Complete Python Cheatsheet

Learn Everything AI - Shivam Modi

June 2, 2023

Contents
1 Introduction 2

2 Variables and Data Types 2

2.1 Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3 Control Flow 2
3.1 Conditional Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3.2 Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

4 Functions 3

5 Lists 4

6 Dictionaries 4

7 Modules and Packages 5

8 File Handling 5

9 Exception Handling 6

10 Classes and Objects 6

11 Inheritance and Polymorphism 6

12 Error and Exception Handling 7

13 Conclusion 7

1
 1 Introduction
Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its simplicity and readability. It has
a large user community and a wide range of libraries that make it versatile and powerful. This cheatsheet
provides a quick reference for Python programming concepts.

2 Variables and Data Types

2.1 Variables
A variable is a named location in memory used to store data. In Python, variable names are case-sensitive
and can contain letters, numbers, and underscores ( ).
1 # Variable assignment
2 x = 5
3 y = " Hello , World ! "

2.2 Data Types

Python has several built-in data types, including:

• Numeric: int, float, complex

• Sequence: list, tuple, range
• Mapping: dict
• Set: set, frozenset

• Boolean: bool
• None: NoneType

3 Control Flow
3.1 Conditional Statements
Conditional statements allow you to perform different actions based on conditions.
1 # If statement
2 if condition :
3 statement ( s )
4

5 # If - else statement
6 if condition :
7 statement ( s )
8 else :
9 statement ( s )
10

11 # If - elif - else statement

12 if condition1 :
13 statement ( s )
14 elif condition2 :
15 statement ( s )
16 else :
17 statement ( s )

2
 3.2 Loops
Loops enable repeated execution of a block of code.
1 # For loop
2 for item in sequence :
3 statement ( s )
4

5 # While loop
6 while condition :
7 statement ( s )
8

9 # Loop control statements

10 break
11 \ begin { lstlisting }[ language = Python ]
12 # For loop ( continued )
13 for item in sequence :
14 if condition :
15 break
16 statement ( s )
17

18 # Continue statement
19 for item in sequence :
20 if condition :
21 continue
22 statement ( s )
23

24 # Range function
25 for i in range ( start , stop , step ) :
26 statement ( s )
27

28 # Nested loops
29 for item in sequence :
30 for element in nested_sequence :
31 statement ( s )
32

33 # While loop ( continued )

34 while condition :
35 if condition :
36 break
37 statement ( s )
38

39 # Continue statement
40 while condition :
41 if condition :
42 continue
43 statement ( s )

4 Functions
Functions are reusable blocks of code that perform a specific task.
1 # Defining a function
2 def function_name ( parameters ) :
3 statement ( s )
4 return value
5

6 # Function call
7 result = function_name ( arguments )

3
 8

9 # Default parameters
10 def function_name ( parameter = value ) :
11 statement ( s )
12

13 # Variable number of arguments

14 def function_name (* args ) :
15 statement ( s )
16

17 # Keyword arguments
18 def function_name (** kwargs ) :
19 statement ( s )
20

21 # Lambda functions
22 lambda arguments : expression

5 Lists
A list is a collection of items that are ordered and mutable.
1 # Creating a list
2 my_list = [ item1 , item2 , item3 ]
3

4 # Accessing list elements

5 item = my_list [ index ]
6

7 # Slicing a list
8 new_list = my_list [ start : end ]
9

10 # Modifying list elements

11 my_list [ index ] = new_value
12

13 # Adding elements to a list

14 my_list . append ( item )
15

16 # Removing elements from a list

17 my_list . remove ( item )
18

19 # List operations
20 combined_list = list1 + list2
21 repeated_list = my_list * n

6 Dictionaries
A dictionary is an unordered collection of key-value pairs.
1 # Creating a dictionary
2 my_dict = { " key1 " : value1 , " key2 " : value2 }
3

4 # Accessing dictionary values

5 value = my_dict [ " key " ]
6

7 # Modifying dictionary values

8 my_dict [ " key " ] = new_value
9

10 # Adding key - value pairs to a dictionary

11 my_dict [ " new_key " ] = value

4
12

13 # Removing key - value pairs from a dictionary

14 del my_dict [ " key " ]
15

16 # Dictionary operations
17 keys = my_dict . keys ()
18 values = my_dict . values ()
19 items = my_dict . items ()

7 Modules and Packages

Modules are Python files that contain reusable code, and packages are directories that contain multiple
modules.
1 # Importing a module
2 import module_name
3

4 # Importing specific items from a module

5 from module_name import item
6

7 # Importing an entire module with an alias

8 import module_name as alias
9

10 # Importing specific items from a module with aliases

11 from module_name import item as alias
12

13 # Importing all items from a module

14 from module_name import *
15

16 # Creating a package
17 __init__ . py
18

19 # Importing a module from a package

20 from package_name import module_name

8 File Handling
Python provides functions for reading from and writing to files.
1 # Opening a file
2 file = open ( filename , mode )
3

4 # Reading from a file

5 content = file . read ()
6 lines = file . readlines ()
7

8 # Writing to a file
9 file . write ( content )
10

11 # Appending to a file
12 file = open ( filename , " a " )
13 file . write ( content )
14

15 # Closing a file
16 file . close ()

5
 9 Exception Handling
Exception handling allows you to handle and manage errors that occur during the execution of your program.
1 # Try - except block
2 try :
3 statement ( s )
4 except ExceptionType :
5 statement ( s )
6

7 # Handling multiple exceptions

8 try :
9 statement ( s )
10 except ExceptionType1 :
11 statement ( s )
12 except ExceptionType2 :
13 statement ( s )
14

15 # Finally block
16 try :
17 statement ( s )
18 except ExceptionType :
19 statement ( s )
20 finally :
21 statement ( s )
22

23 # Raising an exception
24 raise ExceptionType ( " Error message " )

10 Classes and Objects

Classes are blueprints for creating objects, and objects are instances of a class.
1 # Defining a class
2 class ClassName :
3 def __init__ ( self , parameters ) :
4 self . attribute = value
5

6 def method ( self , parameters ) :

7 statement ( s )
8

9 # Creating an object
10 object_name = ClassName ( arguments )
11

12 # Accessing attributes
13 value = object_name . attribute
14

15 # Calling methods
16 object_name . method ( arguments )

11 Inheritance and Polymorphism

Inheritance allows you to create a new class that inherits the properties and methods of an existing class,
while polymorphism enables objects of different classes to be used interchangeably.
1 # Inheritance
2 class ChildClass ( ParentClass ) :

6
 3 def __init__ ( self , parameters ) :
4 super () . __init__ ( parameters )
5 self . attribute = value
6

7 def method ( self , parameters ) :

8 statement ( s )
9

10 # Polymorphism
11 class Class1 :
12 def method ( self , parameters ) :
13 statement ( s )
14

15 class Class2 :
16 def method ( self , parameters ) :
17 statement ( s )
18

19 def function_name ( object ) :

20 object . method ( arguments )

12 Error and Exception Handling

Python provides built-in error and exception handling mechanisms to catch and handle errors during program
execution.
1 # Try - except block
2 try :
3 statement ( s )
4 except ExceptionType as e :
5 statement ( s )
6 print ( e )
7

8 # Handling multiple exceptions

9 try :
10 statement ( s )
11 except ExceptionType1 :
12 statement ( s )
13 except ExceptionType2 :
14 statement ( s )
15

16 # Finally block
17 try :
18 statement ( s )
19 except ExceptionType :
20 statement ( s )
21 finally :
22 statement ( s )
23

24 # Raising an exception
25 raise ExceptionType ( " Error message " )

13 Conclusion
This Python cheatsheet covers the fundamental concepts and syntax of Python programming. It serves as a
quick reference guide for beginners. Keep exploring and practicing to enhance your Python skills!