Ge Elec 2 - Prelim
Ge Elec 2 - Prelim
Ge Elec 2 - Prelim
MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY
Overview
The quickening pace of evolution in technology is very evident in this era. It seems that it is
progressing faster than ever. From year to year, the evolution of technology is one of staggering
promise and opportunity--as well as uncertainty. Basically, technology has been around before, and
as long as there are people, information technology will be there also because there were always
ways of communicating through technology available at that point in time. The future may be
unknown, but digital advancement continues to reshape our world in ways that encourage people to
form new habits, find new ways to work together, and become better human beings. And, in most
cases, these changes translate into a range of opportunities and disruptions across every industry.
Humans have always been quick to adapt technologies for better and faster communication.
Objectives
• After successful completion of this module, the student can be able to;
• Demonstrate a sense of readiness for the upcoming semester;
• Identify their learning outcomes and expectations for the course;
• Recognize their capacity to create new understandings from reflecting on the course;
• Know the role and importance of ICT.
Although there is no single, universal definition of ICT, the term is generally accepted to mean all
devices, networking components, applications and systems that combined allow people and
organizations (i.e., businesses, nonprofit agencies, governments and criminal enterprises) to interact
in the digital world.
Communication
We all know that ICT take a major role for us by means of communicating, way back in the
past our parents use to make letter and send it via post mail. But now with the help of ICT it
is easier to communicate with our love ones. We can use cellular phones that design for
communicating with other people even they are miles away far from you.
ICT allows students to monitor and manage their own learning, think critically and creatively,
solve simulated real-world problems, work collaboratively, engage in ethical decision-making,
and adopt a global perspective towards issues and ideas. It also provides students from
remote areas access to expert teachers and learning resources, and gives administrators
and policy makers the data and expertise they need to work more efficiently.
Job Opportunities
In the employment sector, ICT enables organizations to operate more efficiently, so
employing staff with ICT skills is vital to the smooth running of any business. Being able to
use ICT systems effectively allows employees more time to concentrate on areas of their job
role that require soft skills.
For example, many pharmacies use robot technology to assist with picking prescribed drugs.
This allows highly trained pharmaceutical staff to focus on jobs requiring human intelligence
and interaction, such as dispensing and checking medication.
Nowadays, employers expect their staff to have basic ICT skills. This expectation even
applies to job roles where ICT skills may not have been an essential requirement in the past.
Nowadays, finding a job is different, you can just use your smart phone, laptop, desktop or
any gadgets that is available in the comfort of your home.
Education
Information and Communications Technology {ICT) can impact student learning when
teachers are digitally literate and understand how to integrate it into curriculum.
Schools use a diverse set of ICT tools to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and
manage information.(6) In some contexts, ICT has also become integral to the teaching•
learning interaction, through such approaches as replacing chalkboards with interactive
digital whiteboards, using students' own smartphones or other devices for learning during
class time, and the "flipped classroom" model where students watch lectures at home on the
computer and use classroom time for more interactive exercises.
When teachers are digitally literate and trained to use ICT, these approaches can lead to
higher order thinking skills, provide creative and individualized options for students to express
their understandings, and leave students better prepared to deal with ongoing technological
change in society and the workplace.
Socializing
Social media has changed the world. The rapid and vast adoption of these technologies is
changing how we find partners, how we access information from the news, and how we
organize to demand political change.
The internet and social media provide young people with a range of benefits, and
opportunities to empower themselves in a variety of ways. Young people can maintain social
connections and support networks that otherwise wouldn't be possible and can access more
information than ever before. The communities and social interactions young people form
online can be invaluable for bolstering and developing young people's self-confidence and
social skills.
As the ICT has become ubiquitous, faster and increasingly accessible to non-technical
communities, social networking and collaborative services have grown rapidly enabling
people to communicate and share interest in many more ways, sites like Facebook, Twitter
Linked In You tube, Flicker, second life delicious blogs wiki's and many more let people of all
Definition of Computer
• Computer is a programmable machine.
• Computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability
to store, retrieve, and process data.
• Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions (program).
• Computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations
or calculations.
2.Education
Computers can be used to give learners audio-visual packages, interactive exercises, and
remote learning, including tutoring over the internet. They can be used to access educational
information from intranet and internet sources, or via e-books. They can be used to maintain
and monitor student performance, including through the use of online examinations, as well
as to create projects and assignments.
3.Healthcare
pg. 4 Living in the IT era
Healthcare continues to be revolutionized by computers. As well as digitized medical
information making it easier to store and access patient data complex information can also
be analyzed by software to aid discovery of diagnoses, as well as search for risks of diseases.
Computers control lab equipment, heart rate monitors, and blood pressure monitors. They
enable doctors to have greater access to information on the latest drugs, as well as the ability
to share information on diseases with other medical specialists.
4.Retailand Trade
Computers can be used to buy and sell products online - this enables sellers to reach a wider
market with low overheads, and buyers to compare prices, read reviews, and choose delivery
preferences. They can be used for direct trading and advertising too, using sites such as
eBay, Craigslist, or local listings on social media or independent websites.
5. Government
Various government departments use computers to improve the quality and efficiency of their
services. Examples include city planning, law enforcement, traffic, and tourism. Computers
can be used to store information, promote services, communicate internally and externally,
as well as for routine administrative purposes.
6. Marketing
Computers enable marketing campaigns to be more precise through the analysis and
manipulation of data. They facilitate the creation of websites and promotional materials. They
can be used to generate social media campaigns. They enable direct communication with
customers through email and online chat.
7. Science
Scientists were one of the first groups to adopt computers as a work tool. In science,
computers can be used for research, sharing information with other specialists both locally
and internationally, as well as collecting, categorizing, analyzing, and storing data.
Computers also play a vital role in launching, controlling, and maintaining space craft, as well
as operating other advanced technology.
8. Publishing
Computers can be used to design pretty much any type of publication. These might include
newsletters, marketing materials, fashion magazines, novels, or newspapers. Computers are
used in the publishing of both hard-copy and e-books. They are also used to market
publications and track sales.
10. Communication
Computers have made real-time communication over the internet easy, thanks to software
and videoconferencing services such as Skype. Families can connect with audio and video,
businesses can hold meetings between remote participants, and news organizations can
interview people without the need for a film crew. Modern computers usually have
microphones and webcams built-in nowadays to facilitate software like Skype. Older
communications technologies such as email are also still used widely.
12. Transport
pg. 5 Living in the IT era
Road vehicles, trains, planes, and boats are increasingly automated with computers being used
to maintain safety and navigation systems, and increasingly to drive, fly, or steer. They
can also highlight problems that require attention, such as low fuel levels, oil changes, or a
failing mechanical part. Computers can be used to customize settings for individuals, for
example, seat setup, air-conditioning temperatures.
13. Navigation
Navigation has become increasingly computerized, especially since computer technology
has been combined with GPS technology. Computers combined with satellites mean that it's
now easy to pinpoint your exact location, know which way that you are moving on a map,
and have a good idea of amenities and places of interest around you.
15. Military
Computers are used extensively by the military. They are use for training purposes. They are
used for analyzing intelligence data. They are used to control smart technology, such as
guided missiles and drones, as well as for tracking incoming missiles and destroying them.
They work with other technologies such as satellites to provide geospatial information and
analysis. They aid communications. They help tanks and planes to target enemy forces.
19.Weather Forecasting
The world's weather is complex and depends upon a multitude of factors that are constantly
changing. It's impossible for human beings to monitor and process all the information coming
in from satellite and other technologies, never mind perform the complex calculations that
are needed to predict what is likely to happen in the future. Computers can process the large
amounts of meteorological information.
20. Robotics
Robotics is an expanding area of technology which combines computers with science and
engineering to produce machines that can either replace humans, or do specific jobs that
humans are unable to do. One of the first use of robotics was in manufacturing to build cars.
Since then, robots have been developed to explore areas where conditions are too harsh for
humans, to help law enforcement, to help the military, and to assist healthcare professionals.
pg. 6 Living in the IT era
History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods
Earliest Computers originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was
computers.
• These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical expression.
• The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years of training in
mathematics.
• The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out
calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of
the 20th century.
a) Tally sticks
A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities,
or even messages.
b) Abacus
An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical
calculations.
c) Napier's Bones
• Invented by John Napier in 1614.
• Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by
moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards.
d) Slide Rule
Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.
• Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms.
• Used primarily for -- multiplication - division -- roots - logarithms -- Trigonometry
• Not normally used for addition or subtraction.
f) Stepped Reckoner
• Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
• The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically.
g) Jacquard Loom
• The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in
1881.
• It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.
Figure 1.14 Z1
o. Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
• It was the first electronic digital computing device.
• Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa
State University between 1939 and 1942.
Figure 1.15 Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
q. UNIVAC 1
• The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the first commercial
computer.
• Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
r. EDVAC
• EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer
• The First Stored Program Computer
• Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
• It has a memory to hold both a stored
program as well as data.
a. Premechanical
The premechanical age is the earliest age of information technology. It can be defined as the
time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D. We are talking about a long time ago. When humans
first started communicating they would try to use language or simple picture drawings known
as petroglyths which were usually carved in rock. Early alphabets were developed such as
the Phoenician alphabet.
As alphabets became more popular and more people were writing information down, pens
and paper began to be developed. It started off as just marks in wet clay, but later paper was
created out of papyrus plant. The most popular kind of paper made was probably by the
Chinese who made paper from rags.
Also, during this period were the first numbering systems. Around 100A.D. was when the first
1-9 system was created by people from India. However, it wasn't until 875A.D. (775 years
later) that the number 0 was invented. And yes, now that numbers were created, people
wanted stuff to do with them, so they created calculators. A calculator was the very first sign
of an information processor. The popular model of that time was the abacus.
b. Mechanical
The mechanical age is when we first start to see connections between our current technology
and its ancestors. The mechanical age can be defined as the time between 1450 and 1840.
A lot of new technologies are developed in this era as there is a large explosion in interest
with this area. Technologies like the slide rule (an analog computer used for multiplying and
dividing) were invented. Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline which was a very popular
mechanical computer. Charles Babbage developed the difference engine which tabulated
polynomial equations using the method of finite differences
«d
t mm,
There were lots of different machines created during this era and while we have not yet gotten to a
machine that can do more than one type of calculation in one, like our modern-day calculators,
we are still learning about how all of our all-in-one machines started. Also, if you look at the size of
the machines invented in this time compared to the power behind them it seems (to us) absolutely
ridiculous to understand why anybody would want to use them, but to the people living in that time
ALL of these inventions were HUGE.
The first large-scale automatic digital computer in the United States was the Mark 1 created by
Harvard University around 1940. This computer was 8ft high, 50ft long, 2ft wide, and weighed 5
tons - HUGE. It was programmed using punch cards. How does your PC match up to this hunk of
metal? It was from huge machines like this that people began to look at downsizing all the parts to
first make them usable by businesses and eventually in your own home.
There are 4 main sections of digital computing. The first was the era of vacuum tubes and
punch cards like the ENIAC and Mark 1. Rotating magnetic drums were used for internal
storage. The second generation replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, punch cards were
replaced with magnetic tape, and rotating magnetic drums were replaced by magnetic cores
for internal storage. Also during this time high-level programming languages were created
such as FORTRAN and COBOL. The third generation replaced transistors with integrated
circuits, magnetic tape was used throughout all computers, and magnetic core turned into
metal oxide semiconductors. An actual operating system showed up around this time along
with the advanced programming language BASIC. The fourth and latest generation brought
in CPUs (central processing units) which contained memory, logic, and control circuits all on
a single chip. The personal computer was developed (Apple II). The graphical user interface
(GUI) was developed.
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.
Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which
drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. It could carry out instructions in
billionths of a second. Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second-generation computers.
Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUls, the mouse and handheld
devices.
Based on Artificial Intelligence (Al). Still in development. The use of parallel processing and
superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. The goal is to develop devices
that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. There are
some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.
References
• https://ftms.edu.my/v2/wp-contenUuploads/2019/02/csca0201 ch01.pdf
• https://www.sutori.com/story/history-of-ict-information-and-communications-technology-•
N7J51 bQqSU7vLWcVfdn5M9qa
• https://www.livescience.com/20718-computer-history.html
• https ://www. explai nthatstuff. com/h istoryofcomputers. html
Objectives
pg. 16 Living in the IT era
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
• Explore the current breakthrough technologies and disruptive innovations that have
emerged over the past few years.
• Identify and analyze various emerging technologies.
• Explore the evolution of the internet.
• Identify and understand the different uses of internet in today's generation.
• Discuss the fundamental terms and definitions used in the internet.
Disadvantages
• Read only web
• Limited user interaction
• Lack of standards
A term used to describe a new generation of Web services and applications with an increasing
emphasis on human collaboration.
• It is a platform that gives users the possibility {liberty) to control their data.
• This is about user-generated content and the read-write web.
• People are consuming as well as contributing information through biogs or sites.
pg. 17 Living in the IT era
• Allows the user to interact with the page known as DYNAMIC PAGE; instead of just reading
a page, the user may be able to comment or create a user account. Dynamic page refers to
the web pages that are affected by user input or preference.
• Is focused on the ability for people to collaborate and share information online via social
media, blogging and Web-based communities.
A. Social Networking - is the use of Internet-based social media sites to stay connected
with friends, family, colleagues, customers, or clients. Social networking can have
a social purpose, a business purpose, or both, through sites such as:
Example
Facebook Pinterest
Twitter Tumblr
Linked In lnstagram
Google+ Page
D. Video Sharing Sites - a website that lets people upload and share their video clips with
the public at large or to invited guests.
Example: Youtube
Facebook Veoh
Linked In Dailymotion
Flickr VimeoPRO
Photo bucket Myspace.com
Flickr Metacafe
Photo bucket Twitter
Types of websites:
• eCommerce Website
is a website people can directly buy products from you've probably used a
number of eCommerce websites before, most big brands and plenty of smaller ones
have one. Any website that includes a shopping cart and a way for you to provide
credit card information to make a purchase falls into this category.
• Business Website
is any website that's devoted to representing a specific business. It should be
branded like the business {the same logo and positioning) and communicate the types
of products and/or services the business offers.
Name I Entity
.com commercial
.org I organization
.net network
.edu I education
·gov National and State Government Agencies
·ph Philippines
.au Australia
5. Internet Service Provide (ISP) - is an organization that provides services for accessing,
using or participating in the internet.
Two types of ISP:
National ISP - provided internet access to a specific geographic
area.
Regional ISP -- business that provides internet access in cities and
towns nationwide.
Example of ISP: Sky Broadband, PLOT, Converge
C. Uses of Internet
• Look for information
• School works, jobs, and home purposes
• Send and receive electronic mail
• Video teleconferencing (video call, video chat)
• Buy and sell product
• Social networking
• Watch & post videos
• Games
• Take college courses
• Monitor home while away
• Financial transactions
• Download music and movies
• HTTP - is the acronym for Hypertext Transfer Protocol, the data communication
standard of web pages. When a web page has this prefix, the links, text, and
pictures should work correctly in a web browser.
• HTTPS - is the acronym for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure. This indicates that the
web page has a special layer of encryption added to hide your personal
information and passwords from others.
References
• Abraham, R., Jas, F., Russell, W. (2005) The Web Empowerment Book: An Introduction
and Connection Guide to the Internet and the World-Wide Web. Springer-Verlag New York
• Evolution of the web retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/sububasistha/web-10-to-web-
30-evolution-of-the-web-and-its-various-challenges
• Types of websites retrieved from https://www.hostgator.com/blog/popular-types-websites•
create/
• Subhash Basishtha Web 1.0 to Web 3.0-- Evolution of the Web and its Various Challenges.
Retrieved from https://slideshare. net/su bu basistha/web-1 0-to-web-30-evol ution-of-the-web-
and-its-various-challenges
• What is internet Retrieved from
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/internet technologies/internet overview.htm
• Internet terms and definition Retrieved from https://techterms.com/definition/internet
• Internet terms and definition Retrieved from https://www.comentum.com/internet-terms.html
• Internet terms and definition Retrieved from https://www.lifewire.com/top-internet-terms-for•
beginners-2483381