Higher Technological Institute

10th of Ramadan City 6th of October Branch

Environmental Empact (MNG 202)

Report about: Water shortage and ways to conserve its resources.

Under Supervision: DR. Ahmed Wafdy

Name: Shaimaa Ashraf Fouad

ID: 32019014
Group:2
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. 2
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 3
There are many causes of water shortage but the main are: ............................................................... 4
Pollution of water ..................................................................................................................................... 4
Reasons for Water Scarcity ..................................................................................................................... 4
Reducing the Water Scarcity ................................................................................................................... 5
What Is Water Conservation? ................................................................................................................. 5
The ways to save water ............................................................................................................................ 5
IMPACT OF WATER SHORTAGE ....................................................................................................... 6
REMEDIAL MEASURES ....................................................................................................................... 6
How can we solve water scarcity problem? ........................................................................................... 7
DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................................... 7
RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................................................... 7
CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 8
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 9

Table of figure

Figure 1 Water ............................................................................................................................................ 3

Figure 2 water scarcity&conserve it .......................................................................................................... 4
Figure 3 water shortage .................................................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 4 Enviromental impact .......................................................................................................................................... 8

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 ABSTRACT

Water is one of the most important elements responsible for life on earth. It is not only vital for
sustenance of life, but equally essential for socio-economic development. Water is the unique gift of
God and the basic requirement of life. Due to the high indulgence and exploitation of human beings
with nature, the global environment is changing every day. As a result, the water resources are
depleting gradually. Water Scarcity is a growing threat to our global economy, society and even to the
survival of human beings. The crisis that we face today is mainly due to water pollution, especially
in the field of agriculture. Pollution can be anything from oil, to carcasses, to chemicals and to fecal
matter, whatever the cause it majorly affects the global population. The global freshwater shortage
and food security issues related to the teeming billions of populations necessitated the shifting of fresh
water from agriculture to other more pressing uses. The country has been facing the worst ever crisis
of water shortage for the last many years, as water available for any given use has become increasingly
scarce. The rapidly growing population, expansion of irrigation areas, and growing urban &
Industrialization are putting more stresses on water resources. The problem of water shortage,
particularly in Sindh is crucial as being the end user and lower riparian on the Indus basin irrigation
system.

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 INTRODUCTION

Although large scale water resources development has been taking place in the world, but until vast
majority of people do not have enough potable water for drinking and canal water for irrigation.
The distribution of water supply for drinking purpose is quite appalling in modern times, Mean time
the downstream people are not suitably protected against flood or disaster hits due to the improper
management. Water is a precious resource which is gradually getting scarcer although it is a basic
element for the eradication of poverty and hunger. More than half of the world population will be
living with water shortage within 50 years because of a worldwide water crisis, according to a report
issued by the United Nations Environment Program. It is clear that water resources have played a
very important role in the development of land and water storage systems. More than half of the
world’s population lives in developing countries and the poorest of these communities depend heavily
on exploitation of local water resources for their livelihood.

Figure 1 Water

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 There are many causes of water shortage but the main are:
1. Very less downpour, The Hydrological cycle determines the set of processes that maintains
the flow of water through the system. The hydrological cycle depends upon evaporation, due
to high contamination of wetlands, oceans, rivers the process is affected badly.
2. In-sufficient water storages

Pollution of water
Water pollution is a huge problem, especially when you’re looking at areas that don’t necessarily
have a good sewage system. Pollution can be anything. Water pollution affects the entire biosphere.
plants and organisms living in these bodies of water. Water pollution is a major global problem which
requires ongoing evaluation and revision of water resource policy at all levels. In view of population
increase, the demand for freshwater for all the uses will be unmanageable.

Reasons for Water Scarcity

Overpopulation, Agriculture, Pollution of water and improper government policies are the important
reasons for water scarcity. FAO reported agriculture, encompassing crops, livestock, fisheries,
aquaculture, and forestry, is both a cause and a victim of water scarcity. Climate change also affects
freshwater resources negatively, in terms of both quantity and quality. Particularly the demand for
water is steeply increasing because of several reasons, such as urbanization, Industrialization, more
water for maintain or even increase yields. In below fig explained how water was used by agriculture
in various formats. In the future, the demand for food is highly expected, with a direct effect on
agricultural water usage. As a result of the increased water scarcity extensive water use for irrigation
is expected to occur in the context of increasing competition between agriculture and other sectors of
the economy. In order to cope with future estimates of water shortages, some measures aimed at
streamlining and optimizing the efficiency of water consumption in the agricultural sector are critical
in view of the large volumes of water required for production of crops. Irrigation is used to replace
losses due to crop evapotranspiration and to achieve full production under the given growing.
o Climate change.
o Natural calamities such as droughts and floods.
o Increased human consumption.
o Overuse and wastage of water.
o A global rise in freshwater demand.
o Overuse of aquifers and its consequent slow recharge

Figure 2 water scarcity conserves it.

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 Reducing the Water Scarcity
The water supply is going to be a serious challenge due to various reasons. The most serious concern
is the growing population which is likely to increase to 1.66 billion by 2050. With the increasing
population, the annual food requirement in the country will exceed 250 million tons. Increasing the
water storage capacity has been one of the ways to mitigate water scarcity. Rainwater harvesting is
one of the key features to overcome this problem.
Multiplying the farm ponds, percolation tanks, water reservoirs and construction of small and medium
size dams and rivers can ensure the ground water as well as surface water. The prime important
elucidation is to entwine of rivers will help in forestall floods while enhancing water distribution in
the country and reforestation of degraded forests and development of wastelands through
afforestation will help in soil and water conservation.

What Is Water Conservation?

Water conservation is the practice of using water efficiently to reduce unnecessary water usage.
According to Fresh Water Watch, water conservation is important because fresh clean water is a
limited resource, as well as a costly one. As a homeowner, you’re probably already well aware of the
financial costs of inefficient water use. Conservation of this natural resource is critical for the
environment and our wallets.
The ways to save water.
1. Check your toilet for leaks.
2. Stop using your toilet as an ashtray or wastebasket
3. Put a plastic bottle in your toilet tank
4. Take shorter showers
5. Install water-saving shower heads or flow restrictors.
6. Take baths
7. Turn off the water while brushing your teeth
8. Turn off the water while shaving
9. Check faucets and pipes for leaks
10. Use your automatic dishwasher for full loads only
11. Use your automatic washing machine only for full loads only
12. Don't let the faucet run while you clean vegetables
13. Keep a bottle of drinking water in the refrigerator
14. If you wash dishes by hand, don't leave the water running for rinsing
15. Check faucets and pipes for leaks
16. Water your lawn only when it needs it
17. Deep soak your lawn
18. Water during the cool parts of the day
19. Don't water the gutter
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20. Plant drought-resistant trees and plant
21. Put a layer of mulch around trees and plants.
22. Use a broom to clean driveways, sidewalks and steps
23. Don't run the hose while washing your car
24. Tell your children not to play with the hose and sprinklers
25. Check for leaks in pipes, hoses faucets and couplings

IMPACT OF WATER SHORTAGE

a. Shortage in cropped lands.
b. Hydro Power.
c. Effects of Urbanization / Industries.
d. Water shortage in turn is also affecting: -
- Availability of water for urban use.
- Industrial use
- Flow downstream
• Ground Water. Shortage of surface water has put tremendous pressure on ground water.
Overdrawing of ground water by users to compensate for the shortage. In turn reduced recharging
owing to less percolation. This has resulted in rising of saline water lens nearer to the ground surface.
• Effect on National Harmony. The worst impact of water shortage is that it is creating
bitter controversy between provinces, which is affecting national integration and creating
disharmony between provinces.

Figure 3 water shortage

REMEDIAL MEASURES
1. Increase in water storage reservoirs.
2. Preparation of effective water policies
3. Planning and preparation of water budget
4. Management for harvesting seepage as well runoff.
5. Proper use of Irrigation water.
6. Re-use of wastewater for irrigation
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 How can we solve the water scarcity problem?

the solutions to reduce water scarcity, strategies to combat water scarcity.

o Developing water filtration systems. It's one thing to have access to water, and it's another to
have access to water that is safe to drink.
o Reduce your water usage.
o Protecting wetlands.
o Improving irrigation efficiency.
o Increasing water storage in reservoirs.
o Desalinating seawater

DISCUSSION

A correct estimate of available water for irrigation is a pre-condition of success. In addition, quality
and quantity of water has to be assessed before its utility. The water supply available for agriculture
is derived from freezed ice, surface storages and ground entrapment. But the actual and only
recharging source is rainfall. Rainfall is normally inadequate to sustain more than a very low level of
agricultural production, particularly in semi-arid regions. This requires effective watershed
management for harvesting the surface and sub-surface runoff and preparation of water budget from
all sources.
The irrigation water is becoming a diminishing source in Pakistan and the whole world. It is clear
from the global facts that for sustainable and further development of the agriculture sector, storage is
must at proper places with proper planning and management.

RECOMMENDATIONS

• Food and fiber are the pressing need of everyone, therefore proper management of water
resources is necessary.
• Statistics of yearly water budget will help in effective planning of water resources.
• A one century old irrigation system is now posing the serious problem of water wastage
through seepage, it requires proper rehabilitation at required level.
• The water users be awarded properly for the importance, availability and effective use of water
through social mobilization.
• Institutional management, effective planning and wise use of water is the requirement of time.
• Furrow as method of cultivation and trickle as method of irrigation be implemented
effectively.
• Water rights, rules and policies be framed to control wicked problems like tampering of
modules, water.
theft and pilferage etc.
• Instead of land tax, now Tax be fixed on water quantity

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 CONCLUSIONS

Management becomes important when the productive resource is water and depleting day by day and
attempted to investigate and discuss the details about water scarcity and its problem and how to
overcome this problem because the world, has an alarming situation due to this problem. Within this
concern this paper highlights the alarming situation of water scarcity, particularly the developing
sector like industries, agriculture productions go down due to water shortage. It will create a huge
impact on the country’s economy. Sustainable action and strong polices are emergently needed to
overcome this situation. So only we will be able to save our future. In this current scenario,
appropriate action is needed to prevent this crisis by making the best use of innovative technologies
and resources to conserve the remaining water sources. Agriculture, industry and domestic are the
major sectors that consumed more quantity of available water. So, the regulatory bodies such as
governments and organizations are forming the strong regulatory measures should prevent the misuse
of water and introducing rewards and punishment to encourage judicious use of water, will be helpful
to conserve water. Finally, create awareness and conduct the various programmes can be able to
understand the real situation of water scarcity, So, the people are able to manage the situation and
change their lifestyle.
A national policy is necessary to achieve sustainable agriculture growth. The problem of water
shortage be investigated up to its grassroots, then on the basis of that an effective solution be produced
and implemented. Growing urban concentration and industrialization along the rivers on one side led
to the significant abstraction of fresh water and on other side put negative impacts on water quality.
Therefore, water balance, water quality and water accounting are must for sustainable water supply
for all possible uses.

Figure 4 Environmental impact

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 REFERENCES

1) K.R. Sharma (1949) Irrigation Engineering Volume

2) Santosh Kumar Garg (1976) Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures.

3) Clarke, R. (1993) Water: The International Crisis Earth scan, London.

4) Iqbal Ali 1993 Irrigation and Hydraulic Structures Theory, design and practice.

5) Molden, D. (1997) Accounting for water use and productivity. SWIM International Irrigation
Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka.

6) Heathcote, I.W. (1998) Integrated Watershed Management. Principles and Practice. John Wiley
and Sons, New York.

7) Cleaver, F. (1999) Paradoxes of participation: questioning participatory ` approaches to

development. Journal of International Development 11, 597 – 612.

8) Allan, J.A. (1999) Productive efficiency and allocation efficiency: why better water management
may not solve the problem Agricultural Water Management 40,71-75.
9) Burton, M. (1999) Note on proposed framework and activities. Prepared for the
IWMI.DSI.CEVMBER Research Programme on Institutional Support Systems for Sustainable
Management of Irrigation in Water – Short Basins, Izmir.

10) Mehta, I., (2000) Water for the twenty-first century; challenges and misconceptions. IDS Working
Paper 111. IDS, Brighton.

11) Wikipedia the free encyclopedia.

12) Brekke, L.D., Kiang, J.E., Olsen, J.R., Pulwarty, R.S., Raff D.A., Turnipseed, D.P., Webb, R.S.,
and White, K.D., 2009. Climate Change and Water Resources Management: A Federal Perspective,
U.S. Geological Survey, Re 24.

13) MoEU (Ministry of Environment and Urbanization), 2011. Turkey’s National Climate Change
Adaptation
Strategy and Action Plan (Draft), Ankara.