HAM RF Research 5 Merged

1/11/2018 DC-DC converter
Inverter to
DC-DC Converter for Audio Isolation Amplifier
The described inverter provides two output voltages galvanically separated from each other as well
as from the power supply. I designed the inverter for an isolation amplifier from PE 7/2001, but nothing
prevents it from being used in other applications.
Specifications
Input voltage Ui: Input voltage: 12 V (5 to 15 V)

Output voltage: Output voltage: about 0.9 Ui.
Maximum performance: Max output power: > 1 W.
Efficiency: Efficiency: about 75%.
Working Frequency: Switching Frequency: about 400 kHz.
No-load sampling: Supply Current: 10 mA.
(Data measured at 12 V / measured at Ui = 12 V )
Fig. 1. Converter for isolation amplifier

Figure 1. DC-DC Converter for isolation amplifier
Description involvement
The base of the inverter is a self-absorbing double-acting transducer with transistors T1 and T2 ( Figure 1
). This connection was chosen primarily because of its simplicity, although it does not achieve peak
performance. Because of the relatively small power output it is not too much of a fault. The feedback winding n2
is used to blunt the drive. Since the voltage from the feedback winding is directed at the transistors transitions, a
negative voltage of about 1 V appears in the center of the winding. Polarity C4 is therefore in the diagram
correctly.
http://www.belza.cz/swmodeps/dc2dc.htm 1/4
The T1 and T2 transistors alternately connect the ends of winding n1 to the ground. After the transistor is
switched on, the current of the winding, connected in the collector of the respective transistor, will increase and
at the same time the current excited in the winding n2 will increase. The transistors remain open for as long as
they just open their current to the base excited in n2. On average, this current is the same as that passed through
resistor R1. If the voltage starts to increase on the transistor, the voltage at the winding n1 decreases and the
current excited in n2 decreases. The transistor closes and the second transistor opens. On the winding in the
collector, the voltage increase is practically the same as the supply voltage. Since the secondary windings have
the same number of threads, almost the same voltage will appear on them. This voltage is controlled by Schottky
diodes D2 and D3, respectively. D4 and D5. There is also an output filter behind the rectifier, which reduces the
output voltage interference by the inverter frequency. A similar filter is also connected to the input side of the
inverter. If you do not reverse the polarity of the supply voltage, you can replace the diode D1 with the jumper.
The efficiency of the drive increases.
Fig. 2. Circuit board for inverter. Click to get the image in 600 dpi resolution
. 2. DC-DC PCB layout. Click to get 600 dpi resolution image
Fig. 3. Layout of components on the board

Figure 3. Locations of components on the board
Construction and recovery

The used components are common, the chokes are TL type ... The transformer was wound on a 14 mm
diameter outlet cup of H12, given Al = 160. The winding sense n1 and n2 must be observed. The transformer is
fastened with a plastic screw in the U-shaped clamp. The screw must be tightened only slightly, otherwise the
core bursts. Due to the labor productivity of the coil I did not experience the transformer too much. However,
with more threads (greater inductance), it would seem that the drive could have greater efficiency and less
quiescent current on the same core. Also, kernels with large Al will not be suitable for this type of inverter. The
inverter coil was wound onto the scab for the used cup core, and each winding was separated by several threads
of adhesive tape (I did not have a transformer paper). It was manually wrapped, the bone was attached to a
wooden spindle. The number of threads and wire diameters are listed in the parts list. The exact number of
threads and the diameter of the wire is not so important, I wound up the coil with what was at hand. The double
windings have been wound with two wires at the same time so that both windings have the same number of
turns. The end of the first and the beginning of the second I have joined and thus created the center of the
winding. After the recovery, the inverter board was inserted into the AH-100 box. The inverter should "tighten"
the 12 V / 1.2 W lamp. If it does not deliver the required power, reduce the resistance of the resistor R1. After
the recovery, the inverter board was inserted into the AH-100 box. The inverter should "tighten" the 12 V / 1.2
W lamp. If it does not deliver the required power, reduce the resistance of the resistor R1. After the recovery, the
inverter board was inserted into the AH-100 box. The inverter should "tighten" the 12 V / 1.2 W lamp. If it does
not deliver the required power, reduce the resistance of the resistor R1.
Fig. 4. In-phase inverter

Figure 4. DC-DC Converter in building period
Fig. 4. Converter in opto-isolation amplifier (without cover)

Figure 4. DC-DC converter in Audio Isolation Amplifier (without cover)
Parts list
R1 3.3 kOhm
C1, C2 47 μF / 16 V
C3 2.2 μF (microF), tantalum. or 100 nF, ceramics.
C4 10 μF (microF) / 16 V
C5, C6, C7, C8 22 μF (microF) / 16 V
D1 1N4001 (1N5819)
D2, D3, D4, D5 1N5819
T1, T2 BC639
L1 68 μH (microH), TL.68μH
L2, L3 330 μH (microH), TL.68μH
Transformer / Switching transformer
n1 15 + 15 z (Diameter 0.18 mm CuL / AWG 33)
n2 3 + 3 z (Diameter 0.18 mm CuL / AWG 33)
Tr
n3 15 + 15 z 33)
n4 15 + 15 z (diameter 0.18 mm CuL / AWG 33)
core diameter 14 mm, Al = 160, mass H12
box AH100
printed circuit board bcs29
Jaroslav Belza
The connection was published in Practical Electronics 8/2001 at page 23
12. 8. 2001
5. 3. 2002 upd.
1/11/2018 Detector unit 1
Antenna unit 1
Back to the index
Here a description of a antenna tuner unit.

It is used in combination with a detector unit (e.g. detector unit 1 ) , so a double tuned receiver is formed.
Schematic of the antenna unit.
The antenna unit has a tuned circuit L1, C2.

If we only look at L1 and C2, then the tuning range is 550 - 2184 kHz.
But if we also connect the antenna and earth, the frequency of the circuit will decrease, so we can also receive
http://crystal-radio.eu/enantenneunit1.htm 1/2
the lowest mediumwave frequency of 530 kHz.

Variable capacitor C1 and the antenna and earth are also a part of the tuned circuit, but the antenna and earth also
give reduction of circuit Q.
The circuit L1,C2 has a high impedance (e.g. 1 M.Ohm).

But the antenna has a low impedance (e.g. 10 Ohm), tuning capacitor C1 forms a impedance match between this
high and low impedance.
With a certain value of C1, there wil be maximum power transfer from antenna to the circuit L1,C2.
Then there is maximum voltage across the coil L1, and maximum sensitivity of the receiver.
At low frequencies we must for instance adjust C1 to 100 pF, and at high frequencies to 20 pF, but these values
are depending on the (lenght of) antenna we connect to it.
For the circuit Q however, the lower the value of C1, the higher the Q.
More information about this, you wil find here.
Coil L1 is wound with litzwire 660x 0.04mm (660/46 AWG), on a polypropylene former.
This coil is described here as coil L12, only the outermost winding is removed to reduce inductance a little bit.
This reduced the total wirelenght from 15 to 14.5 meters.
The frame of this antenna unit is made of 8mm polyethene sheet.

Tuning capacitor C2 is driven via a 1:5 vernier drive, so we can tune it very accurate.
Tuning capacitor C1 has no vernier drive.
Back to the index
http://crystal-radio.eu/enantenneunit1.htm 2/2
Detector unit 1
Back to the index
Here the description of a detector unit, this can be used in combination with an antenna unit, so that a two-circuit receiver is
created.
An audio transformer with a high input impedance such as my transformer unit1 is connected to the output .
The two trimmer capacitors are located under the tuning

Detector unit 1
capacitor.
Schematic of the detector unit.
Coil L1 is a coil of litz wire 660x0.04 mm (660/46 AWG) and is wound onto a polypropylene coil holder.
This coil is described here as coil L13.
The tuning capacitor has silver plated plates and insulators of polyethylene, and is described here under the name C2b.
The switches S1 and S2 are reed switches which can be switched by placing a magnet on them, these reed switches with glass
housing give little dielectric losses.
When opened, the switch contacts have a capacity of about 0.2 pF.
With trimmer capacitors C2 and C3 the frequency range of the detector unit can be set.
Diode D1 is a double SMD schottky diode of the type HSMS282K, the two diodes in the housing are connected in parallel. This
type of diode also has a shield between the two diodes, the connection pins of the shield are not connected. After soldering all
solder flux is removed from the diode, as this can have a negative influence on the Q factor of the circuit.
More information about diodes can be found here .
A second diode can also be connected (D2), so that it is possible to switch between D1 and D2.
http://crystal-radio.eu/detectorunit1.htm 1/4
C4 is for removing the high-frequency signal behind the diode, the value is variable so that I can experiment with it.
The output of this detector unit must be loaded high Ohmig, preferably with more than 1 M.Ohm.
The detector unit is made of polyethylene plate, this gives little dielectric losses, more information can be found here and here .
Only copper screws were used, no iron because of the lower losses.
Detail of the reed

switches, those are the
two glass tubes.
The magnet can be
moved from left to
right, so that one or the
other reed switch is
switched.
The diode D1 is
located at the bottom
of the left reed switch,
but is almost too small
to see.
Tuning scale of the detector unit.

The frequency can be read
directly on the scale.
There is a 1: 5 delay between the

tuning knob and the tuning
capacitor.
The tuning scale is connected to
the tuning capacitor and
therefore runs 5 times as slow as
the button.
From the detector unit I measured the Q factor, once without the diode connected, and once with the diode (2 parallel) and a load
resistor of 1.5 M.Ohm.
Also the frequency shift that the diodes give is measured.
(This measurement was done with 1.12 Volt top-top over the LC circuit at the resonance frequency.)
Q at 600 kHz Q at 900 kHz Q at 1200 kHz Q at 1500 kHz

Detector unit unloaded 1276 1204 1111 912
Detector unit loaded with
644 529 405 326
2 diodes HSMS282K parallel
-1.0 kHz -3.3 kHz -8.1 kHz -15.0 kHz
and 1.5 M.Ohm.
With the formula Z = 2.pi.fL Q we can calculate the impedance of the unloaded circuit (the inductance of the coil is 230 uH):
Z = 1.1 M.Ohm at 600 kHz

Z = 1.57 M.Ohm at 900 kHz
Z = 1.93 M.Ohm at 1200 kHz
Z = 1.97 M.Ohm at 1500 kHz
The frequency range of the unit was first 530.65 to 2050 kHz, which was measured with the diode connected.
I wanted to lower the lowest frequency, because it is too close to the lowest medium wave frequency of 531 kHz.
If I used a different diode with less capacity in the future, the 531 kHz would not even be achieved.
I also wanted to lower the highest possible frequency to about 1700 kHz, so that the stations spread over the frequency scale, so the
stations are not so close together.
Here in Europe the highest medium wave frequency is 1620 kHz, but up to 1700 kHz there are also some pirate stations active,
which are also interesting to hear.
To limit the frequency range, I have put a trimmer capacitor parallel to the tuning capacitor.
The maximum capacity of this trimmer capacitor is 13.8 pF.
With the trimmer at maximum capacity I measured the Q of the unloaded circuit.
600 kHz Q = 1224
900 kHz Q = 1210
1200 kHz Q = 1090

1500 kHz Q = 898
We see that the trimmer capacitor has little influence on the Q factor.
Two trimmer capacitors are used (C2 and C3), these are placed behind the reed switches, so each diode has its own trimmer.
Now it is also possible to eliminate differences in capacitance between the different diodes, so that the switching from one diode to
another does not cause a frequency shift.
By means of the trimmer capacitors I have adjusted the frequency range of the detector unit to 522 to 1710 kHz.
With the detector unit I can receive the following stations, in this case no external antenna is connected, I only use the coil of the
detector unit as a small loop antenna.
Reception
Freq. Station Country Location KW KM
during the day
540 Radio 2 BEL Wavre-Overijse 150 158 *
594 Hessischer Rundfunk Chronos D Rodgau Frankfurt 250 359
621 RTBF 1 BEL Wavre 300 158 *
648 BBC Worldservice G Orfordness 500 445 *
675 Arrow HOL Lopik 120 17 *
747 747AM HOL Flevoland 400 41 *
756 Deutschlandfunk D Ravensburg 100 585
927 Radio 1 BEL Wolvertem 150 137
972 NDR Info D Hamburg 100 379
1008 Radio 10 Gold HOL Flevoland 400 41 *
1053 Talk Sport G Droiwich 500 479
1062 DR P3 DNK Kalundborg 250 559
1089 Talk Sport G Brookmans Park 400 354
1134 Hrvatski Radio 1 HRV Zadar 600 1175
1179 Radio Sweden international S Solvesborg 600 763
1215 Virgin Radio G Moorside Edge 200 487
1296 BBC World Service (DRM signal) G Orfordness 70 229
1314 NRK1 / NRK 2 NOR Kvitsoy 1200 767
1377 France Info / RFI F Lille 300 227
1422 Deutschlandfunk D Heusweiler 600 341
1440 RTL LUX Marnach 300/1200 248
1458 Sunrise Radio G Brookmans Park 125 422
1467 Trans World Radio / Radio Vatican F Romoules 1000 934
1539 PROPERTY D Mainflingen 120/700 366
These stations were received late at night.

A * in the last column indicates that the station can also be received during the day.
The detector unit was placed on a wooden table which gives a small decrease of the Q factor.
Back to the index
1/11/2018 1-Tube AM Broadcast Transmitter
HOME PROJECTS RADIO THEORY DOWNLOADS LINKS
1-Tube AM Broadcast Transmitter
This little transmitter came about as a result of my interest in vintage

radio receivers, and the lack of anything worth listening to on the AM
broadcast band (540 - 1700 kHz). With a transmitter, I could broadcast
my own choice of music, and listen to it on my old radios.
There are a lot of transmitter projects to be found in Internet-land,

including lots of one-tube circuits. Unfortunately, most of the one-tube
circuits use pentagrid converters which are very nonlinear by design,
and tend to produce very bad sounding signals. I had a few 6M11
compactron tubes that I’d collected for another project which was never
completed. So, I decided to design my own circuit using one of these
tubes. A 6M11 has two triode sections, and a pentode section. I decided
to use one triode for the oscillator, one triode for the audio
preamp/modulator, and the pentode section for the power amplifier.
Screen grid modulation is used.
http://electronbunker.ca/eb/OneTubeXMTR.html 1/6
Here is the schematic:
Larger Version Here
How it works
The oscillator section, V1-b, is a standard Colpitts oscillator using a ceramic
resonator (or a crystal). Feedback is from the cathode circuit. The output of the
oscillator section is coupled to the control grid (G1) of the pentode section. Using a
separate oscillator section, provides excellent isolation from factors which might
otherwise cause frequency drift or frequency modulation. In testing, I was not able
to detect any FM distortion in the transmitted signal.
Audio preamp section, V1-a amplifies the audio input, and the resulting signal is DC
coupled to the screen grid of pentode section V1-c through the NE-2 neon lamp. The
neon lamp drops the DC level at the screen by about 50 volts without attenuating
any of the audio. This voltage difference provides a good quiescent operating point
for the pentode while providing a higher voltage at the triode plate. The variable
resistance R1, in the triode plate adjusts the triode plate and pentode screen supply
together for the best operating point. Now, the obvious question: Why use a DC
coupled circuit? Why not use AC coupling and bias the stages separately to get the
best operating point for each stage? The first reason was simply to minimize any
signal attenuation resulting from all of the extra bias components. The second
reason is that I like neon lamps. The third reason turned out to be the accidental
discovery that this type of DC coupling allows for carrier control. Carrier control is
the principle of adjusting the average carrier level in a transmitter as the average
modulation varies. At low levels of modulation, the average carrier value is kept to
low values, and at high modulation levels, the average carrier level is increased.
This reduces the average power consumption of the transmitter, but allows high
peak power output when required. It also has the advantage of working as an audio
expander, and reduces problems of under-modulation and over-modulation. Once
adjusted properly, it’s very forgiving of changes in audio source levels.
The carrier control works as follows. The preamp grid and input coupling capacitor
act as a clamp circuit. The V1-a grid is biased very close to 0 volts when no audio is
present. With an audio input signal present, positive excursions of the input signal
cause a very small grid current to flow, which charges the input blocking capacitor
creating a more negative bias on the grid. Hence, the grid bias voltage follows the
peak of the input signal, and positive peaks of the input signal are clamped to
ground level. Therefore, as the audio input level increases, the grid bias goes more
negative, and the average plate current decreases. When the plate current decreases,
the plate voltage goes up, which in turn increases the voltage to the screen of V1-c,
increasing the average carrier level. The 1 Megohm grid leak resistor in the grid
circuit of V1-a provides a discharge path for the grid current and the charge on the
capacitor. The value of this resistor and the value of input coupling capacitor
determine the time constant of the carrier control. The values shown in the
schematic seem to be optimum for correct carrier attack/decay time, and give the
best sound quality.
Output from the plate of V1-c is coupled to the antenna through a pi matching
network. I used a tapped coil, because I wasn’t familiar enough with antenna
matching (especially with a random length antenna) to zero in on the best value.
Also, the optimum inductance will vary depending on the operating frequency of the
transmitter. The coil shown in the schematic covers the AM broadcast band fairly
well, when coupled to reasonably short antennas (~10 feet long).
Sound quality from this transmitter is excellent. It is easily capable of delivering an

acceptable signal even to hifi AM receivers. I tested this with a Sony ST-JX450A
AM stereo, FM stereo tuner, which is capable of wideband AM reception. In
wideband mode, the audio quality was better than what I could receive from
commercial AM stations.
This transmitter does have a couple of shortcomings though. The first is that it
requires a bit more than line level audio to drive it to full modulation. This could be
overcome by using an audio input transformer to increase the drive level, or add an
additional preamp stage. I use an inexpensive Radio Shack mixing console which
puts out enough signal to drive the transmitter quite well.
The second shortcoming is that even with three stages, this transmitter doesn’t put
out as strong a signal as you could get from a one tube circuit using a dual control
pentode with suppressor modulation. However, it has enough output when properly
matched to a 10 foot antenna to be heard over a distance of 100 feet, which is
enough to get to any radio in my house.
Here is a view of the underside of the chassis:
Wiring is point to point, using the tube socket for mounting many of the
components. This results in very short lead lengths which is good for radio
frequencies, even though it doesn’t necessarily look very neat. The toroidal chokes
shown in this picture were later found to be extremely lossy, and were replaced with
better ones. Never use mystery ferrite! Immediately in front of the tube socket is a
part of an IC socket which is used to hold the ceramic resonator, but the resonator is
missing in this photo.
Here is a view showing the transmitter with the antenna matching network, which
was built as a separate unit The audio source is from the MP3 player in the
foreground. In the background is an inexpensive passive signal strength meter,
which I used for adjusting the matching network for maximum output. Antenna
matching is a critical part of setting

up any transmitter, especially
something as low powered as one of
these. When correctly adjusted, the
amount of power to the antenna goes
up dramatically, and is clearly visible
on the signal strength meter. The red
wire connected to the matching unit is
the base end of a 10 foot wire
antenna. The signal strength meter is
about a foot away, and is sensing the
signal with a small 4 inch built-in
antenna (beyond the right side of the photo).
Here is a trapezoidal scope trace showing the modulation envelope, when at

approximately 100% modulation.
Note that the curvature in the
envelope indicates the presence of
some distortion. This was not audible
however, and I didn’t consider it
significant compared to the severe
type of distortion which would occur
from over-modulation. When the
audio level is changing, the carrier
control effect is very noticeable, as
the zero percent modulation point on
the left hand side remains stationary,
and the wide full modulation part on the right, expands further to the right in time
with the audio.
Antenna Matching Update - 2015-09-07

Please refer to this page for updated information about:
Matching a Part 15 transmitter to a short antenna
It discusses the antenna pi matching network used in the above schematic, as well as
a simpler and more efficient antenna matching network.
Back to:
Projects
Home
This page last updated: April 6, 2017
Copyright 2009, 2015, Robert Weaver
1/11/2018 15BD11 based AM radio
God Bless America!
N1NKM's 1-tube BTN AM Radio!
N1NKM's
HAM page 7
HOMEBREW!
1-tube AM radio
NOTE to modem users: this page has several 50K+ pictures, which may take a few moments to load. Please be patient.
Visitors to THIS PAGE since 5/27/06 :)
This page contains photos of my homebrew, 1-tube AM radio. It's a project I did just for the sake of doing it... I
had the tube, so I figured "What can I make out of THIS?" so here we go...
Front view of radio
(Click each picture for LARGE view. Use BACK button to return here.)
On the left, is the Regeneration control. It works by varying the B+ to the plate of the RF stage. The optimum
setting is a little below oscillation, where the audio level comes up and selectivity increases. If you increase it
http://www.mymorninglight.org/ham/15BD11.HTM 1/4
beyond this point, the audio will start to become "muddy" as the Q is multiplied, and bandwidth reduced.
Continuing to increase this will cause oscillation. This can be useful for SSB or CW reception, but not for
listening to AM stations. ;)
The next pot over is the volume. The yellow transformer at the right is the B+ step-up. It takes the 15VAC from
the "wall-wart" and steps it up to about 140v. This is plenty to get very good performance from this rather simple
radio!
There is a point to be careful, with pins 2 & 3! Pin 2 is the pentode plate, and 3 is the center triode's grid. In this
circuit, that would make an ideal feedback path between the output and the 1'st audio stage input, so layout is
critical, here.
The unusual-looking breadboard is homebrew. I took a piece of plain PC board, and etched the pattern with a
small, pointy file. Then I tinned it with solder, added the socket and then the components. The cathode resistor
of the pentode was done by "lifting" the tube socket's pin from the board, and putting the R between the pin &
the board. This simplified the rest of the layout, as I could use the larger foil area as a convenient ground.
Back view of radio
Here's the backside view. The 6.3v transformer is the audio output to the speaker. The dual trimcap is the radio's
tuning and band-reject filter. Because I live only about a mile away from two AM stations on 1300 and 1340,
their signals are quite strong. This first trimcap & coil form a series-resonant ckt, to shunt those stations signals
to ground, while allowing other signals thru. The other trimcap is the tuning control for the radio. This radio is
intended to be a monitor, where you set it to the desired station and just leave it set there. It works quite nicely in
that capacity! (It needs an external wire antenna. I use a nearby metal shelf, which works perfectly.)
Bottom view of radio
For this bottom view, I decided to include the "wall-wart" in the picture. It's a 15VAC, 1-amp unit, which is just
about right for this application. The foil shield on the bottom is simply a piece of aluminum tape. A small piece
of wire from the component side is bent around to make contact with this shield. That helped to stabilize the
radio.
Schematic of 1-tube radio.
(Click for full-size schematic)
Although this is a pretty basic design, it's customized to work with this particular tube & it's unusual
"breadboard" layout. The power supply is not included in the schematic, since ANY source of 15V & 140v can
be used.
If I can get my hands on another one of these tubes (or similar) I may make a small AM transmitter out of it! :)
You are welcome to E-mail me with comments/suggestions.

Constructive messages are welcome.
Abusive messages will be deleted. It's that simple. :)
Here's my HOME page
*** DISCLAIMERS ***

(Keep the lawyers happy.)
*ALL* Information presented here is done so without warranty or guarantee of any kind. Author assumes no
responsibility for the use or inability to use this information. Author also assumes no responsibility for the
ability or inability to complete the projects, above. This project uses potentially harmful voltage! (140VDC) If
you are not sure of what you're doing, ask an experienced friend to help. ALWAYS "pull the plug" and ground
the caps to make sure there is no high voltage when working with this unit.
This information is presented as educational information only. No guarantee is made as to its fitness for any
purpose. All risk is assumed by the person who choses to use this information.
1/11/2018 20m Loop Antenna by SM0VPO
20m Loop Antenna

by Harry Lythall - SM0VPO
Introduction
I recently saw that my 80m (3.5MHz) loop (or frame) antenna has been really popular, and that there are loads of
other radio amateurs who have taken my design and "ran with it" to produce variations that all have some great
improvement. There have been many in-depth tests and simulations, all with exceedingly good results and
reports. This is exactly what I am aiming for with my homepages - free information for all and my designs being
improved upon. That way we all win :-)
One small point all varaitions have in common is the need for an expensive tuning capacitor and a very restricted
RF power level. Of course, you can throw money at the problem, but for me this hurts. I got to thinking that
there must be a way of adjusting the design a little and finding another technique to tune the antenna, and to
make the best use of the little radio transciever I have in Sweden, given the limited space.
My limited space apartment.
As you can see there is not much opportunity for grand antennas. And to add to this, the equipment I have in
Sweden is also limited to a single 5-Watt unit.
http://213.114.131.21/antennas/20m_ant_00.htm 1/8
My limited equipment - only 5-Watts.
The Design Thoughts

Today I have no area of land to use for antennas. I have a glassed-in balcony on the 4th floor of an apartment
block. I really like the 20m (14MHz) band so I will concentrate on that. I am not really interested in the CW end
of the band, except perhaps 14.070MHz for the digimodes. So my requirements are:
As efficient as possible (useable)

Small size, also portable so I can use it for field use
No expensive components, everything available locally
No TVI, QRM or interference to stereos or computer sound
Total price less than $2
The antenna I have created is based on my original 3.5MHz loop (or frame) antenna. This time I built it out of
scrap components. I cadged (tiggade) some plastic conduit tubes from an electrical contractor at work. The same
guy also gave me the remnants of a roll of 2.5mm C.S.A. multi-strand mains cable. That was all I needed.
In my junkbox I found no tuning capacitors, but WAIT!! Why do I need to tune the antenna? Once it is tuned I
should not need to tune it again, just set the centre-frequency to 14.175MHz. If I can get the Q-factor to around
100 then my useable 3dB bandwidth should be more than 150kHz. That will give me 14.10MHz to 14.25MHz.
Ok, I need a 1-off, preset tuning capacitor. Why not use a Gimmik Capacitor? Just twist two bits of wire together
and cut it short to get the resonant frequency I want. So I need to get the coil wound so that there is sufficient
cable length and self capacitance to give a resonance of about 14.5MHz without any extra capacitance what-so-
ever. That means I need just a few pf. That sounds like a good plan.
Construction
The 15mm Diameter plastic tube I "aquired" were 80cm long. After much trial and error I found that exactly 3
turns, with 2.5cm spacing, gives about 14.9MHz self resonance. The wire support holes are exactly 4cm spaced,
beginning 1cm from the end of each tube. The two tubes are fixed into a and X using zip-straps (tie-wraps,
buntband). The feed loop is 1/2 turn.
Note the size and position of the feed loop. Also the Gimmik capacitor.
One problem I had with the original loop antenna was that of RF coming back down the cable braid. Using on
old FT-101ZD it was possible to feel the RF on the microphone with your lips. The cure for this is to use a
balanced feed and at least 5m of RF cable.
I robbed the ferrite ring for the balun from an old ATX computer PSU and made a triflar wound torroidal
transformer. That is to say, twist together three lengths of 1mm x 7-strand insulated hookup wire together. Use
this to make a 7-turn coil and connect the three coils in series, with four connections. Feed connections
(numbered in the picture below) 1 and 3 are connected to to the antenna feed loop. Connect the coaxial cable
braid to connection 2, and the coax centre to connection 4. My balun is self-supported on the connection leads.
The 1:1 Balun I used.
The coaxial feed cable was found to affect the resonance slightly, so I fed that through an extra bit of tube to
make it stay in one place. It works fine.
Feeder cable secured in the support tube.
Testing
Testing is very easy. I used my GDO-2 to check the middle-turn of the loop for a dip. Twist the two tails together
to form the Gimmik capacitor and adjust the length of the twist until the centre-frequency is 14.175MHz. With
the GDO you can get it within about 100kHz to 200kHz, but then you can check the VSWR using your HF
radio. You can also sweep the band for maximum noise and get a very close approximation.
The Gimmick capacitor.
The centre.frequency of my 20m Loop antenna is 14.175MHz, and the VSWR is better than 1.05:1 (I can hardly
see any movement on my meter). The Q-factor is somewhere aproaching 100. The useable bandwidth is just a
little narrower than I would have wished, but the antenna certainly works well and meets all the other criteria.
But the slightly less useable bandwidth criterion is at the expense of better performance, and it still allows me to
use 14.070MHz, although it is a little quiter down there.
Frequency VSWR
14.010 3:1
14.095 2:1
14.130 1.5:1
14.175 1:1
14.220 1.5:1
14.260 2:1
14.325 3:1
The completed antenna.
Conclusion
No-matter how you play with the figures, the best indoor antenna cannot replace a full-size dipole antenna. But
the indoor antenna can give some extra features, such as just reaching out your arm and trimming a little, which
you cannot do with a long-wire antenna up a tree out in the garden, especially when it is raining.
This antenna gets me on the air on 14MHz, and it has a useable frequency range. The VSWR is almost perfect at
the centre-frequency, and this time I don't burn my lips on the microphone (not that I am likely to do so with just
5-Watts of power). The design uses no expensive components, in fact the only item I bought was the block-
connector for the balun. That cost me US$1.50 for a pair of 12-contact screw-terminals. The construction is
ridiculously simple and easy to build.
On the air I can hear traffic on 14.070 digimodes, and from 14.130 to 14.220MHz I have a near-perfect VSWR
aqnd good clear reception of SSB. I can also rotate the antenna to cut out rubbish, and most of all, using the
Gimmik capacitor I don't need to re-tune it: it seems temperatore-stable. The weight is less than 500g and when I
poke it out of the balcony window the reception improves, the VSWR does not change, and I can make myself
heard among the big boys.
I hope that you have some fun building and using this antenna. If you have any ideas for further improving it
then please use my forum.
Dont forget to visit my messageboard if you have any questions about this or any other project. I always look
forward to receiving feedback, positive or negative.
Very best regards from Harry Lythall

SM0VPO (QRA = JO89WO), Märsta, Sweden.
EA/SM0VPO (QRA = IM86BS), Nerja, Spain.
Return to INFO page
1/11/2018 30m QRP transceiver – Part 3 – Ernest Neijenhuis PA3HCM Homepage
HOME PA3HCM HOMEBREW CONTEST NON-RADIO CONTACT
30m QRP transceiver – Part 3 Search

search...
Posted on 7 April 2014 by Ernest
Now all LF parts and the VFO were

finished, it was time to build the RF-part
of the receiver.
This receiver consists of multiple

sections. The first section is the (fixed)
preselector, which is a combination of a
Popular
bandpass filter for 10 MHz and a band → 5/8 Wave vertical antennas for HF
reject filter for 6 MHz. The 6 MHz band → 30m QRP transceiver: part 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
must be filtered out, since this band → HB9CV-in-a-box antenna for 23cm
contains lots of strong AM broadcast → Automatic antenna tuner using an Arduino
stations and is also the mirror frequency → Squalo antenna for 6m
for this receiver: the input signal is mixed → Pixie2 QRP transceiver for 80m
with the 2.10-2.15 MHz VFO frequency.
The 10 MHz band is mixed down to the 8 Receiver part of the 30m QRP transceiver. From left
to right: preselector, 1st mixer, IF filter, 2nd mixer, 8
MHz IF (10.1 – 2.1 = 8 MHz).
MHz oscillator Tags
simultaneously 6 MHz is mixed up to 8
MHz (5.9 + 2.1 = 8 MHz), disturbing our 2m 3d-printing 6m 10m 15m 17m 20m 23cm
reception. So getting rid of the 6 MHz is very important. 30m 40-30 40m 70cm 80m 160m
antenna aprs arduino atv ax25 balun
I soldered each mixer (SA612) onto a very small part of breadboard (6×4 pads), with the solder
side upward. Then I put the breadboard on my desk and placed the DIL-8 packaged chip in the
beginners clog contest cw
center. Along each row of pins a row of pads remains unused for the moment. The pins of the chip kenwood kit linux manhattan-
digimode
line up with the (normally) component side of the board. Then I soldered the pins to the pads, with style movie nails pacc pic qrp raspberrypi
the chip package on a small distance of the board. Finally I soldered the directly connected receiver repair result satellite straight key
components on the unused pads (through-hole mounting is not necessary) and connected them to
the corresponding pin.
transceiver transmitter tuner vertical
yagi
Just behind the first mixer is the IF filter. This is made of 3 crystals of 8 MHz. The output of the filter
is inserted in a second mixer with an 8 MHz fixed oscillator. The output is the LF signal, ready to be
inserted into the LF filter and amplifier.
I managed to put the preselector, IF filter, both mixers and the 8 MHz oscillator at a small piece of
copper clad, which measures only 7×3 cm. See the pictures how I did this! Archive
September 2017 (1)
March 2017 (1)
December 2016 (2)
December 2015 (3)
October 2015 (1)
April 2015 (1)
February 2015 (2)
January 2015 (1)
December 2014 (1)
November 2014 (2)
October 2014 (1)
September 2014 (1)
August 2014 (3)
July 2014 (1)
June 2014 (3)
May 2014 (2)
April 2014 (2)
March 2014 (4)
February 2014 (2)
January 2014 (2)
December 2013 (5)
http://www.pa3hcm.nl/?p=662 1/3
November 2013 (2)
February 2013 (1)
February 2012 (1)
January 2012 (1)
December 2011 (1)
November 2011 (2)
October 2011 (1)
April 2011 (1)
February 2011 (1)
January 2011 (1)
December 2010 (1)
October 2010 (1)
September 2010 (1)
August 2010 (2)
July 2010 (2)
February 2010 (1)
March 2009 (1)
May 2008 (2)
July 2007 (1)
July 2006 (1)
December 2005 (1)
October 2002 (1)
August 2002 (1)
Another view of the receiver part of the 30m QRP transceiver.
Posted in Transmitters and receivers | Tagged 30m, 40-30, cw, manhattan-style, qrp, transceiver |
Important notice
Leave a reply This is my personal website, it reflects my personal
opinion and has no relation to my job or
whatsoever.
An appropriate amateur radio license is required to
← 30m QRP transceiver – Part 2 Best dutch participant in AGCW contest →
own and/or build and/or use the transmitters
described on this website, depending on local
regulations.
Leave a Reply
All content on this website is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0
International License.
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *
Comment
Name *
Email *
Website
Post Comment
Copyright © 2018 Ernest Neijenhuis PA3HCM Homepage All Rights Catch Everest Theme by Catch Themes
Reserved.

search...
Posted on 3 July 2014 by Ernest
Since I finished all modules for the

receiver part (power, LF, VFO and RX-
board), it was getting time to put
everything together and place it in a nice
case. Onno PA2OHH (designer of this
radio) managed to put the complete
transceiver in a single Teko 4B case, so I Popular
ordered that same box. Actually I already → 5/8 Wave vertical antennas for HF
bought it at the beginning of the project, → 30m QRP transceiver: part 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
to help me dimensioning the modules. → HB9CV-in-a-box antenna for 23cm
With such limited space, planning the → Automatic antenna tuner using an Arduino
physical layout of the radio (both the front → Squalo antenna for 6m
panel and the inside) is very important. → Pixie2 QRP transceiver for 80m
Before putting all modules in the case, Inside view of the radio, including all modules built
so far.
first some mechanical work had to be Tags
done. I drilled holes at the desired
locations and placed all connectors, switches and potmeters. The location of these components 2m 3d-printing 6m 10m 15m 17m 20m 23cm
was a precise job, since it should perfectly fit together with all the modules inside. After some hours 30m 40-30 40m 70cm 80m 160m
of drilling and screwing the case was ready.
kenwood kit linux manhattan-
digimode
style movie nails pacc pic qrp raspberrypi

receiver repair result satellite straight key
yagi
Front panel view. Left: 3-position switch (off, Rear side, with BNC-connector to attach the Archive
on, on+marker), connectors for key and antenna, and a DC-connector for power inlet
phones. Middle: VFO dial. Right: RIT, RX- (9-14Vdc). September 2017 (1)
gain, volume. March 2017 (1)
December 2016 (2)
December 2015 (3)
October 2015 (1)
April 2015 (1)
February 2015 (2)
January 2015 (1)
December 2014 (1)
November 2014 (2)
October 2014 (1)
September 2014 (1)
August 2014 (3)
July 2014 (1)
June 2014 (3)
Inside view. I had to modify the potmeter axis to fit the May 2014 (2)
dials. April 2014 (2)
March 2014 (4)
To place all modules in the box, I made some kind of main board, which happened to be a simple February 2014 (2)
piece of copper clad. I started with cutting a rectangular board, perfectly fitting at the bottom of the January 2014 (2)
case. Then I cut away some corners/edges to allow placing and removing it without having to December 2013 (5)
remove all connectors, switches and potmeters from the case. The idea is that all electronics can November 2013 (2)
be “lifted” from the case to allow easy repair and maintenance. Of course, all leads between the February 2013 (1)
electronics and the parts fixed to the case have to be long enough to allow the board to be lifted. I February 2012 (1)
also made two small stand-offs to support the (lifted) main board. January 2012 (1)
December 2011 (1)
Next I placed all modules on the main board. I provided each module with some small pins (pieces November 2011 (2)
of wire, e.g. cut-off resistor leads) at one side. By facing that side down and putting it on the main October 2011 (1)
board, each module could easily be mounted by soldering the module’s pins to the board. I placed April 2011 (1)
some additional wires between the modules for extra mechanical support, to ensure the modules February 2011 (1)
can’t touch each other (short circuit prevention). January 2011 (1)
December 2010 (1)
To test the receiver, I connected all modules to the power module. Most modules require one or October 2010 (1)
more DC voltages (12, 8 and/or 5 volt). Other connections include signals going from one module September 2010 (1)
to another, and connections to connectors, switches and potmeters fixed to the case. I applied 12V August 2010 (2)
power to the box and verified the total current (about 13mA). No smoke signals, so everything was July 2010 (2)
looking good. February 2010 (1)
March 2009 (1)
I attached a small speaker to the LF amplifier module and put my finger on the input to insert some May 2008 (2)
noise; the noise came out of the speaker, so the amp seemed to work. Next I inserted a small July 2007 (1)
signal at the antenna input (using the generator feature of my MiniVNA) and tuned the VFO to hear July 2006 (1)
the carrier. I tuned the preselector, the carrier was really loud so I lowered the input signal and December 2005 (1)
turned the coils of the preselector again to obtain the best signal. October 2002 (1)
August 2002 (1)
Since the marker generator was ready too, I powered it on and turned the VFO knob, every 10kHz
a small carrier was present, proving the marker generator works nicely.
Important notice
The final test: I attached a couple of meters of wire to the antenna input and turned the VFO dial This is my personal website, it reflects my personal
again. I was able to receive a couple of RTTY and CW stations, proving that the receiver really opinion and has no relation to my job or
works. Since I didn’t have a proper antenna for 30m yet, I was not able to determine if the receiver whatsoever.
is really hot, but I was very happy I actually received some stations already. An appropriate amateur radio license is required to
regulations.
Lifted main board. Main board with modules, inserted in the

case.
Callibrating the VFO using a commercial rig Inside view of the radio, including all
(Icom IC-718). modules built so far.
Posted in Transmitters and receivers | Tagged 30m, 40-30, cw, manhattan-style, qrp, transceiver |
Leave a reply
← PC6REC ATV station 70cm bicycle antenna →
Leave a Reply
Comment
Name *
Email *
Website
Post Comment
Reserved.

search...
Posted on 19 August 2014 by Ernest
Since the VFO, LF and receiver seem to

work without any problems, it was getting
time to build the final parts: the
transmitter board, the transmit/receive-
switch and the lowpass filter.
The transmitter is very easy to

Popular
understand. It all starts with a VFO signal → 5/8 Wave vertical antennas for HF
(2.100 … 2.150 MHz), mixed with an 8 → 30m QRP transceiver: part 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
MHz signal (xtal oscillator) by yet another → HB9CV-in-a-box antenna for 23cm
NE612. The output signal of the mixer → Automatic antenna tuner using an Arduino
includes the sum frequency, which will be → Squalo antenna for 6m
the carrier. Because the mixer also → Pixie2 QRP transceiver for 80m
produces some other frequencies (e.g. 8
– 2.1 = 5.9 MHz) the mixer output is Final shot of the rig, including labels, key and
headphones.
followed by a bandpass filter. The clean Tags
carrier is amplified by 3 stages. The final
stage is a C-class transistor amplifier with 3 transistors parallel connected. The output is connected 2m 3d-printing 6m 10m 15m 17m 20m 23cm
to the TX/RX switch, there was just enough space left on the board to include that circuit part. The 30m 40-30 40m 70cm 80m 160m
transmitter board (just another piece of copper clad) has the same size as the receiver board,
allowing to put them back-to-back in the case.
I still had some room left in the case, more than enough to house the lowpass filter. I built it on kenwood kit linux manhattan-
digimode
another small piece of copper clad. Since I worried a bit about the power characteristics of those style movie nails pacc pic qrp raspberrypi
resistor-shaped inductors I made these myself, each inductor made of 8 turns of shielded copper receiver repair result satellite straight key
wire on a T50-2 core.
yagi
The transmitter board, from left to right: Thanks to my compact building work
mixer with 8 MHz oscillator, first stage, enough space remains available for a PI-
second stage, final stage, TX/RX-switch. filter and future extensions.
Archive
September 2017 (1)
March 2017 (1)
December 2016 (2)
December 2015 (3)
October 2015 (1)
April 2015 (1)
February 2015 (2)
The PI-filter. January 2015 (1)
All parts in place, all boards connected, December 2014 (1)
ready to put into the case. November 2014 (2)
October 2014 (1)
When testing the transmitter board there was no output, and it drew just a few milliamps, so September 2014 (1)
something was terribly wrong. I fired up my oscilloscope and soon found out that the 8 MHz crystal August 2014 (3)
oscillator wasn’t running, caused by a broken NE612 mixer. I replaced the chip and the oscillator July 2014 (1)
was running now. However, there was still no output… I turned around the cores and variable June 2014 (3)
capacitor many times, but whenever I touched the morse key the needle of my power meter did not May 2014 (2)
move. It was getting late so I turned of my soldering iron and went to bed. April 2014 (2)
March 2014 (4)
The next evening I did some more measuring, testing and reading. I found out that the first 2 February 2014 (2)
stages operated very nicely, but the final stage (3x 2N3866 parallel) was not waking up. I tried to January 2014 (2)
increase that input signal by slightly modifying the first 2 stages, without success. Then I read the December 2013 (5)
datasheet of the 2N3866 and 2N4427 transistors again and found out that its emitter-base voltage November 2013 (2)
is about 3.5 volts, while the 2N4427 (almost identical to the 2N3866) requires only 2.0 volts. I February 2013 (1)
immediately ordered a bunch of 2N4427’s. Two days later they were delivered and I rebuilt the final February 2012 (1)
stage. I pressed the morse key once more, looked up a bit nervously to the power meter. And yes! January 2012 (1)
About 1 watt of power was leaving the rig and heating up the small dummyload. December 2011 (1)
November 2011 (2)
October 2011 (1)
April 2011 (1)
February 2011 (1)
January 2011 (1)
December 2010 (1)
October 2010 (1)
September 2010 (1)
August 2010 (2)
July 2010 (2)
February 2010 (1)
March 2009 (1)
May 2008 (2)
Rear view of the completed electronics. The modified transmitter board, now with the July 2007 (1)
2N4427’s installed. July 2006 (1)
December 2005 (1)
October 2002 (1)
August 2002 (1)
Important notice
This is my personal website, it reflects my personal
whatsoever.
The box is closed! Jan PA1JT offered me this cute tiny morse regulations.
key, perfect for backpacking! All content on this website is licensed under a
The transceiver is ready now. It was a very nice project to do. The construction with all those small International License.
boards happened to be very successful. The radio can be serviced easily by lifting the mainboard
and removing/isolating one of the modules. The reception is great, the IF-filter is very nice. The
VFO is very stable, I can just power on the radio and almost immediately start operating.
Still, there are a couple of things that I might improve in the near future:
The sidetone is rather loud compared to the received signal.

I would have expected a bit more output power. A single 2N4427 has a maximum output
power rating of 1 watt, so 3 should easily provide 2 watts. I’m thinking about adding a small
capacitor parallel to the 100 ohm resistor in the second stage (emitter of the second
2N2222).
For now the box is ready to prove itself. The first occurance will be my holiday to Scotland, during a
hike in the beautiful Highlands. Maybe I will do some SOTA activation too.
I finish this final part by saying thank you to Onno PA2OHH for his publication of this great little
“NiceRig” 40-30.
Fox transmitter for

80m
squalo-6m-10 –
Ernest Neijenhuis...
Pixie2 QRP
transceiver for 80m
30m QRP
transceiver – Part 3
July 2010 – Ernest

Neijenhuis...
May 2008 – Ernest

Final shot of the rig, including labels, key and headphones. Neijenhuis...
Jan PA3EGH made an audio recording of my radio signal when I was on holiday in Scotland. This
recording demonstrates the stability and clear tone of the transmitter: PoRG v2 – Ernest
Neijenhuis...
00:00 00:00
Posted in Transmitters and receivers | Tagged 30m, 40-30, cw, manhattan-style, qrp, repair, Station Description
transceiver | Leave a reply
← 70cm bicycle antenna Altoids L-tuner → First experiences

with my 30m QRP...
Leave a Reply
Homebrew – Ernest
Neijenhuis...
Comment squalo-6m-ve3bxp
March 2009 –
February 2010 –
Name *
Email *
Website
Post Comment
Reserved.
1/11/2018 230Vac Electricity (Working with 230Vac)
Working with 230Vac

Your reference guide to working with 230Vac or 110Vac High Voltage Electricity.
Edited by Lim Siong Boon, last dated 29-Aug-09.

email:
website: http://www.siongboon.com
Content 230Vac
1. Safety
2. Signal and Measurement
3. Working with 230Vac electronics
4. AC lightings wiring guide
1. Safety
Introduction
The objective of this site is to get to know about the electronics components
that can help us control 230Vac devices. Devices like ac lamps/lightings, power
sockets/supply, heater, and many many other appliances at home. We are all
surrounded by many appliances operating directly from AC mains supply. It is
very interesting to control and work with these appliances. Learning to control
with electronics, microcontroller and computer.
Our home is typically pre-installed with 230Vac sockets. The socket where we
obtain our electrical power source. It is this basic utilities that keeps us
operating in this urbanization era. Different country implement their own AC
voltage system & AC plug. The electrical delivered to our home wall socket is
a 230Vac single phase ac power. So throughout the section, we will only talk
about single phase system and not the three phase system.
The first thing in my mind when it comes to 230Vac is "Dangerous"!!! I am

still very scare of it. One careless mistake and we might not have a second
chance to try again. Some article suggests that a voltage over 30V is considered
as danger. Lower voltage is relatively safe to touch with your bare hand,
although sometimes you may get the shock sensation on your muscle.
230Vac is a dangerous stuff, but when working with electronics you can hardly
avoid using it. And when we cannot avoid it, then we have to face it. Facing it,
by understanding more about it. Minimizing our chance of getting killed by
230Vac. So let us pay careful attention to this section.
The following article is from a website with simple illustration of electrical

safety. It explains in simple terms the difference between birds and human
touching the same high voltages cable. Why birds don't get electrocuted? How
do we get electrocuted? From these two question, we get to understand more
about voltages and how we should deal with them to protect ourselves. Safety
first, which is why I put this as the first section.
- electrical safety.pdf
http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/DesignOffice/mdp/electric_web/DC/DC_3.html
Remember that we will not have any chance to try again. Understanding the
danger of electrical earth path will minimize the chance of getting electrocuted.
Before touching any wire, be sure to measure and ensure that there are no "live"
voltage on the wire. You can use a multi-meter or test pen to check for live
connection.
http://www.siongboon.com/projects/2009-06-27%20230Vac%20electricity/ 1/18
Multi-meter. Measure between the "live" and "nuetral" line to check

if 230Vac is present.
Test Pen (this test pen comes in the form of a slotted screw driver.
You can see a small bulb embedded in the handle. Touch the suspected "live"
wire with the tip of the screw driver. Locate the back of the handle for a metal
plate. If the bulb inside the handle lit up, when you touch your finger to the
metal plate, it means that the wire is "live".
reference:
Electrical System around the world,
- http://kropla.com/electric2.htm
Electrical Safety,
- http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/DesignOffice/mdp/electric_web/DC/DC_3.html or
electrical safety.pdf
- http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/worksheets/shock.html
On the left are some of the common electrical box that we may find in our
Electrical box install at home.. . home. They are the main electrical distribution point to all the other rooms.
From the power station to the sub-station and then to this box, distributing
electrical power to our rooms.
This Type-G plug distributed to our rooms, consist of

3 cable namely Live (hot, brown), Neutral (return,
blue) and Earth (safety ground, yellow/green).
Click here for other plug type.

Bigger electrical box install at office...
On the electrical box, we can see a row of switch. One

main switch is particular unique in color or size. This
is the main switch which cut off the supply from live and neutral wire. The rest
of the switches, only the live wire is disconnected. This is an important note to
take, and the same applies to the wall switches. When we switch off the light or
appliances, only the "Live" wire is disconnected.
Various names: Electrical box, DB box, Electrical distribution
panel, Control panel There was once I was working on a power supply unit. Wanting to doing
rewiring, I switch off the power leaving the 3 pin plug on the socket. I have
carefully unscrewed and pull out the earth wire. Thinking that it is now safe
that I have switch off the AC socket, I become relax and casually removed the
earth cable. The earth wire accidentally touches the neutral wire and phow, my
whole office got black out. From then on, I remember that neutral wire is as
alive as the live wire. Never treat it lightly. When you switched off the power to
do maintenance work, do not assume that the live as well as neutral is
disconnected. Always check and handle them with care. Insulate the bare wire
if you are unsure. Assume that they are always alive, unless you are absolutely
100% sure that the wire is unplugged from the power system. 99% is not good
enough. It has to be 100%.
It is recommended to install a circuit breaker (MCB) as well as a residual

current breaker RCB when working with AC devices/equipments under test.
They can protect against accidental over current or leakage fault that occur.
Anything goes wrong, the device will be tripped, cutting off the power supply
from the mains, protecting us from possible electrical shock.
RCB is more important as a protection from serious electrical shock. During

normal operation, the current to and from the live and neutral wire should be
equal. Any different in current indicates leakage. The device detects the leakage
and trip the supply source.
MCB (miniature circuit breaker) to protect the electrical line
from over current drawn. RCB (residual current breaker) MCB is more to cut off supply on overloading load. Example would be a short
similar to MCD is another protection device trips when circuit from a faulty equipment. If the supply is not cut in time, the huge
electrical leakage is detector (incoming current != outgoing current pumping through will heat up the cable, resulting in fire along the
current). Some device has both the features of MCD & RCD. cable.
They normally comes in the standard DIN rail mounting for
the electrical boxes. There was once I am working on an automated swing door system. I try to
cover back the aluminum cover, but find difficulty putting it back in position.
Other name: ELCB, MCCB, RCD, RCCB, RCCD (residual Not knowing why there was this small gap, I bang on the cover trying my luck
current circuit breaker), ground fault circuit interrupter to close it up. Suddenly I felt a very loud bang and bright light flashes over me,
(GFCI), ground fault interrupter (GFI) or an appliance followed shortly by a slight breeze. They were the result of the small explosion.
leakage current interrupter (ALCI), safety switches,
"salvavita" (life saver). After investigating, I found out the the casing actually cuts through the AC
cable resulting in a short circuit. The cable were not properly secure in a safe
position and the cover finishing is badly done. The edge will not filed and has a
very sharp edge. It is lucky that I remembered to connect the earth wire to the
aluminum cover, else I would have being shocked. So as you see, it is
important to earth the metal surface that are near the AC line.
The MCB is found to be tripped, and some burn mark can be seen around the
place of impact. The MCD is trip almost instantly, but the 3 pin AC plug for the
automation door is still badly burned. When I open up the plug, the interior is
Power Distribution Components, MCB, RCB, Switches
completely burned out. Wire and fuse all black with carbon. I have to spent
another hour to repair the cable & plug, tied the cable in place, smoothen the
cover edges. A lesson to learn. Proper installation not only protects ourselves
and it also minimize re-work.
In this scenario, the earth wire and MCB have done their job very well. You
may have installed these protect in place, but without proper knowledge of how
they are going to protect you, you are just as vulnerable. Learning how to
protect yourself is the most important.
A normal electrical switch. (no The switch on the left may looks like MCB or RCD. It function as a simple
protection function) single pole switch, and offers no protection at all. They are typical used to
disconnect the live wire inside the electrical box, switching off the devices just
like a wall switch.
Some models comes with a lockable design, for user to tagout. This is to
minimize any chance of people unknowingly switch on the power, when the
user is doing the maintenance work.
lockable switch for tagout purpose
Single Pole MCB explain Curve Types
Surge current can be higher than steady state current, especially for
inductive/capacitive load. Eg. motors. The surge higher than the current limit
set, can easily trip the MCB. This means that it can be difficult to switch on a
motor for example, because a surge from the motor startup can easily trip the
circuit breaker.
This call for special MCB which has a wider allowance for surge current. MCB
comes in various curve type, each has its torlerrence for surge current.
The photo on the left shows 3x MCB type (red color lever) having a circuit
breaking current of 10 amphere, namely B10, C10, D10. Each of them has the
same current limit. The type B, C or D curve indicates their ability to withstand
sudden power on surge current.
MCB type B curve - Can withstand a surge current of about 3-5 times its rated
current limit. For this MCB B10, the rate current limit is 10A. So this means
that the MCB can withstand up to about 30-50A of surge current within the
initial millisecond time.
MCB type C curve - Can withstand a surge current of about 5-10 times its
rated current limit. For this MCB B10, the rate current limit is 10A. So this
means that the MCB can withstand up to about 50-100A of surge current within
the initial millisecond time.
MCB type D curve - Can withstand a surge current of about 10-20 times its
rated current limit. For this MCB B10, the rate current limit is 10A. So this
means that the MCB can withstand up to about 100-200A of surge current
within the initial millisecond time.
There is another single pole MCB B16 in the picture. This MCB breaks the
circuit when the current is over 16A. The MCB is of type B, meaning it can
withstand the initial surge current of about 48-80A.
Industrial safety practice
When servicing AC socket or equipment, ensure that the AC source at the

electrical box is switched off. If possible, unplug from the AC socket.
Lockout/Tagout procedure should be practice strictly. This is important when

we work outside because we may not be the only person operating the
equipment. Lockout/Tagout involve locking and tagging the switch source. So
you can be sure that no other people can switch the power back on, when you
are working on the socket or equipment. It is a safety procedure. If you do not
have the facilities to lock out the power, a sign board or labeling warning is
advise to prevent any accidental switched on.
For your own safety, the procedure is worth the trouble.
As what I have experience, AC power is actually quite dangerous. It is very

Some signage references, important that you equip yourself with the knowledge and know-how to protect
yourself against any electrocuted accident. Safety is the most important.
Always treat it as through it is the first you have touch it.
Singapore Customized, custom made Electronics Circuits & Kits
2. Signal and Measurement
Measuring Voltage
There is once I wanted to measure the AC signal using my

oscilloscope from the mains. I am curious to look at the sine wave
from the wall socket mains. Tack, all the offices around me had their
power tripped.
I made a Mistake?..... I don't even know why? I was lucky that I

took extreme precaution during the measurement.
It is then that I started to re-visit 230Vac to understand more about

it. I realized that our oscilloscope ground clip is actually connected
to the earth as reference. Which is why the power trip, when I clip
the ground lead to the neutral line. When this earth clip touches the
neutral wire, the extra electricity leakage tripped the MCB
(Miniature Circuit Breakers) found inside our electrical box. This is
a safety feature to protect us. So remember that the Earth line is
connected to the ground lead of the oscilloscope probe. Be careful.
graphic taken from:

http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/worksheets/scope1.html Does this means that we cannot measure the ac waveform using the
oscilloscope? How do we do the measurement then?
From what I found out, there are various methods to measure.

Differential method to measure the AC signal would be more
appropriate. Two probe would be required, placing across the signal
you ant to measure. Ground lead can be floating, which the
reference is earth because the ground lead is connected to the earth
line. The difference between the two probe channel would be the
actual AC signal. With help from the typical oscilloscope feature,
the signal can be obtain as a single waveform ploy on the screen.
One of the channel need to invert (using the INV function), and both
the channel are added (using the ADD function).
Measurement technique
- A Shortish Guide to Using an Oscilloscope.pdf
- Floating Oscilloscope Measurements.pdf
- Fundamentals of Floating Measurements and Isolated Input
Oscilloscopes.pdf
- http://idobartana.com/hakb/oscope.htm (10x probe to measure high
voltage)
graphic taken from:
http://oscilloscope-tutorials.com/oscilloscope/Setting.asp
Oscilloscope guide from other site,

- XYZs of Oscilloscopes, Tektronix 03W_8605_2.pdf
- Basic oscilloscope operation.pdf- http://www.best-microcontroller-
projects.com/how-to-use-an-oscilloscope.html
Seldom typical engineer like us need to examine the AC signal.

Those power engineering people who wanted to measure the signal
probably wanted to see the harmonics to check up on the quality of
the power supply. Or perhaps, as curious as I am, just wanting to see
it.
Measuring the mains using digital multimeter. Reading is The most frequent used equipment for measuring our 230Vac mains
230Vrms would be the multi-meter. Portable and inexpensive. Providing us
the basic measurement for checking the wire voltage. The power is
quite reliable in urban area, always maintain it's voltage reasonably
at 230Vac. Probably a test pen can be the only measuring equipment
you need.
When we measure the ac mains from the socket using the digital
multi-meter, we will get a reading of 230Vac or 110Vac (depending
on the country you are in). Take special note that this reading is
effectively the rms (root mean square) voltage. The actual peak
voltage of the electrical line go up to about 325Vpeak. The 325Vp
(peak) sine wave is equal to 230Vrms.
Vrms = √2 x Vp.
230Vrms = 0.707 x 325Vp.
Vrms can be think as the equivalent voltage in dc for power

computation. The actual AC power (sine wave in red) has the same
energy as one that is illustrated in the Vrms view point (square wave
in blue). The energy can be computed, and they are defined as the
area under the waveform. Area under the square & sine wave is
equal. I have draw out the waveform to illustrate the idea.
Keep in mind the peak voltage. It would be useful in helping you

graphic taken from: select the proper component. Capacitor is one of such component
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_3/9.html where the capacitance and voltage rating is the main criteria for
selection. Voltage higher than what the it can take, the capacitor will
experience voltage breakdown. Pop, the capacitor can have a mini
exposion.
So do remember, the AC mains is in fact 325Vp (peak) or 650Vp-p

(peak to peak). That is very high voltage!!!
The waveform of the AC mains 230Vac 50Hz is shown in red.
The signal we should see on the scope.... (click to enlarge)

references:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current
The Practical Part.........
Yes. Now that we get our theory clear, let's get on to the real hands
on.
Date: 2009-08-01
This is one of the most exciting experiment that I ever done. Ever
since my first disaster measuring AC mains, my understanding of
oscilloscope and AV mains remains very unclear. Every step is
carefully think of, carefully executed. This is unlike any other new
electronics circuit that I want to experiment with. Any minor doubt
that I have, I will research on the internet to confirm my
understanding before I connect up the circuit.
It feels to me like experimenting with dangerous explosive. One

mistake, either my life at risk, or my expensive digital oscilloscope
gets damaged. It is the most detailed experiment that I ever done.
For an experience engineer, this can be as easy as ABC. For a first

timer like me who have never measure the 230Vac line, and no
senior to guide me, this is really frightening yet exciting. I am sure
we will have a better understanding of high ac voltage, with this step
by step measurement guide. Dealing with 230Vac will eventually be
as easy as ABC.
So let me starts this exciting experiment.
NOTE: Click on the image for a clearer view. The picture on the left is the setup that I have prepare for the 230Vac
signal measurement.
My measurement setup for measuring the output of the zero
crossing triacs circuit. A detail connection of this setup is shown Equipment used in this measurement experiment
in the following section.
- 3 pin extension socket (protected by RCD device)
- Triacs switch circuit
- DC power supply (to activate the triacs circuit)
- AC fan (device to be controlled by the switch circuit)
- Oscilloscope (Tektronix TDS 2014) and probe.
- Some wires for connection.
My triacs switch circuit. This switch circuit is solid state relay. The circuit that I am going to measure is the output of a AC switch
Just like a mechanical relay, the circuit interface helps digital circuit presented on the left. The circuit using a triac component to
control circuit to control a 110/230Vac mains devices. There is a switch the AC power. If you are interested to find out more about
AC input and the controlled output as shown by the green wire this circuit, you can visit the following page I have put up.
terminal. Click here for further detail information on this circuit
on another page. - about Triacs circuit
The following summaries the steps taken in order to do a proper

measurement.
1) All the equipment for the experiment is powered from the RCD
(residual current device) protected extension plug. This is to protect
myself in case I accidentally touches the live/hot wire. The RCD
will cut off the power in the case of power leakage through my
body.
2) Connect up two probe from the oscilloscope to the circuit. CH1

probe is connected to the Live wire output, while CH2 is connected
to the Neutral wire. The ground clip of the probe should be
connected to the oscilloscope Earth pin. You should able to see such
a pin on your scope with the Earth/Ground symbol (see the photo on
the left). This is the setup for measurement with reference to the
Probe ground crocodile clip is clip onto the oscilloscope Earth Earth ground. This Earth pin is internally connected to our 3pin AC
pin. The measurement for Live/Neutral signal is with reference socket. Therefore the pin is the same as our 3 pin plug Earth. The
to the Earth potential. grounding clip from the oscilloscope is found to be Earth, so in fact
there is no need to connect up. For clarity and safety reason, just
connect it up. Always ensure that your oscilloscope is properly
Earth for safety reason.
3) Set the probe attenuation to 10x. On probe there is a switch

labeled 1x and 10x. 1x means that the probe signal is exactly feed
into the scope. 10x means that the signal will be attenuated to a
factor of 10 times before feeding into the scope. The scope may not
be aware of the attenuation, so it is important to setup the scope for
the 10x measurement. If this is not done, you will find that the
reading is 10x smaller than expected. A 10V signal will be read as
1V. It is not important but will be clearer if you just set it on the
scope. The signal is expected to see on the scope should be a 325V.
After attenuating the probe, only 32.5V is actually feed into the
oscilloscope input. Tektronix TDS 2014 oscilloscope can accept
signal up to 300V. Without the attenuation, the scope might just
blow up. Although the scope received only an input of 32.5Vp, it
multiple the scale by a factor of 10 because of the settings I have
done on the scope.
4) The reading is going to be very high, so set the voltage div for
both CH1 & CH2 to the max. In my case after adjustment to the 10x
factor on the scope, my max setting is 50 volt/div.
5) Set the scope to Math function: CH1 - CH2. CH1 is measuring

the Live signal with reference to Earth while CH2 is measuring the
Neutral wire with reference to Earth. In order to measure the signal
Live with reference to Neutral, we need the scope to do some math,
CH1 - CH2. (A red trace appear representing a new trace CH1 -
CH2). Disable the CH1 & CH2 trace so that you can see only CH1 -
CH2 trace clearly.
6) Ensure that all wire is properly screwed and secure. Pull
individual wire, and ensure that it does not comes off.
The oscilloscope presents the signal at the output of the triacs switch
circuit.
The AC mains power is not switch on to the triacs switch circuit yet,
so no signal is detected at the circuit output..
Once I switch on the mains switch, some small noise is detected at

the output of the circuit. The triacs is in the off state but some signal
is being observed. This means that there are some leakage. The
leakage is ok because it is too small to activate the AC fan.
The triac switch is activated and the 230Vac is observed at the

output. Yes, this is the 230Vac. But there is a problem. The voltage
is too high for the oscilloscope to display. My scale is to 50 volt/div,
and I have only 8 division on the y-axis for display. This means that
I can only measure in the range of 200Vp-p. The reason for the
signal clipping on the display.
To display the full 230Vac range or 325Vp-p. We need to attenuate

the signal more. Some probe you have the option to attenuate by
100x.
230Vac measurement connection with oscilloscope My probe only allows me to attenuate the signal by a factor of 10. I
will need to attenuate the signal further.
For my case, I have a voltage divider using 2x 1MΩ (0.25W), to

attenuate the signal by two times before feeding the signal to the
probe. The voltage divider is connected across the output terminal of
the Live and the Neutral wire. CH1 is connected to the divided
voltage (between the two resistor), while the CH2 remains
connected to the Neutral wire.
You can use other resistor value but you need to ensure that the
resistor wattage is able to handle the high voltage. The maximum
voltage across the Live/Neutral is 325V. If 2x 1MΩ is used for he
Measurement with voltage divider across Live & Neutral wire. voltage dividing, the maximum current expected will be about
0.16mA. The minimum wattage required is therefore 325V x
0.16mA = 0.053W. I have used a 0.25W resistor, which is more than
enough. If you are using 2x 10kΩ resistor divider, make sure your
resistor wattage is at least 6W. There will be more current flowing
through the resistor, more energy dissipating across it, and it is
going to be hot. A lot of energy is wasted if you use lower
resistance.
The left present the actual measurement setup with a voltage divider
circuit to attenuate the signal so that the oscilloscope is able to
display the high voltage.
Remember to multiply the voltage by 2 times while you analyze Finally a clear 230Vac waveform display with a period of 20ms. I
this waveform. This is because the voltage has been divided by finally managed to measure the 230V mains.
2 due to the voltage dividing circuit. Click on the photo to
enlarge the signal 650Vp-p at 50Hz, representing our 230Vac On the scope, the signal display about 320Vp-p, but in fact the
mains supply. signal is actually about 640Vp-p. This is because of the voltage
divider that I have added and the scope just have no idea about it. So
mentally, you need to multiply by 2 to get the correct reading. This
is about the same as what we have computed previously. 230Vrms
has the actual waveform of 650Vp-p at 50Hz. Any capacitance
component attached across the Live & Neutral wire have to
withstand at least the voltage of 325V. This is important for our
component selection.
After this write up I have better confidents in dealing with 230Vac

and it's electronics. Something that I often used and understood little
about it.
It is so interesting. If only I am as curious when I am in school

during my teenage days. There would be many teachers to guide me
in the understanding. As a teenagers, most of us probably be fooling
around rather than learning seriously and actively. Wanting to learn
and know more than what the lecturer teaches.
I hope you have enjoy, and get a better understand in dealing with
230Vac measurement.
Measuring current by inserting the meter into the current path. Measuring Current
How much current is being drawn from your wall socket. You might
probably want to know how much energy your
equipment/appliances is consuming.
For measurement of current, a cable clamp meter is recommended.

Clamp measurement detects the invisible alternating electrical field
generated by the 230V ac 50Hz. No contact with the copper wire,
just clamp around the cable. This is all about Faraday Law, founder
Michael Faraday. It is actually very interesting learning about the
Measuring the AC current using the clamp meter. Easy, just history of how people actually discover these physics. They are
clamp it. great people. I watched a very interesting science history
documentary. A documentary about the history and concept behind
E=mc2. I think it would be great to share you everyone.
Do a search on,
"E=mc2 - Einstein and the World's Most Famous Equation"
picture taken from:

http://www.nakano-permalloy.co.jp/e_clamp_on_meter.html
http://www.licensedelectrician.com/Store/AM/AC71B.htm
Measuring Current using a current sense coil or transformer
The picture on the left is a mini current transformer. To measure the

current flowing through your AC power line, either a "Live" or
"Neutral" wire has to be put through the hole located in the centre of
the sensor.
The sensor consist of fine wire coil inside. The coil is wind around
the circular core, forming a ring to sense the AC magnetic field
around the AC power cable through the hole. It is important that
only the "Live" or "Neutral" wire can be inserted through the hole. If
a mini current sensor for AC power line. both the "Live"and "Neutral" are put through the hole, the signal
Comes with 1:300, 1: 500, etc... transformer coil ratio will be minimum. This is because the magnetic field of the out
going wire will be cancel off by the returning wire.
The picture on the left is a simple setup with the oscilloscope probe
to the two terminal on the current sensor.
Note that only 1 wire (Neutral) through the hole on the current
sensor.
Signal at the output of a 1:300 coil transformer, while powering up a

sprindle motor. The motor load is an inductive load. The current
signal being pick up is quite noisy from the motor. The signal is
about 5Vp-p.
Signal at the output of a 1:300 coil transformer, while powering up a

soldering iron. The soldering iron is a heating element which is a
resistive load. The current signal looks like the 230Vac 50Hz sin
wave at about 0.2Vp-p.
This is a rectified signal (using diode bridge) picked from the sensor.
The power line is not powered up, no load. I thought it should be
flat. It could be noise generated from other nearby appliance through
the "Neutral" wire.
The signal seems weird, but I did not investigate much on this result.
Ch1 is the rectified signal picked up by a 1:300 current sensor. The

motor load is being switched on and off.
Ch2 is the signal conditioned through a LPF (low pass filter) and an
op-amp comparator circuit. A clean result showing the motor being
on and off.
Ch1 is the rectified signal picked up by a 1:500 current sensor. The

motor load is being switched on and off. As you can see, the
magnitude of the signal being picked up is higher. A higher voltage
output, is being trade-off with a lower current drive. Since the signal
will be conditioned by an op-amp, having a low current drive is not
much of a problem.
Ch2 is the signal conditioned through a LPF (low pass filter) and an
op-amp comparator circuit. A clean result showing the motor being
on and off.
Computing Appliances Electricity Usage
Now that we measured the current consumption, I am starting to be

curious on the power consumption for a typical home. Just for the fun of
it, I have investigate some of the high power consumption appliances.
Energy (Wattage) = Voltage (Vrms) x Current (Ampere)
reference:
http://michaelbluejay.com/electricity/computers.html
Energy meter to measure How much does my power cost?

power consumption of
your electrical appliances.
Energy cost: S$0.1803/kWh as on 16 Jun 2009
Energy cost: S$0.2558/kWh as on 1st Apr 2011
Energy cost: S$0.2728/kWh as on 1st July 2011
This means that it cost S$0.1803 running an appliance consumption
1kW for an hour.
See more energy measurement at another webpage Energy Audit
Energy consumption for 8hr/day= 77W x 8hr = 616Wh

Air King Model 9106
Energy consumption for 30 days = 616Wh x 30 = 18.48kWh
Energy: 57-77Watt Energy cost for 30 days = 18.48kWh x $0.1803/kWh = $3.33
Energy for a Fan will cost about

$2.47-$3.33 per month
Daikin Inverter Multi Split (R-22)

Energy consumption for 8hr/day= 6900W x 8hr = 55.2kWh
Energy consumption for 30 days = 55.2kWh x 30 = 1656kWh
Energy cost for 30 days = 1656kWh x $0.1803/kWh = $298.58
Energy for a Fan will cost about

$65.77-$298.58 per month
Energy: 1520-6900Watt
MSZ-FB series
Energy: 2500-5000Watt
MR-560U 560 litre Refrigerator Energy consumption for 30 days = 520Wh x 30 = 15.6kWh
Energy: 570kWh/year Energy cost for 30 days = 15.6kWh x $0.1803/kWh = $2.81

or 65W when I divide that number
with 365 days x 24 hours Energy for a Refrigerator will cost about
$2.81 per month

Philips MASTER TL5 circular
fluorescent lamp Energy cost for 30 days = 14.4kWh x $0.1803/kWh = $2.60
Energy: 22-60W Energy for a fluorescent lamp will cost about

$0.95-$2.60 per month
Philips PL-T compact fluorescent bulb

CFL, compact fluorescent
Energy: 32-42W
Energy cost for 30 days = 10.08kWh x $0.1803/kWh = $1.82
Energy for a fluorescent lamp will cost about

$1.38-$1.82 per month
Incandescent Light Bulb
Energy: 50W Incandescent seems to have similar wattage with the fluorescent. In fact
a 15W compact fluorescent can have the equivalent brightness of the 50-
60W incandescent bulb. Therefore using fluorescent can be cost saving.
http://www.caus.vt.edu/maketheswitch/pages/facts.html
The energy cost matches quite well with my home monthly electrical
bill. I am quite surprise that the fridge use so much less energy. Did I
make any wrong assumption? Now I also aware that the energy to turn
on the aircon for a day, is enough to operate a fan for 3 months.
End of the fun. Let us start to research more about the AC ingredients
available.
See more energy measurement at another webpage Energy Audit
3. Working with 230Vac electronics

Component suitable for switching on and off 230Vac devices. The list on the left are namely some of the
common components used for controlling
- Mechanical relay 230Vac appliances.
- Solid state relay This section is closely related to

switching. So I decide to divert your
- Triacs attention to the switch. The range of
components for controlling your
- Thyristor appliances. It is all about
- Capacitor (high voltage rating)
- Resistor (high wattage rating)

"Switch"...
- Transformer So let's move on to
learn more about
about transformer- transformer.pdf
reference from http://www.melcontransformers.info/ switch.
AC to DC conversion (Transformerless)
Our electrical system uses high AC voltage to distribute energy to our homes. Most gadgets works with DC voltage,
therefore we often see a AC-DC circuit module as part of the gadget.
Some AC-DC module are integrated into the product; for example, our computer, DVD player, radio. Some AC-DC
module comes in the form of power adaptor that supply DC voltage to the devices.
The AC-DC module is so common, it will be useful to learn about them. Most AC-DC contains a transformer to
isolate the DC voltage from the AC mains. This acts as a form of protection, so that people will not get electrocuted
when touching the DC circuit.
There is also a newer type of AC-DC using switching method. It is something similar to switching DC-DC method.
The transformer used can be alot smaller. You can see that old power adaptor was heavy and bulky. The power
adaptor nowsaday are light and small.
Another type of AC-DC module uses only resistors and capacitors, without any transformer. They are also known
as transformerless AC-DC circuit. You need to be careful when handling this type of cicuit as it is not isolated from
the AC mains. You will get electrocuted touching the DC circuits. Please refer to the section above to understand
more about 230Vac and how one can get electrocuted. Transformerless circuit is simple and cheap, and it is suitable
for application that consume low power.
Example: Transformerless 230Vac to 4.6Vdc This circuit converts 230Vac to 4.6Vdc

without using any transformer. Please
take note that the circuit is not isolated
from the 230Vac mains; ensure that the
circuit is enclosed and properly earthed to
prevent accidental electrical shock.
(Last update: 31 Oct 2010)
Please click here to see the transformerless AC-DC circuit schematic.
Example: Transformerless 230Vac to Vdc (for a load of 24Vdc 20mA) This circuit converts 230Vac to Vdc
suitable for a 24V 20mA load, without
using any transformer. Please take note
that the circuit is not isolated from the
230Vac mains; ensure that the circuit is
enclosed and properly earthed to prevent
accidental electrical shock.
(Last update: 12 Jan 2011)
Please click here to see the transformerless AC-DC circuit schematic.
Another transformerless circuit 230Vac to 5Vdc that I found on the internet. (I have not tested this yet)
AC-DC integrated circuit product manufacturer
You can refer to the datasheet on their website for the datasheet and application notes.
High efficient ac-dc conversion IC
- isolated (smaller transformer

component)
- non isolated (transformerless),

LNK306DN
- isolated (smaller transformer
component), VIPer12A
AC-DC switching IC
IC: LM5021
IC: IRIS4013(K), IRIS40 series,
irismps3.pdf
IC: NCP1200, AND8023-D.PDF
IC: NCP1381
4. AC lightings wiring guide

Keyword: difference between normal fluorescent, PLC lamp EXAMPLE
LEd fluorescent circuit
power supply LEd fluorescent circuit Say hob 32a
Say oven 32a
Connecting electronic ballast with a fluorescent lamp.
Total load 64amp
http://www.goodmart.com/facts/light_bulbs/ballast_wiring.aspx
http://www.repairfaq.org/sam/flamp.htm Cooker apply diversity
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballast_(electrical)
http://www.oksolar.com/lighting/ballasts.htm 1st 10a 10amp
30% of 54a 16.2amp
Allow for socket 5amp
Ib 31.2amp
(Ib no socket 26.2amp)
Pluggable connector for 230Vac lighting points (Live, Neutral,

Earth) Pluggable 3 way connectors from wieland, commonly used for
connecting electrical AC cables to lightings lamp. The connector can
be pre-installed onto the power termination point and the mating
connector on the lamp component. This simplifies the cable to lamp
SPINNE EM16 connector (Black) connection and allows faster installation.
163 3 TS IEC998-2-1 connector (Black)
Can be purchased from New Starlight Industries Pte Ltd

http://www.newstarlight.com/prdt76.html
quick release connector (no need to screw on the wire)
5. Ground Loop
references:
http://sound.westhost.com/earthing.htm
http://www.compliance-
club.com/archive/old_archive/020918.htm
Keyword: Vac mains, 230Vac 110Vac, High Voltage, Electrocute, Danger
Wall sockets, power points, power sockets, electric receptacles, electrical outlets
email:
1/11/2018 Acid accumulator condition indicator - Indikátor stavu Pb akumulátoru
Pb battery status indicator

Acid accumulator condition indicator
The indicator is used to determine the status of the lead accumulator. I used it in a backup source with a
maintenance-free gel lead accumulator. It can also be used in a motor vehicle to indicate battery status and
recharging, similar to the once popular "Batest".
Fig. 1. Pb battery status indicator

Fig. 1. Acid accumulator condition indicator
In the indicator ( figure 1 ) a double comparator with open collector LM393 is used. The supply voltage reduced
by the R2, R3 and R4 dividers is compared with the voltage of the Zener diode. The device will distinguish three
voltage levels. With these components, these voltages are up to 11.2 V (LED1 lit), 11.2 to 13.5 V (LED1 and
LED2 lit) and voltages greater than 13.5 V (all LEDs on). For other voltages, the resistors of the divider must be
changed or the Zener diode replaced. Gently adjust the indication range by changing the current flowing through
the Zener diode, ie by replacing the R1.
I used the indicator in conjunction with a maintenance-free battery and a switched source in a 12 V power source
to power the radio and the old video camera. The indicator turns on automatically when the current is being
drained. A current relay is used for this, see Figure 2. The current relay should be made by winding
approximately 120 threads with a 0.38 mm diameter wire to contact the reed relay. Then the relay switches to
about 300 mA at the current. The resistance of the coil in my case was about 0.3 Ohms. For larger streams, we
will draw less wires with a thicker wire. If, on the other hand, we have a larger number of threads with a thinner
wire, we attach two steel washers to the contact of the relay (the tube) between which the wire is wound up.
Thread the winding with a shrink sleeve. You can also turn on the test button at any time. To indicate the voltage
of the onboard network in the car, the relay does not need a button, the indicator is switched to the point where
the voltage appears after turning the starter key.
http://www.belza.cz/pwrsply/btst.htm 1/4
Fig. 2. Current relay

Fig. 2. Current relais
You can put the indicator on the printed circuit board according to Fig. 3. It is best for it to be energized from the
regulated power supply. We set the voltage at 11 to 11.5 volts at the source. The green LED should be lit within
the voltage range. The yellow LED should light up in the range of 13 to 13.8 V. If this is not the case and the
comparators are tilting at a lower voltage, the reference voltage is small. Without D1, we can help to reduce
resistance of resistor R1. If the comparators are tilting at higher voltages, we increase R1. For larger deviations,
you need to exchange ZD.
Inside the car, we place the indicator on the dashboard of the car in the driver's field of view. Connect the 0 V (-)
lead to the ground, the 12 V (+) terminal, eg to the outlet of some fuse on which the voltage is ON only when the
ignition is switched on. Then the tester will be automatically turned on only when driving. Contact the relay in
this case with a jumper.
Fig. 3. The printed circuit board of the voltage indicator. Click to get a picture at 600 dpi
Fig. 3. PCB layout indicator. Click to get 600 dpi resolution image
Fig. 4. Layout of the components on the board

Fig. 4. Locations of components on the board
Fig. 5. Indicator plate

Fig. 5. Indicator board
Parts list
R1 1.8 kOhm
R2 100 kOhm
R3 15 kOhm
R4 82 kOhm
R5 470 Ohm
NO. 1 100 nF, ceramic.
LED1 red / red
LED2 green / green
LED3 yellow / yelow
ZD 5,6 V (BZX83V005.6)
IO1 LM393
Re current relay / current relais
Tl button
Circuit board bcs13
Jaroslav Belza
Practical Electronics 7/1996 p. 30 (under pseudonym VH)

Structural Electronics 3/1997 p. 94
25. 7. 2000
1/11/2018 Adapter for LC meter – Ernest Neijenhuis PA3HCM Homepage
Adapter for LC meter Search

search...
Posted on 15 September 2014 by Ernest
The dutch electronics shop Van Dijken

Elektronica sells a nice kit to build your
own LC meter. The kit includes a
professional PCB, all components, building
instructions, prepared case and leads. The
kit takes an evening to assemble, the
result is an instrument to measure Popular
capacitors and inductors. Every radio → 5/8 Wave vertical antennas for HF
amateur should have one. → 30m QRP transceiver: part 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
→ HB9CV-in-a-box antenna for 23cm
I bought and built this kit about two years → Automatic antenna tuner using an Arduino
ago and used it with almost any homebrew → Squalo antenna for 6m
project. But every time I had some trouble → Pixie2 QRP transceiver for 80m
with the leads. Moving them results in a
The LC meter adapter in action.
different distance between the leads and
influences the measurement. Tonight I Tags
decided to get rid of the leads and build a simple adapter. It took me an hour to build, and another
30 minutes to write this article. 2m 3d-printing 6m 10m 15m 17m 20m 23cm
30m 40-30 40m 70cm 80m 160m
The adapter is made of copper clad. I cut the copper in the middle and soldered a 4mm connector antenna aprs arduino atv ax25 balun
on each side of the gutter. I soldered an IC socket and a 2-pin jumper, both above the gutter. The
jumper makes it easy to shorten the adapter (required for callibration when measuring
inductances). Just look at the pictures down here and I’m sure you can build your own adapter. kenwood kit linux manhattan-
digimode
Just modify the connectors (probably just the spacing) to use the same idea on any other LC style movie nails pacc pic qrp raspberrypi
meter. receiver repair result satellite straight key
How to measure an inductor using this adapter:
yagi
Connect the adapter to the LC meter.
Be sure no components are placed on the adapter.
Place the jumper.
Power on the LC meter in L mode.
Remove the jumper when the ‘Callibrating’ message disappears.
Place the inductor in the IC socket and read its value from the display.
Measuring a capacitor is about the same, except that the jumper needs to be removed before
powering the LC meter.
Archive
September 2017 (1)
March 2017 (1)
December 2016 (2)
December 2015 (3)
The LC meter with the original leads. The same LC meter, now with my adapter. October 2015 (1)
April 2015 (1)
February 2015 (2)
January 2015 (1)
December 2014 (1)
November 2014 (2)
October 2014 (1)
September 2014 (1)
August 2014 (3)
July 2014 (1)
June 2014 (3)
May 2014 (2)
April 2014 (2)
March 2014 (4)
February 2014 (2)
January 2014 (2)
LC meter adapter, front view. LC meter adapter, side view. December 2013 (5)
November 2013 (2)
February 2013 (1)
February 2012 (1)
Posted in Tools and measurement | Tagged adapter, beginners, lc-meter, manhattan-style | Leave January 2012 (1)
a reply December 2011 (1)
November 2011 (2)
October 2011 (1)
← Altoids L-tuner 5/8 Wave vertical antennas for HF → April 2011 (1)
February 2011 (1)
January 2011 (1)
December 2010 (1)
Leave a Reply
October 2010 (1)
September 2010 (1)
August 2010 (2)
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * July 2010 (2)
February 2010 (1)
Comment March 2009 (1)
May 2008 (2)
July 2007 (1)
July 2006 (1)
December 2005 (1)
October 2002 (1)
August 2002 (1)
Important notice
whatsoever.
Name * An appropriate amateur radio license is required to
regulations.
Email * All content on this website is licensed under a
Website
Post Comment
Station Description
30m QRP
Pixie2 QRP
transceiver for 80m
Fox transmitter for

80m
Automatic antenna
tuner using an...
Homebrew – Ernest
Neijenhuis...
arduino – Ernest
Neijenhuis...
30m QRP
A very small active

antenna
HF 1:4 balun –
30m QRP
squalo-6m-10 –
April 2011 – Ernest

Neijenhuis...
Reserved.
1/11/2018 Altoids L-tuner – Ernest Neijenhuis PA3HCM Homepage
Altoids L-tuner Search

search...
Posted on 25 August 2014 by Ernest
A while ago Tjeerd PA3GNZ donated me

some Barkleys mint tins (identical to the
famous Altoids tins), which are rather
popular by QRP builders to house small
homebrew stuff. Two weeks later I found a
czech webshop, offering a kit called
“Altoids L-tuner”. This kit perfectly fits in Popular
such a tin. Since this tuner would be a → 5/8 Wave vertical antennas for HF
perfect add-on for my 30m QRP → 30m QRP transceiver: part 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
transceiver, I immediately ordered it. → HB9CV-in-a-box antenna for 23cm
→ Automatic antenna tuner using an Arduino
The kit is a reproduction of a design made → Squalo antenna for 6m
by Steve Weber KD1JV. Steve named it → Pixie2 QRP transceiver for 80m
the “Altoids Long Wire Tuner”. It is meant
My Altoids L Tuner
to tune long wire antennas for 10-40m. The
design is a L-match (series inductor, Tags
parallel capacitor), it consists of 5 series connected inductors, followed by a variable capacitor to
ground. By means of jumpers you can bypass individual inductors and thus select the desired 2m 3d-printing 6m 10m 15m 17m 20m 23cm
inductance. The circuit also includes a poor man’s SWR bridge, which can be enabled by a switch. 30m 40-30 40m 70cm 80m 160m
The SWR is indicated by a LED.
kenwood kit linux manhattan-
digimode
style movie nails pacc pic qrp raspberrypi

receiver repair result satellite straight key
yagi
Original circuit diagram of the Altoids Long Wire Tuner, by Steve KD1JV.
After about a month the package got finally delivered, probably delayed by the fact that I ordered
the kit just a week before the yearly hamradio fest in Friedrichshafen. The kit consists of a high
grade circuit board and all required components. No documentation was included, so I returned to
the website and downloaded the documentation. This documentation is very poor, just one page
showing the circuit and PCB layout. At the bottom of the page some URL’s are given, including a Archive
website that links to this PDF-document. This document is a comprehensive building instruction for September 2017 (1)
this kit, telling you how to wind the different inductors and where to place all components. March 2017 (1)
December 2016 (2)
Once found the instruction it was very easy December 2015 (3)
to build the tuner. I encountered two small October 2015 (1)
issues: April 2015 (1)
February 2015 (2)
January 2015 (1)
The switch didn’t fit, the PCB holes December 2014 (1)
were to small, so I soldered the November 2014 (2)
October 2014 (1)
switch on top of it.
September 2014 (1)
The variable capacitor leads were August 2014 (3)
too short, so I used small pieces of July 2014 (1)
wire to connect it. June 2014 (3)
May 2014 (2)
April 2014 (2)
I used superglue to fixate the capacitor March 2014 (4)
and all inductors. I drilled a hole in each February 2014 (2)
corner of the board and used bolts an nuts January 2014 (2)
to place it into the tin. Between the board December 2013 (5)
and the bottom of the tin I placed a plastic Altoids L tuner, lid closed. November 2013 (2)
sheet to ensure isolation. I skipped the February 2013 (1)
included onboard cinch connector and February 2012 (1)
screw terminals, grabbed two screwtype cinch connectors instead from my junkbox, drilled holes in January 2012 (1)
the case and placed the connectors. With some small wires I connected them to the board. December 2011 (1)
November 2011 (2)
The tuner seemed to be ready now, however I could not close the lid. This was caused by the October 2011 (1)
capacitor, the axis was too long. I cut away most of it. I browsed my almost endlessly filled junkbox April 2011 (1)
again and found a small knob which fits at the remaining part of the capacitor’s axis. February 2011 (1)
January 2011 (1)
December 2010 (1)
October 2010 (1)
September 2010 (1)
August 2010 (2)
July 2010 (2)
February 2010 (1)
March 2009 (1)
May 2008 (2)
July 2007 (1)
July 2006 (1)
December 2005 (1)
October 2002 (1)
The kit contents. Basic components placed on the board. August 2002 (1)
Important notice
whatsoever.
regulations.
Capacitor in place. The switch didn’t fit due to too small PCB International License.
holes.
The prepared tin with bolts already in place. The board and connectors are placed in the
Note the small rings to maintain distance tin.
between board and bottom, and the
isolating plastic sheet.
This article was also published in:
DKARS Magazine, September 2014
Posted in Tools and measurement | Tagged 10m, 12m, 15m, 17m, 20m, 30m, 40m, antenna, kit,
qrp, tuner | Leave a reply
← 30m QRP transceiver – Part 5 Adapter for LC meter →
Leave a Reply
Comment
Name *
Email *
Website
Post Comment
Reserved.
1/11/2018 AM receiver w. 4049 / Simple AM receiver with 4049 circuit
Simple
AM receiver with 4049 AM receiver with 4049
circuit
The CMOS 4049 circuitry, which works as an analog amplifier, is used in the receiver. Even though the
receiver quite surprised me, do not expect any miracles from this simple engagement.
Fig. 1. Connecting the Receiver to the 4049 Circuit Board

Figure 1. AM receiver with 4049
The ferrite antenna signal goes through the capacitor C1 to the amplifier from the H1 and H2 inverters (the
numbering does not match the order in the housing). The operating point is set in the "analog" region by the
resistor R1 in the feedback of the first inverter. The operating point of the second inverter does not need to be
set. Since without the signal at the output H1 the same voltage as the input, this voltage is also at the input H2.
The characteristics of the inverters in one case are practically the same. In this amplifier, the entire voltage gain
of the receiver is concentrated.
Following is a demodulator (rectifier) with diode D1 and a filter element R2, C2. If the volume controller
should be used, connect the potentiometer instead of R2 and connect the C3 capacitor to the runner.
The demodulator is still an end amplifier. For listening, I used the usual "low-ohm" headphones that are
supplied for example to walkman. For silent listening, a speaker with 50 ohm impedance can also be connected
to the headphones. With a 8-ohm speaker, the receiver plays very quietly. The volume can be increased by using
an output transformer that is connected between the receiver output and the speaker. Do not use very small
speakers, have poor sensitivity. Because CMOS circuits are able to supply only a small current, all remaining
inverters are connected in parallel. The end amplifier has a gain less than 1 (more precisely -1) without load
load, set by resistors R3 and R4 in feedback. With earphones, the end stage gain is about 0.2 and the feedback is
low. Resistor R4 is required to set the operating point, R3 would theoretically replace short-circuit.
For the sample, the optimal supply voltage was 4.5 to 6 volts, even though it ran from 3 to 9 volts. The
receiver is very dependent on the supply voltage.
http://www.belza.cz/hf/rxa.htm 1/4
Tab. 1. Current consumption of the receiver depending on the supply voltage

Table 1. Power supply current vs. supply voltage
Udd [V] 3 4 5 6 7 9
Is [mA] 0.5 4.5 10 18 27 60
For the receiver I designed a printed circuit board according to Figures 2 and 3. The biggest problem will
probably be the manufacture of the input tuned circuit. I used a ferrite antenna and a tuning capacitor from an
old radio. On the ferrite antenna in Prague I captured ČRo2 station, with a short wire antenna (2 m) still Free
Europe and Country radio. We only use the CA capacitor for a long antenna. The longer the antenna will be, the
smaller capacity we use (50 to 1 pF). For a short antenna we will replace it with a short circuit.
Fig. 2. Printed circuit board of the receiver. Click to get a picture at 600 dpi
Figure 3. Receiver PCB layout. Click to get 600 dpi resolution image

Fig. 4 and 5. Assembled receiver samples

Figure 4 and 5. AM receiver photos
List of parts
R1 2.2 MOhm
R2 10 kOhm
R3, R4 100 kOhm
C1, C3, C6 100 nF, ceramic.
C2 10 nF, ceramic.
C4, C5 220 μF / 6.3 V
D1 1N4148 (KA206, KA262, ...)
IO1 HCF4049UBE
L1: 80-100 of
FA
L2: 10-20 z
CL 220 pF (150 + 64 pF)

CA 0 - 100 pF
K1 3.5mm jack SCJ-0354-U (SCJ-0354-5PU)
2x 32 Ohm
headphones / phones or output transformer and speaker
optional: output transformer and speaker
Circuit board bcs20
Jaroslav Belza
The article was published in Practical Electronics No. 11/2000 at p. 3 under the VH brand.
Then here and here .
5. 11. 2000
22. 4. 2003 upd.
1/11/2018 Analog Electronics
Analog Electronics
Your reference guide to analog electronics for your electronics projects.
Edited by Lim Siong Boon, last dated 06-Jul-08.

email:
Short cut to your reference guides and charts

1. Op-amp
2. Capacitor for Signal Filtering
3. Transistor Switching
Op-amp
Op Amps for Everyone, by Bruce Carter and Ron Mancini from Texas Instruments.
op amps for everyone (Texas Instrument).pdf
op amps for everyone third edition 2009 (Texas Instrument).pdf
Op-amp application notes from National Semiconductor,
An applications guide for op-amps.pdf
Single rail op-amp design from Texas Instruments
single power supply design.pdf
Various precision op-amp rectifier design.
http://sound.westhost.com/appnotes/an001.htm
From National Semiconductor and Texas Instruments

op_amp_circuit collection_AN-31.pdf
snla140a, Op Amp Circuit Collection.pdf
Others
op-amp awith offset (bias).pdf
Single Supply Op Amp Design.pdf
CH9 Paul Smith notes.pdf
http://www.siongboon.com/projects/2008-04-27_analog_electronics/index.htm 1/10
Type of Op-amp circuit
1) Non-Inverting amplifier
2) Inverting amplifier
3) Unity Buffer amplifier (Voltage follower)
4) Differetial amplifier
5) Suming amplifier
6) Instrumentation ampilfier
7) Oscillator
8) Comparator
9) Threshold detector
10) Zero Level detector
11) Schmitt trigger
12) Integration
13) Differentiation
14) Rectifier
15) Logarithmic output
16) Exponential output
1) Non-Inverting amplifier
Vout = (1+ R2/R1) Vin

- high input impedance
- low output impedance
- higher bandwidth
- minimum gain of 1
A resistor R1||R2 = (R1 x R2) / (R1 + R2) is inserted just before the +ve
terminal will keep the input current better balanced.
The added voltage divider has introduced a voltage offset to the output signal
Vout.
2) Inverting amplifier
Vout = -(Rf/Rin) Vin

- gain can be less than 1
When analysing the op-amp as an amplifier (ideal op-amp), the +ve and -ve is to
be having the same voltage potential.
A resistor Rin||Rf = (Rin x Rf) / (Rin + Rf) is inserted just before the +ve
terminal will keep the input current better balanced.
The added voltage divider has introduced a voltage offset to the output signal
Vout.
The voltage divider provides a voltage level which the amplification will be
based from. Signal with the same voltage level will not be shift in position,
while the rest of the voltage level will be amplified.
3) Unity Buffer amplifier (Voltage follower)
Vout = Vin
- high input impedance
- low output impedance
4) Differetial amplifier.
- Poor input impedance
Voltage follower added in the front of the input to improve the input impedance.
This is also similar to an instrumental op-amp.
Instrumentation amplifier.
Op-amp Selection
Brand Part no. Power Supply Spec1 Spec2 Spec3 Comment

MAXIM MAX4242 1.8 to 5.5V Precision 1 -40 to 85°C clean analog signal (best)
(single
rail)
intersil ISL28276 2.4 to 5.0V Precision 2 -40 to 125°C clean analog signal
(single
rail)
Analog AD8629 2.7 to 5.0V Precision 3 -40 to 125°C ok. Can be use for precision
Devices (single Hall sensor project)
rail)
Analog AD8572 2.7 to 5.0V Precision 4 -40 to 125°C Seems better and cheaper than
Devices (single Input Offset 1uV
rail)
Analog AD8602 2.7 to 5.0V Precision -40 to 125°C (used for LED controller proj
Devices (single Input Offset <0.5mV
rail)
Analog ADA4665-2ARZ 5 to 16V, Precision (CMOS) -40 to 125°C (used for LED controller proj
Devices ±2.5 to ±8V Input bias current
<1pA,Input offset 1-
6mV
intersil ISL28218 3.0 to 40V Precision -40 to 125°C ---
(single
rail)
Texas OPA2374 2.3 to 5.0V Precision -40 to 125°C ---
Instruments (single
rail)
Texas TLC272 4 to 16V Precision Output will 0 to 70 °C, general use
Instruments (single not reach -55 to 125°C
rail) ±Vcc
intersil CA3260 4 to 16V, ±2 Normal -55 to 125°C single/dual supply applicatio
to ±8V
National LM321, LM324 3 to 32V, wide supply voltage -40 to 85 °C single/dual supply applicatio
Semiconductor ±1.5 to ±16V
National LM158, LM258, 3 to 32V, Normal Output will 0 to 70 °C, single/dual supply applicatio
Semiconductor LM358, LM2904 ±1.5 to ±16V not reach -55 to 125°C input offset issue. V+ < V- m
±Vcc positive Vout
Texas TLV2402 2.5 to 16V Normal 0 to 70 °C, general use
Instruments (single -40 to 125°C
rail)
Microchip MCP6L02 1.8 to 6.0V Normal 1 Near full -40 to 125°C general use. Encountered inpu
Technology (single Input Offset <1~5mV swing Vout < V- may result in a positive
rail)
Texas TL061 ±2V to ±15V Normal Output will -40 to 85 °C,
Instruments not reach -55 to 125°C
±Vcc
Texas TL071 ±4V to ±15V Normal Output will -40 to 85 °C,
Instruments not reach -55 to 125°C
±Vcc
intersil CA741, LM741 ±5V to ±15V Normal Output will 0 to 70 °C,
not reach -55 to 125°C
±Vcc
Texas LMV722IDR 2.2 to 5.5V Near full -40 to 105 °C
Instruments (single swing Vout
rail)
On MC33202DR2G ±0.9V, 0V to Near full -40 to 105
Semiconductor 12V swing Vout °C, -55 to
125°C
National LMP2022MA 2.2 to 5.5V Precision -40 to 125°C unable to it make operating
Semiconductor (single
rail)
On MC33072 3 to 44V Output will -40 to 85°C,
Semiconductor not reach -40 to 125°C
±Vcc
(cheap precision op-amp)
Precision usually means a low input offset voltage, which is quite important for voltage comparator, or amplifying small differential input signal.
Input offset <0.5mV will be consider as precision op-amp.
Input offset guide from Analog Device "MT-037, Tutorial Op-amp Input offset voltage.pdf"
Capacitor for Signal Filtering

The following article is a simplied understanding of signal Other references for signal conditioning / filtering
filtering. Basic knowledge of signal filtering is still required Analog Sensor Conditioning Circuits - An Overview - 00990a.pdf (from Microchip)
before reading this section.
The simplest signal low pass filter (LPF) is presented on the

right consist of a resistor and capacitor. It is commonly known
as RC filter.
This RC layout is applied to circuit with low impedance input,

high impedance output. The resistor will be required to
complete the filter function. Signal oscillation may occured is
the resistor is omitted. RC filter, the simplest low pass filter.
One example would be LPF filtering at the output of the op-

amp amplifier circuitry, where filtering is applied to the varying
input signal/voltage.
The cutoff frequency of this RC filter

fc = 1/(2πRC)
R will need to be significantly small compare to the load. If the

load impedence is high (infinity), then the value of R becomes
not very important. If the load impedence is finite, R should be
smaller than 1/10 of the load. Another way of looking at the same RC filter.
Click here for the calculator for the LC filter. frequency and Ideal analysis of the circuit
time domain results are on the fly. The signal in the DC or lower frequency signal can be fully transfered to the high impedence (open c
- http://sim.okawa-denshi.jp/en/CRtool.php (generate freq/time signal will be absorbed on the resistor (R) components.
domain graph on the fly)
- http://www.2pif.com/high-low-pass-filter.php (simple What the high frequency signal will see:
calculator) AC signal see resistor as a load, capacitor as a short circuit, while inductor as an open circuit. High freq
(C) component as a short circuit. The voltage potential of Vout is seen to be the same as the ground re
will be completely absorbed by the resistor R component. High frequency component will not be availa
filter.
What the low frequency signal will see:

DC signal see resistor as a load, capacitor as an open circuit, while inductor as a short circuit. Low
capacitor (C) component well. The point Vout is seen to have a very high impedance load. This mean
transfer to the open circuit output load at Vout. The R component will be seen as small as compare to
voltage divider concept, most of the low frequency signal will fall on the output Vout. The low freque
RC filter.
Please note that the above explaination is a simplfied analysis of a filter. Ideal analysis helps us to unde
a glance without the need for detail computation. In reality, the open/short circuit represent the degree
degree of signal attenuation is dependant on the frequency of the signal and the capacitor's capacitance.
This is another low pass filter consist of only a capacitor. This

type of filter will work for current source input. Vin = Vout.
One example would be the capacitors that are found on typical

dc power supply filtering at its input or output. Decoupling
capacitors (100nF) that are normally found near the power
input of an IC is also another example.
A capacitor as a low pass filter.
This is a simple high pass filter (HPF) using resistor and

capacitor (RC) components. The ideal analysis is similar to the
LPF as anaylzed eariler, allow high frequency signal to pass
through while low frequency signal are attentuated.
RC filter, the simplest high pass filter.
Capacitances required to attenuate or suppress signal of certain Frequency to Attenuate Attenuating Factor (Xc)
frequency. Please note that this formula and the table presented
on the right is an approximation for filtering noise from a DC 1/√2 1/2 1/10 1/100
signal. 50Hz 2200uF 6800uF 33000uF 330000uF
500Hz 220uF 680uF 3300uF 33000uF
1KHz 113uF 330uF 1600uF 16000uF
Xc = 1 / (2π f C) 10KHz 11uF 33uF 160uF 1600uF
C = 1 / (2π f Xc ) 100KHz 1.1uF 3.3uF 16uF 160uF
1MHz 113nF 330nF 1.6uF 16uF
where Xc is the reactance of the capacitor. Xc of 1.0 for the 10MHz 11nF 33nF 160nF 1.6uF
capacitor (open circuit) is possible with lower fequency signal
or lower capacitance. To attenuate the AC signal of a particular 100MHz 1.1nF 3.3nF 16nF 160nF
frequency, Xc has to be low with the correct capacitance 1GHz 113pF 330pF 1.6nF 16nF
implemented.
Max frequency for capacitor (taken from "Op Amps for Everyone")
Example:
To attenuate a 50Hz signal by 10 times. Capacitor type Max Frequency

Aluminum Electrolytic 100 KHz
C = 1 / (2π x 50Hz x 1/10) = 31,830uF Tantalum Electrolytic 1 MHz
This means that to attenuate the 50Hz component by 10 times Mica 500 MHz
requires about 33,000uF capacitor connected from the signal to Ceramic 1 Ghz
the ground line. This capacitor will filter any frequncy >50Hz
on the line.
The table on the right is a simplified guide, which recommend

the capacitance to use as a low pass filter for attenuating a
particular frequency.
The table on the right summeries the typical capacitor value Standard Commercial Capacitor Value:
available commercially. pF pF pF nF nF nF uF uF uF uF uF
1 10 100 1 10 100 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
1.1 11 110 1.1
1.2 12 120 1.2
1.3 13 130 1.3
1.5 15 150 1.5 15 150 1.5 15 150
1.6 16 160 1.6
1.8 18 180 1.8
2.0 20 200 2.0
2.2 22 220 2.2 22 220 2.2 22 220 2,200
2.4 24 240 2.4
2.7 27 270 2.7
3.0 30 300 3.0
3.3 33 3.3 33 330 3.3 33 330 3,300
3.6 36 360 3.6
3.9 39 390 3.9
4.3 43 430 4.3
4.7 47 470 4.7 47 470 4.7 47 470 4,700
5.1 51 510 5.1
5.6 56 560 5.6
6.2 62 620 6.2
6.8 68 680 6.8 68 680 6.8 68 680 6,800
7.5 75 750 7.5
8.2 82 820 8.2
9.1 91 910 9.1
Active filter with op-amp
For flat frequency response, use Butterworth filter
For a sharp cutoff frequency, use Chebyshev filter
For linear phase, use Bessel filter.
Transistor Switching
I didn't realised that transistor switching speed can be so important until I had encountered a pro
The data communication gets corrupted. Go through all the codes, and eventually found that th
The current batch of transistor is different from my previous batch; and I always thought that a
am wrong, it is not. The problem might have been due to my design as well, unable to discharge
transistor.
Ch1(yellow) shows the signal input through a 1kohm resistor to the base of the npn transistor. C
collector terminal, with a pull up resistor of 560ohm. The is
The following present the various BC817 transistor's switching digital speed.
Switching speed of my original transistor.
delay of about 0.7us.
using npn BC846
delay of about 2us.
using npn BC817
delay of about 2.5us.
BC817-16LT1G
delay 2us
MMBT4401LT1G
delay 4.5us
MMBTA05LT1G
delay 0.25us
Effect of the signal switching without a resistor across the Vbe terminal of a npn transistor BC8
Effect of the signal switching without a 10kΩ resistor across the Vbe terminal of a npn transisto
There is a slight improvement in delay, but not very noticable.
Effect of the signal switching without a 10kΩ resistor across the Vbe terminal of a npn transisto
More than 100% improvement shortening the delay, of the inverted signal by about 1us.
email:
Keyword: op-amp, buffer, inverter, amplifier
1/11/2018 Attenuator: 50ohm/81dB 1dB step - Radio Frequency Experiment by BH1RBG
Radio Frequency
Experiment by
BH1RBG Search this site
Recent site activity RF Homebrew Instrument >

Fix:under extrusion:long move or retraction
edited by he yl
Attenuator: 50ohm/81dB 1dB step
3D Printing
edited by he yl
Created@2012/12/15
Restoration An Tektronix 464
edited by he yl
(finished by 2013/1/14, one month hard work )
Tektronix 485 Attenuator
edited by he yl
View All
Δτ Home-brew Lab
Restoration An Tektronix 464
Tektronix 485 Attenuator
Tektronix 485 Cathode-Ray
Interconnection
3D Printing
Fix:under extrusion:long move or
retraction
Accessory & Collection
Microphones
Transistors
Dig into Radio
Antenna: Helical Ant and L-match
Antenna: before make receiver
Core: evaluate unknown core
DBM In The Frequency generator
IF.455K: Design and Improvement
IF.455K: Gain Vs Stable
IF.455K:OLD MW Radio BJT IF
IF.455K:why tap stabilize the IF Amp
Misread Comm Base Amplifer
Noise Figure Mess
PA: 27Mhz FM TX Chain Design
PA: Exploring PA
PA: TX chain PA to Antenna
RF choke: dig SRF
RF Practice: better to know
Run into Wide-Band Buffer/Amplifiers
Super Regen: Make it work
Homebrew Craft
Air Coil 4.5 Turns example
experimental board
https://sites.google.com/site/linuxdigitallab/rf-homebrew-instrument/rf-attenuator-81db-1db-step 1/17
Fuse based dead bug

RF Calculators
Heterodyne tracking calculator The basic tools for RF, you must have one.
RF Experiment
AMP: Simple RF Amplifer
Antenna: JFET active attenna
Audio: 2 stages Transformer Audio PA
Attenuator Plan and select box
Audio: Discrete Power Amplifer
Audio: low distortion wein bridge
2 box, the one given following attenuation step:
Audio: Pre-amplifer 2011
1dB 2dB 3dB 5dB
Audio: Push Pull PA
Audio: Simple power amplifier
another :
Audio: wein sine bridge
10dB 20dB 20dB 20dB
Bias: favorite BJT/JFET bias guide
CXO: CXO/overtone for TX
Design goal:
CXO: Low distortion oscillator
*RL>60dB at DC
CXO: Tune 5th Butler Overtone VHF
Oscillator *RL>40dB at VHF
Fail: CB Negistor-not work *usable to 70cm band
IF: BJT 2 Stage with AGC
LiPo: Simple charger
the die-casting aluminum box image: ( 9cmx3.6cmx3cm)
Miller negative resistance Oscillator
Mixer: JFET active mixer
Oscillator amplitude stabilization
Ramp: linearity ramp genarator
Ramp: Versatile ramp generator
SA: What is SA (SA demo prj)
Supply: dual Li-Po 7.2V-8.2V
Sweep: Build new topology signal
source
Sweep: simple Hartley Sweeper
VCO: Franklin 80Mhz-180Mhz
VCO: AM Hartley LO
VCO: CB colpitts 270Mhz-500Mhz
VCO: Improved Series E VCO
VCO: linearity factor
VCO: Negative resistance VCO
VCO: Negative VCO Linearity
VCO: Seiler 80Mhz-300Mhz
VCO: Ultra Negtive 100kHz-100Mhz
VCO: Vackar 30Mhz-240Mhz
VFO: ultra-audion LF to VHF
VFO: AM band Oscillator
VFO: hybrid feedback oscillator
VFO: Several Dipper Ocillators
VFO:New topology of Series-E
oscillator
RF Ham Radio
10M:28.6Mhz FM transmiter
27Mhz: AM RX/TX Experiment
AM: AM band transmiter by Techlib
Antenna: Your first Antenna
DC: Improvise Better Polyakov

DC: Polyakov The First DC receiver
Experience Crystal Set up to Superhet
Create drill Stencil

FM Synchrodyne
Heterodyne: BJT AM receiver
Heterodyne: Build A Traditional Radio
HF: 0.5W Linear push pull PA
Regen: Aamazing Regen Receiver
Regen: High Performance Rig
Rflex: with voltage doubler detector
SuperRegen: AirCraft band receiver
TRF : the origin of Receiver
TRF: infinity JFET 0V2
RF Homebrew Instrument
3D printer make RF fun and cool
Attenuator: 50ohm/81dB 1dB step
Attenuator: 600ohm 1dB Step
Attenuator: Serebriakova 13-40dB
Audio: low THD two tone generator
BAT:servo constant current load
Bias: JFET Bias tool box
Bridge: RLB VHF
Couter: EP frequncy counter
Crystal: checker
LiPo:Dummy Blance charger
NICD: Dummy Discharger
Power Meter: AD8307
Power Meter: Calibrator
SA: PC sound card oscope
Sawtooth: Ramp signal source
Signal: Build The Log Detector
Sweeper
Signal: Improve The Log Detector
Sweeper
Signal: Prototype of Log Detector
Sweeper
drill with Stencil

Sweep: boostrap sweeper
Sweep: manual sweep signal source
SWR: the Good HF QRP SWR
Sitemap
when finished, the drill Stencil
will use as
secondary PCB box provide excellent shield.
Contact me
[email protected]
checking after drill finished
Get Ideal resistor from 5% series
use %5 1/4W resistor, here is a method to get ideal

resistor for attenuator: select a closed 5% resistor which
big than the wanted value, then parallel another resistor to
get perfect resistor. typically <1R to perfect attenuator
value, even 0.5R.
First of all, you should have at least a 4.5 digital DVM or
equivalent device.
for example, you want 5.769 ohm,

1) then pick 6.2R, in this step use a less value, ie, you 5%
resistor had 6.0,6.1,6.2ohm, then use 6.0.
2) then try to parallel a 68ohm resistor on it, check it with
you DVM, if you get ie, 5.3ohm, if you accept this, done. if
not
3) 5.3ohm<5.769, we should try use large resistor, try
75R,82R ....
here is all the matched pair for your start to get your ideal
resistor, after the "=" is the value i get, and I'm very happy
to get these perfect value resistor.
perfect closed
1dB: shunt: 869.548 910||22k = 868
Input RL: >73dB
series: 5.769 6.2||68=5.75
Out RL:>73dB
perfect closed
2dB: shunt: 436.212 470||7.5k = 436.4
Input RL: >78dB
series: 11.615 12||430=11.60
Out RL: >78dB
perfect closed
3dB: shunt: 292.402 300||16k =292.5
Input RL: >75dB
series: 17.615 18||1.1k=17.6
Out RL: >75dB
perfect closed
5dB: shunt: 178.489 200||1.8k =178.6
Input RL: >60dB
series: 30.398 33||430= 30.49
Out RL: >60dB
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------
perfect closed
10dB: shunt: 96.248 100||3.9k = 96.3
Input RL: >70dB
series: 71.151 75||1.3k= 71.1
Out RL: >70dB
perfect closed
20dB: shunt: 61.111 62||3.3k =61.10
Input RL: >70dB

series: 247.502
270(265.3)||3.9k(3.83)=247.8 Out RL: >70dB
Making secondary PCB shield box fit

into the die-casting box
drill mask used as another PCB box's panel, then we need

more PCB parts to form a box. the following image show
how to make many same size parts one time.
When finished all parts, put them into die cast box,
checking if the dimension is suitable. \
Soldering the PCB shield box
NOTE:
1. use wire to connect bottom and the top layer of the PCB
2. use PCB strip to connect the switch for better

performance at high frequncy. you should make through
hole for inter connect.
3. use copper tape seal the bottom
DC checking
Use a 4 1/2 digital DVM, a 50R load, a battery to check
the DC resistance and the DC attenuation. this ensure all
of them connected properly and given a low Frequency
attenuation reference.
battery -> attenuator -> 50R load
Attenuation=20*log(Vout/Vin)
1. resistance check
terminated by 50R, test another port resistance
1db/2db/3db/10db/20db : 50.05R
5dB: 50.10R
2. DC attenuate
1dB: in: 1.2983 out:1.1572 0.999 dB

2dB in:1.2978 out: 1.0316 1.994 dB
3dB in: 1.2976 out: 0.9186 3.000 dB
5dB in:1.2975 out: 0.7289 5.009 dB
10dB in:1.2980 out: 0.4101 10.007dB
20dB in:1.2977 out:0.12931 20.03 dB
@2003/9/22
few day ago i finished the 8307 Power Meter, which work
really good up to 470Mhz(which i can test by a handy
transceiver with 40dB pad attenuator) , so can verify the
high frequency performance.
10Mhz testing(pending)
dam good.
really good.
1-10dB is fine, but with 20dB, only get 18~19db
attenuation. refer following sections.
@2003/9/22
compensation the step attenuator up
to 500Mhz
here is the simulation with LTspice, a typical axial 1/4 Watt

resistor might have 8nH parasitic inductance and 0.3pF
pakage ((which should less than 8nH, i cut the lead is
damn short). with these i do get the seems fit the reality
performance.
Note: the lower blue line is the attenuation.
how to compensate this? learn something from the

AD8307 compensate method, i can use a 3pF capacitor
with long lead bend to a 5mm diameter inductor, witch
should around 8nH~9nH. I got this simulate result:
Simulation tell me such things should work, let's check it

tonight! so much effort to construct this device, but axial
version seems hard to work to 500Mhz.
compensation Version
here is the picture finished compensation:
Final Result:
below the line is compassionate version, accuracy
improved 2.x dB from 140M to 470Mhz.
(column 0 means the signal strength when enumerator set

to 0, -10 represent the signal when 10 db switch in)
Conclusion @2013/9/23
*1- 10dB attenuation and are useful up to 500Mhz, less
than 0.5dB error (up to 500Mhz).
*20dB attenuation are accuracy up to 150Mhz, error less
than 0.5dB after compensation.
*from 200 to 450Mhz error less than -1dB.
*470Mhz get +1 error attenuation.
* 1-10dB + 2X20dB is useable, but 3x20dB won't
work...... (might because signal leak?)
*Compensation is work but limited, seem, it's hard to tune

it to cut at 900Mhz and keep error < 1dB
Comments
You do not have permission to add comments.
Sign in | Recent Site Activity | Report Abuse | Print Page | Powered By Google Sites
1/11/2018 Automatic lamp - Automatic lamp
Automatic lamp
Automatic lamp
Lamp will switch on automatically if ambient light will be low. P1 trimpot adjust light time between 1 and
26 seconds. Lamp has a very low idle supply current. Lamp uses dual monostable flip-flop 4538. First
monostable light-on time. Second monostable blocking first when the lamp goes off and prevent restart it.
Manual switch between automatic light-on mode and pernament light-on mode. Lamp is powered from one Li-
ion cell. On PCB can be placed charger from Fig. 2.
Surely you've already happened: you're sleeping on a mountain cottage, for example, and you're going to
sleep. At the door you turn off the light and then, in an unfamiliar environment, carefully gently scrambling to
your bed and trying not to interfere with anything. In that case, you might want to use the lamp described here,
which will automatically turn on for a few seconds if it suddenly fades. The lamp responds only to the light
extinguishing, and does not light up slowly when it fades slowly. The lamp compartment is designed to have
negligible power consumption, it does not have to switch off and the lamp battery lasts without charging long.
Specifications
Supply voltage: 3.5 - 5 V

Supply voltage: (3-15 V with changed R5).
Current consumption at standstill at 4 V: less than /
Idle supply current: less than 1 μA.
Light-on supply : according to LED current.
Light-on supply current: depend on LED current
Car time. lighting:
1 - 26 s.
Automatic light-on time:
http://www.belza.cz/light/alip.htm 1/8
Fig. 1. Connecting the automatic lamp

Fig. 1. Automatic lamp circuit drawing
The connection of the lamp is in figure 1 . Note first the bistable flip-flop with IC2c and IC2d gates. The
button switches whether the lamp lights up permanently or switches on automatically. Suppose the logic level is
now in the auto-ignition mode and at the gate exit. 0. The intensity of the light is captured by the FT
phototransistor. In case of sudden darkness, the phototransistor closes and the capacitor C1 is charged via
resistor R1. The transistor T1 opens with charging current and the first monostable flip-flop circuit (IC) in IC1 is
triggered on the collector. With slow dimming, C1 is charging slowly and the charging current is not enough to
open T1.
The monostable CMOS 4538 flip-flop circuit has a number of advantages over the 555 timer MFP: It is
switched by an edge rather than a level, and we can select an input that responds to a leading or descending
edge. It has two complementary outputs so we do not need to invert the output signal when we need it with the
opposite level. Further, for this construction, the key feature of the circuit is that it has practically zero
consumption at rest. The CMOS timer 555 has a current consumption of approximately 100 μA at a voltage of 4
V, whereas at this lamp the largest current flows through resistor R1 (about 0.9 μA); in the dark the collection is
even smaller.
When MKO1 is triggered, level H is displayed at output Q1 (terminal 6 IC1), and then level L is output at
gate output IC2b. Transistor T2 opens and LED1 illuminates. The tilting time of MKO1 can be adjusted by the
P1 trimmer. After the set time has elapsed, output L1 appears at the output Q1, at the gate output IC2b level H
and LED1 goes out. However, it is necessary to ensure that its extinction does not start MKO1 again. This is
done by the second MKO in the IC1 housing, triggered by the leading edge at the input I2 (terminal 12). During
the flip-over of MKO2, level H is reached at the output Q2 and at the output of gate IC2a level L. This signal is
applied to the zero input MKO1 (terminal 3). The MKO1 is blocked during the rollover of MKO2 and can not be
restarted. Therefore, the LED1 may also light up on the phototransistor, thus the function of the lamp is not
disturbed. MKO2 rollover time, here about 100 ms, accommodates common white LEDs, thanks to the
luminophores, can last up to several tens of milliseconds. If a bulb was used for lighting, it would be necessary
to extend the flip-over time of the MKO2 by increasing the capacity C3 and / or resistance R4.
If necessary, the lamp can be permanently lit by pressing the button. The output level of the IC2c gate will
show level H. At the output IC2a the level L will appear to reset and lock the MKO1. At the same time, the L
level appears at the output of the gate IC2b and the LED1 lights up. The lamp can be extinguished by pressing
the button again. At the same time, the MKO2 starts and momentarily blocks the MKO1 so that it does not start
again by switching off the LEDs, as in the automatic mode. Note that by double-clicking on the button, the
LED1 automatically switches off automatically because the manual illumination will reset MKO1.
I used one white LED to light up. New types of diodes have a luminous intensity of up to 50 cd when
supplied with a 20 mA current, and their illumination for the orientation is sufficient. Appropriate LEDs are sold
by, for example, AC / DC Audio or Flajzar . The LED is powered by a transistor T2, whose collector current is
dependent on the current to the base and can be changed by resistance of resistor R5.
Fig. 2. Charger for the lamp battery

Fig. 2. Li-ion accu charger
I used a disposable Li-ion battery from the laptop battery to power the lamp. The battery has a larger
internal resistance, which does not matter when taking the order of dozens of mA. Similarly, we can use
"tightened" batteries from mobile phones. The lamp is completed with the charger shown in Figure 2 . The
battery in the lamp can be recharged, for example, by the charger from the mobile phone or from the USB port
of the computer. The charger connection is described in detail here .
Fig. 3. Circuit board with automatic lamp. If you use the right mouse button and select
"Save image as", you get a 600-dpi master template. The board has a size of 30 x 60 mm.
Fig. 3. Automatic lamp with PCB layout. Click right mouse button and choose
"Save image as" to get 600 dpi resolution image. PCB size is 30 x 60 mm.
Fig. 4. Layout of lamp components

Fig. 4. Locations of the components on the automatic lamp
Installation and recovery

All the electronic circuits of the lamp are on one printed circuit board. On the plate ( Fig. 3 ), apart from the
circuit of the lamp of Fig. 1 , the charger of Fig. Only charge the charger components if you want to recharge
the Li-ion or Li-pol battery. To charge NiCd, NiMH and alkaline batteries, the charger is not suitable! The board
is mostly made of SMD components. On the opposite side of the board is fitted LED1, trim P1, phototransistor,
button and charging connector. Only these components can be attached to the connector at the connector. In the
SMD version, the C2 capacitor only fits tightly on the board. Instead, use a subminiature electrolytic capacitor
located horizontally on the other side of the board. You can boot the photo-transistor from, for example, an old
computer mouse. A charger for Nokia phones can be inserted into the 3.8 x 1 mm connector.
Refreshing the lamp is easy, everything should work on the first connection. With the P1 trimmer set the
desired lighting time, check the output voltage for the charger, which should be 4.15 to 4.2 V. If the device does
not work, compare the logic signals in the function description circuit.
Since I did not have time to produce a box, I placed the flashlight in an emergency box on the parts that are
sold in GM Electronic. The component plate is bolted to the transparent lid of the box over 8 mm spacers. There
is a battery and a "carry" battery switch in the box that can turn the lamp off completely to prevent it from being
switched on or off by accidentally turning on the bag in the bag. The design of the lamp is in the photograph, I
believe you can make it more transparent.
Fig. 5. Built-in lamp sample

Fig. 5. Outside view
Fig. 6. The inside of the lamp

Fig. 6. Inside view
Fig. 7. Plate with pl. joint

Fig. 7. PCB view
Fig. 8. Built-in lamp sample

Fig. 8. Top side view
Fig. 9. That's how it shines in the dark

Fig. 9. Dark view
List of parts
lamp charger
2.2 Ohm, SMD 1206 (for
R01, R02 0 Ohm, jumper (not in diagram) R11
230 mA current)
R1 4.7 MOhm, SMD1206 R12 470 Ohm, SMD 1206
R2, R3 100 kOhm, SMD 1206 R13, R17 100 kOhm, SMD 1206
R4, R7 1 MOhm, SMD 1206 R14 22 kOhm, SMD 1206
R5 22 kOhm, SMD 1206 R15 680 Ohm, SMD 1206
R6 10 kOhm, SMD 1206 R16 15 kOhm, SMD 1206
P1 2.5 MOhm, Trim PT6V R18 330 ohm, SMD 1206
NO. 1 22 nF, SMD 1206 LED2 red (orange) SMD 1206
C2 10 microF / 16 V, SMD A tantalum. T11 BCX54-16 (BD code)
C3, C4 100 nF, SMD T12, T13, T15 B C857 (code 3F)
D1 1N4148, SMD SOD80 T14 BSS138 (SS or J15 code)
LED1 white with high luminosity IC11 TL431C, SMD SO8
phototransistor L-NP-3C1,
FT K1 socket 3.8 x 1 mm
see text
T1 BC848C (code 1L)
T2 BCX52-16 (AM code)
IC1 4538 SMD SO16
IC2 4001 SMD SO14
TL1 P-B1720C
circuit board bcs55
Appendix
Figure 10 shows the wiring of the lamp without a switch in case it is not needed. The lamp responds only to
the "sudden darkness".
Fig. 10. Connecting the lamp without a switch

Fig. 10. Automatic lamp circuit without On / Auto switch
Jaroslav Belza
The label was printed in PE 5/2006 at page 27
2. 6. 2006
1/11/2018 Battery tester
Battery tester
Battery tester
Tester was designed to test the primary (zinc, alkaline) cell. It contains a simple voltage converter and
level indicator. Tester is powered from tested cell. Supply current is dependent on cell voltage and at 1.5 V
is approx. 200 mA. For high efficiency voltage conversion must be a low saturation voltage transistor T1
used. The tester has a polarity tolerant input (max. 3 V).
The device serves for quick orientation of the feed cells. I built it for my children to be able to
determine separately the degree of discharge of batteries in different toys.
Fig. 1. Connecting the Battery Tester

Fig. 1. Battery tester circuit
The tester is powered from a measuring cell that loads up to 200 mA. It distinguishes the "fresh" article from
the old one, which has enough free-circuit voltage, but also a great internal resistance. The maximum input
voltage is 3 V, the tester is resistant to reverse polarity. The tester is designed for primary cells. When measuring
NiCd and NiMH accumulators, the maximum LED2 is lit due to lower voltage. In the case of accumulators, the
voltage drops too slowly during discharge and the tester can only be checked if the battery is not fully discharged.
To test the articles, it would be possible to use a tester - "pincers" with a bulb, but such an amateur
electronics solution would hardly satisfy. The tester described here indicates the battery status by the number of
LEDs lit. In the connection of the tester ( Fig), two parts can be distinguished: the voltage converter and the
voltage level indicator. Since the LED needs a supply voltage of about 2 volts and the fresh battery is only about
1.55 volts, it is necessary to use the drive in the wiring. The inverter is self-deceiving and uncontrolled, the output
voltage is highly dependent on input voltage. This dependence is deliberately magnified by using the R1, R2
dividers in the base circuit. A critical part of the inverter is the transistor T1, which must have a low saturation
voltage. Otherwise, efficiency is rapidly deteriorating. A conventional radial choke is used as a transformer, to
which we turn on a secondary winding - about 30 threads with a wire of about 0.2 mm in diameter. We pull the
shrink sleeve over the winding and the transformer is finished. The embodiment of the coil is evident from the
photograph in FIG. 2 .
http://www.belza.cz/measure/batm.htm 1/5
Fig. 2. Manufacture of transformer

Fig. 2. Secondary coil transformer winding
The second part is the voltage indicator. At low voltage, transistors T2 and T3 are open via resistors R3 and
R4, transistors T4 and T5 are closed. If the voltage increases, the LED1 will first illuminate. Upon further increase
of the voltage, the LED current increases until the voltage drops to R5 does not open T5 (about 16 mA).
Transistor T2 closes and voltage on LED2 increases as long as it starts to light up. If the supply voltage continues
to increase, the T4 opens at a current of about 20 mA. Transistor T3 closes and LED3 lights up. At even higher
voltages, the current is no longer limited to the stand alone indicator, but the tester is limited by the drive power.
The power of the inverter and thus the input voltage at which the LED3 lights up can be partly influenced by the
change of resistance R1.
Fig. 3. Tester circuit board. If you use the right mouse button and choose Save Image As, you will get a link
template at 600 dpi (16 KB)
Fig. 3. PCB layout battery tester. Click the right mouse button and choose "Save image as" to get 600 dpi
resolution image (16 kB)
Fig. 4. Layout of the components on the board

Fig. 4. Locations of components on board
I built the tester into a small box of KP32, which is also customized with the design of a printed circuit
board, which is partly fitted with SMD components. The spool is horizontal for dimensional reasons. For the
LED, first drill holes in the box, then place the LED board in the box and then light the LED into the board. I
stuck the rear lid of the box with the hot melt glue on the animated tester. Placing such a small board is harder, but
it does not prevent you from designing your own board, fitted with classical components, or using a piece of
universal board.
Revival
It is best to use a controllable power supply, you also need a universal measuring device, just the simplest
multimeter. Connect the tester to the power supply and slowly increase the supply voltage from zero to about 1.6
volts. After mounting the board, the tester can work on the first attempt, but Murphy's law is very likely to n2
winding poorly. The polarity of the winding can only be detected in advance. Therefore, if the inverter does not
oscillate, taking the tester to withdraw the current, first replace the winding ends n2. If even after this intervention
the tester did not work, brighten up its individual parts.
First connect the power supply to the capacitor C1 and slowly increase the voltage. At about 3 volts, the
LED1 lights up at about 5.5 V of LED2 and at 8 V and LED3. The power supply should not exceed 20 mA until
LED3 lights up. If the indicator does not work as described, there will be an error in it.
If the indicator is OK, check the inverter. If the supply voltage is increased from 0 to 1.6 V, the voltage
should gradually rise up to 8 V at C1. If the coil secondary coil outlets do not work, the T1 or diode may be
defective.
It can also happen that the tester works, but at 1.5 V does not give enough power to turn on all LEDs. Then
you can carefully change the resistance of resistor R1. If it does not help, it is still possible to increase the
resistance of R5. Turning on all the LEDs will be enough to supply the less current.
List of parts
R1 470 Ohm, SMD1206

R2 560 Ohm, SMD 1206
R3, R4 2.7 kOhm, SMD 1206
R5 68 Ohm, SMD 1206
C1, C3 47 μF / 10 V
C2 100 nF, SMD 1206
L1 330 μH, choke 09P
D1 1N5819, Schottky 1 A
T1 BD433
T2 - T5 BC857C, SMD
green standard LED (2 V / 20 mA)
LED1 - LED3
standard green
about 1 m of paint. wire dia. 0.1 to 0.25 mm for winding n2
approx. 3 ft AWG No.33 (30 to 36) wire for n2 winding
shrink sleeve, lead wires, measuring tips
box / box KP32
printed circuit board / PCB No. bcs45
Fig. 5, 6, 7. Photograph of external and internal tester

Fig. 5, 6, 7. Exterior and interior view
Jaroslav Belza
The tester was published in Practical Electronics No. 7/03 on p. 22 under the title "Tester of Articles".
August 2, 2003
1/11/2018 Cable, Wiring and Connector Guide
Cable, Wiring and Connector Guide

Your reference guide for PCB (trace resistivity, footprint) wire (gaage chart), mil/ inch/mm, hole (drill, tap chart), fastener
Edited by Lim Siong Boon, last dated 02-Oct-09.

email:
Shortcut to your reference guides and charts

1. PCB Trace reference
2. Wire and Cable gauge
3. Advance conductor
4. PCB Footprint reference
5. Tap drilling guide (mm chart)
6. Common Connector Pin Out
7. Name of Connectors/Plugs
8. Name of Cable/Wire
I always have to refer to these dimension references frequently,
and decide to put them up once and for all on this website.
Hope they are useful to you too.
The IC chips, active and passive components are all connected by traces
1. PCB Trace reference or wire. The traces on the PCB are assume to be of short circuit, which
is 0Ω. This assumption is reasonable if it conduct a very small amount
of current. When the conductor starts to carry larger amount of current,
the voltage drop across the trace could be significant, causing
intermediate hardware problem.
If you are expecting a large current flowing through the traces, you have
to keep in mind to provide a wider trace to increase the conductivity of
the cable. Larger trace width means lower resistance.
For my PCB route software, the defined trace width for power is
1.27mm and signal is 0.38mm. Sometimes there is a need to route the
trace through narrow space. In this situation, I would have to use the
recommended trace width for power min, and signal min. Usually I will
keep this narrow trace as short as possible to avoid higher resistance.
Seldom do I need to worry about traces carrying signal information. I

Trace resistance guide based on am more worried about the conductor distributing the dc supply to
PCB board 1oz copper at temperature 100˚C. (worst case) individual circuit zone. Whenever possible, I would provide a wider
traces for my 5V and ground supply.
Name Trace width Trace Length Resistance Current
Power Normal 1.27mm 1000mm 0.49Ω 1.75A When designing the PCB routing for my power supply, I would use the
Power Min 0.64mm 1000mm 0.98Ω 1.20A star topologies. This will ensure a evenly spread for the current
Signal Normal 0.38mm 1000mm 1.65Ω 0.80A distribution, hence lowering the burden of individual traces. I have
Signal Min 0.25mm 1000mm 2.51Ω 0.50A actually experience such technical issue during my final year school
project. The noise problem is somehow reduce after the attempt to
Ω improve on the trace routing. Another experience involve power up a
mm mm
remote system about 10m away. The distance is quite near and the
Conversion calculator might not work on some web browser. power cable is rather thick to me. The voltage at the remote end is found
to be too low to power the remote system. We have to double the cable
conductor in order to resolved the problem. Our equipment conduct high
current of about 20A if I remember correctly. The problem might not be
Unit conversion table & calculator between inch, mil, mm, oz. obvious because the high current being drawn might happen during
certain hard to determine event. For example, when your system trigger
inch mil mm oz the lightings or motor which draws very high current for a short period
1 1000 25.4 of time. The voltage drop cause by the sudden high current draw might
0.1 100 2.54 cause your system to fail. Therefore the design should always cater for
0.001 1 0.0254 the worst case. Always find out the maximum possible current drawn.
0.03937 39.37 1 Over design the system to ensure that the system will not fail in the
1.38 0.035 1oz worst case scenario. Just to make a note, that I have been referring to dc
voltage supply.
inch mil mm oz
http://www.siongboon.com/projects/2007-12-22_cable_wiring/ 1/25
Conversion calculator might not work on some web browser. For high voltage AC supply, I guess it is a different way of looking at it.
My understanding in high voltage system is quite weak.
On the left is the reference table to estimate the resistance of the trace
for my PCB routing. I have assume the worst case at temperature 100˚C
with the copper layer of 1oz thick. Seldom do you need to refer to this
table, unless you have encounter space restriction for your high current
carrying traces. It is my usual practise to double the current carrying
capacity. 2 times the maximum current I will be expecting. If you have
the space, make it wider.
also Download the wire gauge calculator from UltraCAD Design, Inc
Electrical Resistance Equations: I have also provide the computation for copper resistance for your
reference. Taking this opportunity to do further read up in order to
Resistance = Resistivity x Length/Area explain in a simplified form.
Area is the cross sectional area of the conductor. Just like a water pipe,
the larger the cross sectional area, the easier the current is able to flow
through.
Question 1: Resistivity defines the resistance of the material for a unit of length at a
1oz copper PCB, Trace width 0.25mm, Trace length 0.1m, Operating temperature 25˚C certain temperature. The resistivity for the material copper at 25˚C is
found to be 1.7x10-8Ω.m
Solution 1:
Copper resistivity at 25˚C is 1.68x10-8Ω.m The resistivity changes with temperature. The resistance will increase as
Resistance = 1.7x10-8Ω.m x 0.1m / (1oz x 0.25mm) the temperature increase. The term for this changing resistivity with
= 1.7x10-8Ω.m x 0.1m / (35um x 0.25mm) temperature is known as the thermal resistivity of that particular
material.
= 1.7x10-8Ω.m x 0.1m / (8.75nm2)
= 1.7x10-8Ω.m x 0.0114x109m-1 The material resistivity would therefore look like a graph curve. They
= 0.19Ω are obtained through test and experiment. For some material, the graph
curve could be approximated in the form of equation. This complicated
Question 2: formula describe the resistance behavior of the material under different
1oz copper PCB, Trace width 0.25mm, Trace length 0.1m, Operating temperature 100˚C temperature condition. For copper material, it can be represented from
the following equation,
Solution 2:
Copper resistivity at 100˚C is 2.17x10-8Ω.m, Copper resistivity = ρ0(1+α(Temperature-T0))
Resistance = 2.2x10-8Ω.m x 0.1m / (1oz x 0.25mm)
= 2.2x10-8Ω.m x 0.0114x109m-1 = 1.7x10-8Ω.m x (1 + 3.9x10-3Ω/˚C x (100˚C-25˚C))
= 0.25Ω
= 2.2x10-8Ω.m at a temperature of 100˚C
<ρ0 is the material resistivity at T0 temperature>
As you can see from the calculation on the left, the increase in
temperature from 25˚C to 100˚C has increase the 0.1m copper trace by
0.06Ω. This is about 30% increase in the resistance.
To keep the topic simple, we will not go into the details of varying
temperature. There can be other factor that can affect the resistance of
the material.
Here is a quick and simple graph showing the change in temperature in

relation with the trace width and the current flowing through it. (taken
from the magazine elektor 2010-02). The graph assume the pcb copper
trace thickness to be 35um (1oz) & that it is place in a open air
environment (not enclosed inside a box/casing). For example, given the
trace width of 0.6mm, and a 1.5A current flowing through it, we can
expect the copper area to rise by another 10°C.
Some article reference:
PCB trace - HwB, trace vs current graph.pdf
Recommended digital and analog circuit layout on a PCB board. Reference taken from "Op Amps for Everyone".
More PCB layout recommendation can be found in the book "Op Amps
for Everyone" from Texas Instruments.
Recommended trace corner layout.
Recommended plane placement.
2. Wire and Cable gauge

I have put up this wire gauge guide for my own reference. Very often there is a need to return to this reference to choose an
appropriate cable for use. I have also written an article some time back. Myth about how the cable relate to their resistance. It is
taken out from the main webpage but I have place a link here, for anyone who are interested to understand more.
NOTE: The following guideline is a brief guideline for copper ampacity (current rating or current-carrying capacity) of the
cable used for power supplying purpose. The ampacity is defined as the maximum current the cable can withstand. Any current
higher than that will generate enough heat to burn away the cable. There are many factor affecting the current capacity of the
cable, and it should be compensated accordingly. I would advise to select the cable, with at least double the current-carrying
capacity for the intended equipment. Never operate near the cable current-capacity limits. You will never know when, the current
overruns. Some of the factors that will affect the current-carrying capacity of a cable are:
- Conductive wire cross section area.

- Wire material. The temperature the material can withstand without melting out.
- Temperature. If the wire/insulator jacket can withstand higher temperature, the cable is able to carry more current.
- place of installation or the surrounding temperature.
- material of insulation jacket/skin/cover.
- how much the cable can dissipate heat
- Stranded or solid wire type. Stranded wire can carry more current than a solid wire for AC type of signal/power. This is due to
a phenomenon known as skin effect.
Reference:
- ayenbee AWG Wire Current Rating guide.pdf
- Wire Chart for 12Volt 24Volt.pdf
- A Guide to Wire and Cable Construction.pdf
230v Cable Size Selector- http://www.electacourse.com/cableselector.html
The factors involve are quite complex. The table is a simplified reference for myself to select the cables. Always allow a larger
safety margin of minimum x2 when you chose your cable. Do take careful note of what you deploy.? There are many other
factor, eg screw connections, plug contact which will affects the results. If the cable has the slightest warm, it is quite clear that
the cable will be hitting it's limit any time soon.
Copper Nearest
Diameter Area Nearest AWG
Wire Cable Description Resistance SWG gauge
(mm) (mm2) 20˚C.Ω/km (mm)
gauge (mm)
11.68 107.2 - - 0000
10.4 85.03 - - 000
9.266 67.43 - - 00
8.252 53.48 - - 0
7.348 42.41 - - 1
6.543 33.63 - - 2
5.827 26.27 - - 3
5.189 21.15 - - 4
230Vac power cable 16mm2
(absolute maximum 69A) 4.620 16.77 - - 5
eg. Sub Mains
4.115 13.30 - - 6
230Vac power cable 10mm2
(absolute maximum 52A)
eg. high power showers, cookers & other very high
power devices 3.665 10.55 - - 7
3.264 8.366 - - 8
230Vac power cable 6mm2 (absolute
maximum 38A) 2.906 6.634 - - 9
eg. showers, cookers & other high
power devices
2.588 5.261 - - 10
maximum 30A, 6.9kW) 2.305 4.172 - - 11
eg. low power electric shower
2.00 3.10 5.47 14 (2.05) 12 (2.05)
1.90 2.80 6.05
230Vac power cable 2.5mm2 (absolute
maximum 23A) 1.80 2.60 6.76 15 (1.83) 13 (1.83)
1.70 2.30 7.57

Wire copper enameled, Pro-Power
ECW1.5. current rating 2.74A
eg. power speaker, transformer, 1.60 2.00 8.54 16 (1.63) 14 (1.63)
motor
1.50 1.80 9.7
230Vac power cable 1.5mm2 (absolute 1.40 1.50 11.2 17 (1.42) 15 (1.45)
maximum 16A, 3.6kW)
1.30 1.30 13.0 16 (1.29)

maximum 13A, 2.99kW) 1.20 1.10 15.2 18 (1.22)
eg. for light circuit
1.10 0.95 18.1 17 (1.15)

Audio cable (shielded), Belden
8760 1.00 0.78 21.1 19 (1.02) 18 (1.02)
eg. power speaker drive
0.95 0.71 24.3
0.90 0.64 26.9 20 (0.91) 19 (0.91)
0.85 0.57 30.2
0.80 0.50 34.1 21 (0.81) 20 (0.81)
0.75 0.44 38.9
0.70 0.69 44.6 22 (0.71) 21 (0.72)
0.65 0.33 51.7 22 (0.64)
0.60 0.28 60.7 23 (0.61)
0.55 0.24 72.3 24 (0.56) 23 (0.57)
Copper Nearest
gauge (mm)
Category 5E network
cable, 8060-
OZZ7FNL from
Alcatel
16 strand
Ø0.2mm/strand
0.50 0.20 87.5 25 (0.51) 24 (0.51)
Multipurpose 10core
shielded. (RS232
communication, data
signal), Belden 9540,
Belden 9536 (6 core),
Belden 9534 (4 core)
Category 5E network
cable
0.45 0.16 108 26 (0.46) 25 (0.45)
Telephone line cable,

0.40 0.13 137 26 (0.40)
GC5040 from Pro Power
0.35 0.096 178 29 (0.35) 27 (0.36)

Ribbon cable, 1.27mm pitch
28
0.30 0.071 243 31 (0.29) 29 (0.28)

Wire wrapping wire,
Ok Industries
0.25 0.049 351 33 (0.25) 30 (0.25)
Wire copper enameled

eg. small magnetic coil, speaker,
solenoid, inductor, metal detector coil,
small motor. 0.20 0.031 547 32 (0.20)
0.19 0.028 605 36 (0.19)

0.18 0.026 676 33 (0.18)
0.17 0.023 757 37 (0.17)
0.16 0.020 844 34 (0.16)
0.15 0.018 970 38 (0.15)
0.14 0.015 1120 35 (0.14)
0.13 0.013 1300 39 (0.13) 36 (0.13)
0.12 0.011 1520 40 (0.12)
0.11 0.0095 1810 41 (0.11) 37 (0.11)
0.10 0.0078 2190 42 (0.10) 38 (0.10)
0.09 0.0064 2700 43 (0.09) 39 (0.09)
0.08 0.0050 3420 44 (0.08) 40 (0.08)
0.07 0.0039 4460 45 (0.07) 41 (0.07)
0.06 0.0025 6070 46 (0.06) 42 (0.06)
Wire copper enameled (very fine)
eg. transformer coupler for audio/signal, 0.05 0.0020 8750 47 (0.05) 43 (0.05)
wire for earphone
Copper Nearest
gauge (mm)
Cable Guide (typical cable type and name) Click the chart for enlarge view.
Chart and images taken from Farnell, RS components and other websites.
also Download the wire gauge calculator from UltraCAD Design, Inc
Other reference,
http://www.wiki.diyfaq.org.uk/index.php?title=Cables#Cable_Sizes
Refer to the most current National Electrical Code for further information on the electrical cable
standards.
3. Advance conductor
Special material for conductivity connection. Some references
for non-traditional or advance conductor materials.
I happen to see some special wire product that I think I should

put them in this website for reference.
The follow shows a rubber strip (a black layer sandwich in

between the two white layer). It is call the elastomer connector.
It is typically used to connect a flat LCD display panel to the pcb
board without any soldering. It is quite cool when it was being
shown to me for the first time. The LCD and pcb is connected
with this elastomer connector sandwich in between.
Elastomer connector
(soft rubber strip that can conduct like a wire)
Conductive fabric or cloth
this pic is tken from other

website
The conductive fabric actually

can feels like a typical cotton
cloth material. Some other feels Glocom Marketing Pte Ltd
like a nylon fabric, a bit like
plastic. This is great for RF
shielding, which we used it to
test the performance of RF transmission through various
material.
Conductive glass
reference: conductive glass

Singapore Safety Glass
Conductive paint
Conductive tapes
4. PCB Footprint reference
Click here to access to footprint page.
5. Tap drill guide (metric

chart)
Commonly used screw size in Singapore, Metric
(fine pitch)
Screw Screw Drill size

Pitch (fine) Image of a machine cap screw
Standard diameter 'O' diameter 'I'
M1 1.0mm 0.75mm
M1.1 1.1mm 0.85mm
M1.2 1.2mm 0.95mm
M1.4 1.4mm 1.10mm
M1.6 1.6mm 1.25mm
M1.8 1.8mm 1.45mm
M2
Enlarge image of the screw thread
2.0mm 1.60mm
M2.2 2.2mm 1.75mm
M2.5 2.5mm 2.05mm
M3 3.0mm 2.50mm 0.35mm
M3.5 3.5mm 2.90mm
M4 4.0mm 3.20mm 0.5mm
M4.5 4.5mm 3.70mm
M5 5.0mm 4.20mm 0.5mm
M6 6.0mm 5.00mm 0.75mm diameter 'I' Diameter of the screw core
M7 7.0mm 6.00mm 0.75mm (Hole size to drill, for tapping the thread )
M8 8.0mm 6.70mm 1.0mm
M9 9.0mm 7.80mm diameter 'O' Diameter of the screw thread
M10 10.0mm 8.50mm 1.25mm
M11 11.0mm 9.50mm ->
M12 12.0mm 10.20mm 1.5mm
M14 14.0mm 12.00mm
M16 16.0mm 14.00mm 1.5mm
M18 18.0mm 15.50mm
M20 20.0mm 17.50mm
M22 22.0mm 19.50mm
M24 24.0mm 21.00mm 2.0mm
M27 27.0mm 24.00mm 2.0mm
1/4"-36 6.5mm 6.0mm Thread for

SMA RF
connector
thread
1/4"-36 6.5mm 6.0mm Toggle
switch
thread
Fastener Manufacturer:
References: http://www.aboveboardelectronics.com/catalogsmain.htm
Fasterner selection guide

http://www.aboveboardelectronics.com/abe_prodmain.htm
http://www.boltdepot.com/fastener-information/Type-Chart.aspx
Plastic fastener, Cable accessories
Enclosure bumper/rubber padding
Slide
Self-Clinching Nut,
Standoff Guide
Self Clinching Standoff Installation Guide
Self Clinching Nut Installation Guide
Silicon Moldmaking techniques & material guide.pdf

Silicone Moldmaking
Techniques & Materials
This is a connector pin out reference.

6. Common Connector Pin
Out
3.5mm 4pins Commonly use for:
- Earphone + Microphone
Earphone + Microphone:
Pin 1- Left Speaker
Pin 2- Right Speaker
Pin 3- Mic+
Pin 4- Ground
iPhone Mobile Phone Earpiece:

Samsung Galaxy
Samsung Nexus S
Pin 1- Left Speaker
Pin 3- Ground, Push Switch
Pin 4- Mic+, Push Switch
Nokia Mobile Phone Earpiece:

Pin 1- Left Speaker
Pin 3- Mic+, Push Switch
Pin 4- Ground, Push Switch

- Earphone
- Speaker
Earphone/Speaker pin out:

Pin 1- Left Speaker
Pin 3- Ground
Notes: Speaker's load is inductive. Measuring the resistivity from the pins will usually yield very low res
short circuit). Measurement by probing the pin in reverse will yield the same result.
Microphone pin out:

Pin 1- Mic+
Pin 2- Mic Power
Pin 3- Ground
Earphone/Microphone pin out:

Pin 1- Spk+
Pin 2- Mic+
Pin 3- Ground

- Microphone
Microphone pin out:

Pin 1- Mic+
Pin 2- Ground
Notes: Commonly available electret microphone contains active components. The positive terminal of
can be detected using a ohm meter. Measure Mic+ (+ve Probe), Mic- (-ve Probe) will yield a higher
probing the reverse way Mic- (+ve Probe), Mic+ (-ve Probe).
Electret microphone equivalent circuit
Other type of microphone:

- The Carbon Granule Microphone
- The Piezoelectric Microphone
- The Condenser Microphone
- The Dynamic Microphone
- The Ribbon Microphone
- The Hot-Wire Microphone
reference:
http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/tech/microph.htm
3.5mm 3pins, 2.5mm 3pins Known to be use for:

- Walkie talkie

- Walkie talkie

- Walkie talkie

- Walkie talkie
Mini DIN socket 6 pins (female receptacle) Known to be use for:

- Walkie talkie
Walkie Talkie pin out:

Pin 1- Mic- / PTT Switch common
Pin 2- Mic+
Pin 3- PTT Switch
Pin 4- Speaker+ (left)
Pin 5- ---unused--- (right)
Pin 6- Speaker-
Mini DIN plug 6 pins (male pins) Known to be use for:

- Walkie talkie
Pin 1- Mic- / PTT Switch common

Pin 2- Mic+
Pin 3- PTT Switch
Pin 4- Speaker+ (left)
Pin 5- ---unused--- (right)
Pin 6- Speaker-
Pin 1 Mic- / PTT Switch common

Pin 2 Mic+
Pin 3 PTT Switch
Pin 4 Speaker+ (left)
Pin 5 ---unused--- or Speaker+ (right)
Pin 6 Speaker-
Mini DIN plug 4 pins (male pins) Commonly use for:

- S-Video
- Walkie talkie PTT switch connector

Pin 1- ---unused---
Pin 2- ---unused---
Pin 3- PTT Switch
Pin 4- PTT Switch
Mini DIN plug 4 pins (female pins)
DIN 5 pins Known to be use for:

- Bike's audio connector
Bike Audio pin out:

Pin 1- ---unused---
Pin 2- ---unused---
Pin 3- PTT Switch
Pin 4- PTT Switch
DIN 7 pins Known to be use for:

- Bike's audio connector
Bike Audio pin out:

Pin 7- PTT Switch (White)
Pin 3- Speaker L
Pin 5- Speaker R
Pin 2- Speaker Gnd
Pin 4- Mic-
Pin 1- Mic+
Pin 6- Mic shield
DIN 8 pins
GX16 Aviation plug and socket connectors (16mm)
FD-M16 16mm Connectors
Nanaboshi Connectors connector/Nanaboshi%20Connectors%20NJC%20NR%20Series.pdf

(panel mount) connector/nanaboshi%20njc%20panel%20mount%20connector.pdf
connector/nanaboshi%20connectors.pdf
NJC series (general metallic connectors/socket)
NR series (twist lock connector, one-touch lock mechanism)
NJW series (waterproof panel mount connectors/socket)
Amphenol Connectors connector/amphenol%20connectors.pdf

(panel mount)
XLR Plug 3 pins Commonly use for:

- Studio Microphone
Studio Microphone pin out:

Pin 1- Shield
Pin 2- Positive Balance Signal
Pin 3- Negative Balance Signal
DC barrel jack/socket
DC barrel jack (OD=5.5mm, ID=2.1mm, length=11 to 12mm)
DC barrel socket
SMA RF connector (socket for WiFi Antenna) Toggle switch dimension, drill hole dimension and thread size 1/4-40 UNS-2A
7. Name of Connectors/Plugs
UK 3 pins Plug
EU 2 pins Plug
IEC 3 pins Socket
Male Plug -> IEC C14 (picture shown above)
Female socket -> IEC C13
Male Plug (with groove) -> IEC C16
Female socket (with groove) -> IEC C15
Check out here for more,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_60320
General
Product Family Crimp Terminals
Series 5263
Product Name SPOX™

UPC 800753534919
Molex SPOX 5267 series connector header THT 2.5mm 4 way Physical
Gender Female
Material - Metal Phosphor Bronze
Material - Plating Mating Tin
Material - Plating Termination Tin
Net Weight 43.200/mg
Molex 5263 housing crimp receptacle 2.5mm 4 way
Plating min - Mating 0.889μm
2.54mm pitch Plating min - Termination 0.914μm
Termination Interface: Style Crimp or Compres
Wire Insulation Diameter 1.90mm max.
Wire Size AWG 22, 24, 26, 28
Wire Size mm² NA
Old Part Number 5263PBTL
General
Product Family Crimp Terminals
Series 4809
Product Name KK®

UPC 800753746022
Physical
Gender Female
Material - Metal Brass
molex KK 6410 series Material - Plating Gold
Material - Plating Gold
Net Weight 0.066/g
Plating min - Mating 0.381μm

Plating min - Termination 0.381μm
Termination Interface: Style Crimp or Compres
Wire Insulation Diameter 1.57mm max.

molex KK 6471 crimp receptacle
2.54mm pitch Wire Size AWG 22, 24, 26, 28, 30
Wire Size mm² NA
Old Part Number 4809555L
TJC8 connector (header and housing/receptacle pins) Pin Header PCB Crimp Style Cable Connector
Another name for housing is receptacle. TJC8 series(2.54mm pitch)Wire to Board Crimp style cable P.C.B conne
header
1. Pole: 1-40
2. Housing pins for wire size AWG28# - 22#
3. Header pins for PC board thickness: 1.6mm, 2.54mm pitch
4. Temperature range: -25C~85C
5: Voltage rating: 250V. AC/DC
6. Current rating: 3A
7. Contact resistance: 0.02
8. Insulation resistance: 800M
9. Withstand Voltage: 1000V. AC/1Min
10. Material:
Housing: PA66
Wafer: PBT
Terminal: Phos. Bronze Tin plated
Crimping tool, die sets size = ???
JST ZH connectors
B3B-ZR(LF)(SN)
S3B-ZR(LF)(SN)
ZHR-3
SZH-002T-P0.5
SZH-002T-P0.5 (0.08-0.13mm2, AWG28# - 26#, OD 0.8-1.1mm)

SZH-003T-P0.5 (0.032-0.08mm2, AWG32# - 28#, OD 0.5-0.9mm)
JST EL-2P (2 Way) Multipole Connectors With Wire
Connectors > Crimp Terminals / Solder Terminals & Splices > Quick Dis
Crimp terminal,
Blade,
Pin,
Push-on
Insulated push-on,
Butt,
Fork,
Ring,
Piggyback,
Male tab (6.35mm or 1/4 inch tab connector),
Male bullet,
Female bullet
Red Insulation 0.5-1.5mm2 / 22-16 AWG
Blue Insulation 1.5-2.5mm2 / 16-14 AWG
Yellow Insulation 4.0-6.0mm2 / 12-10 AWG
Good terminal is made of copper (tinned), not aluminium.
Ferrule
Wire size for various ferrule size (color determine the size)
8. Name of Cable/Wire
Ribbon Cable & IDE connectors IDC connector pin rating is 1A.
Flat Flexible Cable (FFC)
Flex Jumper
9. Others
RJ45 (Panel Mount), Ethernet network socket, 8P8C plug to socket
USB Socket (Panel Mount)
panel%20mount%20USB%20s
email:
Keyword: mm inch mil thou, tap drill size, reference guide, PCB trace resistivity computation calculator, Foot print reference, Cable wire gauge resistance, cable wire
selection, fastener
1/11/2018 Clock power supply
Power supply for LCD clock

LCD clock power supply
Between the various wrecks I have been spending time with a larger LCD display. When I found them to be
almost nothing, I installed them in the workshop. The clocks were originally fed by a single button link, but I
wanted to never have to worry about powering them anymore . Consideration was given to the power supply
from the battery or battery back-up. For mains power, however, the clock would either be galvanically connected
to the grid (in the case of a "condenser" source), or I would have to agree with another permanently connected
transformer in the household, which also has an idle consumption of about 1 W. For power I finally used the " "
Tension. The connection in FIG. 1 completely eliminates the two aforementioned drawbacks.
Fig. 1. Clock Source

Fig. 1. Clock power supply
The alternating voltage from the transformer is one-way diode D1 and limited by Zener diode to about 5.5
V. This voltage is charging a special miniature capacitor C1 (GoldCap). These capacitors are manufactured with
special technology, allowing you to reach an incredible capacity of up to 1 Farad. I got the capacitor from an
older radio where it was used to power the preset station memory. Since the radio had "forgotten" after a few
days, the capacitor was replaced by a NiCd battery that was even more strenuous. In newer car radios, as far as I
know, this method is no longer used and the memory is backed by permanent battery power. GoldCap capacitors
have a maximum voltage of 5.5 V and only currents can be discharged and charged up to several mA, otherwise
they will be destroyed. In my circuit the capacitor backs up the clock when the mains voltage drops. The voltage
from the capacitor is withdrawn through R2 and is stabilized to about 1.5 volts by diodes D3 to D5. The
capacitor is capable of feeding the clock for several hours when the power supply is interrupted. The biggest
load is the stabilizer, the actual clock collection is negligible. After the modification, it would probably be
possible to replace the somewhat exotic C1 accumulator RAM.
Source I realized from what was at hand on a piece of universal board. She has been fully satisfied for
several years.
http://www.belza.cz/pwrsply/clockpw.htm 1/2
1/11/2018 Clock power supply
Jaroslav Belza
26. 3. 2002
http://www.belza.cz/pwrsply/clockpw.htm 2/2
1/11/2018 C-meter - Electrolytic capacitor meter
Capacitor Meter with Large Capacity

Large C meter
The meter can measure the capacity of conventional electrolytic capacitors with an accuracy better than 10%.
Any power source with a voltage of 5 to 15 V can be used for the power supply. The only condition is that the
voltage does not change much during the measurement.
After switching on, the measured capacitor Cx is charged via resistor Rn. The voltage on the measured capacitor
is compared with the voltage on the dividers from resistors R2 and R3 by a comparator formed by the
operational amplifier OZ1. With a higher supply voltage, the capacitor charges faster, but it has to be charged at
a higher voltage to flip the comparator. Therefore, the time interval over which the comparator is overturned is
independent of the supply voltage.
During the charging of the capacitor, the comparator output is practically zero voltage and a constant current
source consisting of transistors T1 and T2 is triggered. The capacitor C1 is charged over it. The voltage on this
capacitor is proportional to the time it was charging, and thus the capacity of the Cx capacitor. The voltage at C1
indicates a handheld measuring device connected via an OZ2 tracker.
The splitter R2, R3 is connected only after the diode D1, which moves the DC voltage level. This adjustment
causes a small change in the switching time of the comparator depending on the supply voltage. In this way, the
dependence of the current source on the supply voltage is compensated, mainly due to the change of current
passing through the resistor R5. The displacement of the supply voltage is also necessary for proper operation of
the OZ2 tracker.
http://www.belza.cz/measure/cmet.htm 1/5
Fig. 1. Electrolytic capacitor meter

Figure 1. Large C meter
Measuring procedure
We connect the measured capacitor, select the appropriate range and turn on the device. The gauge of the gauge
will slowly increase until after about 1 second it has stabilized at a value corresponding to the measured
capacity. By switching off the device, the measured capacitor is discharged and the instrument is ready for
further measurement by discharging the capacitor C1. It is advisable to repeat the measurement several times,
especially for capacitors that have not been in operation for a long time. The first measurement will show more
capacity because some of the energy is consumed to form the condenser.
Device design
Most of the components are on the printed circuit board of Figures 2 and 3. The design of the device is evident
from the photograph. The meter does not have its own source, I use a stabilized source or battery for occasional
measurements. Resistor R1 limits the discharge current of the measured capacitor. I used a coil of wire
resistance, it does not matter much. The switching current Pr1 should also be dimensioned on the discharge
current. Considering that the measured capacitor is charged at a voltage close to the supply voltage, this current
may be several amperes. I used a meter with a 200 micrometre (0.1 V) full-wave current, for others the
resistance of the resistor will have to be adjusted so that the full deflection is at a voltage of 1 to 1.5 V. The Rn
resistors determine the range of the instrument. It is not necessary to keep their resistance exactly, the relative
ratio of the resistances is important. The Rn resistors are composed of two resistors connected in series to make
the desired set-up easier. If you use both resistors,
Fig. 2. Circuit board of electrolytic capacitor meters. Click to get a picture at 600 dpi
Figure 2. C meter PCB layout. Click to get 600 dpi resolution image

Device setup
If RN resistors are selected in advance, you only need to set the instrument in one range. With Cx, we connect a
capacitor of known capacity and choose the appropriate range. Rotate the P1 to set the desired gauge of the
gauge. Every time you turn the trimmer, you must always re-measure it! In some cases, it may be necessary to
change the resistance of resistor R4.
Fig. 4. Rear view

Figure 4. Rear inside view
Fig. 5. Front view

Figure 5. Front inside view
List of parts
R1 2.2 Ohm, wire (or piece of resistance wire)

R2 910 Ohm (or 1 kohm)
R3 1 kOhm
R4 18 kOhm
R5 820 kOhm
R6 5.6 kOhm
P1 15 kOhm
Rn1 120 Ohm, for a range of 15,000 μF
Rn2 600 Ohm, for a range of 3,000 μF
Rn3 1.2 kOhm, for a range of 1 500 μF
Rn4 6 kOhm, for a range of 300 μF
Rn5 12 kOhm, for a 150 μF range
Rn6 60 kOhm, for 30 μF range
Rn7 120 kOhm, for a range of 15 μF
Rn8 600 kOhm, for 3 μF range
NO. 1 20 μF (22 μF) / 16 volts, preferably tantalum
D1, D2 KA261 (1N4148 etc)
T1, T2 BC ... (KC508, BC548, BC238, 2N3904, 2SC945 ...)
IO MA1458
Pre1 Double switch, Double pole - double throw
Ex2 8-pole switch, 8-pole single throw
M Hand gauge 200 μA

Circuit board bcs17
sockets, power connector, box
Jaroslav Belza
The electrolytic capacitor meter was printed in Amateur Radio No. 2/1990 at p. 49. At its design I was inspired
by the involvement in [1], where it is the original source. [2]
[1] Kalás, L .: Progressive Capacity Meter . Amateur Radio No. 4/1977 p. 146.
[2] Popular Electronic, October 1976
10. 9. 2000
1/11/2018 CMOS-TTL Logic Probe
CMOS-TTL
CMOS-TTL Logic Probe Logic Probe
Approximately in 1984, the first CMOS circuits appeared in TESLA stores. The use of CMOS circuits in various
connections is very advantageous, especially for their negligible power input. The basic tool for working with logic circuits is a
logic probe. The logical probe design, which is suitable for working with CMOS circuits, is described here. This probe is one of
the first to appear on the AR site.
Fig. 1. Wiring the CMOS-TTL Logic Sensor

Figure 1. CMOS-TTL Logic Probe
Activity description
The logic probe (the wiring diagram in Figure 1 ) indicates three states: logical "0" (level L), logical "1" (level H) and
indeterminate state. Short impulses are extended by monostable flip-flops. Dynamic properties are sufficient to work with
conventional CMOS circuits, the probe captures impulses from 200 ns above. It should be noted that TTL and HCMOS circuits are
able to produce pulses shorter and they will no longer catch the probe. The power supply voltage of the probe can be 3 to 18 volts and
the probe is normally supplied from the object being measured. Decision levels are approximately 30% Ucc (CMOS) and 0.8V (TTL)
for the log. 0 and 70% Ucc (CMOS) and 2.5V (TTL) log. 1. TTL decision levels apply to the 5 V supply voltage. An indeterminate
state indicates the probe also when the probe tip is not connected anywhere.
Probe circuits
The input circuit is resolved to monitor logical TTL and CMOS levels. A simple switch is used for switching, the voltages for
each decision level are fixed by resistors. The D1 and D2 diodes compensate for voltage drops at base-emitter transitions in transistors
T1 and T2. When using the TR12 and TR15 transistors, they must be selected with a breakdown voltage greater than 15 V. It is a
problem to get the correct logic level at the gate H1 when the switch is switched to the TTL position. At a supply voltage of 5 V, the
voltage at gate input is within 0 to 3 V; it changes depending on whether T1 is opened or closed. Therefore, two completely random
selected IO MHB4001 pieces were targeted in different wiring. The results are in tab. 1. If in the first case (both inputs in parallel) the
tilting level is greater than 2.9 V, this does not mean the IO is defective, but it is not suitable for use in the probe. Three identical
monostable multivibrators are connected to the logic to distinguish individual levels, which extends short pulses to about 0.2 s.
Indefinite level indications are also extended to indicate short pulses that do not reach logical levels. If this extension is not needed,
simply disconnect the C4 capacitor.
http://www.belza.cz/measure/logsonda.htm 1/3
Tab. 1. Retraction level of NOR gateways (MHB4001) Table 1. Treshold
level two different NOR gate
connection .vzorek 1. .vzorek 2.
2.21 V 2.34 V
2.59 V 2.73 V
2.71 V 2.87 V
The MCU outputs control current sources for the LEDs. It is advantageous to supply LEDs from current sources, since they are
almost the same in the entire supply voltage range. The current through the diode can be adjusted by selecting a different resistance of
resistor R13 (or R15 or R17). This can compensate for the luminosity of individual diodes. I used different colors for the indication: it
will improve the clarity of the read data. The Zener diode D6 and the fuse in the power supply provide protection for the probe when
the supply voltage is incorrectly connected.
Fig. 2. Printed circuit board of the receiver. Click to get a picture at 600 dpi
Figure 2. Receiver PCB layout. Click to get 600 dpi resolution image

Construction
The components of the logic probe are connected to a printed circuit board ( Figure 2 ), the arrangement of the components is
shown in Fig. 3. I redraw and modified the original AR board. If you use the original V60 plate, you need to scratch the connection
between IO1 terminals 6 and 7 - there is an error on the original board. I made the box for the probe from polystyrene. The warning
tables served as its source; the content of the tables in this case does not matter :-)). The indication diodes are stuck in the probe cover
and are connected by thin wires. They can be soldered directly to the board here, but in this case they are already far from the tip,
which makes work with the probe uncomfortable. At the front end of the probe, a screw clamp is fastened to which either a steel spike
or wire is attached. It is possible to connect the probe to the measured location without having to keep it in hand. Resistor resistors are
designed for common LEDs. If you use a small current LED (2 mA), it is necessary to increase the resistance of resistors R13, R15
and R17 to 270 to 330 Ohms. This modification significantly changes the current consumption. When installing the board, be sure to
have three wire jumpers. The overall arrangement of the probe is evident from the photograph onFig. 4 .
Revival
We connect the finished probe over the milliammeter to the power supply and slowly increase the supply voltage - preferably
from 0V. The current to be discharged should not be greater than 3 to 10 mA plus the current of the diode switched on. We also test the
function of the probe across the entire supply voltage range. Then it is ready for use.
List of parts
R1, R2 100 kOhm, all miniature resistors
R3, R5 330 Ohm
R4 820 Ohm
R6 680 Ohm
R7, R8, R12, R14, R16 10 kOhm
R9, R10, R11 1 MOhm
R13, R15, R17 33 ohm (330 Ohm for LED @ 2 mA)
C1, C2 6.8 pF, ceramic
C3, C4, C5 220 nF, tantalum TE125 or foil or ceramic
IO1, IO2 CMOS 4001 (MHB4001)
T1 TR15 or other switching pnp or BC558
T2 TR12 or other switching npn or BC548
T3 to T8 any npn (BC548)
D1, D2 KA261, 1N4148 and the like.
D3, D4, D5 ICE
D6 Zener diode 18 V, eg KZ260 / 18
circuit board bcs36 or V60
Fig. 4. Logic probe with removable cover - older versions of printed circuit board (V60)
Figure 4. Logic Probe without cover (older version PCB)
Connecting a similar logic probe
Jaroslav Belza
Amateur Radio Series A 9/1987 p. 330
24. 10. 2001
1/11/2018 Coaxial cable impedance - Coaxial cable impedance
How to determine the coaxial cable impedance?

How to determine the coaxial cable impedance?
The impedance of an unknown coaxial cable can be reliably estimated by its capacity. The
specific capacity of the coaxial cable, ie the capacity per 1 meter length is determined by the
formula
,
where ε is the cable dielectric permit, D the diameter of the outer sheath (shield) and d the inner
conductor diameter. However, the same data also determines the characteristic impedance of the
cable:
.
It is not necessary to recalculate the formulas, it is sufficient to realize that the permitivity differs
according to the dielectric used, but for the conventional cables these constants are similar. The
relative permitivity of conventional dielectrics used in cables is similar and the capacity of the
cable with the same impedance is proportional to its square root. Polyethylene Permitivity (RG-
174 / U) is εr = 1.52, foamed polyethylene (by cable type) εr = 1.2 to 1.37.
Therefore, use a low-capacity capacitance meter (to avoid cable and reflection), measure capacity
and share the length of the cable in meters.
The capacity of conventional 50Ω cables is around 100 pF / m, cables with a typical impedance of
75 Ω around 65 pF / m and 93 Ω (95 Ω) cables around 50 pF / m.
You can identify a cable from old stock, out of stock or stock exchange. Interesting data on cables
and dielectrics can also be found from these links
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/coax-chart.htm
http://www.pulsedpower.net/Info/common_dielectrics.htm
Characteristic impedance Capacity of

Characteristic impedance cable capacitance cable
50 Ω approx. 100 pF / m
http://www.belza.cz/knowhow/koax.htm 1/2
1/11/2018 Coaxial cable impedance - Coaxial cable impedance
Jaroslav Belza
The article was published in the magazine "Practical Electronics" 4/2016 p. 28

This article was published in "Practical Electronics" magazine 4/2016, page 28
31. 10. 2017
http://www.belza.cz/knowhow/koax.htm 2/2
1/11/2018 Crystal receiver for the FM band.
Set 6
FM crystal receiver.
Back to the index
This receiver can receive stations in the FM band (87-108 MHz).
http://crystal-radio.eu/enset6.htm 1/5
Schematic description:
The receiver has a tuned circuit made with variable capacitor C1 and coil L1.
Coil L1 is a 285 mm long copper tube, the outside diameter is 12 mm.
Via coil L2 the input signal is coupled to L1.
L2 and L1 are placed parallel over a distance of 25 mm.
The wire diameter of L2 is 0.5 mm, and the spacing with L1 is about 1 mm.
On both sides of L1 are placed copper plated PCB boards.

The spacing between the boards and L1 is 10mm
The spacing between L1 and the bottom plate is also 10mm.
The bottom plate is also made of copper plated PCB board.
The "earth" side of L1 is via a small piece of PCB connected with the bottom plate. There must be very good
contact between bottom plate and L1, so solder it very carefully.
The copper tube (L1) must be clean and free of oxide, otherwise selectivity en sensitivity will decrease.
The transformer is model TR10.16 made by Visaton.
This receiver is a slope detector.
The receiver must be tuned a little bit beside the

station’s frequency.
The input signal is placed on the slope of the

filtercurve, a FM modulated signal will now also
obtain some AM modulation.
This AM modulation can be detected by a diode.
For reception I use a 3 elements directional antenna.
It has a gain of about 5 dB.
With the antenna placed only 1.5 meter high, I could receive the following stations:
Station MHz Location kW km

Arrow 90.7 Lopik 100 17
Radio 2 92.6 Lopik 100 17
BNR Nieuwsradio 100.1 Lopik 100 17
Noordzee FM 100.7 Lopik 100 17
The output signal is fairly weak, so use a sensitive speaker, for instance a driver unit.
Sensitivity test
On the picture below you see the test setup for measuring the sensitivity of the receiver, on the right you see a
VHF signal generator.
At an input power of -40 dBm and a frequency of 100 MHz the DC voltage over R1 is 1.6 mV.
Diode test
In this receiver I tested the following diodes:

- One OA95 germanium diode (Rd = ± 45 kΩ)
- One HSMS2850 schottky diode (Rd = ± 9 kΩ)
- One BAT62-03W schottky diode (Rd = ± 225 kΩ)
- Two BAT62-03W diodes parallel (Rd = ± 112 kΩ)
- Four BAT62-03W diodes parallel (Rd = ± 56 kΩ)
At several load resistor values between 10 and 100 kΩ , the rectified output voltage is measured (in milliVolt).
And from this the output power in the load resistor is calculated (in pico Watt).
The measurements are done at 100 MHZ and -35 dBm input power in the receiver.
The following table gives the results:
1x 1x 2x 2x 4x 4x
Load OA95 OA95 HSMS2850 HSMS2850 BAT62- BAT62- BAT62- BAT62- BAT62- BAT62-
(kΩ) (mV) (pW) (mV) (pW) 03W 03W 03W 03W 03W 03W
(mV) (pW) (mV) (pW) (mV) (pW)
10 0.8 64 3.9 1521 1.0 100 1.7 289 2.2 484
15 1.1 81 4.7 1473 1.5 150 2.5 417 2.8 523

22 1.4 89 5.3 1277 2.1 200 3.5 557 3.6 589
33 1.7 88 5.9 1055 2.9 255 4.2 535 4.1 509
47 2.1 94 6.1 792 3.7 291 4.7 470 4.4 412
68 2.7 107 6.5 621 4.8 339 5.6 461 5.2 398
100 3.0 90 6.8 462 5.7 325 6.7 449 5.5 303
This graph shows the power in the load resistor as function of the load resistor value.
We see, the HSMS2850 gives the most output power.

The OA95 has the worst performance, probably this germanium diode is not fast enough for 100 MHz signals.
Back to the index
1/11/2018 crystal receiver set 1
Set 1
Back to the index
This is the first crystal receiver I built.
The receiver must be connected to a large frame aerial, which is a loop of copperwire.
I am using a loop which measures 4x6 meter which I have suspended in my shed.
One strong local station can be heard (120 kw at 17 km distance).
The sound can be heard all over the shed.
Back to the index
1/11/2018 Crystal receiver set 3
Set 3
Back to the index
This receiver uses a loop antenna, which is a large coil.

The coil picks up energy from the transmitter, so there is no need for any external antenna or ground connection.
The coil is 88x60 cm and has 8 turns.
The receiver has a calibrated frequency dial. In receivers with a external antenna this is not possible, because de length of the antenna influences the tuning frequency.
On the coil there are several taps for connecting the diode. I got the best results with the tap in the middle of the coil.
An audio transformer transforms the impedance from 16 kΩ primary to 16 Ω secondary.

As a speaker we can use a modern headphone, with both 32 Ω speakers connected in parallel.
I received 33 different stations with this radio.

The loop antenna is directional, so sometimes we must turn the receiver for better reception.
The coil is made of litzwire 40x0.07. This wire has 40 individually insulated 0.07 mm strands.
With this wire we can make coils of high quality.
The unloaded Q factor of the LC circuit is as follows:
Frequency
Q factor
(kHz)
600 128
900 146
1200 144
1500 124
Circuit diagram of receiver "set 3"
Back to the index
Set 10 Receiver with loopantenna

Back to the index
This receiver has a 26x38 cm loop antenna, made of 660x0.04 mm litzwire.

The loop antenna has 16 windings, and is wound around a frame made of wooden sticks.
Circuit diagram:
Set 10
The transformers (type: 952.431) are with the 16 Ω output windings parallel connected, this gives an impedance of 8 Ω.
The connected headphone however gives a load which is twice as high (16 Ω).
This will make the input impedance of the transformers (normally 80 kΩ) almost double.
The total input impedance of the two transformers will now be about 300 kΩ.
As loudspeaker, a modern headphone is used (Sennheiser model: HD202).
With this receiver I took part in the Elmar memorial crystal radio dx contest 2006, and received 4 stations:
See the Contestlog Elmer 2006.xls
During the Dutch BTTF crystalreceiver contest (december 2005) I received 6 stations with this receiver.
See the Contestlog BTTF 2005.xls
However, the number of received stations was quite low.
I measured the Q factor of the complete receiver, which was quite low (see measurement 1).
To find out the reason, first the diode was disconnected, this increased the Q quite a lot (measurement 2).
Then the two transformers were removed (measurement 3), because they were at close distance to the coil, there was
influence on Q factor.
The next measurements are done with 1.4 Volt peak-peak across the LC circuit
Q Q Q Q
Measurement
600 kHz 900 kHz 1200 kHz 1500 kHz
Set 10
1 Complete receiver 136 107 72 64
Loaded with headphone
2 Diode disconnected 300 264 206 182
3 Transformers removed 500 388 285 214
3x 5082-2835 diode
4 333 265 203 160
and 1M5 load
Then I connected 3 schottky diodes (5082-2835) in parallel to the receiver (measurement 4).
In measurement 4, a load resistor of 1.5 MΩ is used, because this is about the impedance of my transformator unit1.
Set 10 version 2
Then I replaced the 1.5 MΩ resistor (measurement 4) by the transformer unit 1, and connected a driver unit to it.
Both sensitivity and selectivity of the receiver was now much better then first.
With this version of the receiver, I took part in 2006 in a contest, and received 24 stations.
See the Contestlog sprint 2006.xls
Circuit diagram of: set 10 version 2

At the output, transformer unit 1 is connected.
Back to the index
1/11/2018 Crystal receiver set 11.
Crystal receiver set 11

Back to the index
This receiver has a single tuned circuit, the Q factor of the tuned circuit is quite low.
The receiver can be used well for reception of local stations, for reception of distant stations it is less suitable.
I tried to give this receiver a nice "old-fashioned" look, the reception performance was in this design of less importance.
This receiver is for sale, I made a series production of these, and will build more on request.
This receiver is also for sale as do-it-yourself kit.
See the shop for more information.
The front panel of the receiver.

On the left side the socket for the headphone.
In the middle the tuning knob.
On the right the connections for antenna (upper) and ground (lower).
http://crystal-radio.eu/set11/enset11.htm 1/5
Top view of the receiver.
Circuit diagram of receiver set 11
Circuit description.
The resonance circuit is formed by coil L1 and C1b and C1c (together 1000 pF).
Capacitor C1a and C2 provide the matching between antenna and tuned circuit.
The frame (rotor) of the tuning capacitor is carrying the RF signal, by this it is possible to tune simultaneously the tuned circuit (C1b
and C1c) and the antenna matching (C1a).
Germanium diode D1 provides the signal detection.
Transformer TR1 is loaded with 16 Ω at its 4 Ω output, through this the input impedance increases from 16 kΩ to about 43 kΩ.
At the output a headphone of 2x 32 Ω can be connected, with the two speakers parallel, the impedance is 16 Ω.
Component A1 is a gas discharge tube (also called: surge arrester) with type number: N81-A90X.
The gas discharge tube protects the antenna input for too high voltages.
These high voltages can occur if the antenna picks up static charge from the air (especially occurs with long outdoor antennas from non
insulated antenna wire).
As the voltage at the antenna is higher then 90 Volt, the gas discharge tube will start to conduct and short the high voltage to ground.
As soon as the charge has flown to ground, the conduction stops automatically.
Frequency range of the receiver.

Frequency range without antenna: 500 - 2500 kHz.
Frequency range with 10 meter antenna connected: 487 - 1860 kHz.
Both with and without antenna connected, the whole medium wave band can be tuned.
Q factor of the LC circuit (Without antenna and without diode connected):

600 kHz: Q= 83
900 kHz: Q= 81
1200 kHz: Q= 75
1500 kHz: Q= 65
The circuit Q is rather low, one reason for this is because the RF signal is in this design on the frame of the tuning capacitor.
Because the frame of the tuning capacitor is directly connected to the wooden bottom plate losses occur here.
You can find a complete building instruction op the following pages:
Step 1 Preparing the components
Step 2 Making the frame of the receiver
Step 3 Making the coil
Step 4 Placing the components
You will find here the part list of this receiver.
Back to the index
Crystal receiver set 12

Back to the index
Set 12 is suitable for receiving local stations, which can be heard via a modern 2x 32 Ω headphone.
This receiver has two tuning capacitors.
One is for tuning, and one is for impedance matching between antenna and tuned circuit.
Circuit diagram of set 12
Tuning capacitor C1 provides a matching between antenna and tuned circuit.

C2 and L1 form the tuned circuit.
L1 consists of 12 meter litzwire 36x0,07 mm with a tap on 50 % (6 meter).
The coil former is made of a cd from which the shiny layer is removed.
The cd has 9 slots through which the litzwire is wounded.
The diode is a schottky diode.

The transformer has an input impedance of about 44 kΩ, when the receiver is loaded with 16 Ω.
The components in the receiver.
The Q factor of the tuned circuit, not loaded with the diode is:
600 kHz: Q=105
900 kHz: Q=108
1200 kHz: Q=95
1500 kHz: Q=84
Because of the quite low Q, this receiver is not so suitable for receiving distant stations.
Back to the index
1/11/2018 David's Duodecal Delight ~ 12AE10 Compactron Tube Regenerative Radio
Printed Circuit Board - Design MS In Org. Psychology - RF Spectrum Analyzer - Made

& Assembly - California Alliant Int'l. University in Germany / up to 20GHz
Start Earning a Specialized Degree. Spectrum Analyzer Shop - Buy now! Highend RF &
Laritech offers rapid design, prototyping & production
Accepting Applications Today! Microwave Analyzer / 1Hz to 20GHz aaronia.com/rf-
of printed circuit boards laritech.com
info.alliant.edu/Organizational/Psychology analyzers
David's Duodecal Delight —
12AE10 Regenerative Radio
(javascript:changeFontSize(-1)) (javascript:changeFontSize(1)) (#)
Introduction
Hello honored visitor! Thank you for your visit. Today's radio is built with a Compactron tube. While the
compactron was the big idea of some Wunderkind at GE in the early 60's, it has become the unwanted stepchild
http://makearadio.com/tube/12ae10.php 1/9
of radio amateurs, restorers and audiophools alike. This means they are available very cheap, and hence has
grabbed my attention
The Idea
I used to sell a lot of compactron tubes where I worked. For an old school guy like me, these were somewhat
odd, with their 12 pin duodecal tube base. I never thought about building anything with them. I had seen
magazine articles that used them to build small one or two tube radios. So now is my turn.
The Circuit
The center of this circuit is the 12AE10 compactron tube. Please download the data sheet from Frank's tubes
(http://frank.pocnet.net/index.html) . Make sure to drop Frank an e-mail thanking him for his efforts. As a little tip, I would
suggest saving anything you get from Frank's set to your hard drive. That way, when you want to see it again,
you don't use the bandwidth again.
The 12AE10 is a dual section tube. One is a low power sharp cutoff pentode and the other side is a beam power
audio pentode. As logic dictates, the first section is the regenerative detector, while the other section drives the
speaker.
The circuit is not really unusual. The regenerative feedback is accomplished by a tickler coil in the cathode of
the detector. A standard grid leak circuit offers grid rectification detection. The audio is recovered at the plate,
after the signal travels through the LC filter. A 25k ohm pot controls the screen voltage on the detector, which
controls the amount of regenerative feedback. The operation of this control is very smooth. You will have no
problems setting that exact point just before oscillation for maximum sensitivity.
The power supply is a voltage tripler. It starts out with a "wall wart" transformer with an output of 24vac at 650
ma. This is part number ACTX-2465 available from All Electronics (http://www.allelectronics.com/) . The center tap is
necessary to provide voltage for the tube heater, which requires 12 volts.
The full 24 volts ac then goes through a voltage tripler. The voltages ends up to be 80 volts dc under load. I have
to tell you that I did have a lot of hum problems at first with this radio. I eliminated the hum by using more
capacitors than I had expected. The B+ voltage is lower than I had hoped for, but there is enough to get moderate
volume to the speaker. There is moderate hum when headphones are used.
The audio output transformer is the famous Bogen T725. While I had speculated that this would make a nice
audio output transformer in small radios for years, this is my first time to try it. The problem is that the Bogen
has a solid iron core, rather than a laminated metal core. This means that under moderate dc current flowing, the
transformer core would become saturated. I decided to take a chance and I wasn't disappointed. It is probably
true that a true tube audio output transformer would work better, this is a good way to go. I used the black and
violet wires as the primary connections. This gave me the loudest sound.
The radio is tuned by a 540 pF capacitor. This is available from Leeds Radio (http://leedsradio.com) . It is really a dual
section 270pF with a nice 2:1 vernier drive. That added with the 6:1 vernier reduction drive gives 6 full turns of
the knob to tune end to end. You can use a smaller capacitor, such as a 410pF, but the bigger capacitor lets me
tune part of the 160 meter ham band.
The main coil, also heavily involved with the tuning of this radio is wound on a HDPE spider coil form. The
outside diameter is 3-½ inches (90 mm). The hub diameter is 1-¾ inches (45 mm). I used 40/44 litz wire to wind
all the coils. There are 51 turns on my main coil tuned with the 540pF capacitor. Using a 410pF tuning capacitor,
you should start with 55 turns. You can trim as you feel necessary to get the tuning range the way you want it. To
provide the best isolation with the tickler, the inside of this coil goes to ground, while the outside goes to the grid
leak circuit.
The tickler coil is on a 2 inch form (50 mm) with 1 inch hub. I wound 4 turns on this form. The tickler is
mounted to the main coil at the center. The turns will need adjustment. You want good regeneration control
through out the band. It is best to have as few turns as possible and still get the job done.
The antenna coil has 25 turns on a 2 inch diameter form with a 1 inch center. The antenna coil is connected to a
1/4 inch (6 mm) rod that passes though a panel bushing on the front panel. Two grommets (Thanks Mike
Peebles) are used to hold the antenna coil on the shaft. Also, if someone starts turning the shaft instead of push
pulling it, there won't be any pulling of the antenna coil wires. By pulling and pushing the rod, you can control
the amount of rf that is picked up by the main coil. Some kind of front end level control is always necessary on a
regen radio. This can be done mechanically, as I have done, or it could be a variable capacitor between the
antenna and coil, or even a potentiometer. The number of windings on this coil may need to be adjusted,
depending on your receiving conditions.
There is a LED that causes a blue circle to be shown through the white dial when the radio is on. It is not shown
on the circuit, but involves a LED, rectifier diode and a 1000 ohm resistor, all wired in series and connected to
the power switch. A nice little touch.
Construction
This radio is made out of (surprise surprise) Garolite®! It is made the same way as many of my other project
panels and chassis. After the panel is connected to the chassis with a pair of small angle brackets, then the hole
can be found for the vernier. I put a pointed piece of metal on the end of the capacitor and make my mark on the
panel. A pencil connected to the capacitor shaft would also work. Then the vernier holes are drilled. After that,
the capacitor mounting holes can be marked and drilled.
Then mark and drill the holes for the controls. After that, the standoffs (made from Delrin at 2 inches long) can
be mounted. Those are all the critical holes. Now find room on the chassis for everything else. Don't forget the
solder lug mountings. You will need a couple of holes at the front of the chassis so the wires from the controls
can pass down under.
My panel is 6-½ x 9-½ inches (16,5 x 24 cm) and the chassis is 5-½ x 9-½ inches (14 x 24 cm). The reason for
this size is that the Garolite® comes in 12 inch wide sheets. The width was made to match the piece of wood
that I had previously finished.
Be prepared to reverse the tickler winding leads if the radio fails to go into oscillation. Myself, I just connect
them and see if it is right or not. I seem to get it right around 50% of the time.
Conclusion
This is a great project for the intermediate builder to make. I caution you that the 80 volts, while not particularly
dangerous, can cause discomfort if you grab on to it. Make sure the capacitors are discharged before working on
this set.
The performance is good with moderate volume. It sure isn't your kid's ghetto blaster, but will give you hours of
listening pleasure on a radio that you built!
73 and happy radio building ~ Dave, N2DS
Coil Close-up, Tickler, Main Coil and Variable Coupling.
Under the Chassis View
24VAC-CT Power Supply
Schematic
(https://plus.google.com/u/0/110073333267145506266/posts)
1 Printed Circuit Board - Design & Assembly - California

Laritech offers rapid design, prototyping & production of printed circuit boards laritech.com
2 PartSim - circuit simulation - web schematic capture tool

FREE and easy to use circuit simulator that runs in your web browser. partsim.com
(/) Let's Make ... Featured (/featured/) Write an InstructableLogin (/account/login/) | Sign Up (/account/gopro)
(/about/create.jsp)
Classes (/classes/) Contests (/contest/) Forums (/community/?categoryGroup=all&category=all) Answers (/tag/type-question/?sort=RECENT)

(http://www.autodesk.com)
Teachers (/teachers/) advertisement
GET QUOTE
FROM COAST TO COAST.
COVERAGE ON THE GO.
advertisement
About This Instructable
License:
8 239,803 views
 181 favorites
krmartin3
(https://cdn instructables com/FD6/5PSH/GC4GD7LP/FD65PSHGC4GD7LP MEDIUM jpg)
(/member/krmartin3/)
Want Second Income?
(http://kandmmartin.worldventure
(/member/krmartin3/)
Follow 136
More by krmartin3:
(https://cdn instructables com/FSR/8RB2/GC4GD (https://cdn instructables com/F0P/MKZ9/GC4GD (/id/LM386- (/id/Full-

(/id/Portable- Audio- Spectrum-
Speaker-1/) Amplifier/) Flashlight/)
(https://cdn instructables com/FB (https://cdn instructables com/FT (https://cdn instructables com/FE

(https://cdn instructables com/FTN/WZ9J/GC4G15U6/FTNWZ9JGC4G15U6 MEDIUM jpg)
My first intention was to design a DC Voltage boost converter to convert 3vdc to

5vdc so that I could power my iPod or any other device requiring 5 volts to
charge. I read about oscillation circuits and boost converter circuits and
combined the two. My results were staggering when I was able to convert 4.5
volts to over 100 volts by accident. I decided to post an instructable for this
instead, for now. If you have any tips to increase the efficiency or output current
please comment below, I appreciate any suggestions.
Step 1: Obtain Parts
(https://cdn instructables com/FTN/WZ9J/GC4G15U6/FTNWZ9JGC4G15U6 MEDIUM jpg)

All components can be found at RadioShack.
PCB
3 X 1.5 volt Battery Holder
L1 RF Choke 100 micro Henries
R1 Resistor 10 Ohms
R2 Resistor 51K Ohms
Q1 PNP Transistor 2N3906
Q2 NPN Transistor 2N3904
Q3 Power MOSFET IRF510
C1 Capacitor .01 micro Farads
C2 Capacitor .047micro Farads
D1 Diode 1N4148
Step 2: Place Components
(https://cdn instructables com/F0P/MKZ9/GC4GD7LN/F0PMKZ9GC4GD7LN MEDIUM jpg)
Arrange components as you see here or as close as possible.
Step 3: Observe Diagram

(https://cdn instructables com/F39/40J8/GD0R0I8X/F3940J8GD0R0I8X MEDIUM jpg)
Look through the wiring diagram to see what components need to be connected
to what prior to soldering.
Step 4: Solder Components
(https://cdn instructables com/FEG/6LO7/GC4G15U5/FEG6LO7GC4G15U5 MEDIUM jpg)
Solder components carefully to ensure there are no shorts, also ensure all
connections are made at all points.
Step 5: Clean Up and Test

DC Boost Converter by krmartin3 (/member/krmartin3/) in electronics (/technology/electronics/)
Download h (/id/DC-Boost-Converter/) 5 Steps .  Collection I Made it!  Favorite  Share 

advertisement
(https://cdn instructables com/FBZ/U3C5/GC4GD7LO/FBZU3C5GC4GD7LO MEDIUM jpg)
(https://cdn instructables com/FT9/EZ9D/GC4GD7LQ/FT9EZ9DGC4GD7LQ MEDIUM jpg)
Trim component leads and clean solder joints. Be sure to double check
connections to make sure a connection isn't left out. Hook up battery terminals
and multimeter and see what you've got!!!
advertisement
Santa Clara, CA: This Brilliant Santa Clara, CA: This Brilliant
Company Is Disrupting A $200 Billion Company Is Disrupting A $200 Billion
Industry Industry
Comments
We have a be nice comment policy.

Please be positive and constructive. w I Made it!  Add Images Post Comment
Tanmay Deuskar (/member/Tanmay+Deuskar/) 2017-10-16 Reply
Hello,
I'm interested in making this circuit however I don't have a RF choke inductor.
Can a regular one work? Also can I use a bc-547 or a 2n2222 instead of the
NPN transistor you used?
Thanks
JindřichV (/member/Jind%C5%99ichV/) . Tanmay Deuskar

(/member/Tanmay+Deuskar/) 2017-10-25 Reply
Sure, 2N2222 is a better option for Q2 because its current rating (600 mA)
is more adequate for the 10 ohm resistor (current up to 400 mA) than
2N3904 (max Ic "only" 200 mA).
gsmq2016 (/member/gsmq2016/) 2016-03-05 Reply
I would like to convert 18VDC 8A to 100VDC 2.5A
shomas (/member/shomas/) . gsmq2016 (/member/gsmq2016/) 2016-05-18 Reply
Even at 100% efficiency, no one can boost 18v@8 amps (114 watts) to
[email protected] amps (250 watts): Laws of physics, as in energy can neither be
created or destroyed.
Marcov68 (/member/Marcov68/) . shomas (/member/shomas/) 2016-08-22 Reply
At 219% efficiency it should be possible ;-) 95% is already possible so

why not exceed that. The world keeps on progressing.
shomas (/member/shomas/) . Marcov68 (/member/Marcov68/) 2017-09-01 Reply
True efficiency > 100% is like a unicorn. it is nothing more mythical and
does not exist. Sure, some times we have apparent efficiency that are
over 100% but the extra energy comes from something else and was not
not accounted for in the apparent figure. thus the difference between true
and apparent efficiency
Edward Sun (/member/Edward+Sun/) . Marcov68 (/member/Marcov68/) Reply
2016-10-22
You realize that's not possible. Energy can't be created nor
destroyed. Even 100% efficiency is not possible due to some energy
being radiated out of the transistors as heat.
shomas (/member/shomas/) . shomas (/member/shomas/) 2017-03-28 Reply
I have to correct myself, I was assuming continuous output. Watts is a

measure of power, not energy. If one needs to get more power then what
is put int, it could be done by storing and releasing power quickly over a
shorter time. One way this can be done with pulse width modulation the
output into on and off duty cycles. spending different amounts of time in
each.
Over the course of an hour, a source voltage of 18v and a load that draws
8 amps will source 114 watts for each second of that hour. sourcing 114
watts * (3600 seconds, 60 seconds in a minute * 60 minutes in an hour) =
410,400 watt seconds( watt second is an expression of energy = joules).
With an impossible 100% conversion, 410,4000 watt seconds of energy /
250 watts output means you can deliver 250 watts for just 1641.6
seconds. That works out to about 27 minutes and 21.6 seconds. In a
world with perfect efficiency using pulse width modulation, one could
convert 114 watts to 250 watts with a 45.6% on duty cycle on his output,
and a 54.4% off duty cycle.
Travour776 (/member/Travour776/) . shomas (/member/shomas/) Reply
2017-02-04
Agree
BrianB405 (/member/BrianB405/) . gsmq2016 (/member/gsmq2016/) Reply
2016-12-29
First you will need to setup a tesla coil at 8hz and a very large
capacitor (big vat of veg oil). This will be giving you that extra efficiency
you unknowingly seek ;p
Next you will need to go ahead and setup a microwave ray in order to
excite helium plasma into their "boson" particle state. Go ahead and hook
this up to the big vat o' veg oil. Please note that the built up helium boson
waves will need to be calmed in order to extract the energy in 'physical'
form.
Note that these are alpha particles. Do not touch!

Next you will want to hook up 54 and a half (just chop 'er with a butcher
knife) "C" batteries in series. This will give you that 82 volt boost and well
as compensate for your missing 106 watts. Should give you a good 4
minutes of power.
Finally, sit back and enjoy!
jhonyFu256 (/member/jhonyFu256/) . gsmq2016 (/member/gsmq2016/) Reply
2016-09-07
really dude!!! you made my day t hank you ;)
jayas15 (/member/jayas15/) 2017-08-18 Reply
can we increase the power of the supplied power?

if yes help me in solving it
chakrabarttyaditya (/member/chakrabarttyaditya/) 2017-08-14 Reply
How to convert 6V to 12V by this process. Please help me out.
IamNoob (/member/IamNoob/) 2017-07-11 Reply
I know this is stupid question but can I put 5VDC instead of 4.5VDC?
Andrea Antonio Gallo (/member/Andrea+Antonio+Gallo/) 2017-05-01 Reply
Congratulations on the job, I would need a 12V to 80V, you can help me.
Lima79 (/member/Lima79/) 2017-03-03 Reply
I don't know where was i(: how did i missed this. Still having problem
with my 45-0-45VAC transformer, still having a short in the primary
coil winding, no idea. I think it will be better building this one
instead if i can get a 45-0-45VDC, anyways thank you good brother for
the share.
Muhammad Asim khan1 (/member/Muhammad+Asim+khan1/) 2016-11-02 Reply
Hi, I need your help..

Can I DESIGN HIGH VOLTAGE DC POWER SUPPLY (50KV) from 220 V using
boost converter....??
Kindly Guide me....
WasimA22 (/member/WasimA22/) 2016-09-28 Reply
1- Can this circuit convert 12v & 22amp to 100v and 2.64amp without any heat
sink??? Please answer if you are confident
2- and how to step down. This circuit is really simple

3- Is this tightly regulated voltage?
Porkchop559850 (/member/Porkchop559850/) 2016-03-15 Reply
Need to step up a 12v 300amp power supply to a 18v 300amp power supply
without changing the power supplies inside it
shomas (/member/shomas/) . Porkchop559850 (/member/Porkchop559850/)
2016-05-18 Reply
Even at 100% efficiency, no one can boost 12v@300
amps (3600 watts) to 18v@300 amps (5500 watts): Laws of physics, as in
energy can neither be created or destroyed.
jhonyFu256 (/member/jhonyFu256/) . shomas (/member/shomas/) Reply
2016-09-07
seen so many posts like this today!! I am just staggered
because in my mind it felt like this was a piece of knowledge everybody
possessed!!
BETTINGT (/member/BETTINGT/) 2016-07-19 Reply
what should i change to make 1.5v to 5v booster
BETTINGT (/member/BETTINGT/) 2016-07-19 Reply
what should i change to make 1.5v to 5v booster
alexmd6279 (/member/alexmd6279/) 2016-06-05 Reply
How can i boost 5VDC (from Arduino microcontroller) to 12VDC(motor)
01MadMan14 (/member/01MadMan14/) . alexmd6279 (/member/alexmd6279/)

2016-07-17 Reply
If this is still relevant, instead of using the Arduino's
output of 5v, I would wire a DC-to-DC step-up converter directly from the
power supply you're using to power the Arduino (9v Battery?). This should
be more efficient than trying to step-up from 5v. There are a few good
converters on this website and many more on others. Then you would
wire the motor through a transistor or similar system and use the digital
signal from the Arduino to control the transistor, thus powering the motor.
Another option is a motor driver module, which can also be made.
If this goes beyond your current situation, it is possible to buy both

converters and motor drivers/controllers. It would reach the same effect in
a more modulated way, but you should be reasonably sure that it would
work.
If this is a fixed object, you could also look for an old computer power
supply, from which you could power both the Arduino, motor, and pretty
much anything else, without worrying too much about amperage. These
things are not terribly mobile though and maybe a bit overkill at time...
Nevertheless, convenient.
kwphysics (/member/kwphysics/) 2016-06-11 Reply
I've been studying this circuit for a couple hours now trying to understand how it
works. I understand that the input DC is modulated to run the gate on the
MOSFET and rock that inductor, but how is the coupled transistor pair
(PNP/NPN) doing that? I imagine an astable multivibrator configuration would
do the same thing, but how does this equal that? Any links or references would
be very much appreciated!
sinas1 (/member/sinas1/) 2014-11-06 Reply
How can i boost 9VDC-350ma to 9VDC-2ampre
aji hanif (/member/aji+hanif/) . sinas1 (/member/sinas1/) 2015-12-15 Reply
you can reduce resistance, since V=I*R, so if you reduce resistance the
current will go further than 350mA, the way you can reduce resistance is
by...well removing resistor, or by make your resistor parallel with other
resistor. since battery or other voltage source (real life) have internal
resistance, you can parallel it with one and another ( but not all voltage
source can be parallel with one and another) CMIIW
shomas (/member/shomas/) . aji hanif (/member/aji+hanif/) 2016-05-18 Reply
Can not get more energy out than is put in. Laws of physics and all. His
units were given in volts and amp, but it were possible to build a booster
to his specs, then for each second it runs it would create more energy
than it consumes.
aji hanif (/member/aji+hanif/) . sinas1 (/member/sinas1/) 2015-12-15 Reply
you can reduce resistance, since V=I*R, so if you reduce resistance the
current will go further than 350mA, the way you can reduce resistance is
by...well removing resistor, or by make your resistor parallel with other
resistor. since battery or other voltage source (real life) have internal
resistance, you can parallel it with one and another ( but not all voltage
source can be parallel with one and another) CMIIW
carroty (/member/carroty/) . sinas1 (/member/sinas1/) 2015-07-22 Reply
Next Level impossible bro. use less resistance in your circuit and you will
get more amps out of your battery or whatever you need to do.
valveman (/member/valveman/) . sinas1 (/member/sinas1/) 2015-04-21 Reply
You can't get more power out than you put in.
Jimmacle (/member/Jimmacle/) . sinas1 (/member/sinas1/) 2014-11-09 Reply
You're trying to change 3.15 watts (V*A) of power into 18 watts of power
which is impossible. You'll need a power source that can supply at least
18 watts of power.
aalejo (/member/aalejo/) 2015-01-06 Reply
I have some question it is the thing. Can my power amp rates 16 volt can power
it by your design??? Pls answer me
aji hanif (/member/aji+hanif/) . aalejo (/member/aalejo/) 2015-12-15 Reply

it might can power it, however the noise from this circuit will ruin your
music though . im suggesting you're using more that 16V then using linear
regulator, idk though, im building my diy amp and it was very sensitive to
noise
shomas (/member/shomas/) . aji hanif (/member/aji+hanif/) 2016-05-18 Reply
capacitor inductor capacitor (pi filter) will clean up a lot of noise. The
second capacitor needs very low ESR rating for best performance from
the filter
mikee212 (/member/mikee212/) . aji hanif (/member/aji+hanif/) 2016-03-19 Reply
In are if constant line? Dozens! Look more in wire two. Aloe vera.
Source: stairs.
MohamedA210 (/member/MohamedA210/) 2016-05-04 Reply
please i made this circuit but it can only boost high voltage what if i need to
boost a small voltage like that is out of a paltier???
shomas (/member/shomas/) . MohamedA210 (/member/MohamedA210/) Reply
2016-05-18
Your issue is two fold. One, by itself the voltage is too low. bump
it up with more in series before you boost it. two, the power produced is
extremely low and such that drawing even a modest amount of current
drops the voltage to unusable levels. You need consider this last point
when pairing it with a load, because your not going to pull 5 watts from a
device that produces less than a watt.
mr electro (/member/mr+electro/) 2016-05-17 Reply
You can greatly increase the efficiency of a boost converter by using a fast
switching Schottky diode like a 1n5711. If it is a low voltage low current
application, you can even use a Germanium diode such as a 1n34 or 1n60 as I
did in my Instructable (Solar Powered Battery Charger) a few months ago. The
increase in efficiency is due to the lower voltage drop across the Schottky or
Germanium diodes.
ganban (/member/ganban/) 2016-03-28 Reply
I want to convert 9v to 5v with the ratio of 4.5 amp.How can i convert it,can you
please give me instructions.
J0SHUANIC0LL (/member/J0SHUANIC0LL/) . ganban (/member/ganban/) Reply
2016-04-14
All you need is a 5V regulator, 4.5 amps is lot though, you need
a 25 watt 5V regulator, or 25 i watt 5V regulators.
ChantalL7 (/member/ChantalL7/) 2016-04-09 Reply
how much is the amperage on this design

pityukecske (/member/pityukecske/) . ChantalL7 (/member/ChantalL7/) Reply
2016-04-09
200 mA maximum output current. 1N4148 isn't a very good
choice for a power converter.
ganban (/member/ganban/) 2016-03-28 Reply
I want to convert 9v to 5v with the ratio of 4.5 amp.How can i convert it,can you
please give me instructions.
ArmandC7 (/member/ArmandC7/) 2016-03-23 Reply
is it possible to covert say 50-100mv to 4 or 5v?
MaseM8 (/member/MaseM8/) 2016-02-20 Reply
I need to convert 12v 7.2A lead acid battery to 450V, to charge a 450V 15000uF
cap. How can I do this?
Grey_Apple (/member/Grey_Apple/) . MaseM8 (/member/MaseM8/) Reply
2016-03-01
Quick answer: With a step up booster, like what OP made, but
stronger.
pallc (/member/pallc/) 2016-02-26 Reply
I was wondering if, with a diode circuit and large enough capacitor and maybe
an LED to turn on once capacitor is charged ran after a 5V 1A or 2A USB
output that has 200000mAh capacity battery source, I could make a 12-14V
output to use as an emergency car battery starter with the car battery that is
clamped in parallel? If not, how would you make such a device? Was thinking of
another back-up emergency use for the 200000mAh solar power battery bank:
http://www.ebay.com/itm/200000mAh-Solar-Power-Bank...
(http://www.ebay.com/itm/200000mAh-Solar-Power-Bank-Charger-Battery-
Backup-Galaxy-Iphone-US-SELLER-NEW-/111783191331?
hash=item1a06cc2323:g:nrIAAOSw3ydV4UDC)
Thanks in advance and awesome instructable!
purushoathn (/member/purushoathn/) 2015-10-16 Reply
how can i convert 100mv to 6v
I More Comments
Newsletter About Us
Let your inbox help you discover our best Who We Are (/about/)
projects, classes, and contests. Instructables Advertise (/advertise/)
will help you learn how to make anything! Contact (/about/contact.jsp)
Jobs (/community/Positions-available-at-Instructables/)
enter email I'm in!
Help (/id/how-to-write-a-great-instructable/)
Find Us Resources
Facebook (http://www.facebook.com/instructables) For Teachers (/teachers/)
Youtube (http://www.youtube.com/user/instructablestv) Residency Program (/pier9residency)
Twitter (http://www.twitter.com/instructables) Gift Premium Account (/account/give?sourcea=footer)
Forums (/community/?categoryGroup=all&category=all)
Pinterest (http://www.pinterest.com/instructables)
Answers (/tag/type-question/?sort=RECENT)
Google+ (https://plus.google.com/+instructables)
Sitemap (/sitemap/)
Terms of Service (http://usa.autodesk.com/adsk/servlet/item?siteID=123112&id=21959721) |

Privacy Statement (http://usa.autodesk.com/adsk/servlet/item?siteID=123112&id=21292079) |
Legal Notices & Trademarks (http://usa.autodesk.com/legal-notices-trademarks/) | Mobile Site (https://www.instructables.com)
(http://usa.autodesk.com/adsk/servlet/pc/index?id=20781545&siteID=123112)
© 2017 Autodesk, Inc.
1/11/2018 DC-DC converter using LM2576
DC-DC converter, switching regulator

using LM2576, LM2575 and more.
Written by Lim Siong Boon, last dated 08-Dec-09.
email:
Kit Research History Power Supply Design for electronic circuit
A dc-dc regulator/converter or another name known as

buck regulator or switching regulator, provides stable
regulated output voltage to supply electronic circuits.
Schematic, PCB layout and component list are available
on this page.
LM2576 circuits perform same function as the

commonly known voltage regulator LM7805 from
National Semiconductor. The 7805 voltage regulator
dissipates a lot heat. The higher input voltage, the more
heat is generated. The extra input energy is converted to
heat, keeping the output voltage regulated at 5V.
LM78XX series is available to regulate 5, 6, 8, 9, 12,

15, 18, 24V. If you want the output voltage adjustable,
there is also a adj model. For -negative voltage supply,
you can use LM79xx series. These regulator is able to
support up to a maximum of 1A current rating.
LM7805 IC requires input voltage to be higher than

output in order to regulate the output voltage. Input
LM7805, TO220 package voltage needs to be at least 7V (up to a maximum of
20V) in order for LM7805 to regulate at an output of
5V. It is advisable to supply a voltage input range from
7.5V to 10V. Any higher input voltage is consider
inefficiency, generating a lot of heat.
A switching mode power supply such as LM2576 dc-dc

converter, uses switching control to reduce the input dc
voltage on average. This is equivalent to a lower input
voltage resulting in minimum heat dissipated. The
control results in better regulated output, less energy
wasted through heat and the use for high current
application. Nowadays dc-dc converter are getting
smaller and comes in the TO-220 package too. You can
simply change your LM7805 to dc-dc converter without
any change in your design.
The first commerical module I tried is the SD-50A-5

from Meanwell rated at 5V 10A. It is very good and
easy to use. However it is very big and bulky. If size is a
constraint, you might consider the model SDM-30. It is
SD-50A-5 able to handle up to 5V 5A and is a lot smaller than SD-
50A-5. However it generates a lot of heat through its
metal casing.
The best dc-dc I have tried before is PMA8811SF from

SDM-30 Ericsson. It is by far the most compact (smaller than
SDM-30) and most efficient dc-dc. Heat is also
dissipated through it ceramic package, however it does
PMA8811SF not scalded your finger as much as SDM-30 do. The IC
package is surface mount however soldering is
relatively easy because the IC leads are quite broad. It is
rated at output 5Vdc 16A and generate far less heat.
Each pieces cost about S$60, a lot more than the other
converter model.
Through some research, I get to learn about commercial

standard dc-dc IC that perform with only a few external
UT70A components. The following article discuss on LM2576
IC with rating up to 5V 3A. LM2576 is one of the dc-dc
http://www.siongboon.com/projects/2005-08-07_lm2576_dc-dc_converter/ 1/32
IC product range from National Semiconductor. There
are also various brand of dc-dc regulator IC available.
The interfacing of most dc-dc IC requires the use of

Various type of voltage regulator design inductor. This is the case for LM2576 too. Try sourcing
your local electronics shop for one if possible. I am not
stopping you to make your own inductor. Just that
a) Zener diode voltage regulator. making your own inductor takes up time and it is very
Suitable only for very low power application. likely to cost you more than what a shop might be
selling.
If you are interested in making your own coil, you

might interested in this website,
http://www.skylab.org/~chugga/mpegbox/coil/. The
aurthor Jeff Mucha had demonstrated a simple and
creative way to make inductive. One Long screw, 2
board flat washer, 2 nut, 1 ring spacer, glue, and XXX is
all the tools that is require to make your own air core
inductor. It is really interesting.
More article: home brew your own inductors
Jens Moller has contributed a program which generate a

table of information for building air core inductor.
Simply input the inductance value you need, the
program will display a table containing the wire coil
height radius and number of turns required. You need
not have to understand formula to make your own
inductor. Take a look at the following website,
http://www.colomar.com/Shavano/inductor_info.html
A greenhorn when I first attempt to use inductor. It is a

tough job building circuits using inductor. I do not have
proper equipment to measure the inductor on hand.
Never able to find out the inductance value I have.
For Vcc 24V Fortunately, there is this inductance measurement
- Zener (Vout) = 12V 240mW, Iout(max) = 20mA, Rreg product selling at an affordable price. UT70A from Uni-
= 600ohm 240mW Trend Technology. It also function as a multi-meter, and
- Zener (Vout) = 12V 120mW, Iout(max) = 10mA, Rreg can be used to measure voltage, current, etc... . Even
= 1200ohm 120mW with an inductance meter, it is not a easy task to
- Zener (Vout) = 5V 100mW, Iout(max) = 20mA, Rreg = measure inductance accurately.
950ohm 380mW
For Vcc 12V

- Zener (Vout) = 5V 100mW, Iout(max) = 20mA, Rreg =
350ohm 140mW
- Zener (Vout) = 3.3V 66mW, Iout(max) = 20mA, Rreg
= 435ohm 174mW
Refer to the following website to compute zener,

resistor value for a required Vout/Iout.
http://www.reuk.co.uk/Zener-Diode-Voltage- Other reference:
Regulator.htm The practical basic of building a power supply.
- The Power Supply.pdf
http://www.talkingelectronics.com/
projects/ThePowerSupply/Page79PowerSupplyP1.html
b) 3 rectifier diodes as voltage regulator.
Suitable only for very low power application.
c) Using voltage reference TL431 as a voltage regulator.
This is a very simple and useful adjustable voltage

regulator. If the load is <100mA, this is a very attractive
solution. For 5V output, R1=R2=10Kohm. TL431
datasheet.
d) Linear voltage regulator.
Suitable for application that requires low noise.
e) Switching voltage regulator.
Suitable for application that requires high power.
Circuit diagram taken from,
2009-09-13 dc-dc step up, LED driver using 1.5V

alkaline battery
The simplest DC-DC step up converter I have done.

Typical LED requires about 2V to operate. This ciruict
is able to drive the LED from a 1.5V battery. The
transistor forms the oscillating circuit generating pulsing
output. Although the output is pulsing, we can't actually
see it on the LED, as the switching is quite fast.
Schematic
Click the picture to enlarge.
The voltage output is about 3Vpeak oscillating at about

33kHz.
LM2576 dc-dc Circuits
This is the 1st successful DC-DC circuit I built.

Photos of DC-DC circuit built
There a variety of capacitors out there in the market.
Capacitance, voltage rating, dielectric material, etc... .
Choose a suitable voltage rating across the capacitor.
The circuits deals with high current, therefore it will be
better to choose a low ESR (equivalent series resistance)
Aluminum electrolytic capacitor. As a general guide, a
higher voltage rating has lower ESR rating.
The inductor coil use should be able to handle the

current passing through the inductor coil. If the wire is
too thin, the coil may be burn or just fail. My previous
circuit uses small wattage inductor (package like a big
resistor). The circuit couldn't work and was later found
to be IC problem. I have not yet do a test to check on the
possibility of the inductor contributing to the failure.
Using a inductor meter to measure the inductance will
be easier. Inductance value can be observe immediately
for any modification to the coil of wire. The inductance
value can also be calculated, depend on the coil size,
number of turns, wire size used, dielectric of the core
etc... .
The 1N5822 is a high current, high speed, schottky

diode and is suitable for this digital switching circuit.
Schottky diode (Schottky Barrier Rectifier), means that
the forward voltage drop is low. For this application, a
low forward voltage diode is necessary.
Schematics
PCB Bottom Layer (PCB trace) Component Layout (Silkscreen)
Bill of Material (BOM) for LM2576 circuit
Part# Description Value Qty

C1 Electrolytic Capacitor (Axial) 100uF 75V x1
C2 Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors 1000uF 16V x1
(Axial)
D1 Schottky Diode (high current) 1N5822 x1
L1 Inductor 100uH x1
U1 7-40V to 5V DC-DC 3.0A LM2576T5 x1
R1 Resistor 1K x1
DS1 Typical INFRARED GaAs LED x1
JP1 Header, 2-Pin x1
PCB PCB board 60x50mm 1 oz x1
LM2576 circuits that failed
Initially I thought that I had use the wrong type of

inductor, resulting in the circuit malfunction. Initially I
had used a smaller type of inductor (looks like a
resistor). Realizing that this circuit drive high current
load, I should use a thicker inductor coil. That's why I
modified the circuit with an inductor (enamelled wire,
wound around the ferrite core).
Still it doesn't work. I guess that both IC LM2575,

LM2576 must have been damage by my previous
attempt. The capacitor used is suspected because the
datasheet call for low ESR capacitor. It is very difficult
to find these in the local shops, therefore I use a normal
capacitor instead.
One day, I visited a shop selling ready made inductors

and brought LM2576 at the same time. The circuit was
Failure, my first prototype circuit to test out the rebuild and it finally works. My deduction at that time
performance of LM2575, LM2576. was either the inductor or the capacitor is giving me the
problem. After further testing, I find out that ordinary
capacitor works as well. There is hardly any difference
in performance. Various type of inductor were tested
(except the resistor like type). All inductor works too,
big or small. Quite weird actually, and I couldn't figure
it out the actual problem I had in my previous attempt.
The mystery is resolve finally. One fine day I went back

to the shop where I first purchase my LM2576 and
brought 2 additional LM2576 for more testing. A new
circuit was build and the familiar failure was observed.
The output voltage of 5V cannot be sustain and
eventually drop when more than 1A of current is draw
by the load. The lab power supply display a current
loading limit warning. IC becomes very hot. The
datasheet specify that LM2576 should be able to supply
3A without any problem. Both brand new IC are tested
to have the same problem.
This is weird, as the same inductor and capacitor

previously tested do not result in this same old problem.
However the circuit shows the same failure symptom.
The next thing that comes to mind, is the IC. The IC
LM2576 from the previous working circuit is then
transfer over the new circuit board for testing.
Everything works fine. It is then clear that the problem
Some of the various sizes of inductor tested and seems comes from the IC itself.
to be working with LM2576.
Checking up on the previous IC, I notice that they are
from the same manufacturing batch number and believe
that they are already damage in some way.
Sample of the 5Ω 50W aluminum Using various type of inductor and capacitor. The circuit
house resistor used for testing 1A is tested to draw 1A using a 5Ω 50W resistor as the
current performance. load. Current drawn can be observe on my lab power
supply current meter. It should shows 1A being drawn,
since the LM2576 supply a constant 5V to the 5Ω load.
A multi purpose board is created to allow me to test
various LM series IC chip. e.g. LM2575, LM2576,
LM2596, LM2678, LM2679. Various combination of
inductor, capacitor and diode can also be tested under
this board.
General tester for LM series dc-dc IC chip.
More LM2576 Circuits built
Some of the newly fabricated board built to support other prototype projects. It
has been tested to support a RF transceiver operating at 5V without any issue
observed.
This is the same dc-dc circuit shown above. The circuit is fabricated from photo-
resist PCB board. For more information on making your own PCB board, you
may like to visit, website "..\2005-09-07_home_pcb_fabrication".
Home fabricated circuit board
Working on LM2575
It has been some time since I learn to use LM2576. The
circuitry is able to handle a higher current at 3A 5V
output. This translate to a higher cost and circuit size,
since all component must be able to handle that high
power capacity. These component include the LM2576,
inductor and the diode. Since most electronics kit
requires less than 1A power supply, it is wise learning
how to apply a low power dc-dc regulator like LM2575.
Cost can be reduce by 50%.
There is one day that I happen to come across this IC

LM2575 while searching high and low for LM2576.
LM2576 is actually quite difficult to find. There is only
2 shop I know of, but I have rule out one shop because
they are selling a faulty batch of LM2576 IC. LM2575
seems very common from shops around and I decided to
find out more about this chip. Indeed it is what I have
been looking for, a low power regulator. So I purchase
the IC and its component to try it out. When I started
writing this acticle, only did I realize that I have actually
tried it about 6 months ago. The experiment was
forgotten after a series of failure.
But now, it is working once more. The experience in

working with LM2576 has provided the confident to
built LM2575. It is so fortunate that I managed to get
this circuit working once again.
The following experiment is done during the 1st test on

LM2575 circuit. The experiment compare between the
performance of using different inductor. One using a
wire coil inductor, and the other smaller one inductor
that looks like a resistor with it's color bands..
The photos on the left column shows the LM2575

circuit using the correct inductance value at 330uH but
the inductor is low power rated. It is small and looks
like a color coded resistor.
A few second after the left circuit is powered up, the

small inductor turns very hot. The waveform observed
at the output of the dc-dc regulator, contains a high
amount of noise/ripple energy.
The photo on the right column shows the same circuit

using a slightly higher inductance at 480uH but the coil
is thicker and bigger in size.
The circuit using a high power rating inductor on the

right shows a cleaner DC supply, although the
inductance value is different from the design. There is
still ripple at it's output but I guess it will be minimum
using an inductance value of 330uH with higher power
rating. Too bad, I do not have the right inductor to
experiment further. It is either coil one myself or buy
one from shop.
12 June 2006, Lim Siong Boon
I have found this article regarding about the property of

inductor Isat (current saturation) and Irms (continuous
current). They are usually one of the important
specification to take note while selecting inductor from
datasheet.
Current saturation means the amount of current required

that flow through the inductor, in order to reduce the
inductance of the component.
Continuous current means the amount of current

required to heat up the inductor to a certain temperature.
If the amount current continue to flow through the
inductor, the inductor is basically becoming a heater.
The temperature depends on the amount of current
flowing through it.
The following contains information that I learn from.
Isat_Irms explain.pdf
02 Dec 2008, Lim Siong Boon
Bill of Material (BOM) for LM2575 circuit
Part# Description Value Qty

C1 Electrolytic Capacitor (Axial) 100uF 75V x1
Aluminum Electrolytic
C2 330uF 16V x1
Capacitors (Axial)
LM2575 Schematic taken from National Semiconductor D1 Schottky Diode (low current) 1N5819 x1
LM2575 datasheet L1 Inductor 330uH x1
U1 7-40V to 5V DC-DC 1.0A LM2575T5 x1
R1 Resistor 1K x1
DS1 Typical INFRARED GaAs LED x1
PCB PCB board 60x50mm 1 oz x1
click here to
Buy DC-DC Converter
Available Now at the PIC-store
Dealing with power supply noise I happen to see this very good website, teaching about
handling noise. There are many illustration which are easy to
understand.
http://www.williamson-labs.com/480_byp.htm
04 Oct 2011, Lim Siong Boon
Quick Design Guide to

The following table provides a quick reference for power supply circuit. The circuit schematic and compo
Switching Power IC manufacturer's datasheet.
For exact component value design, you need to the datasheet. The following component value is desig
12Vdc or 24Vdc drawing power at 75% of the current rating.
LM2575, LM2576, LM2596, LM2678
LM2575 (1A)
DC to DC step down voltage regulator.
Wide input voltage 8Vdc to 40Vdc.
Part number:
- LM2575-3.3 (3.3Vdc output)
- LM2575-5.0 (5Vdc output)
- LM2575-12 (12Vdc output)
- LM2575-ADJ (1.23Vdc to 37Vdc output)
Alternative:
NJM2367
LM2575 datasheet
Package: TO-220(T)
Click for LM2575-adj circuit
Component list
Symbol Component
C1 100uF (50V aluminium electrolytic)
C2 330uF (16V aluminium electrolytic, low ESR)
D1 1N5819 (schottky diode 1A)
L1 330uH, 1A <for LM2575-3.3, LM2575-5.0>
680uH, 1A <for LM2575-12, LM2575-15>
R1, R2 "for LM2575-adj IC" 5kΩ multi-turn variable resistor, set to ratio to R1=1.25k
voltage output of 5Vdc before soldering.
For 3.3V output Commercial Resistor value Actual Output

R1 R2 R1 R2 Vout
1.00kΩ 1.68kΩ 1.0kΩ
3.3kΩ 5.6kΩ
3.30kΩ 5.55kΩ 3.32V
(3.24kΩ) (5.49kΩ)
4.70kΩ 7.91kΩ 4.7kΩ
1.96kΩ 3.30kΩ 3.3kΩ
2.79kΩ 4.70kΩ 4.7kΩ
3.3kΩ 5.6kΩ
3.33kΩ 5.60kΩ 3.32V
(3.24kΩ) (5.49kΩ)

R1 R2 R1 R2 Vout
click here to
1.00kΩ 3.07kΩ 1.0kΩ
Buy DC-DC Converter Available Now 3.3kΩ 10.0kΩ
3.30kΩ 10.10kΩ 4.96V
at the PIC-store (3.24kΩ) (10.00kΩ)
4.70kΩ 14.40kΩ 4.7kΩ
1.08kΩ 3.30kΩ 3.3kΩ
1.53kΩ 4.70kΩ 4.7kΩ
1.83kΩ 5.60kΩ 5.6kΩ
3.3kΩ 10.0kΩ
3.26kΩ 10.00kΩ 4.96V
(3.24kΩ) (10.00kΩ)
please refer to the table for resistors in parallel for more resistance design options.
Other voltage output base on

commercial available Commercial Resistor value Actual Output
resistors
R1 R2 Vout
1.0kΩ 4.7kΩ 7.011V
1.18kΩ 18kΩ 19.9927V
Vout, R1 & R2 design selection calculator
Vout= , R1= , R2= where R1 between 1kΩ to 5kΩ.
Design calculator might not work on some web browser.
LM2825 (1A)
Wide input voltage up to 40Vdc.
Part number: LM2825 datasheet

- LM2825-3.3 (3.3Vdc output)
- LM2825-ADJ (1.23Vdc to 37Vdc output) no external component required
Package: MDIP24
LM2576 (3A)
Part number:
- LM2576-3.3 (3.3Vdc output)
LM2576 datasheet
Alternative:
NJM2367
Package: TO-220(T)
Click for LM2576-5.0 layout
Click for LM2576-adj layout
Reference:
- AN-946, lm2576 as a charger
Component list
Symbol Component
tested working on 2007-06-26 L1 100uH, 3A <for LM2576-3.3, LM2576-5.0>
220uH, 3A <for LM2576-12, LM2576-15>
R1, R2 "for LM2576-adj IC" 5kΩ multi-turn variable resistor, set to ratio to R1=1.25k
Resistor value for Adj (adjustable version). Voltage reference is 1.23V

R1 R2 R1 R2 Vout
1.00kΩ 1.68kΩ 1.0kΩ
3.3kΩ 5.6kΩ
3.30kΩ 5.55kΩ 3.32V
tested working on 2007-06-26 (3.24kΩ) (5.49kΩ)
4.70kΩ 7.91kΩ 4.7kΩ
1.96kΩ 3.30kΩ 3.3kΩ
2.79kΩ 4.70kΩ 4.7kΩ
3.3kΩ 5.6kΩ
3.33kΩ 5.60kΩ 3.32V
(3.24kΩ) (5.49kΩ)
1.1kΩ 1.851kΩ 1.1kΩ 1.87kΩ 3.32V
1.2kΩ 2.020kΩ 1.2kΩ 2.05kΩ 3.33V
1.3kΩ 2.187kΩ 1.3kΩ 2.20kΩ 3.31V
1.5kΩ 2.524kΩ 1.5kΩ 2.55kΩ 3.32V

R1 R2 R1 R2 Vout
1.00kΩ 3.07kΩ 1.0kΩ
3.3kΩ 10.0kΩ
3.30kΩ 10.10kΩ 4.96V
(3.24kΩ) (10.00kΩ)
4.70kΩ 14.40kΩ 4.7kΩ
1.08kΩ 3.30kΩ 3.3kΩ
1.53kΩ 4.70kΩ 4.7kΩ
1.83kΩ 5.60kΩ 5.6kΩ
3.3kΩ 10.0kΩ
3.26kΩ 10.00kΩ 4.96V
(3.24kΩ) (10.00kΩ)
please refer to the table for resistors in parallel for more resistance design options.
please refer to above for design calculator for resistance value selective
LM2594 (0.5A)
Wide input voltage 8Vdc to 37Vdc (up to 60V for HV
version).
Part number:
- LM2594-3.3 (3.3Vdc output)
LM2594 datasheet
- LM2594-ADJ (1.23Vdc to 37Vdc output) (57V for HV
version)
Component list
Package: SOIC8, DIP8
Symbol Component
L1 100uH, 0.5A
LM2596 (3A)
Part number:
- LM2596-3.3 (3.3Vdc output)
Package: TO-220 (T)

LM2596 datasheet
Component list
Symbol Component
C2 330uF (100V aluminium electrolytic, low ESR) <for LM2596-3.3, LM2596-5.
180uF (100V aluminium electrolytic, low ESR)<for LM2596-12>
L1 33uH, 3A <for LM2596-3.3, LM2596-5.0>
68uH, 3A <for LM2596-12>
LM2678 (5A)
Part number:
- LM2678-3.3 (3.3Vdc output)
Package: TO-220 LM2678 datasheet
Component list
Symbol Component
C1 45uF (50V aluminium electrolytic) + 0.47uF
C2 10nF (50V ceramic, low ESR)
C3 360uF (100V aluminium electrolytic, low ESR) <for LM2678-3.3, LM2678-5.
220uF (100V aluminium electrolytic, low ESR)<for LM2678-12>
D1 6TQ045S (schottky diode 6A)
L1 15uH, 5A <for LM2678-3.3, LM2678-5.0>
22uH, 5A <for LM2678-12>
LM2574 (0.5A)
Wide input voltage 4.5Vdc to 42Vdc.
Part number:
- LM2574-ADJ (1.2Vdc to Vin output)
Alternative:
NJM2369A, NJM2374A LM2574 datasheet
Package: Wide-SOIC14
Component list
Please see the section for LM2574, LM2576. They are similar.
LM22674 (0.5A)
Part number:
Package: PSOP8
LM22674 datasheet
Component list
Symbol Component
C1 22uF (50V aluminium electrolytic) + 1uF (50V ceramic, low ESR)
L1 39uH (>0.5A)
R1, R2 <For 3.3Vout> R1=976Ω, R2=1.54kΩ (1/8watt)
for Vout R1 R2 computation reference, refer to LM22676 section
LM22675 (1A)
Part number:
Package: PSOP8
LM22675 datasheet
Component list
Symbol Component
D1 1N5822 (schottky diode 2 to 3A)
L1 22uH (>1A)
LM22676 (3A)
Part number:
Package: PSOP8
LM22676 datasheet
Component list
Symbol Component
C1 22uF (50V aluminium electrolytic) + 2.2uF (50V ceramic, low ESR)
TO-263 thin (7 pin) D1 50WQ03 (schottky diode 5.5A)
L1 8.2uH (>5.5A)
<For 5.0Vout> R1=1kΩ, R2=2.89kΩ
The following guide uses typical resistor value.

<For 3.31Vout> R1=976Ω, R2=1.54kΩ
<For 3.39Vout> R1=1.1kΩ, R2=1.8kΩ
<For 3.47Vout> R1=3.3kΩ, R2=5.6kΩ
<For 5.06Vout> R1=1.6kΩ, R2=4.7kΩ
<For 5.14Vout> R1=1kΩ, R2=3kΩ
<For 5.14Vout> R1=1.1kΩ, R2=3.3kΩ
<For 5.16Vout> R1=1.54kΩ, R2=4.64kΩ
<For 5.21Vout> R1=1.54kΩ, R2=4.7kΩ
<For 5.23Vout> R1=976Ω, R2=3kΩ
Formula for LM22676-ADJ version (for Vout < 5V)

R1=(R2/((Vout/VFB)-1))
R2=R1((Vout/VFB)-1)
Vout=VFB((R2/R1)+1), where VFB=1.285V,
R1+R2 is about 3kΩ & must be <10kΩ
LM22678 (5A)
Part number:
Package: TO-263 thin (7 pins)
LM22678 datasheet
Component list
Symbol Component
D1 50WQ03 (schottky diode 5.5A)
L1 4.7uH (8.5A)
MC34063 (1.5A) Circuit 1: Step down dc-dc 25Vin -> 5Vout (0.5A)
DC to DC step down/up.invert voltage regulator.
Part number:
- MC34063A, MC33063A
- SC34063A, SC33063A
- NCV33063A
Package: SOIC-8, PDIP-8, DFN8 (8 pins)
Current rating can be boost by using external transistor to drive the load.
Adjustable Vout computation (very similar to LM2576, LM2575) with Vref = 1.25V
Vout = 1.25 [1+(R2/R1)]
R2 = R1 [(Vout/1.25)-1)]
<For 3.3Vout> R1=3.3kΩ, R2=5.6kΩ

<For 5.0Vout> R1=3.3kΩ, R2=10kΩ
<For 0.5A Iout> Rsc = 0.3 / (2*Iout) = 0.3 / (2*0.5A) = 0.3Ω (0.075W), please note that Iout < 1.5A usin
Circuit 2: Step up dc-dc 12Vin -> 28Vout (0.175A)
Load regulation performance measured seems poor. Ideally,

this is a 5V 0.5A voltage regulator.
1) Vin=10V, Vout=4.92Vdc, Load=opened circuit (0A)
R2=10kΩ, R1=3.3kΩ, Rsc=0.33Ω 0.5W, L=330uH
2) Vin=10V, Vout=4.10Vdc, Load=15Ω (0.27A)
3) Vin=10V, Vout=3.00Vdc, Load=10Ω (0.3A)
Seems that the circuit can only handle 0.1-0.2A load. The
voltage regulation is quite poor. According to the document,
it is ok for the inductance to be higher. Could it be that my
R1 & R2 value being too high? I need to check it up.
Circuit 3: Step up inverting dc-dc 4.5-6Vin -> -12Vout (0.1A)
MC34063A-D datasheet
MC34063 project example.pdf
MC34063 AN10360, Schottky rectifiers for DCDC converters.pdf
MC34063 AN920-D, Theory and Applications.pdf
MC34063 slva252b, Application Switching Regulator.pdf
NCP3063 (1.5A) NCP3063 is very similar to MC34063. Please refer to MC34063 for some handy information.
DC to DC step down/up.invert voltage regulator.
Wide input voltage up to 40Vdc. Almost similar to MC34063
dc-dc ic.
Part number:
- NCP3063, NCP3063B, NCV3063
Package: SOIC-8, PDIP-8, DFN8 (8 pins)
NCP3063 datasheet
LMZ14203 (3A)
Part number:
- LMZ14203TZ-ADJ (0.8Vdc to 6Vdc output)
Package: TO-PMOD (7 pins)
LMZ14203 datasheet
LMZ14201 (1A)
Part number:
- LMZ14201H (5Vdc to 30Vdc output)
Package: TO-PMOD (7 pin)
LMZ14201H datasheet
LMZ12003 (3A)
Part number:
- LMZ12003TZ-ADJ (0.8Vdc to 6Vdc output)
Package: TO-PMOD (7 pin)
LMZ12003 datasheet
LM3102 (2.5A)
Part number:
- LM3102MH
Package: TSSOP (20 pin)
LM3102 datasheet
LM2577 (3A)
DC to DC step up voltage regulator.
Part number:
Package: TO-220 (T)
LM2577 datasheet
Click for LM2577-adj layout
Component list
Symbol Component
- 0.1uF
- 0.33uF
- 680uF (50V aluminium electrolytic)
tested working on 2006 - 1N5822 (schottky diode 3A)
- 100uH, 3A
- 2.2kΩ 1/4W resistor
- "for LM2577-adj IC" 20kΩ multi-turn variable resistor, set to ratio to R2=2kΩ
tested working on 2007-06-21
tested working on 2007-06-21
MAX1708 (2A, 10W)

Low input voltage 0.7-5.0Vdc
to output voltage 2.5-5.5Vdc
Suitable for battery powered circuit.
Part number:
- MAX1708EEE
Package: QSOP16
MAX1708 datasheet
Click for MAX1708 circuit

Front (tested with current up to 0.05A. Perheps the inductor
used is not correct.)
QSOP IC mounted at the back of PCB.
NCP1400a (0.1A)
Low input voltage from 0.8Vdc
Package: SOT23-5
Not tested.
datasheet.pdf
MCP1640 (0.8A)
Package: SOT23-6, DFN

Output 3.3V from a 1.2V alkaline battery using M
Output 5.0V from a 3.2V LI-ION battery using MC
MCP1640.pdf
Not tested.
LM2731 (1.8A)
Low input voltage from 2.7-14Vdc
to output voltage up to 20Vdc
Li-Ion, Li-Po
NOTE!!! (!SHDN pin does not shutdown the output. When
shutdown pin is activated, Vout=Vin-0.2V. Vout will be close
to Vin instead of pumping up to a higher voltage when
shutdown pin is pull to low.)
Package: SOT23-5
5V output version
This board uses inductor from BOURNS SDR0403-6R8ML

(RMS Current (Irms): 1.41A, Saturation Current (Isat): 2.1A
)
12V output version
LM2731.pdf
Note: The size of the inductor plays an important part in determine the load's max current.(applies to all sw
LM3478
to output voltage up to 40Vdc
Package: SOIC-8, VSSOP-8
LM3478 datasheet
LM3478 5V-12V application notes
Load used (Ohm) Vout with 100uF, 47uF Vout with 100uF, 47uF, 4
1kohm
Input = 5V, ??A
Output = 12.4V, 12mA
12ohm
Input = 5V, 2A
Output = 10.7V, 0.9A
24ohm
Input = 5V, 1.5A
Output = 12.0V, 0.5A
LT1308 (1A)
Low input voltage from 1Vdc
to output voltage up to 3.3V 0.3A, 5.0Vdc 1A)
Li-Ion, Li-Po, NiCd
Package: SOIC-8
LT1308.pdf
LT1301 (0.12A)
to output voltage 5V or 12Vdc 120mA
Li-Ion, Li-Po
Package: SOIC-8
LT1301.pdf
SN6501 5V (0.35A), 3V (0.15A)

Switching driver for tranformer isolated power supply.
Package: SOT23-5
SN6501.pdf
Transformer 760390015.pdf
Simple DC-DC step up voltage IC

MAX662A 4.5-5.5V to 12V (30mA), no need inductor
MAX734 4.75V - 12V to 12V (120mA)
MAX761 2-16.5V to 12V (150mA)
MAX732 4V - 9.3V to 12V (200mA)
MAX762 2-16.5V to 15V/Adj (150mA)
Ultra Low Drop Regulator MIC5219 (good for Li-Po

battery which has a very low voltage)
Diode selection references

Schottky diode (1A)
1N5817, 1N5818, 1N5819, MBR120P, MBR130P, MBR140P, MBR150, MBR160, SR102, SR103, SR1
11DQ04, 11DQ05, 11DQ06
(smd alternative to 1N5819) MBRS140T3G, SS12, SS13, SS14, SK12, SK13, SK14
Schottky diode (3A)
1N5820, 1N5821, 1N5822, MBR320, MBR330, MBR340, MBR350, MBR360, SR302, SR303, SR30
31DQ04, 31DQ05, 31DQ06
(smd alternative to 1N5820, 1N5821, 1N5822) MBRS320T3, MBRS330T3, MBRS340T3, SS32, SS33, S
Schottky diode (4A-6A)
1N5823, 1N5824, 1N5825, 50WQ03, 50WQ04, 50WQ05, 50WR06, 50SQ060, MBR340
Diode references from Diotec
- diotec diode cross reference list.pdf

- diotec diode case reference.pdf
- diotec diode smd selection.pdf
- diotec transistors-diodes zener selection.pdf
- diotec diode bridges selection.pdf
- diotec smdbridges.pdf
- diotec diode axial.pdf
- diotec hv-diac.pdf
- diotec arrays-special.pdf
Resistor selection references Introducing the types of resistors
W series- Vitreous enamelled wirewound resistors offering high power, high stability and reliability. Suit f
WH series- Aluminium clad resistors for applications where high power dissipation in a small space is req
MFR series- High stability metal film resistors offering higher performance than carbon film with ver
reliablility.
RC series- Very high stability metal film resistors offering very high reliability and tight tolerances.
WCR series- Surface mount resistors suitable for automatic placement. Features include nickel barriers
reliability.
The DC-DC converter design for the adjustable IC version, you may need the following resistor standar
for references. Long time ago, when technology is not so advance, resistor manufacturing is not unabl
value, as in today. Due to its large variation in tolerance, the resolution of the range of standard resistor va
series having tolerance of 50%, which have only resistors in decade of 100, 220, 470. There is not much
between 100Ω and 101Ω, having a tolerance of 50%. With such high tolerance, there is hardly any d
101Ω. They should both belongs to the same class of 100Ω
The standard EIA decade resistor value is group into different series. Each is grouped according to their t
tolerance, the higher the resistor value resolution will be. The common resistor value range would be the
(tolerance 1%) series.
To find the range of resistor value that is available in the industrial, multiply the normalise standard foun
1000
- Example: E24 series referring to normalise value 1.0
It means that under E24 series, you should be able to find these Ω range 100Ω, 1000Ω, 1kΩ, 10kΩ, 10
Other resistor value under E24 can be determine from the rest of the normalised value in the table below.
the series as they should be in resistor package for higher wattage
Standard EIA Decade Resistor Values
E24 (preferred standard resistor values with 5% tolerance)
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.

3.3 3.6 3.9 4.3 4.7 5.1 5.6 6.2 6.8 7.
E96 (preferred standard resistor values with 1% tolerance)
1.00 1.02 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.13 1.15 1.18 1.21 1.2
1.33 1.37 1.40 1.43 1.47 1.50 1.54 1.58 1.62 1.6
1.78 1.82 1.87 1.91 1.96 2.00 2.05 2.10 2.15 2.2
2.37 2.43 2.49 2.55 2.61 2.67 2.74 2.80 2.87 2.9
3.16 3.24 3.32 3.40 3.48 3.57 3.65 3.74 3.83 3.9
4.22 4.32 4.42 4.53 4.64 4.75 4.87 4.99 5.11 5.2
5.62 5.76 5.90 6.04 6.19 6.34 6.49 6.65 6.81 6.9
7.50 7.68 7.87 8.06 8.25 8.45 8.66 8.87 9.09 9.3
Resistor Colour Codes
Tolerance Codes
B=0.1%, C=0.25%, D=0.5%, F=1%, G=2%, J=5%, K=10%, M=20%

Images taken Farnell.
website references:
- http://sound.westhost.com/miscc.htm
- http://www.logwell.com/tech/components/resistor_values.html
Most common resistance stock available:

0, 1, 10, 12, 15, 18, 22, 27, 33, 39, 47, 56, 68, 75, 82, 100, 120, 150, 180, 200 ,220 ,270, 330, 390, 470,
1.2k, 1.3k, 1.5k, 1.8k, 2k, 2.2k, 2.7k, 3.3k, 3.9k, 4.7k, 5.6k, 6.8k, 7.5k, 8.2k, 10k, 11k, 12k, 13k, 15k
Second common resistance stock available:

0.1, 0.15, 0.22, 0.33, 0.47, 0.68, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 4.7, 5.6, 6.8, 8.2, 11, 20, 49.9, 51, 62, 110,
392, 430, 475, 499, 510, 620, 681, 910, 1.02k, 1.24k, 1.33k, 1.62k, 1.82k, 2.21k, 2.4k, 2.49k, 2.74k, 3
for EIA codes for SMD resistors, 3.92k, 4.02k, 4.22k, 4.3k, 4.75k, 4.87k, 4.99k, 5.1k, 5.11k, 5.62k, 5.76k, 5.9k, 6.04k, 6.19k, 6.2k, 6.34k
8.06k, 8.25k, 9.1k, 9.53k, 10.2k
please check out this link.
EIA marking code

Commercial Stock Availiability Statistics from element14 24 Oct 2013, for resistor value >40 types ava
1Ω 10Ω 12Ω 15Ω 18Ω 22Ω 27Ω 33Ω 39Ω 47

46 81 50 66 44 62 49 59 51 62
75Ω 82Ω 100Ω 120Ω 150Ω 180Ω 200Ω 220Ω 270Ω 330
41 54 100 61 79 59 48 67 60 70
560Ω 680Ω 750Ω 820Ω 1KΩ 1K1Ω 1K2Ω 1K3Ω 1K5Ω 1K8
56 62 48 64 132 48 67 43 89 64
2K4 2K7 3K 3K3 3K9 4K7 5K1 5K6 6K2 6K

45 64 39 76 63 87 41 67 39 80
10KΩ 11KΩ 12KΩ 13KΩ 15KΩ 18KΩ 20KΩ 22KΩ 24KΩ 27K
132 52 70 45 88 63 63 75 40 61
79 39 61 39 63 48 57 122 41 47
46 49 57 46 58 46 55 46 51 44
Table for resistor in parallel
This resistor table is interesting. While dealing with circuits prototype, I often need to use resistor value
keep sufficient stock for all resistor range is a bit too much to manage. A larger and better storage sys
difficult to manage the wide range of resistor. This brings me the idea of forming the required resistance
resistor connecting in parallel. This means that I can keep fewer resistance range and easily stock larger qu
On the following table, the 1st row and column represents the common resistor value that I normally ke
present the various possible resistance I can obtain by having the resistance in parallel from the resp
computation is done in the microsoft excel sheet. formula: "=($A2*B$1)/($A2+B$1)". Those value hig
useful when designing my adjustable DC-DC circuit when I do not have the stock for the resistor that is n
0Ω 10Ω 47Ω 100Ω 120Ω 330Ω 470Ω 560Ω 1kΩ 3k3Ω 4k7Ω 5k6Ω
10Ω 5
47Ω 8 24
100Ω 9 32 50
120Ω 9 34 55 60
330Ω 10 41 77 88 165
470Ω 10 43 83 96 194 235
560Ω 10 43 85 99 208 256 280
1kΩ 10 45 91 107 248 320 359 500
3k3Ω 10 46 97 116 300 411 479 767 1k65
4k7Ω 10 47 98 117 308 427 500 825 1k94 2k35
5k6Ω 10 47 98 117 312 434 509 848 2k08 2k56 2k80
10kΩ 10 47 99 119 319 449 530 909 2k48 3k20 3k59
100kΩ 10 47 100 120 329 468 557 990 3k19 4k49 5k30
1MΩ 10 47 100 120 330 470 560 1k00 3k29 4k68 5k57
Common Size of Resistor (depending in its wattage)

(This is only a guideline. Always check with the datasheet for the correct wattage.)
(Resistor guide reference website)
Wattage SMD (length) Axial resistor size (length)
1/16W 0603 (1.55mm)
1/8W 0805 (2mm) Ø1.8 x 3mm, lead Ø0.45
1/4W 1206 (3.2mm) Ø2.5 x 6.5mm, lead Ø0.6
1/2W 1210 (3.2mm) Ø3.2 x 8.5mm, lead Ø0.6
1W 2512 (6.35mm) Ø5 x 11mm, lead Ø0.6
2W 2512 (6.35mm)
3W 2512 (6.35mm)
Capacitor selection references Typical aluminum electrolytic capacitor size

- Capacitor Vishay datasheet
- Capacitor selection (Panasonic)
- Capacitor selection( Rubycon)
Type of capacitors, advantages and disadvantages explain.
Standard Capacitor Size
Panasonic/Vishay
(Rubycon) -> capcitor dia to lead pitch relationship (dia, lead dia, pitch) (5, 0.5, 2), (6.3, 0.5, 2.5), (8, 0
0.6, 5.0), (16, 0.8, 7.5), (18, 0.8, 7.5) -< confirm standard same as Panasonic/Vishay as well.
Cr 6.3V 10V 16V 25V 35V 50V 6

0.1uF 5x11 5
0.22uF 5x11 5
0.33uF 5x11 5
0.47uF 5x11 5
1uF 5x11 5
2.2uF 5x11 5
3.3uF 5x11 5
4.7uF 5x11 5
10uF 5x11 5x11 5
22uF 5x11 5x11 5
33uF 5x11 5x11 5x11 5x11 6

(6.3x11)
47uF 5x11 5x11 5x11 6.3x11 6
(6.3x11)
100uF 5x11 5x11 6.3x11 6.3x11 8x11.5 1
(6.3x11) (8x11.5)
220uF 5x11 5x11 6.3x11 8x11.5 8x11.5 10x12.5 1

(8x11.5) (10x12.5) (10x16)
330uF 6.3x11 6.3x11 8x11.5 8x11.5 10x12.5 10x16 1
(10x12.5) (10x16) (10x20)
470uF 6.3x11 6.3x11 8x11.5 10x12.5 10x16 10x20 1
(10x12.5) (10x16) (10x20) (12.5x20)
1000uF 8x11.5 10x12 10x16 10x20 13x20 13x25 1
(10x12.5) (10x20) (12.5x20) (12.5x25) (16x25)
2200uF 10x16 10x20 13x20 13x25 16x25 16x31.5 1
(12.5x20) (12.5x20) (12.5x25) (16x25) (16x31.5) (18x35.5)
3300uF 10x20 13x20 13x25 16x25 16x31.5 18x35.5
(12.5x20) (12.5x25) (16x25) (16x31.5) (18x35.5)
4700uF 13x20 13x25 16x25 16x31.5 18x35.5
(16x25) (16x25) (16x31.5) (18x35.5)
6800uF 13x25 16x25 16x31.5 18x35.5
(16x25) (16x31.5) (18x35.5)
10000uF 16x25 16x35.5 18x35.5
(16x31.5) (18x35.5)
22000uF 18x40
(18x35.5)
size dia x L in mm
hover to get the case code pin size, pitch
Standard size:
Case Size Case code

5x11 11
6.3x11 12
8x11.5 13
10x12 14
10x16 15
10x20 16
13x20 17
13x25 18
16x25 19
16x31 20
16x35 21
18x35 22
18x40 23
Other Step up DC-DC conversion
Ultra-Miniature High Voltage Power Supplies

Q Series
Q01-5 (5Vdc to 100Vdc)
email:
Keyword: Buck Regulator, voltage regulator, switching mode power supply, High efficiency, voltage supply, dc-dc converter, LM2576 LM2575 IC, regulated 5Vdc output, Shottky diode, 100uH,
330uH inductor, Low cost, 1A 3A.

HAM RF Research 5 Merged

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HAM RF Research 5 Merged

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

HAM RF Research 5 Merged

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1/11/2018 DC-DC converter

Input voltage Ui: Input voltage: 12 V (5 to 15 V)

Fig. 1. Converter for isolation amplifier

Fig. 3. Layout of components on the board

Construction and recovery

Fig. 4. In-phase inverter

Fig. 4. Converter in opto-isolation amplifier (without cover)

The connection was published in Practical Electronics 8/2001 at page 23

Here a description of a antenna tuner unit.

Schematic of the antenna unit.

The antenna unit has a tuned circuit L1, C2.

the lowest mediumwave frequency of 530 kHz.

The circuit L1,C2 has a high impedance (e.g. 1 M.Ohm).

The frame of this antenna unit is made of 8mm polyethene sheet.

Back to the index

The two trimmer capacitors are located under the tuning

Schematic of the detector unit.

Detail of the reed

Tuning scale of the detector unit.

There is a 1: 5 delay between the

Q at 600 kHz Q at 900 kHz Q at 1200 kHz Q at 1500 kHz

Z = 1.1 M.Ohm at 600 kHz

1200 kHz Q = 1090

These stations were received late at night.

Back to the index

HOME PROJECTS RADIO THEORY DOWNLOADS LINKS

1-Tube AM Broadcast Transmitter

This little transmitter came about as a result of my interest in vintage

There are a lot of transmitter projects to be found in Internet-land,

Here is the schematic:

Larger Version Here

Sound quality from this transmitter is excellent. It is easily capable of delivering an

Here is a view of the underside of the chassis:

matching is a critical part of setting

Here is a trapezoidal scope trace showing the modulation envelope, when at

Antenna Matching Update - 2015-09-07

God Bless America!

N1NKM's 1-tube BTN AM Radio!

Visitors to THIS PAGE since 5/27/06 :)

Front view of radio

Back view of radio

Bottom view of radio

Schematic of 1-tube radio.

(Click for full-size schematic)

You are welcome to E-mail me with comments/suggestions.

Here's my HOME page

*** DISCLAIMERS ***

20m Loop Antenna

My limited space apartment.

My limited equipment - only 5-Watts.

The Design Thoughts

As efficient as possible (useable)

balanced feed and at least 5m of RF cable.

The 1:1 Balun I used.

Feeder cable secured in the support tube.

The Gimmick capacitor.

The completed antenna.

Very best regards from Harry Lythall

* DISCLAIMERS *