CHAPTER -4 ATOMIC STRUCTURTE AND CHEMICAL BONDING

EXECRICE 4 (A)

Q.1. What is the contribution of the following in atomic structure.

a) Maharishi Kanada

b) Democritus

Ans. a) According to MaharshiKanada

i) Matter consisted of indestructible particle called paramanus (Now called atoms)

ii) A parmanu does not exist in free state, rather it Comines with other paramanus to
form a bigger particle called the anu (now called a molecule)

b) Democritus called paramanu as ‘Atom’ which comes from the Greek word atoms,
meaning indivisible.

Q.2. State Dalton’s atomic theory

Ans. First scientific theory about the structure of matter was given by John Dalton who
considered atoms as indivisible particles.

i) Matter consists of very small and indivisible particle called atoms.

ii) Atoms of an elements are similar in all respects but they differ from the atoms of
the order elements
iii) Atoms of an element combine in small number to from molecules.
iv) Atoms of one element combine with atoms of another element in simpler ratio
to from molecular of compounds.
v) Atoms can neither be created nor can be destroyed.
vi) Atoms are the smallest units of matter that can take part in a chemical reaction.

Q.3. What is  (alpha) particle ?

Ans. An alpha particle is a doubly charged helium ion He2 , containing two protons reaction.

Q.4. What are cathode rays ? How are these rays formed?

Ans. Cathode rays are the beam of electrons that travels form negatively charged to
positively
 Charged end (i.e. cathode to anode) of a vacuum tube, across a voltage difference
between the electrodes placed at each end.

Formation:

When a high voltage charge from an induction coil is applied to tubes filled with gases at
very low pressure, the gases become good conductors of electricity and begin to flow in
the form of rays. These rays are called cathode rays and they travel towards anode from
cathode.

Q.5. What is the nature of charge on (i) cathode rays and (ii)anode rays?

Ans. (i)Cathode rays are negatively charged as they contain electrons

(ii) Anode rays are positively charged as they contain protons.

Q.6. How are X-rays produced?

Ans. when a beam of cathode ray is made to fall upon hard metallic targets like tungsten, X-
rays are produced.

Q.7. Why are anode rays also known as ‘canal rays’ ?

Ans. When a perforated ray was used in the discharge tube, another set of rays travelling in
a direction opposite to that of the cathode rays that is from the anode towards the
cathode. These rays are called canal rays since these pass through holes or ‘canals’ in
the cathode.

Q.8. How does cathode rays differ from anode rays?

Ans.

Cathode Rays Anode rays

1. Travel from cathode to anode 1. Travel from anode to cathode
2. Made of negatively charged 2. made of positively charged
particles particles
3. Produce greenish yellow 3. these produce fluorescence on a
fluorescence on a soda glass zincsulphide screen.
screen
4. They are inflected towards 4. deflected by electric and
positive electric field and magnetic fields but in a direction
deflected towards negative opposite to cathode rays.
electric field
Q.9. State one observation which shows that atom is not indivisible.

Ans. Discovery of neutron by Sir James Chadwick. Chadwick discovered neutral particles
present in atom by bombarding light nuclei like Beryllium with alpha particles that is
helium nuclei.

Q.10. (a) Name an element which does not contain neutron.

(b) If an atom contains one electron and one proton , will it carry charge or not?

Ans. (a) Hydrogen (H) do not contain neutron

(b) no, it is neutral.

Q.11. On the basic of Thomson’s model of an atom, explain how an atom as a whose is
neutral.

Ans. Thomson’s atomic model an atom is made up positively charged substances in the form
of a sphere. Into this sphere electrons are embedded and total positive charge of the
sphere is equal to total negative charge of electron and hence the atom remained
electrically neutral. This model was not accepted because it was unable to explain how
positively charged particles were shielded from negatively charged particle, without
getting neutralized.

Q.12. Which sub-atomic particle was discovered by

a) Thomson

b) Goldstein

c) Chadwick.

Ans. a) J.J. Thomson discovered electrons.

b) Goldstein discovered neutrons.

c) Chadwick discovered neutrons.

Q.13. Name the sub-atomic particle charges is : (a)+1 (b)-1 (c) 0.

Ans. a) The sub-atomic particle whose relative charges is +1 is PROTON

b) The sub-atomic particle whose relative charges is 1- is ELECTRON.

c) The sub-atomic particle whose relative charges is 0 is NEUTRINS.

Q.14. a) Whose metal did Rutherford selected for his Alpha particle scattering experiment

and why ?

b) What is you think would be the observation if Alpha particle scattering experiment is
carried out on i) Heavy nucleus like platinum ii) light nuclei like lithium.

Ans. a) Rutherford selected-gold metal. He selected gold foil because he wanted as thin a
layer as possible.

b) i) Platinum shows that most of the alpha particle went straight throughthe foil.

a) Some alpha particle were slightly deflected form their straight path.

b) Very few (nearly one in ten thousand alpha particle were either deflected by
very large angles or completely bounced back.

ii) Lithium Shows that fast moving alpha particle may even push the light nucleus
aside and may not be deflected back.

Q.15. On the basic of Rutherford’s model of an atom , which subatomic particle is present in
the nucleus of an atom ?

Ans. According to Rutherford an experiment b allowing a strem of alpha particle to pass

through a very thin gold foil . He observed that alpha particle pass through the metal foil
without deviating from their path. This show that atom contains a large cmpty space
called extra nuclear space.

Q.16. Which part of atom was discovered by Rutherford .

Ans. Nucleus.

Q.17. How was it show that atom has empty space?

Ans. Lord Rutherford performed an experiment by allowing a stream of alpha particle to

pass through a very thin fold foil. He observed that alpha particle pass through the
metal foil without deviating from their path. This shows that atom contains a large
empty space called extra nuclear space.

Q.18. State one drawback of Rutherford’s model.

Ans. One major drawback moved around the nucleus continually, it should radiate energy
i.e. loses energy. As a result it should be gradually pulled towards the nucleus and end
up cooling with it. This should result in the total collapse of the atom.
 However, we know that atom is structurally stable. Thus, Rutherford’s model could not
explain this stability.

Q.19. In the figure given alongside:

a) Name the shells denoted by A,B,C which shell has least energy ?

b) Name X and state the charge on it.

c) The above sketch is of …….. model of an atom.

Ans. a) A is for K shell or 1 shell = 2 electrons

B is for L shell II shell= 8 electrons

C is for M shell or II shell =2 electrons

Shell k has the minimum amount of energy.

b) X is for nucleus it is positively charged.

c) The above sketch is of Bohr model of an atom.

Q.20. According to postulates of Bohr’s atomic model.

Ans. According to Bohr’s Atomic model :-

i) Atoms has a central nucleus in definite circular path called orbit,

ii) The electrons revolve around the nucleus, these orbit are also known as energy
levels.
iii) Each orbit has fixed energy. Therefore, these orbits are also known as energy
levels energy shells.
iv) These orbit of energy levels are represented either by number as
1,2,3……….known as the principle quantum number (n) of the orbit or by
K,L,M………
v) There is no change of energy of electrons as long as they keep revolving in the
same energy level and the atom remains stable. Electrons can jump from higher
orbit to lover when they lose energy and jump to the next when they gain
energy.
 Exercise 4 (B)

Q.1. a) Name three fundamental particle of the atom.

b) Give the symbol with charge, on the each particle.

Ans. a) i) Electron

ii) Proton

iii) Neutron

b) Symbol Charge

e 1 1
P 1
n 0

Q.2. Complete the table given below by identifying P,Q,R and S.

Element Symbol No. of No. of No. of Electrons

Protons Neutrons
Sodium 23
11 Na 11 P 11
Chorine 35
17 Cl Q 18 17
Uranium R 92 146 92
S 19
9F
9 10 9

Ans. P = 12,
218
Q = 17, R = 92 U

S = Flurine

Element Symbol No. of No. of No. of

Protons Neutrons Electons
Sodium 11
23
Na 11 12 11
Chlorine 17 18 17
35
17 Cl
Uranium 92
218
U 92 146 92
 Fluorine 9
19
F 9 10 9

Q.3. The atom of an element is made up of 4 protons, 5 neutrons and 4 electrons.

What are its atomic number and mass number ?

Ans. Atomic number = number of protons or number of electron = 4

Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons = 4+ 5=9

Q.4. The atomic number can mass number of sodium are 11 and 23 respectively.

What information is conveyed by this statement ?

Ans. Atomic number (11) of sodium is conveyed information that number of proton and
electrons are same.

Mass number (23) of sodium shows that this is the sum of nucleus particles i.e. proton
and neutrons.

Q.5. Write down the Name of the particles represented by the following symbols and
explain the mating of superscript and subscript number attached.

1 P1 , n1 , 1e0

Ans. P= proton, n = neutron, e = electron

Superscript number : These superscript number show their mass number.

Subscript word : These number show their atomic number.

24
Q.6. Form the symbol 12 Mg , state the number, the atomic number and electronic
configuration of magnesium.
24
Ans. 12 Mg

Mass number = 24

Atomic number = 12

No. of electron = 24-12=12

 :- Electronic configuration = 2,8,2

Q.7. Sulphur has an atomic number 16 and a mass of 32. State the number of protons and

neutrons in the nucleus of sulphur. Give a simple diagram to show the arrangement of

electrons in an sulphur.

Ans. Atomic number = 16

Atomic mass = 32

Number of proton = 16

Number of electron = 16

Number of neutrons = 32=16=16

Electronic configuration = 2,8,6

Q.8. Explain the rule according to which electrons are filled in various energy levels.

Ans. i) The maximum capacity of a shell to accommodate electrons is given by the general
formula 2n 2 , where n is the serial number of a shell.

ii) The maximum number of electrons possible in the outermost shell is 8 and in the
penultimate shell (last but one shell) is 18.

iii) It is not necessary for an orbit to be completed before another is formed. In fact a
new orbit begins when the outer most shell attains 8 electrons.

40 2
Q.9. Draw the orbital diagram of Ca ion and state the number of three fundamental
20
particles present in it.

Ans. i) Electron

ii) Neutron

iii) Proton 20

Q.10. Write down the electronic configuration of the following:

27
(i) 13 X (ii) 1735Y
 Write down the number of electron in X and neutrons in Y.
27
Ans. i) Electronic configuration: 13 X =2,8,3.

Number of electrons in X=13 and number of neutrons in X=27-13=14

(ii) Electronic configuration of 17

35
Y  2,8,7

Number of electron in Y=17, Number of neutrons in Y=35-17=18

 EXERCISE 4 (C)

Q.1 How does the Modern atomic theory contradict and correlate with Dalton’s atomic
theory?

Ans. The latest research on atom has proved that most of the postulates of Dalton’s atomic
theory contradict. But Dalton was right atoms take part in chemical reactions.

Comparison of Dalton’s atomic theory with Modern atomic theory.

Dalton’satomic theory:-

i. Atomic are invisible

ii. Atoms of same elements are similar in every respect.
iii. Atoms of different elements are different.
iv. Atoms combine elements are different.
v. Atom can neither be created nor can be destroyed.

Modern atomic theory:- Atoms are no longer indivisible atom consists of electrons.

(i) Proton, neutrons and even more- subparticles.

(ii) Atoms of same element may differ from one another called isotopes

(iii) Atoms of different elements may be similar called Isobars.

(iv) Atoms combine in a ratio which is not simple whole number ratio e.g. in sugar
C12H22O11 ratio is not whole number ratio.

(v) Atoms can be converted into energy

Q.2.

(a) What are inert elements?

(b) Why do they exist as monoatoms in molecules?

(c) What are valence electrons?

Ans.

a) Inert elements : The elements which have complete outer most shell i.e. 2 or 8
electrons. They ordinary do not enter into any reaction.
 b) These exist as monoatoms because molecules of these elements contain only one
atom.
c) Valence electrons : The number of electron of electrons present in the valence shell
is known as valence electrons.

Q.3. In what respects do the three isotopes of hydrogen differ? Give their structures.

Ans. The 3 isotopes of hydrogen, namely protium, deuterium and tritium have only different
mass nos.

Structures :-

Q.4 Match the atomic number 4,14, 8, 15 and 19 with each of the following:

(a) A solid non-metals of valency 3. (b) A gas of valency 2.

(c) A metal of valency 1. (d) A non-metal of valency 4.

Ans. The match will be as follows:

(a) A solid non-metal of 15

valency 3
(b) A gas of valency 2 8
(c) A metal of valency 1 19
(d) A non-metal of valency 14
4

Q.5 Draw diagrams representing the atomic structure of the following:

(a) Sodium atom (b) Chlorine ion

(c) Carbon atom (d) Oxygen ion.

Ans.

Q.6 What is the significance of the number of protons found in the atoms of different
elements?

Ans. The significance of the number of protons i.e atomic number is such that it decides the
position of elements in the periodic table.

Q.7 Elements X,Y,Z have atomic number 6, 9 and 12 respectively. Which one:

(a) forms an anion, (b) forms a cation, (c) has four electrons in its valence shell?

Ans. (a) Y ( electronic conf.: 2, 7)

(b) Z (electronic conf.: 2, 8, 2)

(c )X (electronic conf.: 2,4)

Q.8 Element X has electronic configuration 2,8, 1 8, 8, 1. Without identifying X, (a) predict
the sign and charges on a simple ion of X.

(b) write if X will be an oxidizing agent of a simple reducing agent. Why?

Ans. (a) A simple ion of X will be X+1 as it can easily loose one electon

(b) oxidizing agent, because it has ability to denote an electron.

Q.9 Define the terms: (a) mass number (b) ion (c) cation (d) anion (e) element (f) orbit.

Ans. (a) Mass number: It is define as a sum of number of protons (p) and number of neutrons
(n) in the nucleus of an atom.
 (a) Ion : An atom or molecule that carries a positive or negative charge because of loss
or gain of electrons.
(b) Cation: It is positive charged ion that is formed when an atom loses one or more
electrons e.g. Na2+,Hg2+, Ca2+ etc.
(c) Anion: Those elements which can gain electrons to from ions which are negatively
charged are called anions.
(d) Element: It is a substance which cannot be split up into two more simpler substance
by usual chemical method of applying heat, light or electric energy. E.g. Hydrogen
Oxygen, Chlorine etc.
(e) Orbit: It is defined as a circular path around the nucleus in which electrons of the
atoms revolve.

Q.10 From the symbol 2He4 for the element helium, write down the mass number and their
atomic number of the element.

Ans. Atomic number = 2

mass number = 4

Q.11 Five atoms are labeled A to E

Atoms Mass No. Atomic No.

A 40 20
B 19 9
C 7 3
D 16 8
E 14 7

(a) Which one of these atoms : (i) contains 7 protons (ii) has electronic configuration 2, 7.
(b) Write down the formula of the compound formed between C and D.
(c) Predict : (i) metals (ii) non-metals.

Ans. (a) (i)E. (ii) B

7
(b) C has atomic no. 3 and mass no. 7 i.e. 3 Li, and D has atomic no. 8 and mass no. 16
16
i.e. for 8 O

 formula of compound formed is Li2O

(c)
 Metals A,C
Non Metals B,D,E

Q.12 An atom of an element has two electrons in the M shell. What is the (a) atomic
number (b) number of protons in element.

Ans. (a) Given, no. of electron in shell M=2

This means K and L shell are filled as (2,8)

Now Atomic number = 2+8+2 = 12

(b) No of proton = No. of electron =12

24 26
Q.13 12 Mg and 12 Mg are symbols of two isotopes of magnesium.

(a) Compare the atoms of these isotopes with respect to:

(i) the composition of their nuclei.

(ii) their electronic configurations.

(b) Given reason why the two isotopes of magnesium have different mass numbers.
26
Ans. (a) (i) Based on composition of their nuclei 12 Mg has a heavier nucleus with 2 extra
neutrons.

(ii) Both having same no. of electrons i.e 12 have same electronic configuration
(2,8,2)

(b) The two have different masses due to different nos. of neutrons.

Q.14 What are nucleons? How many nucleons are present in phosphorus. Draw its
structure.

Ans. Nucleons: Nucleuons are the particles that comprise the nucleus.

There are 15 protons and 16 neutrons present in Phosphorous.

Its structure is as follows:

Q.15 (a) What are isotopes? With reference to which fundamental particle do isotopes
differ> Give two uses of isotopes?

(b) Name the isotopes of hydrogen give their structures.

Ans. (a) Isotopes: “Atoms is Neutrons Uses of Isotopes. (i) Some isotopes are Radio-Active i.e.
isotopes of cobalt are used for treating cancer and other diseases.
235
(ii)An isotopes of uranium U is used as a fuel in nuclear reactor.

(b) Name of three isotopes of hydrogen are (i) protium, (ii) deuterium (iii) tritium
35 37
Q.16 Why do 17 Cl and 17 Cl have the same chemical properties? In what respect do
these atoms differ? What is the fractional mass of chlorine?

Ans. In chemical reaction only electrons only take part. The chemical properties depend upon
the electronic configuration. The isotopes of element 3517 Cl and 37
17 Cl have same
atomic number and hence the same configuration. So they same chemical properties.
These differ only in physical contents and weight because neutrons contribution to the
35
mass of an atom. 17 Cl and 3717 Cl different number of neutrons 18 and 20 respectively.
Fractional atomic weight of chlorine is 35.5.

Q.17 Explain fractional atomic mass. Why is the mass of chlorine is is 35.5?

Ans. The atomic masses of the isotopes of chlorine are 35 and 37. However in any given
sample of chlorine gas, the isotopes occur in approximate 3:1, 75% of Cl35, and 25% of
Cl37. Therefore the relative atomic weight of chlorine is 35.5

Fractional atomic weight of chlorine

 3  35   1 37  105  37 142
At. Wt. =    35.5  At.wt.
4 4 4

Q.18 (a) What is meant by “atomic number of an element”?

(b) Complete the table given below:

No. of Protons No. of No. of Atomic number Mass number

Electrons Neutrons
35
17 Cl
37
17 Cl

(c) Write down the electronic configuration of (i) chlorine atom (ii) chlorine ion.

Ans. (a) Atomic number is defined as the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

(b)

No. of No. of No. of Atomic Mass number

Protons Electrons Neutrons number
35
17 Cl 17 17 18 17 35
37
17 Cl 17 17 20 17 37

(c) Electronic configuration of chlorine is 2, 8, 7.

An atom of chlorine is electrically neutral. But after acquiring an electron it does not
remain electrically neutral. It has one electron more than the number of protons in
itsnucleus and therefore a negatively charged ionCl-, i.e. chlorine ion (chlorine ion).

Q.19 Name or state the following:

a) The element which does not contain any neutron in its nucleus.
b) An element having valency ‘zero’.
c) Metal with valency 2.
d) Two elements having the same number of protons and electrons but different number
of neutrons.
e) The shell closed to the nucleus of an atom.
f) Two atoms having the same number of protons.
Ans.

a) Hydrogen
b) Element of zero group i.e. He (Helium) (c) Calcium (d) Hydrogen and Carbon
(d) K (f) Chlorine atoms

Q.20 Give reasons

(a) Physical properties of isotopes are different

Ans. Physical properties depend on the Atomic mass and isotopes have different mass
number (A)i.e they have different number of neutron So isotopes have different physical
properties.

(b) Argon does not react.

Ans. Argon does not react as Argon has outer-most orbit complete i.e.8 electron in outer
most shell.

(c) Actual atomic mass is greater than mass number.

Ans. Actual Atomic Mass greater than mass number (P+N) Since mass number is a whole
number approximation of atomic mass unit. IN fact Neutrons are slightly heavier than
protons and atom includes the existence of over 200 sub-atomic particles.
35 37
(d). 17 Cl and 17 Cl do not differ in their chemical reactions.

35 37
Ans. 17 Cl and 17 Cl are isotopes of chlorine element which differ in number of
neutrons.Whereas chemical properties are determined by electronic configuration of an
atom. Isotopes of an element are chemically alike.

Q.21 An elements A atomic number 7 mass number 14

B electronic configuration 2, 8, 8

C electrons 13, neutrons 14

D Protons 18 neutron 22

E electronic configuration 2, 8, 8, 1

State (i) valency of each element (ii) which one is metal (iii) which is non-metal (iv)
which is inert gas.
Ans. Element A

Atomic number = 7 = number of electrons = 2, 5

 valency of A = 8-5 = (3-)

Element

Electronic configuration 2,8,8

 valency of B = zero

Element C Electrons 13

2,8,3

Valency of C = 3+

Element D

Protons = 18 = electrons = 2,8,8

Valency of D Zero

Elements E

Electronic configuration

2,8,8,1

Valency Of E = 1+

[ii] C and E are metals

[iii]A is Non- metal

[iv]A, C and E are not INERT GAS

Q.22 Choose the correct option.

(a) Rutherford’s alpha-particle scattering experiment discovered

A. Electron

B. Proton

C. Atomic nucleus
 D. Neutron

(b) Number of valence electron in O are:

A. 6

B. 8

C. 10

D. 4

(c) Which of the following is the correct electronic configuration of potassium?

A. 2, 8, 9, B. 8, 2, 9 C. 2, 8, 8, 1 D. 1, 2, 8, 8

(d) The mass number of an atom whose unipositive ion 10 electrons and 12
neutrons is:

Ans. (a) C.ATOMIC NUCLUES (b) A. 6

(c) C. [2, 8, ,8 ,1] (d) A. 23

Q.23 Explain the

(a) octet rule for formation of sodium chloride

(b) duplet rule of the formation of hydrogen.

Ans. Element tends combine one another to attain stable electronic configuration of the
nearest inert gas (Duplet or Octer)

(a) Sodium Chloride

Sodium (NA) has 1 electron is valence shell to chlorine (Cl) having 7 electron in
valance shell gains electron to complete their (Octer)

(b) Hydrogen H2
Hydrogen atom H has one electron in valence shell which it contributes to have its
outer most shell completely filled (Duplet-rule)

Q.24 Copy and complete the followings tablerelating to the atomic structure of some
elements.

Element Atomic Mass Number of Number of Number of

 symbol Number Number Neutrons Electrons Protons
Li 3 7
Cl 17 20
Na 12 11
Al 27 13
S 32 16
Ans.

Element Atomic Mass Number of Number of Number of

symbol Number Number Neutrons Electrons Protons
Li 3 7 4 3 3
Cl 17 37 20 17 17
Na 11 23 12 11 11
Al 13 27 14 13 13
S 16 32 16 16 16
 EXERCISE 4 (D)

Q.1. How do atoms attain noble gas configuration?

Ans. By losing or gaining electrons or by sharing electrons the atoms attain the noble gas
configuration.

Q.2. Define electrovalent bond.

Ans. An ELECTROVALENT BOND or IONIC BOND : “The formation of a chemical bond due to
electrostatic force of attraction between a cation and an anion is called ELECTROVALENT
BOND.”

Q.3. What are the conditions necessary for the formation of an electrovalent bond ?

Ans. CONDITIONS FOR FORMATION OF ELECTROVALENT BOND :

i) Atoms of metal and ATOMS of non metal are required.

ii) Atoms of metal should have 1,2 or 3 electrons in valence shell
Atoms of an non-metal should have 5,6 or 7 valence electrons.
iii) The number of electrons lost by metallic element should be equal to number of
electrons
Gained by non-metallic atom.

Q.4. An atom X has three electrons more than the noble gas configuration. What type of ion will it
from ? Write the formula of its i) sulphate ii) nitrate iii) phosphate iv) carbonate (v)
hydroxide.

Ans. It will form CATION. [+vely charged ion]

i) FORMULA OF SULPHATE

ii) FORMATION OF NITRATE : X [ NO3 ]3

iii) FORMATION OF PHOSPHATE : XPO4
iv) FORMATION OF CARBONATE : X 2 [CO3 ]3
v) FORMATION OF HYDROXIDE : X (OH )3

Q.5. Mention the basic tendency of an atom which makes it to combine with other atoms.
Ans. Basic tendency of an atom “ is to achieve the INERT GAS ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT (or NOBLE
GAS ELETRON ARRANGEMENT and TO BECOME STABLE.”

In the words an atom tends to attain 2 or 8 electrons in outermost shell i.e. to have electronic
configuration or nearest NOBLE GAS.

Q.6. What type of compounds are usually formed between metal and nonmetal and why ?

Ans . ELECTROVALENT bond or IONIC bond since metals have 1,2, or 3 valence electrons and can lose
them where as non-metals have 5,6 or 7 electrons in valence shell and can gain 1,2 or 3
electrons by completely fill their outermost shell and become stable.

Q.7. In the formation of the compound XY2 ,an atom X gives one electron to each Y atom. What is
the nature in XY2 ? Draw the electron dot structure of this compound.

Ans. As atom X gives one electron each to two Y atoms.

:- Y has 7 valence electrons

:- valency of X is 2+ and valency of Y is 1-

:- ELECTRONIC DOT STRUCTURE

:-- XY2

Q.8. An atom X has 2,8,7 electron in its shell. It combines with Y having 1 electron in its outermost
shell.

a) What type of bond will be formed between X and Y ?

B) Write the formula of the compound formed.

 X
Ans. having 7 valence electrons cannot lose 7 electrons, rather it accepts one electron and
2,8, 7
become electro-negative ion called ANION.

It has one electron in valence shell and can lose to X and becomes electropositive ion

a) The bond is formed by transfer of electron is called ELECTROVALENT BOND or [ONIC

BOND
b) Formula of the compound formed is Y X

Q.9. Draw orbit structure diagram of sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium oxide (CaO).

Ans. ORBIT STRUCTURE of

(i) Sodium chloride (NaCl) :

(ii) Calcium oxide (CaO) :

 DOT DIAGRAM OF
NaCl Sodium atom ha s1 valence electron and chlorine atom has 7 valence
electrons

Calcium oxide CaO calcium atom has two valence electrons which it loses to
oxygen atom which has 6 valence electrons and accepts 2 electrons

Q.10. Compare:

a) sodium atom sodium ion

b) chlorine atom and chloride ion, with respect to

i) atomic structure,

ii) electrical state,

iii) chemical action iv) toxicity.

Ans. a) COMPARSISON of sodium ATOM and sodium ION w.r.t

i) ATOMIC STRUCTURE
 ii) Electrical state :
Sodium Atom : Neutral (Na)
Na  ion  is positively charged
iii) CHEMICAL Action ATOM  very active
ion  inactive
Na-atom : is in unstable state and tries to attain stable configuration of nearest noble gas
Neon (Ne) by losing one electron and enters the chemical reaction with other element like
chlorine.
iv) TOXITY :
Sodium atom  POISONOUS
Sodium ion  NON-NON-POISONOUS
COMPARAISON OF CHLORINE atom and CHLORIDE ion w.r.t.
i) Atomic structure :

ii) Electrical state :

Chlorine Atom neutral
Chloride ion Cl  is electronegative ANION

.iii) CHEMICAL ACTION : Atom very active

Ioninactive

Chlorine atom : is in stable state and tries to attain nearest noble gas configuration of
ARGON(2,8,8) and enters into chemical reaction with other elements like Na.

CHLORIDE ion Cl  has stable electron configuration of nearest noble gas Argon Ar(2,8,8).
Acts electronegative Cl  ANION and undergoes REDUCTION.

iv ) TOXICITY : Chlorine atomPOISONOUS

 Chlorine ion ( Cl  ) NON-POISONOUS

Q.11. The electron configuration of fluoride ion is the same as that of a neon atom.

What is the difference between the two ?

Ans. Electronic configuration of Fluoride ion is (2,8) by gaining 1 electron, ( F  ) and that of neon
atom is neutral has no charge.

Q.12. What do you understand by redox reactions ? Explain oxidation and reduction in terms of loss
or gain of electrons.

Ans. REDOX REACTION :

“A reaction in which OXIDATION and REDUCTION takes place simultaneously.

Or

A reaction in which one substance is oxidized, the other substance gets reduced is called

REDOX REACTION.”

OXIDATION : when an atom or anion loses electron (s) , it is oxidation

REDUCTION : when an atom or anion gains electron (s), it is REDUCTION

P.Q. Divide the following redox reaction into oxidation and reduction half reaction

(i) Zn  Pb 2  Zn 2 Pb (ii ) Zn  Cu 2  Zn 2  Cu
(iii ) Zn  Cu 2  Zn 2  Cu

Zn  Zn 2  2e  [Oxidation]
Ans. (i). Pb 2  2e   Pb [Re duction]

Zn  Pb 2  Zn 2 Pb
 Zn  Zn 2  2e  [Oxidation]
(i) Cu 2  2e  Cu [Re duction]
Zn  Cu 2  Zn 2Cu
Cl2  2e  2Cl  [Re duction]
(ii) 2 Br   Br2  2e  [Oxidation]
Cl2  2 Br  Br2  2Cl

Q.13. Potassium (at No. 19) and chlorine (at No.17) from a compound. Explain the formation of the
compound on the basic of :

i) oxidation

ii) Reduction

iii Oxidising agent

iv) reducing agent.

Ans. Atomic no. of Potassium =19

K
:- Electronic configuration
19  8,,8,1

K’ has one valence electron which it can to attain stable configuration of neasrest noble gas
(Kr)

Chlorine Atomic No. 17=2,8,7 has 7 valence electron and can gain 1 electron.

Hence KCI is formed by transfer of electron and form IONIC BOND.

i) OXIDATION: Potassium loses 1 electron in oxidation and potassium get oxidized [ K  ]

ii) REDUCTION : Chlorine gains 1 electron to Attain octet and gets reducded [ Cl  ]
iii) OXIDISING AGENT : Chlorine oxidizes potassium by accepting one electron is OXIDATING
AGENT.
iv) REDUCTION AGENT : Potassium which gets oxidized is REDUCING AGENT.

Q.14. a) Write the equation in the ionic from

CuSO4 (aq)  Fe(s)  FeSO4 (aq)  Cu(s)

b) Divide the above equation into oxidation and reduction half reactions.
Ans. a) In this reaction, the Fe atoms become Fe 2  ions in FeSO4 while the Cu 2 ions in CuSO4
Become Cu atoms. We can leave out the SO2 4 ions from the ionic equations as they do not
change.

Therefore, the overall ionic equation is :

Fe  Cu 2  Fe 2  Cu

The two half equation ionic equation is :

Fe atoms lose electons to form Cu Atoms :

Fe  2e  Fe2 or Fe 2 2e

Cu 2 ions in CuSO4 gain electrons to from Cu atoms ;

Cu 2 2e   Cu

The reduction half equation is:

Cu 2  2e   Cu

The oxidation half equation is:

Fe  2e  Fe 2 or Fe  Fe 2  2e 
 EXERCISE 4 (E)

Q.1. a) Define covalent (molecular) bond.

b) Give an example of covalent bond formed by i) similar atoms ii) dissimilar atoms.

Ans. a) The molecule formed due to the sharing of electrons is called a covalent bond. The atoms
complete their octet by mutual sharing one or more pair of electrons.

b) Covalent bond formed by similar atoms : Chlorine(), hydrogen ()

Covalent bond formed by different atoms : HCI (Hydrogen chloride), C2 H 4 (Ethane)

Q.2. Covalent bonds can be single double or triple covalent bond. How many electrons are shared
in each ? Give an example of each type.

Ans. Single covalent bond : In single covalent bond one pair of electrons (2electrons) are shared
between the atoms.

Double covalent bond : In double covalent bond two pairs of electrons (4electrons) are shared
between the atoms.

Triple covalent bond : In triple covalent bond covalent bond three pair of electron (6 electron)
are shared between the atoms.

Example : Single covalent bond :

Double covalent bond :

Triple covalent bond : N  N , HC  CH

Q.3. Show number of bonds in :

i) Ethane Molecule ii) ethyne molecule

Ans.( i) Ethane (C2 H 4 )

It has one double covalent bond and four single covalent bond.

ii) Ethyne (C2 H 4 )

 It has one triple covalent bond and two single covalent bond.

Q.4. An element A has 1 electron in its first shell. It combine with element B Having & electrons in
its third shell. What type of bond is formed ?

Ans. It will form Electrovalent or ionic bond. There will be complete transfer of one electron form
element A to B to aquire the electron configuration of nearest inert gas.

Q.5. Match the atomic number 4,8,10,15, and 19 with each of the following :

a) Element which can form trivalent ion.

b) An element with 4 shells.

c) Element with 6 valence electrons.

d) Element which does not form ion.

Ans. a) 15[2,8,5] it needs three electrons to complete its octet.

b) 19[2,8,8,1] its electronic configuration indicates it has 4 shells.

c) 8[2,6] its valence shell has electron in it.

d) 10[2,8] It has noble gas configuration or complete octet so it does not share any of its
electrons to from ion.

Q.6 If electron are getting added to an element Y ; then

a) is Y getting oxidized or reduced ?

b) What charge will Y migrate to during the process of electrons ?

Ans. Y is getting reduced ; as addition of electrons increase the negative charge on the element
Y.

b) Y will migrate negative charge during electrolysis.

Q.7. a) Elements X, Y and Z have atomic number 6,9 an 12 respectively . Which one :

a) Form an anion (ii) Forms a cation

b) State the type of bond between Y and Z give its molecule formula

Ans. Atomic number of

X=6=2,4 electronic configuration

 Y=9=2,7

Z=12=2,8,2

i) Z has 2 valence electrons and can lose and become electro=positive is CATION

ii) Y has 2 valence electron and can accept 1 electron to complete its octet, form ANION.

b) Z 2 can lose 1 electron each to two Y-

Hence ELECTRO-valent each bond is formed.

Q.8. Taking MgCl2 as an electrovalent compound. CCl4 as a covalent compound, give four
difference between electrovalent and covalent compounds.

Ans.

ELECTRO VALENT compound COVALENT compound

MgCl2 CCl4
(i) Conduct electricity. (i) Does not conduct electricity_
(ii) Formed by transfer of electons. (ii) Formed by sharing of electrons.
(iii) Soluble in water. (iii) Insoluble in water
(iv) Has high M.P and B.P (iv) Has low M.P and B,P

Q.9. Potassium chloride is an electrovalent compound, while hydrogen chloride is a covalent

compound. But both conduct electricity in their aqueous solutions.

Explain.

Ans. KCI in aqueous solution dissociates into ions. Being a polar covalent compound decrease the
force (electrostatic )of attraction

KCl K Cl 
(aq.) (aq.)

Hence conduct electricity.

Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is polar in nature and ionise in solution and conduct electricity

HCl  H 2O H3O  Cl 

Q.10. Name two compounds that are covalent when taken pure but produce ions when dissolved in
water.

Ans. a) i) Hydrogen chloride ( HCl )

 (ii) Ammonia [ NH 3 ] or HF(hydrogen fluoride)

Q.11. An element M bourns in oxygen to form an ionic compound MO. Write the formula of the
compounds formed if this element is made to combine with chlorine and sulphur separately.

Ans. Since Valency of oxygen is 2  and formula MO, on burning M in oxygen.

:-

Valency of M is 2  (M2+)

Formula of compound –

i) Chlorine is

(ii) With sulphur

Q.12. Give orbital diagram of the following:

a) Magnesium chloride, b) nitrogen,

c) Methane d) hydrogen chloride

Ans. ORBITAL DIAGRAM OF:

(a) Magnesium chloride [ MgCl2 ]

b) Nitrogen [N2]

(c) Methane [CH4]

(d) Hydrogen chloride [HCl]

Q.13. State the type of bonding in the following molecule .

a) water

b) Calcium oxide,

c) hydrogen chloride

Ans. (a) water Covalent bond

(b) Calcium oxide  Electrovalent bond

(c) Hydrogen chloride  Covalent bond.

Q.14. Metal M form a chloride with the formula MCl2 which is a solid with high melting point. What
type of bond is in MCl2. Write the formula of the compound when M combines with
sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen.

Ans. From the formula MC2 we see that one atom of M combine with atom of Cl, which
means M has a valency of 2 just like magnesium (Mg).

MCl2 or MgCl2 is an electrovalent or ionic compound.

The formula of the compound when M i.e., Mg combine with :

(i) Sulphur – Magnesium sulfide (Mgs)

(ii) Oxygen – Magnesium oxide (MgO)
(iii) Nitrogen – Magnesium nitride (Mg3N2)

Q.15. Explain the following:

a) Mass of an atom is concentrated inside the nucleus of an atom.

b) Atoms combine by transfer and sharing of electron(s).

 c) An element has atoms with different mass number.

d) carbon -12 and carbon -14 both show similar chemical properties.

Ans.

a) The mass number of an atom is the total number of protons and neutrons
collectively called nucleons in the nucleus of the atom.
b) The atoms of all element, other than the inset gases, combine because they have
incomplete valence shells and tend to attain a stable configuration.
c) An element showing similar chemical properties but possessing different mass is said
to ISOTOPY and the varieties of the atom are called ISOTOPES.
Isotopes may be defined as atoms of the same element having the same atomic
number but different mass numbers.
d) Carbon -12 and carbon -14 have same no. of protons and electrons. They differ only
in the no. of neutrons which do not take any part in the formation of chemical bond
formation. These are isotopes of carbon. Therefore they have similar chemical
properties.

Q.16. Choose the correct answer from the choice A, B,C and D :

i) The characteristic of an electrovalent compound is that :

A. They are formed by sharing of electrons

B. They are formed between metals and Non-metal

C. They are formed between metals and non-metals

D. They often exist as a liquid.

Ans. B) They are formed between metals and non-metals

(ii) When a metal atom becomes an ion

A. It loses electrons and is oxidatized,

B. It gains electrons and is reduced,
C. It gains electrons and is oxidized,
D. It loses electrons and is reduced,

Ans. A, it loses electrons and is oxidized.

Q.17. Identify the following reactions as either oxidation or ressuction

 i) O+2e-O2-

ii) Fe3++e-Fe2+

iii) K-e-K+

Ans. (i) REDUCTION[gain of 2 electons]

ii) OXIDATOION [loss of electron]

iii) REDUCTION [gain of electron by [Fe3+]

iv) OXIDATION [loss of electron]

Q.18. a) Name the changed particle which attract one another to from electrovalent

compounds.

Ans . Charged particle are CATION and ANION

b) In the formation of electrovalent compounds, electrons are transferred from one

element to another. How are electrons involved in the formation of a covalent
compound?

Ans. Both the element are short of electrons in the valence shell hence they contribute(share)
equal number electrons which make the other shell complete i.e. octet or duplet.

c) The electronic configuration of nitrogen is (2,5).

How many electrons in the outer shell of a nitrogen atom are not involved in the
formation of a nitrogen molecule?

Ans. Two electrons do not take part

d). In the formation of magnesium chloride (by direct combination between

magnesium and chlorine), name the substance that is oxidation and the substance
that is reduced.

Ans. Mg+Cl2MgCl2
 Magnesium is oxidation [addition of electro-negative radical] chlorine is reduced
[addition of electro-positive ion]

Q.19. What is the term defined below?

a) a bond formed by a shared pair of electron, each bonding atom contributing one
electron to the pair.

b) A bond formed by transfer of electron(s)

Ans. (a) Single covalent bond

(b) Electrovalent or ionic bond.

Q.20. Name of state the following :

a) An element having valency zero.

b) Metal with valency one.

c) Atoms of the same element differing in muss numbers.

d) Elements having same mass number but different atomic number.

f) Ion formed by gain of electrom(s).

Ans. a) Helium (b) Lithium (c) Isotopes, (d) Isobars, (e) Ionic bond, (f) Anion.

Q.21. An element X has 2 electrons in its M shell, it form bond with an element Y

Which has 7 electrons in its third orbit,

(a) Write the formula of the compound formed.

(b) Which nearest inert gas electronic configuration will element X and Y acquire.
(c) Show by orbital diagram the formation of compound between X and Y.

Ans.

a)

b) Element X can aquire the configuration of inert gas Neon [2,8] by losing electrons.
 Element Y can aquire the configuration of inert gas Argon [2,8,8] by gaining one

(c)

Q.22. In the formation of (i) oxygen molecule (ii) Carbon tetrachloride molecule, state the
following:

a) Electronic configuration of nearest inert gas attained.

b) How many electrons are shared/transferred in bond formation?

c) which type of bonds these compounds form ?

d) Draw their orbital diagrams.

Ans. (a) Oxygen molecule (non-pair compound)O2

Electronic configuaration Nearest noble gas

Oxygen [8 O] Neon (10 Ne)
[2, 6] [2,8]

ii) CC4

Electronic configuration Nearest noble gas

Carbon  6 C  Neon (10 Ne)

 2, 4  2,8
Chlorine  17 Cl  Argon (18 Ar )
[2, 8, 7] (2,8,8)

To attain stable electronic configuration of the nearest inert gas neon, carbon needs
four electrons to complete its octet. When 4chlorine atoms comes closer to the carbon
atom. Each chlorine contribute one electron to carbon to attain noble gas configuration.
Similarly in case of four chlorine atoms they need one electron each to complete their
octet and aquire stable gas configuration of Argon[2,8,8]. So the four electrons of
carbon are mutually shared amongst four chlorine atoms to complete their octet.

b) In oxygen molecule 4 electrons are shared in bond formation. In CCl 4 or carbon

tetrachloride molecule 8 electrons or 4 pair of electrons are shared amongst 1 carbon
and 4 chlorine atoms.

c) These compounds form covalent bond because they form bonds by mutual sharing of
electrons.

d)