor 116
DEFAULT clause 20 insensitive scrollable 104
NOT NULL clause 19 maintaining position 112
PRIMARY KEY clause 246 non-scrollable 103
relationship names 248 open state 112
UNIQUE clause 20, 246 OPEN statement 95
usage 19 result table 93
CREATE THREAD, RRSAF row-positioned
description 835 declaring 93
effect of call order 865, 866 deleting a current row 97
implicit connection 835 description 93
language examples 861 end-of-data condition 95
program example 870 retrieving a row of data 96
syntax usage 859 steps in using 93
CREATE TRIGGER updating a current row 97
activation order 271 rowset-positioned
description 261 declaring 98

cursor (continued) data type (continued)
rowset-positioned (continued) compatibility (continued)
description 93 REXX and SQL 237
end-of-data condition 99 result set locator 650
number of rows 99 DATE precompiler option 463
number of rows in rowset 103 datetime data type 3
opening 98 DB2 abend
retrieving a rowset of data 99 CAF 807
steps in using 98 DL/I batch 518
updating a current rowset 101 RRSAF 839
scrollable DB2 private protocol access
description 104 coding an application 425
dynamic 105 compared to DRDA access 424
fetch orientation 107 mixed environment 1013
INSENSITIVE 104 planning 424
retrieving rows 107 sample program 969
SENSITIVE DYNAMIC 105 DB2I (DB2 Interactive)
SENSITIVE STATIC 104 help system 495
sensitivity 104 interrupting 62
static 105 menu 59
updatable 104 panels
static scrollable 105 Current SPUFI Defaults 60
types 103 DB2I Primary Option Menu 59, 496
WITH HOLD DCLGEN 121, 126
claims 403 preparing programs 495
description 112 selecting
locks 402 DCLGEN (declarations generator) 122
SPUFI 59
SPUFI 59
D DBCS (double-byte character set)
data table names 121
adding to the end of a table 892 translation in CICS 470
associated with WHERE clause 8 DBINFO
currency 447 stored procedure 576
effect of locks on integrity 376 user-defined function 312
improving access 727 DBPROTOCOL(DRDA) 437
indoubt state 416 DBRM (database request module)
not in a table 16 binding to a package 473
retrieval using SELECT * 891 binding to a plan 475
retrieving a rowset 99 deciding how to bind 366
retrieving a set of rows 96 description 457
retrieving large volumes 891 DCLGEN subcommand of DSN
scrolling backward through 887 building data declarations 121
security and integrity 413 COBOL example 124
understanding access 727 DBCS table names 121
updating during retrieval 890 identifying tables 121
updating previously retrieved data 890 INCLUDE statement 122
data encryption 250 including declarations in a program 122
data space, LOB materialization 288 starting 121
data type using 121
built-in 3 using PDS (partitioned data set) 121
comparisons 77 DDITV02 input data set 518
compatibility DDOTV02 output data set 520
assembler and SQL 136 deadlock
assembler application program 140 description 377
C and SQL 160 example 377
C application program 166 indications
COBOL and SQL 194, 198 in CICS 379
Fortran and SQL 208, 211 in IMS 379
PL/I and SQL 224 in TSO 378
PL/I application program 228 recommendation for avoiding 381
Index X-7
deadlock (continued) DELETE statement
with RELEASE(DEALLOCATE) 382 correlated subquery 55
X’00C90088’ reason code in SQLCA 378 description 37
debugging application programs 502 positioned
DEC15 FOR ROW n OF ROWSET clause 102
precompiler option 464 restrictions 97
rules 16 WHERE CURRENT clause 97, 102
DEC31 subquery 51
avoiding overflow 17 deleting
precompiler option 464 current rows 97
rules 17 data 37
decimal every row from a table 38
15 digit precision 16 rows from a table 37
31 digit precision 17 delimiter, SQL 70
arithmetic 16 department sample table
DECIMAL creating 20
constants 165 description 898
data type, in C 164 DESCRIBE CURSOR statement 649
function, in C 164 DESCRIBE INPUT statement 551
declaration DESCRIBE PROCEDURE statement 648
generator (DCLGEN) 121 DESCRIBE statement
in an application program 122 column labels 562
variables in CAF program examples 829 INTO clauses 556, 558
DECLARE (SQL procedure) 601 DFHEIENT macro 132
DECLARE CURSOR statement DFSLI000 (IMS language interface module) 472
description, row-positioned 93 direct row access 253, 739
description, rowset-positioned 98 DISCONNECT (connection function of CAF)
FOR UPDATE clause 94 description 804
multilevel security 94 language examples 817
prepared statement 553, 556 program example 824
scrollable cursor 104 syntax 816
WITH HOLD clause 112 syntax usage 816
WITH RETURN option 590 displaying
WITH ROWSET POSITIONING clause 98 table columns 18
DECLARE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE table privileges 18
statement 23 DISTINCT
DECLARE TABLE statement clause of SELECT statement 7
advantages of using 71 unique values 7
assembler 131 distinct type
C 145 assigning values 351
COBOL 173 comparing types 350
description 71 description 349
Fortran 205 example
PL/I 215 argument of user-defined function (UDF) 354
table description 121 arguments of infix operator 354
DECLARE VARIABLE statement casting constants 354
changing CCSID 78 casting function arguments 354
coding 77 casting host variables 354
description 77 LOB data type 354
declared temporary table function arguments 353
including column defaults 24 strong typing 350
including identity columns 23 UNION of 352
instances 23 distributed data
ON COMMIT clause 25 choosing an access method 424
qualifier for 23 coordinating updates 433
remote access using a three-part name 429 copying a remote table 447
requirements 23 DBPROTOCOL bind option 423, 429
working with 21 encoding scheme of retrieved data 448
dedicated virtual memory pool 765 example
DEFER(PREPARE) 437 accessing remote temporary table 430
calling stored procedure at remote location 424

distributed data (continued) DPSI
example (continued) performance considerations 711
connecting to remote server 424, 427 DRDA access
limiting number of retrieved rows 446 accessing remote temporary table 429
specifying location in table name 423 bind options 431, 432
using alias for multiple sites 427 coding an application 425
using DB2 private protocol access 424 compared to DB2 private protocol access 424
using DRDA access 424 connecting to remote server 427
using RELEASE statement 428 mixed environment 1013
using three-part table names 426 planning 424
executing long SQL statements 450 precompiler options 430
identifying server at run time 448 preparing programs 430
LOB performance programming hints 429
setting CURRENT RULES special register 436 releasing connections 428
using LOB locators 436 sample program 961
using stored procedure result sets 436 SQL limitations at different servers 429
maintaining data currency 447 DROP TABLE statement 25
moving from DB2 private protocol access to DRDA DSN applications, running with CAF 801
access 449 DSN command of TSO
performance return code processing 486
choosing bind options 437 RUN subcommands 485
coding efficient queries 435 services lost under CAF 801
forcing block fetch 439, 440 DSN_FUNCTION_TABLE table 343
limiting number of retrieved rows 442, 446 DSN_STATEMNT_TABLE table
optimizing access path 439 column descriptions 780
specifying package list 438 DSN8BC3 sample program 202
using block fetch 440 DSN8BD3 sample program 170
using DRDA 440 DSN8BE3 sample program 170
performance considerations 437 DSN8BF3 sample program 213
planning DSN8BP3 sample program 231
access by a program 423 DSNACICS stored procedure
DB2 private protocol access 424 debugging 1036
DRDA access 424 description 1029
program preparation 433 invocation example 1034
programming invocation syntax 1029
coding with DB2 private protocol access 425 output 1035
coding with DRDA access 425 parameter descriptions 1030
resource limit facility 425 restrictions 1036
restricted systems 434 DSNACICX user exit
retrieving from ASCII or Unicode tables 448 description 1032
savepoints 430 parameter list 1033
scrollable cursors 430 rules for writing 1032
terminology 423 DSNALI (CAF language interface module)
three-part table names 425 deleting 823
transmitting mixed data 448 loading 823
two-phase commit 433 DSNCLI (CICS language interface module) 472
using alias for location 427 DSNELI (TSO language interface module) 801
DL/I batch DSNH command of TSO 509
application programming 516 DSNHASM procedure 490
checkpoint call 414 DSNHC procedure 490
checkpoint ID 524 DSNHCOB procedure 490
commit and rollback coordination 419 DSNHCOB2 procedure 490
DB2 requirements 516 DSNHCPP procedure 490
DDITV02 input data set 518 DSNHCPP2 procedure 490
DSNMTV01 module 521 DSNHDECP
features 515 implicit CAF connection 804
SSM= parameter 521 implicit RRSAF connection 835
submitting an application 521 DSNHFOR procedure 490
TERM call 414 DSNHICB2 procedure 490
double-byte character large object (DBCLOB) 281 DSNHICOB procedure 490
Index X-9
DSNHLI entry point to DSNALI dynamic prefetch
implicit calls 804 description 768
program example 828 dynamic SQL
DSNHLI entry point to DSNRLI advantages and disadvantages 536
implicit calls 835 assembler program 555
program example 869 C program 555
DSNHLI2 entry point to DSNALI 826 caching
DSNHPLI procedure 490 effect of RELEASE bind option 391
DSNMTV01 module 521 caching prepared statements 539
DSNRLI (RRSAF language interface module) COBOL application program 173
deleting 869 COBOL program 568
loading 869 description 535
DSNTEDIT CLIST 1003 effect of bind option REOPT(ALWAYS) 567
DSNTEP2 and DSNTEP4 sample program effect of WITH HOLD cursor 548
specifying SQL terminator 928 EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement 546
DSNTEP2 sample program fixed-list SELECT statements 552, 554
how to run 921 Fortran program 205
parameters 922 host languages 545
program preparation 921 non-SELECT statements 545, 549
DSNTEP4 sample program PL/I 555
how to run 921 PREPARE and EXECUTE 547, 549
parameters 922 programming 535
program preparation 921 requirements 537
DSNTIAC subroutine restrictions 536
assembler 143 sample C program 944
C 170 statement caching 539
COBOL 202 statements allowed 1013
PL/I 232 using DESCRIBE INPUT 551
DSNTIAD sample program varying-list SELECT statements 554, 567
how to run 921 DYNAMICRULES bind option 479
parameters 922
program preparation 921
specifying SQL terminator 926 E
DSNTIAR subroutine ECB (event control block)
assembler 142 address in CALL DSNALI parameter list 807
C 169 CONNECT connection function of CAF 809, 812
COBOL 201 CONNECT, RRSAF 841
description 89 program example 824, 826
Fortran 212 programming with CAF (call attachment facility) 824
PL/I 230 EDIT panel, SPUFI
return codes 90 empty 60
using 90 SQL statements 61
DSNTIAUL sample program embedded semicolon
how to run 921 embedded 926
parameters 922 employee photo and resume sample table 902
program preparation 921 employee sample table 899
DSNTIR subroutine 212 employee-to-project-activity sample table 906
DSNTPSMP stored procedure 612 ENCRYPT_TDES function 250
DSNTRACE data set 822 END-EXEC delimiter 70
DSNXDBRM 457 end-of-data condition 95, 99
DSNXNBRM 457 error
duplicate CALL statements 662 arithmetic expression 84
duration of locks division by zero 84
controlling 390 handling 83
description 386 messages generated by precompiler 509
DYNAM option of COBOL 174 overflow 84
dynamic plan selection return codes 82
restrictions with CURRENT PACKAGESET special run 508
register 484 ESTAE routine in CAF (call attachment facility) 822
using packages with 484 exception condition handling 83

EXCLUSIVE FOR FETCH ONLY clause 440
lock mode FOR READ ONLY clause 440
effect on resources 387 FOR UPDATE clause 94
LOB 410 FOREIGN KEY clause
page 387 description 248
row 387 usage 249
table, partition, and table space 387 format
EXEC SQL delimiter 70 SELECT statement results 64
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement 546 SQL in input data set 61
EXECUTE statement Fortran application program
dynamic execution 548 @PROCESS statement 206
parameter types 565 assignment rules 210
USING DESCRIPTOR clause 566 byte data type 206
EXISTS predicate, subquery 52 character host variable 206, 207
EXIT handler (SQL procedure) 603 coding SQL statements 203
exit routine constant syntax 210
abend recovery with CAF 822 data type compatibility 211
attention processing with CAF 821 data types 208
DSNACICX 1032 declaring tables 205
EXPLAIN declaring views 205
automatic rebind 373 defining the SQLDA 204
report of outer join 754 host variable, declaring 206
statement INCLUDE statement 205
description 727 including SQLCA 204
index scans 738 indicator variable 211
interpreting output 737 LOB variable 207
investigating SQL processing 727 naming convention 205
EXPLAIN PROCESSING field of panel DSNTIPO numeric host variable 207
overhead 735 parallel option 206
precompiler option defaults 469
result set locator 207
F ROWID variable 208
FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY clause SQLCODE 203
effect on distributed performance 446 SQLSTATE 203
effect on OPTIMIZE clause 714 statement labels 206
FETCH statement variable declaration 210
description, multiple rows 99 WHENEVER statement 206
description, single row 96 FROM clause
fetch orientation 107 joining tables 39
host variables 554 SELECT statement 5
multiple-row FRR (functional recovery routine) 822
assembler 131 FULL OUTER JOIN clause 41
description 99 function
FOR n ROWS clause 103 column
number of rows in rowset 103 when evaluated 745
using with descriptor 99, 101 function resolution 339
using with host variable arrays 99 functional recovery routine (FRR) 822
row and rowset positioning 107
scrolling through data 887
USING DESCRIPTOR clause 564 G
using row-positioned cursor 96 GET DIAGNOSTICS statement
filter factor condition items 84
predicate 685 connection items 84
fixed-length character string data types for items 85, 86
assembler 134 description 84
COBOL 185 multiple-row INSERT 85
FLAG precompiler option 464 RETURN_STATUS item 605
FLOAT precompiler option 464 ROW_COUNT item 99
FOLD SQL procedure 600
value for C and CPP 464 statement items 84
value of precompiler option HOST 464 using in handler 604
Index X-11
global transaction host variable (continued)
RRSAF support 847 graphic
glossary 1041 assembler 135
GO TO clause of WHENEVER statement 84 C 149
GOTO statement (SQL procedure) 600 COBOL 179
governor (resource limit facility) 543 PL/I 218
GRANT statement 500 impact on access path selection 698
graphic host variable in equal predicate 702
assembler 135 inserting into tables 75
C 149 LOB
COBOL 179 assembler 284
PL/I 218 C 285
graphic host variable array COBOL 285
C 156 Fortran 286
COBOL 187 PL/I 287
PL/I 221 naming a structure
GRAPHIC precompiler option 464 C 158
GROUP BY clause COBOL 189
effect on OPTIMIZE clause 715 PL/I program 223
use with aggregate functions 11 numeric
assembler 133
C 147
H COBOL 176
handler, using in SQL procedure 603 Fortran 207
HAVING clause PL/I 218
selecting groups subject to conditions 12 PL/I 217
subquery 51 PREPARE statement 553
HOST REXX 237
FOLD value for C and CPP 464 selecting single row 73
precompiler option 464 static SQL flexibility 536
host language tuning queries 698
declarations in DB2I (DB2 Interactive) 121 updating values in tables 74
dynamic SQL 545 using 72
host structure using INSERT with VALUES clause 75
C 158 using SELECT INTO 73
COBOL 189 using SELECT INTO with aggregate function 74
description 72, 80 using SELECT INTO with expressions 74
PL/I 223 host variable array
retrieving row of data 80 C 146, 153
using SELECT INTO 80 character
host variable C 154
assembler 133 COBOL 185
C 146, 147 PL/I 221
changing CCSID 77 COBOL 175, 183
character description 72, 78
assembler 134 graphic
C 147 C 156
COBOL 178 COBOL 187
Fortran 207 PL/I 221
PL/I 218 indicator variable array 79
COBOL 175, 176 inserting multiple rows 79
description 71 numeric
example query 698 C 153
FETCH statement 554 COBOL 183
floating-point PL/I 220
assembler 134 PL/I 217, 220
C/C++ 164 retrieving multiple rows 78
COBOL 176 hybrid join
PL/I 227 description 758
Fortran 206, 207

I indicator variable (continued)
specifying 76
I/O processing
testing 75
parallel
indicator variable array
queries 787
C 167
IDENTIFY, RRSAF
COBOL 199
program example 870
description 79
syntax 841
inserting null values 80
usage 841
PL/I 229
identity column
specifying 79
considerations 257
testing for null value 79
defining 31, 255
infinite loop 16
IDENTITY_VAL_LOCAL function 256
informational referential constraint
inserting in table 887
automatic query rewrite 251
inserting values into 30
description 250
trigger 265
INLISTP 725
using as parent key 256
INNER JOIN clause 40
IF statement (SQL procedure) 600
input data set DDITV02 518
IKJEFT01 terminal monitor program in TSO 487
INSERT processing, effect of MEMBER CLUSTER
IMS
option of CREATE TABLESPACE 380
checkpoint calls 415
INSERT statement
CHKP call 415
description 27
commit point 416
multiple rows 29
environment planning 488
single row 28
language interface module (DFSLI000) 472
subquery 51
link-editing 472
VALUES clause 27
recovery 415, 417
with identity column 30
restrictions on commit 416
with ROWID column 30
ROLB call 415, 420
inserting
ROLL call 415, 420
values from host variable arrays 79
SYNC call 415
values from host variables 75
unit of work 415
INTENT EXCLUSIVE lock mode 387, 410
XRST call 417
INTENT SHARE lock mode 387, 410
IN predicate, subquery 52
Interactive System Productivity Facility (ISPF) 59
INCLUDE statement, DCLGEN output 122
internal resource lock manager (IRLM) 521
index
invalid SQL terminator characters 926
access methods
IS DISTINCT FROM predicate 77
access path selection 747
ISOLATION
by nonmatching index 749
option of BIND PLAN subcommand
IN-list index scan 749
effects on locks 394
matching index columns 738
isolation level
matching index description 748
control by SQL statement
multiple 749
example 403
one-fetch index scan 751
recommendations 382
locking 389
REXX 241
types
ISPF (Interactive System Productivity Facility)
foreign key 248
browse 63
primary 247
DB2 uses dialog management 59
unique 247
DB2I Primary Option Menu 496
unique on primary key 245
precompiling under 495
indicator structure 81
programming 795, 798
indicator variable
scroll command 64
assembler application program 141
ISPLINK SELECT services 797
C 167
ITERATE statement (SQL procedure) 600
COBOL 199
description 75
Fortran 211
incorrect test for null column value 76
J
inserting null value 76 JCL (job control language)
null value 75 batch backout example 522
PL/I 229 DDNAME list format 491
REXX 241 page number format 492
Index X-13
JCL (job control language) (continued) large object (LOB) (continued)
precompilation procedures 489 description 281
precompiler option list format 491 expression 289
preparing a CICS program 493 indicator variable 291
preparing a object-oriented program 495 locator 288
starting a TSO batch application 487 materialization 288
join operation sample applications 284
Cartesian 756 LEAVE statement (SQL procedure) 600
description 752 LEFT OUTER JOIN clause 42
FULL OUTER JOIN 41 level of a lock 384
hybrid LEVEL precompiler option 464
description 758 limited partition scan 743
INNER JOIN 40 LINECOUNT precompiler option 465
join sequence 760 link-editing 471
joining a table to itself 41 list prefetch
joining tables 39 description 768
LEFT OUTER JOIN 42 thresholds 769
merge scan 757 load module structure of CAF (call attachment
more than one join 45 facility) 802
more than one join type 45 load module structure of RRSAF 836
nested loop 755 LOAD MVS macro used by CAF 801
operand LOAD MVS macro used by RRSAF 832
nested table expression 46 LOB
user-defined table function 46 lock
RIGHT OUTER JOIN 43 concurrency with UR readers 399
SQL rules 44 description 408
star join 760 LOB (large object)
star schema 760 lock duration 410
join sequence LOCK TABLE statement 411
definition 677 locking 408
modes of LOB locks 410
modes of table space locks 410
K LOB column, definition 281
KEEPDYNAMIC option LOB variable
BIND PACKAGE subcommand 541 assembler 135
BIND PLAN subcommand 541 C 152
key COBOL 182
composite 246 Fortran 207
foreign 248 PL/I 219
parent 245 LOB variable array
primary C 157
choosing 245 COBOL 188
defining 246 PL/I 222
recommendations for defining 247 lock
using timestamp 245 avoidance 400
unique 887 benefits 376
keywords, reserved 1009 class
transaction 375
compatibility 388
L description 375
label, column 562 duration
language interface modules controlling 390
DSNALI 592 description 386
DSNCLI 472 LOBs 410
DSNRLI 592 effect of cursor WITH HOLD 402
program preparation 363 effects
large object (LOB) deadlock 377
data space 288 suspension 376
declaring host variables 284 timeout 376
declaring LOB locators 284 escalation
defining and moving data into DB2 281 when retrieving large numbers of rows 891

lock (continued) message (continued)
hierarchy obtaining text (continued)
description 384 PL/I 230
LOB locks 408 RRSAF errors 865
mode 386 mixed data
object converting 448
indexes 389 transmitting to remote location 448
options affecting MLS (multilevel security)
access path 405 referential constraints 250
bind 390 triggers 273
cursor stability 394 mode of a lock 386
program 390 modified source statements 457
read stability 397 MQSeries
repeatable read 398 Application Messaging Interface (AMI) 875
uncommitted read 396 DB2 functions
page locks commit environment 878
CS, RS, and RR compared 398 connecting applications 882
recommendations for concurrency 379 MQPUBLISH 877
size MQREAD 877
page 384 MQREADALL 878
partition 384 MQREADALLCLOB 878
table 384 MQREADCLOB 877
table space 384 MQRECEIVE 877
unit of work 413, 414 MQRECEIVEALL 878
LOCK TABLE statement MQRECEIVEALLCLOB 878
effect on auxiliary tables 411 MQRECEIVECLOB 877
effect on locks 404 MQSEND 877
LOCKPART clause of CREATE and ALTER MQSUBSCRIBE 877
TABLESPACE MQUNSUBSCRIBE 877
effect on locking 385 programming considerations 876
LOCKSIZE clause retrieving messages 881
recommendations 380 sending messages 880
LOOP statement (SQL procedure) 600 DB2 scalar functions 876
DB2 table functions 877
description 875
M message 875
mapping macro policy 876
assembler applications 143 service 876
DSNXDBRM 457 multilevel security (MLS) check
DSNXNBRM 457 referential constraints 250
MARGINS precompiler option 465 triggers 273
mass delete multiple-mode IMS programs 418
contends with UR process 399 multiple-row FETCH statement
materialization checking DB2_LAST_ROW 87
LOBs 288 specifying indicator arrays 80
outer join 754 SQLCODE +100 82
views and nested table expressions 774 testing for null 79
MEMBER CLUSTER option of CREATE multiple-row INSERT statement
TABLESPACE 380 dynamic execution 549
merge processing NOT ATOMIC CONTINUE ON SQLEXCEPTION 85
views or nested table expressions 773 using GET DIAGNOSTICS 85
message
analyzing 509
CAF errors 819 N
obtaining text naming convention
assembler 142 assembler 131
C 169 C 145
COBOL 201 COBOL 174
Fortran 212 Fortran 205
Index X-15
naming convention (continued) OPEN
PL/I 215 statement
REXX 236 opening a cursor 95
tables you create 20 opening a rowset cursor 98
NATIONAL data type 196 performance 772
nested table expression prepared SELECT 553
correlated reference 46 USING DESCRIPTOR clause 566
correlation name 46 without parameter markers 564
join operation 46 OPEN (connection function of CAF)
processing 773 description 804
NEWFUN language examples 814
enabling V8 new object 453 program example 824
precompiler option 465 syntax 813
NODYNAM option of COBOL 174 syntax usage 813
NOFOR precompiler option 465 optimistic concurrency control 394
NOGRAPHIC precompiler option 465 OPTIMIZE FOR n ROWS clause 714
noncorrelated subqueries 706 effect on distributed performance 442
nonsegmented table space interaction with FETCH FIRST clause 714
scan 747 OPTIONS precompiler option 466
nontabular data storage 893 ORDER BY clause
NOOPTIONS precompiler option 465 derived columns 10
NOPADNTSTR precompiler option 466 effect on OPTIMIZE clause 715
NOSOURCE precompiler option 466 SELECT statement 10
NOT FOUND clause of WHENEVER statement 84 with AS clause 10
notices, legal 1037 organization application
NOXREF precompiler option 466 examples 915
NUL character in C 146 originating task 788
NUL-terminated string in C 165 outer join
NULL EXPLAIN report 754
pointer in C 146 FULL OUTER JOIN 41
null value LEFT OUTER JOIN 42
column value of UPDATE statement 36 materialization 754
host structure 81 RIGHT OUTER JOIN 43
indicator variable 75
indicator variable array 79
inserting into columns 76 P
IS DISTINCT FROM predicate 76 package
IS NULL predicate 76 advantages 367
Null, in REXX 236 binding
numeric DBRM to a package 472
data EXPLAIN option for remote 736
width of column in results 64 PLAN_TABLE 729
numeric data remote 473
description 3 to plans 475
numeric host variable deciding how to use 366
assembler 133 identifying at run time 475
C 147 invalidated 371
COBOL 176 dropping objects 369
Fortran 207 listing 475
PL/I 218 location 476
numeric host variable array rebinding examples 370
C 153 rebinding with pattern-matching characters 369
COBOL 183 selecting 475, 476
PL/I 220 trigger 371
version, identifying 479
PADNTSTR precompiler option 466
O page
object of a lock 389 locks
object-oriented program, preparation 495 description 384
ON clause, joining tables 39 PAGE_RANGE column of PLAN_TABLE 743
ONEPASS precompiler option 466

panel PL/I application program (continued)
Current SPUFI Defaults 60 indicator variable array 229
DB2I Primary Option Menu 59 indicator variables 229
DCLGEN 121, 125 LOB variable 219
DSNEDP01 121, 125 LOB variable array 222
DSNEPRI 59 naming convention 215
DSNESP01 59 numeric host variable 218
DSNESP02 60 numeric host variable array 220
EDIT (for SPUFI input data set) 60 result set locator 219
SPUFI 59 ROWID variable 220
parallel processing ROWID variable array 222
description 785 SQL statement coprocessor 461
enabling 788 SQLCODE 213
related PLAN_TABLE columns 744 SQLSTATE 213
tuning 792 statement labels 215
parameter marker table locator 219
casting in function invocation 345 variable declaration 227
dynamic SQL 548 WHENEVER statement 215
more than one 549 PLAN_TABLE table
values provided by OPEN 553 column descriptions 729
with arbitrary statements 565, 567 report of outer join 754
parent key 245 planning
PARMS option 487 accessing distributed data 423
partition scan, limited 743 binding 366
partitioned table space precompiling 365
locking 385 recovery 413
performance precompiler
affected by binding on another system 458
application structure 797 description 454
DEFER(PREPARE) 437 diagnostics 457
lock size 386 functions 455
NODEFER(PREPARE) 437 input 456
remote queries 435, 437, 446 maximum size of input 456
REOPT(ALWAYS) 439 modified source statements 457
REOPT(NONE) 439 option descriptions 462
REOPT(ONCE) 439 options
monitoring CONNECT 430
with EXPLAIN 727 defaults 468
performance considerations DRDA access 430
DPSI 711 SQL 430
scrollable cursor 710 output 456
PERIOD precompiler option 466 planning for 365
phone application, description 915 precompiling programs 454
PL/I application program starting
character host variable 218 dynamically 491
character host variable array 221 JCL for procedures 489
coding considerations 216 submitting jobs with ISPF panels 496
coding SQL statements 213 using 455
data type compatibility 228 predicate
data types 224 description 675
DBCS constants 215 evaluation rules 679
DCLGEN support 123 filter factor 685
declaring tables 215 general rules 8
declaring views 215 generation 694
graphic host variable 218 impact on access paths 675
graphic host variable array 221 indexable 677
host variable 217 join 676
host variable array 217 local 676
INCLUDE statement 215 modification 694
including SQLCA 213 properties 675
including SQLDA 214 stage 1 (sargable) 677
Index X-17
predicate (continued) REBIND PLAN subcommand of DSN (continued)
stage 2 options (continued)
evaluated 677 RELEASE 390
influencing creation 720 remote 473
subquery 676 REBIND TRIGGER PACKAGE subcommand of
predictive governing DSN 371
in a distributed environment 544 rebinding
with DEFER(PREPARE) 544 automatically
writing an application for 544 conditions for 371
PREPARE statement EXPLAIN processing 735
dynamic execution 548 changes that require 368
host variable 553 list of plans and packages 371
INTO clause 556 lists of plans or packages 1003
prepared SQL statement options for 366
caching 541 packages with pattern-matching characters 369
statements allowed 1013 planning for 373
PRIMARY KEY clause plans 370
ALTER TABLE statement 247 plans or packages in use 366
CREATE TABLE statement 246 Recoverable Resource Manager Services attachment
PRIMARY_ACCESSTYPE column of facility (RRSAF)
PLAN_TABLE 739 See RRSAF
problem determination, guidelines 508 recovery
program preparation 453 identifying application requirements 418
program problems checklist IMS application program 415
documenting error situations 502 IMS batch 421
error messages 503 planning for 413
project activity sample table 905 recursive SQL
project application, description 915 controlling depth 1000
project sample table 904 description 15
examples 997
infinite loops 16
Q rules 15
query parallelism 785 single level explosion 997
QUOTE precompiler option 466 summarized explosion 999
QUOTESQL precompiler option 467 referential constraint
defining 245
description 245
R determining violations 893
reason code informational 250
CAF name 248
translation 823, 826 on tables with data encryption 250
X″00C10824″ 816, 817 on tables with multilevel security 250
X″00F30050″ 822 referential integrity
X″00F30083″ 822 effect on subqueries 56
X’00C90088’ 378 programming considerations 893
X’00C9008E’ 377 register conventions
X″00D44057″ 515 CAF (call attachment facility) 807
REBIND PACKAGE subcommand of DSN RRSAF 840
generating list of 1003 RELEASE
options option of BIND PLAN subcommand
ISOLATION 394 combining with other options 390
RELEASE 390 release information block (RIB) 807
rebinding with wildcard characters 369 RELEASE LOCKS field of panel DSNTIP4
remote 473 effect on page and row locks 402
REBIND PLAN subcommand of DSN RELEASE SAVEPOINT statement 422
generating list of 1003 RELEASE statement, with DRDA access 428
options reoptimizing access path 699
ACQUIRE 390 REPEAT statement (SQL procedure) 600
ISOLATION 394 REPLACE statement (COBOL) 175
NOPKLIST 370 reserved keywords 1009
PKLIST 370

resetting control blocks REXX procedure (continued)
CAF 816 statement label 236
RRSAF 862 RIB (release information block)
RESIGNAL statement address in CALL DSNALI parameter list 807
raising a condition 605 CONNECT connection function of CAF 809
setting SQLSTATE value 607 CONNECT, RRSAF 841
RESIGNAL statement (SQL procedure) 601 program example 824
resource limit facility (governor) RID (record identifier) pool
description 543 use in list prefetch 768
writing an application for predictive governing 544 RIGHT OUTER JOIN clause 43
resource unavailable condition ROLB call, IMS
CAF 818 advantages over ROLL 420
RRSAF 864 DL/I batch programs 420
restart, DL/I batch programs using JCL 523 ends unit of work 415
result column ROLL call, IMS
join operation 39 DL/I batch programs 420
naming with AS clause 7 ends unit of work 415
result set locator ROLLBACK option
assembler 135 CICS SYNCPOINT command 415
C 151 ROLLBACK statement
COBOL 181 error in IMS 515
example 650 in a stored procedure 586
Fortran 207 TO SAVEPOINT clause 421
how to use 650 unit of work in TSO 413
PL/I 219 with RRSAF 833
result table row
description 3 selecting with WHERE clause 8
example 3 updating 36
of SELECT statement 3 updating current 97
read-only 95 updating large volumes 890
retrieving row-level security 250
data in ASCII from DB2 UDB for z/OS 561 ROWID
data in Unicode from DB2 UDB for z/OS 561 coding example 741
data using SELECT * 891 data type 3
data, changing the CCSID 561 index-only access 739
large volumes of data 891 inserting in table 887
multiple rows into host variable arrays 78 ROWID column
return code considerations 254
DSN command 486 defining 30, 253
SQL 816 defining LOBs 281
RETURN statement inserting values into 30
returning SQL procedure status 605 using for direct row access 253
RETURN statement (SQL procedure) 601 ROWID variable
REXX procedure assembler 136
application programming interface C 153
CONNECT 233 COBOL 182
DISCONNECT 234 Fortran 208
EXECSQL 233 PL/I 220
coding SQL statements 232 ROWID variable array
data type conversion 237 C 158
DSNREXX 234 COBOL 189
error handling 236 PL/I 222
indicator variable 241 rowset
input data type 238, 239 deleting current 102
isolation level 241 updating current 101
naming convention 236 rowset cursor
naming cursors 237 closing 103
naming prepared statements 237 DB2 for z/OS down-level requester 447
running 489 declaring 98
SQLCA 232 end-of-data condition 99
SQLDA 233 example 116
Index X-19
rowset cursor (continued) sample application (continued)
multiple-row FETCH 99 structure of 911
opening 98 use 917
using 98 user-defined function 916
rowset parameter, DB2 for z/OS support for 447 sample program
RR (repeatable read) DSN8BC3 202
how locks are held (figure) 398 DSN8BD3 170
page and row locking 398 DSN8BE3 170
RRS global transaction DSN8BF3 213
RRSAF support 847 DSN8BP3 231
RRSAF sample table
application program DSN8810.ACT (activity) 897
examples 869 DSN8810.DEMO_UNICODE (Unicode sample ) 907
preparation 832 DSN8810.DEPT (department) 898
connecting to DB2 870 DSN8810.EMP (employee) 899
description 831 DSN8810.EMP_PHOTO_RESUME (employee photo
function descriptions 840 and resume) 902
load module structure 836 DSN8810.EMPPROJACT (employee-to-project
programming language 832 activity) 906
register conventions 840 DSN8810.PROJ (project) 904
restrictions 831 PROJACT (project activity) 905
return codes views on 908
AUTH SIGNON 849 savepoint
CONNECT 841 description 421
SIGNON 846 distributed environment 430
TERMINATE IDENTIFY 862 RELEASE SAVEPOINT statement 422
TERMINATE THREAD 861 restrictions on use 422
TRANSLATE 864 ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT 422
run environment 833 SAVEPOINT statement 422
RRSAF (Recoverable Resource Manager Services setting multiple times 421
attachment facility) use with DRDA access 421
transactions SAVEPOINT statement 422
using global transactions 383 scope of a lock 384
RS (read stability) scrollable cursor
page and row locking (figure) 397 comparison of types 108
RUN subcommand of DSN DB2 UDB for z/OS down-level requester 447
return code processing 486 distributed environment 430
running a program in TSO foreground 485 dynamic
running application program dynamic model 105
CICS 489 fetching current row 109
errors 508 fetch orientation 107
IMS 488 optimistic concurrency control 394
performance considerations 710
retrieving rows 107
S sensitive dynamic 105
sample application sensitive static 104
call attachment facility 800 sensitivity 109
databases, for 912 static
DB2 private protocol access 969 creating delete hole 109
DRDA access 961 creating update hole 110
dynamic SQL 944 holes in result table 109
environments 917 number of rows 107
languages 917 removing holes 111
LOB 916 static model 105
organization 915 updatable 104
phone 915 scrolling
programs 917 backward through data 887
project 915 backward using identity columns 888
RRSAF 832 backward using ROWIDs 888
static SQL 944 in any direction 889
stored procedure 915 ISPF (Interactive System Productivity Facility) 64

search condition selecting (continued)
comparison operators 9 some columns 6
NOT keyword 9 unnamed columns 7
SELECT statement 49 semicolon
WHERE clause 9 default SPUFI statement terminator 60
segmented table space embedded 926
locking 385 sequence numbers
scan 747 COBOL application program 174
SEGSIZE clause of CREATE TABLESPACE Fortran 205
recommendations 747 PL/I 215
SELECT from INSERT statement sequence object
BEFORE trigger values 32 considerations 259
default values 31 creating 257
description 31 referencing 258
inserting into view 33 using across multiple tables 258
multiple rows sequences
cursor sensitivity 34 improving concurrency 383
effect of changes 34 sequential detection 769, 771
effect of SAVEPOINT and ROLLBACK 35 sequential prefetch
effect of WITH HOLD 34 bind time 768
processing errors 35 description 767
result table of cursor 34 SET clause of UPDATE statement 36
using cursor 33 SET CURRENT DEGREE statement 788
using FETCH FIRST 33 SET CURRENT PACKAGESET statement 476
using INPUT SEQUENCE 33 SET ENCRYPTION PASSWORD statement 250
result table 32 setting SQL terminator
retrieving DSNTIAD 926
BEFORE trigger values 31 SPUFI 62
default values 31 SHARE
generated values 31 INTENT EXCLUSIVE lock mode 387, 410
multiple rows 31 lock mode
special registers 31 LOB 410
using SELECT INTO 32 page 387
SELECT statement row 387
changing result format 64 table, partition, and table space 387
clauses SIGNAL statement
DISTINCT 7 raising a condition 605
FROM 5 setting condition message text 606
GROUP BY 11 SIGNAL statement (SQL procedure) 601
HAVING 12 SIGNON, RRSAF
ORDER BY 10 program example 870
UNION 13 syntax 846
WHERE 8 usage 846
derived column with AS clause 7 simple table space
fixed-list 552, 554 locking 385
named columns 6 single-mode IMS programs 418
parameter markers 565 SOME quantified predicate 52
search condition 49 sort
selecting a set of rows 93 program
subqueries 49 RIDs (record identifiers) 772
unnamed columns 7 when performed 772
using with removing duplicates 772
* (to select all columns) 5 shown in PLAN_TABLE 771
column-name list 6 sort key
DECLARE CURSOR statement 93, 98 ORDER BY clause 10
varying-list 554, 567 ordering 10
selecting SOURCE precompiler option 467
all columns 5 special register
more than one row 73 behavior in stored procedures 586
named columns 6 CURRENT PACKAGE PATH 477
rows 8 CURRENT PACKAGESET 477
Index X-21
special register (continued) SQL procedure statement
CURRENT RULES 482 CALL statement 600
user-defined functions 324 CASE statement 600
SPUFI compound statement 600
browsing output 63 CONTINUE handler 603
changed column widths 64 EXIT handler 603
created column heading 64 GET DIAGNOSTICS statement 600
default values 60 GOTO statement 600
entering comments 62 handler 603
panels handling errors 603
filling in 59 IF statement 600
format and display output 63 ITERATE statement 600
previous values displayed on panel 59 LEAVE statement 600
selecting on DB2I menu 59 LOOP statement 600
processing SQL statements 59, 62 REPEAT statement 600
retrieving Unicode data 61 RESIGNAL statement 601
setting SQL terminator 62 RETURN statement 601
specifying SQL statement terminator 60 SIGNAL statement 601
SQLCODE returned 63 SQL statement 600
SQL (Structured Query Language) WHILE statement 600
checking execution 82 SQL statement (SQL procedure) 600
coding SQL statement coprocessor
assembler 129 for C 458
basics 69 for C++ 459
C 143 for COBOL 460
C++ 143 for PL/I 461
COBOL 170 processing SQL statements 454
dynamic 568 SQL statement nesting
Fortran 203 restrictions 346
Fortran program 204 stored procedures 346
object extensions 279 user-defined functions 346
PL/I 213 SQL statement terminator
REXX 232 modifying in DSNTEP2 and DSNTEP4 928
cursors 93 modifying in DSNTIAD 926
dynamic modifying in SPUFI 60
coding 535 specifying in SPUFI 60
sample C program 944 SQL statements
statements allowed 1013 ALLOCATE CURSOR 649
host variable arrays 71 ALTER FUNCTION 296
host variables 71 ASSOCIATE LOCATORS 649
keywords, reserved 1009 CLOSE 98, 103, 554
return codes COBOL program sections 172
checking 82 coding REXX 235
handling 89 comments
statement terminator 926 assembler 131
structures 71 C 145
syntax checking 429 COBOL 173
varying-list 554, 567 Fortran 205
SQL communication area (SQLCA) PL/I 214
description 82 REXX 235
using DSNTIAR to format 89 CONNECT (Type 1) 435
SQL precompiler option 467 CONNECT (Type 2) 435
SQL procedure CONNECT, with DRDA access 427
conditions, handling 603 continuation
forcing SQL error 607 assembler 131
preparation using DSNTPSMP procedure 610 C 145
program preparation 609 COBOL 173
referencing SQLCODE and SQLSTATE 604 Fortran 205
SQL variable 601 PL/I 215
statements allowed 1018 REXX 236
CREATE FUNCTION 296

SQL statements (continued) SQLCA (SQL communication area) (continued)
DECLARE CURSOR checking SQLSTATE 83
description 93, 98 checking SQLWARN0 82
example 553, 556 COBOL 170
DECLARE TABLE 71, 121 description 82
DELETE DSNTIAC subroutine
description 97 assembler 143
example 37 C 170
DESCRIBE 556 COBOL 202
DESCRIBE CURSOR 649 PL/I 232
DESCRIBE PROCEDURE 648 DSNTIAR subroutine
embedded 456 assembler 142
error return codes 89 C 169
EXECUTE 548 COBOL 201
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 546 Fortran 212
EXPLAIN PL/I 230
monitor access paths 727 Fortran 203
FETCH PL/I 213
description 96, 99 reason code for deadlock 378
example 554 reason code for timeout 377
INSERT 27 REXX 232
labels sample C program 944
assembler 132 SQLCODE
C 146 -510 401
COBOL 174 -904 662
Fortran 206 -923 519
PL/I 215 -925 420, 515
REXX 236 -926 420, 515
margins +004 816, 817
assembler 131 +100 84
C 145 +256 822
COBOL 173 +802 84
Fortran 205 referencing in SQL procedure 604
PL/I 215 values 83
REXX 236 SQLDA (SQL descriptor area)
OPEN allocating storage 100, 557
description 95, 98 assembler 130
example 553 assembler program 555
PREPARE 548 C 144, 555
RELEASE, with DRDA access 428 COBOL 171
SELECT declaring 100
description 8 dynamic SELECT example 560
joining a table to itself 41 for LOBs and distinct types 563
joining tables 39 Fortran 204
SELECT from INSERT 31 multiple-row FETCH statement 100
SET CURRENT DEGREE 788 no occurrences of SQLVAR 556
set symbols 132 OPEN statement 553
UPDATE parameter in CAF TRANSLATE 818
description 97, 101, 102 parameter in RRSAF TRANSLATE 864
example 36 parameter markers 566
WHENEVER 83 PL/I 214, 555
SQL terminator, specifying in DSNTEP2 and requires storage addresses 560
DSNTEP4 928 REXX 233
SQL terminator, specifying in DSNTIAD 926 setting output fields 100
SQL variable 601 varying-list SELECT statement 555
SQL-INIT-FLAG, resetting 175 SQLERROR clause of WHENEVER statement 84
SQLCA (SQL communication area) SQLFLAG precompiler option 467
assembler 129 SQLN field of SQLDA 557
C 143 SQLRULES, option of BIND PLAN subcommand 482
checking SQLCODE 83 SQLSTATE
checking SQLERRD(3) 82 ″01519″ 84
Index X-23
SQLSTATE (continued) stored procedure (continued)
″2D521″ 420, 515 using temporary tables in 591
″57015″ 519 WLM_REFRESH 1025
referencing in SQL procedure 604 writing 581
values 83 writing in REXX 594
SQLVAR field of SQLDA 559 stormdrain effect 874
SQLWARNING clause of WHENEVER statement 83 string
SSN (subsystem name) data type 3
CALL DSNALI parameter list 807 fixed-length
parameter in CAF CONNECT function 809 assembler 134
parameter in CAF OPEN function 813 COBOL 178
parameter in RRSAF CONNECT function 841 PL/I 229
SQL calls to CAF (call attachment facility) 804 host variables in C 165
SQL calls to RRSAF (recoverable resources services varying-length
attachment facility) 835 assembler 134
star join 760 COBOL 178
dedicated virtual memory pool 765 PL/I 229
star schema subquery
defining indexes for 720 basic predicate 51
state conceptual overview 49
of a lock 386 correlated
statement table DELETE statement 55
column descriptions 780 description 53
static SQL example 53
description 535 tuning 705
host variables 536 UPDATE statement 55
sample C program 944 DELETE statement 55
STDDEV function description 49
when evaluation occurs 745 EXISTS predicate 52
STDSQL precompiler option 468 IN predicate 52
STOP DATABASE command join transformation 707
timeout 377 noncorrelated 706
storage quantified predicate 51
acquiring referential constraints 56
retrieved row 559 restrictions with DELETE 56
SQLDA 557 tuning 705
addresses in SQLDA 560 tuning examples 709
storage group, for sample application data 912 UPDATE statement 55
stored procedure use with UPDATE, DELETE, and INSERT 51
accessing transition tables 328, 654 subsystem name (SSN) 804, 835
binding 593 subsystem parameters
CALL statement 621 MAX_NUM_CUR 662
calling from a REXX procedure 654 MAX_ST_PROC 662
defining parameter lists 627, 628, 629 summarizing group values 11
defining to DB2 575 SYNC call, IMS 415
DSNACICS 1029 SYNC parameter of CAF (call attachment facility) 815,
example 570 824
invoking from a trigger 269 synchronization call abends 518
languages supported 581 SYNCPOINT command of CICS 414, 415
linkage conventions 624 syntax diagram
returning non-relational data 591 how to read xx
returning result set 590 SYSLIB data sets 490
running as authorized program 592 Sysplex query parallelism
running multiple instances 662 splitting large queries across DB2 members 785
statements allowed 1016 SYSPRINT precompiler output
testing 664 options section 510
usage 569 source statements section, example 511
use of special registers 586 summary section, example 512
using COMMIT in 586 symbol cross-reference section 512
using host variables with 573 used to analyze errors 510
using ROLLBACK in 586 SYSTERM output to analyze errors 509

T terminating, CAF CLOSE function 815
TEST command of TSO 503
table
test environment, designing 499
altering
test tables 499
changing definitions 21
test views of existing tables 499
using CREATE and ALTER 892
thread
copying from remote locations 447
CLOSE function 804
declaring 71, 121
OPEN function 804
deleting rows 37
TIME precompiler option 468
dependent, cycle restrictions 249
timeout
displaying, list of 18
description 376
DROP statement 25
indications in IMS 377
expression, nested
X’00C9008E’ reason code in SQLCA 377
processing 773
TMP (terminal monitor program)
filling with test data 501
DSN command processor 486
incomplete definition of 247
running under TSO 487
inserting multiple rows 29
transaction
inserting single row 28
IMS
loading, in referential structure 244
using global transactions 383
locks 384
transaction lock
populating 501
description 375
referential structure 245
transaction-oriented BMP, checkpoints in 418
retrieving 93
transition table, trigger 266
selecting values as you insert rows 31
transition variable, trigger 265
temporary 21
TRANSLATE (connection function of CAF)
updating rows 36
description 804
using three-part table names 425
language example 819
table expressions, nested
program example 826
materialization 774
syntax usage 818
table locator
TRANSLATE function of RRSAF
assembler 135
syntax 864
C 152
usage 864
COBOL 182
translating requests into SQL 892
PL/I 219
trigger
table space
activation order 271
for sample application 913
activation time 263
locks
cascading 270
description 384
coding 263
scans
data integrity 274
access path 746
delete 264
determined by EXPLAIN 728
description 261
task control block (TCB)
FOR EACH ROW 264
See TCB (task control block)
FOR EACH STATEMENT 264
TCB (task control block)
granularity 264
capabilities with CAF 800
insert 264
capabilities with RRSAF 831
interaction with constraints 272
issuing CAF CLOSE 816
interaction with security label columns 273
issuing CAF OPEN 814
naming 263
temporary table
parts example 261
advantages of 21
parts of 263
working with 21
subject table 263
TERM call in DL/I 414
transition table 266
terminal monitor program (TMP)
transition variable 265
See TMP (terminal monitor program)
triggering event 263
TERMINATE IDENTIFY, RRSAF
update 264
program example 870
using identity columns 265
syntax 862
with row-level security 273
usage 862
TSO
TERMINATE THREAD, RRSAF
CLISTs
program example 870
calling application programs 488
syntax 861
running in foreground 488
usage 861
Index X-25
TSO (continued) UPDATE statement (continued)
DSNALI language interface module 801 subquery 51
TEST command 503 updating
tuning during retrieval 890
DB2 large volumes 890
queries containing host variables 698 values from host variables 74
two-phase commit, definition 433 UR (uncommitted read)
TWOPASS precompiler option 468 concurrent access restrictions 399
effect on reading LOBs 409
page and row locking 396
U recommendation 383
Unicode USE AND KEEP EXCLUSIVE LOCKS option of WITH
data, retrieving from DB2 UDB for z/OS 561 clause 403
sample table 907 USE AND KEEP SHARE LOCKS option of WITH
UNION clause clause 403
columns of result table 13 USE AND KEEP UPDATE LOCKS option of WITH
combining SELECT statements 13 clause 403
effect on OPTIMIZE clause 715 USER special register
eliminating duplicates 13 value in INSERT statement 20
keeping duplicates with ALL 13 value in UPDATE statement 36
removing duplicates with sort 772 user-defined function
UNIQUE clause 246 statements allowed 1016
unit of recovery user-defined function (UDF)
indoubt abnormal termination 346
recovering CICS 415 accessing transition tables 328
restarting IMS 416 ALTER FUNCTION statement 296
unit of work authorization ID 334
CICS description 414 call type 311
completion casting arguments 345
commit 414 characteristics 296
open cursors 112 coding guidelines 300
releasing locks 413 concurrent 335
roll back 414 CREATE FUNCTION statement 296
TSO 413 data type promotion 342
description 413 DBINFO structure 313
DL/I batch 419 definer 294
duration 413 defining 296
IMS description 293
batch 419 diagnostic message 310
commit point 415 DSN_FUNCTION_TABLE 343
ending 415 example
starting point 415 external scalar 294, 298
prevention of data access by other users 413 external table 300
TSO function resolution 342
COMMIT statement 413 overloading operator 299
completion 413 sourced 299
ROLLBACK statement 413 SQL 300
updatable cursor 94 function resolution 339
UPDATE host data types
lock mode assembler 305
page 387 C 305
row 387 COBOL 305
table, partition, and table space 387 PL/I 305
UPDATE statement implementer 294
correlated subqueries 55 implementing 300
description 36 indicators
positioned input 309
FOR ROW n OF ROWSET 102 result 310
restrictions 97 invoker 294
WHERE CURRENT clause 97, 101 invoking 338
SET clause 36 invoking from a trigger 269

user-defined function (UDF) (continued) VARIANCE function
invoking from predicate 347 when evaluation occurs 745
main program 301 varying-length character string
multiple programs 334 assembler 134
naming 310 COBOL 185
nesting SQL statements 346 version of a package 479
parallelism considerations 302 VERSION precompiler option 468, 479
parameter conventions 303 view
assembler 316 contents 26
C 316 declaring 71
COBOL 320 description 25
PL/I 323 dropping 27
preparing 333 EXPLAIN 776, 777
reentrant 334 identity columns 26
restrictions 301 join of two or more tables 26
samples 295 processing
scratchpad 310, 327 view materialization description 774
scrollable cursor 348 view materialization in PLAN_TABLE 743
setting result values 309 view merge 773
simplifying function resolution 343 referencing special registers 26
special registers 324 retrieving 93
specific name 310 summary data 26
steps in creating and using 294 union of two or more tables 26
subprogram 301 using
syntax for invocation 338 deleting rows 37
table locators inserting rows 27
assembler 329 updating rows 36
C 331 Visual Explain 713, 727
COBOL 331 volatile table 717
PL/I 332
testing 335
types 293 W
user-defined table function WHENEVER statement
improving query performance 717 assembler 132
USING DESCRIPTOR clause C 146
EXECUTE statement 566 COBOL 174
FETCH statement 564 CONTINUE clause 84
OPEN statement 566 Fortran 206
GO TO clause 84
NOT FOUND clause 84, 96
V PL/I 215
VALUES clause, INSERT statement 27 specifying 83
variable SQL error codes 83
declaration SQLERROR clause 84
assembler 139 SQLWARNING clause 83
C 164 WHERE clause
COBOL 196 SELECT statement
Fortran 210 description 8
PL/I 227 joining a table to itself 41
declaring in SQL procedure 601 joining tables 39
host subquery 51
assembler 133 WHILE statement (SQL procedure) 600
COBOL 176 WITH clause
Fortran 207 common table expressions 14
PL/I 217 specifies isolation level 403
variable array WITH HOLD clause
host and CICS 113
C 153 and IMS 113
COBOL 183 DECLARE CURSOR statement 112
PL/I 220 restrictions 113
Index X-27
WITH HOLD cursor
effect on dynamic SQL 548
effect on locks and claims 402
WLM_REFRESH stored procedure
description 1025
option descriptions 1026, 1028
sample JCL 1027, 1028
syntax diagram 1026
write-down privilege 273
X
XREF precompiler option 468
XRST call, IMS 417

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IBM DB2 Universal Database for z/OS Version 8 Application Programming and SQL Guide

DB2 V8 Application Programming and SQL Guide

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DB2 V8 Application Programming and SQL Guide

Uploaded by

DB2 Universal Database for z/OS

First Edition (March 2004)

Summary of changes to this book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii

Part 1. Using SQL queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter 1. Retrieving data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Chapter 2. Working with tables and modifying data . . . . . . . . . . 19

Chapter 3. Joining data from more than one table . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Chapter 4. Using subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Chapter 5. Executing SQL from your terminal using SPUFI . . . . . . . 59

Part 2. Coding SQL in your host application program . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Chapter 6. Basics of coding SQL in an application program . . . . . . . 69

iv Application Programming and SQL Guide

Chapter 7. Using a cursor to retrieve a set of rows . . . . . . . . . . 93

Chapter 8. Generating declarations for your tables using DCLGEN . . . 121 .

Chapter 9. Embedding SQL statements in host languages . . . . . . . 129

Chapter 10. Using constraints to maintain data integrity . . . . . . . . 243

vi Application Programming and SQL Guide

| Chapter 11. Using DB2-generated values as keys . . . . . . . . . . 253

Chapter 12. Using triggers for active data . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Part 3. Using DB2 object-relational extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

Chapter 13. Introduction to DB2 object-relational extensions . . . . . . 279

Chapter 14. Programming for large objects (LOBs) . . . . . . . . . . 281

Chapter 15. Creating and using user-defined functions . . . . . . . . 293

Chapter 16. Creating and using distinct types . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Part 4. Designing a DB2 database application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

Chapter 17. Planning for DB2 program preparation . . . . . . . . . . 363

Chapter 18. Planning for concurrency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

viii Application Programming and SQL Guide

Chapter 19. Planning for recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

Chapter 20. Planning to access distributed data . . . . . . . . . . . 423

Part 5. Developing your application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

Chapter 21. Preparing an application program to run . . . . . . . . . 453

Chapter 22. Testing an application program . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499

Chapter 23. Processing DL/I batch applications . . . . . . . . . . . 515

Part 6. Additional programming techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525

Chapter 24. Coding dynamic SQL in application programs . . . . . . . 535

x Application Programming and SQL Guide

Chapter 25. Using stored procedures for client/server processing . . . . 569

Chapter 26. Tuning your queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

xii Application Programming and SQL Guide

Chapter 27. Using EXPLAIN to improve SQL performance . . . . . . . 727

Chapter 28. Parallel operations and query performance . . . . . . . . 785

Chapter 29. Programming for the Interactive System Productivity Facility

xiv Application Programming and SQL Guide

Chapter 31. Programming for the Resource Recovery Services

Chapter 32. Programming considerations for CICS . . . . . . . . . . 873

| Chapter 33. Using WebSphere MQ functions from DB2 applications . . . 875

Chapter 34. Programming techniques: Questions and answers . . . . . 887

Part 7. Appendixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895

Appendix A. DB2 sample tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897

Appendix B. Sample applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915

Appendix C. Running the productivity-aid sample programs . . . . . . 921

Appendix D. Programming examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931

xvi Application Programming and SQL Guide

| Appendix E. Recursive common table expression examples . . . . . . 997

Appendix F. REBIND subcommands for lists of plans or packages 1003

Appendix G. SQL reserved words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009

Appendix H. Characteristics of SQL statements in DB2 UDB for z/OS 1013

Appendix I. Program preparation options for remote packages . . . . . 1023

Appendix J. DB2-supplied stored procedures . . . . . . . . . . . 1025

xviii Application Programming and SQL Guide

Who should read this book

Terminology and citations

The following terms are used as indicated:

© Copyright IBM Corp. 1983, 2004 xix

How to read the syntax diagrams

v Optional items appear below the main path.

xx Application Programming and SQL Guide

How to send your comments

About this book xxi

xxii Application Programming and SQL Guide

© Copyright IBM Corp. 1983, 2004 xxiii

xxiv Application Programming and SQL Guide

Chapter 2. Working with tables and modifying data . . . . . . . . . . 19

© Copyright IBM Corp. 1983, 2004 1

Chapter 3. Joining data from more than one table . . . . . . . . . . . 39