Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 287 (2023) 171140

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Optik
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijleo

The effect of Brownian motion and noise strength on solutions of

stochastic Bogoyavlenskii model alongside conformable
fractional derivative
Md. Tarikul Islam a, b, Shahariar Ryehan a, Farah Aini Abdullah b, J.F. Gómez-
Aguilar c, *
a
Department of Mathematics, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
b
School of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
c
CONACyT-Tecnológico Nacional de México/CENIDET, Interior Internado Palmira S/N, Col. Palmira, C.P. 62490, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

JEL Classifications: Fractional order models involving nonlinearity are remarkable for having substantial application
35C08 in real-world. The present determination is due to obtain applicable wave solutions of fractional
35R11 order stochastic Bogoyavlenskii equation (SBE) in the viewpoint of stratonovich regarding mul­
Keywords: tiplicative noise. Enhanced rational (G′/G)-expansion and improved auxiliary equation ap­
Standard Brownian motion proaches are imposed to the suggested model which accumulate diverse wave solutions in
Noise strength
appropriate form. The investigators might depict sophisticated tangible phenomena in a wide
Enhanced rational (G′/G)-expansion scheme
range with the assistance of the found well-furnished wave solutions as the governing equation
Improved auxiliary equation approach
Solitons makes understanding about the plasma physics, the wave of propulsion fluid-flow, and the dy­
namic characteristics of shallow-water waves. Various obtained solutions are figured out to
portray prominent physical characteristics of nonlinear wave outlines. Different types of solitons
are organized graphically in 3D shapes such as periodic, anti-periodic, compacton, anti-
compacton, bell, anti-bell, peakon, kink, anti-kink, cuspon etc. Diverse 2D plots are comprised
to make noticeable the wave velocity while contour plots signify the association among the
concerned variables. The graphical representations are brought out together with the effects of
noise strength and Brownian motion. The observation of the current whole work might captivate
the researchers for future related work by employing the recommended approaches which are
competent, pioneering, and concise.

1. Introduction

Nonlinear models depicting intricate phenomena of real-world problems have taken major place in modern research after origi­
nating few decades ago. Fractional order models are much more significant to elaborate the concerned phenomena rather than the
integer order models at a small scale. Consequently, scholars are passing their quality time with the deep thinking of exploring the
research relating to this topic [1–4]. Numerous methods have been put forwarded to extract nonlinear evolution models for inves­
tigating accurate solitary wave solutions. For instant, Fan sub-equation technique [5], exp( − φ(η))-expansion scheme [6–8], auxiliary

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (J.F. Gómez-Aguilar).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2023.171140
Received 22 March 2023; Received in revised form 3 July 2023; Accepted 5 July 2023
Available online 8 July 2023
0030-4026/© 2023 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Md.T. Islam et al. Optik 287 (2023) 171140

equation scheme and its modifications [9–11], perturbation approach [12,13], tanh-sech approach [14,15], ansatz method [16],
various (G′/G)-expansion methods [17–20], Jacobi elliptic function technique [21,22], sine-cosine tool [23], Sine-Gordon expansion
method and Kudryashov method [24], F-expansion approach [25], new extended direct algebraic method [26], improved tanh scheme
[27], the transformed rational function method [28], extended exp( − φ(ξ))-expansion method [29], the Adam Bashforth’s Moulton
method [30] and the spectral collocation method [31] and other worth mentioning works [32–37].
In contrast, nonlinear evolution equations involving stochastic theme have been studied in a broad range since past few years. The
effect of stochastic phenomena has been signified in biology, electrical and mechanical engineering, finance, climate systems
condensed matter physics, materials sciences, and information systems [38–41]. It seems that the nonlinear models involving sto­
chastic impacts bear much more significance. So far, we hunt the earlier text, less study has been occurred to examine closed form
solutions of fractional nonlinear stochastic models [42–45]. Based on the above motivation, we consider the space fractional stochastic
Bogoyavlenskii equation (SBE) in the sense of the Stratonovich [46,47].
[ ]
α
4dϕ + D3xxy ϕ − 4ϕ2 Dαy ϕ − 4φDαx ϕ dt + ρϕοdβ = 0,

ϕDαy ϕ = Dαx φ, α ∈ (0, 1] (1.1)

where ρ stands for noise strength, β(t) represents the motion of standard Brownian, Dα is conformable derivative, and φ and ϕ are real
functions depending on x, y, t. Earlier, many investigators have studied Eq. (1.1) together with integer order to pursue for analytic
wave solutions by utilizing diverse approaches such as modified extended tanh-function [48], multiple (G′/G)-expansion [49],
generalized Riccati equation mapping [50], modified simple equation [51,52], exp( − Φ(ζ))-expansion [53], Khater [54], sine-cosine
[55] and singular manifold [56]. Additionally, Eq. (1.1) has been untangled for accurate wave solutions by retaining several methods
such as first integral [57], (1/G′)-expansion and (G′/G, 1/G)-expansion [58], tan(Φ(ζ)/2)-expansion [59], Backlund transformation
[60], numerical multistep approach [61], exp( − Φ(ζ))-expansion and rational tan(Φ(ζ))-expansion [62].
The governing stochastic Bogoyavlenskii equation is used to make clear the nonlinear waves of leading fluid flow, plasma physics,
and the hydrodynamic model of shallow water waves. The applicable solitary wave solutions of this focused nonlinear model are
effective for scholars to demonstrate advanced physical phenomena in a comprehensive range. From this point of view, improved
auxiliary equation and enhanced rational (G′/G)-expansion approaches are adopted to explore the exact wave solutions of recom­
mended governing equation which produce distinct and pioneering results. The acquired hyperbolic, exponential, rational and trig­
onometric type wave solutions are characterized in multiple 3D, 2D and contour sense to portray the attributes of fractional derivative,
Brownian motion, and noise strength.

2. Method description

Suppose a nonlinear evolution equation of arbitrary order in general form as

( )
Ψ u, Dζx u, Dζy u, …, Dζt , Dζxx u, Dζxy u, Dζyy u, …, Dζtt u, … = 0. (2.1)

The fractional differential operator used in Eq. (2.1) are in the sense of conformable fractional derivative [63]. Moreover, sig­
nificant discussions about fractional derivatives are available in the earlier studies which might be taken into consideration in such
relevant work [64–66]. Adopting the transformation u(x, y, t, …) = u(ϑ), where ϑ is a function of x, y, t,… defined in the sense of
conformable fractional derivative, Eq. (2.1) is converted into the following ordinary differential equation due to ϑ:

Ω(u, u′, uu′, u′ , …) = 0 (2.2)

Thereupon, the procedures of advised techniques are stated as below:

2.1. Improved auxiliary equation approach

This scheme admits the solution in general form as

∑n
ci γ iψ (ϑ)
u(ϑ) = ∑ni=0 iψ (ϑ) , (2.1.1)
i=0 i γ
d

where the included parameters are calculated under some operations, homogenous balance rule gives the value of n and γψ (ϑ) satisfies
the ODE
1
ψ′(ϑ) = {pγ− ψ (ϑ)
+ q + rγψ (ϑ) }. (2.1.2)
lnγ
The solutions of Eq. (2.1.2) are visible in Ref. [67]. The working rules with the improved auxiliary equation technique are available
in earlier study [20].

2
Md.T. Islam et al. Optik 287 (2023) 171140

2.2. Enhanced rational (G′/G)-expansion scheme

This tool admits the general solution form

∑n ∑
ιi (G′(ϑ)/G(ϑ))i + ni=1 ϵ1 (G′(ϑ)/G(ϑ))− i
u(ϑ) = ∑ni=0 i ∑n − i, (2.2.1)
′ ′
i=0 τi (G (ϑ)/G(ϑ)) + i=1 ε1 (G (ϑ)/G(ϑ))

where the used parameters are evaluated under some operations, n is fixed with the assistance of homogenous balance rule and G′(ϑ)
/G(ϑ) satisfies the ODE

G′ (ϑ) + ξG′(ϑ) + ςG(ϑ) = 0. (2.2.2)

The solutions of Eq. (2.2.2) are.
G′(ϑ)
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
G(ϑ) = { − ξ + ξ2 − 4ςtanh(0.5 ξ2 − 4ςϑ)}/2, ξ2 − 4ς > 0,
G′(ϑ)
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
G(ϑ) = { − ξ + ξ2 − 4ςcoth(0.5 ξ2 − 4ςϑ)}/2, ξ2 − 4ς > 0,
G′(ϑ) ξ 2
G(ϑ) = 1ϑ − − 4ς = 0,
2, ξ
G′(ϑ)
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
G(ϑ) = { − ξ− 4ς − ξ2 tan(0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ)}/2, ξ2 − 4ς < 0,
G′(ϑ)
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
G(ϑ) = { − ξ + 4ς − ξ2 cot(0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ)}/2, ξ2 − 4ς < 0.
The main step of enhanced rational (G′/G)-expansion technique is in Ref. [20]. Now, construct exact analytic wave solutions of the
suggested nonlinear model by adopting the advised techniques.

3. Construction of wave solutions

The implementation of wave variable transformation

a b
ϕ(x, y, t) = u(ϑ)e[− ρβ(t)− ρ2 t]
, φ(x, y, t) = v(ϑ), ϑ = xα + yα + ct (3.1)
α α
in the sense of conformable fractional derivative [63] reduces Eq. (1.1) to the subsequent ordinary differential equations.

4cu′ + a2 bu′′ − 4bu2 u′ − 4au′v = 0,

bu′u = av′ (3.2)

The anti-derivative of second equation in Eq. (3.2) alongside integral constant zero yields

bu2
v= . (3.3)
2a
First equation of Eq. (3.2) after absorbing Eq. (3.3) provides
6 2 ′ 4c ′
u′′ − u u + 2 u = 0. (3.4)
a2 ab
Integrate Eq. (3.4) considering integral constant zero gives
6 3 4c
u′ − u + 2 u=0 (3.5)
a2 ab
Balancing the terms u′′ and u3 serves n = 1. Thereupon, the advised techniques are implemented as follows:

3.1. Improved auxiliary equation technique

This scheme represents the wave solution of the form

c0 + c1 γψ (ϑ)
u(ϑ) = (3.1.1)
d0 + d1 γ ψ (ϑ)

Eq. (3.5) with the assistance of Eq. (3.1.1) in conjunction with its derivatives and Eq. (2.1.2) is transferred to a polynomial in γψ (ϑ) .
Assigning the polynomial’s coefficients with zero and solving them offers the following results:
2
Set1 : c0 = 2a (2pd1 − qd0 ), c1 = 2a (qd1 − 2rd0 ), c = − a8b(4pr − q2 ).
( ) qd1
Set2 : c0 = − ad 2
4r 4pr − q , c1 = 0, d0 = 2r , c = −
1 a2 b 2
8 (4pr − q ).
ad1
( 2
) qd1 a2 b 2
Set3 : c0 = 4r 4pr − q , c1 = 0, d0 = 2r , c = − 8 (4pr − q ).
a a a2 b
Set4 : c0 = − 2 (2pd1 − qd0 ), c1 = − 2 (qd1 − 2rd0 ), c = − 8 (4pr − q2 ).

3
Md.T. Islam et al. Optik 287 (2023) 171140

These parameter’s values are inserted in Eq. (3.1.1) and combined with the solutions of Eq. (2.1.2). As a result, four groups of
appropriate wave solutions might be constructed in rational, trigonometric, exponential, and hyperbolic function forms. For the better
representation of the present work, we record only the wave solutions found due to set 1.
The values of the free parameters found in set 1 are inserted in Eq. (3.1.1) which produce the subsequent expressions.

a (2pd1 − qd0 ) + (qd1 − 2rd0 )γ ψ (ϑ)

u1 (ϑ) = × (3.1.2)
2 d0 + d1 γψ (ϑ)
( )2
ab (2pd1 − qd0 ) + (qd1 − 2rd0 )γ ψ (ϑ)
v1 (ϑ) = ψ (ϑ)
(3.1.3)
8 d0 + d1 γ

where ϕ1 (x, y, t) = u1 (ϑ)e[− ρβ(t)− ρ2 t] and φ1 (x, y, t) = v1 (ϑ) alongside ϑ = αaxα + αbyα − a2 b
− q2 )t.
8 (4pr
The consideration q2 − 4pr < 0 and r ∕ = 0 deliver the results of wave solutions as follows:
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ /
a 2r(2pd1 − qd0 ) − (qd1 − 2rd0 )(q − 4pr − q2 tan( 4pr − q2 ϑ 2))
1
ϕ1 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / (3.1.4)
2 e[ρβ(t)+ρ2 t] {2rd0 − d1 (q − 4pr − q2 tan( 4pr − q2 ϑ 2))}

√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ /
a 2r(2pd1 − qd0 ) − (qd1 − 2rd0 )(q + 4pr − q2 cot( 4pr − q2 ϑ 2))
ϕ21 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / (3.1.5)
2 e[ρβ(t)+ρ2 t] {2rd0 − d1 (q + 4pr − q2 cot( 4pr − q2 ϑ 2))}

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / )
ab 2r(2pd1 − qd0 ) − (qd1 − 2rd0 )(q − 4pr − q2 tan( 4pr − q2 ϑ 2)) 2
φ11 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / (3.1.6)
8 {2rd0 − d1 (q − 4pr − q2 tan( 4pr − q2 ϑ 2))}

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / )
ab 2r(2pd1 − qd0 ) − (qd1 − 2rd0 )(q + 4pr − q2 cot( 4pr − q2 ϑ 2)) 2
φ21 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / (3.1.7)
8 {2rd0 − d1 (q + 4pr − q2 cot( 4pr − q2 ϑ 2))}

a2 b
where ϑ = αaxα + αbyα − 8 (4pr − q2 )t.
2
The assumption q − 4pr > 0 and r ∕ = 0 offer the succeeding outcomes for wave solutions:
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ /
a 2r(2pd1 − qd0 ) − (qd1 − 2rd0 )(q + q2 − 4prtanh( q2 − 4pr ϑ 2))
ϕ31 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / (3.1.8)
2 e[ρβ(t)+ρ2 t] {2rd0 − d1 (q + q2 − 4prtanh( q2 − 4prϑ 2))}

√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ /
2 2
a 2r(2pd1 − qd0 ) − (qd1 − 2rd0 )(q + q − 4prcoth( q − 4pr ϑ 2))
ϕ41 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / (3.1.9)
2 2
e[ρβ(t)+ρ t] {2rd0 − d1 (q + q2 − 4prcoth( q2 − 4pr ϑ 2))}

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / )
ab 2r(2pd1 − qd0 ) − (qd1 − 2rd0 )(q + q2 − 4pr tanh( q2 − 4pr ϑ 2)) 2
φ31 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / (3.1.10)
8 {2rd0 − d1 (q + q2 − 4pr tanh( q2 − 4pr ϑ 2))}

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / )
ab 2r(2pd1 − qd0 ) − (qd1 − 2rd0 )(q + q2 − 4pr coth( q2 − 4pr ϑ 2)) 2
ϕ41 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / (3.1.11)
8 {2rd0 − d1 (q + q2 − 4pr coth( q2 − 4pr ϑ 2))}

a2 b
where ϑ = αaxα + αbyα − 8 (4pr − q2 )t.
Under the postulates q + 4p2 < 0, r ∕
2
= 0 and r = − p, the found wave solutions are
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ /
a 2p(2pd1 − qd0 ) + (qd1 + 2pd0 )(q − − q2 − 4p2 tan( − q2 − 4p2 ξ 2))
5
ϕ1 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / (3.1.12)
2 e[ρβ(t)+ρ2 t] {2pd0 + d1 (q − − q2 − 4p2 tan( − q2 − 4p2 ξ 2))}

√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ /
2 2 2 2
a 2p(2pd1 − qd0 ) + (qd1 + 2pd0 )(q + − q − 4p cot( − q − 4p ξ 2))
ϕ61 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / (3.1.13)
2 e[ρβ(t)+ρ2 t] {2pd0 + d1 (q + − q2 − 4p2 cot( − q2 − 4p2 ξ 2))}

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Md.T. Islam et al. Optik 287 (2023) 171140

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / )
ab 2p(2pd1 − qd0 ) + (qd1 + 2pd0 )(q − − q2 − 4p2 tan( − q2 − 4p2 ξ 2)) 2
φ51 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / (3.1.14)
8 {2pd0 + d1 (q − − q2 − 4p2 tan( − q2 − 4p2 ξ 2))}

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / )
ab 2p(2pd1 − qd0 ) + (qd1 + 2pd0 )(q + − q2 − 4p2 cot( − q2 − 4p2 ξ 2)) 2
φ61 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / (3.1.15)
8 {2pd0 + d1 (q + − q2 − 4p2 cot( − q2 − 4p2 ξ 2))}

2
where ϑ = αaxα + αbyα + a8b(4p2 − q2 )t.
When we consider q + 4p2 > 0, r ∕
2
= 0 and r = − p, then the wave solutions are visible in the subsequent hyperbolic terms.
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ /
a 2p(2pd1 − qd0 ) + (qd1 + 2pd0 )(q + q2 + 4p2 tanh( q2 + 4p2 ϑ 2))
ϕ 71 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / (3.1.16)
2 e[ρβ(t)+ρ2 t] {2pd0 + d1 (q + q2 + 4p2 tanh( q2 + 4p2 ϑ 2))]

√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ /
2 2 2 2
a 2p(2pd1 − qd0 ) + (qd1 + 2pd0 )(q + − q − 4p coth( − q − 4p ϑ 2))
ϕ81 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / (3.1.17)
2 2
e[ρβ(t)+ρ t] {2pd0 + d1 (q + − q2 − 4p2 coth( − q2 − 4p2 ϑ 2))}

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / )
ab 2p(2pd1 − qd0 ) + (qd1 + 2pd0 )(q + q2 + 4p2 tanh( q2 + 4p2 ϑ 2)) 2
φ71 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / (3.1.18)
8 {2pd0 + d1 (q + q2 + 4p2 tanh( q2 + 4p2 ϑ 2))}

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / )
ab 2p(2pd1 − qd0 ) + (qd1 + 2pd0 )(q + − q2 − 4p2 coth( − q2 − 4p2 ϑ 2)) 2
φ81 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / (3.1.19)
8 {2pd0 + d1 (q + − q2 − 4p2 coth( − q2 − 4p2 ϑ 2))}

2
where ϑ = αaxα + αbyα + a8b(4p2 − q2 )t.
The agreements q2 − 4p2 < 0 and r = p provide the trigonometric type of wave solutions as
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ /
2 2 2 2
a 2p(2pd1 − qd0 ) + (qd1 − 2pd0 )(− q + − q + 4p tan( − q + 4p ϑ 2))
9
ϕ1 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / (3.1.20)
2 2
e[ρβ(t)+ρ t] {2pd + d1 (− q + − q2 + 4p2 tan( − q2 + 4p2 ϑ 2))}
0

√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ /
2 2 2 2
a 2p(2pd1 − qd0 ) − (qd1 − 2pd0 )(q + − q + 4p cot( − q + 4p ϑ 2))
ϕ10
1 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / , (3.1.21)
2 e[ρβ(t)+ρ2 t] {2pd0 − d1 (q + − q2 + 4p2 cot( − q2 + 4p2 ϑ 2))}

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / )
ab 2p(2pd1 − qd0 ) + (qd1 − 2pd0 )(− q + − q2 + 4p2 tan( − q2 + 4p2 ϑ 2)) 2
φ91 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / , (3.1.22)
8 {2pd0 + d1 (− q + − q2 + 4p2 tan( − q2 + 4p2 ϑ 2))}

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / )
ab 2p(2pd1 − qd0 ) − (qd1 − 2pd0 )(q + − q2 + 4p2 cot( − q2 + 4p2 ϑ 2)) 2
φ10
1 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / , (3.1.23)
8 {2pd0 − d1 (q + − q2 + 4p2 cot( − q2 + 4p2 ϑ 2))}

a2 b
where ϑ = αaxα + αbyα − 8 (4p
2
− q2 )t.
Considering the requirements q2 − 4p2 > 0 and r = p we obtain the wave solutions in hyperbolic function forms as
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ /
2 2 2 2
a 2p(2pd1 − qd0 ) − (qd1 − 2pd0 )(q + q − 4p tanh( q − 4p ϑ 2))
11
ϕ1 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / , (3.1.24)
2 e[ρβ(t)+ρ2 t] {2pd0 − d1 (q + q2 − 4p2 tanh( q2 − 4p2 ϑ 2))}

√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ /
2 2 2 2
a 2p(2pd1 − qd0 ) − (qd1 − 2pd0 )(q + q − 4p coth( q − 4p ϑ 2))
ϕ12
1 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / , (3.1.25)
2 2
e[ρβ(t)+ρ t] {2pd0 − d1 (q + q2 − 4p2 coth( q2 − 4p2 ϑ 2))}

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / )
ab 2p(2pd1 − qd0 ) − (qd1 − 2pd0 )(q + q2 − 4p2 tanh( q2 − 4p2 ϑ 2)) 2
φ11
1 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / , (3.1.26)
8 {2pd0 − d1 (q + q2 − 4p2 tanh( q2 − 4p2 ϑ 2))}

5
Md.T. Islam et al. Optik 287 (2023) 171140

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / )
ab 2p(2pd1 − qd0 ) − (qd1 − 2pd0 )(q + q2 − 4p2 coth( q2 − 4p2 ϑ 2)) 2
φ12
1 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ / , (3.1.27)
8 {2pd0 − d1 (q + q2 − 4p2 coth( q2 − 4p2 ϑ 2))}

2
where ϑ = αaxα + αbyα − a8b(4p2 − q2 )t.
An assignment of the assumption rp < 0, q = 0 and r ∕ = 0 gives the results as follows:
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
a 2pd1 + 2rd0 ( − p/rtanh( − rp ϑ))
ϕ13
1 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ , (3.1.28)
2 e[ρβ(t)+ρ2 t] {d0 − d1 − p/rtanh(√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
− rp ϑ)}
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
a 2pd1 + 2rd0 ( − p/rcoth( − rp ϑ))
ϕ14
1 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ , (3.1.29)
2 e [ρβ(t)+ ρ2 t]
{d0 − d1 ( − p/rcoth( − rp ϑ))}

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )2
ab 2pd1 + 2rd0 ( − p/r tanh( − rp ϑ))
φ13
1 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ , (3.1.30)
8 {d0 − d1 − p/r tanh( − rp ϑ)}

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )2
ab 2pd1 + 2rd0 ( − p/r coth( − rp ϑ))
φ14
1 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ , (3.1.31)
8 {d0 − d1 ( − p/r coth( − rp ϑ))}

2
where ϑ = αaxα + αbyα − a bprt
2 .
The supposition q = 0 and p = − r provide the exponential function solutions

a (qd1 − 2rd0 )(1 + e2rϑ ) − (2rd1 + qd0 )(1 − e2rϑ )

ϕ15
1 (ϑ) = × , (3.1.32)
2 e[ρβ(t)+ρ2 t] {d0 (1 − e2rϑ ) + d1 (1 + e2rϑ )}
( )2
ab (qd1 − 2rd0 )(1 + e2rϑ ) − (2rd1 + qd0 )(1 − e2rϑ )
φ16
1 (ϑ) = × 2rξ 2rξ
, (3.1.33)
8 {d0 (1 − e ) + d1 (1 + e )}

2 2
where ϑ = αaxα + αbyα + a p2 bt.
When p = r = 0, the wave solutions are constructed as bellow:
ρβ(t)− ρ2 t]
ae[− d1 (cosh(qϑ) + sinh(qϑ)) − d0
ϕ16
1 (ϑ) = × (3.1.34)
2 d1 (cosh(qϑ) + sinh(qϑ) ) + d0
( )2
ab d1 (cosh(qϑ) + sinh(qϑ)) − d0
φ17
1 (ϑ) = × (3.1.35)
8 d1 (cosh(qϑ) + sinh(qϑ) ) + d0

2 2
where ϑ = αaxα + αbyα + a q8 bt.
The assumptions p = q = K and r = 0 give the wave solutions
ρβ(t)− ρ2 t]
aKe[− d1 eKϑ + d1 − d0
ϕ17
1 (ϑ) = × , (3.1.36)
2 d1 eKϑ + d0 − d1
( Kϑ )2
abK d1 e + d1 − d0
φ18
1 (ϑ) = × , (3.1.37)
8 d1 eKϑ + d0 − d1

2 2
where ϑ = αaxα + αbyα + a bK
8 .
t

For q = r = K and p = 0, the obtained solutions are

a (1 − eKϑ )(2pd1 − Kd0 ) + KeKϑ (d1 − 2d0 )

ϕ18
1 (ϑ) = × , (3.1.38)
2 e[ρβ(t)+ρ2 t] {d0 − d0 eKϑ + d1 eKϑ }
( )2
ab (1 − eKϑ )(2pd1 − Kd0 ) + KeKϑ (d1 − 2d0 )
φ19
1 (ϑ) = × Kϑ Kϑ
, (3.1.39)
8 {d0 − d0 e + d1 e }

2 2
where ϑ = αaxα + αbyα + a bK
8 .
t

Under the conditions q = r = K and p = 0, the outcomes are as follows:

6
Md.T. Islam et al. Optik 287 (2023) 171140

ρβ(t)− ρ2 t]
aK e[− (3d0 − Kd0 e− Kϑ − d1 )
ϕ19
1 (ϑ) = × , (3.1.40)
2 (d1 − d0 )e[− ρβ(t)− ρ2 t]

( )2
ab K(3d0 − Kd0 e− Kϑ − d1 )
φ20
1 (ϑ) = × , (3.1.41)
8 (d1 − d0 )

2 2
where ϑ = αaxα + αbyα + a bK8 .
t

Assigning q = − (p +r) yields the solutions

( )
a r − e(p− r)ϑ (2pd1 + pd0 + rd0 ) − (p − e(p− r)ϑ )(pd1 + rd1 + 2rd0 )
ϕ20
1 (ϑ) = × , (3.1.42)
2 e[ρβ(t)+ρ2 t] {(r − e(p− r)ξ )d0 + (p − e(p− r)ξ )d1 }

(( r)ϑ
) )2
ab r − e(p− (2pd1 + pd0 + rd0 ) − (p − e(p− r)ϑ )(pd1 + rd1 + 2rd0 )
φ21
1 (ϑ) = × , (3.1.43)
8 (r − e(p− r)ϑ )d0 + (p − e(p− r)ϑ )d1

where ϑ = αaxα + αbyα + a8b(p − r)2 t.

2

The found wave solutions for p = 0,

aq (− d0 − rd0 eqϑ + qd1 eqϑ )

ϕ21
1 (ϑ) = × , (3.1.44)
2 e[ρβ(t)+ρ2 t] (d0 − rd0 eqϑ + qd1 eqϑ )
( )2
abq − d0 − rd0 eqϑ + qd1 eqϑ
φ22
1 (ϑ) = × qϑ qϑ
, (3.1.45)
8 d0 − rd0 e + qd1 e

2 2
where ϑ = αaxα + αbyα + a bq
8 .
t

After assigning the condition r = q = p ∕ = 0 we construct the wave solutions as follows:

√̅̅̅ √̅̅̅ /
a 4pd1 − 2pd0 + (pd1 − 2pd0 ){ 3tan( 3pϑ 2) − 1}
ϕ22
1 (ϑ) = × √̅̅
̅ √ ̅̅
̅ / , (3.1.46)
2 e[ρβ(t)+ρ2 t] (2d0 + d1 { 3tan( 3pϑ 2) − 1})

( √̅̅̅ √̅̅̅ / )2
ab 4pd1 − 2pd0 + (pd1 − 2pd0 ){ 3 tan( 3 pϑ 2) − 1}
φ23
1 (ϑ) = × √̅̅̅ √̅̅̅ / , (3.1.47)
8 2d0 + d1 { 3 tan( 3 pϑ 2) − 1}

where ϑ = αaxα + αbyα − 38a2 bp2 t.

The wave solutions under the supposition r = q = 0 are found as
2
a 2pd1 e[− ρβ(t)− ρ t]
ϕ23
1 (ϑ) = × , (3.1.48)
2 d0 + d1 tan(pϑ)
( )2
ab 2pd1
φ24
1 (ϑ) = × , (3.1.49)
8 d0 + d1 tan(pϑ)

where ϑ = αaxα + αbyα .

The exponential type of wave solutions for r = 0 are achieved as bellow:

a 2pd1 − qd0 + qd1 (eqϑ − m/n)

ϕ24
1 (ϑ) = × , (3.1.50)
2 e[ρβ(t)+ρ2 t] {d0 + d1 (eqϑ − m/n)}
( )2
ab 2pd1 − qd0 + qd1 (eqϑ − m/n)
φ25
1 (ϑ) = × qϑ
, (3.1.51)
8 d0 + d1 (e − m/n)

2
bq2 t
where ϑ = αaxα + αbyα + a 8 .

3.2. Enhanced rational (G′/G)-expansion approach

This tool represents the wave solution form

/
ι0 + ι1 (G′(ϑ) G(ϑ)) + ϵ1 (G′(ϑ)/G(ϑ))− 1
u(ϑ) = / , (3.2.1)
τ0 + τ1 (G′(ϑ) G(ϑ)) + ε1 (G′(ϑ)/G(ϑ))− 1

7
Md.T. Islam et al. Optik 287 (2023) 171140

A polynomial in (G′(ϑ)/G(ϑ)) is generated after inserting Eq. (3.2.1) and its essential derivatives alongside Eq. (2.2.2) into Eq. (3.5).
This polynomial’s coefficients are assigned with zero and found the subsequent results by Maple, a computational software.
a(τ0 ξ+2ε1 ) aξε1
Set 1: ι0 = − 2 , ι1 = − aτ0 , ϵ1 = − 2 , τ1 = 0, c = 18a2 bξ2 − 1 2
2a bς.
Set 2: ι0 = 2a(2ε1 − ξτ0 ), ι1 = 0, ϵ1 = 2a(ξε1 − 2ςτ0 ), τ1 = 0, c = a8b(ξ2 − 4ς).
2

Set 3: ι0 = 0, ι1 = 0, ϵ1 = a4τ0 (ξ2 − 4ς), τ1 = 0, ε1 = τ20 ξ, c = a8b(ξ2 − 4ς).

2

1 2 2
Set 4: ι0 = − aξτ0 , ι1 = − aτ0 , ϵ1 = − aςτ0 , τ1 = 0, ε1 = τ0 ξ
2 ,c = − 4a bξ + a2 bς.
aτ0 (ξ2 − 2ς)
Set 5: ι0 = − aξτ0 , ι1 = − aτ0 , ϵ1 = − 2 , τ1 = 0, ε1 = τ20 ξ, c = 12a2 bξ2 − 2a2 bς.
a(τ0 ξ+2ε1 ) aξε1
Set 6: ι0 = 2 , ι1
= aτ0 , ϵ1 = τ1 = 0, c = 18a2 bξ2 − 12a2 bς.
2 ,
Set 7: ι0 = aξτ0 , ι1 = aτ0 , ϵ1 = aςτ0 , τ1 = 0, ε1 = τ20 ξ, c = − 14a2 bξ2 + a2 bς.
2
Set 8: ι0 = aξτ0 , ι1 = aτ0 , ϵ1 = aτ0 (ξ2− 2ς), τ1 = 0, ε1 = τ20 ξ, c = 12a2 bξ2 − 2a2 bς.
(ξε1 − 2ςτ0 )(12 aξτ0 − aε1 )
, τ1 = 0, c = a8b(ξ2 − 4ς).
2
Set 9: ι0 = 12 aξτ0 − aε1 , ι1 = 0, ϵ1 = − τ0 ξ− 2ε1
Set 10: ι0 = 0, ι1 = 0, ϵ1 = − 14ξ2 τ0 a + aςτ0 , τ1 = 0, ε1 = 20 , c = 18a2 bξ2 − 12a2 bς.
τ ξ

Combining Eqs. (3.2.1), (3.1) and the solutions of Eq. (2.2.2) with the above-finding parameter’s values make available ten families
of accurate wave solutions of considered governing model. Three families of solitary wave solutions are only recorded here for better
representation of the study.
Family 1: Considering the results appeared in set 1, we obtain the expressions
/
′ ′ − 1
a (τ0 ξ + 2ε1 ) + 2τ0 (G (ϑ) G(ϑ)) + ξε1 (G (ϑ)/G(ϑ))
u1 (ϑ) = − × − 1
, (3.2.2)
2 τ0 + ε1 (G′(ϑ)/G(ϑ))

( /
′ ′ − 1 )2
ab (τ0 ξ + 2ε1 ) + 2τ0 (G (ϑ) G(ϑ)) + ξε1 (G (ϑ)/G(ϑ))
v1 (ϑ) = , (3.2.3)
8 τ0 + ε1 (G′(ϑ)/G(ϑ))− 1

ρβ(t)− ρ2 t] and φ1 (x, y, t) = v1 (ϑ) alongside ϑ = αaxα + αbyα + a8b(ξ2 − 4ς)t.

2
where ϕ1 (x, y, t) = u1 (ϑ)e[−
For the agreement ξ2 − 4ς > 0, the wave solutions in terms of hyperbolic functions are noticed as
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
a 2ε1 + τ0 ξ2 − 4ςtanh(0.5 ξ2 − 4ς ϑ)} − 2ξε1 {ξ − ξ2 − 4ςtanh(0.5 ξ2 − 4ς ϑ)}− 1
ϕ11 (ϑ) = − × { √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ } , (3.2.4)
2 e[ρβ(t)+ρ2 t] τ − 2ε {ξ − ξ2 − 4ς tanh(0.5 ξ2 − 4ς ϑ)}− 1
0 1

√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 1

a 2ε1 + τ0 ξ2 − 4ςcoth(0.5 ξ2 − 4ς ϑ)} − 2ξε1 {ξ − ξ2 − 4ςcoth(0.5 ξ2 − 4ς ϑ)}−
ϕ21 (ϑ) = − × { √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ √ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ } , (3.2.5)
2 e[ρβ(t)+ρ2 t] τ0 − 2ε1 {ξ − ξ2 − 4ς coth(0.5 ξ2 − 4ς ϑ)}− 1

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )2

1
ab 2ε1 + τ0 ξ2 − 4ς tanh(0.5 ξ2 − 4ς ϑ)} − 2ξε1 {ξ − ξ2 − 4ς tanh(0.5 ξ2 − 4ς ϑ)}−
φ11 (ϑ) = √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ , (3.2.6)
8 τ0 − 2ε1 {ξ − ξ2 − 4ς tanh(0.5 ξ2 − 4ς ϑ)}− 1

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )2

1
ab 2ε1 + τ0 ξ2 − 4ς coth(0.5 ξ2 − 4ς ϑ)} − 2ξε1 {ξ − ξ2 − 4ς coth(0.5 ξ2 − 4ς ϑ)}−
φ21 (ϑ) = √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ , (3.2.7)
8 τ0 − 2ε1 {ξ − ξ2 − 4ς coth(0.5 ξ2 − 4ς ϑ)}− 1

where ϑ = αaxα + αbyα + a8b(ξ2 − 4ς)t.

2

Under the assumption ξ2 − 4ς < 0, the generated trigonometric function solutions are given bellow:
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
a 2ε1 − τ0 4ς − ξ2 tan(0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ)} − 2ξε1 {ξ + 4ς − ξ2 tan(0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ)}− 1
ϕ31 (ϑ) = − × { √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ √ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ } , (3.2.8)
2 e[ρβ(t)+ρ2 t] τ − 2ε {ξ + 4ς − ξ2 tan(0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ)}− 1
0 1

√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅

a 2ε1 + τ0 4ς − ξ2 cot(0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ)} − 2ξε1 {ξ − 4ς − ξ2 cot(0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ)}− 1
ϕ41 (ϑ) = − × { √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ } , (3.2.9)
2 e[ρβ(t)+ρ2 t] τ0 − 2ε1 {ξ − 4ς − ξ2 cot(0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ)}− 1

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )2

1
ab 2ε1 − τ0 4ς − ξ2 tan(0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ)} − 2ξε1 {ξ + 4ς − ξ2 tan(0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ)}−
φ31 (ϑ) = √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ , (3.2.10)
8 τ0 − 2ε1 {ξ + 4ς − ξ2 tan(0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ)}− 1

8
Md.T. Islam et al. Optik 287 (2023) 171140

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )2

1
ab 2ε1 + τ0 4ς − ξ2 cot(0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ)} − 2ξε1 {ξ − 4ς − ξ2 cot(0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ)}−
φ41 (ϑ) = √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ , (3.2.11)
8 τ0 − 2ε1 {ξ − 4ς − ξ2 cot(0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ)}− 1

where ϑ = αaxα + αbyα + a8b(ξ2 − 4ς)t.

2

Family 2: Due to set 2, the expressions for finding the wave solutions are found as

a (2ε1 − τ0 ξ) + (ξε1 − 2ςτ0 )(G′(ϑ)/G(ϑ))− 1

u2 (ϑ) = × , (3.2.12)
2 τ0 + ε1 (G′(ϑ)/G(ϑ))− 1
( )2
ab (2ε1 − τ0 ξ) + (ξε1 − 2ςτ0 )(G′(ϑ)/G(ϑ))− 1
v2 (ϑ) = , (3.2.13)
8 τ0 + ε1 (G′(ϑ)/G(ϑ))− 1

ρβ(t)− ρ2 t] and φ2 (x, y, t) = v2 (ϑ) together with ϑ = αaxα + αbyα + a8b(ξ2 − 4ς)t.
2
where ϕ2 (x, y, t) = u2 (ϑ)e[−
2
According to the postulate ξ − 4ς > 0, the achieved hyperbolic function solutions are
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
a (2ε1 − τ0 ξ) − 2(ξε1 − 2ςτ0 ){ξ − ξ2 − 4ςtanh(0.5 ξ2 − 4ς ϑ)}− 1
ϕ12 (ϑ) = × { √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ } , (3.2.14)
2 e[ρβ(t)+ρ2 t] τ − 2ε {ξ − ξ2 − 4ς tanh(0.5 ξ2 − 4ς ϑ)}− 1
0 1

√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
a (2ε1 − τ0 ξ) − 2(ξε1 − 2ςτ0 ){ξ − ξ2 − 4ςcoth(0.5 ξ2 − 4ς ϑ)}− 1
ϕ22 (ϑ) = × { √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ } , (3.2.15)
2 e[ρβ(t)+ρ2 t] τ0 − 2ε1 {ξ − ξ2 − 4ς coth(0.5 ξ2 − 4ς ϑ)}− 1

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )2
1
ab (2ε1 − τ0 ξ) − 2(ξε1 − 2ςτ0 ){ξ − ξ2 − 4ς tanh(0.5 ξ2 − 4ς ϑ)}−
φ12 (ϑ) = √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ , (3.2.16)
8 τ0 − 2ε1 {ξ − ξ2 − 4ς tanh(0.5 ξ2 − 4ς ϑ)}− 1

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )2
1
ab (2ε1 − τ0 ξ) − 2(ξε1 − 2ςτ0 ){ξ − ξ2 − 4ς coth(0.5 ξ2 − 4ς ϑ)}−
φ22 (ϑ) = √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ , (3.2.17)
8 τ0 − 2ε1 {ξ − ξ2 − 4ς coth(0.5 ξ2 − 4ς ϑ)}− 1

where ϑ = αaxα + αbyα + a8b(ξ2 − 4ς)t.

2

Following the supposition ξ2 − 4ς < 0, we produce the subsequent wave solutions in terms of trigonometric function
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
a (2ε1 − τ0 ξ) − 2(ξε1 − 2ςτ0 ){ξ + 4ς − ξ2 tan(0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ)}− 1
3
ϕ2 (ϑ) = × { √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ } , (3.2.18)
2 e[ρβ(t)+ρ2 t] τ − 2ε {ξ + 4ς − ξ2 tan(0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ)}− 1
0 1

√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
a (2ε1 − τ0 ξ) − 2(ξε1 − 2ςτ0 ){ξ − 4ς − ξ2 cot(0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ)}− 1
ϕ42 (ϑ) = × { √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ } , (3.2.19)
2 e[ρβ(t)+ρ2 t] τ0 − 2ε1 {ξ − 4ς − ξ2 cot(0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ)}− 1

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )2
1
ab (2ε1 − τ0 ξ) − 2(ξε1 − 2ςτ0 ){ξ + 4ς − ξ2 tan(0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ)}−
φ32 (ϑ) = √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ , (3.2.20)
8 τ0 − 2ε1 {ξ + 4ς − ξ2 tan(0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ)}− 1

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )2
1
ab (2ε1 − τ0 ξ) − 2(ξε1 − 2ςτ0 ){ξ − 4ς − ξ2 cot(0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ)}−
φ42 (ϑ) = √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ , (3.2.21)
8 τ0 − 2ε1 {ξ − 4ς − ξ2 cot(0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ)}− 1

where ϑ = αaxα + αbyα + a8b(ξ2 − 4ς)t.

2

Family 3: The parameter’s values found in set 3 provide the following expressions:

a (ξ2 − 4ς)
u3 (ϑ) = × , (3.2.22)
2 ξ + 2(G′(ϑ)/G(ϑ))
( )2
ab ξ2 − 4ς
v3 (ϑ) = , (3.2.23)
8{ξ + 2(G′(ϑ)/G(ϑ)) }2

and φ3 (x, y, t) = v3 (ϑ) with ϑ = αaxα + αbyα + a8b(ξ2 − 4ς)t.

2
where ϕ3 (x, y, t) = u3 (ϑ)e[− ρβ(t)− ρ2 t]

2
Under the inference ξ − 4ς > 0, the hyperbolic form wave solutions are gained as

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Md.T. Islam et al. Optik 287 (2023) 171140

√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
ϕ13 (ϑ) = 0.5ae[− ρβ(t)− ρ2 t]
ξ2 − 4ςcoth(0.5 ξ2 − 4ς ϑ), (3.2.24)

√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
ϕ23 (ϑ) = 0.5ae[− ρβ(t)− ρ2 t]
ξ2 − 4ςtanh(0.5 ξ2 − 4ς ϑ), (3.2.25)

√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
ab ( 2 )
φ13 (ϑ) = ξ − 4ς coth2 (0.5 ξ2 − 4ς ϑ), (3.2.26)
8
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
ab ( 2 )
φ23 (ϑ) = ξ − 4ς tanh2 (0.5 ξ2 − 4ς ϑ), (3.2.27)
8

where ϑ = αaxα + αbyα + a8b(ξ2 − 4ς)t.

2

According to the settlement ξ2 − 4ς < 0, the trigonometric function wave solutions are constructed as
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(3.2.28)
2
ϕ33 (ϑ) = 0.5ae[− ρβ(t)− ρ t] 4ς − ξ2 cot(0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ),

√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
ϕ43 (ϑ) = 0.5ae[− ρβ(t)− ρ2 t]
4ς − ξ2 tan(0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ), (3.2.29)

√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
ab ( )
φ33 (ϑ) = 4ς − ξ2 cot2 (0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ), (3.2.30)
8
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
ab ( )
φ43 (ϑ) = 4ς − ξ2 tan2 (0.5 4ς − ξ2 ϑ), (3.2.31)
8

where ϑ = αaxα + αbyα + a8b(ξ2 − 4ς)t.

2

Remarks: The present effort accumulates much more accurate wave solutions bearing the diversity and novelty rather than the
earlier results [46,47]. The significance of the study is highlighted by showing the effects of noise strength, fractional derivative, and
standard Brownian motion through the multiple 3D, 2D and contour plots. The results furnished in this study might be effective to
analyze the underlying behavior of the concerned intricate phenomena.

4. Graphical representations and result discussion

The dynamic behaviors of nonlinear waves are depicted through the plots of solutions in the profiles of 3D, 2D and contour. The
most significant issue of this dissertation is to bring out the effects of the noise strength, the standard Brownian motion, and the order of
conformable fractional derivative. Bell shape solitons of solution Eq. (3.1.10) are portrayed for the different values of α(1.00, 1.95,
1.90) in 3D, 2D and contour outlines (Fig. 1-a, 1-b, 1-c). Singular bell type solitons of solution Eq. (3.1.19) are demonstrated along with
the distinct values of α(1.0000, 0.9998, 0.9990) in the profiles of 3D, 2D and contour (Fig. 2-a, 2-b, 2-c). The solution Eq. (3.1.31)
stands for the anti-compacton solitons are delineated for various values of α(0.99, 0.92, 0.60) in 3D, 2D and contour profiles (Fig. 3-a,
3-b, 3-c). The solution Eq. (3.1.36) stands for periodic outline is plotted with the distinct values of ρ(0.01, 0.02, 0.03) to show the effect
of noise strength (Fig. 4-a, 4-b, 4-c) and the same solution is figured out for various agreement of β(t)(cost, 2cost, 3cost) to depict the
effect of the standard Brownian motion (Fig. 5-a, 5-b, 5-c). The singular kink type solitons for solution Eq. (3.2.5) are sketched by
conveying different values of ρ(0.001, 0.002, 0.003) to highlight the influence of noise strength (Fig. 6-a, 6-b, 6-c) and distinct values of

Fig. 1. Plots are in bell shape of Eq. (3.1.10) for a = − 0.07, b = 0.01, p = 0.7, q = 3.5, r = 2, d0 = 0.01 and d1 = 0.045.

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Md.T. Islam et al. Optik 287 (2023) 171140

Fig. 2. Outlines appeared as singular bell type of Eq. (3.1.19) for a = 0.003, b = 0.003, p = 2, q = 0.5, r = 70, d0 = 1 and d1 = − 1.

Fig. 3. Anti-compacton sketches of solution Eq. (3.1.31) with a = 0.0016, b = 1000, p = 0.8, q = 0, r = 1.2, d0 = − 1, d1 = 100 and ρ = 0.0001.

Fig. 4. Periodic shape outlines of Eq. (3.1.36) alongside a = − 150, b = 0.1, p = q = 0.1, r = 0, d0 = 20000, d1 = 0.0005, ρ = 0.01 and α = 1.

β(t)(cost, 2cost, 3cost) are utilized to make visible the effect of Brownian motion (Fig. 7-a, 7-b, 7-c). The influences of noise strength and
Brownian motion due to the solution Eq. (3.2.14) are brought out through kink type solitons by utilizing the several values of ρ(0.01,
0.0001, 0.000001) in (Fig. 8-a, 8-b, 8-c) and β(t)(0.1 × sinht, 0.4 × sinht, 1.8 × sinht) in (Fig. 9-a, 9-b, 9-c) respectively.

11
Md.T. Islam et al. Optik 287 (2023) 171140

Fig. 5. Periodic type plots of Eq. (3.1.36) for a = − 150, b = 0.1, p = q = 0.1, r = 0, d0 = 20000, d1 = 0.0005, ρ = 0.01 and α = 1.

Fig. 6. Singular kink type sketches of Eq. (3.2.5) for a = 0.05, ε1 = 20, τ0 = 20, b = 1, ξ = 2, ϱ = 50, α = 0.1 and β(t) = cot(t).

Fig. 7. Singular kink shape outlines of Eq. (3.2.5) for a = 0.05, ε1 = 20, τ0 = 20, b = 1, ξ = 2, ϱ = 50, ρ = 0.001and α = 0.1.

12
Md.T. Islam et al. Optik 287 (2023) 171140

Fig. 8. Kink type plots of Eq. (3.2.14) together with a = − 0.2, b = − 1, τ0 = 1, ε1 = 0.1, ξ = 50, ϱ = 0.0001, α = 1 and β(t) = 0.1 × sinh(t).

Fig. 9. Kink shape outlines of Eq. (3.2.14) alongside a = − 0.2, b = − 1, τ0 = 1, ε1 = 0.1, ξ = 50, ϱ = 0.0001, ρ = 0.0001 and α = 1.

5. Conclusions

This dissertation was under a determination to detect interesting, closed form wave solutions of SBE through the adaptation of
improved auxiliary equation and enhanced rational (G′/G)-expansion approaches. The purpose of the study has successfully been
fulfilled by arranging lots of wave solutions in a good manner. The achieved solutions have been figured out by utilizing the particular
values of the involved parameters. Multiple 3D, 2D and contour profiles have been noticed under the distinct values of the standard
Brownian motion β(t), the fractional order derivative indicator α, and the noise strength ρ. The wave profiles have been appeared
physically in the shapes of periodic, cuspon, kink, peakon, compacton and bell etc. among which few are recorded in the work for
simplicity. The entire work claims the novelty due to the existing results for illustrating the effects of noise strength, conformable
fractional derivative, and Brownian motion. The gained results might be helpful for scholars to characterize the relevant complex
phenomena as the considered nonlinear model describes the wave of leading fluid flow, shallow-water waves related to hydrodynamic
model and plasma physics.

Ethical Approval

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Md. Tarikul Islam: Conceptualization, methodology, validation, investigation, Writing-original draft preparation, writing-review;
Shahariar Ryehan: Conceptualization, methodology, validation, Writing-original draft preparation, writing-review; Farah Aini

13
Md.T. Islam et al. Optik 287 (2023) 171140

Abdullah: Conceptualization, methodology, validation, Writing-original draft preparation; J.F. Gómez-Aguilar: Conceptualization,
methodology, validation, writing-review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.

Data availability

No data was used for the research described in the article.

Acknowledgments

José Francisco Gómez Aguilar acknowledges the support provided by CONACyT: Cátedras CONACyT para jóvenes investigadores
2014 and SNI-CONACyT.

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