"Kraft Recovery Boilers"

By T. N. Adams, W. J. Frederic,
T. M. Grace, M. Hupa, K. Iisa,
A. K. Jones, H. Tran

Item: 0102B064
ISBN: 0-9625985-9-3

This comprehensive new textbook covers recovery boilers in great depth and pulls together
information on combustion, safety, emissions, plugging, and corrosion. The book covers
fundamental chemical and mechanical engineering principles that bear directly on black liquor
and recovery boilers. It contains information about typical values and the normal range of
important variables, plus many example calculations, data tables and charts of relevant
material properties or constants and conversion factors. Written by a team of industry experts,
the text includes a great deal of practical information such as simple tests to pinpoint
problems, important observations to help understand issues for a particular operation, and
"rules-of-thumb" that are generally used in the industry. This new text was written as a project
of AF&PA and published by TAPPI PRESS.

Chapter titles include:

General Characteristics of Kraft Black Liquor Recovery Boilers
Recovery Boiler Chemistry
Black Liquor Properties
Black Liquor Spray Nozzles
Black Liquor Droplet Burning Process
Char Bed Process
Recovery Boiler Air Supply and Gas Flows
Recovery Boiler Air Emissions
Upper Furnace Deposition and Plugging
Recovery Boiler Corrosion
Recovery Boiler Safety
Recovery Boiler Design and Control

Page 1 of 16
 Book
"Kraft Recovery Boilers"
By T. N. Adams, W. J. Frederic,
T. M. Grace, M. Hupa, K. Iisa,
A. K. Jones, H. Tran
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1: General Characteristics of Kraft Black Liquor Recovery Boilers ................ 3

1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 3
1.2 Recovery Boiler Equipment................................................................. 5
1.3 Material and Energy Balance .............................................................16
1.4 Furnace Combustion Processes ........................................................28
1.5 Summary ............................................................................................36
1.6 Nomemclature ....................................................................................37

2: Recovery Boiler Chemistry.............................................................................41

2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................41
2.2 Liquor Composition ............................................................................41
2.3 Sodium and Sulfur Chemistry.............................................................42
2.4 Sodium and Sulfur Release During BL Burning .................................47
2.5 Dust Formation...................................................................................49
2.6 Potassium and Chlorine .....................................................................53
2.7 Summary ............................................................................................55
2.8 Nomenclature.....................................................................................56

3: Black Liquor Properties..................................................................................61

3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................61
3.2 Chemistry of Black Liquor ..................................................................61
3.3 Analysis of Black Liquor.....................................................................68
3.4 Viscosity .............................................................................................70
3.5 Heating Value ....................................................................................76
3.6 Boiling Point Rise...............................................................................78
3.7 Solubility Limit ....................................................................................83
3.8 Density ...............................................................................................86
3.9 Enthalpy and Heat Capacity...............................................................90
3.10 Surface Tension .................................................................................91
3.11 Thermal Conductivity .........................................................................93
3.12 Summary ...........................................................................................95
3.13 Nomenclature.....................................................................................96

4: Black Liquor Spray Nozzles ..........................................................................103

4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................103
4.2 Description of Black Liquor Nozzles .................................................103
4.3 Typical BL Nozzle Operating Conditions ..........................................108
4.4 Flow Characteristics of BL Nozzles...................................................111
4.5 Black Liquor Flashing........................................................................113
4.6 Droplet Formation with Pressure Nozzles.........................................115
4.7 Black Liquor Spray Droplet Median Size ..........................................117
4.8 The Effect of Flashing on Droplet Size .............................................118
4.9 Black Liquor Droplet Size Distribution ..............................................121
Page 2 of 16
 Book
"Kraft Recovery Boilers"
By T. N. Adams, W. J. Frederic,
T. M. Grace, M. Hupa, K. Iisa,
A. K. Jones, H. Tran
4.10 Black Liquor Spray Trajectory ...........................................................124
4.11 Summary ...........................................................................................125
4.12 Nomenclature....................................................................................126

5: Black Liquor Droplet Burning Processes ....................................................131

5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................131
5.2 The Stages of Black Liquor Combustion...........................................132
5.3 Droplet Drying ...................................................................................136
5.4 Devolatilization..................................................................................140
5.5 Droplet Swelling ................................................................................145
5.6 Effect of Operating Variables on Drying, Devolatilization, and
Entrainment.......................................................................................149
5.7 Char Burning .....................................................................................152
5.8 Impact of Black Liquor Combustion on Recovery
Boiler Performance ............................................................................156
5.9 Summary............................................................................................156
5.10 Nomenclature ....................................................................................157

6: Char Bed Processes ......................................................................................163

6.1 Introduction .......................................................................................163
6.2 Char Bed Shape and Structure .........................................................163
6.3 Residence Time of Inorganic Salts in the Char Bed .........................169
6.4 Char Combustion and Sulfate Reduction..........................................170
6.5 Chard Bed Cooling............................................................................176
6.6 Summary ...........................................................................................179
6.7 Nomenclature....................................................................................179

7: Recovery Boiler Air Supply and Gas Flows .................................................183

7.1 Introduction .......................................................................................183
7.2 Goals of Well Designed Air and Gas Systems..................................185
7.3 The Air System..................................................................................185
7.4 The Gas Flow Path ...........................................................................196
7.5 Summary ...........................................................................................213
7.6 Nomenclature....................................................................................213

8: Recovery Boiler Air Emissions .....................................................................217

8.1 Introduction .......................................................................................217
8.2 Sulfur Gas Emission..........................................................................217
8.3 HCL Emissions..................................................................................223
8.4 Nitrogen Oxides Emissions ...............................................................226
8.5 Particulates .......................................................................................236
8.6 Other Emissions................................................................................239
8.7 Summary ...........................................................................................240

9: Upper Furnace Deposition and Plugging.....................................................247

Page 3 of 16
 Book
"Kraft Recovery Boilers"
By T. N. Adams, W. J. Frederic,
T. M. Grace, M. Hupa, K. Iisa,
A. K. Jones, H. Tran
9.1 Background .......................................................................................247
9.2 Deposition Principles ........................................................................247
9.3 Recovery Boiler Deposits..................................................................248
9.4 Deposit Chemistry.............................................................................253
9.5 Deposit Melting Behaviour ................................................................257
9.6 Deposit Growth .................................................................................261
9.7 Deposit Hardening and Mechanical Strength ...................................261
9.8 Occurrence of Plugging ....................................................................266
9.9 Deposit Removal...............................................................................273
9.10 Plugging Prevention.........................................................................278
9.11 Deposit Monitoring ...........................................................................279
9.12 Summary ..........................................................................................281
9.13 Nomenclature...................................................................................282

10: Recovery Boiler Corrosion ..........................................................................285

10.1 Introduction .......................................................................................285
10.2 Corrosion Principles..........................................................................286
10.3 Tube Materials ..................................................................................290
10.4 Corrosive Gases ...............................................................................291
10.5 Corrosive Deposits............................................................................297
10.6 Corrosion in the Lower Furnace........................................................298
10.7 Corrosion in the Upper Furnace........................................................308
10.8 Waterside Corrosion .........................................................................320
10.9 Summary ...........................................................................................321
10.10 Nomenclature....................................................................................322

11: Recovery Boiler Safety ................................................................................327

11.1 Introduction .......................................................................................327
11.2 Overview of Recovery Boiler Explosions ..........................................327
11.3 Combustible Gas Explosions ............................................................329
11.4 Smelt-Water Explosions....................................................................333
11.5 Prevention of Smeltwater Explosions................................................342
11.6 Summary ...........................................................................................345
11.7 Nomenclature....................................................................................346

12: Recovery Boiler Design & Control ..............................................................349

12.1 Introduction .......................................................................................349
12.2 Recovery Boiler Design ....................................................................349
12.3 Recovery Boiler Heat Input ...............................................................356
12.4 Recovery Boiler Firing Control Strategies.........................................361
12.5 Char Bed Control ..............................................................................368
12.6 Summary ...........................................................................................370
12.7 Nomenclature....................................................................................371

Page 4 of 16
 Book
"Kraft Recovery Boilers"
By T. N. Adams, W. J. Frederic,
T. M. Grace, M. Hupa, K. Iisa,
A. K. Jones, H. Tran

Subject Index Boiler bank pluggage 14

A Boiler drum 8, 343, 353, 355

Acid-base titration 65-66 Boiler size 35-36, 111, 169

Acid sulfate 51-53,56,258,273, Boiling point rise 61, 78, 82-83, 85, 90,
295,298,314-319,321,323 96,98,114,139

Activation energy 47 Boundary layer 154, 172, 247-248

Air emissions, 11, 37, 217, 219, 221, 223, Brownian motion 247
225, 227, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 239,
241,243, 245 Bulk droplet temperature 138-139

Air-Cooled probe, 226, 250 Bullnose 7, 13, 145, 251, 255, 267, 305,
311-314, 321
Air heaters, 186-187, 213
Burkeite 80, 84-86, 90
Air infiltration 19, 22
C
Air jets, 10-11, 174, 176, 179, 183, 185, Calcium 53, 69, 83, 86, 99
199-200, 202, 213, 369
Capacity 10, 15, 29, 31, 35, 47, 61, 82, 90-
Air levels, 8, 152, 164, 176, 185, 190 91,96, 99, 139, 145, 169, 176, 186

Air ports 9-11, 22, 190-191, 195-196, 199, Carbon 3,9,13,25-27,41-42,45,47,49,

213, 219, 237, 292, 298, 300, 302-304, 51-53,56-57,64,66-67,69-70,78,84,86,99,
308, 320, 323, 342, 355, 367 131,133-134,140,142-143,151-157,159-
160,163-164,167-176,179-180,217,227,
Air preheat temperature 18, 32, 35, 229,232-233,239-241,243,254-257,277,
279,288-290,293,296,298-302,304,307-
Air Supply 183, 185, 329, 342, 370, 308,310-314,316,319-321,333,337-338,
352,358,361,368-369,372
Alkali chlorides 53-54, 56, 295-296
Carbon gasification 155, 171, 175

B Carryover 14,26,30,37,48,50,53,103,185,
BPR 78, 80-83, 139 200-201,205,212-213,226,248-257,259-
260,267-269,271,278-281,290,309-310,
312,314,316,349,352,362,368-369,371
Brownstock washing 61, 78
Carryover composition 253
Boiler bank 8, 13-15, 51, 205, 211, 212,
219, 220, 226, 257-258, 260, 265, 268-271,
Carryover deposits 14, 249,-250, 253,
277, 279-281, 336, 350
Page 5 of 16
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"Kraft Recovery Boilers"
By T. N. Adams, W. J. Frederic,
T. M. Grace, M. Hupa, K. Iisa,
A. K. Jones, H. Tran
255, 259, 268, 278, 309-310, 312-313, 316
Cellulose 63-64, 357, 360
Cellobiose 64
Char 3-4, 9-11, 13, 32, 36-37, 41, 45, 47, 300, 240, 295, 297, 301
49, 55, 103, 120, 131-136, 140, 142-143,
145, 149, 151-160, 163-164, 166-177, 179- Chromizing 13, 291, 300, 322
180, 185, 199, 219, 225, 227, 229-230,
232-235, 243, 249, 251-253, , 278, 285, Closed cycle processes 53
290, 292, 298, 300, 303, 310, 312, 314,
333-334, 341,-342, 344, 349, 352, 354, CO 9-10, 25, 27, 37, 45, 47, 133, 163, 174,
356, 362, 368-371 179, 152-154, 195, 213, 219, 240, 291-292,
333, 368-369
Char bed, 3-4,9, 11, 13, 32, 36-37, 131, CO2 9, 25, 31, 45, 51, 69, 133-134, 152-
135, 149, 151-152, 156, 160, 163-164, 166- 155, 157, 160, 163, 176, 179, 196, 221-
177,179-180, 185, 225,233-235, 249, 252- 222, 232, 291, 304-305, 320, 333, 361,
253,278, 285, 292,298, 300, 333-334,341- 369
342,344, 349, 352,354, 356, 362,368-371
Combustible gas explosion 5, 327-330,
Char bed composition 167 333, 345, 356

Char bed control, 120, 368-371 Combustibles 139, 239, 329, 331, 342,

Char bed cooling 163, 176-177, 179 Combustion 3,,5, 7-11, 13-15, 17, 19-22,
25-32, 35-37, 41, 45, 47-49, 51-57, 61, 69,
Char bed processes, 163 76, 90, 103, 125, 131-136, 140,143, 145,
152-153, 156-160, 163-164, 170, 173-174,
Char burning, 3, 47, 49, 131-132, 134- 176, 179-180, 219-221, 226-229, 232-234,
136, 143, 149, 151-158, 160, 163,167, 171- 237,239, 241-244, 285, 247, 249, 278-279,
173, 176, 179-180, 249,303 291-292, 327, 329, 333, 337

Char carbon 49, 153, 159, 232, 333, 369 Combustion air 9, 30, 35, 37, 45, 173,
183, 186, 190-191, 213, 227-228, 249,
Char combustion 10, 37, 131, 134, 145, 356, 368-369
152, 160, 163, 170, 176, 179, 232-234, 243
Combustion products 17, 25, 29-31-, 69,
Char yields 140 76, 135, 183, 196, 361

Chemistry 37, 41-42, 47, 49, 51, 52, 54, Composite tube 13, 300-304, 307-308,
56-57, 61, 97, 179, 225, 247, 253, 255-256, 322-323
266, 269, 276, 285, 291, 305, 323, 338,
344, 349-350 Computational fluid dynamics 189, 214,
305, 349, 371
Chill-and-blow 276, 278- 279
Computational modeling 183
Chlorine 41, 53-57, 153, 157, 242, 289,
Page 6 of 16
 Book
"Kraft Recovery Boilers"
By T. N. Adams, W. J. Frederic,
T. M. Grace, M. Hupa, K. Iisa,
A. K. Jones, H. Tran
Concentrator 4, 16, 19, 78, 84
Corrosion 13, 37, 45, 51, 57, 192, 209,
Concentric arrangement 205 211, 213, 276, 276, 282, 285-291, 293,
295-304, 307-324, 343, 351, 354-355, 371-
372
Conical spray nozzle 9
Corrosive deposits 297, 313
Convective heat transfer 7, 13, 36, 137-
138, 145, 175, 367
Corrosive gases 286-288, 290, 291, 297- Deposit melting 257, 261, 354
298, 300, 321
Deposit removal 273, 276-279
Cross-Sectional area 111, 187, 200, 349,
351-352 Deposit strength 265-266

Cyclone evaporator 16, 221-222 Devolatilization 37, 131-136, 138-140,

142-145, 148-149,, 152-153, 156-160, 217,
D 229-230, 249
Dampers, 9, 183, 189, 191-195, 204, 213,
367 Dew point corrosion 285, 295, 302, 320,
321
Decanting hearth 11
Dimethyl disulfide 217, 221-223
Decanting hearth boilers 164
Dimethyl sulfide 217, 221, 223
Degree of mixing 30
Direct contact evaporator 3-4, 8, 16, 42,
Deposit buildup 14, 211, 280 76, 109, 183, 218-219, 221-223, 226, 240,
320
Deposition 14, 37, 53, 244, 247-249, 252,
254, 260, 267-268, 279-281, 305, 312-313, Dissolving tank 3, 86, 221-223, 240, 242,
323, 355 301-302, 327-328, 337-338, 340, 342, 345-
346
Density 21, 61, 70, 86-87,89- 90, 96, 99,
108, 116, 118, 125, 149, 164, 175-176, Draft 9, 20-22, 183, 185-187, 191, 196,
249, 265-266, 298-299, 340, 345, 364-366 198, 206, 208, 279-281, 342-343, 355, 367

Deposit composition 253, 256, 286 Drop tube reactor 135, 171

Deposit formation 247, 266, 278 Droplet burning processes 131

Deposit growth 261 Droplet drying 37, 90, 136, 139

Deposit hardening 261 Droplet formation 75, 104, 109, 112-113,

115, 118-119, 121,-122, 125
Page 7 of 16
 Book
"Kraft Recovery Boilers"
By T. N. Adams, W. J. Frederic,
T. M. Grace, M. Hupa, K. Iisa,
A. K. Jones, H. Tran
Drying 3, 37, 41, 49, 68-69, 90, 131-132,
Droplet size 9, 103, 108, 115, 117-123, 134-140, 144-145, 149, 156, 158, 167, 169,
125-126, 145, 148-149, 151, 368-370 249

Droplet size distribution 108, 125, 151, Ducts 9, 183, 187, 189, 213

Dry-basis 22-23 Dust 19-20, 29-30, 45, 48-56, 78, 86, 109,
186, 237-239, 252, 255-257, 261-263, 265-
Dry clean 276 266, 273, 296, 320 355, 364

Dry solids content, 3, 37, 44-45, 52-53, Dynamic surface tension 93, 99
56, 68, 70-71, 80-85, 87, 89-91, 93, 95-97,
109, 121, 151, 234-235, 242, 345, 364-367

E 36-37, 90, 175, 351,353

EA/wood 61
Enrichment factor 53, 55
Economizer 8, 13-14, 16, 26-27, 51, 183,
206, 212-213, 226, 236, 248, 248, 251- Enthalpy 29,82-83,90-91,98,139,145,353
252, 257-258, 265, 271, 273, 276-279, 281,
295, 316, 319-321, 336, 350-352, 355, 364, Entrainment 9, 28, 103, 131, 133, 145,
366 149, 156, 249, 273, 352, 369

Economizer corrosion 319 Erosion corrosion 276, 285

Electrically heated grid 135 Equilibrium 25, 45, 47-48, 54, 56, 65-66,
93, 98, 113-114, 142, 219, 221-222, 242,
Electrostatic precipitator 6, 8, 16, 26, 45, 255, 291, 297, 322
48-49, 51-54 56,196,213, 226, 236-237,
239-242, 252, 256, 285, 295-296, 321, 350- Equilibrium composition 45
351, 355
Evaporation 3, 16, 61, 68, 75, 84, 90, 95,
Elemental composition 41, 61, 64, 78 98, 113, 116, 119, 137, 156, 222, 341, 370
358, 361 Evaporators 6, 42, 76, 78, 86, 96 ,218-
219,221-223,226,240
Emergency shutdown procedure 342-
343, 346 Excess air 22-23, 27, 29-30, 32, 35, 185,
200, 206, 219, 362, 366-368
Emissions 11,35,37,42,45,78,160,206,
217-218,220-223,226-228,234-235,238- Explosions 221, 327-331, 333-346, 356
243,252,296,318,322,349,351,362,368
Extractives 63-64, 67, 133, 357, 360
Endothermic reactions 175
F
Energy balance 5, 16-17, 25, 27-28, 32, Fatty acids 64, 67
Page 8 of 16
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"Kraft Recovery Boilers"
By T. N. Adams, W. J. Frederic,
T. M. Grace, M. Hupa, K. Iisa,
A. K. Jones, H. Tran
Flame temperature 28, 30-32, 35-37, 45
Feedwater 8, 27, 319-321, 342-244, 350,
355, 356 Flashing 103, 111-120, 125-126, 335-336,
368-70
Fin 13, 372
Floor tube corrosion 300, 323
Fireflies 145
Flow coefficient 110-112, 125
Firing control strategies 349, 356, 368,
Floor measuring devices 183, 189-190
Firing rate 28, 32, 35, 112, 168, 221-222,
237-238, 260, 277-278, 280, 350, 352-353, Flue gases 41, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53-56, 217,
368 221-222, 237, 239, 248, 248, 269, 289

Firing temperature 19, 75, 111, 118, 120, Fly-ash deposition 247
126-127, 362, 368-370
Forced draft 9, 183,185-187, 355, 367
Fixed carbon 133, 140, 152-153, 167

Forced draft fan 9,185-186,355,367

Furnace height 29,205,354,355
Fossil fuel 8, 23,28, 185, 227
Furnace nose arch 183,205,209,354
Fouling 14-15, 17, 45, 50-51, 54-56, 84,
131, 260, 268, 278, 278, 282, 323 Furnace roof tubes 321

Fragmentation 153, 249, 338-339 Furnace walls 8,13,37,47,169,329,

331,355
Frozen smelt 163, 293, 298-299, 302
G
Fuel-NOx 228, 234, 241 Gas flow patterns 28,151,156,183,
211,368,369
Fume 14, 26, 30, 37, 41, 45, 47, 50-51,
131-132, 135, 142-143, 153, 156, 159-160, Gasification 3,41,134,154,-155, 158-160,
173-174, 176, 179, 205-206, 217, 219-220, 171-172,174-175,243,368-369
225-226, 234, 236, 241, 248-258, 260-262,
265, 269-271, 276, 278-281, 304-305, 312, Generating bank 8,183,210-213,248,251-
316,323, 351 252,256-258,262,268-269,271,276,278,
281,285,295,316,318-319,321,323,
Fume composition 51, 254 334,336,349-350,352-355,371

Fume deposits 249-251, 254-255, 261, Generating bank corrosion 318

269-271, 278, 281, 305, 316 H
Hardwood 63,67,73-74,236,259,285,
Fuming 37,41 361
Page 9 of 16
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"Kraft Recovery Boilers"
By T. N. Adams, W. J. Frederic,
T. M. Grace, M. Hupa, K. Iisa,
A. K. Jones, H. Tran

HCI 78,217,223,225-226,240-242,291 Higher heating value 17-18,27,69,76,352

296,297,322,351
HHV 17-18,27,76,352
Headers 13,319,336,355
Hydrogen 17,22-23,25-27,37,45,49,51,54-
Heat Capacity 29,31,61,82,90-91,96 55,69,131,152,173,217,227,239,295,333,3
99, 139,145 37,361

Heat of dilution 91, 98 Hydrogen correction 17,54

Heating rates 133,142 Hydrogen sulfide 45,49,51,55,217

Heating value 17-18,27-28,61,69,76-78,96 Hydrogen chloride, 295

98,217,350,352,356,360-361,364,367,372
ID fan 20,183,279,343-344
Heavy metals 41,217,240
Ignition 5,28,136,145,329,331,356
Hemicelluloses 63,64,357
In-flight burning 131,153,156,173
High dry solids, 35,48,51-52. 56,111,
205 Induced draft 183,185,196,355

High solids firing 156,160,318

Inertial impaction 247-248 KCI 53,55-56,61,223,226,237,241,254-
255,295-296
Infiltration air 20,183,208
KOH 55-56,254,304-305,308
Inorganic material 3,9,78,82,87,90,
131,133-134,157,247,356-360 L
Laminar entrained-flow reactor 135
Inorganic matter 61,83,133-134,137
140,152,236,349,365.368,371 Lance tube 15,273,276

Inorganic salts 49,61,64,72,90,134,152 Leak prevention 343

157,169,171,180,249,351-352
Ligaments 104,119,125
Interlaced jets 202
Lignin 3,63-67,72-73,75,87,97,133,146,
Iron 53,69,83,289-290,296,298-299,304 148,243,357,360-361,365
308,310,314,318,320,338
Liquor burnability 131
K
Kappa number 61,73,350,361,370 Liquor firing rate 32,221,238,260,277-
278, 368
Page 10 of 16
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"Kraft Recovery Boilers"
By T. N. Adams, W. J. Frederic,
T. M. Grace, M. Hupa, K. Iisa,
A. K. Jones, H. Tran
Mass transfer 28,153-155,160,174,
Liquor dry solids 4,27-28,32,35,37,53,70, 179-180
97,113,118,234,252,362,364-367,370
Material and energy balance 16
Liquor guns 8-11,109,151,169,327
344,369 Material balance 19,27,30,68,372

Liquor heater 16,86,109 Melting temperature 54-55,175,247,257-

258,260,265-266,287,290,293,297-
Liquor nozzle 9,103,106-107,109-112, 298,302-303,305,309-313,318-319,321
115-119,121-122,125-127,205,208,362
Membrane construction 13
Liquor spraying 9,41,45,117,127,368
Mercaptans 25, 49,133,142
Lower furnace 8-9,11,13,20-21,26,29-30,
32,35,37,45,47-49,51,55-56,151,156,169- Methyl mercaptan 45, 49,217,221-223
174,176,180,205-206,217-218,220-222,
225-226,233,235-240,242,253-255,278- Micelles 67-68
279,285,288,290-291,293,295-298,300,
304-305,308,310,312-314,316,318- Mix tank 8,16,26,109,252
321,334,336,344-345,350-351,354-
355,369-371 Mixing 3,7,10-11,22,25,27-28,30,32,35,
37,41,45,51,90,137,185,197-199,204-
Lower heating value (LHV) 17 206,208,213,219,221-222,239,291,338-340

M Molecular diffusion 247

Makeup chemicals 8,17,53,78,84,109,
259,364

Molecular weight 61,66-67,70,72-73, 65,68-69,131,134,142,152-153,156,

75,82,148,333,357-358,360 163,171-172,219,221,253,260-261,
292-293,295,297,311-312,314-317,
Monitored burners 372,331,345 357-359

N Na2SO4 3,8-9,17,25-26,42,45,64-69,
Na 17,24,45,51,53,86,174,236, 80,84-86,134,142,152-153,171,172,
253,259,291,312,357 220,241,253-255,257,260,271,293,
297,311,314-315,357-360
NaCl 53-54,56,64,69,219,223,225-
226,237,241,253-255,295-297,311, Net heating value (NHV) 17
337
Newtonian fluids 70
NaHSO4 271,295,315-317
Nickel 240,289-290
Na2S 3,9,17,27,42,45,61-62,64-
Page 11 of 16
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"Kraft Recovery Boilers"
By T. N. Adams, W. J. Frederic,
T. M. Grace, M. Hupa, K. Iisa,
A. K. Jones, H. Tran
Nitrogen 17,41,45,69,76,131-132,140,
143,153,157,217,226-234,240-241,243 Oxidation 17,25,28,51,68-69,73-76-77,
85,87,98,134,152-155,168,171-172,174,
Nitrogen oxides 217,226-227,240-241 179,219,222,227,231-233,254,285,288-
289,293,295,303,310,319,321,349,359,
NO 133,143,217,229,231-235,240,243 361,369

Non-destructive thickness (NDT) 285 Oxides of nitrogen 17

Non-flashing conditions 112,116- Oxygen bomb calorimeter 17,76

118, 120,125
Oxygen delignification 61, 360-361
Nose arch 7,13-14,183,205,209-210,
213,314,354 P
Particulates 236-237,239
NOx 41,76,205-206,217,229,232,234-
235,241-243,351 Peeling 64
NSSC 146,171
Phenolic groups 64
O
Opposed nozzles 15,204 Phenylpropane 64, 361

Organic material 3,9,28,49,86,90,93, Physical modeling 183, 189

95,131,133,185,356-357,359-360
Pitting corrosion 285, 287,295,309,314,
Organic matter 3,61-62,64,66,68,73- 318,320-321
74,78,86,93,133,143,146,152,156,
223,349,360 Platens 14, 211, 268,277,290,309

Organic/inorganic ratio 15,356-357,360, Plugging 14-15, 17,131,187,247,260,

364-365,367 262,266-269,271,273,278-282,349-
351,362,369,371
Organosulfur gases 49
Polymer-continuous phase 72,89,137 301,312-313,315,357-358

Polysaccharides 63-64,66-67,72-73, Precipitator dust 29,48,109,252,255-

75,98,133,360 257,262,265,296,320,364

Polysaccharides 133 Pressure drop 21-22,109-115, 125,127,

185-187,189-191,193,198,210,213,
Port rodding 195,300,367-368 353

Potassium 41,53-57,69-70,83-84,131, Primary air 9-11, 186,192-193,195,199-

153,155,157,236-237,242,249,253- 201,298,302,304-305,308,323,342,370
255,257,259,281,285,290-291,297,
Page 12 of 16
 Book
"Kraft Recovery Boilers"
By T. N. Adams, W. J. Frederic,
T. M. Grace, M. Hupa, K. Iisa,
A. K. Jones, H. Tran
Prompt-NOx 227-229,232,234,241 Reduction efficiency 17,55,78,85-86,176,
199,349,356,359
Pyrolysis 3,5,9-10,37,41,49,57,90,
97,131,133-135,140,142-143,158- Residence time 169,180,185,200-201,
160,171,227,229-232,234,243-244, 226-230
292-293,322,327,333,345
Residual alkali 61,73-74,98
Pyrolysis gas explosions 327,333
Residual alkali content 61,74,98
Q
Quaternary air 11, 205-206 Residual effective alkali 69

Radiation 13-14, 28,134-135,138, Resin acids 64,67

175-176,192,205,209,290,310-312,
353-354,366 Ring header 109-111, 113-115

Radical deformation temperature 258, S

261 Safe firing of black liquor 333,344-346

Reactivity 25, 133-134,152,255 Safety 5,20,37,103,285,302,327,331,354

Recovery boiler design 3,9, 36-37,61, Scale 37,57,74,86,99,127,159-160,177,

132,179,185,349-350,371 183,188,191,213,287-289,291,296,298,
310,321
Recovery boiler models 167
Recycle 8,19,26,86,171,252,259,360,364 Screen 7,13-14,166,219,251,267-268,271,
276,314,320,334,336,353-355
Recycle dust 19,86
Screen tubes 7,13-14,267-268,276,314,
Reduced sulfur gases 37,45,217,219,291- 353-355
293,295,298,314
Secondary air 9-11,152,164,176,186,190-
Reduction 17-18,27-28,35,37,41,45-47,55, 191,195,200-202,204,214,235,369-370
69,75-76,78,85-86,97-98,103,131,142,152-
154,159-160,163,168,170-176,179-180,199 Settling velocity 149
210,231,234,243,277,285,322,327,349,
351,356,359

Shear rate 70,74

Single-drum system 211
Shutoff valves 109,331
Sintering 53,258,261-263,265-266,
Silicon 53,83,86 270-271,273,276,278,282,350-351

Single droplet method 134 Slagging temperature 258

Page 13 of 13
 Book
"Kraft Recovery Boilers"
By T. N. Adams, W. J. Frederic,
T. M. Grace, M. Hupa, K. Iisa,
A. K. Jones, H. Tran
Sodium chloride 64,338
Sloped-floor boilers 164
Sodium hydroxide 45,49,51,338
Smelt bed imaging cameras 163
Sodium pyrosulfate 315
Smelt coalescence 131
Sodium sulfate 45,51-52,64,78,84
Smelt inventories 169
Sodium sulfide 41-42,45,65,76-77,
Smelt reaction stage 136 338

Smelt reactions 131,156 Sodium thiosulfate 64,77,295

Smelt reduction 45,47,103 Solubility 61,80,82-84,86,96,98-99

Smelt spout corrosion 301 Solubility limit 83-84,86,98-99

Smelt spouts 3,8,11,13,20,47, Softwood 63,66,68,73-74,98,236,361

163,169,201,208,300-302,321,
328,334,352,356 Sootblowers 14, 210-211,213,247,
252-253,266,269-271,273,276,279,
Smelt-water 4,131,177,285,327-328, 282,317,336,353,356,367
331,333-346,354,356
Sootblowing 14,22-23,27,210-212,261,
Smelt-water explosion 4,177,285,327- 268-269,276-279,281-282,367
328,331,333-346,356
Splashplate nozzle 9, 103-104,106,108,
SO2 25-26,45,52-53,142,217-220, 117-118,120,125,127
222-223,225,226,237-243,253,-257,278-
279,295-296,304-305,316,320,351 Spray droplet size 103,117,119-120,
126,368
Sodium 3,8,25-26,41-42,44-45,47-49,
51-57,64-67,69-70,76-78,83-85,131,134, Spray nozzles 103,355
143,146,152-153,155,157-159,169,171,
173,179,217,219-220,225,240,243,249, Spray trajectory 122
255,257,271,281,291,295,307,315,322-
323,337-338,357,358 Stack effect 21

Sodium bisulfate 271,315 Stack emission 51,54, 362

Sodium carbonate 42,45,49,51,56,64,66, Stack particulate 19

78,84,243,337,338

Steam coil heater 16,186-187 Steam generating bank 8, 352

Page 14 of 16
 Book
"Kraft Recovery Boilers"
By T. N. Adams, W. J. Frederic,
T. M. Grace, M. Hupa, K. Iisa,
A. K. Jones, H. Tran
Sticky temperature 258-261,268 313, 323

Stoichiometric 22, 30-32,35,76, 176, Superheater inlet gas temperature 352-

208,219,329,333,361,369 355

Stoichiometric air 30-32,176,208, Surface temperature 136-139,153,

219,329,333,361 158,164,177,229,261,269-270,287,
290,298,301-303,308-314,317,320
Stress corrosion cracking 285, 308, 314
Surface tension 61,91,93,96,99,109,
Sulfate reduction 69, 97, 159-160, 115-116,118,152,153
163,171,173-176,179-180,322
Swelling 132-133, 135-138,145-146,148-
Sulfate/sulfide cycle 171-173 149,152,156-160,249

Sulfidation 285,289,298,302,304, Swirl 9,28,103-104,107,112,117-118,

310,314 121,124,191,204

Sulfidation/oxidation corrosion 310 Swirlcone nozzle 103-104,107,112,118,

121
Sulfidity 15, 25,27,42,51-52, 56,73,
85-86,253,255,257,271,279,298,314, T
316,318-319,338, Tall oil 64,77,93,148

Sulfur 3,8,17-18,24-26,28,37,41-42,44- Tangent construction 13

45,47-49,51,53-57,61,68-70,76,78,86,
97,131,133-134,142-143,153,155-157, Tangential 9-11,204-205
159,163,167-168,170-171,173,217-223,
225-226,237,240-241,254-255,257,279, Tar 131,140,333
288-289,291-293,295-296,298,312,314,
317,321-322 Terminal Velocity 149

Sulfur correction 17 Terpenes 68

Sulfur dioxide 45,51,54-56,217 Tertiary air 9-11,51,186,193,204-

206-213,219,221-222,225,237,291,
Sulfur gas emissions 217 355

Superheater 8, 13-15, 50-51,156,160,166 Thermal and transport properties 37

183,205,209-213,219-220,225-226,236, 61,144
248,250-252,256-258,260,267-269,276-
282,290,293,296,298,302,308-314, 316, Thermal Conductivity 61,93,95-96,99,
321,323,334,336,352-355 137-138,164,166,175

Superheater corrosion 293,308,310, 312- Thermal treatment 75

Page 15 of 16
 Book
"Kraft Recovery Boilers"
By T. N. Adams, W. J. Frederic,
T. M. Grace, M. Hupa, K. Iisa,
A. K. Jones, H. Tran

Thermal-NOx 227-229,234,241 Thermal oxidation 285,288

Thermal shock 276-278,281 Viscosity 8,61,66-67,70-76,93,96
98-99,108,110,112,116,118,121,
Thermosphoresis 247-249,258,270 137,345

Thiosulfate 42,49,64,69-70,77,167-168 VOC emissions 240

Thiosulfate 222,295 Volatile organic compounds 68

Three -level air 9-10,120,201-202 Volatile organic compounds 217,239-

240,242
Three-level air 369
W
Total reduced sulfur (TRS) 25 Wall drying 49,167,169

Total reduced sulfur (TRS) 217 Water circulation 13

Tracer concentration 169 Water vapor 20,22,25,29,31,69,82,98,

113-114,134,136,152-155,157,171-176,
Trajectories 151,156,167 179,221-222,225-226,254,271,302,317,
329,355,369
Transport phenomena 134
Waterwalls 8,13,28,177,211,300,
TRS 25-26,37,42,51,159,195,217- 320-321,352,354-355, 268,279,286,
219,221-223,225,239,242,344,368 311,319

Tube materials 285,290 Wet-basis 22-23

Turbulent diffusion 247-249,258,270 Wet bottom precipitators 221-222

Turpentine 68,93 White liquor 3,62,64,77-78,85-86,

223,253,359
Two-drum system 211
Windbox 9-10,22,187,190-191,193,
Two-level air 176, 200-201,204 195,198,213,305,308,320

U Wood 3,53,61-64,66-68,70,73-74,
U-type nozzles 103 77,98,132-133,137,227-228,236,
243,253,259,285,350-351,356-357,
V 359,361,364-366,370-371
V-type nozzles 103,108,120
Wood acids 64,77,359
Virgin liquor 30

Page 16 of 16