Anais WEB VII 2021-12-19

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PRODUCTIVITY ANALYSIS OF ARUNDO DONAX L. CROP IN BUENOS AIRES

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Fluminense Federal University
School of Engineering
Postgraduate Program in
Biosystems Engineering
NITERÓI - RJ
2021
1
Organizers
Cristina Moll Hüther

Marcos Alexandre Teixeira
Daiane Cecchin
Thelma de Barros Machado
Fábio Ferreira Dias
Cristiane Nunes Francisco
Róberson Machado Pimentel
Carlos Rodrigues Pereira
Proceedings - VII Workshop on Biosystems Engineering / WEB 7.0

1ª Edition
VII WEB (November 9-10th, 2021)
Event promoted by:

Postgraduate Program in Biosystems Engineering- PGEB
Venue: on-line
Niterói – RJ
AGRHA Consulting
2021
2
ISBN Code
978-65-992913-2-6
Ficha elaborada pela Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia e Instituto de Computação da UFF
W926 Workshop in Biosystems Engineering - WEB 7.0 (7. : 2021 : Niterói,

RJ)
Proceedings ... / VII Workshop on Biosystems Engineering - WEB

7.0, Niterói, RJ, 9 a 10 de november de 2021 ; organizers Cristina Moll
Hüther ... [et al.]. – Niterói : AGRHA, 2021.
205 p.
Evento on-line.
1. Engenharia de biossistemas. 2. Gestão ambiental. 3. Sistemas agrícolas.

I. Hüther, Cristina Moll, org. II. Título.
CDD 630.2086
Bibliotecária responsável: Ana Cláudia de O. Cunha CRB-7/4274
3
VII WEB 2021
Coordination
Prof. Dr. Fabio Ferreira Dias (president)
Prof. Dr. Róberson Machado Pimentel (vice-president)
Organizing Committee
Prof. Dr. Carlos Pereira Rodrigues
Prof. Dr. Cristiane Nunes Francisco
Prof. Dr. Cristina Moll Hüther
Prof. Dr. Daiane Cecchin
MSc. Emanuel Antunes Machado
Prof. Dr. Fábio Ferreira Dias
Eng. Jessica Raposa Rocha
Eng. Joice Azeredo Silva
Prof. Dr. Marcos Alexandre Teixeira
Eng. Natalia Fernandes Rodrigues
Prof. Dr. Róberson Machado Pimentel
Prof. Dr. Thelma de Barros Machado
Staff
Undergraduate Students
Andressa Campos da Silva
Anna Amandi Palma Diniz Baker
Antonio Gabriel Alves Fernandes Americano
Gabriela Martins Corrêa
Jamilli da Silva Fernandes
Julia Borsato da Rocha Branco
Julia Ramos de Oliveira
Kamila Lopes Adão
Larissa Bomfim Costa
Luana Medalha Aguilera Avendaño
Thayna Siqueira de Castro
Scientific Committee WEB 7.0

Dr. Ana Débora Nunes Pinheiro - UFF
Prof. Dr. Andréa Bittencourt Moura - UFPEL
4
Prof. Dr. Antonia Carlene Rodrigues Furtado Medeiros - UFF
Prof. Dr. Bruna Nunes de Luna – IPJB - RJ
Prof. Dr. Daniel Souza do Santos - UFRJ
Prof. Dr. Débora Candeias Marques - UFF
Prof. Dr. Ednilton Tavares de Andrade – UFLA
Prof. Dr. Elisia Rodrigues Corrêa – UFPEL
Prof. Dr. Fabio Esteves Rangel - UFRJ
Prof. Dr. Flaviana Rodrigues Fintelman Dias – UFF
Prof. Dr. Flávio Castro da Silva – UFF
Prof. Dr. Izabella Christynne Ribeiro Pinto Valadão - UFF
Prof. Dr. Jaqueline Castro de Oliveira – UFLA
Prof. Dr. José Francisco de Oliveira Junior - UFAL
Prof. Dr. Juliana Lobo Paes - UFRRJ
Prof. Dr. Junior Borella - FURG
Prof. Dr. Luis Felipe Lima e Silva – Unifenas
Prof. Dr. Marcelo Freitas de Andrade - UFSC
Prof. Dr. Marcos Antonio Bacarin – UFPEL
Prof. Dr Mariana de Oliveira Pereira - UEM
Prof. Dr. Marília Mércia Lima Carvalho Carneiro - IFBaiano
Prof. Dr. Patrícia Ferreira Ponciano Ferraz – UFLA
Dr. Rafaella Resende Andrade – UFV
Prof. Dr. Rodrigo Amado Garcia Silva - UFF
Prof. Dr. Vania Rosal Guimaraes Nascimento – UFRJ
5
Acknowledgements
The Organizing Committee for the VII Workshop on Biosystems Engineering thanks all the
institutions and persons that made possible this event. To the students who actively participated in
making thinking happen, to the local University staff who supported our demands, to the people who
honored us by taking part in the event, to the invited speakers (all pro bono), to the School of
Engineering of the Fluminense Federal University and especially to our sponsors:
Support:
6
Introduction
The Workshop on Biosystems Engineering (WEB) is an academic event that stated tacking our internal
research and students, focused in to present and discuss the research results of the Biosystems
Engineering Master Program (PGEB).
Over the years, the event have grown, expanding far over the boundaries of the Fluminense Federal
University, bringing close many people and researcher interested in the area of Environmental Sciences.
For this 7th edition, bringing invited speakers and lectures from other states. Due to the Worldwide
COVID-19 pandemic situation, the event was held on-line been broadcasted on the YouTube platform.
This year’s edition main theme was: “Food safety and the environment: new challenges during and post-
pandemic” (Segurança alimentar e meio ambiente: os novos desafios durante e pós-pandemia in
Portugese), being held from the 09th up to 10th November 2021.
In total there were 190 inscriptions, been held: 5 lectures, 4 short courses, 2 round tables (“Fires:
Consequences on climate variability and the flexibility of Environmental Laws” and “Challenges of
Food Production in Face of Climate Change”), all accepted papers were invited to submit an online
presentation, available as a playlist as a virtual discussion Forum (39 abstracts accepted) available at the
PGEB Youtbe Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/c/PGEBUFF/videos
The WEB, as known, had consolidated itself as one of the main scientific events of UFF, even in time
of COVID-19 pandemic, integrating students, from graduated, undergraduate or even alumni; as well as
Professors from several different academic areas, from UFF and from other institutions worldwide.
The Organizing Committee
7
Scientific Committee Evaluation
The Scientific Committee took the role to evaluate the presented abstracts and here we bring forward
the best evaluated papers of the event, as follows:
• Environmental Management:
1st Place – Future scenarios in the former oil capital: coastal flooding and social
vulnerability. Main author: Eduardo Macias Garcia;
2nd Place –Impact of phenol concentration on the performance of a moving bed biofilm
reactor (MBBR) operated with synthetic industrial effluent as a model. Main author:
Camila Soares Silvestre Tolêdo; and
3rd Place – Validation of products resulting from the digital processing of UAV images
from market and open source software. Main author: Luciana da Costa Silva.
• Natural Systems:
1st Place – Variability analysis of the sin’s natural inflows and of the pacific and atlantic
oceans sst historical data. Main author: Rafael Barros de Castro Pereira Pinto;
2nd Place – Solar PV plant associated with compressed air storage systems, assessment
and a case study. Main author: Lorraine Gonçalves Miguel; and
3rd Place – Quantification of carbon sequestration in restored mangrove forest. Main
author: Mayra Ramos da Silva.
• Agricultural Systems:
1st Place – Mapping of agricultural management characteristics of urban producers and
potential urban producers of the state of Rio de Janeiro. Main author: Letícia Englete
de Mello;
2nd Place – Evaluation of the efficacy of the use of fermented plant juice in banana crop.
Main author: Allana Kedry de Matos Mattos; and
3rd Place – Normalized difference vegetation index in carapichea ipecacuanha when
cultivated in colored nets. Main author: Bruna de Carvalho Assunção
The presentations of the works can be assessced in the Yotube Playlist: https://youtu.be/meZBLSMFSuo
Congratulations to all researchers.
8
Sumário
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ...................................................................................... 11
ANALYSIS OF DATA INTERACTION BETWEEN CONAMA 420 AND NBR 10.004 IN THE
MANAGEMENT, REMOVAL AND DESTINATION OF SOIL IN CONTAMINATED AREAS ...............12
ANALYSIS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF MICROBREWERIES: STUDY OF CASE IN
NITERÓI ...........................................................................................................................................................16
ANALYSIS OF THE SOLID URBAN WASTE SITUATION IN LUANDA (ANGOLA) ............................21
DIAGNOSIS AND MONITORING OF JACAREPAGUÁ LAGUNAR SYSTEM`S WATER QUALITY,
THROUGH BIOGEOCHEMICAL AND REMOTE SENSING PARAMETERS. .........................................24
EFFICIENCY OF INDIGENOUS FUNGI IN THE BIODEGRADATION OF HYDROCARBONS – A
REVIEW............................................................................................................................................................33
FUTURE SCENARIOS IN THE FORMER OIL CAPITAL: COASTAL FLOODING AND SOCIAL
VULNERABILITY ...........................................................................................................................................37
IMPACT OF PHENOL CONCENTRATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A MOVING BED BIOFILM
REACTOR (MBBR) OPERATED WITH SYNTHETIC INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT AS A MODEL ..........42
INNOVATIVE METHODOLOGY TO CALCULATE THE INDUSTRIAL GREEN GASES EMISSIONS
FOR THE RIO DE JANEIRO STATE .............................................................................................................47
INVENTORY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AREA OF MARICÁ .....................................53
NI CATALYST DEVELOPMENT FOR DRY CO2 METHANE REFORM. .................................................58
POSSIBLE BUSINESS MODELS AND COMMUNITY IMPACTS OF A COMMUNITY ESCO FOR
COMMUNITIES IN RIO DE JANEIRO/BRAZIL ..........................................................................................62
STUDY OF PHOTOCATALYST FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN FROM THE GLYCEROL
REFORM...........................................................................................................................................................67
STUDY ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF REVERSE LOGISTICS IN MEDICINES FROM HEALTH
FACILITIES ......................................................................................................................................................71
TOPIC: ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION OF SOLID WASTE PRODUCED IN THE MANGUINHOS
REGION, CITY - RJ. ........................................................................................................................................75
VALIDATION OF PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM THE DIGITAL PROCESSING OF UAV IMAGES
FROM MARKET AND OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE ..................................................................................79
WATER REUSE IN INDUSTRY: ANALYSIS OF OPPORTUNITIES IN THE PARAÍBA DO SUL RIVER
BASIN ...............................................................................................................................................................85
NATURAL SYSTEMS .................................................................................................................. 90
BRAZILIAN REPTILE ROADKILLS: OVERVIEW AND CONTRIBUTIONS FOR FUTURE STUDIES 91

IMPACT OF EXTREME RAINS IN THE CITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO .......................................................97
POTENTIAL TRADEOFFS BETWEEN ECOSYSTEM SERVICES RELATED TO FOOD PRODUCTION
IN THE BRAZILIAN CHACO .......................................................................................................................100
SOLAR PV PLANT ASSOCIATED WITH COMPRESSED AIR STORAGE SYSTEMS, ASSESSMENT
AND A CASE STUDY ...................................................................................................................................111
VARIABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE SIN’S NATURAL INFLOWS AND OF THE PACIFIC AND
ATLANTIC OCEANS SST HISTORICAL DATA........................................................................................117
AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS ................................................................................................... 129
CHLOROPHYLL A FLUORESCENCE AS AN INDICATOR OF LIGHT STRESS IN CARAPICHEA

IPECACUANHA ..............................................................................................................................................130
CURRENT SCENARIO OF COVID-19 VARIANTS, CONFRONTATION AT CONSTRUCTION SITES
9
IN THE STATE OF RIO DE JANEIRO AND PROTOCOLS ADOPTED IN SÃO PAULO .......................135
EFFECTS OF MALT BAGASSE UTILIZATION ON KALE GERMINATION USING DIFFERENT
SUBSTRATES AND SHADINGS .................................................................................................................142
EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF THE USE OF FERMENTED PLANT JUICE IN BANANA CROP
.........................................................................................................................................................................147
GERMINATION OF CHAPOLIN® TOMATO USING DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES AND SHADING ..151
INFLUENCE OF THE IMPLEMENTATION TIME OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS ON THE
RECOVERY OF SOIL CARBON STOCKS ..................................................................................................157
MAPPING OF AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN PRODUCERS
AND POTENTIAL URBAN PRODUCERS OF THE STATE OF RIO DE JANEIRO ................................161
META-ANALYSIS OF HOMEOPATHIC THERAPIES IN ACTINOPTERYGII : A REVIEW ................165
METHODOLOGIES FOR VEGETABLE OIL EXTRACTION: A REVIEW ..............................................170
NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX IN CARAPICHEA IPECACUANHA WHEN
CULTIVATED IN COLORED NETS ............................................................................................................174
NUTRITION EVALUATION OF PERESKIA ACULEATA MILLER ........................................................178
PRODUCTIVITY ANALYSIS OF ARUNDO DONAX L. CROP IN BUENOS AIRES ARGENTINA .....182
RESPONSE OF BANANA CROPS TO LOW TEMPERATURES CULTIVATED IN A CONVENTIONAL
AND AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM IN VALE DO RIBEIRA - SP ...............................................................186
SEARCH AND CONSUMPTION OF ORGANIC FOOD IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CASE STUDY
OF A PRODUCT DELIVERY COMPANY IN BRASÍLIA-DF ....................................................................190
THE EVOLUTION OF THE AREA PLANTED WITH SUGARCANE IN THE NORTH AND
NORTHWEST REGIONS OF THE STATE OF RIO DE JANEIRO ............................................................195
THERMORREGULATION MECHANISMS AND NATURAL THERMAL CONDITIONING SYSTEM IN
ANIMAL PRODUCTION FACILITIES ........................................................................................................200
Legal Disclaimer (responsibility for the abstracts)
All authors as solely responsible for the abstracts, authenticity, technical aspects, writing and copyright
presented and included in this publication, exempting the members responsible for the organization of
the VII Workshop on Biosystems Engineering (WEB 7.0) from any responsibility of this nature.
Abstracts sent that did not meet the formatting requirements were disregarded (the organization allowed
small changes for editorial adjustments).
10
Abstracts Section
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
11
ANALYSIS OF DATA INTERACTION BETWEEN CONAMA 420 AND NBR 10.004 IN
THE MANAGEMENT, REMOVAL AND DESTINATION OF SOIL IN CONTAMINATED
AREAS
Rogério de Sousa Rocha Martins 1

1 Federal Fluminense University - UFF
Abstract
The reorganization of urban space and the frequent readjustments of land use and occupation, cause areas
where potentially polluting activities have been developed and areas that have undergone contamination
process to be reused and reinserted into the urban scenario. Such areas need to be managed so that
contamination does not have significant effects on the human population and the ecosystem. For the
rehabilitation and remediation of a contaminated area one of the possible techniques is the excavation, removal
and disposal of contaminated soil. In this case, sometimes environmental agencies have the requirement to
classify the soil through NBR 10.004:2004. This work aims, therefore, to evaluate whether the use of such
norms is effective for such classification.
Keywords: Contaminated Areas; Soil; Solid Waste
INTRODUCTION
The displacement of industrial activities to other regions, generating degraded, obsolete or abandoned spaces,
added to the lack of urban planning, often leads to the reincorporation of degraded properties to the urban
scenario, in a reckless and inadequate way, without considering the possible contaminated areas left by
previous activities (ARÊAS et al., 2017).
During the last century the development of industrialization took place in several areas without due
environmental care. Potentially polluting activities did not have an adequate environmental policy and the use
and occupation of urban and rural land took place without planning and control. This caused soil and
groundwater contamination in several areas, limiting possible land uses and inducing restrictions on urban
development (INEA, 2015, p. 3).
According to Habermann & Gouveia (2014), a contaminated area can be considered a polluted area, in which
the inadequate disposal of deposited, accumulated, stored, buried or infiltrated waste, the inadequate handling
of hazardous substances in industrial processes in operation, leaks, accidents, as well as the deactivation of
production processes may have contributed to the contamination process.
In Brazil, the management of contaminated areas is guided by CONAMA Resolution nº 420/2009, which is
the main legal document at the national level. This document defines the necessary steps so that it is possible
to identify, confirm and adequately manage contaminated areas (MMA, 2020).
Among the viable technical alternatives for remediation/rehabilitation of a contaminated area is the removal
of contaminated material. For the execution of this technique, there is sometimes a legal requirement to
characterize the soil portion through the classification of the ABNT NBR 10.004 standard. This standard is
12
pirt of a group of tests that aim to simulate the reactions that the waste would have when exposed to the
environment. Its objective is to classify solid waste according to its potential risks to the environment and
public health, in order to assist in the correct handling and disposal of this material.
This work aims to evaluate the classification of samples through the analysis of hydrocarbons according to
CONAMA 420:2009 and the leaching and solubilization tests proposed in NBR 10.004:2004.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was carried out in a contaminated area located in the city of Rio de Janeiro/RJ, which,
according to the history of use and occupation, was the headquarters of companies whose activities included
asphalt machining and crude oil refining.
The stages of environmental investigation carried out on the ground were composed of preliminary evaluation,
confirmatory investigation and detailed investigation, where historical data on land occupation were collected.
Subsequently, it was performed an invasive investigation itself with the collection of soil and groundwater
samples. In possession of the entire mapping of contamination plumes and the project of future use for the site
(residential enterprise) a risk assessment was elaborated to human health, in order to identify the maximum
concentrations acceptable for future occupation.
The management of these areas must take place in such a way that soil contamination does not have significant
effects on human health and the ecosystem. For this, standardized risk assessment tools are used, considering
the intended use of the land (DE ARAÚJO MOURA; CAFFARO FILHO, 2015).
After completion of the environmental management steps mentioned, concentrations of the Naphthalene
compound in the soil were identified above the maximum concentration calculated for the considered exposure
routes, which would require remediation action for rehabilitation of the area
Thus, due to the characteristic of contamination (present in the soil matrix), the escavation and removal of of
the contaminated soil part was considered as technical and economically viable alternative for subsequent off-
site treatment. In the execution of this type of activity the soil to be removed needs to go through the
classification provided for in NBR 10.004:2004, which is sometimes a requirement that part of the
environmental inspection agencies.
To seek an understanding about the feasibility of correlation between these standards, 03 samples were
collected that were also submitted to analytical procedures in compliance with CONAMA 420:2009 and NBR
10.004:2004 through the USEPA 8270D and USEPA SW 846 procedures, respectively.
To collect the samples, the soil was drilled using a clean manual auger to the desired depth, where the necessary
aliquots were removed and transferred immediately to the flasks. All samples were stored in clean glass bottles
provided by the laboratory, identified, kept in refrigerated Styrofoam at a temperature below 4ºC. The tests
were conducted by an accredited laboratory.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The samples were analyzed for the parameters of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) groups, due to
the past use of the area, through the USEPA 8270D methodology and for the solubilization and leaching tests
provided for in the classification of NBR 10.004 through the USEPA SW 846 methodology. The samples were
named Sample 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
The analytical results of the PAH parameters indicated concentrations higher than the investigation values
(VI) recommended in CONAMA 420 for the compounds Benzo(a)pyrene and Benzo(b)fluoranthene in
samples 1 and 2. In addition, the concentration of the naphthalene compound in these same samples, despite
not having exceeded the VI, exceeded the maximum acceptable concentration (CMA) calculated for the
exposure routes considered and the future land use in these same samples. Sample 3 did not present a
13
concentration of any compound on the list above the quantification limit of the method used.
The results of the analyzes carried out for classification according to NBR 10.004:2004 indicated
concentrations above the maximum limits in the solubilized extract for the parameters aluminum (samples 1,
2 and 3), iron (samples 2 and 3), lead (samples 2 and 3) and surfactants (Samples 2 and 3).
In the case studied, naphthalene was the only compound that exceeded the calculated CMA for the area and
that would require remediation action. On the other hand, in annexes F and G of NBR 10.004:2004, the referred
parameter does not appear in the list with reference value for the maximum limit. However, naphthalene is
presented in annexes A as a hazardous constituent, in annex B as a hazardous waste from a specific source,
and in annex C as a substance that poses a hazard to the waste. Therefore, relying purely on the comparative
analytical report with the maximum allowed values is not a good alternative, however, a thorough analysis of
the other annexes can lead the specialist to a sometimes more correct understanding of the classification.
Cagnon et al., (2017) highlight that sometimes, the inadequate classification can come to underestimate
specific aspects of contaminated soil quality. For example, when soils are contaminated by volatile organic
compounds, these compounds are not evaluated in standard tests for solid waste characterization, but may be
present in the soil and thus can cause significant impacts.
Another important point to be highlighted is the Benzo(a)pyrene compound, which was identified in samples
1 and 2 with concentrations higher than the VI of Conama 420 through the USEPA 8270D methodology and
in the results of the assay solubilized and leached by the USEPA SW 846 method no were quantified.
In addition to the factors mentioned above, the use of soil classification through NBR 10.004:2004 led to the
interpretation of the soil as a Class IIA residue due to the presence of aluminum and iron in all samples, a fact
that is probably related to minerals of secondary origin of the rock fragments and primary minerals from the
parent rock in the soil formation process (Sparks, 2004).
CONSIDERATIONS
The analytical results obtained through laboratory tests did not indicate that the use of the classification
proposed by NBR 10.004 for soils in the management of contaminated areas is a good strategy.
The main problems found are related to the difference in methodology used in the two procedures. Initially,
the reference values are not comparable because they are units in different matrices, mg/kg in the soil analysis
of CONAMA 420:2009 and mg/L in the leached and solubilized extracts of NBR 10.004:2004. In addition,
there is the presence of several parameters in the list of CONAMA 420:2009 that are not included in annexes
F and G of NBR 10.004:2004.
The proposed use of NBR 10.004 was also not effective in identifying metallic parameters above the maximum
values that are naturally present in the soil. Still, such parameters were not part of the group of chemical
substances of interest defined in the conceptual model of the area and, therefore, were not the target of
investigation
Presentation: https://youtu.be/QzHAYpWYbC4
REFERENCES
CONAMA (2009). Resolução Conama n° 420, de 28 de dezembro de 2009. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília,
DF, 30 dez. 2009.
DA SILVA ARÊAS, Jennifer et al. Avaliação do gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas do estado do rio
de janeiro no período de 2013 A 2015.
DE ARAÚJO MOURA, Antônia Angélica Correia; CAFFARO FILHO, Roberto Augusto. Panorama do
gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas no Brasil após a resolução CONAMA 420/09. Águas Subterrâneas, v.
14
29, n. 2, p. 202-2012, 2015.
HABERMANN, Mateus; GOUVEIA, Nelson. Requalificação urbana em áreas contaminadas na cidade de

São Paulo. Estudos avançados, v. 28, p. 129-137, 2014.
INSTITUTO ESTADUAL DO AMBIENTE - INEA. Gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas do estado do

Rio de Janeiro. Cadastro de áreas contaminadas e reabilitadas – 2ª edição. 2015.
MMA. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Programa nacional de recuperação de áreas contaminadas. Brasília:
MMA, 2020.
ABNT, NBR 10.004: Classificação de Resíduos. Rio de Janeiro, 2004a, 71p.
SPARKS, Donald L. Environmental soil chemistry: An overview. Environmental soil chemistry, 2nd edn.
Academic Press, New York, p. 1-42, 2003.
15
ANALYSIS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF MICROBREWERIES: STUDY OF
CASE IN NITERÓI
Bárbara Lopes de Souza 1, Leonardo da Silva Hamacher 2, Dirlane de Fátima do Carmo 1

1 Federal Fluminense University - UFF
Abstract
The city of Niterói, due to the incentive of the City Hall itself, has seen the number of microbreweries installed
in the city increase in the last years. Due to the growing number of companies in the industry operating in the
area, it is necessary to better monitor the environmental impacts generated by their operations. These impacts,
although they may initially seem small compared to the large companies in the sector, can be quite significant,
especially when considering their long-term operation. Therefore, it is an important environmental control
action to survey the major impacts generated by the brewing activity, as well as to observe the solutions
practiced by entrepreneurs to these issues. This work surveyed the most relevant environmental impacts
generated by the main microbreweries in Niterói. Its result is expected to draw attention to potential
alternatives and actions aimed at minimizing them, thus making the city's brewing activity more sustainable
and environmentally correct.
Keywords: Microbrewery, Craft Brewery, Environmental impact.
INTRODUCTION
In Brazil, the brewing industry is one of the most important for the country's economy, contributing
significantly to the national Gross Domestic Product – GDP, and therefore having a large market share. Part
of its growth is due to the opening of craft breweries, which represent an important slice of the domestic
market, according to data provided by the Brazilian Micro and Small Business Support Service – Sebrae
(2017).
Considering the increase of the market, the concern about the environmental impacts caused by its production
is growing. A microbrewery, despite producing on a smaller scale when compared to large companies in the
sector, has the basis of its production process similar to large industries, where the same types of resources are
also consumed, even if in smaller quantities.
Since 2009, according to Borges and Souza (2009), breweries have been concerned with the environmental
issue in their production, so that today there is greater responsibility with the environment. The adoption of
these practices is not only related to the intention of achieving more sustainable production, but is also
commonly associated with cost reduction and a consequent increase in revenue generation. Brewing demands
a series of resources and generates different impacts, among which we can highlight: water consumption,
energy consumption, CO2 emissions and the generation of solid by-products and recyclable waste (PEREIRA
and LIMA, 2008; BORGES and SOUZA, 2009).
Once generated impacts have been analyzed, it is possible to minimize them so as to make brewing not only
economically viable, but also environmentally adequate.
16
The city of Niterói encourages the proper management of waste generated by craft breweries through
Municipal Law no. 3288, which establishes the "Niterói Cervejeiro" seal (NITERÓI, 2017, p.3), with one of
the required criteria being the "adoption of sustainable practices that do not harm the environment”. Thus, this
study was conducted to identify the most relevant environmental impacts generated by microbreweries in the
municipality of Niterói aiming at their adequacy. Therefore, the research counted with the participation of
seven, from nine breweries that are part of the city's Brewery Nucleus.
This work was developed in Niterói, Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Due to a bill in the city
that encourages and regularizes the activity of microbreweries, Niterói has today a group of craft breweries
installed in the city, where most of them participate of the “City Hall's Brewery Nucleus”, an institution that
worked in partnership to conduct this study.
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives of the main microbreweries in the city, in
the period from May 17th to
June 4th, 2021. Google Forms was used as a tool, containing a total of 27 questions, distributed among the
following themes: identification of the manufacturer, production inputs, types and waste generation. In order
to protect the identification of the participating microbreweries, the link to the form has not been available,
but more details can be obtained from the authors.
From the answers provided by the research participants, a qualitative and quantitative survey of the most
relevant environmental impacts of the activity was collected, using as criteria the inputs consumed and the
waste generated.
The information collected from the microbreweries in Niterói indicate that all water sources used in the
breweries come from the municipal public network, and that the volume used per month varies according to
the size of the brewery. The data are in agreement with Pereira and Lima (2008), who attested that the brewery
sector is a major consumer of water. Factors such as the fermentation, pasteurization and bottling processes,
associated with the type of technology used in the factories, the age of the industrial plant, among other factors
(SANTOS and RIBEIRO, 2005), consume a large amount of the resource and that, therefore, there is a need
to seek better practices for its use.
Furthermore, of the seven microbreweries that answered the application form, six responded that they use
some mechanism to rationalize the use of water, either by capturing and using rainwater for less noble uses,
or the use of cooling water for less noble uses, or the water used to cool the wort being reused, and even a
cycle of more than one use in pre-production.
Finally, regarding the item that deals with the form of disposal (Figure 1), it is observed that the water is
predominantly discharged into the municipal sewer after treatment, although a small percentage gives the same
purpose to the resource, but without prior treatment.
17
Figure 1: Water disposal method
Regarding energy consumption, most of the microbreweries interviewed consume energy exclusively from
the energy provider of the city (57.1%) or exclusively from liquefied petroleum gas (14.3%) or using both
sources (28.6%), and therefore none has an alternative way of generating energy in their plant. According to
Salvador (2016), the area that has the fewest requirements for environmental licensing of a brewery is that one
related to energy consumption; nevertheless, the observation of this item in a production process is highly
relevant for a life cycle and environmental impact analysis.
An efficient way to improve the use of the resource and make production cleaner, more sustainable and less
costly would be to introduce the use of renewable energy (MOSKO et al., 2010). An ideal industrial plant,
whatever the segment, should contemplate an energy efficiency program, preferably one that takes into
account the environmental requirements inherent to the activity. Regarding the carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions produced by the brewing industry, these can come from the production process or from its
cargo/product transportation. In this context it is important to monitor and reduce atmospheric emissions,
responsible for the greenhouse effect.
Only one of the microbreweries declared that it quantifies the consumption of CO2 produced. According to
Freire (2008) some breweries still buy CO2 from companies as a form of beneficiation and product
pressurization practice. It should be noted that according to Salvador (2016), the quantification of CO2
emissions is an important tool that companies have to report, even if in an absolute way. Such control can be
accomplished by implementing an adequate system for pollution control, avoiding the release of unwanted
gases.
Waste is generated in large quantities by the brewing industry (OLAJIRE, 2012). Regarding the solid waste
analyzed from the microbreweries of Niterói, the production of organic waste exceeds the others (50%), in
front of the other solid waste (21%) and liquid effluents (29%). The organic waste from the brewing process
is represented especially by malt bagasse, trub and yeast. Solid residues can be represented by glass, cardboard
and plastic, as well as agro-industrial residues, such as leftover yeast and grains, and liquid residues.
Cordella et al. (2008) point out that the generation of waste in the brewing industry forces companies to adopt
specific strategies for its management, making it necessary to adopt practices not only related to treatment and
recycling, but also in relation to its reduction during the production process (MAZZZER; CAVALCANTI,
2004). Thus, creating an adequate waste management method, especially considering recycling, by
transforming the raw material to generate new products in different applications is the most recommended
way that should be put into practice by brewers.
Besides contributing to the minimization of the environmental impact generated, this action can still be an
alternative to generate revenue through the production and marketing of new products originating from
residues generated from the production of beer.
Figure 2 shows the alternatives used so far by breweries in Niterói for destination of their agroindustrial
residues. It can be seen that despite the quality of the residues, with potential for reuse, a high percentage is
discarded in garbage or in the sewage network (45%), contributing to the increase in environmental pollution
18
and overloading of landfills, which in the long term favor and amplify public and environmental health
problems.
Figure 2: Destination of agro-industrial waste from breweries in Niterói
CONSIDERATIONS
Microbreweries consume a lot of water and generate solid waste in large quantities, mainly organic. However,
in Niterói, most microbreweries adopt some form of impact minimization, either by rationalizing the use, reuse
and destination of solid waste to be used as inputs in other activities. Despite the awareness of some
manufacturers as to environmental issues, the actions adopted are less than ideal, due to the lack of a technical
and more specialized follow-up.
The performance of process maintenance, as well as the adoption of specific environmental techniques related
to minimizing impacts tends to be an important practice, especially in the beverage and food production
segment. In general, industries that wish to remain competitive in the market should consider environmental
issues as a form of business strategy.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/9bEHmupL_5
REFERENCES
BORGES, MS, SOUZA, SPN Meio ambiente X indústria de cerveja: Um estudo de caso sobre práticas
responsáveis. Em Anais do V Congresso Nacional de Excelência em Gestão . Niterói, p.1-19, 2011.
CORDELLA, M., TUGNOLI, A., SPADONI, G., SANTARELLI, F., ZANGRANDO, T.LCA de uma cerveja
lager italiana. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment , Itália: n.13, 133 - 139, mar. 2008
FREIRE, Camila.Campos. Balanço de CO2 para uma unidade industrial produtora de bebidas . 2008.
Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso - Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2008.
Disponível em: http://www.if.ufrrj.br/inst/monografia/2007II/Camila % 20Campos% 20Freire.pdf. Acesso
em 15 de Dez. de 2020.
MAZZER, C., CAVALCANTI, OA Introdução à Gestão Ambiental de Resíduos. Infarma , Brasil, v. 16, n.
11-12, pág. 67-77, 2004.
MOSKO, JM et al. Eficiência energética na indústria: preparação e planejamento de programas de conservação

de energia. Revista de Engenharia e Tecnologia , Brasil, v. 2, n. 1, pág. 17-23, abr. 2010.
NITERÓI. Decreto nº 3288 de 10 de maio de 2017. Lex. Licenciamento da Atividade de microcervejarias e

respectivos bares cervejeiros no Município de Niterói. Disponível em:
https://leismunicipais.com.br/a/rj/n/niteroi/lei-ordinaria/2017/328/3288/lei-ordinaria-n 288-2017-dispoe-
sobre-o-licenciamento-da- atividade-de-icrocervejarias-e-especific bares-cervejeiros-no-municipio-de-
19
niteroi. Acesso em: 28 de jul. de 2020.
OLAJIRE, Abass. A. A indústria cervejeira e os desafios ambientais. Journal of Cleaner Production ,

Nigéria, v. 256, p. 1 -22, mar. 2012
PEREIRA, A., LIMA, D. Os impactos e as oportunidades de negócios: estudos de casos. Nos Anais do IV
Encontro Nacional da Anppas . Brasília, 2008.
SALVADOR, E. Análise da Evidenciação Ambiental dos Relatórios de Sustentabilidade das Indústrias

Cervejeiras Brasileiras . 2016. Dissertação (Mestrado em Meio Ambiente, Águas e Saneamento) -
Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, 2016. Disponível em: https:
//repositorio.ufba.br/ri/bitstream/ri/19534/1/Disserta%C3% A7% C3% A3o% 20Erika% 20Sucena%
20Salvador% 20-% 2 0MAASA.pdf. Acesso em 01 de dez. de 2020.
SANTOS, MS; RIBEIRO, FM Cervejas e Refrigerantes Série P + L. CETESB: São Paulo, 2005. Disponível
em: https://cetesb.sp.gov.br/. Acesso em 05 de dez. de 2020.
SEBRAE, Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio às Micro e Pequenas Empresas, 2015. Disponível em:
sebrae.com.br/sites/PortalSebrae/artigos/microcervejarias-ganhamespaco-no-mercadonacional,
fbe9be300704e410VgnVCM1000003b74010aRCRDm. Acesso em 09 de dez. de 2020.
20
ANALYSIS OF THE SOLID URBAN WASTE SITUATION IN LUANDA (ANGOLA)
Jimy Sebastião Miguel 1, Ricardo Abranches Felix Cardoso Júnior 1

1 Biosystems Engineering Master Program, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói.
Abstract
The main objective of this work is to analyze the situation of urban solid waste (USW) in Angola having as a
case study the capital of the country Luanda. The methodology used to carry out the work was based on:
information provided by the National Agency for solid waste in Angola through documented data and
bibliographical research on academic websites. The results show that the city faces serious management
problems in terms of separation, collection, treatment of waste and also the lack of environmental education
on the part of the population. Because good management would contribute to the generation of employment,
improvement in the environment, and in public health.
Keywords: solid waste management, recycling, final destination.
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, issues related to the environment have increasingly aroused interest in the need for approaches
by scholars and society in general. Because of human actions to the environment (SANTOS; ROVARIS,
2017). Among them, we can mention the increase in the production of solid waste resulting from the increase
in population and its consumption pattern, as the inadequate disposal of waste causes atmospheric pollution
that contributes to the aggravation of global warming and the proliferation of disease-transmitting vectors
(JACOBI; BESEN, 2011) in this case, the existence of adequate solid waste management is essential to be
able to mitigate these impacts (POLICARPO; AGUIAR; FARIA, 2020). In relation to Angola, the situation
of waste, in particular Luanda (capital of the country) is worrying as it needs concrete actions in waste
management to minimize this problem.
In order to achieve the objectives, it was decided to review the existing literature from virtual databases such
as google academics, Capes portal, articles, dissertations, scientific journals and journals, as well as
documentary research from the national solid waste agency in Angola etc.
The keywords used were, solid urban waste management, benefit of proper solid waste management. To better
refine the results, two criteria were defined: inclusion and exclusion, such as publications between the years
2012 to 2020 and only works that presented specificity with the proposed theme and the problem in question.
The preliminary analysis of the material was made by an exploratory reading, materials that really fit the
objectives of this study were selected, excluding those that were not within the adopted criteria. Then, a
thorough reading of the pre-selected material was carried out, seeking relevant information for the discussion
of the topic in question.
21
In Angola, the generation of urban solid waste is quite reduced in small towns. The highest concentration of
waste is found in large cities where population density is higher, such as Luanda.
Luanda is the capital of Angola, with 113 km² and an estimated population of 2.572 million, it is the city with
the highest population index and consequently the highest waste generation, where the highest concentration
is found near wholesaler and retail warehouses and close to markets . In these places, the waste discarded there
is not collected, allowing its accumulation. As for the composition of urban solid waste produced, we can see
in table 1 below.
The data collected is from 2012 because the agency does not have recent data, which is why the development
of my research may help to update the data.
Table 1: Composition of waste produced in Luanda.
Source: PESGRU (Strategic Plan for Urban Solid Waste Management) 2012.
According to table1, we can see that there is greater production of organic waste, followed by paper and
plastic.
There is no selective collection at home, there is, the collection of waste that is done by private companies,
these companies need to carry out their activities a license granted to them by ELISAL, (public operator of the
government) which, in addition to giving the operating license also inspects them.
The collection of waste is carried out in the morning and night, where the waste is collected in large containers,
where the population deposits their garbage. These containers are exposed to the open air without any cover,
which causes an increase in disease transmitters such as rats, cockroaches, mosquitoes. As for final disposal,
there are few companies that treat waste, only recycling. most of it is disposed of in the Mulenvos landfill.
CONSIDERATIONS
There is still a way to go for the good management of solid waste in Luanda, this path has faced some
constraints such as: The lack of environmental education, inspection, household selective collection, problems
of access roads to the peripheries of garbage collection cars, lack of car maintenance and waste recovery. The
recovery of waste could contribute to job creation, improve public health, and the environment.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/vRLGkNI4ntk
REFERENCES
ANRS - NATIONAL AGENCY FOR URBAN SOLID WASTE IN ANGOLA. Strategic plan for solid
urban waste. Angola. 2012.
JACOBI, Pedro Roberto; BESEN, Gina Rizpah. Solid waste management in São Paulo: sustainability
challenges. Advanced studies, v. 25, p. 135-158, 2011.
22
POLICARPO, Manoela Costa; DE AGUIAR, Mara Ellen; DE FARIAS, Adriana Salete Dantas. Benefits from
the treatment of urban solid waste through reverse recycling channels and safe final destination in Campina
Grande-PB. Brazilian Journal of Development, vol. 6, no. 8, p. 62082-62099, 2020.
SANTOS, Tabatha et al. Brazilian scenario of urban solid waste management and selective collection.
Proceedings of VI SINGEP, São Paulo–SP, Brazil, v. 14, no. 11, 2017.
23
DIAGNOSIS AND MONITORING OF JACAREPAGUÁ LAGUNAR SYSTEM`S WATER
QUALITY, THROUGH BIOGEOCHEMICAL AND REMOTE SENSING PARAMETERS.
Gabriel Nunes Sanmartin 1, Fábio Ferreira Dias 2

1 Laboratório NEAC UFF RJ/ Niterói
2 Dep. de Análise Geoambiental, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF.
Abstract
The Jacarepaguá Lagoon System is located in the Guanabara Bay Hydrographic Region and is formed by 4
lagoons. They are used by humans since the beginning of urban occupation in the west of Rio de Janeiro, in
the 1970s, until today, and have significant importance in fish production, flood control, displacement and
recreation. However, the system has been suffering intense aggression in recent years due to the lack of
adequate urban infrastructure and disorderly human distribution, which has been generating the discharge of
waste and domestic sewage into the waters. The present work intended to develop an efficient and low cost
method of diagnosis and monitoring of water quality, through the use of a low cost analysis kit, detection of
chlorophyll and turbidity levels by Remote Sensing and analysis of sewage conditions in the surrounding
neighborhoods. As a result, high levels of chlorophyll and other physical-chemical parameters were identified.
Thus, the precarious water quality was confirmed, and its relationship with the deficient sanitary sewage
system was discussed. Finally, it was concluded that the methodology used proved to be efficient when
compared to other similar works. At the end of the study, planning and environmental management methods
were recommended, providing bases for engineering projects and enabling the development of the entire local
ecosystem.
Keywords: Sanitation. Eutrophication. Clorophyll. Coastal lagoon.
INTRODUCTION
Coastal environments occupy one of the most dynamic interfaces on Earth, and belong to the most diverse and
productive habitat (SANTOS, 2017).
In this scenario, a coastal environment of great relevance in Rio de Janeiro is the Jacarepaguá Lagoon System.
This system is located in the lowland region of Jacarepaguá and is composed of 4 lagoons: the Lagoons of
Jacarepaguá, Camorim, Tijuca and Marapendi.
These water bodies generate important environmental goods and services, such as fish production, flood
control, recreation, displacement and scenic beauty (MOTTA, 2006).
In the region, urban occupation emerged in the mid-1970s and has evolved to the present day (SILVA,
2006).
Given this growth, CYPRIANO (2009) says that the System has been suffering intense degradation, caused
by human occupation without adequate infrastructure and by the discharge of sewage into the waters.
Thus, the types of sewage in the neighborhoods around the lagoons are directly related to water quality.
24
A recent trend in water quality studies is the use of Remote Sensing. According to MARTINI et al (2006),
orbital images of water acquired by satellites are useful tools for evaluating the spatial distribution of
environmental components, as water bodies have facilities to interact with electromagnetic energy.
Some reference studies used in this work are SÒRIA-PERPINYÀ (2019), which analyzes chlorophyll
concentrations in the hypereutrophic lake of Albufera, Spain, and SEBASTIÁ-FRASQUET (2019), which
assesses turbidity concentrations by remote sensing in the same area. On the other hand, MANBOHI (2020)
investigates variations in the water quality of the Persian Gulf from the measurement of physicochemical
variables, including nitrate, ammonia, dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll. Finally, CERVANTES-DUARTE
(2020) conducted a study relating the poor quality of water in Baja California Sur, Mexico, with the lack of a
sewage treatment system.
Finally, from the analysis of the environmental conditions with which the Lagoon System of Jacarepaguá
presents itself, this work aims to diagnose and propose practical and low-cost monitoring methods, enabling
planning and environmental management projects in the area.
The work used quantitative and qualitative methods combined in:
a) Spatial representation of chlorophyll a concentrations and turbidity in lagoons from Sentinel satellite
images, processed in SNAP software, according to methodologies based on literature, and a script
provided by ESA.
b)Collection and measurement of physical-chemical parameters of the lagoons using a low-cost kit. The
parameters measured were hydrogen potential, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, nitrogen, total and
fecal coliforms.
c) Monitoring the INEA collection campaign, and comparing the data obtained in the laboratory with the
results of the kit, for validation of the equipment.
d) Analysis of the results of the campaigns along with CONAMA Resolution No. 357/2005 and the
Water Quality Index (INEA) and Trophic State (Lamparelli, 2004).
e)Analysis of the sanitary sewage system in neighborhoods supplied by the system, through data from
IBGE demographic censuses, elaboration of statistics and identification of indicators.
The image from March 4th, 2021 was chosen for processing, related to the INEA collection campaign on
March 9th, due to the proximity of the dates and image quality.
Table 1 presents the values related to chlorophyll and turbidity for the 6 points where there was collection.
These data are obtained according to the pixel of the dot location.
25
Maps 1 and 2 spatially represent the concentrations.
26
The maps demonstrated a high level of measured parameters. It is possible to notice a higher rate in the
Lagoons of Marapendi and Tijuca. In these places, there is a large daily movement of people, using boats and
boats, and the presence of inhabited islands, such as Ilha da Gigoia, which also lack an adequate sewage
system, which may indicate such a higher concentration.
As for the other physical-chemical parameters, the campaign data collected from the INEA team on March 9,
and measured in the laboratory are presented below (Table 2).
As expected, most parameters presented values above those established by CONAMA Resolution No. 357/05,
indicating a low level of quality. It is noteworthy that point 3, unlike the others, had positive indicators. This
may have happened because the surrounding houses have an adequate sewage system, which prevents the
release of effluents in that place.
These data were also analyzed according to the Water Quality Index (Compliance Index) and Trophic State
Index, presenting the results indicated in Table 3:
27
The poor water quality and hypereutrophic water status classifications confirmed the precarious quality of
the lagoon system.
For comparison with laboratory measurements, the parameters were also measured with a low-cost kit on
February 28, 2021. The campaign data obtained are presented below (Table 4).
Similarly, most parameters also presented values above CONAMA Resolution No. 357/05, suggesting
attention to the establishment of more effective treatment measures.
The data were also analyzed according to the Water Quality Index (Compliance Index), presenting the
results indicated in Table 5:
28
It was possible to identify that the values found do not show great disparity when compared to the INEA,
validating the use of the low-cost kit in water quality monitoring works.
In the search for works that focus on this approach, an initiative that has been growing in the international
scenario is the Blue Cities project, which is directed towards the recovery of hydrographic basins, treatment
of urban effluents and reduction of pollution from degraded water bodies. Thus, it can be a good alternative
to alleviate this diagnosed panorama.
Finally, with regard to the sanitary sewage system in the surrounding neighborhoods, Table 6 shows the
evolution based on data from the 2000 and 2010 IBGE censuses, classified according to the MOURA et al
(2014) methodology in 'Apropriate, Inapropriate and No depletion':
29
From this survey, it was noticed that the data on the supply of sanitation services in the region, when compared
with the results of the water quality analyses, show that the sewage system has not contributed to the
minimization, much less to avoid the environmental impacts that continuously degrade the lagoon system
under study.
This relationship between the sanitary sewage system and water quality was also raised by CERVANTES-
DUARTE (2020) in his research. However, in the studied region in question, in Mexico, a precarious or non-
existent sanitary treatment system was already pointed out.
Thus, it is worth emphasizing that the official sewage service coverage rates surveyed in this work express
adequate conditions, but even so they are not effective in the control of the population by sewage, which leads
to questioning the need to improve the indicators of quality of supply of sanitation services, relating them to
the quality of aquatic environments.
On the other hand, the effort that has been undertaken over the years by environmental control agencies,
companies and researchers from various universities, developed methods for monitoring the quality of water,
needs to be able to fulfill its objective, which would be the subsidiary powers administrative and environmental
areas, to implement the measures and engineering works necessary to minimize and control priority in these
lagoons.
30
CONSIDERATIONS
In conclusion, it was possible to prove that the lagoon system has compromised water quality.
From the adoption of remote sensing methodologies, measurement and analysis of parameters along with
official indices and through a study of the types of sanitary sewage in the surrounding neighborhoods, it is
possible to implement the practical monitoring method, which can be used by several institutions and having
several water bodies as an area of study.
The low-cost kit allowed for quick field analysis, making it easier to compare the results measured on site with
the results observed in the satellite images.
Comparing the results with INEA data also enabled the campaign to be validated, and the kit could be used
for future monitoring projects.
As recommendations, it is suggested to proceed with the monitoring, not only of the Jacarepaguá system, but
of all the lagoon systems in Rio de Janeiro.
In addition, it is recommended to consult the next IBGE demographic census, which was not carried out in
2020, in order to include the data in the analysis of health evolution. Finally, it is recommended to monitor the
municipal plans for basic sanitation and municipal projects regarding the lagoon system in question.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/vWBZKMgbrqA
REFERENCES
BRASIL. Resolução CONAMA n° 357, de 17 de março de 2005. Diário Oficial da União. Available in
https://www.icmbio.gov.br/cepsul/images/stories/legislacao/Resolucao/2005/res_conama_357_2005_classifi
cacao_corpos_agua_rtfcda_a. Acsess in: 6 out 2021.
BLUE CITIES. Canadian Water Network. Available in https://bluecities.ca/. Acsess in: 07 abril 2021.
CERVANTES-DUARTE, Rafael et al. Estudio integral de la calidad del agua en el litoral del puerto San
Carlos, Baja California Sur, México. Revista Insternacional de Constaminación Ambiental, 2020.
Available in https://www.revistascca.unam.mx/rica/index.php/rica/article/view/RICA.53776. Acsess in: 28
jun 2021.
CYPRIANO, E. F. Distribuição Espacial de Mercúrio nos Sedimentos do Complexo Lagunar da Baixada

de Jacarepaguá (RJ). 2009. Available in https://docplayer.com.br/12314398-Distribuicao-espacial-de-
mercurio-nos-sedimentos-do-complexo-lagunar-da-baixada-de-jacarepagua-rj.html. Acsess in: 18 dez. 2019
IBGE. Censo demográfico de 2010. Available in https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/pesquisa/censo-

demografico/demografico-2010/inicial. Acsess in: 18 dez. 2019.
IBGE. Censo demográfico de 2000. Available in https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/pesquisa/censo-

demografico/demografico-2000/inicial. Acsess in: 18 dez. 2019.
INEA. Índice de Conformidade. Available in http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/IC-

SLJ-Metodologia-dez-2019.pdf. Acsess in: 19 nov. 2020
LAMPARELLI, Marta Condé. Graus de trofia em corpos d'água do estado de São Paulo: avaliação dos
métodos de monitoramento. 2004. Available in https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-
20032006-075813/publico/TeseLamparelli2004.pdf. Acsess in: 19 nov 2020.
MANBOHI, Ahmad; GHOLAMIPOUR, Sara. Utilizing chemometrics and geographical information systems
to evaluate spatial and temporal variations of coastal water quality. Regional Studies in Marine Science,
31
Volume 34, February 2020, 101077, 2020. Available in
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352485519302294. Acsess in: 28 jun 2021.
MARTINI, L. et al. Uso de sensoriamento remoto orbital para avaliação da distribuição espacial de
Clorofila - a na Lagoa da Conceição - Florianópolis, SC. 2006. Available in
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-41522006000400004. Acsess in: 18 dez. 2019
MOTTA, R. S. da, 2006. Economia Ambiental.
MOURA, L. et al. Esgotamento sanitário nas áreas de maior concentração da agricultura familiar:
situação da Região nordeste. 2014. Available in
https://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/bitstream/doc/1010587/1/Esgotamentosanitario.pdf. Acsess in: 30 abril
2020.
SEBASTIÁ-FRASQUET, María-Teresa et al. Sentinel 2 analysis of turbidity patterns in a coastal lagoon.

2019. Available in https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/24/2926. Acsess in: 28 jun 2021.
SILVA, Gabriela. O processo de ocupação urbana da Barra da Tijuca (RJ): problemas ambientais,
conflitos sócio-ambientais, impactos ambientais urbanos. 2006. Available in
https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/parc/article/view/8634529. Acsess in: 17 dez. 2019.
SÒRIA-PERPINYÀ, Xavier et al. Monitoring the ecological state of a hypertrophic lake (Albufera of
València, Spain) using multitemporal Sentinel-2 images. 2019. Available in
https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7015291. Acsess in: 28 jun 2021.
32
EFFICIENCY OF INDIGENOUS FUNGI IN THE BIODEGRADATION OF
HYDROCARBONS – A REVIEW
Daniele Calmon Blanc 1, Sorele Batista Fiaux 2

1Graduate Program in Biosystems Engineering, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil
2 Master Program in Biosystems Eng., Pharmaceutical Technology Dep., Fluminense Federal University, Brasil
Abstract
Soil contaminated with petroleum based hydrocarbons has been a major cause of environmental pollution. It
is detrimental to public health and natural resources, affecting the economy of the countries. The most toxic
and persistent components among these hydrocarbons are: BTEX, TPH and PAH. Bioremediation is a
biological process used to treat these pollutants. It results in less damage to the ecosystem, it is more cost
effective and can be applied under different climate conditions. Bioremediation with fungi, mycoremediation,
preferably utilizes autochthonous fungi isolated and cultivated in laboratory then re-introduced in the original
area. This work is a narrative bibliography review that addresses the advantages and aspects of the use of fungi
in the process of bioremediation of soil. It is based on published research available in databases. It also offers
an overview of fungi lineages capable of degrading fractions of petroleum in contaminated soil. The use of
fungi in the bioremediation process is technically easy. Although this technique is ideal for tropical regions,
due to the accelerate growth of fungi in elevated temperatures, its abundant presence in nature, makes it
adaptable in all parts of the world. The fungi Amorphoteca spp, Aspergillus spp., Cunninghamella spp.,
Fusarium spp., Graphium spp, Neosartorya spp., Penicillium spp., Phanerochaete spp., Syncephalastrum
spp.,Talaromyces spp. and Paecilomyces spp., are some genera used for mycoremediation. Unfortunately,
most of research done are still in laboratory stage. Researches utilizing this approach in contaminated soil to
real life situations are needed.
Keywords: bioremediation; bioaugmentation; mycoremediation; oil; soil
INTRODUCTION
Although oil production can be beneficial to global development, oil spills have a tremendous impact in the
environment. It can damage public health and natural resources and can affect the overall economy.
Hydrocarbons are the largest group of pollutants from oil spills. They are extremely toxic, persistent in the
environment and very detrimental to the eco system. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX),
total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) are the most dangerous and
persistent petroleum derived contaminants. They can attack the central nervous system, cause leukemia or
human death.
They are also very destructive to the biological ecosystem (ANDRADE et al, 2010). It is urgent to remove
these contaminants from the environment (LAWNICZAK et al., 2020; WU et al., 2020). Bioremediation is a
very cost effective and ecofriendly biological process that can treat contaminated water and soil. Some
bioremediation techniques are natural attenuation, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, phytoremediation,
mycomediation. The combination of these techniques are often effective. (OSSAI et al., 2020).
Bioaugmentation of indigenous microorganisms are also efficient. The technique consists of isolating
33
microorganisms from the contaminated site (bacteria and/or fungi) that have the ability to degrade the
contaminant and reintroduce them into the area of origin.Microorganisms exogenous can be very efficient in
laboratory conditions but not in real contaminated soil with high toxins and lack of nutrients. It might also
interfere with local biodiversity. Even the reintroduction of endogenous microrganisms needs to be cautious
due to some species being pathogenic or opportunistic. Biosecurity should always be applied (MADDELA et
al., 2015; WU et al., 2020).
Mycoremediation is an excellent process that uses fungi for biodegradation. Fungi have been reported to have
advantages over bacteria in some cases. Unfortunately little research has been done under real life conditions,
especially soil, in situ (HOREL, SCHIEWER, 2020). This review intends to present the aspects of the use of
fungi in the bioremediation process. It is also an overview of the fungi lineages capable of degradation of
fractions of petroleum in contaminated soil.
This work is a narrative bibliography review based on researches in SciELO and WEB of Science databases.
Research keywords used were bioremediation, bio augmentation and soil. Refined research keyword used was
petroleum. Articles mainly used were those that discuss harvested soil in tropical climates and fungi or co-
culture.
Mycoremediation is an effective decontamination process due to different fungi enzymes that oxidize
hydrocarbons forming water and non-toxic or less toxic residues. These residues can be used as carbon source
in poor nutrient places. The lack of nutrients in the soil can stimulate the production of fungi enzymes.
(DACCÒ et al., 2020). Despite this, mycoremediation does present some risks. One to consider is the return
of the contaminants that have been absorbed by the fungi to the soil through putrefaction and pathogenic
species (OSSAI, 2020). Although there is small progress in the commercial use of fungi in oil based
contaminated soil, previous research in laboratory shows they are very promising (DACCO et al., 2020).
Fungi capable of degrading hydrocarbons have been isolated from oil contaminated soil from different sites,
for instance, mangrove sediments (WU et al., 2010), former petrochemical plant (MARCHAND et al. 2017)
and oil fields (MADELLA et al 2015). There is a diverse group of fungi that are able to degrade petroleum
hydrocarbons. Species of Alternaria, Aspergillus, Candida, Cephalosporium, Cladosporium, Fusarium,
Geomyces, Geotrichum, Hypocrea, Mucor, Penicillium, Phaenerochaete, Rhizopus and Trichoderma, were
reported (WU et al., 2010; MARCHAND et al., 2017, MADELLA et al., 2015; SINGH, 2006).
The oil's degrading capacity varies among the species isolated. Two species of the genus Geomyces reduced
TPH concentration in 77% and 69% for diesel fuel and 43% and 24% for crude oil after 30 days of incubation
at 28 ºC (MADELLA et al.,2015). Wu et al. (2010) demonstrated that Fusarium solani was able to degrade
anthracene and benz [a] anthracene up to 40% and 60% , respectively, after 40 days of incubation at 25 ºC,
from a soil containing, 5% anthracene and 2% benz [a] anthracene. Trichoderma tomentosum and Fusarium
oxysporum demonstrated good capacity degradation of the PAH compounds anthracene, phenanthrene,
fluorene and pyrene (10%, 13%, 8% e 17%, respectively), in 49 days at 22ºC (MARCHAND et al. 2017). All
these studies were carried out in liquid culture medium supplemented with petroleum fractions.
Edible fungi have also been used for degradation of contaminated soils, including species of the genus
Agaricus, Ganoderma Lentinus and Pleurotus (ADENIPEKUN; FASIDI, 2005 ). In a study by Mohammadi
et al., (2019), A. bisporus showed great capacity to degrade TPH (71%), followed by P. ostreatus and G.
lucidum (70% and 58%, respectively) after 3 months (25ºC-28ºC), however, the removal effectiveness
depends on the concentration of the contaminant in the soil to be treated.
The study of Azin et al.(2018) showed that the biosurfactant producer Fusarium neocosmosporiellum, in good
environment conditions removed 44% and 27% of the crude oil from the contaminated soil at concentrations
of 1% and 5% crude oil, respectively, after 20 days at 28ºC . The same was observed for the edible mushroom
34
Lentinus subnudus inoculated into soils artificially contaminated with different crude oil concentrations (0%,
2%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 40%). The total reduction of petroleum hydrocarbons was 33%, 57%, 15%, 25%, 23%
and 15%, respectively for each concentration after 3 months, and 60%, 78%, 86%, 90%, 95% and 95%,
respectively, after 6 months, incubeted at room temperature (ADENIPEKUN; FASIDI, 2005).
Co-cultures with fungi and consortia of indigenous bacteria can be a good option to increase the degradation
rate. The inoculation of co-culture of the indigenous bacterial consortium and the exogenous fungus
Scedosporium boydii (3:1) in soil contaminated with crude oil, reduced the degradation time and improved
TPH degradation to 81% after 7 days incubeted at 30ºC (YUAN et al., 2018).
It is important to take care when choosing the fungus for bioremediation. For example, Fusarium spp has good
results in bioremediation, but some species can be pathogenic to humans and plants, a problem in agricultural
environments. On the other hand, Trichoderma species have a mechanism of action on pathogens such as
Fusarium, preventing its growth (MEYER, 2021).
CONSIDERATIONS
Mycoremediation by autochthonous bioaugmentation is a very promising technique. It can be effective for

soil decontamination with petroleum hydrocarbons. Fungi grow easily under most conditions, are economical
and very easy to use. Care is needed in choosing the species for bioremediation because some are pathogenic.
When mycoremediation is done correctly, this technique can be very safe for the environment. The combined
effect of bacterial and fungal synergy observed in the degradation of oil particles is a good indicator that mixed
cultures can have superior results.
There are many research in fungi but most of them were done in artificial and sterile conditions. This can
result in problems when applying the techniques to real contaminated soil and real conditions. Artificial
contamination applied in laboratory are very different from real oil spills. The soil contamination from real oil
spills are far greater then artificial contamination applied in laboratory. The results of incubation in sterile
conditions with controlled temperatures can be very different then incubation in situ. Researches in situ in non
sterile conditions andreal circumstances are needed.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/meZBLSMFSuo
REFERENCES
ADENIPEKUN, CO, FASIDI, IO Bioremediation of oil-polluted soil by Lentinus subnudus, a white rot fungus
from Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 4, no. 8, p. 796–798, 1 set. 2005
ANDRADE, JA; AUGUSTO, F; JARDIM, ICF Bioremediation of soil contaminated by oil and its derivatives.
Eclectic Chemistry, v.35, no.3. pp.17-43. 2010.
AZIN, E., MOGHIMI, H., HEIDARYTABAR, R. Petroleum Degradation, Biosurfactant and Laccase
Production by Fusarium neocosmosporiellum RH-10: A Microcosm Study, Soil and Sediment
Contamination, vol. 27, no. 4, p. 329-342, 2018
DACCÒ, C., GIROMETTA, C., ASEMOLOYE, MD, et al. "Major patterns of degradation of fungi, enzymes
and their applications for the removal of aliphatic hydrocarbons from polluted soils: A review", Interational
Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, v. 147, no. December 2019, p. 104866, 2020.
HOREL, A., SCHIEWER, S. Microbial degradation of different hydrocarbon fuels with mycoremediation of
volatiles, Microorganisms, v. 8, n. 2, 2020.
ŁAWNICZAK, Ł., WOŹNIAK-KARCZEWSKA, M., LOIBNER, AP, et al. Microbial Degradation of

Hydrocarbons - Basic Principles for Bioremediation: A Review, Molecules, v. 25, no. 4, p. 1-19, 2020.
MADDELA, NR, SCALVENZI, L., PÉREZ, M., et al.Efficiency of Indigenous Filamentous Fungi for
35
Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Environment and in the Soil: Ecuador Laboratory Study,
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Bulletin, vol. 95, no. 3, p. 385-394, 2015.
MARCHAND, C., ST-ARNAUD, M., HOGLAND, W., et al. Oil biodegradation capacity of bacteria and
fungi isolated from oil-contaminated soil, International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, v. 116, p.
48-57, 2017.
MEYER, Maurício. Fungo Trichoderma é aliado no controle biológico de doenças em culturas agrícolas.
EMBRAPA. Brasil, 09 outubro 2021.
MOHAMMADI-SICHANI, M., et al. Ability of Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Ganoderma
lucidum compost in biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. International Journal of
Environmental Science and Technology, 16(5), 2313–2320, 2019.
OSSAI, IC, AHMED, A., HASSAN, A., et al. Remediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil and
Water: A Review, Environmental Technology and Innovation, vol. 17, p. 100526, 2020.
SINGH, H. Mycoremediation: Fungal Bioremediation. USA: Wiley-Interscience, [sn], 2006. E-Book.
WU ,M.; GUO,X.; WU,J., et al. Effect of compost correction and bioaugmentation on PAH degradation and
microbial community displacement in oil-contaminated soil, Chemosphere, v. 256, p. 126998, 2020.
WU, Y. R., LUO, Z. H., VRIJMOED, L. L. P. Biodegradation of anthracene and benz[a]anthracene by two
Fusarium solani strains isolated from mangrove sediments", Bioresource Technology, v. 101, n. 24, p. 9666–
9672, 2010.
YUAN, X., et al. Synergistic degradation of crude oil by indigenous bacterial consortium and exogenous
fungus Scedosporium boydii, Bioresource Technology, v. 264, no. May, p. 190–197, 2018.
36
FUTURE SCENARIOS IN THE FORMER OIL CAPITAL: COASTAL FLOODING AND
SOCIAL VULNERABILITY
Eduardo Macias Garcia1, Fabio Ferrerira Dias2

1University of Franche Comté
2 Universidade Federal Fluminense
Abstract
The city of Macaé experienced an industrial boom in the oil industry, especially after the late 1990s. This
development resulted in the city's population growth, with a population reaching 217,951,000 people. (IBGE
2012). Chaotic urban expansion in flood-prone areas and the coincidence of high tides compound the problem
in coastal towns crossed by rivers and canals where they are developed at low levels, such as Macaé and the
towns of Baixada Fluminense. Storm surges occur when waters rise above their normal levels and are blown
inward by the wind, and sea level rise makes this phenomenon worse over the years. The simulation of a
probable relative sea level rise at Macaé will be modeled using ArcGIS software - a digital elevation model
simulating flood-prone areas, using a value of 2.15 m. Thus, identify areas flooded by marine transgression,
in addition to land use classes - through the overlap of flood areas with the thematic map. The proposal
highlighted in this book focuses directly on the problem of sea level rise and flooding in the municipality of
Macaé, which is of social and economic interest. In the present study, we define the overall vulnerability of
the population as a property emerging from the level of exposure to our sea level rise scenario, and the level
of social vulnerability, which is based on social, economic parameters. and demographic of the population.
Keywords: Sea level rise, Social vulnerability, Exposure, Urban Sprawl, Mitigation, Adaptation
INTRODUCTION
About 3.5 billion people, or more than 50% of the world's population, live in cities, and this number continues
to increase (Puppim de Oliveira et al., 2011). If the current pattern continues, it is expected that between 2000
and 2030, the urban coverage of the planet will increase by 1.2 million square kilometers, which is equivalent
to a 200% increase over the current area, for an increase in the global urban population on the order of 70%
(Fragkias et al., 2012). Ongoing climate change exposes coastal cities to sea level rise, changes in the
frequency and intensity of storms, and increased precipitation. Coastal areas are the most intensively exploited
places where urban expansion largely alters natural landscape.
As Land-sea interfaces, however, these regions are featured by various conflicts between anthropogenic
pressures and natural sustainability. The disorderly urban sprawl, with the proliferation of informal
settlements, especially in areas with natural risks, contributes considerably to intensifying environmental and
social vulnerabilities to risks such as coastal erosion and coastal flooding. To deal with this, integrated actions
between the different sectors of society and based on in-depth knowledge of current and foreseen scenarios
will be necessary.
The accelerated process of urban expansion in Macaé brought with it significant consequences in the socio-
spatial organization, especially in relation to housing spaces that have become increasingly difficult to access
for the low-income population . The most devalued lands such as mangrove areas and floodable land were
37
occupied by the low-income population (Luz & Marçal, 2002). The proposal highlighted in this project focuses
directly on the problem of sea level rise and flooding in the urban space of Macaé, which is of social interest.
For the exposure analysis, there are several SLR models and they all have strengths and weaknesses satisfying
distinct management objectives (Mcleod, Poulter, Hinkel, Reyes, & Salm, 2010). This paper chose the
‘bathtub’ model because it was widely adopted and recognized by the coastal communities as well as key
governmental agencies (e.g. NOAA) to simulate the impacts of SLR. In addition, the simplicity of the ‘bathtub’
model and the availability of high-quality digital elevation model (DEM) both eased the modeling endeavors
to analyze multiple SLR scenarios.
The simulation of sea-level elevation was performed with ArcGis 10.5 software, using IBGE orthophotos.
Considering the effects of the melting of small glaciers and ice caps associated with the temperature increase,
an elevation of 2.15 m was adopted, as proposed by Grinsted et al. (2009). Through this model, the impact of
sea level rise was assessed on the surface area. The land use and neighborhoods shapefiles were superimposed
on the model and the flooded area was represented, also allowing to verify the exposed areas.
We used a set of 8 variables : Average household income, Poverty, Population density, Total population, <5
years old, >65 years old, Race, Iliteracy that characterized social, economic and demographic conditions of
the urban neighborhoods in Macaé. The data were obtained from the IBGE Demographic Survey of 2010, this
was due to the guidelines of the Ministry of Health related to the public health emergency caused by COVID-
19, IBGE decided to postpone the completion of the Demographic Census 2020 to 2021.
We calculated the SV index for each neighborhood by aggregating these variables. They are combined with
the rest and through these criteria, obtain a quantitative result that allows you to select or find the best territorial
alternative; in this part of the process, Map Algebra function has a vital importance in the combination of these
variables. We did not assume any weight for the different factors, meaning they have the same importance in
the overall sum and the same contribution to the overall vulnerability. The range of vulnerability used was
based on that of the Institute for Applied Economic Research (IPEA).
In relation to the total flooded area, the percentage of flooding was equivalent to 6%. It is important to
emphasize that Macaé has an almost predominant geomorphology of steep mountains, isolated mountains,
hills. In agreement with this fact, the results indicated that the land use classes with the highest percentage of
flooding were wetlands, pastures and mangroves, but as well medium and high density urban occupation areas
which are all present in areas with flatter and lower relief.
The simulation of sea level rise in the order of 2.15 m, confronting the geomorphology map, highlights the
predominant flooding in the fluvial and fluvial marine plains. Low-lying areas are at greater risk in relation to
rising sea levels.
The sea level rise simulation based on the Grinsted et al. (2009), allowed to verify the percentage of flooding
in Macaé, even expressing a low percentage (due to its geomorphology with a predominance of mountain
ranges and hills), it will have a devastating effect. According to the land use map, there is intense urban
concentration in lowland areas.
The loss of urban areas of 199.68 Ha and 716.41 Ha respectively should be considered as alarming. Broad
range of population and land use will suffer from this kind of coastal inundation due to sea level rise. The
physiographic characteristics of the city are the main factor for the pattern observed. Flooding would increase
along the coast for several reasons and would destroy ocean front properties and leave inland properties
vulnerable to storm waves. The expected inundation would physically and economically affect the coastal
zone.
38
The Urban occupation of the Midwest and North zones took place, mainly, over mangroves, wetlands and
sandbanks. Urban densification was caused not only by the installation of low-income human settlements, but
also by industrial enterprises and high-income housing. The historical and recent process of land use and land
cover in the city of Macaé took place and still takes place, in large part, in risky areas and fragile ecosystems.
Residential segregation is the process through which a certain population is involuntarily forced to group
together in a given area (MARCUSE, 2004).
Individuals with little purchasing power are unable to settle in regularized regions with infrastructure and
public services because they are unable to obtain the necessary properties or lots. As a result, these individuals
wind themselves living in vulnerable ecosystems, protected regions, or isolated locations. As a result, there is
a distinct residential segregation between the mid-west and the north of Macaé in this report.
Our maps show the spatial distribution pattern of the SOVI components that regulate the wards whether it is
most vulnerable or least vulnerable. The figure shows the spatial distribution of SV based on the SoVI of 22
selected wards of Macaé. The ward which has the index greater than 0.5 is classified as most vulnerable, and
the ward which has an index lower than – 0.2 is classified as least vulnerable. Many of these wards (Botafogo,
Lago mar, Barra, Cabuiunas, Ajuda, Aroeira, Cajueiros, Visconde de Ara, Parque Aeroporto) fall within the
high to very high category.
These wards have high vulnerability scores due to the urban, occupation, and poor infrastructure, poverty, the
presence of vulnerable groups, and population density. Considering these neighborhoods, and exposing them
to our result of SLR, we have our Risk result. Knowing the neighborhoods most at risk to the impacts caused
by the direct effects of the SLR is fundamental for decision-making by the government.
These effects are directly associated with the concepts of social vulnerability and exposure to a natural
phenomenon, the conjunction of these concepts, when applied to the urban territory of Macaé, allow us to
know the areas at greatest risk, illustrating the scenario that poses a challenge to coastal management integrated
for the different levels of government.
Various complex interacting mechanisms that collectively configure and concentrate exposure and
susceptibility to climate change and SLR along the coast have caused and continue to cause major shifts in
coastal settlement patterns during the twentieth century. Population expansion and demographic changes,
urbanization and a rural exodus, tourism development, and displacement or (re)settlement of certain ethnic
groups are all examples of these processes. In Macaé there has been no concern with the implementation of
an urban and housing expansion policy to receive these new residents.
Unable to pay for a property in the formal market, the target areas of this population were the mangroves and
sandbanks close to the central area of the city. Mangroves and restingas are legally designated as significant
conservation sites. However, without access to capitalized space, the occupying population considers its own
survival, or spatial demands, to be more important than environmental conservation.
No stabilization option of the coast line can permanently interrupt coastal erosion on no time scale (Cooper
and Pilkey, 2012). The level of protection depends on the chosen option, the available resources, the design
dimensions and the specific conditions of the area in erosion. All coastal defense options need maintenance,
with greater or lesser frequency and in theory, require mitigation proposals for negative environmental impacts
that provide (MOCZM, 2013).
Legislation, strategies, and measures aimed at reducing risk and increasing resilience in the face of SLR are
referred to as SLR responses. Protecting the shoreline, tolerating SLR consequences, withdrawing from the
coast, pushing into the ocean by constructing seawards, and ecosystem-based adaptation are a few examples
of these approaches.
The effective solutions to mitigate or reduce erosion on beaches and thus minimize the impacts of intense and
extreme events, today and in the future, are nature-based adaptation measures (in the long term) and hard
protection. We are talking about public policies with the inclusion of coastal and climate risks, environmental
education programs to raise awareness of the dangers of the ocean, engagement of local communities in
decision-making and beach surveillance, creation of buffer zones to minimize the impacts of events extremes
39
and sea level rise (a frontal strip without buildings, which includes removal and/or relocation of anthropic
structures and restoration of the frontal dunes), as well as beach restoration with nature-based solutions
(feeding/fattening/artificial widening with sand brought in from outside the beach).
This either mentioned as “In situ adaptation measures”, in the form of protection, through hard engineering
measures or through soft sediment-based and ecosystem-based measures that could highly extend habitability.
But this could be unlikely to be a feasible solution for those located in fragile ecosystems and risky areas with
high vulnerable SOVI result. Unless these measures are applied correctly, relocation measures might be
inevitable.
Relocating would consist of the construction of new housing units to meet the need for removal of households
located in risk situations. It involves urbanization actions, relocation of families, and environmental recovery
of areas degraded by disorderly occupation, with the objective of guaranteeing conditions for improving the
quality of life of families. In order to provide new homes and meet the housing deficit in the settlements, a
survey will be necessary of areas owned by the Public Power and land free of occupation, regardless of land
ownership, which constitute urban voids suitable for housing of the vulnerable communities.
After this comes environmental recovery, it aims to help reduce or prevent environmental degradation, and
the treatment of marginal areas of the canals and the Macaé River. The world's media has hypothesized that
many coastal communities would be forced to relocate, unless expensive adaptation countermeasures are
employed (Yamamoto and Esteban, 2014).
With the projected inundation of this magnitude (2.15 m SLR), the coastal zone would be at risk of flooding,
where several near shore settlements will be impacted severely. Damages to this coastal city may vary
observing how our SOVI index exposed the most vulnerable populations. Changes will affect the hinterlands
and urban planning will be confronted with a number of anticipatory issues including adaptation strategies.
The present study conclusively proves the usefulness of digital elevation analysis to quantify scenarios of
projected inundation in the coastal zone. The maps produced using this technique serve as a broad indicator
to raise the awareness among the people of the region and to formulate effective coastal management
strategies.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/DcxvtgzBcuk
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U.S. cities to environmental hazards. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 4(2).
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Bukvic, A., Borate, A., Hughes, S., Weaver, R., Imburgia, D., & Stiles, W. A. (2021). Exploring
neighborhood-level resilience to flooding: Why the context and scale matter. Journal of Flood Risk
Management, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12698
Cawthorn, R. G., Knight, J., & McCarthy, T. S. (2015). Geomorphological Evolution of the Pilanesberg.
World Geomorphological Landscapes. Landscapes and Landforms of South Africa, 39–46.
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CEPED. Atlas Brasileiro de Desastres Naturais 1991 a 2012. Centro Universitário de Estudos e Pesquisas
Sobre Desastres, Universidade Federal de Santa Catalina, 2013, 126p. Retrieved from
https://s2id.mi.gov.br/paginas/atlas/
Church, J. A., & Gregory, J. M. Sea level change. Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, 2019, 493–499.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10820-6
Esteban, M., Takagi, H., Jamero, L., Chadwick, C., Avelino, J. E., Mikami, T., … Crichton, R. N. Adaptation
to sea level rise: Learning from present examples of land subsidence. Ocean and Coastal Management,
2020, 189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104852
40
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in the Tampa Bay Region, US. Cities, 88(October 2018), 144–154.
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Gussmann, G., & Hinkel, J. (2020). What drives relocation policies in the Maldives? Climatic Change,
163(2), 931–951. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02919-8
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and Back: a Review of the Literature. Economics of Disasters and Climate Change, 4(1), 223–247.
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Terra E a Formação De Assentamentos Humanos Em Ecossistemas Frágeis, Áreas Protegidas, Com Risco Ou
Degradadas: O Caso Da Cidade De Macaé (Rj-Brasil). Revista Tamoios, 13(2).
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Jesus, T. De, & Faria, P. (2011). O mapa da migração em Macaé: impactos da industrialização no processo de
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank my professional tutor Fabio Ferreira Dias. I express my gratitude for the
opportunity to develop my internship at this institution, for hosting the study center at UFF. His advice and
good sense of humor were always helpful. You have been an important part of this history with your
professional contributions that characterize you. I would like to thank Professor Florian Tolle, who with his
attention and support guided me through each step of this project to achieve the results I was looking for. And
finally I wanted to thank the Bourgogne Franche Comte Region for awarding me the Dynastage scholarship,
that without them this experience abroad would not have been possible. And not just for the economic
compensation, but for seeing me benefit from a foundation that intends to internationalize and offer a better
future to students.
41
IMPACT OF PHENOL CONCENTRATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A MOVING
BED BIOFILM REACTOR (MBBR) OPERATED WITH SYNTHETIC INDUSTRIAL
EFFLUENT AS A MODEL
Camila Soares Silvestre Tolêdo 1, Geraldo André Thurler Fontoura 1, Márcia Dezotti 2, Sorele Batista Fiaux 1
1 Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Brazil
2 Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, COPPE (UFRJ), Brazil
Abstract
Human activities generate wastewater, which must be treated, especially in industry due to the impact caused
by the toxicity and load of pollutants in these effluents. One of these pollutants is phenol, with a lethal
concentration for some species as low as 0.26 mg/L. Wastewater treatment plants must attend some legal limits
to the discharge of phenolic effluents (maximum 0.50 mg/L at the federal level and 0.20 mg/L in the State of
Rio de Janeiro). The Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) is a modern technique for wastewater treatment
that has been successfully used to treat a large type of industrial effluents. However, effluents with some
compounds like phenols can impair the treatment efficiency. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the
performance of an aerobic MBBR, fed with different phenol (C6H6O) concentrations, mainly regarding phenol
removal and its impact in nitrogen removal. The reactor was assessed with 10, 20, 50, 100, 250 and 400 mg/L
input phenol concentrations with a Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) set at 3 h. At all concentrations, the
reactor achieved phenol removals close to 100%, but the effluent only complied with the standard discharge
until 50 mg/L input phenol concentration. For the removal of ammoniacal nitrogen, the effluent attended the
release limit until the input concentration of 250 mg/L of phenol. These concentrations are above the usual
ones for a real industrial effluent. Thus, it is considered that the biofilm was resistant to the conditions assessed.
Keywords: Wastewater treatment; Biological treatment; Phenol; Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor
INTRODUCTION
Water is an essential resource to sustain the earth life. Most human activities that use water, such as industrial
ones, produce effluents, which can be toxic to aquatic biota (UNESCO, 2017). Thus, the need for proper
treatment is urgent. In Brazil, the discharge of industrial effluents into surface water must attend the
requirements of the legislation: CONAMA 430/2011, a federal resolution, and NT-20 R-10, the Rio de Janeiro
State Standard. Phenol is a parameter which must be treated, with a maximum federal release limit equal to
0.5 mg/L (CONAMA, 2011) and a state limit of 0.2 mg/L (FEEMA, 1986).
Phenols are aromatic compounds with a hydroxyl group directly bounded to an aryl ring (MANAHAM, 2013).
Phenol is a common pollutant in effluents in many industrial processes, like textile processing, oil refining
and drug production. (ISSABAYEVA et al., 2018; LI et al., 2019). These effluents have been treated by
aerobic or anaerobic biological treatment processes (BORGHEI; HOSSEINI, 2004). In bioreactors used for
this purpose, the biomass can be kept suspended or fixed in the form of biofilm. In the Moving Bed Biofilm
Reactor, the biomass is grown on mobile supports to form biofilm (BASSIN; DEZOTTI, 2008). This
technology has some substantial advantages over other biological technologies (DI BIASE et al., 2019).
The effluent treatment in MBBR proved to be useful for wastewater containing extremely toxic compounds
42
(IRANKHAH et al., 2018). Organic matter and nitrogen are also successfully removed in this type of reactor
(DI BIASE et al., 2019), however, the presence of certain compounds such as phenol can affect the biofilm
and consequently its efficiency as well (LI; HAN, 2015). Thus, it is relevant to assess the MBBR performance
in the presence of different phenol concentrations.
A MBBR was run in continuous mode for 233 days to treat phenolic wastewater. The reactor consisted of
cylindrical glass vessel with a useful volume of 0.3 L. Kaldnes® K1 carriers were used as support material at
a media filling fraction of 40% (Vcarriers/Vreactor). The Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) was set at 3 h, using a
peristaltic pump to control the synthetic influent flow. A porous diffuser was placed at the bottom of the reactor
for air supply to maintain an aerobic condition and to mix the material inside the reactor.The MBBR was fed
with a synthetic wastewater with the following composition: Glucose : 400 mg/L COD (Phenol COD not
included); NaCl: 400 mg/L; NH4Cl: 40 mgNH4+-N/L; NaHCO3: 270 mg/L; K2HPO4: 4,45 mg-P/L; KH2PO4:
4,55 mg-P/L and Trace elements solution: 0,5mL/L (VISHNIAC; SANTER, 1957).
As inoculum, supports with the biomass in the form of a thin biofilm obtained in a previous experiment in
MBBR and kept in a refrigerator, were used. Inoculation was supplemented with 2 mL of activated sludge,
removed from a MBBR in operation. The required period for biomass adaptation in continuous mode was
determined based on reactor observations and through chemical analysis. Samples were taken weekly and
analyzed in triplicate for the content of COD (Chemistry Oxygen Demand) and ammonia nitrogen in the
influent and effluent of the reactor. The reactor was considered ready for the phenol experiments when the
biofilm was visually formed and when there was relative stabilization of control parameters.
After biomass acclimation, the reactor was fed with synthetic effluent containing increasing concentrations of
phenol. In this second stage, COD, ammonia nitrogen and phenol analyzes were performed in triplicate twice
a week, in the reactor influent and effluent. Each input concentration was maintained for at least two weeks,
ensuring the minimum of 4 analyzes per concentration. The reactor was operated in this way until it started to
show drop in the removal of phenol, COD, or ammonia nitrogen, and not fitting one or more parameters of
legislation standards (CONAMA, 2011; FEEMA, 1986). Table 1 shows the operation steps:
Table 1: MBBR Operation Steps.
The first concentration of phenol was defined as 10 mg/L. Increasing concentrations were chosen one by one
from the results obtained with the previous concentration. The operation was terminated when removal slowed
down due to the high concentration inlet to the reactor. In phase 5 and phase 6, the reactor showed greater
visual changes, going through periods of high extracellular polymer production, demonstrating a biomass
attempt to adapt to phenol concentration. For this reason, in these 2 phases the period of operation was longer.
Removal of Phenol
Data reveal that the system was effective to remove high concentrations of phenol (figure 1). There was lack
of aeration for two days at the beginning of phase 2, due to mechanical problems in the compressor, which
may explain the low removal (54.88%) found in the first analysis. However, the subsequent analyzes returned
43
removals close to 100%, evidencing the ability of the biofilm to recover from moments with low oxygen.
Average removals remained high in phases 3 and 4, close to 100%.
In phase 5, a low removal was observed on the first day of analysis (48.83%). It was the first time the removal
decayed immediately after inserting the new concentration of phenol into the reactor. The results of further
analysis, however, showed a return on removal, which remained close to 100%. In phase 6, there was a removal
drop, which, in its majority, still presented values above 90%. At this phase, the amount of phenol inserted
had a negative impact on the system and the reactor went through many visual changes. The drop in removal
was very sharp (49.03% of removal) and then the experiment was terminated.
The high removal observed even in high concentrations shows that the biofilm was able to be acclimated to
phenol, as also observed by Xu et al. (2016). However, considering that the discharge limits for phenol
substances are extremely low, the effluent would not be complied with legislation in phases 4, 5 and, especially
in phase 6, which presented mean value of 45.20 mg/L of phenol.
Despite this, it is worth noting that the assessed concentrations were high compared to the concentrations of
phenols in effluents generally generated by industries (AL-KHALID; EL-NAAS, 2012). Removal did not
ensure compliance with the phenol concentration established by state legislation (FEEMA, 1986), but it can
be considered a good removal, requiring the implementation of some type of tertiary treatment after MBBR
to make it possible to achieve phenol concentration required by legislation in the final effluent. In addition,
the HRT used in this study was specifically low compared to other studies for MBBR phenol treatment (ZHOU
et al., 2018; IRANKHAH et al., 2018; NAKHLI et al., 2014), which can be considered an operational
advantage.
Removal of Organic Matter
Input COD values gradually increased with increasing phenol concentration, reaching values close to 1500
mg/L in phase 6. Despite the high input COD concentration, the reactor maintained high organic matter
removals, with a maximum average of 92.07% and a minimum of 80.85%, throughout the phenol operation
phases. It was possible to observe that the increase in the concentration of phenol did not significantly affect
the removal of COD. Even at the concentration of 100 mg/L (Phase 4), the reactor obtained its best average
removal for the parameter, which shows that the biofilm was adapting to the increase in organic load.
In phase 6, with 1460 mg/L on inlet average COD, the reactor began to show a drop in removal, reaching
values of 69.92% and 55.35% in the last days of operation. The effluent had a large variation in the removal
of the parameter (figure 1), showing high difficulty for the biofilm to degrade and stabilize the organic load in
the reactor. On average, the final effluent in phase 6 was above the concentration limit allowed in DZ-205.R-
6, considering the chemical sector industries (250 mg / L) (INEA, 2007). Up to phase 5, the reactor was
efficient in complying the exit COD effluent with the required limit.
Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen
At the beginning of the phenol operation, the removal of this parameter remained high, except on day 107,
which presented a high ammonia nitrogen concentration in the effluent, only punctually, as the removal
reached 98.34% in the last day of phase 1. In phase 2, the low removal of the first analysis can be explained
by the lack of aeration in the reactor in the two previous days, also overcame, since the removal reached
98.79% on the last day of the operation at this concentration.
In phases 4,5 and 6, the average removal of ammonia nitrogen suffered a gradual decrease, reaching 97.99%;
92.06% and 87.56% respectively. Until phase 5, it was possible to comply the effluent with concentration limit
of 5 mg/L (FEEMA, 1986), considering the average output value. In phase 6, the average effluent output
doesn’t fit in the discharge limit. Thus, a greater impact of phenol on ammonium removal can be seen, which
led to a higher concentration of the parameter in the phase 6 effluent, above 5 mg/L in 50% of the analyzes
until the end of the operation.
44
Figure 1: Removal data over operation days. P.1: 10 mg/l; P.2: 20 mg/L; P.3: 50 mg/L; P.4: 100 mg/L; P.5:
250 mg/L; P.6: 400 mg/L;
CONSIDERATIONS
The MBBR reactor achieved high phenol removals, even at higher influent concentrations. The biofilm was
able to acclimate and resist high concentrations of phenol. Up to 100 mg/L of phenol in the influent, no visual
disturbance of the biofilm was observed. In 250 mg/L inlet phenol concentration, the first considerable drop
in removal and visual changes in the biofilm were observed. Under these conditions, the reactor still proved
to be efficient in complying ammoniacal nitrogen and COD with relevant legislations.
Due to its extremely low removal limit, even with removals close to 100%, for affluent with contents above
50 mg/L, it was not possible to comply with the legislation. Phenol had an impact on the removal of ammonia
nitrogen, since above 250 mg/L of phenol in the influent, the removals decreased significantly. It should be
noted that the HRT used in this work was extremely low compared to other studies and, therefore, it is possible
that a small increase in HRT could overcome these problems. It is still possible to use a second MBBR
treatment or some type of tertiary treatment, to seek better removals and treat higher concentrations than those
assessed.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/PSz_scoSRes
REFERENCES
AL-KHALID, Taghreed; EL-NAAS, Muftah H. Aerobic biodegradation of phenols: A comprehensive review.

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 42, no. 16, p. 1631–1690, 2012.
BASSIN, J.P., DEZOTTI, M., 2008, Tratamento primário, secundário e terciário de efluentes. In: DEZOTTI
M., Processos e Técnicas para o Controle Ambiental de Efluentes Líquidos. Rio de Janeiro: E-papers.
BORGHEI, S. M.; HOSSEINI, S. H. The treatment of phenolic wastewater using a moving bed biofilm
reactor. Process Biochemistry, v. 39, n. 10, p. 1177–1181, 2004.
CONAMA - CONSELHO NACIONAL DO MEIO AMBIENTE. Resolução n 430, 13 maio de 2011. Diário
Oficial, n. 092, p. 89, 2011.
DI BIASE, A.; KOWALSKI, M.S.; DEVLIN, T.R.; OLESZKIEWICZ J.A. Moving bed biofilm reactor
45
technology in municipal wastewater treatment: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, v. 247,
n. May, p. 849–866, 2019.
FEEMA - FUNDAÇÃO ESTADUAL DE ENGENHARIA DO MEIO AMBIENTE. NT-202.R-10, 04 de

dezembro de 1986. DOERJ de 12 de dezembro de 1986.
IRANKHAH, S.; ABDI ALI, A.; REZA SOUDI, M. Highly efficient phenol degradation in a batch moving
bed biofilm reactor: benefiting from biofilm-enhancing bacteria. World Journal of Microbiology and
Biotechnology, v. 34, n. 11, p. 1–13, 2018.
ISSABAYEVA, Gulnaziya; HANG, Shu Yan; WONG, Mee Chu; AROUA, Mohamed Kheireddine. A review
on the adsorption of phenols from wastewater onto diverse groups of adsorbents. Reviews in Chemical
Engineering, vol. 34, no. 6, p. 855–873, 1 Nov. 2018.
LI, H. Q.; HAN, H. J. Nitrite accumulation performance of aerobic MBBR treating Lurgi coal gasification
waste water by adjusting pollutant load and DO concentration. Environmental Technology (United
Kingdom), v. 36, n. 24, p. 3210–3220, 2015.
LI, Hao; MENG, Fanping; DUAN, Weiyan; LIN, Yufei; ZHENG, Yang. Biodegradation of phenol in saline
or hypersaline environments by bacteria: A review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 184, 30
Nov. 2019.
MANAHAN, S.E. Química Ambiental. 9 ed. Columbia: Bookman, 2013.
NAKHLI, S.A.A., AHMADIZADEH, K., FERESHTEHNEJAD, M., ROSTAMI, M.H., SAFARI, M.,
BORGHEI, M.. Biological removal of phenol from saline wastewater using a moving bed biofilm reactor
containing acclimated mixed consortia, 2014. SpringerPlus 3, 112.
UNESCO –The United Nations World Water Development. Report 2017: Wastewater, The Untapped
Resource. United Nations World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP), Paris, 2017.
VISHNIAC, W.; SANTER, M. The thiobacilli. Bacteriological reviews, v. 21, n. 3, p. 195–213, 1957.
XU, C., HAN, H., JIA, S., ZHAO, Q., 2016. Influence of phenol on ammonia removal in an intermittent
aeration bioreactor treating biologically pretreated coal gasification wastewater. J. Environ. Sci. 43, 99e105.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors express their gratitude towards Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and Fluminense Federal
University.
46
INNOVATIVE METHODOLOGY TO CALCULATE THE INDUSTRIAL GREEN GASES
EMISSIONS FOR THE RIO DE JANEIRO STATE
Isabela Angelloti Costa 1, Marcos Alexandre Teixeira 2

1 Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil ([email protected])
2 Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
Abstract
Climate change is directly associated with the growth in greenhouse gas emissions, discussed for decades now,
can no longer be denied. Yet been a natural process and necessary for terrestrial life, as secure that the planet
have an average global temperature below 0°. However, anthropogenic actions in recent decades have caused
an accelerated increase in greenhouse gases concertation in the atmosphere, increasing the planet's
temperature. Brazil was one of the countries that committed to reducing its emissions by 2030 and for that,
periodic accounting through GHG inventories are a must. In this context, Rio de Janeiro state monitor its
emissions profile, for what State Institute for the Environment (INEA) holds te role to management
atmospheric emissions and Environmental Licensing in RJ. So, the present work aims to analyze an alternative
accounting methodology to account the state emissions, based on the use fo the data gathered by the Program
for Monitoring Emissions from Stationary Sources to the Atmosphere - PROMON AR. Such procedure
consider the sampling data of fixed sources (chimneys). The proposed calculation indicate for a potential
reduction associated with the industrial sector, building up to 6% decrease in the total state emissions. Further
studies are suggested before adopting – officially - the methodology, and that the industrial sector is of lesser
importance with the state emissions profiles (ie. Transport).
Keywords: Climate change, Greenhouse Gases, PROMON AR, Rio de Janeiro
INTRODUCTION
Extreme cold in Brazil, record heat in Canada and excessive rainfall in Germany and China are some recent
examples of how climate change is already affecting life on Earth. The latest report by the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that the impacts are already inevitable and can only be slowed down
if there is a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (El País 2021).
The so called greenhouse gases absorb part of infrared irradiation and heat up the atmosphere, namely: Carbon
dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous Oxide (N2O), among others. These gases have interference from the
gases produced by combustion processes such as carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxides
(NOx) (DUBEUX; ROVERE, 2007).
To allow impact comparison between different greenhouse gases emissions, the Global Warming Potential
(GWP) was adopted; as it relate how effect of one ton of a certain gas will, and relates it to the emissions of
one ton of carbon dioxide (CO2) (SHINE, 2009).
Brazil is among the 10 largest GHG emitters in the world (AZEVEDO et al., 2021). In this context, GHG
inventories are used to report emissions, specially to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCC), with reference methodology being the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gases
47
Inventories. Other options were developed as the The Greenhouse Gas Protocol - GHG Protocol Program
developed in Brazil, mainly used by the companies (DUBEUX; ROVERE, 2007).
The State Institute for the Environment (INEA), through INEA Resolution No. 64 of 2012, made it mandatory
to send GHG inventories by certain enterprises depending on their polluting potential (INEA, 2012). In
addition, it also has the Program for Monitoring Emissions from Fixed Sources to the Atmosphere (PROMON
AR) to check industrial emissions directly at the chimney outlets.
Therefore, this study seeks to assess the greenhouse gas emissions contribution of industries in the state of Rio
de Janeiro using an innovative model for calculating total emissions from these sources , based on the physical
data collected by PROMON AR, proposing a methodology that can be further adopted to the State Inventory.
PROMON AR was established through CONEMA Resolution No. 26/2010, which approves NOP-INEA-01,
and updated by CONEMA Resolution No. 84/2018. This program is designed to monitor potentially polluting
fixed sources in the state of Rio de Janeiro (INEA, 2021).
The main air quality indexes monitored are: Particulate Material (PM), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), Sulfur Oxide
(SOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC). The results collected in 2017 and
2018 are used to made out the annual emission estimates for each of these pollutants, according to the
methodology established by INEA.
In order to verify the equivalent of such emissions monitored through PROMON AR in terms of Green House
Gases, , a methodology was developed to estimate in CO2equiv. based on the NOx and CO data.
A stoichiometric calculation was made to determine the amount of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) as a product of the
reaction of CO with Oxygen, to predict a value in ton of CO2 equiv., leading to 28 g/mol de CO been
equivalent to 44 g/mol de CO2 equiv..
Likewise, the nitrogen oxide (NOx), which in this case was considered as nitric oxide (NO), to calculate the
value in nitrous oxide (N2O), as described below, leading to 44 g de N2O --- 60 g de NO.
The GHG emission estimates from PROMON AR sources calculated here were compared with the INEA
database of Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reports in the state of Rio de Janeiro, in order to asses eventual
differences between them.
In addition, the GHG Inventory of the State of Rio de Janeiro was consulted to compare the estimated
emissions for the state for the years 2005, 2010 and 2015, focusing on the characteristics of the industry and
energy sector (COPPE, 2017).
Finally, the Annual Estimates of GHG Emissions Report published in 2020 was used to understand the
representativeness of emissions from industries in the context of Brazil. It is worth mentioning that studies
show that a 70% reduction in deforestation would imply that there is no need to reduce energy and industrial
emissions before 2035, which demonstrates how much deforestation has a greater impact (CHEN;
TIMILSINA, 2021).
In 2017, 98 companies had its 543 fixed sources monitored within PROMON AR program. In 2018, 100
companies and 549 monitored sources participated. The annual emission rates per pollutant generated the
results obtained in Figure 1, in which they are divided by pollutants.
48
Figure 1: Annual Emission from Promon Ar in 2017 and 2018
This difference between years was understood by INEA technicians due to the absence of CO monitoring by
significant sources regarding the emission of this pollutant. It worth noticing that, in 2017, when the absence
of these results was perceived, companies were notified to make the adjustment for the following year.
In terms of number of sources monitored, for CO there were 172 in 2017 rising to 218 in 2018; for NOx
increased from 309 fonts to 328 for the same years
Based on the proposed methodology the GHG of CO and NOx results were calculated. A first point observed
was the significant increase in annual emissions between 2017 and 2018 for these pollutants. In that sense CO
emissions accounted for 8,036.41 tons of CO2 equivalent (GWP of 1, according to AR5. In 2018, CO emissions
produced 52,836.64 and, therefore, this same effect in terms of CO2 equiv.
NOx results, based on NO emissions, that 2017 registered 31,195 tons, lead to 22,877 tons of N2O, leading to
a 6,062 Gg tons of CO2 equiv. in 2017 (GWP of 265 for N2O). In 2018, the 46,955 tons of NO recorded lead to
34,434 tons of N2O and so a 9,124 Gg tons of CO2 equiv..
Figure 2 represents the sum of the calculated results of NOx and CO already converted to CO2 equiv..
Figure 2: GHG emissions estimated from Promon Ar
Previous analyzes carried out on the preparation of the GHG Reporting database at INEA found that the
frequency of deliveries was irregular, which can be understood by the fluctuation on the number of inventories
received by INEA bay ear.
However, when analyzing the emissions from the steel, thermoelectric, fossil fuel and petroleum industries,
these already represent more than 70% of GHG emissions according to INEA Resolution 64. They presented
their results regularly within the period analyzed and, therefore, they provide greater reliability in the
representation of this database.
49
Among the State's GHG emission results, those that refer to emissions from fixed sources are from the Energy
sector (from approx. 60 up to 75% from 2005 to 2015 data), specifically in the Energy Industry and Energy
sector. These subsectors represent emissions from energy consumption in the oil industry, exploration and
processing of natural gas, electricity generation, coke ovens, distilleries, charcoal plants and from the emission
of energy transformation in coke, thermoelectric and charcoal plants, as well as the consumption of energy in
industries.
Thus, within this sector, the emission sources of interest in the 2015 Rio de Janeiro GHG Inventory are
described as energy industry and energy sector consumption. The specific emissions of these subsectors are
shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: GHG emissions in the Energy Sector
Considering the result of GHG emissions estimated from PROMON AR data in the years 2017 and 2018,
Figure 4 shows the comparison of representativeness between them and the database of the State's GHG
Inventories Reporting Program.
Figure 4: Comparison of GHG emissions from PROMON AR and from the GHG Report
It is possible to verify that through this calculation methodology, GHG emissions from PROMON AR
represented approximately 35 and 40%, respectively for 2017 and 2018, of the total compiled by the GHG
Reports database in the Stationary Combustion category.
Considering that the inventories follow the GHG Protocol methodology that considers the fuel to be burned
by stationary equipment, while in PROMON AR the atmospheric emissions at the chimney exit are captured,
it was expected that a lower result of CO2 equiv. of PROMON AR. When equipment is correctly regulated and
energy efficient, its pollutant emissions are expected to be reduced, especially NOx.
Another point of analysis was made by adding the two types of emissions within the energy sector
(consumption of the energy sector with industry), according to the inventory of the state of Rio de Janeiro,
and comparing them to the emissions of the inventories of the Report on GHG and emissions estimated by
50
PROMON AR, as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5: GHG emissions from energy consumption in RJ industries
Based on a trend line for the state's GHG emissions , emissions from fuel combustion for power generation
for industries in Rio de Janeiro would be around 25,000 Gg tCO2 equiv. in 2017, while the value calculated from
the GHG Reports was around 18,000 Gg tCO2 equiv. And, finally, through PROMON AR estimates, it would
be in the amount of 6,000 Gg tCO2 equiv..
The method estimated here for GHG emissions by PROMON AR in 2017 represents a value 35% lower than
the value of emissions by the GHG Inventory Report; in 2018, the calculation estimated by PROMON AR
represented a smaller difference, in the amount of 40%, that is, the estimated value of GHG emissions by
PROMON AR approached the emissions reported through the GHG Inventory Report.
This 23% increase in monitored sources for CO (172 to 218), makes little difference when compared to the
6% increase in NOx monitoring sources (309 to 328), due to the GWP value of 265 associated with the
conversion of the value into CO2 equiv. PROMON AR and GHG may have resulted from improved monitoring.
This may be an indication of correlation between the results, to be further studied.
Of 100% of GHG emissions in RJ, 75% of GHG emissions in RJ are emitted by the energy sector, and within
this sector, 20% originate from the consumption of the energy sector and energy generation in the industry,
i.e. , the share equivalent to emissions from fixed sources. If there is a change for this consumption to become
40% of its initial representation, the total emissions of the state would be reduced by 6%.
CONSIDERATIONS
Monitoring greenhouse gas emissions based on PROMON AR data by means of the proposed methodology
was proven to be viable, and represents as new methodologies for calculating GHG emissions from stationary
sources for the State of Rio de Janeiro.
It is important to note that this new methodology does not impact the PROMON AR program, yet offer a –
based on real industrial emission to the atmosphere data - calculation of emissions in the State, and in this
sense closer to reality.
However, the reduction achieved is not sufficient to achieve the state's mitigation goals. Indicating the need
to implement more aggressive policies to hold the main polluters accountable (according to PROMON AR
data). This mainly to the emissions profile of the state of RJ, within the energy sector, the transport subsector
is the one with the greatest representation, which makes the energy consumption of industries less relevant in
terms of total state emissions.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/VcjXL8pOZJ8
REFERENCES
51
AZEVEDO, Tasso Rezende de; JUNIOR, Ciniro Costa; JUNIOR, Amintas Brandão; CREMER, Marcelo dos
Santos. SEEG initiative estimates of Brazilian greenhouse gas emissions from 1970 to 2015. Nature,
Scientific Data, [S. l.], p. 1-43, 29 out. 2021. DOI 10.1038/sdata.2018.45. Disponível em:
https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201845. Acesso em: 26 out. 2021.
CHEN, Y. H. Henry; TIMILSINA, Govinda R. Economic implications of reducing carbon emissions from
energy use and industrial processes in Brazil. Journal of Environmental Management, [S. l.], p. 436-446,
26 out. 2021. DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.08.049. Disponível em:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479713005720. Acesso em: 25 out. 2021.
CÓNSUL, Julia María, Daniel Thiele, Renato Cataluña Veses, e Ione Maluf Baibich. Decomposição Catalítica
de Óxidos de Nitrogênio. Química Nova 27 (2004): 432-440.
COPPE. Inventário de Emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE) do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.
Inventário, Rio de Janeiro: Secretaria Estadual do Ambiente, 2017.
DUBEUX, Carolina Burle Schmidt; ROVERE, Emilio Lèbre La. Local perspectives in the control of
greenhouse gas emissions – The case of Rio de Janeiro. Journal of Environmental Management, [S. l.], p.
353-364, 29 maio 2007. DOI doi:10.1016/j.cities.2007.01.012. Disponível em:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264275107000248. Acesso em: 25 out. 2021.
EL PAÍS. Relatório da ONU sobre o clima responsabiliza a humanidade por aumento de fenômenos
extremos, 2021. Disponível em: https://brasil.elpais.com/internacional/2021-08-09/relatorio-da-onu-sobre-
mudanca-climatica-responsabiliza-humanidade-por-
aumento-de-fenomenos-extremos-atuais.html, acessado em: 21 ago 2021.
EPA. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Understanding Global Warming Potentials. 9 de
Setembro de 2020. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/understanding-global-warming-potentials. Acesso em:
18 de Agosto de 2021.
INEA - Instituto Estadual do Ambiente. Resolução INEA/PRES N° 64 de 12 de dezembro de 2012, dispõe

sobre a apresentação de inventário de emissões de gases de efeito estufa para fins de licenciamento ambiental
no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Disponível em: , acessado em: 06 jul 2021.
INEA. Promon Ar. Instituto Estadual do Ambiente, 2021. 15 de 06 de 2021.

http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/promon-ar/.
IPCC. Alterações Climáticas 2013. Painel Intergovernamental sobre Alterações Climáticas, 2013, acessado
em: 06 jul 2021.
MARENGO, J.A.; SOARES, W.R. Impacto das mudanças climáticas no Brasil e possíveis futuros
cenários climáticos: síntese do terceiro relatório do IPCC 2001. Cachoeira Paulista, SP: CPTEC-INPE,
2003. 29p.
REIS, Alice Balliester. Perfil das emissões de gases de efeito estufa no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Trabalho
de Conclusão de Curso, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Engenharia agrícola e ambiental, 2018. Disponível
em: https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/7699.
SENAI. Cartilha inventário de emissões de gases de efeito estufa. Rio de Janeiro, 2017.
SHINE, Keith P. The global warming potential - the need for an interdisciplinary retrial. Climatic Change,
2009: 467-472.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors express their gratitude toward INEA and the Fluminense Federal University.
52
INVENTORY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AREA OF MARICÁ
Vânia Cláudia de Assis 1, Fábio Ferreira Dias 1, Daniel S. Santos 1

1 Federal Fluminense University - UFF, Brazil
Abstract
Geoconservation, as a concept of geosite conservation brings the proposal to strengthen the valuation of
geological assets, through the implementation of a specific inventory and evaluation. In the concept of
ambiotic management, geoconservation is accumulated and characterizes itself as an emerging geoscience
within the Earth Sciences. A geosite is a place on the surface of the Earth that represents effectively significant
processes and events of time periods of the planet's identity, with a singular property, admittedly evaluated by
experts, while its set of geomorphological nature, forms geomorphosite. This research brings to the proposal
to inventory and evaluate a geomorphosite, the area of environmental protection of Maricá, located in the State
of Rio de Janeiro divided into the scientific, educational and geoturistic uses, which has a prominent and
remarkable expression. The result provides the description of the inventory that can be implemented as a site
management tool.
Keywords: Geoconservation, geomorphosites, Inventory
INTRODUCTION
The characterization of geodiversity establishes an essential pattern in human activities, when correlating the
multiform connections between the soil, climate, geomorphology, genesis processes, forms of the
environment, delimiting a path to the design of establishing geoconservation strategies.
The concept of geoconservation is not yet a consensus of scientists, but it is understood that the need to keep
a certain geosite, the sum of its value plus the threats that it faces, but Sharples (2002) defines geoconservation,
such as the conservation of geodiversity for their intrinsic, ecological and (GEO) equity values, where
'geodiversity' means: the scope (or diversity) of geological characteristics (mother rock), geomorphological
(relief) and soil , assemblies, systems and processes. (Sharples, 1995a, p.39).
According to Gray (2004) geodiversity is endowed with values: intrinsic, cultural, aesthetic, economic,
functional, scientific and educational. It is understood that all geodiversity of the Earth's surface, constitutes a
limited number of elements with one or more values, so it should be defined that these elements of special
geodiversity can be identified and selected for protection, since many of them are rare and at risk of
deterioration or destruction (Brilha, 2018).
Many threats to these elements are the result of natural processes, for example, coastal erosion or margins of
the river or fossil timber (Koch et al, 2020). An operation that would have a devastating effect on an area can
be more acceptable in another more robust place.
Brilha, 2015, establishes that the main steps in the development of an effective geoconservation strategy for
an area involves the development of inventory of interests and websites of geological assets and evaluation of
their values, among others.
53
Thus, the on-screen study proposes the production of a geomorphosites inventory, Maricá's environmental
protection area, on the coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro, through a quantitative evaluation of the sites, with
the objective of contributing of the insertion of geoconservation in area management
The proposed study is in the environmental protection area, which is located in Maricá's municipality in the
state of Rio de Janeiro.
The method to be used has 2 steps: preliminary evaluation and characterization, where the first consists of the
selection of geomorphosites that is part of the inventory and the other step is the complete evaluation of the
site; and is proposed by Brilha (2005) divided into sites with scientific value (geosite), with occurrences of
high scientific content, educational value, for the incentive of didactic activities, important for schools and
scientific communication; and tourist relevance (geodiversity sites), which can be used for tourism and leisure
highlighting the possibility of sustainability of economic development.
The first stage proposes a clear selection phase based on a method divided into sites with scientific value
(geosites) and educational value and tourist relevance (geodiversity sites), which consists of the bibliographic
review followed by field work, when the sites are characterized and evaluated taking into account its
representativeness, integrity, rarity and scientific knowledge if potential geosites are; and its didactic potential,
geological diversity, accessibility, security, aesthetic component and interpretative potential if they are
potential geodiversity sites.
After the preliminary evaluation, each site selected should have a process of characterizing its
geomorphological aspects, associated interests and use and management problems, with the use of descriptive
letters for the characterization of the area (eg Serrano and González-Trueba 2005; Pereira and Pereira 2010),
as an effective way to standardize information. The space classification of the area is related to the complexity
of the geomorphosites, according to the processes and forms of the relief, relevant to the creation of a vector
database in GIS (Geographic Information System). Geomorphosities are important embodiments, which must
be preserved due to risks generated from actions relating to the economic development of societies.
The municipality has the morphological and sedimentary characterization of the various ambients of their
sandy barriers (beach, dunes, broken-up fans) and the lagunar plain that integrate the coast, according to the
Map of the Geological Brazilian Service (figure 1) The geomorphology of Maricá's coastal plain is
characterized by the presence of two sandy barriers separated by a series of small glued laggies and the ponds
of Maricá, Barra, Father and Guarapina, which joints represent an important lagunar system connected to the
ocean by an extreme channel East. (Silva, 2014).
54
Figure 1: Interpretation of relief standards based on the product resulting from the fusion of orthophotos
with the digital elevation model (MDE) and fieldwork. Adapted IPT (2013)
Silva, 2014 score that the current coastal system would have been formed during marine transgression, which
are large masses of ice that cover permanently, and almost by full relief on which they have deposited, occurred
in the Holocene (geological phase caused by a degree process on the planet) around 3,500 years ap (Perrin,
1984; Maia et al., 1984). Paleontological evidence of sediments collected in Lagunar Systems in Maricá and
Niterói (RJ) indicate that the outermost barrier was formed at 7,150 years after, during a level of sea level,
which lasted up to about 5,000 years after similar behavior was observed in others Excerpts from the Brazilian
coast (Angulo & Lessa, 1997; Martin et al., 2003). Sediment analysis of the Lagoons of the Brejo do Espinho
and Red, located in depression between the two barriers and in areas adjacent to Marica, indicated ages from
5,100 and 7,000 years.
The following table is the presentation of the inventory of a Geomorphosite in the municipality of Maricá.
55
CONSIDERATIONS
The relevant aspect of this research work is the inventory with the complete characterization of its aspects and
56
use of management. This inventory intends to be a contributory instrument, with other performances, territorial
management, offering support for geoconservation practices and sustainable use of geomorphosites.
Inventory is one of the fundamental tools for the acquisition of consistent data for the framework of future
procedures, in collecting a succession of knowledge services, in the understanding of earth chronology, with
a view to contributing understanding by the materials and process society influence their life.
The present method integrates the characterization of the area in the presentation of a clear product of easy
understanding about the area.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/-65pQLvwTuk
REFERENCES
SHARPLES, C (2002). Concepts and principles of geoconservation. Published electronically on the Tasmanin
Parks & Wildlife Service web site. 3. ed. Set, p.6, 2002.
SHARPLES, C.,(1995 a): Geoconservation in forest management - principles and procedures;

Tasforests. Forestry Tasmania. Hobart, v. 7, p. 37, 1995a.
GRAY, Murray (2004). .Geodiversity valuing and conserving abiotic nature. London: John Wiley & Sons,
Ltd., 2004.
BRILHA J (2018) Geoheritage: inventoies and evaluation. In: Reynard E, Brilha J (ed) Geoheritage:
assessment, protection and management. Elsevier, Amsterdan, pp 69-86.
KOCH, A.L., Santucci, V.L. & McDonald, H.G. (2003) Developing Palaeontological Resource Monitoring
Strategies for the National Park Service. Paper presented to the Geological Society of America Annual
Meeting, Denver.
SILVA, André Luiz Carvalho, Silva, Maria A. Marins, Gralatto, Jaciele da Costa A. e Silvestre, Carolina
Pereira (2014). Caracterização Geomorfológica e Sedimentar da Planície Costeira de Maricá (Rio de
Janeiro). Revista Brasileira de Geomorfologia, v.15, nº2, p.234.
Ângulo, Rodolfo J. e Lessa, Guilherme Camargo (1997). The Brazilian sea-level curves: a critical review
with emphasis on the curves from the Paranaguá and Cananéia regions. Marine Geology 140, Elsevier,
p.147.
PERRIN, P.(1984) Evolução da Costa Fluminense entre as Pontas de Itacoatiara e Negra, preenchimentos e
restingas. In: Restingas, origens, processos. Lacerda, L. D., Araújo, D. S. D., Cerqueira, R. & Turcq, B.
(Eds). CEUFF, Niterói. pp. 65-74.
MAIA, M. C. A. C., MARTIN, L., FLEXOR, J. M. Evolução Holocênica da planície costeira de

Jacarepaguá (RJ). Anais do XXXIII Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 105-118, 1984.
57
NI CATALYST DEVELOPMENT FOR DRY CO2 METHANE REFORM.
Mauro Russélio David Jota 1, Fábio Bellot Noronha 2, Raimundo Crisóstomo Rabelo-Neto 2
1 Fluminense Federal University, Rua Passo da Pátria, 156 block D room 236, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
2 National Institute of Technology, Av. Venezuela 82, 20081-312, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Abstract
The development of catalysts has been a strategic basis of great importance for the use and reduction of
methane in the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2). One of the biggest problems in these studies has been the
lack of strength and carbon formation of these catalysts. Therefore, studies have sought ways to develop
catalysts that are stable and resistant to coke formation and sintering. Thus, the objective of this work is the
development of Nickel catalysts in the dry reforming of methane with CO2 and ways to use the Zirconia
support doped with La, Mg, Ca to control carbon formation. The catalytic tests will be carried out under
reaction conditions that simulate the composition of biogas found in landfills and biodigesters. The aim is to
improve the properties of the support and evaluate the behavior of these catalysts under different
concentrations of CH4 and CO2 regarding their ability to resist sintering and coke formation. For this, the
catalysts will be characterized before and after reactions by brunnauer-emmett-teller, X-ray fluorescence, X-
ray diffraction and programmed temperature reduction in order to verify structural changes, morphologies and
coke deposition.
Keywords: catalysis, dry methane reform, zirconia, h2
INTRODUCTION
Carbon has been immigrating into natural reservoirs for thousands of years. However, these reservoirs end up
becoming unstable due to climate change that makes this carbon become a component of greenhouse gases
(DEAN, 2020).
Renewable energy sources entered the market due to their promising sustainable development (ZHAO et al.,
2020). Biogas (CH4 and CO2) has been accepted as an alternative to fossil fuels in energy generation
(HOPCROFT, 2017).
The conversion of biogas through the reforming of methane with CO2 (DRM) produces synthesis gas that can
be used for the production of hydrogen for applications in fuel cells, or the synthesis of fuels such as gasoline,
diesel, kerosene, aldehydes and alcohols (AHMED; LEE; FERRANDON, 2015). One of the major
disadvantages of this technology is related to the catalyst deactivation that occurs due to carbon deposition
during the high temperature process (ROSTRUP-NIELSEN and BAK HANSEN 1993). For this reason, the
use of catalysts is crucial (PELEGRIN, 2017).
Developing a catalyst that has high activity, catalytic stability and is economically viable is the great challenge
of this reform (TACHINSKI et al., 2018). For these reasons, the use of Nickel-based catalysts is an important
alternative, as they have catalytic activity comparable to noble metals, and in addition, Ni is low-cost and
easily accessible (FONSECA, 2019).
58
However, the use of Nickel is hampered by the occurrence of several side reactions (ZHAO; BABU JOSEPH;
OZCAN, 2020), and the use of supports plays a key role in DRM, as it promotes the carbon removal
mechanism formed in the metal, inhibiting the deactivation of the catalyst (RABELO-NETO et al., 2018;
MARINHO et al., 2019). Thus, attempts to improve the stability of Ni catalysts in DRM have focused on the
use of different oxides, such as zirconia supports or zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) (CHARISIOU et al., 2017).
In view of that, this work aims to evaluate the performance of Ni-based catalysts supported on ZrO2 doped
with La, Ca, Mg in the dry reforming of methane with CO2.
This work is the first phase of the project, a literature review, where information from the period 2015 to
2021 was compiled. This
research was carried out in journals rated A1 in the area of Environmental Sciences according to Quali CAPES
listing, so that it was meeting with recent and well-founded research on the theme in emphasis.
The second phase of the project is the experimental study that will be conducted at the Catalysis Laboratory
of the National Institute of Technology located in the State of Rio de Janeiro. As of the date of posting this
summary, this phase was not in progress due to the COVID19 pandemic, which led to the closure and
restrictions of research centers.
Thus, the characterization of the catalysts, which is an important step in catalysis, because, from it, an
understanding of the structure of the material is obtained, with information about its surface and its chemical
composition, which makes it possible to understand the interactions of the reagents with the material and
consequently explain which phenomena occurred in the performed reaction, has not yet been performed.
Once phase two takes effect, important structural properties will be investigated by the following methods:
• Brunnauer-Emmett-Teller (BET): to determine the specific area of the catalyst.

• X-ray fluorescence (FRX): to determine the chemical composition of samples.
• X-ray diffraction (XRD): to identify crystalline phases within catalysts by analyzing the lattice
structural parameters
• Programmed Temperature Reduction (TPR): to reduce metallic oxide.
Catalytic tests will also be carried out in a fixed bed reactor at atmospheric pressure to assess the effects of the
modifications on selectivity and will also allow a better understanding of the formation mechanisms in the
process.
For catalysis, zirconia is a promising research oxide. The doping of these oxides is a good alternative to modify
the characteristics of a catalyst. An interesting property of ZrO2 is its ease of combining with other oxides such
as CaO, MgO and La2O3 to form solid solutions. These combinations generate changes in the structure of the
oxides, improving ionic conductivity and thermal stability (DE REZENDE, 2019).
In their studies, Stagg-Williams et al. (2000) concluded that the addition of lanthanum to the support has
several effects, such as increasing the thermal stability of the catalyst when the promoter stabilizes in the
tetragonal phase of zirconia. They added that this is not only beneficial in increasing the active metal surface
exposed for the reaction, but it also maintains a high particle support interface area, which is crucial for
efficient cleaning of the metal particle.
Likewise, Noronha et al. (2011) in their study, however in the steam reforming of methane concluded that
the modifications in zirconia caused by the addition of Mg2+ and Ca2+ cations influenced the NiO reduction
profile. They also observed that no coke formation occurred in any catalyst, and the doping of zirconia with
59
Mg caused the deactivation of the catalysts, while the addition of Ca inhibited the deactivation.
Everett et al. (2019) in their research on oxygen vacancies (DAS et al., 2021) and CO2 methanation using Ca-
doped Ni/ZrO2 concluded that “the presence of Ca in the methanation catalyst results in an increase in the
number of vacancy pairs of oxygen - site of unsaturated coordination, which promote the rupture of the CO
bond, considered the slow stage of the process”. The addition of La2O3 to modify the ZrO2 support is a good
strategy to identify the stability and activity of catalysts, let's see:
Modifiers such as La, stabilize the cubic or tetragonal phase of zirconia at room temperature, forming a solid
solution of Zr(1-x)La(x)O(2-y), in which the replacement of Zr4+ cations by cations of lower valence, such as La3+,
generate oxygen vacancies in the ZrO2 structure due to the need to maintain the network's electroneutrality.
The presence of these vacancies allows an increase in ionic conductivity.
This property contributes to the selectivity, activity and stability of the formed catalysts (TAO et. al., 2018).
Vacancies formed by the addition of dopants to the zirconia structure can then act as active sites for oxygen-
containing species, increasing the dissociation of CO2 to CO. Furthermore, the carbon present in CH4 can be
completely dehydrogenated by reacting with the O present on the surface that originated in the dissociation of
CO2.
The presence of vacancies in the catalyst structure promotes the interaction with CO2, thus facilitating the
formation of CO and the removal of carbon deposited in nickel. In catalysts in which this interaction of CO 2
with the support is not increased, the carbon left by the dissociation of CH4 is deposited on Ni, forming NiCx.
And it is clear then that the interaction of CO2 with the support sites can take place through basic sites or
through the presence of oxygen vacancies.
CONSIDERATIONS
We can see that La2O3 has a positive effect on catalytic activity and carbon suppression. Oxygen vacancies in
ZrO2 are also of great importance, as they activate CO2 under DRM conditions and facilitate the oxidation of
nascent coke. Nickel-based catalysts, although widely used in reforming processes, are less active than noble
metal-based catalysts and more subject to deactivation. An effective strategy to improve the performance of
these catalysts lies in the use of supports.
Carbon formation can be avoided when the concentration of CO2 in nickel crystals is lower than the
equilibrium, decreasing the steady state carbon activity, which is achievable by increasing the adsorption of
vapor or CO2, increasing the surface reaction rate or decreasing the rate and degree of activation and
dissociation of methane. However, dry methane reform can make a significant contribution to this challenge
and to future hydrogen production, as H2 allows for the reduction of polluting gases and efficient generation
of electricity in vehicles and fuel cells.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/AbT9QQl2wdI
REFERENCES
ALVES, Camila Almeida. Efeito da adição de ZnO em catalisadores Ni-Al2O3, Ni-CeO2, Ni-MgO e Ni-
ZrO2 para reação de reforma seca de metano. 2014. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade de São Paulo.
CHARISIOU, Nikolaos D. et al. The effect of WO3 modification of ZrO2 support on the Ni-catalyzed dry
reforming of biogas reaction for syngas production. Frontiers in Environmental Science, v. 5, p. 66, 2017.
DAS, Sonali et al. Role of lattice oxygen in methane activation on Ni-phyllosilicate@ Ce1-xZrxO2 core-shell
catalyst for methane dry reforming: Zr doping effect, mechanism, and kinetic study. Applied Catalysis B:
Environmental, v. 290, p. 119998, 2021.
60
DEAN, Joshua F. Old methane and modern climate change. Science, v. 367, n. 6480, p. 846-848, 2020.
DE REZENDE, Dennis Júnior Lara Faleiro. Reforma de metano com CO2 sobre catalisadores
Níquel/Zircônia promovidos com Lantânio. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Química) - Universidade
Federal de São João Del-Rei, 2019.
EVERETT, Oliver E. et al. Vacâncias de oxigênio e a metanação de CO2 empregando o Ni/ZrO2 dopado
com Ca. In: 20 Congresso Brasilerio de Catálise, 2019. Availabel at:
http://sisconev.com.br/uploads/CBCat2019/20190530105634000001150.pdf
FONSECA, R. O. Study of the performance of cereal-based catalysts in the reform of methane with CO2.
Doctoral thesis. Military Engineering Institute. 2019.
HOPCROFT, Peter. Atmospheric Science: Ancient ice and the global methane cycle. Nature, v. 548, n.
7668, p. 403-404, 2017.
MARINHO, André LA et al. Desenvolvimento de catalisadores à base de Ni embebido em CeO2 para a

produção de gás de síntese via reação de reforma seca do metano.Tese Doutorado, Eng. Quimica
Uberlândia, UFU, 2011. Disponível em:
https://repositorio.ufu.br/bitstream/123456789/15055/1/Tese%20Sandra1.pdf.
PEREIRA, S. C. ; RABELO NETO, R. C. ; GASPAR, A. B. ; Borges, L.E.P. ; NORONHA, F. B. . Avaliação

do desempenho de catalisadores de níquel na reação de reforma do metano produzido na gaseificação de
biomassa. In: 16 Congresso Brasileiro de Catalise, 2011, Campos do Jordao. Anais do 16 Congresso
Brasileiro de Catalise, 2011. v. 1. p. 1692-1697.
PELEGRIN, Diego Colombo. Oxidação parcial catalítica do metano para produção de gás de síntese
utilizando catalisadores suportados em fibras de FeCrAlloy®. 2017. Dissertação (mestrado) -
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia
Química, Florianópolis, 2017. Disponível em: https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/182881.
RABELO-NETO, R. C. et al. CO2 reforming of methane over supported LaNiO3 perovskite-type oxides.
Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, v. 221, p. 349-361, 2018.
STAGG-WILLIAMS, Susan M. et al. CO2 reforming of CH4 over Pt/ZrO2 catalysts promoted with La and Ce
oxides. Journal of Catalysis, v. 194, n. 2, p. 240-249, 2000.
TACHINSKI, Camila Gaspodini. Obtenção de gás de síntese a partir da reforma a seco de metano e
dióxido de carbono utilizando catalisador de níquel liofilizado. Dissertação Mestrado Eng. Quicia, 2018.
Disponivel em: https://repositorio.ufsc.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/193970/PENQ0769-
D.pdf?sequence=-1&isAllowed=y.
TAO, Qingqing et al. Enhanced catalytic activity of Ni–Mo 2 C/La 2 O 3–ZrO 2 bifunctional catalyst for dry
reforming of methane. Journal of materials science, v. 53, n. 20, p. 14559-14572, 2018.
ZHAO, Xianhui; BABU JOSEPH, John Kuhn; OZCAN, Soydan. Biogas Reforming to Syngas: A Review.
iScience, v. 23, n. 5, 2020.
61
POSSIBLE BUSINESS MODELS AND COMMUNITY IMPACTS OF A COMMUNITY
ESCO FOR COMMUNITIES IN RIO DE JANEIRO/BRAZIL
Mariana dos Prazeres Oliveira 1, Luiza Helena F. Saraiva Pegoraro 2, Daniel Henrique Nogueira Dias2,
Marcos Alexandre Teixeira2
Abstract
It is recognized that communities within the urban context can work as an isolated unit / city. This can be truth
also in terms of economy, where many opportunities wait to be identified and explored for the benefit of the
community itself, as in the case of Popular Banks, organizations created and managed by the residents of the
communities themselves, focused on employability microcredit and employment and income generation. In
this paper is assessed how this development model could be applied to the energy efficiency market, an area
of activity in which business models could be used to generate environmental awareness as well as resilience
in face of energy dependence; one of the main dependences of the community thousands the city. In this case,
this work seeks to envisage how to implement this project, incorporating capacity building actions, training,
job profile building and, by means of implementing a flag project within the community demonstrate its
economic-financial sustainability. Based on this roadmap, the aim is - from field research, interviews with
focus groups - to seek to understand a structure its working plan that could make this objective feasible, and
if possible build the basis for a protocol and action plan possible to be replicated in other locations.
Keywords: community, ESCO
INTRODUCTION
Energy is one key dependences of slum to its surrounding, decreasing this dependence, a more autonomous
community could arise; resilient and autonomous. This can be achieved with a better understanding, by the
residents, of energy efficiency. that is about doing more with less energy consumption. There are several ways
to reduce energy consumption associated with an energy service, such as the use of more up to date
technologies (ex: replacement of incandescent light bulbs for LED light bulbs), bests practice within HVAC
systems (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning), use of solar energy, among others knowledges.
ESCOs are companies specialized in energy efficiency, that had grown around the world (BERTOLDI, 2014),
while in Brazil their growth has been relatively slow. ABESCO, the Associação Brasileira das Empresas de
Serviços de Conservação de Energia, founded in 1997, has accompanied this growth (ABESCO, 2021).
Due Climate Change, and or Structure Changes in the urban infrastructure, we currently live in a scenario of
rain water scarcity, which directly impacts energy generation, as currently hydropower is the largest source of
energy in the country; impacting heavily in the tariffs, moreover, due to the pandemic, quarantine and home
office, our household consumption energy has faced considerable growth (EPE, 2021).
In the other spectrum of the society, there have been also a social crisis, mainly in the social sphere, with the
growing number of unemployed workers at communities and residents who, due the close of educational
62
institutions, were deprived of formal education, making it difficult to enter the labor market (JUNIOR, 2019).
It was in this scenario the present project arise, to provide the community – considering the structure envisaged
by the Popular Banks – with a ESCO Social Company that could provide: employment, resilience, decrease
its dependence (in terms of energy consumption), and environmental awareness; including in its actions the
development of a Flag project, an energy saving and efficiency improving actions at a local – socially used –
building, in this case the community building with the local Saint Cecília parish, Brás de Pinha Community
Rio de Janeiro / RJ
The star was based on the same idea of Popular Banks, which in turnover are solidary financial services, whose
purpose is to generate work and income with a focus on reorganizing local economies (Brito, 2019).
In Brazil, Banco de Palmas is a key example of a Popular Bank. Created in 1998, this innovative project
positively impacted the generation of jobs, which consequently generated income improving the local market,
what benefited local producers and consumers. Among the initiatives implemented is the creation of a social
currency, which allowed consumption within the neighborhood itself (Brito, 2019).
The work proposed aims to seek alternatives to simultaneously: study the technical and economic feasibility
of implementing an ESCO model in a community, as well as capacity building actions to technically train the
residents of these communities on energy efficiency, and thus generate jobs and qualified labor, within
decreasing the community demand and expenditure with energy.
As most of the electricity generated in the country comes from hydroelectric plants (EPE, 2020). Therefore,
in periods of drought, the power plant reservoirs are lower, which means that the ONS, the Operador Nacional
do Sistema Elétrico, enhance the energy generation based on thermal powerplants, which in turn have a higher
generation cost.
In the other side, the demand one, our energy consumption has been growing year after year. The COVID-19
pandemic crisis lead to an initial decrease in the energy consumption, that still affect the Industrial sector
(EPE, 2020), but, the residential sector, was already overcome this decrease, as can be seem at Figure 1, it is
possible to notice how much residential consumption increased (EPE, 2020).
Figure 1: Average residential consumption (kWh/month) (EPE)
In this aspect, this work aims to address the possibility of implementing the business model of Energy
Conservation Service Companies in Brazil, with a focus on increasing energy efficiency, community
resilience, increase sustainability seeking to foster local economies by generating jobs and revenues, within
the community, by means of training and capacity building of residents in energy efficient skills and money
saving actions, and by doing so raise this know-how in the community.
This work envisage to becomes an important milestone for the energy efficiency field, in an effort to spread
and develop energy efficiency actions in areas of the society and in the country that normally would not have
63
access to this kind of knowledge, and by doing so we can raise awareness a more conscious energy
consumption mindset.
Is its structured as a Public University program, that, this work also shed light on an innovative form to how
universities cam act based on social projects, as a tool for propagating sustainable innovations (Brasil et al.,
2015).
One of the ongoing examples of the importance of innovation in social projects is RevoluSolar, an NGO
founded in 2015 that, based on sustainable initiatives, seeks the development of low-income communities in
Rio de Janeiro City / RJ. One of these initiatives of these working force is the capacity building ations of the
local workforce on the solar energy market, which has a great impact on the generation of jobs opportunities
for the local population. Generating quality local jobs for the new low-carbon economy and empowering the
community (REVOLUSOLAR, 2021).
As a market, there are currently few companies focused on energy efficiency in Brazil, in general, we could
save much more energy than we do today just by carrying out studies and initiatives focused on this end
(MME, 2020). Energy efficiency can be obtained not only through the use of more modern and efficient
technologies, but also through the awareness of the population, changing habits and behavior, creating a new
pattern of efficient consumption, innovating an architecture, and adopting best practices – specially in terms
of HVAC systems (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning, a significant energy demand in households
due the high summer temperatures), use of solar energy (both for electricity and heat generation), and so on.
In this sense, it is extremely important raise awareness in the communities on the energy saving possibilities,
and train the locals in energy saving skills, especially when this capacity building action does not follow the
standard, formal educational process, but approaches the use of energy through non-formal education, sharing
experiences of the students in a Constructive way, following the ideas of FREIRE (1967). In this sense, it is
important to bring the University team to the local community and maximize the use of local and collective
spaces.
The main goal of this work is to assess the technical, economic and social feasibility of implementing a model
of an Energy Conservation Service Company, as a Popular Bank in a local community in the municipality of
Rio de Janeiro City, by means of capacity building action within the local works and thus motivating the local
labor force to further develop energy efficient actions proving resilience and awareness within the community.
In terms of market behavior, according to data from the EPE (Empresa de Pesquisa Energética), in 2020,
largely due to the pandemic and its consequences such as quarantine and home office, there was an increase
in electricity consumption in the residential sector compared to 2019, while on the generation side there was
a decrease (EPE, 2021).
In the second half of 2012, we had an increase in energy consumption of 12.8% compared to the same period
in 2020, which was strongly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, residential consumption grew 4.8%, while
the industrial class grew 22.3% (EPE2, 2021). Figure 2 shows the comparison of consumption growth in
relation to GDP growth in the country.
64
Figure 2: Energy consumption and GDP growth in the country.
So, there is space to explore energy saving and the need of the general population to seek opportunities to
decrease energy consumption a thus, decrease the household expenses. In this sense,
Energy efficiency cam be seen as nothing more than a more intelligent, skillful and conscientious use of
electric energy to obtain the same day by day result. Efficiency projects encompass initial studies for loads
characterization and later proposing actions that can reduce this load and thus decrease expense with energy
(i.e. cleaning of Air conditioning units to increase efficiency).
Currently, there are already several public policies in the world focused on sustainable development, which
suggests that society makes a conscious use of its energy resources. Historically, as seen in Brazil's Energy
Efficiency Policy, the concern with this issue was strengthened in the 70s, due to the oil crisis. In the 1980s,
PROCEL was created, the Programa Nacional de Conservação de Energia Elétrica, under the Ministry of
Mines and Energy, with the aim of optimizing the use of electric energy. In the 1990s and 2000s, decrees and
laws were created to strengthen these efforts. Today, we have the National Energy Efficiency Plan, to include
efforts in the energy sector planning (MME, 2020).
However, according to research, there is a lack of initiatives aimed at training professionals in this area, as
they currently do not follow the growth of the renewable sector and the efficiency initiatives themselves.
In terms of field level action plant, the project encompasses a field fact trip, on gathering information within
similar actions – social projects facing energy use / renewables insertions (like Revusolar, Grael Project), to
understand the main framework to design such capacity building actions. In parallel, survey the literatures and
developments models for the Popular Banks and select at least one structure that could be applied.
The study will be developed through visits to the chosen community, identification of the main desired public
profile (i.e.: age, educational level), surveys with residents in terms of interests and potential on Energy
Efficient Actions and a feasibility study, as a flag project and convergency point for a training and capacity
building action (local community parish social salon). In parallel, the concepts of energy efficiency and the
development of commercial projects will also be studied, specially applied to the needs of the target
population.
The RevoluSolar project will be adopted as a benchmarking model, in order to verify how training is done,
the approach used with the community, the tools and methodology, in this sense their members might be
enrolled as a steering comity.
CONSIDERATIONS
A case study of ESCOs in operation in Brazil will be carried out, for a better understanding of the requirements,
modes of operation, the market and the best way to implement them in our scenario.
In parallel social energy-based projects will be assessed to understand dos and don’ts in design the field action.
65
Field research will also be carried out in the communities for study of interest, target audience, with the
community of Brás de Pina, in particular aiming to carry out the case study associated with the parish hall of
the Santa Cecília Church.
From the methodology and proposed work plan, using the vast bibliography on this topic, it will be possible
to carry out this action plant and by doing so indicating innovative ways to address energy efficiency within
local communities in slum areas of the Rio de Janeiro region.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/rMUbm_I8zTg
REFERENCES
ABESCO. Associação Brasileira das Empresas de Serviços de Conservação de Energia 2021. Available
at: http://www.abesco.com.br/pt/. Acessed at 23 set 2021.
BERTOLDI, Paolo; BOZA-KISS, Benigna; PANEV, Strahil; LABANCA, Nicola. The European ESCO
Market Report 2013. Ispra: Institute for Energy and Transport, 2014. DOI:10.2790/24203.
BRASIL, M. V. O.; OLIVEIRA, F. C.; TASSIGNY, M. M.; POMPEU, R. M. Inovações sustentáveis em

Projetos de Responsabilidade Social. Revista Eletrônica Gestão & Sociedade, v.9, n.22, p. 810 -831. 2015.
BRITO, É. C., OLIVEIRA, C. M., Bancos Comunitários de desenvolvimento e moedas sociais: à experiência
pioneira do banco de Palmas, Revista Orbis Latina, Paraná, v. 9 n. 2, 2019
EPE - Empresa de Pesquisa Energética. Balanço Energético Nacional 2021, Brasil. Empresa de Pesquisa
Energética. 2021.
EPE - Empresa de Pesquisa Energética. Resenha Mensal do Mercado de Energia Elétrica. Rio de Janeiro:
EPE, Ano XIII nu 157, outubro 2020. Avaliable at: https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-
abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-153/topico-510/Claro_resenha-mensal-Outubro.pdf
FREIRE, Paulo. Educação como prática para a liberdade. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1967.
Junior. P. R. S., Mayorga, C, Jovens nem nem brasileiros/as: entre desconhecimento das experiências
espetacularização e intervenções. DESIDADES - Revista Eletrônica de Divulgação Científica da Infância
e Juventude, Rio de Janeiro, nº 23, 2019.
MARQUES, R. G. Modelo de negócios de uma ESCO (Empresa de Serviços de Energia). 2018. 52 f.

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação) - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Pato Branco,
2018
MME (Ministério de Minas e Energia). Plano nacional de eficiência energética. Brasília: MME, 2020.
REVUSOLAR. Promovemos o Desenvolvimento Sustentável de Comunidades através da Energia Solar.

Avaliable at: https://revolusolar.org.br/, 2021
SANTOS, E. P., Conti, T. N., Mercado profissional para a área de energia e eficiência energética no Brasil.
Revista Internacional de Ciências, Rio de Janeiro, v. 07, n. 02, p. 142 - 158, jul-dez 2017.
66
STUDY OF PHOTOCATALYST FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN FROM THE
GLYCEROL REFORM
GODINHO, Marlon Alves 1

1 UFF - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
Abstract
The complex socioenvironmental issues that occur in the current scenario, intensified by exploratory and
degrading commercial activities and by protectionist political tensions, concern and bring to light the
importance of the search for reducing the use of fossils and the carbon formulas that can lead to catastrophic
for the future of the planet.
The following study aims to propose a catalyst with practical efficiency in the photocatalytic reform of
glycerol, the main by-product of the biodiesel production process, to obtain hydrogen, one of the main sources
of clean energy today.
After conducting an extensive advanced bibliographic review of the current advances in photocatalytic
materials and reinforcements, the base material and possibly a doping material will be defined for its practical
application in the photocatalytic reform of glycerol and separation of hydrogen from sunlight for energy
purposes.
Keywords: Photocatalyst, Glycerin, Biofuels, Clean Energy, Hydrogen.
INTRODUCTION
The need to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases is an issue that is already well known and with social
and environmental concern present throughout the world. In the second half of the 20th century, geopolitical
tensions in the Middle East, production costs and oil supply problems intensified the market's interest in
alternatives to it (RAMOS et al, 2011). Attention was turned to the search for fuels that had a harmonious
relationship between sustainability, energy conservation, efficiency and the environmental preservation that
worries so much (AGARWAL, 2007).
An alternative with great positive impacts to the use of traditional fuels is the use of fuels derived from
biomass. With proven efficacy and great market acceptance, biodiesel is a reality. However, the biodiesel
production process generates, as a by-product, glycerol. With applications in several industries, glycerol is
capable of being used in the production of products with high added value, but despite having the capacity to
be absorbed by some markets, the excess of glycerol, which is highly polluting when improperly discarded.
Hydrogen (H) is a zero-carbon energy source that is expected to become increasingly important soon.
Photocatalytic reforming of glycerol for hydrogen production has also been widely studied in recent years. by
the world academic community because of what can be called the generation of clean energy derived from an
equally clean process that is not harmful to the environment. That said, hydrogen production from aqueous
solutions under sunlight is defined as a clean and efficient way to obtain energy. This work proposes to develop
a low cost catalyst with high activity and good selectivity for the production of hydrogen from glycerol reform,
67
using sunlight as an energy source for the process.
Preparation of the photocatalyst.
After determining the catalysts, they must be prepared, using a methodology, which will be defined according
to the composition of the chosen material. Since there is the possibility of using a solid based on doped CeO2,
the synthesis will preferably be done by precipitation or impregnation methodologies.
Photocatalyst characterization
The morphology of the material will be evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), using a JEOL
microscope 100 V at 30 kV, model JSM 7100F and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), using a JEOL
microscope 80 kV at 200 kV, model JEM 2100F.
X-Ray Diffraction Analyzes will be used to analyze the crystalline phases of the material and determine the
particle size of the catalysts. The analyzes will be performed in a Bruker D8 Advance high resolution
equipment, using CoKα radiation (1.78897 Å).
The textural characterization will be performed by adsorption of N2 at -196°C The samples will be previously
treated at 100°C for 12 hours. The isotherms generated after adsorption will be analyzed by the methods:
i. BET, for specific area measurement;

ii. BJH, for measuring the area and volume of total mesopores;
iii. t-plot for measuring the area and volume of micropores.
The absorption capacity of the photocatalyst will be evaluated using UV-Visible Spectroscopy.
Photocatalytic activity test
According to the literature, in general, the prepared photocatalyst is mixed with the solution containing the
glycerol. The mixture formed is kept in a light-free compartment for 30 minutes to reach the absorption
balance. Then, the catalytic test is carried out in a photoreactor composed of a quartz tube, with stirring, at
room temperature and using artificial light (Xe lamps). It is intended to evaluate the effect of the composition
and amount of catalyst, glycerol concentration, solution pH and irradiation time. Solution samples will be
collected every 20 minutes. The quantification of products and determination of photocatalytic activity will
be performed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
In order to obtain a precise idea about the current state of knowledge about photocatalytic processes for the
generation of H2 from glycerol, emphasizing the composition of photocatalysts and operating conditions, an
extensive literature review was carried out. It was intended to identify the main challenges for obtaining active
and selective photocatalysts and then propose compositions for the catalysts that are potentially promising, in
addition to optimizing the process conditions.
After all, this is a totally new subject. Using this reasoning, it was possible to see that the literature emphasizes
materials based on CeO2. In the meantime, the literature cites solid solutions Zr-Ce and Pr-Ce. In the same
context, works on the use of ZrxCe1-xO2 solid solutions for photodegradation of organic compounds were
also studied. The authors found that the highest photocatalytic activity was obtained for x = 0.2
(Zr0.8Ce0.2O2).
It was also possible to verify that solid Ce-Pr solutions are efficient for the photodegradation of organic
pollutants. In one of the studies evaluated, it was verified the effect of Pr content for the production of hydrogen
68
in the reform of biogas and that the materials Pr0.8Ce0.2O2 showed the best behavior with the formation of a
greater number of oxygen vacancies, which would be important for photocatalytic activity.
Furthermore, as the objective of this work is to obtain hydrogen from glycerol, it would be necessary to add a
metallic phase, which could be a noble (Pt) or non-noble (Ni, Co, etc.) metal to increase the yield for hydrogen.
In the researched literature, the production of hydrogen from glycerol using Co/TiO2 catalysts is performed,
showing that the best photocatalytic behavior in water/glycerol mixtures was observed for the sample with 1%
Co. Thus, the proposal was defined to assess the behavior of three catalysts namely:
i. 1%Co/CeO2 (will be used for comparison);

ii. 1%Co/Zr0.8Ce0.2O2;
iii. 1%Co/Pr0.8Ce0.2O2.
With the definition of the catalysts above, the methodology for preparing the CeO2, Zr0.2Ce0.8O2 and
Pr0.2Ce0.8O2 supports will be synthesized from nitrate precursors by complexing metal cations with citrate
as described in Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2011, 13, 3896–3905. And the Co will be impregnated on the
supports, as described in IJHE 8 (2013) 9655. Thus, initially, setting the reaction conditions and evaluating:
i. the effect of dopant addition, comparing (1) with (2);

ii. the effect of the dopant type, comparing (2) with (3).
With this assessment, you can determine the best photocatalyst and then assess the effect of reaction conditions
(such as glycerol concentration and medium pH).
CONSIDERATIONS
Given the arguments presented so far, there are the following possibilities of results:
i. The activity and selectivity for hydrogen production are influenced by the composition of
the photocatalyst;
ii. The activity and selectivity for hydrogen production are influenced by the amount of
catalyst and the concentration of glycerol;
iii. The activity and selectivity for hydrogen production are influenced by the pH of the medium
and the irradiation time.
Therefore, the development of a technically and economically viable technology for the production of H2 from
glycerol, using solar energy will make it possible to use this residue from the biodiesel production process in
a sustainable way, with lower cost and lower energy consumption, generating the one that can be considered
the ideal fuel, the photocatalytic H2.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/hfuFCrodzrg
REFERENCES
ALHADDAD, Maha; NAVARRO, R. M.; HUSSEIN, M. A.; MOHAMED, R. M., Bi2O3/ g-C3N4
nanocomposites as proficient photocatalysts for hydrogen generation from aqueous glycerol solutions beneath
visible light, Ceramics international, Nov. 2020, V.46(16), p.24873-24881.
CABRAL, Ana Claudia; FRIGO, Elisandro Pires; PERISSATO, Samara Moreira, AZEVEDO, Késia Damaris
de; FRIGO, Jianice Pires; Bonassa, Gabriela, Hidrogênio: Uma Fonte de Energia Para o Futuro, Revista
Brasileira de Energias Renováveis, v. 3, p. 128-135, 2014.
CHEN, S. F.; HU, Y. F.; JIANG, X. L.; MENG, S. G.; FU, X. L., Fabrication and characterization of novel
Z-scheme photocatalyst WO3/g-C3N4 with high efficient visible light photocatalytic activity, Materials
Chemistry and Physics, v. 149–150, Jan. 2015, Pages 512-521
69
HU, S. W.; YANG, L. W.; TIAN, Y.; WEI, X. L.; DING, J. W.; ZHONG, J. X.; CHU, P. K., Simultaneous
nanostructure and heterojunction engineering of graphitic carbon nitride via in situ Ag doping for enhanced
photoelectrochemical activity, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2015, v. 163, p. 611 – 622.
KIM, Donghyung; YONG, Kijung, Boron doping induced charge transfer switching of a C3N4/ZnO
photocatalyst from Z-scheme to type II to enhance photocatalytic hydrogen production, Applied Catalysis B:
Environmental, Mar. 2021, v. 282, p. 119538.
MA, Yueyuan; WANG, Yue-Ming; MORGAN, Patrick J.; JACKSON, Rachael E.; LIU, Xiao-Han;
SAUNDERS, Graham C.; LORENZINI, Fabio; MARR, Andrew C., Designing effective homogeneous
catalysis for glycerol valorisation: selective synthesis of a value-added aldehyde from 1,3-propanediol via
hydrogen transfer catalysed by a highly recyclable, fluorinated CpIr(NHC) catalyst, Catalysis today, Jun.
2018, v.307, p.248-259.
MOHAMED, Reda.M ; ISMAIL, Adel A ; BASALEH, Amal S ; BAWAZIR, Huda,A Facile fabrication of
mesoporous In2O3/LaNaTaO3 nanocomposites for photocatalytic H2 evolution, International journal of
hydrogen energy, Guangzhou, Jul. 2020, v.45(38), p.19214-19225
SADANANDAM, Gullapelli; LALITHA, Kannekanti; KUMARI, Valluri Durga; SHANKAR, Muthukonda

V., Cobalt doped TiO2: A stable and efficientphotocatalyst for continuous hydrogen productionfrom glycerol:
Water mixtures under solar lightirradiation, International journal of hydrogen energy, 2013, v. 38, p. 9655-
9664.
SANTANA, Keissy Vanderley de; MORORÓ, Maria Cleudenôra Cássia; MANHKE, Layla Carvalho;
FREITAS, José Henrique Edmilson Souza, NASCIMENTO, Aline Elesbão do, Glicerol Residual da
Produção de Biodiesel e Suas Aplicações Industriais por Vias Químicas e Biotecnológicas, in: Congresso
Brasileiro de Gestão Ambiental, VII, 2016 Campina Grande, Anais Seções de Trabalhos Técnicos Instituto
Brasileiro de Estudos Ambientais, Paraíba, 2016.
SCHMAL, Martin. Catálise Heterogênea. 1. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Synergia Editora, 2011.
SEMWALA, Surbhi; ARORAB, Ajay K.; BADONIA, Nagendra P.; TULIB, Deepak K., Biodiesel production
using heterogeneous catalysts, Bioresource Technology, v. 102, i. 3, p. 2151-2161, Feb. 2011.
UMPERRE, A. P.; MACHADO, F. Gliceroquímica e Valorização do Glicerol. Revista Virtual de Química,

v. 5, p. 106-116, 2013. Disponível em: http://static.sites.sbq.org.br/rvq.sbq.org.br/pdf/v5n1a10.pdf, Acesso
em: 27/11/2020.
VAIANO, Vincenzo; LERVOLINO, Giuseppina, Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production from Glycerol

Aqueous Solution Using Cu-Doped ZnO under Visible Light Irradiation, Applied Science, Salerno, 9 (13),
2741, jun. 2019.
ZHANG, Cuicui; LIN, Jun, Visible-light induced oxo-bridged ZrIV−O−CeIII redox centre in tetragonal
ZrO2–CeO2 solid solution for degradation of organic pollutants, Physical Chemistry Chemical
Physics,2011,v. 13, p. 3896–3905.
70
STUDY ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF REVERSE LOGISTICS IN MEDICINES
FROM HEALTH FACILITIES
Rodrigo Cimas da Silva , Dr. Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo
Abstract
The need to build more sustainable production processes is an issue of social relevance in the 21st century.
Environmental tragedies on different continents indicate that humanity needs to understand how nature
belongs to a system that needs balance to exist. A current issue refers to the management of solid waste, which
are classified in different ways in literature. The disposal of solid waste is one of the great challenges of
modern society, due to the growing increase of its quantities, being even more challenging for hazardous solid
waste, such as medicine packaging. In this context, it is important that industries feel somewhat responsible
for what they produce, from leaving the factory until the final stage of consumption, in a process called reverse
logistics. Brazil, through the implementation of the National Solid Waste Policy (NSWP), brought reverse
logistics as an important tool in solid waste management, enhancing mechanisms for the adequacy of its
disposal and co-responsibility for the generators of these wastes. This research aims to investigate the
strategies adopted in the scope of the Unified Health System (UHS) in Brazil, related to the reverse logistics
of medicines consumed in Health Units.
Keywords: Reverse logistic. Recycling. Health.
INTRODUCTION
The climate changes witnessed by the world since the 1990s have given rise to a great concern among nations
with the consequences of reckless extraction and the irresponsible use of our natural resources. It was realized
that the preservation of nature is an urgent topic and that a global effort is needed to rebuild part of the
ecosystem that has been damaged for centuries. And this is not about local actions, as actions that are harmful
to a country's ecosystem have global impacts, requiring actions that involve all countries (ZANIRATO;
RONTONDARO, 2016).
Locally, governments must stablish public policies that encourage actions of environmental preservation and
demand from companies actions of environmental and social responsibility. Although there are local public
policies that promote solid waste management actions, they only comply with legislation and fall short of
environmental needs (CRUZ, 2016).
Experiences promoted by the State and civil society that propose solid waste management actions are frequent
and highlight the need to build sustainable development (MENDES; VILAÇA, 2011).
Residues are leftovers from human and animal consumption that are discarded after using a specific material.
They are produced in the most different stages of consumption and vary in their way of being based on human
production and consumption practices (ZAGO; BARROS, 2019).
In this context, reverse logistics receives great importance, as most supply chain processes are no longer
characterized by traditional flows that focus entirely on the production and distribution of products to end
71
users. Opposite to this, there is a movement of companies seeking to maximize the value of resources and
reduce waste, helping companies to make a profit through the recovery of used materials (KAZEMI et al,
2019).
The present study presents the following question as a problem: What are the reverse logistics strategies
adopted by public health systems in Brazil in relation to medicines with expired validity or without usage
conditions?
The research stands out as a qualitative, systematic literature review type. (SAMPAIO; MANCINI, 2007)
define a systematic review as follows: A systematic review, like other types of review study, is a form of
research that uses the literature on a particular topic as a data source. This type of investigation provides a
summary of evidence related to a specific strategy, through the application of explicit and systematic methods
of search, critical evaluation and synthesis of the necessary information (SAMPAIO; MACINI, 2007). This is
a rigorous study, which allows the construction of scientific evidence related to a specific and strictly delimited
topic, with a detailed explanation of the data collection process.
The research is characterized as a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is considered a type of secondary study
that synthesizes primary studies based on a rigorous method of collecting and synthesizing information.
Inclusion criteria
• Articles published in full in the searched databases;

• Articles with full summary available;
• Articles containing the keywords searched for in the abstract;
• Publications in Portuguese, English or Spanish;
• Articles published between 2010 and 2021.
Exclusion Criteria
• Monographs, theses and dissertations;

• Simple summaries or expanded summaries;
• Reviews;
• Literature reviews;
• Articles presented at events.
Selection and initial evaluation of studies In the study selection stage, the articles underwent a first evaluation,
based on the titles, followed by the abstracts of the publications. For the inclusion of publications, the
following criteria were considered: objectives, methodology, results and conclusions.
Reverse logistics is a new concept of logistical process, a strategy to return post-sale and post-consumer waste
to the business environment and/or production department (AURÉLIO; PIMENTA; UENO, 2015).
In Gil's approach. S. Eric, et al 2020 reverse logistics raises the issue of responsibility for the production and
consumption of the products and waste generated. By taking responsibility, social actors stand up and interact,
repositioning themselves in society. The statements of all these characters may lead to cultural changes that
value sustainability (GIL. S. ERIC, et al, 2020).
The authors also point out that the participants in the production chain are essential factors in the operation of
reverse logistics. Product, regulatory evolution, chain elements, their interactions and greater consumer
participation affect the products included in the reverse logistics plan in terms of quality and quantity (ZAGO;
72
BARROS; 2019).
Regarding the reverse logistics of medicines, there are obstacles such as standardization, inspection, training
of personnel and the structure for collecting these residues. These obstacles reflect current deficiencies in drug
waste management: lack of trained personnel, high costs of waste disposal processes, lack of expressions and
clear structures of different regulatory bodies (LISBON; GIOVANNA; 2020).
Guidelines for the Expired Drug Collection program in Brazil are highlighted: community awareness and
awareness campaigns, intersectoral character between different areas of government, investigation and
classification of generated waste, pilot programs, waste minimization as a strategy and shared responsibility
by production chain and distribution of medicines (HERNÁNDEZ; TOLEDO, 2012).
Thus, the implementation of a reverse logistics system means not only the confirmation of responsibilities, but
also the establishment of partnerships. Government, customers and competition have positively pressured the
implementation of the reverse logistics system by the company, therefore, public policies, consumers and the
drug market may stimulate drug reverse logistics programs (MENDES; VILAÇA, 2011).
The chosen articles clearly highlights the importance of reverse logistics in the process of segregation and
final waste destination. On the other hand, it shows the deficiency of the processes and the lack of protagonism
of the parties involved in the management of these health residues.
CONSIDERATIONS
The data analyzed in this study showed that reverse logistics has socioeconomic benefits that come from the
recovery of returned products for reuse, manufacturing, recycling or a combination of these to add value to
the product.
From the consulted literature, it was possible to verify that it is necessary to implement new policies to
encourage reverse logistics in the health sector to enable the management of solid waste from health services
to be effective. In this sense, professionals must be concerned about the waste generated by their activities,
aiming to minimize environment risks and health of workers, as well as the population in general.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/OKiRKkcDBjI
REFERENCES
AURÉLIO, Cecília Juliani; PEPPER, Renato Ferreira, Helene Mariko. Reverse drug logistics: structure in
pharmaceutical retail. GEPROS. Production, Operations and Systems Management, Bauru, Year 10, nº 3, Jul-
Sep/2015. (in Portuguese).
FLAG, Aurélio. National Solid Waste Policy, a viable law? Case study from the scope of the MPF/MPSP
x CESP agreement. Available at: . Accessed on September 16, 2020. (in Portuguese).
KAZEMI, Nima et al. A review of reverse logistics and closed loop supply chain management studies
published in IJPR: a bibliometric and content analysis. International Journal of Production Research, vol.
57, p.15-16, 2019. (in Portuguese).
ZAGO, Valéria Cristina Palmeira; BARROS, Raphael Tobias de Vasconcelos. Management of urban solid
waste in Brazil: from the legal system to reality. Sanitary Engineer Environment. Rio de Janeiro, v. 24, no.
2, p. 219-228, April 2019. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-41522019181376.
ZANIRATO, SÍLVIA HELENA; ROTONDARO, TATIANA. Consumption, one of the sustainability

dilemmas. Dilemas ambientais e fronteiras do conhecimento São Paulo, v. 30, no. 88, p. 77-92, December
2016. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-40142016.30880007.
73
GIL. S. Eric et al. Technical and legal aspects of chemical-pharmaceutical waste management. Brazilian
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 43, n. 1, jan./mar., 2007 Available at
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbcf/v43n1/02.pdf. Accessed on September 12, 2020.
HERNÁNDEZ, Cecilia Toledo et al. Reverse Logistics Management Model. Gest. Prod, v. 19, no. 3, p. 445-
456, 2012. (in Portuguese).
LISBON, Giovanna. Reverse drug logistics. ABC Farma Magazine. 2020. (in Portuguese).
MENDES, Eugênio Vilaça. The Health Care Networks. Brasília: PAHO, 2011. (in Portuguese).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Family and Advisor
74
TOPIC: ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION OF SOLID WASTE PRODUCED IN THE
MANGUINHOS REGION, CITY - RJ.
Norma Maria de Souza 1, Deborah Carvalho de Oliveira 1, Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo 1, Dirlane de
Fátima do Carmo 1
1 Programa De Pós-Graduação em Eng. de Biossistemas, Escola de Eng. Universidade Federal Fluminense
Abstract
Promoting the preservation of the environment in a territory with high social vulnerability is challenging. This
situation demands a series of actions that involve everyone, with health promotion and coordinated social
development strategies. For this, it is necessary to understand what is the environmental perception of this
population in relation to the waste generated and its destinations, having been formulated multiple choice
questions with this content using the google form. Women who have children with disabilities experience the
reality of communities well and can be used as an instrument, the target audience being those who attend the
Kevyn Johnson Institute - Maria project, in Manguinhos (Rio de Janeiro). In general, there is a perception of
the waste's polluting potential, but without understanding the contribution that the population itself makes with
its incorrect disposal. However, it was found that it is possible to form a support network aiming at an adequate
waste management in the region, since the population sees potential in the use of waste.
Keywords: Environment, Health Promotion, Reuse, Solid waste.
INTRODUCTION
The preservation of the Environment has been one of the biggest challenges around the world and the proper
disposal of solid waste is among the issues that are difficult to solve. A considerable amount of waste is made
up of waste that could be reused and, therefore, valued, minimizing contamination and the proliferation of
vectors that cause preventable diseases (ANDRADE, et al, 2018; CONTRERA, et al., 2018).
In Brazil, the National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS), implemented through Law No. 12,305, of 2010 (BRASIL,
2010), is a point of reference, as it points out guidelines to be followed and highlights the non-generation of
solid waste and the reduction of disordered production. The inadequate disposal of solid waste in the
environment is responsible for several environmental impacts in Brazil and worldwide (RIBEIRO et al, 2016),
directly influencing human health (DIAS, et al 2015).
This is particularly important in an environment of socioeconomic vulnerability, such as the Manguinhos

favela, where the community lives in the midst of various social and environmental problems, such as garbage
strewn across the street, lack of drinking water, among other problems.
Garbage can be the reason for many problems, but also a potential for income generation opportunities,
depending on how the population sees and handles it. In addition, understanding the population's perception
of solid waste generated and how it is disposed of can be an environmental education tool aimed at improving
its management process.
In this sense, women who are mothers of special children can become an important tool for environmental
75
diagnosis and agents of change, as they are part of the community that routinely experiences the need for
inclusion.
Thus, this study evaluated the environmental perception of residents of the Manguinhos region, located in Rio
de Janeiro - RJ, in relation to the management of solid waste generated, using as target audience women who
have children with disabilities, and who attend the Institute Kevin Johnson - Marias Project.
Social and community participation are among the Health Promotion strategies suggested to strengthen the
actions that support the subject to decide on the health and disease process, as empowerment and social
participation are fundamental principles and are closely linked to training and empowering individuals,
promoting inclusion. It was assumed that by knowing the participants' speech, their conceptions about the
generation and ways of reusing solid waste produced in the Manguinhos favela would also be known. Once
in possession of these concepts, this would serve as an instrument to better understand how Manguinhos
residents, especially families of people with special needs, see garbage, whether as a problem or as a solution.
Manguinhos is a neighborhood that has one of the worst human development indexes (HDI) in Rio de Janeiro,
occupying the 122nd place among the neighborhoods surveyed (BRASIL, IBGE, 2010). There are currently
approximately 40,938 thousand residents in the territory of Manguinhos, divided into 14 communities. This
work was carried out with residents of the Manguinhos region, a community in the North Zone of Rio de
Janeiro, close to Guanabara Bay, being crossed by the Jacaré River and by the Cunha and Faria-Timbó
channels (FERNANDES; COSTA, 2009). The way the area was occupied contributed to several
environmental problems, such as air, soil and river pollution, with the in natura release of waste from both
factories and homes, thus significantly contributing to the impact negative in Guanabara Bay (FERNANDES;
COSTA, 2009; 2013).
Data were obtained in 34 multiple-choice questions using Google Forms, in order to facilitate the answers and
understanding of the researched group. The data collection period was from May 25th to June 1st, 2021, being
used as a case study residents of Manguinhos, participants of the Marias Project, which serves mothers of
children with disabilities. The questions contemplated the generation and disposal of waste. People
participated of their own free will and there was no identification of the names of the participants. Of the 350
families participating in the Marias Project, a total of 110 people completed the questionnaire. Those who
lived in the Manguinhos complex were selected, comprising 79 questionnaires.
Income is one of the problems that impede the growth of the community and solid waste has been one of the
allies for the increase in the income of some people.
The majority of the studied public (58.2%) declared having an income lower than one minimum wage, 38.2%
between one and two minimum wages and only 3.6% have an income between two and three minimum wages.
Regarding education, 24.5% said they had incomplete Elementary School; 23.6% completed high school;
19.1% failed to complete high school; 10.9% had completed elementary school; 7.3% have completed higher
education, 7.3% have not attained higher education and 7.3% declared themselves illiterate. Santos and Santos
(2018), when evaluating the environmental perception of residents of a neighborhood in Piauí in relation to
solid waste, highlighted the importance of greater education for a greater perception.
When asking how the household's garbage was composed, the majority (36.4%) answered that most of it was
leftovers and leaves; 33.6% said that most of the garbage was dry and packaging in general; 15.5% responded
that half of their garbage was dry. Packaging in general 14.5% said that half of their garbage was food scraps
and leaves.
Considering that many places are not suitable for the disposal of construction waste that leaves the homes, it
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was asked how they discarded the construction debris waste. The majority (42.7%) answered that they were
placed in eviction points in the community; 29.1% responded that they hired someone to remove this type of
garbage and 20% said they discarded it with the rest of the household garbage; while the rest pointed out that
they hired a dumpster, put them in bags, that they didn't have this type of garbage or that they didn't do
construction.
The disposal of unserviceable goods is a critical issue that cannot be resolved in communities due to the lack
of physical space. When asking how these useless goods would be discarded, such as stove, refrigerator,
mattress, furniture in general, internal pruning branches; almost half of the group (49.1%) answered that they
place it at an eviction point in the community and 34.5% answered that they do
along with the rest of the garbage. The other answers with less frequency of appearance were donations to the
less favored, calls to city hall, to recycling collectors, separate, sell, sell to scrap metal, donation, scrap iron.
Hazardous waste has been a major problem for society in general, especially for the most vulnerable due to
the lack of adequate places and information for disposal. This was verified in the present study, in which the
majority of respondents (63.6%) reported disposing of hazardous waste, such as batteries, motor oil, paints,
pesticides, insecticide packaging, solvents, thermometers, light bulbs, medicines and others ; along with the
rest of the garbage in the house. It is thus perceived that most participants consider hazardous waste as common
waste and this misconception can cause irreversible damage. This number was much higher than that verified
by Galdino and Carvalho, who, evaluating the environmental perception of residents of Mamborê (Paraná) in
relation to solid waste, found that only 11.18% discarded hazardous waste together with others from
conventional collection.
Electronic waste is also a relevant factor in human health aggravation and especially damage to the
environment. However, when asked how they discarded electronic waste, 61.8% answered that they discarded
it together with the rest of the household's garbage; 28.2% responded that they dispose of at disposal points in
the community. The other answers, because they have a very small percentage, were distributed among
donation, separation, recycling collectors, selling, specialized collection, I put it separately, dumpster or scrap
metal, I donate for recycling.
When asked if they thought that garbage caused a health problem, almost all, ie 98.2% answered yes and only
1.8% answered that it did not cause health problems. Although they perceive garbage disposal as a serious
problem, as verified by Santos and Santos (2018), there is no understanding of how harmful this could be.
When asked if they thought the garbage would be of any use, 89.1% answered yes and 10.9% said they saw
no use in the garbage. These results are in line with those verified by Beltrão, Dutra and Nunes (2015), in
which 100% of respondents also pointed out the usefulness of garbage items. However, most of those who see
potential only relate it to recycling companies (66.7%), and only 7.2% indicate more than one option, such as:
recycling companies, compost, reuse at home.
Frequent selective collection is a great ally in reducing flooding diseases and other harm to the population.
The frequency of garbage collection was asked and 47.3% answered that garbage was collected daily; 38.2%
responded that garbage was collected three times a week, while 10% responded that garbage was collected
twice a week. The other answers were comprised between once a week, or that garbage collection was not
done.
They were also asked how garbage was collected, and 65.5% responded that it was by municipal garbage
collection trucks that passed on the street, while 30.9% responded that they needed to take the garbage to the
street where the truck was passing. It should be noted that 90.9% responded that there was collection, while
9.1% responded that there was not. Therefore, it appears that, if conventional collection does not serve the
entire community, there are serious limitations to the implementation of selective collection.
CONSIDERATIONS
It was found that despite the population identifying that there are health risks in relation to the disposal of
77
waste, there is a lack of understanding of its contribution to this factor, since most dispose of it inappropriately.
The absence of public policies and infrastructure contribute to this scenario.
However, most interviewees see potential in garbage, demonstrating that it is possible to form a support
network to encourage the reduction and reuse of waste, promoting women's empowerment, autonomy and
self-confidence, as important tools for proper management of solid waste produced in the favela.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/E1xAlaJkhQ8
REFERENCES
ANDRADE, C. de S.; et al. Analysis of urban solid waste management in the city of Itabira (MG). Research,
Society and Development, v. 8, n. 3, p. 21, 2019.
BELTRÃO, M. R. M.; DUTRA, M.T.D.; NUNES, AT. Environmental perception on solid waste management:
a case study of the Pernambuco residential complex. R. Management Support Ambient.; v. 4, no. 2, p. 209
- 233, Oct. 2015 to March. 2016.
BRAZIL. Law No. 12,305. Federal Official Gazette, Section 1, page 3, August 3, 2010a.
CONTRERA, J.M. de A.D. et al. Analysis of urban solid waste management in municipalities in the state of
rio de Janeiro and the role of sanitary landfills in reducing environmental impacts. Yearbook of the
Geosciences Institute, vol. 41, no. 3, p. 178-185, 2019.
DIAS, G.V.C. et al. Analysis of the integrated management of urban solid waste in the center of
Cajazeiras-PB. 2015.
FERNANDES, Tania Maria; COSTA, Renato Gama-Rosa. Stories of people and places: memories of the
communities of Manguinhos. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fiocruz, 2009. 232 p.
GALDINO, S.J.; CARVALHO, M. M. F. Environmental perception of household solid waste management: a

case study in the city of Mamborê, Paraná. InterEspaço Magazine, v. 5, no. 17, p.01-22, May/Aug., 2019.
RIBEIRO, Bárbara Maria Giaccom; MENDES, Carlos André Bulhões. Situation of urban solid waste in
Brazil: challenges of environmental sustainability. 7th International Solid Waste Forum, Rio Grande do
Sul, 2016.
SANTOS, L.S.S.; SANTOS, F. A. Education and environmental perception about solid waste in the Mutirão
neighborhood, in the municipality of Piracuruca – PI. Formation Magazine (Online), v. 27, no. 51, May-
Aug., p. 257-281.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Norma Maria de Souza
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VALIDATION OF PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM THE DIGITAL PROCESSING OF
UAV IMAGES FROM MARKET AND OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE
Luciana da Costa Silva 1, Fábio Ferreira Dias 1, Vânia Cláudia de Assis 1, Camille de Brito Pinto 1
1 Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brasil
Abstract
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, are being used more and more in diverse demands
and applications, mainly in mapping. Despite the agility and practicality provided by this technology, the
image processing software on the market has a very high cost in order to meet the demands of
teaching/research, especially in public universities. The objective of this work is to evaluate the positional
accuracy of products resulting from the digital processing of UAV images using two software: one on the
market (Agisoft Metashape) and another with open source (Opendronemap). The acquisition of images was
done by drone DJI Phanton 4 Pro, in a total of 300 photos for an area of 0.21 km². A field measurement was
made with a GNSS receiver of 9 control points (GCPs), 4 of which were used as checkpoints (CPs). The
evaluation of the products generated by the two processing softwares was based on the calculation of the
RMSE of the X, Y and Z components through the planimetric and altimetric differences derived from the
coordinates of each CP with its counterpart in the cartographic product. The result of the planimetric accuracy
of the orthophotomosaic resulting from the two programs was not acceptable to the standards established by
the ASPRS (Accuracy Standards for Digital Geospatial Data), only the altimetric of the DEM produced by
Opendronemap. The two tested softwares can generate cartographic products with adequate precision as long
as they respect the methodological recommendations.
Keywords: Positional Accuracy; OpendroneMap; digital processing of UAV images
INTRODUCTION
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, are increasingly being used in various demands and
applications, such as in environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, in various types of mapping, whether
topographical or vegetation-themed, soils, geological, geomorphological among others.
Despite the agility and practicality provided by drone technology, it is still outside the technological reality of
educational institutions, especially public universities. Both aircraft and drone image processing software on
the market have a very high cost in order to meet the demands of teaching/research. Agisoft Metashape for
example, considered the most used program on the market, is able to accurately produce 3D point clouds and
automatically build textured 3D models from digital photos (metric and non-metric) of an object or scene.
Originating in Russia, it runs on Windows, Mac OS and Linux operating systems, costing an average of $179
dollars in the standard version and $549 dollars in the professional version (plus photogrammetry features),
but it also provides a more restricted version for educational purposes (PIQUERAS et al., 2019).
However, there are low cost options on the market like free image processing software. Rahaman and
Champion (2019) tested the performance of some open source software, such as: VsualSfM, Python
Photogrammetry Toolbox (PPT GUI), COLMAP and Regard3D, for supporting the SFM (Structure form
Motion) system for 3D reconstruction with the Agisoft program Metashape. In other articles, they compared
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the performance of Metashape, according to the result of the generated products, such as orthophotomosaic
and digital elevation models. Jaud et al, (2016), used French free software, MicMac, and Acurio, (2018), used
commercial software, PIX4D. Both obtain satisfactory results in their evaluations.
Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the positional accuracy of products resulting from UAV image
processing, using a software for 3D reconstruction, with an open source system, called, OpenDroneMap. Low-
cost technology that aims to meet the demands of teaching/research, in an effort to keep up with technological
evolution in an adequate way to the budget offered to public universities.
The research was carried out at Condomínio Pedra do Vale, located in the municipality of Maricá in the state
of Rio de Janeiro. We started with the acquisition of images with UAV DJI Phantom 4 Pro, which has a cost
of approximately $ 4,000.00.
After this step, the measurement of the control points was performed, using the GNSS receiver from the
Geosciences laboratory at UFF. Its distribution of points followed an alternation between 5 GCPs (control
points) and 4 CPs (checkpoints).
Then, the flight planning was performed from the DroneDeploy automatic flight plan application in the
temporary student version. In it, parameters required for flight operation were configured.
With the aerial images obtained, the processing of these was started with two 3D reconstruction software,
Agisof Metashape and Opendronemap, and their respective workflows:
1) Agisoft Metashape
2) Opendronemap
The last stage of the research addressed the verification of the positional accuracy of the products generated
by image processing software. It is the comparison of the coordinates of the points obtained by the 3D
modeling, captured in the generated image, with the CPs related to the RMSE values (square root of the root
mean square error) (Equations (1)- (4)) (JIMÉNEZ et al, 2021).
80
Where RMSE x, RMSE y and RMSE z are the roots of the mean squared error in x, y and z, respectively;
RMSE r is the horizontal root mean square error (xy); xci, yci and zci are the coordinates of the GCPs marked
in the image; xvi, yvi and zvi are the CP coordinates; n is the number of checkpoints.
The capture of the coordinates of the points of the image to be used in the equations, corresponding to the
calculation of the planimetric and altimetric precision was done by the QGis software, with the tool “copy
coordinate”. However, it was necessary to convert the DEM from Geotif format to ascii, using the “Raster
convert (file)” tool, in order to read the Z dimension.
The flight was performed using automatic flight planning at 30 m altitude and 2.5 cm GSD, taking
approximately 300 photos for an area of 0.22 km².
The products generated by the processing of UAVs images, performed by Opendronemap software (Figure
(1a)) and by Agisoft Metashape (Figure (1b)), were the orthophotomosaic and the Digital Elevation Model
(DEM). Both programs provided quality reports informing RMSE (xy), RMSE (z) and GSD values of these
products as shown in Table 1.
Figura 1: Orthophotomosaic and DEM generated by Opendronemap (a) and Metashape (b).
Fonte: the author herself.
Table1: Product quality information obtained by image processing using Opendronemap and Metashape
software.
Source: Metashape and Opendronemap quality report.
The positional evaluation of the products pointed out the discrepancies found in the analysis of the differences
between the control points (GCPs) marked on the image with the verification points (CPs). Both were
measured in the field, but only the GCPs were incorporated into the processing. The distribution of signaled
residues is presented in boxplots in Figure 2, as well as the exploratory analysis of these residual values
corresponding to Opendronemap and Metashape software (Table 2).
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Figure 2: Boxplot of positional discrepancies corresponding to observed values in X, Y and Z, of products
obtained by Opendronemap and Metashape software.
Table 2: Exploratory analysis of residual values observed in X, Y and Z, obtained by Opendronemap and
Metashape software.
To determine absolute accuracy, the Cartographic Accuracy Standard (PEC) is generally used, regulated by
the cartographic technical standards of national cartography through Decree No. 89,817, of 06/20/1984, as a
parameter to establish a level of product conformity verified cartographic, according to Table 3 (IBGE, 2017).
Table 3: Planimetric PEC and Altimetric PEC.
Source: IBGE (2017).
82
However, the PEC was not used in this research, as it is not topographic maps but geospatial data. In addition,
the instructions are intended for scales limited to the international cartographic system ranging from 1,000,000
to 25,000.
Thus, it was decided to follow the standard established by the ASPRS (Accuracy Standards for Digital
Geospatial Data) and the NSSDA (National Standard for Spatial Data Accuracy). This document includes
precision with established thresholds for digital planimetric data (Table 4) and digital altimetric data (Table
5), regardless of map scale or range of contour lines. The defined values of these thresholds are based on the
GSD (Ground Sample Distance) which means the representation of the image pixel in terrain units, usually in
centimeters (ASPRS, 2015).
Table 4: Horizontal Precision Standards for Planimetric Digital Data.
Source: ASPRS (2015).
Table 5: Vertical Precision Standards for digital altimetric data.
Source: ASPRS (2015).
Opendronemap generated a 5cm Orthoimagery Mosaic of GSD, with RMSEr equal to 57cm, which according
to Table B6 of ASPRS, the RMSE should be ≤ 7.1cm. The one generated by Metashape with RMSEr equal to
77cm and 24cm of GSD also did not fit the recommended values contained in Table B6, where the RMSEr
should be ≤ 38.9 cm (ASPRS, 2015).
The DEM generated by the Opendronemap software presented RMSEz equal to 14 cm and GSD equal to 5cm
and fit in Table B.7 of the ASPRS document (2015) which recommends RMSEz for land with vegetation
(DEM) ≤ 15 cm. However, Metashape provided RMSEz equal to 117 cm and GSD equal to 10 cm, which
according to Table B.7 should be ≤ 30 cm.
The result of the planimetric positional accuracy was not satisfactory. The reason may be in the number of
control points and in the making of photogrammetric targets established in the field. According to ASPRS,
(2015) recommends 20 points for areas smaller than 500 km². And the targets must be made of wood, 40 x 40
cm with black and yellow colors (DALMOLIN, 2018). In this research, lime was used to make the markings
on the ground without adequate dimensions. The white color of this material made it difficult to aim to
establish the GCP with its counterpart in the image.
As for the altimetric accuracy, the result obtained by Metashape was not acceptable according to the ASPRS
standards. Jaud et al. (2018), compared the RMSEz of this software with the MicMac, using 5 GCPs, whose
value was found to be 118 cm, but managed to improve the quality by increasing the quantity of GCPs.
CONSIDERATIONS
Although the planimetric positional assessment has not been satisfactory to the parameters established by
ASPRS (2015), the two tested softwares are used to generate products that can be used for mapping in general
and at low cost. As long as you follow the methodological recommendations and the purpose of the project
83
you want to carry out. What is important to consider is the possibility of consulting a document of technical
standards that accompanies technological evolution and contributes to improvements in the cartographic
process.
As for future work, it is a question of continuing the investigation of other alternatives for UAVs image
processing software with open code, as well as the use of GCPs according to the quantity adequate to the area
of interest, from the point of view of cost and benefit.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/T6bq2lYxSaU
REFERENCES
ACURIO, Gabriel Alexander Costales. Análisis comparativa entre lós software de prueba Agisoft
Photoscan y Pix4D para el procesamiento de datos obtenidos com fotogrametria de vehículo aéreo no
tripulado (UAV) de bajo costo aplicado a proyetos de médio ambiente. Quito, 2018. 160 f. Trabalho de
Conclusão de Curso (Graduação em engenharia Ambiental) – Curso de Engenharia Ambiental – Escuela
Politécnica Nacional, Quito, 2018.
ASPRS. Positional Accuracy Standards for Digital Geospatial Data. Photogrammetric Engineerin e Remote
Sensing. Vol. 81, n° 3, p. 1-26. 2015. Available: https://www.asprs.org/news-resources/asprs-positional-
accuracy-standards-for-digital-geospatial-data.
BRASIL. Decreto nº 88.817, de 20 de junho de 1984. Estabelece as instruções Reguladoras das Normas
Técnicas da Cartografia Nacional. Diário Oficial [da] República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília, DF, ano 122,
nº 120, Seção 1, p. 8884-8886, 22 jun. 1984.
DALMOLIN, Jorge Augusto. Avaliação do uso da fotogrametria digital em levantamentos topográficos.

Joinville, 2018. 98 f. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação em Engenharia Civil e Infraestrutura) –
Curso de engenharia de Infraestrutura – Centro Tecnológico de Joinville, Universidade Federal de Santa
Catarina, Joinville, 2018. Available: https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/191768.
INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA. Avaliação da Qualidade de Dados

Geoespaciais. Manuais Técnicos em Geociências, nº. 13, IBGE. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, p. 96, 2017.
JAUD, M., PASSOT, S., LE BIVIC, R., DELACOURT, C., GRANDJEAN, P., LE DANTEC, N. Assessing
the Accuracy of High Resolution Digital Surface Models Computed by PhotoScan® and MicMac® in Sub-
Optimal Survey Conditions. Remote Sensing. Vol.8, p. 46.2016. Available:
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8060465 .
JIMÉNEZ, Sergio Iván Jiménez, BUSTAMANTE, Waldo Ojeda, PABLO, Mariana de Jesús Marcial,
ENCISO, Juan. Digital Terrain Models Generated with low-cost UAV Photogrammetry: Methodology and
Accuracy. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10, 285.
PIQUERAS, Teresa Gil; NAVARRO, Pablo Rodríguez; VILA, Anna Pérez. Fotogrametría multi-imagem
mediante SFM. Revisión del software disponible. In: CORRALIZA, Santiago Lloréns; MILLÀN, María
Dolores Rincón; PASTOR, Andrés Martín. (Coord.). Avances en Expressión Gráfica Aplicada a La
Edificación. Valencia, p. 645-660, 2019. Available:
https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7110344 .
RAHAMAN, Hafizur, Champion, ERIK. To 3D ou not 3D: Choosing a Photogrammetry Workflow for
cultural Heritage Groups. Jounal Heritage 2(3): 1835-1851, 2019.
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WATER REUSE IN INDUSTRY: ANALYSIS OF OPPORTUNITIES IN THE PARAÍBA
DO SUL RIVER BASIN
Giulianna Costa Fico 1, Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo 2

1
UFF- Federal Fluminense University
2 UENF - Darcy Ribeiro State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro
Abstract
In recent years, the demand for drinking water has been growing all over the world despite the different threats
posed, including increasing pollution, increasing deforestation and climate change. Among the predominant
uses of this natural resource, the industrial is the second most relevant, especially when we analyze regions
with this vocation and recurrent episodes of water stress. In this sense, reuse strategies have been progressively
discussed and used around the world, however in Brazil there is still room for many advances, whether due to
the lack of incentives, cultural issues in society, or the lack of regulation of the subject. The objective of this
work was to carry out a diagnosis of water uptake by industries in the state of Rio de Janeiro and to propose a
discussion on the adoption of water reuse practices for non-potable purposes from the use of treated effluents.
A survey of the theoretical framework on the subject was carried out, as well as an analysis of sustainability
indicators and reports of the companies, passing through the current licensing processes of large undertakings
consuming water resources.
Keywords: Water resources; Wastewater treatment; Environmental licensing.
INTRODUCTION
Several parts of the globe are already facing problems related to water scarcity and there are predictions that
this will be one of the most sensitive environmental issues in the coming decades, in line with population
growth, unequal distribution of resources, increased pollution and climate change (PINTILIE et al. 2016;
VALIPOUR, 2015).
Despite the crises related to water insufficiency in many countries, the mismanagement of this resource has
contributed to the scarcity scenario in places where in the past it was believed to be abundant. Faced with this
scenario, the commitment and participation of governments, civil society, and the private sector in defining
responsibilities and taking actions for the proper management of water resources is increasingly necessary
(ZHANG et al. 2021).
For this reason, the search for technological alternatives that reduce pressure on water resources and allow
reuse is imminent, especially for non-priority purposes, as provided for in Article 1 of the National Water
Resources Policy (BRASIL, 1997) and in Article 4 in the recently published Basic Sanitation Regulatory
Framework (BRASIL, 2020).
The strong dependence of the State of Rio de Janeiro on the Paraíba do Sul River Basin, especially after the
water stress events in 2014 and 2015, reflects the need to find options and solutions for water reuse,
contributing to the increase in water availability, especially when we analyze the sharp conflicts of multiple
uses of water and the diversion of water to the hydrographic basin of the Guandu River, responsible for
85
supplying the population of the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro with potable water.
This work has as general objective to analyze the current situation of water captation by industries located in
Hydrographic Region III - Médio Paraíba do Sul, and the feasibility of adopting water reuse practices for non-
drinking purposes from its use of treated effluents.
From the identification of the problem and formulation of the objectives, an extensive search was started in
the database of the Periodicals Portal of Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel
(CAPES), through access through the platform of the Federated Academic Community (CAFe). The
documentary research was carried out after consultations in the Federal Government database, such as the
Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), Nacional Sanitation Information System (SNIS),
National Water and Sanitation Agency (ANA), database the State Government of Rio de Janeiro, such as the
State Environmental Institute (INEA) reports from the Committee Médio Paraíba do Sul, and sustainability
reports.
The initial step was the survey of the register of users of water resources in Hydrographic Region III, both at
state and federal levels. Then, with the definition of the largest users, a search was proposed in the strategies
already performed, or not, by the users in their water resources management and the survey of information on
sanitation in the municipalities where they are located, as well as the location of Treatment near industrial
areas.
Based on criteria adopted by the National Industry Confederation (CNI) to calculate the investment required
for the implementation of the reuse, reservoir and distribution plants, a comparison was made between the
investment estimate and the amounts already paid by industrial companies to capture raw water in the
hydrographic basin in question, an assessment being proposed with the perspective of scarcity scenarios, state
legislation and the New Sanitation Framework.
REGISTRATION OF USERS OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE HYDROGRAPHIC REGION III
According to the records consulted in the months of June and July 2021, the region has 40 concessions for
surface and underground catchment for industrial use (17 granted by ANA and 23 granted by INEA), in 11
municipalities.
From the analysis of the information obtained, it was possible to verify that the municipality of Volta Redonda
account about 84% of all annual volume in the region.
Of the largest users, two steel industries stand out: President Vargas Plant (UPV), in the municipality of Volta
Redonda, and ArcelorMittal, in Barra Mansa.
DIAGNOSIS OF SANITATION IN THE REGION AND ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL

LICENSING DATA
According to data obtained from the Atlas Esgotos (ANA, 2017) only Barra do Piraí, Miguel Pereira, Piraí,
Porto Real, Resende, Rio das Flores, Vassouras and Volta Redonda have any system collective treatment of
sanitary effluents generated.
Data from the Diagnosis of Water and Sewage Services (SNIS, 2019) indicate that there is treatment for about
49.1% of the sanitary effluent generated in the country, noting that the New Sanitation Framework (BRASIL,
2020) sets as a goal until the end of 2033 the universalization of the service with 90% of the population having
access to the collection and treatment of sanitary effluents, a reality very far from that faced by the
municipalities of RH III.
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Both the municipality of Barra Mansa and Volta Redonda, municipalities where the two industries selected in
this work are located, are served by the Autonomous Water and Sewage Services – SAAE and have a robust
sanitary effluent collection network. However, there are failures in the treatment of effluents, especially in
Barra Mansa, as shown in table 1.
Table 1: Information on effluent treatment in the municipalities of Volta Redonda and Barra Mansa.
Source: SNIS,2019
Investing in the improvement of effluent treatment systems, with the improvement of processes and treatment
capacity in existing stations and/or in the modernization/construction of new stations can be an opportunity to
install systems that allow the implementation of initiatives of reuse of treated sanitary effluents.
SUSTAINABILITY REPORTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL LICENSING PROCESSES Arcelormittal

ArcelorMittal has actions related to alternative sources of water and efficient use, however there is no mention
of actions in the unit analyzed in this study, in Barra Mans
The analysis of the environmental licensing process also showed that of the one hundred and one existing
environmental conditions, there are none related to the need for projects or investments in the area of water
and/or effluent reuse.
President Vargas Plant

Despite being a major user of water resources, in 2020, the unit reached a water recirculation rate of 93.6%,
showing that there is concern about improving its internal processes. In relation to environmental licensing,
the President Vargas Plant it currently operates under an Autorização Ambiental de Funcionamento- AAF
until full compliance with the obligations established in the Termo de Ajuste de Conduta, which indicates non-
compliances related to pollution of the Paraíba do Sul River.
ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY
For the feasibility analysis, it was selected the Gil Portugal Station, inaugurated in April 2015, located near to
Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional. According to the estimate proposed by the CNI (2019) and adopted as a
premise in this work, the cost for the implementation and operation of a reuse station would be around R$ 1.86
per m³ while the amount charged for the caption of water in Paraiba do Sul river is R$ 0.0249 per m³. Note
that this cost don´t include de expensive related to the water treatment plant, which is necessary in the process
of caption river water.
Ferella et al. (2021), Fucks & Rao (2021), Jodar-Abellan et al. (2019), Arborea (2017), Jiménez & Asano
(2008), defend the balance between economic, social and environmental values, especially when we take into
account the possible challenges to be faced in a scenario of water scarcity, and the responsibility of all entities
involved in the planning of actions considering the uses multiple and priority areas of water.
In this context, it is important to discuss the use of wastewater treatment plants, in which effluents are subjected
to an additional or complementary treatment to increase or adapt their quality according to use, as an
alternative for freshwater collection, minimized the environmental damage resulting from the increased load
of wastewater from municipal activities (GUERRA-RODRIGUEZ et al. 2020, PINTILIE et al. 2016) and the
increased business risk of industries located in regions with potential scenario of water vulnerability
(JIMÉNEZ & ASANO, 2008).
87
CONSIDERATIONS
The analysis of the literature allows us to conclude that there is a large field of action, whether in the
development of technologies and/or in the dissemination and promotion of actions taken, especially in nations
where the scarcity of water resources is already present, in line with economic and political development in
the industrial sphere, agriculture, landscape composition or drinking reuse (RODRIGUES-VILLANUEVA &
SAURÍ, 2021, CRUZ & MIERZWA, 2020, GUERRA-RODRIGUES et al. 2020, MOURA et al. 2020,
MUKHERJEE & JENSEN, 2020, SANTOS et al. 2020, JODAR-ABELLAR et al. 2019, ZHU & DHOU,
2018, ANGELAKIS & GIKAS, 2014).
However, for each use, an analysis of the type of effluent to be treated and the final quality of water required
is necessary, which generates the need for additional investments in the treatment process when compared to
conventional treatment systems, including the lack of public incentive, skilled labor and low national scientific
contribution (SUBTIL et al. 2017).
At this point, it is vitally important to define the physical, chemical and microbiological parameters and
criteria, so that the reuse water meets the specific quality conditions and requirements, and the level of
treatment. (JODAR-ABELLAR et al. 2019; HESPANHOL, 2002).
Presentation: https://youtu.be/lrkVY263RYk
REFERENCES
ANGELAKIS, A. N; GIKAS, P. Water reuse: Overview of current practices and trends in the world with
emphasis on EU states. Water Utility Journal, v. 8, 2014
ARBOREA, S.; GIANNOCCARO, G.; DE GENNARO, B.C., et al. Cost–Benefit Analysis of Wastewater
Reuse in Puglia, Southern Italy. Water, v. 9, 2017.
ANA. Wastewater Atlas 2017: Water Basins Depollution, Brasília. Available from:
http://atlasesgotos.ana.gov.br/ (accessed 2021)
BRAZIL. Law 9.433/97. Establishes the National Water Resources Policy, creates the National Water
Resources Management System, regulates item XIX of art. 21 of the Federal Constitution. Federal Official
Gazette, p. 15. 1997. (In Portuguese)
BRAZIL. Law 14,026. Updates the legal framework for basic sanitation. Federal Official Gazette, p.1, 2020.
(In Portuguese) CRUZ, N.H.O; MIERZWA, J.C. Public health and technological innovations for public
supply. Saúde e Sociedade, v. 29, 2020
FERELLA, F; INNOCENZI, V; MORETTI, G., et al. Water reuse in a circular economy perspective in a
microelectronics industry through biological effluents treatments. Journ. of Clean. Produc., v. 320, 2021.
FUNCHS, H and RAO, P. Characterizing manufacturing wastewater in the United States for the purpose
of analyzing energy requirements for reuse. United States: N. p., 2021.
GUERRA-RODRÍGUEZ, S.; OUTEGO, P.; RODRÍIGUEZ, E., et al. Towards the Implementation of Circular
Economy in the Wastewater Sector: Challenges and Opportunities. Water, v. 12, 2020.
JIMÈNEZ, B, ASANO, T. Water reclamation and reuse around the world. In B. Jimenez and T. Asano, eds.,
Water Reuse: An International Survey of Current Practice, Issues and Needs. London: IWA Publishing, 2008.
JODAR-ABELLAN, A.; LÓPEZ-ORTIZ, M.I.; MELGAREJO-MORENO, J. Wastewater Treatment and

Water Reuse in Spain. Current Situation and Perspectives. Water, v. 11, 2019.
88
MOURA, P.; ARANHA, F.; HANDAM, N., et al. Water reuse: a sustainable alternative for Brazil. Eng. Sanit.
Ambient., v. 25, 2020.
MUKHERJEE, M.; JENSEN, O. A comparative analysis of the development of regulation and technology
uptake in the US and Australia. Safety Science, v. 121, 2020
RODRÍGUEZ-VILLANUEVA, P; SAURI, D. Wastewater Treatment Plants in Mediterranean Spain: An

Exploration of Relations between Water Treatments, Water Reuse, and Governance. Water, v.13, 2021.
PINTILIE, L.; TORRES, C.M.; TEODOSIU, C., et al. Urban wastewater reclamation for industrial reuse: An
LCA case study. Journ. of Clean. Produc., v. 139, 2016.
SANTOS, A. S. P; GONÇALVES, R. F; MELO, M. C., et al. A critical analysis of water quality standards for
use and reuse in Brazil. Sustinere, v.8, 2020.
SNIS. National Sanitation Information System: 24th Diagnosis of Water and Sewage Services – 2019.
Brasília, 183, 2020.
SUBTIL, E. L.; RODRIGUES, R.; HESPANHOL, I., et al. Water reuse potential at heavy-duty vehicles
washing facilities: The mass balance approach for conservative contaminants. Journ. of Clean. Produc., v.
166, 2017.
VALIPOUR, M. Future of agricultural water management in Africa. Archives Agron. Soil Sci. 61, 2015.
ZHANG, D.; SIAL, M.S.; AHMAD, N., et al. Water Scarcity and Sustainability in an Emerging Economy: A
Management Perspective for Future. Sustainability, v.13, 2021.
ZHU, Z; DOU, J. Current status of reclaimed water in China: an overview. Journ. of Water Reuse and
Desalination, v. 8, 2018.
89
Abstracts Section
NATURAL SYSTEMS
90
BRAZILIAN REPTILE ROADKILLS: OVERVIEW AND CONTRIBUTIONS FOR
FUTURE STUDIES
Natã Dutra Fernandes Rahhal 1, Fernando Antônio Silva Pinto 2, Cristiane Nunes Francisco 1, Sávio Freire
Bruno 1
1 Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Brazil
2 Rede Brasileira de Especialistas em Ecologia de Transportes (REET-Brasil), Brazil
Abstract
Although road ecology is an emerging science in Brazil and reptiles are a relevant group for national
conservation, there is still little information available on the relationships between reptiles and roads. In this
study, we present a dataset of roadkilled Brazilian reptiles, with the aim of gathering and summarizing the
scientific literature on this subject, thereby allowing contributions for future research. With this, it was
identified that the majority of the surveyed areas in the country are concentrated in the South-Central region,
and most studies use sampling methods which minimize the observer’s ability to sight carcasses (searcher
efficiency). It was also found that turtles have a higher median roadkill rate than lizards and snakes, but a
similar value to the one found for Crocodylia. In conclusion, we recommend that next studies try to fill the
geographical deficit that still exists, besides following the literature recommendations regarding detectability
and carcass removal rates, thus minimizing sampling biases.
Keywords: conservation; dataset; herpetofauna; road ecology; road mortality
INTRODUCTION
Humanity has been altering the planet for thousands of years, reshaping terrestrial environments and directly
influencing the fauna and flora worldwide (ELLIS et al., 2010, 2021). In the 21st century, human
infrastructures are undergoing explosive growth, now surpassing the total Earth’s biomass (ELHACHAM et
al., 2020). Of these, roads (as well as other linear infrastructures) pose a fundamental role in human societies,
currently radiating over extensive areas around the world (MEIJER et al., 2018). However, they bring along
a series of impacts for the ecosystems (see COFFIN, 2007), one of the most expressive of which are roadkills.
In this sense, Brazil plays an important role because, in addition to the growth of the road network showing
several (including socioeconomic) risks in tropical areas (ALAMGIR et al., 2017), the country has two of the
twenty-five global biodiversity hotspots (MYERS et al., 2000) and its road Environmental Impact
Assessments usually present low quality (see FREITAS et al., 2017). Along with this, the fact that Brazil has
the largest roadless area in the world (IBISCH et al., 2016) makes evident the enormous range of opportunities,
as well as the need for, sustainable planning and management of roads. For this, however, it is important to
have a clear vision of which topics still need more attention in the literature, so that future research paths can
be guided.
And although national road ecology has been growing, there is still little information on the relationships
between roads and reptiles. These vertebrates are even among the least studied in the area, even though
available evidence indicates that they are particularly vulnerable to road impacts (FAHRIG & RYTWINSKI,
2009; COLINO-RABANAL & LIZANA, 2012; ROSA & BAGER, 2013; KEINATH et al., 2017; PINTO et
91
al., 2020).
In view of this, and considering the presence of important areas for reptile conservation in Brazil (BÖHM et
al., 2013), this study aimed to identify, quantify and map the available scientific literature on Brazilian reptile
roadkills and to verify the main methodologies of those surveys, thus paving the way for recommendations
for future work.
By combining data from the literature review of Pinto et al. (2020) and the datapaper of Grilo et al. (2018),
complemented by data extracted from the literature database of the Latin American and Caribbean Transport
Working Group (LAC TWG) and by a systematic search conducted on the Science Direct, Scopus and Web
of Science databases, a Brazilian reptile roadkill rates dataset was developed. For the systematic search, we
looked for journal articles published between 2018 and July 2021, using the following search string:
(“atropelamento” OR “roadkill” OR “road mortality”) AND (“vertebrados'' OR “vertebrates” OR “répteis”
OR “reptiles”).
The collected data were the binomial name of the roadkilled species (and their family and order), the number
of inspections carried out, the sampling interval, the sampled roads ID, the roadkill rates, the sampling methods
used and geographic coordinates of the approximate midpoint of each studied road stretch. Taxonomic
information was updated according to The Reptile Database (December 2020 release), and conservation status
of the species according to the IUCN (version 2021-1) was also added.
The road stretches were individually georeferenced whenever possible. However, some studies which
surveyed more than one area did not provide the coordinates of each one separately, or presented all roadkill
data as a single sample. In these cases, a single representative point was selected for all stretches of the study.
The georeferenced data was used to perform a kernel density estimation with QGIS Desktop v.3.20.0.
For comparison using statistical hypothesis testing, collected roadkill rates were tabulated and grouped by
sampling method, period of the day when the sampling was carried out and taxonomic orders. We also
compared lizards and snakes roadkill rates. Rows with non-available data were excluded from these analyses,
and the data subsets were subjected to Shapiro-Wilk normality test. After ascertaining non-normal distribution
for most of the data, we chose to use Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. For statistically significant
Kruskal-Wallis test results, we used Dunn’s post-hoc test with no p-value adjustment method (ROTHMAN,
1990). These analyses were all performed in RStudio Desktop v.1.4.1717, using the packages “dplyr”, “rstatix”
and “RVAIdeMemoire” and with level of significance of 0.05.
The dataset developed in this study is available upon request to the authors.
We screened 46 journal articles published between 2006 and 2019, in addition to 7 personal communications
and 2 institutional data sources provided by Grilo et al. (2018). From these works, 1,107 roadkill rates were
extracted, of which 354 were from unidentified reptiles, and the other 753 comprised 173 different species
distributed in 21 families (17 from Squamata, 3 from Testudines and 1 from Crocodylia). 138 of these species
are classified as “Least Concern” for conservation status, while 3 are classified as “Near Threatened” and 32
have not yet gone through the IUCN assessments.
The surveyed areas comprised 72 roads, of which 32 are federal roads, 27 are state roads (from 12 different
states: BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, MT, PA, PR, RO, RS, SC and SP), 8 are Federal District roads, 3 are municipal
roads and 2 are local roads. Most of these points are concentrated in the Brazilian South-Central socio-
geographic region (see Figure 1), an area that developed as the most economically active in the country and
historically concentrated most of the national road network (PEREIRA & LESSA, 2011).
92
Figure 1: Distribution and heatmap of surveyed areas extracted from the literature.
All studies in which the samplings were conducted with a motorized vehicle (N = 36) were grouped into a
single class, regardless of having used a car (N = 18), a motorcycle (N = 5), a car or a motorcycle (N = 1) or
an unspecified vehicle (N = 12). Twelve other studies did not report which methodology was used, in addition
to 2 having samples taken by bicycle, 3 having samples taken on foot and 2 having samples taken by foot and
by car or by bike. When the roadkill rates obtained with these methods were compared (see
Figure 2), the Kruskal-Wallis test resulted in statistically significant results (χ2(3) = 33.298; p < 0.001).
Nevertheless, only bicycle samplings differed significantly from the others, with higher rates than samplings
on foot (p < 0.05), with a vehicle (p < 0.001) and on foot and by car or by bike (p < 0.001).
93
Figure 2: Boxplots showing the differences between roadkill rates in the statistical hypothesis testing.
Outliers were removed.
Most samplings were performed once a day in the morning (N = 12), but 7 studies sampled in a non-specified
time of the day, 4 used data from constant samplings that occur through all day, 5 sampled once in the morning
and once in the afternoon, 2 sampled once in the morning and once in the evening, 2 sampled three times a
day (in the morning, afternoon and evening) and one sampled once a day at night. However, 22 works did not
inform the sampling times. When compared, the roadkill rates obtained with each of these sampling times
showed some statistically significant differences (χ2(6) = 118.1; p < 0.001).
The most relevant was the difference of two samplings per day (one in the morning and one in the afternoon)
in relation to all other methods, standing out with higher rates than sampling twice a day in the morning and
at night (p < 0.001), all day (p < 0.001), once a day at an unspecified time (p < 0.01), once a day at night (p <
0.05), once a day in the morning (p < 0.001) and three times a day (p < 0.001). Samplings once a day also had
higher roadkill rates than sampling three times a day, regardless of whether they were carried out in the
morning (p < 0.001), in the evening (p0.05) or at an unspecified time (p < 0.001). In addition, samplings
throughout all day had the lowest roadkill rates, with significant differences, also, in relation to samplings
once a day (regardless of the time taken) and twice a day (in the morning and at night).
Nevertheless, it is important to emphasize that these comparisons must be made cautiously, as they are not
necessarily representative. In other words, besides the fact that we have used simple statistical tests, it is likely
that, for example, only 3 studies with on foot samplings do not depict properly the results of this methodology.
And this fact is relevant mostly because roadkill rates are generally underestimated estimates that depend on
variables such as searcher efficiency, which tends to be higher in on foot samplings than in samplings carried
out with vehicles (TEIXEIRA et al., 2013; BARRIENTOS et al., 2018). Although this concern is also valid
for comparing the sampling times, our results seem to corroborate the general literature without much conflicts
in this context (see SANTOS et al., 2011).
As for the taxonomic orders, there was also a significant difference between roadkill rates (χ2(2) = 11.999; p <
0.05), with Testudines showing higher rates than Squamata (p < 0.001). But Crocodylia’s roadkill rates seemed
similar to Testudines’ (p = 0.586) and Squamata’s (p = 0.279). Also, within Squamata, “lizards” had higher
rates than snakes (U = 82,231; p < 0.05). Considering the little knowledge we still have about reptiles and
roads, it is difficult to hypothesize what explains these results without further analyses. However, it is possible
that the higher rates obtained for Testudines are due to the fact that about 55% (N = 29) of the data for these
94
animals was obtained from areas of wetlands. Also, the movement patterns and ability of each group could be
relevant for these outcomes (see JOCHIMSEN et al., 2004).
In summary, our results allow us to draw two important conclusions: (i) there are still few studies on Brazilian
non-avian reptile roadkills; and (ii) these are still very biased both geographically and methodologically.
However, the amount of data collected here shows that it may already be possible to perform more complex
and robust analyses. In this sense, we not only agree with the recent recommendations by Pinto et al. (2020)
by indicating the need for more local-scale studies, but also point out that national-scale models are already a
possible reality for non-avian reptiles.
CONSIDERATIONS
Previous research (e.g., COLINO-RABANAL & LIZANA, 2012) has already pointed to a fragmented,
inconclusive literature with methodological problems regarding the relationships between herpetofauna and
roads. To overcome this issue, which is still present in Brazilian reptile road mortality studies, future works
should focus on: (i) surveying areas where samplings are still lacking (thus diminishing geographical biases
and allowing a more reliable assessment of the impacts on biodiversity); and (ii) following the
recommendations available on the literature to improve the methodologies used, aiming mainly at minimizing
sampling biases – that is, carrying out long-term on foot surveys (when in large areas, at least a mixed-
sampling protocol must be considered, combing car samplings with on foot samplings), at times (and with
sampling intervals) which decrease carcass removal, and always trying to estimate detectability rates and
carcass permanence time. It is also crucial that the impacts of roadkills on the viability of populations are
estimated.
Lastly, we consider it important as well that literature reviews be carried out frequently, thus assessing the
need for any improvements and pointing out, according to new evidence available, the best ways forward.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/IK3f3BSv55k
REFERENCES
ALAMGIR, M. et al. (2017). Economic, Socio-Political and Environmental Risks of Road Development in
the Tropics. Current Biology, 27(20), R1130-R1140.
BARRIENTOS, R. et al. (2018). A review of searcher efficiency and carcass persistence in infrastructure-
driven mortality assessment studies. Biological Conservation, 222, 146-153.
BÖHM, M. et al. (2013). The conservation status of the world’s reptiles. Biological Conservation, 157, 372-
385.
COFFIN, A. W. (2007). From roadkill to road ecology: a review of the ecological effects of roads. Journal
of Transport Geography, 15(5), 396-406.
COLINO-RABANAL, V. J.; LIZANA, M. (2012). Herpetofauna and roads: a review. Basic and Applied
Herpetology, 26, 5-31.
ELHACHAM, E. et al. (2020). Global human-made mass exceeds all living biomass. Nature, 588, 442-444.
ELLIS, E. C. et al. (2010). Anthropogenic transformation of the biomes, 1700 to 2000. Global Ecology and
Biogeography, 19(5), 589-606.
ELLIS, E. C. et al. (2021). People have shaped most of the terrestrial nature for at least 12,000 years.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(17), e2023483118.
FAHRIG, L.; RYTWINSKI, T. (2009). Effects of Roads on Animal Abundance: an Empirical Review and
95
Synthesis. Ecology and Society, 14(1).
FREITAS, K. P. A. et al. (2017). Road effects on wildlife in Brazilian environmental licensing. Oecologia
Australis, 21(3), 280-291.
GRILO, C. et al. (2018). BRAZIL ROAD-KILL: a data set of wildlife terrestrial vertebrate road-kills.
Ecology, 99(11), 2625-2625.
IBISCH, P. L. et al. (2016). A global map of roadless areas and their conservation status. Science, 354(6318),
1423-1427.
JOCHIMSEN, D. M. et al. (2004). A literature review of the effects of roads on amphibians and reptiles
and the measures used to minimize those effects. Idaho: Idaho Fish and Game Department, USDA Forest
Service. p.78.
KEINATH, D. A. et al. (2017). A global analysis of traits predicting species sensitivity to habitat
fragmentation. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 26(1), 115-127.
MEIJER, J. R. et al. (2018). Global patterns of current and future road infrastructure. Environmental
Research Letters, 13(6), 064006.
MYERS, N. et al. (2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403, 853-858.
PEREIRA, L. A. G.; LESSA, S. N. (2011). O processo de planejamento e desenvolvimento do transporte

rodoviário no Brasil.
Caminhos da Geografia, 12(40), 26-46.
PINTO, F. A. S. et al. (2020). Effects of roads on terrestrial vertebrate species in Latin America.
Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 81, 106337.
ROSA, C. A.; BAGER, A. (2013). Review of the factors underlying the mechanisms and effects of roads on
vertebrates. Oecologia Australis, 17(1), 6-19.
ROTHMAN, K. J. (1990). No adjustments are needed for multiple comparisons. Epidemiology, 1(1), 43-46.
SANTOS, S. M. et al. (2011). How long do the dead survive on the road? Carcass persistence probability and
implications for road-kill monitoring surveys. PLoS ONE, 6(9), e25383.
TEIXEIRA, F. Z. et al. (2013). Vertebrate road mortality estimates: effects of sampling methods and carcass
removal. Biological Conservation, 157, 317-323.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for the financial
support provided.
96
IMPACT OF EXTREME RAINS IN THE CITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO
Vânia Alves Ferreira 1

Abstract
In this work, a survey of extreme rain events and their acts on the city of Rio de Janeiro over a period of 19
years, from 1997 to 2016, is made. The objective of the work is to analyze the impacts of extreme rains in the
county of Rio de Janeiro (CRJ) using rainfall data corresponding to 33 rainfall stations spread across the CRJ,
map the main areas affected by extreme rains in the CRJ via GIS; analyze the trends of rainfall extremes in
CRJ via the Mann-Kendall test; define the times of greatest occurrences of extreme rains in the CRJ; apply a
probability distribution as extreme rainfall time series for the CRJ. The first results found show that the station
with the highest occurrence of rainfall included in this time frame was the Rocinha Station, with total daily
rainfall above 100 mm, recording the highest incidence in the time intervals: i) 24 hours and ii) 96 hours. It is
hoped that this study can help to understand the extreme rains in the CRJ, mainly in the timely mapping and
definition of the most affected areas and, as well as assisting in government actions with those responsible for
mitigating its impacts in the CRJ, in particular as groups with greater social vulnerability.
Keywords: extreme rains; urban climatology; rain impacts; floods.
INTRODUCTION
The county of Rio de Janeiro (CRJ) experiences phenomena such as excessive rainfall since its foundation,
most of the rains in this region originate from penetrations of cold fronts, and as a consequence, experiencing
problems related to floods, inundation, erosions and mass slips (ARMOND; SANT'ANNA NETO, 2017). The
reasons range from its geographical position, topography, but it can be said that one of the main agents causing
the impacts is an irregular and inadequate occupation of the soil (SULEIMAN, 2006; ULTRAMARI;
HUMMELL, 2011; NETO, 2012).
Analyzes of rainfall and urban growth in the county of Rio de Janeiro, demonstrating that the city has suffered
greater anthropogenic actions on the environment, the soil is highly impermeable and drainage, with green
areas and land occupation, and concomitantly grew the frequency and intensity of rain over the territory
(PINGUELLI; LACERDA, 1997; VALVERDE, 2017).
Changes to climate change over the past twenty years the region experiences an increase in the intensity and
frequency of rainfall, an increase in the maximum air temperature at a rate higher than the minimum
temperature at 0.05˚C / year. Changes in wind patterns, sea and land breeze circulation, and no moisture
transport to the city, are trends that may be related to changes in the frequency and duration of cold fronts
(NETO, 2012; DERECZYNSKI et al., 2013).
Given the above, evaluate the extremes of rainfall in the CRJ is vitally important to understand its effects,
causes and aids in establishing contingency measures that have to be imposed to mitigate the impacts of
extreme rainfall in socio-environmental and socioeconomic contexts.
97
The county of Rio de Janeiro (CRJ), capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro, located in the Southeast region,
occupies an area of 1182.3 km2 with a current population estimated at more than six million people (IBGE,
2020). The CRJ has a tropical climate (hot and humid), with an average air temperature between 20ºC and
27ºC. In the CRJ there are two large urban forests: the Tijuca and Pedra Branca Forests (CÂMARA et al.,
2009). The CRJ has 169 neighborhoods spread over an area of 1,224.46 km2 with 106 km of ocean and inland
beaches.
Rainfall data were obtained from the Alerta-RJ System for the period 1997-2016 in the following time
intervals: i) 15 minutes, ii) 1 hour, iii) 4 hours, iv) 24 hours and v) 96 hours. Rainfall data for 33 rainfall
stations spread across the CRJ. All data were prepared using descriptive, exploratory analysis and the Mann-
Kendall (MK) test.
In the descriptive analysis, measures of central tendency (mean and median, mm), measures of dispersion
(standard deviation (SD), sample variance, kurtosis, skewness coefficient), data grouping (range, sum, greater
and lesser) were evaluated coefficient of variation (CV,%), counting), both estimated with a confidence
interval of 95.0%. In exploratory analysis of the foramen ovale via boxplot plots to assess information on
location, dispersion, asymmetry, tail length and outliers.
No study was used to nonparametric MK test. The MK test is analogous to regression analysis and is quite
suitable as a test to verify whether the values of the time series tend to increase or decrease over time
(HELSEL; HIRSCH, 2002).
All statistical analyzes performed in the study were prepared using Microsoft Office Excel version 2016
software. The various rainfall series will also be evaluated in the following:
i. spatial - with the ability to study the dynamics of rainfall and its interaction with a complex
topography, from mapping via QGIS;
ii. relational-pattern 1- identify the meteorological systems (local to synoptic) that intensify the extremes
of rainfall in the CRJ via climate analysis bulletins;
iii. relational pattern 2 - identification of physiographic and dynamic factors in the region increase the
extremes of rainfall in the CRJ;
iv. paper - identification of times and days that most occur extreme rain in the CRJ with periods in the
Alerta-RJ database.
The first results found show that the station with the highest occurrence of rainfall comprised in the time frame
from 1997 to 2016 was the Rocinha Station, with total daily rainfall greater than 100 mm, recording the highest
incidence in the time intervals: i) 24 hours and ii) 96 hours.
As shown in table 1 below:
98
Table 1: Results of the evaluation of rainfall data from the Pluviometric Station located in the neighborhood
of Rocinha. Rainfall station - Rocinha
Data Value
Average 4,62
Standard error 0.16
Standard deviation 13.51
Sample variance 182.54
Curtoses 38. 21
Break 241.00
Minimum 0.00
Maximum 241
Sum 33301.30
Score 7213
Major (1) 241
Minor (1) 0
Confidence Level(95.0%) 0.31
Source: Sistema Alerta-RJ (1997-2016).
CONSIDERATIONS
This study has its importance based on helping to understand extreme rains in the county of Rio de Janeiro
(CRJ), mainly in the timely mapping and definition of the most affected areas, and thus assisting in government
actions in order to mitigate their impacts on the CRJ, in particular the populations with the highest social
vulnerability.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/MBJkyldC_Z4
REFERENCES
ARMOND, N.B.; NETO, J.L.S. Between events and episodes: Climatic rhythm and exceptionality for a
geographic approach to the climate in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Brazilian Journal of Climatology, 2017.
CHAMBER, PF; GOMES, A.F; SANTOS, G.T; CHAMBER, D.C.P. Climate and dengue epidemics in the
State of Rio de Janeiro. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine, v.42, n. 2.2009.
BRAZILIAN INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS - IBGE. Data on Brazilian population.

Available at: . Accessed on September 24th. 2020.
NETO, G.D. Predicting extremes of rainfall in Rio de Janeiro: improvements using knowledge gained
from previous events. Thesis (Doctorate in Meteorology), INPE, 2012. São José dos Campos, 2012.
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POTENTIAL TRADEOFFS BETWEEN ECOSYSTEM SERVICES RELATED TO FOOD
PRODUCTION IN THE BRAZILIAN CHACO
Mariana Romanelli Lins Augusto 1, Rachel Bardy Prado 2, Daniel Andrés Rodriguez 1, Joyce Maria
Guimarães Monteiro 2, Elaine Cristina Cardoso Fidalgo 2, Ricardo de Oliveira Dart 2
1 Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Brasil
2 Embrapa Solos, Brasil
Abstract
The impacts of human interference in the use and management of land, arouses the need to assess them, in
order to bring out the importance of ecosystem services provided by the environment to support life and human
well-being. Thus, the general objective of this study was to analyze possible tradeoffs in services (ES) related
to agricultural production in Porto Murtinho, MS, which is part of the Brazilian Chaco. The Brazilian Chaco
is a cradle of fauna and flora biodiversity, being considered the second largest forest area on the American
continent and the largest dry tropical forest in South America, hence the importance of conducting studies in
this area. The methodology consisted of three stages, starting with the classification of the ES and collecting
secondary data, followed by the systematization and processing of the data, reaching the third and final step
in which the possible tradeoffs of the ES were analyzed. The ES studied were: Maintaining populations and
habitats in nurseries, Animals raised for nutritional purposes and Terrestrial plants cultivated for nutritional
purposes (CICES classification). Secondary data on forest from MapBiomas and stocking rate of cattle and
agricultural productivity (PPM/PAM-IBGE) were used. This work aimed to alert decision makers to possible
tradeoffs that are taking place in the Brazilian Chaco region, as the data point to a reduction in the area of
natural forests and a significant increase in agricultural production indicators.
Keywords: agricultural production; environmental preservation; ecosystem; provisioning services
INTRODUCTION
Ecosystem services (ES) were defined by MEA (2005) as the benefits provided by ecosystems to human
beings. Costanza et al (1997) bring the importance of ES as life support, awakening the need to assess human
interference in the balance of the environment and in the provision of these services. MEA (2005) categorizes
ESs into provision, regulation, support and cultural services, but there are other classifications used in the
literature, such as the Common International Classification for Ecosystem Services (CICES). The dynamics
of land use and land cover have destroyed and fragmented natural environments, interfering with the climate,
altering biogeochemical cycles and, thus, restricting the capacity of ecosystems to provide ecosystem services
to humanity. (Sala et al., 2000; Fu et al., 2015). Agricultural activities are related to the provision of various
ES, either through livestock or agriculture, and Brazil is one of the largest food producers in the world
(Embrapa, 2016).
On the other hand, agriculture must be highlighted as a major forcing of changes in land use and land cover.
Occupation of land with pastures or other agricultural crops has increased deforestation, with serious negative
impacts on ecosystem services (IPCC, 2018). Inadequate agricultural management has also led to degradation
of extensive areas, siltation of rivers and water contamination, and destruction of pollinators, among other
effects (FAO, 2019). Tradeoffs are described as conflicts between different ES that occur when the provision
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of some ES compromises or reduces the provision of other ES, exerting negative impacts on the environment
and society in general (Andrade and Romeiro, 2009; Power, 2010). In this study, we analyze potential tradeoffs
in ecosystem services (ES) related to agricultural production in Porto Murtinho, MS, which is located in the
Brazilian Chaco.
Area of study: The Brazilian Chaco is located in Mato Grosso do Sul, in semi-flooded areas between the
Pantanal biome and Paraguay. Despite the rich biodiversity of this region, the Chaco is not recognized as a
biome in Brazil. Almost 90% of the municipality of Porto Murtinho/MS is located into the Brazilian Chaco.
In 1998, the estimated area of the Brazilian Chaco was 12,400 km² and currently only 13% of its original
vegetation remains. Its climate is transitional between tropical and temperate, with the occurrence of dry and
semi-arid forests (Pennington et al. 2000; Silva et al. 2000).
Systematization and analysis of data:
Step 1: Classification of SE and secondary data collection - Initially, ES and their indicators were defined
and classified between 1990 and 2019. The classification used was the CICES being the ES and indicators:
Animals raised for nutritional purposes - indicator: stocking rate (heads of cattle/area), calculated from the
Municipal Livestock Survey - PPM of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - IBGE and
Mapbiomas (grazing area); Terrestrial plants cultivated for nutritional purposes - indicator: agricultural
productivity (production/area), calculated from Municipal Agricultural Research - PAM of the IBGE;
Maintaining populations and habitats in nurseries - indicator: natural forest area, obtained from Mapbiomas.
Step 2: Data systematization and processing - The cattle stocking rate, agricultural productivity and natural
forest area data were processed and systematized in Excel spreadsheets.
Step 3: Analysis of possible tradeoffs in the SE - In this step, the data related to the ES indicators were
compared and analyzed in order to identify the potential tradeoffs.
The ES in Porto Murtinho – Brazilian Chaco
Figure 1 (A) shows the historical values of the stocking rate (SR) in Porto Murtinho, this rate is expressed in
terms of the maximum number of animals supported by the pasture without causing its degradation (IAGRO,
2010). An oscillation in SR over time from highest (1.7 AU/ha in 1992, 1993) to lowest (1.1 AU/ha in 1996,
1997, 1998, 1999) values is perceived. According to the Agência Estadual de Defesa Sanitária Animal e
Vegetal (IAGRO, 2010) the maximum stocking limit for properties located in the Pantanal is 1.5 AU/ha, which
means that the SR remains most of the time below the permitted. This is a consequence of several factors such
as pasture fertility, precipitation, credit lines, management and producer profile. It is noteworthy that Porto
Murtinho occupy the 4th place in the ranking of production of meat in the state of MS and the 15th in the
country (provisioning service) (G1/IBGE, 2017).
Therefore, under this indicator, cattle production in the municipality is sustainable, not negatively affecting,
for example, the ecosystem services of water regulation and erosion control. It should also be considered that
these are flat areas, where the declivity factor does not contribute much to erosion processes. In Figure 1 (B)
it is observed that cassava productivity varied during the 29 years analyzed, always remaining above 10 and
below 25 (t/ha). Acre was the Brazilian state with the highest productivity of cassava in 2019 with 27.61 (t/ha)
(DERAL, 2020), which shows an average productivity of cassava in the municipality of Porto Murtinho.
It is noteworthy that this is a culture closely associated with the presence of indigenous peoples in the region,
being also related to cultural services, not evaluated in this study. The maximum value of sugarcane
productivity was 57 t/ha. This is an average value when compared to the total productivity of the state of Mato
Grosso do Sul, which was around 74.83 t/ha in 2017/18 (Conab, 2017). Corn productivity has grown
101
considerably since 2007 with 3 t/ha to 4.93 t/ha in 2019. However, this value is still very low compared to the
average value of productivity in MS, which reached 9.2 t/ha in the 2017/18 harvests and 8.2 t/ha in 2018/19
(Conab, 2019). About soy productivity, the lowest value was in 1990 with 1.26 t/ha, reaching 3.12 t/ha in
2019, which is close to the value of 3.5 t/ha reached in 2020 for the total crop brazilian (Conab, 2021).
Therefore, it is clear that the agricultural productivity of the municipality has expanded significantly in the
period analyzed (food provision). Figure 2 shows the area of natural forests and its decrease over the years in
Porto Murtinho, and consequently, alerts to the change in land use and land cover in the municipality.
It can be seen that while agriculture has remained in expansion over the last 29 years in Porto Murtinho, the
natural forest cover has been constantly decreasing, being drastically reduced. Despite not being the state with
the highest deforestation rate, Mato Grosso do Sul was the only state with an increase in deforested area in
2019 and 2020 (Mapbiomas, 2021).
Figure 1: (A and B). Stocking rate and cassava, sugarcane, corn and soy productivity in the municipality of
Porto Murtinho, Brazilian Chaco (1990-2019).
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Figure 2: Area of natural forest in the municipality of Porto Murtinho, MS, from 1990 to 2019.
Potential tradeoffs in ES related to food production in Porto Murtinho – Brazilian Chaco (1990 to
2019)
Table 1 shows how deforestation of natural forests has come into conflict with agricultural production in the
period studied. Over the years forest cover has decreased considerably, with rare exceptions (years 2010, 2011
and 2014), while agricultural productivity has doubled in the case of soy and corn. The reduction of forests
not only compromises the ES of Maintaining populations and habitats in nurseries, but also compromises
services of regulation and water supply, carbon sequestration, pollination, nutrient cycling, among others not
analyzed in this study. In relation to the ES of Animals raised for nutritional purposes, gaps in production are
observed for most of the period analyzed, as the SR remains below allowed threshold. This sugest this ES are
suffering negative impacts from others, such as the ES of terrestrial plants cultivated for nutritional purposes.
Table 1: Comparison of ES indicators for analysis of potential tradeoffs related to food production and
natural forest cover in Porto Murtinho – Brazilian Chaco
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CONSIDERATIONS
The present study presented results of a preliminary analysis of ES related to agricultural production in the
Brazilian Chaco aiming to identify tradeoffs between them. These results show a reduction in the area of
natural forests and a significant increase in agricultural production indicators, alerting to the needs of public
policies aimed at territorial planning and forest protection, in order to ensure a greater supply of ES. However,
it should be noted that other factors can interfere with agricultural production, such as rainfall and economic
issues, which will be investigated in the next stage of the study. The assessment of tradeoffs among other ES
will also be included in the analysis.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/DPLYXa1dtB4
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bem-estar humano. Campinas: IE/Unicamp, 2009. as%20agrarias/areas.pdf>
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Brasília : Conab, 2021. ISSN 2318-6852
Costanza, R.; D’ Arge, R.; De Groot, R.; Farber, S.; Grasso, M.; Hannon, B.; Limburg, K.; Naeem, S.; O’
Neill, R. V.; Paruelo, J.; Raskin, R. G.; Sutton, P.; Van Den Belt, M. The values of the world’s ecosystem
services and natural capital. Nature, v. 387, p. 253-260, 1997. Departamento de Economia Rural –
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FAO. The state of the world’s biodiversity for food and agriculture. Rome, 2019. 572 p.
Fu, B., Zhang, L., Xu, Z., Zhao, Y., Wei, Y., and Skinner, D. (2015). Ecosystem services in changing land
use. J. Soils Sedim. 15, 833– 843.
G1 MS – por Anderson Viegas. MS tem 5 cidades entre as 20 com maior rebanho bovino do país, aponta
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reducao-de-26-8-milhoes-de-hectares-de-pastagens-degradadas-em-areas-que-adotaram-o-plano-
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MEA - Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and human well-being: synthesis. Washington D.C:
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Pennington, R. T.; Prado, D. E. & Pendry, C. A. 2000. Neotropical seasonally dry forest and quaternary
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Power. G. Ecosystem services and agriculture: tradeoffs and synergies. Philosophical Transactions of the
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the Fluminense Federal University, CAPES and Embrapa for enabling the
development of this research.
105
QUANTIFICATION OF CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN RESTORED MANGROVE FOREST
Mayra Ramos da Silva 1, Eduardo Hiroyassu Tamashiro 2, Isaias da Silva Pereira 3, Luiz Gonzaga Allochio
Zucolotto 4, Marcel Carvalho Abreu 5, Carlos Rodrigues Pereira 6
1 Biosystems Engineering Master Program, TCE / UFF , Niterói, BR ([email protected])
2 Biosystems Engineering Master Program, TCE/ UFF , Niterói, RJ, BR, ([email protected])
3 IFPA , Campus Óbidos, Óbidos, PA, BR ([email protected])
4 Master in Biosystems Engineering, TCE /UFF, Niterói, BR ([email protected])
5 DCA / IF/UFRRJ , Seropédica , RJ , BR ([email protected])
6 TER / TCE/UFF , Niterói , RJ , BR ([email protected])
Abstract
The mangrove is one of the most productive and generous ecosystems on Earth, a nursery of marine life, and
also discovered as a major controller of the greenhouse effect. This environment is vulnerable to major impacts
generated by human actions and global warming. More studies about dynamic blue carbon and how climate
change and human activities affect the delivery of ecosystem services through the mangroves may help create
strategies effective in the management of coastal resources. The objective of this study was to quantify the
carbon sequestration in a mangrove restoration to demonstrate the contribution of this ecosystem as a CO 2
sink. The location of the research was the Camboatá Mangrove, surrounding the Itaipu Lagoon in Niterói (RJ).
The area of approximately
15000 m2 was divided into 2 parcels and the field survey was carried out near the water and inside the
mangrove. The quantification of biomass was performed using allometric calculations to estimate the potential
for carbon sequestration. We have 60 trees belonging to 3 different species measuring approximately 2 to 15
meters and totaling an average of 46.70 Mg ha-1 of total carbon stock for the area. In sum, the portion of the
interior, the Avicennia schaueriana specie and the Belowground tree biomass were determinants for this result.
The results provide a basis for encouraging investment in projects of restoration, management and preservation
of mangroves.
Keywords: Carbon stock. Greenhouse. Conservation of coastal environments. Ecosystem services.
INTRODUCTION
Mangrove forests are comprised of halophytic woody species, forming a coastal ecosystem in transition
between the terrestrial and marine environments (LOVELOCK et al., 2017). Mangroves are considered C3
plant, consequently, their maximum rate of photosynthesis occurs at temperatures below 30°C and the rates
of CO2 assimilation from the leaves of many species decrease as the temperature increases from 33 to 35°C
(ALONGI, 2015).
With the increase in CO2 concentrations, there is also an increase in the temperature of the atmosphere and
therefore, there are also deficits of water and higher salinities, caused by increased evapotranspiration which
decreases the net production, these events will impose physiological thresholds that will limit the plant growth.
It is important to confirm that carbon emissions also include methane gas, the latter gas has the potential to
increase the global greenhouse effect twenty-one times greater than carbon dioxide (SCHAEFFER-NOVELLI
106
et al., 2016).
According to Sahu and Kathiresan (2019), with the continuous increase in the concentrations of greenhouse
gases, climate change has become a political, social and commercial issue, consequently, it has also increased
interest in carbon stocks in trees, prompting scientific studies in this area.
And according to Dung et al. (2016), mangrove forests are considered an important carbon sink. Assessing
carbon dioxide storage in restored mangrove forests provides important information for management and
conservation practices, climate change mitigation strategies and schemes to reduce emissions from
deforestation and forest degradation, as mangrove restoration and conservation are effective tools to increase
CO2 storage and offset its emissions on large scales.
The ecosystem benefits provided by mangroves favor communities, both local and regional, and also the global
environment, emphasizing the importance of ecosystem services from mangrove forests and the importance
of conservation management (GETZNER and ISLAM, 2020).
The objective of the present study was to estimate the carbon sequestration by the reforestation of the
mangrove around the Camboatá Channel, located in Niterói/RJ.
The research site is the Camboatá Mangrove, an area of about 15,000.0 m² in the final stage of mangrove
reforestation, where the trees have an approximate age of 2 to 15 meters and an average of 9 years of life. It
is, more specifically, located around the Itaipú Lagoon in the Municipality of Niterói in the State of Rio de
Janeiro, at Latitude -22º57’22” and Longitude -43º02’29”. The experiment was carried out by studying the
three mangrove species used in the recomposition: Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia shaueriana and
Laguncularia racemosa.
The area was divided in half and measurements were collected near the water and inside the mangrove. In
each block, 10 trees of each species, with a perimeter larger than 10 cm, were randomly selected in a zigzag
pattern.
Biomass was estimated using the allometric equations proposed by Sahu and kathiresan (2019) and
Kauffman and Donato (2012):
Above-ground biomass (AGB) = 0.0509 * ρ * (D)² * H;

Belowground tree biomass (BGB) = 0.199 xρ0.899 x D2.22 and
Total biomass (X) = AGB +BGB (Kg plant-1).
Where the general tree biomass equation is from Chave et al. (2005) and includes all above-ground biomass
(leaves or stilt roots).
D - Trunk diameter in centimeters at breast height. Plant perimeter was measured in cm at tree height at 30
cm for Rhizophoras and 1.3 m for all other mangroves. The tree diameter (D) was calculated by
multiplying the circumference by a factor of 0.318.
H - Height of the tree in meters, measured in the field with the aid of a laser and the Angle Meter
application for cell phones.
ρ - the density of the trunk wood in grams per cm3. Values consulted at World Agroforestry Centre.
These biomasses were converted to carbon biomasses by multiplying a factor of 0.42. The total carbon stock
(Mg ha -1) of the sampled stand = C AGB + C BGB.
The equation for the total carbon stock of the project area was as follows:
107
Total carbon stock of project area (Mg) = Total carbon (Mg ha -1) * Area (ha).
Carbon biomass value was converted into carbon dioxide equivalent by multiplying carbon biomass with a
factor of 3.67. And the data were converted to carbon biomass per year, based on the age of the forest.
Mangrove ecosystems are major carbon sinks in terms of forest biomass and also as an accumulation of organic
sediments. Mangroves fix carbon, through photosynthesis, almost ten times more than any terrestrial forests.
Direct carbon sequestration by trees has been proposed as a measure to control the increase in atmospheric
CO2. Hence, researchers have been developing calculations to estimate the biomass of trees, in a non-
destructive way, from easily measured characteristics, this method is called allometry (SAHU and
KATHIRESAN, 2019).
In this study, the calculated data were analyzed statistically by one-way factorial analysis of variance
(ANOVA), and the averages were compared using Tukey’s method at a 95% confidence level, where the
different letter represents the significance, as shown in Table 01.
Table 1: Diameter data at breast height, in centimeters; total biomass, in kg per plant; carbon biomass in the
above-ground part of the plant, in megagrams per hectare; carbon biomass in the root part of the plant, in
megagrams per hectare; total carbon biomass, in megagrams per hectare; and total equivalent CO2, in
percentage.
The stored carbon is directly proportional to the DBH size and as Avicennia schaueriana presented the largest
volume of wood, it was the species that stood out in carbon storage, a similar result was found in the study by
Pinto et al. (2017).
In a recent paper, Leite et al. (2021) found values of 43.1 ± 9.0 Mg C ha−1 for the natural plots and 17.7 ± 4.8
Mg C ha-1 for the plot planted around the same lagoon. The same study showed that the strategy of planting
species monospecific facilitated the establishment of other species and proved that mangroves planted and
natural can achieve similar dimensions, but the planted could probably take longer to achieve the same
dynamic properties.
An important feature that should be taken into account in studies on CO2 quantification is that mangroves are
unable to sustain their weight above ground if they do not have a heavy root system as plants are normally
dealing with high water tables, salty soil and less mechanical support due to the soft muddy substrate.
Therefore, there is a large allocation of net production into the roots (SAHU and KATHIRESAN, 2019). This
explains the result of the Roots carbon biomass in the present study.
108
Figure 1: Carbon biomass of species per block.
The most storage in block 2 can be explained by higher average DBH and this latter can be explained by the
order of colonization of species, taking into account the lower local relief (closest to the water table) and also
the report of more attacks of the crabs to the seedlings in the block 1, which delayed the settlement near water.
However, this difference was not significant in Tukey’s test.
CONSIDERATIONS
Even considering the smallest portion of C stocks, which is in biomass, we can observe that a considerable
amount can be stored in small mangrove areas. The studied area presented an average of 46.70 Mg ha-1 of
total carbon stock, with emphasis on the contributions of the roots, the inner area and the Avicennia
schaueriana specie. Management of coastal environments and ecosystem service assessments need more
accurate estimates of mangrove carbon stocks. The research will be enhanced with the analysis of the soil
carbon stock so that this study can provide support for projects of management, conservation and mitigation
of climate change.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/iLn9yTfXF2w
REFERENCES
ALONGI, D. M. The Impact of Climate Change on Mangrove Forests. Current Climate Change Reports,
v.1, n.1, p.30–39, 1 Mar. 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s40641-015-0002-x.
DUNG, L. V.; TUE, N. T.; NHUAN, M. T.; OMORI, K. Carbon storage in a restored mangrove forest in Can
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LEITE, R. A.; NOBREGA, G. N.; LEAL, L. R. Z. C.; KIEFER, M. C.; SOARES-GOMES, A. The
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fluctuating sea levels. Scientific Reports, v.7, n.1, p.1-8, May 10, 2017. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01927-6.
109
PINTO, L. M.; VICENTE A. F. C.; VILLAÇA I. M.; BARAÇAL, R. A. F.; GOMES, R. L.; MAGENTA, M.
A. G.; GIORDANO, F. Sequestro de carbono atmosférico no bosque do manguezal da APA da Serra do
Guararú, Guarujá-SP. UNISANTA, Bioscience, V.6, n.1, p.51-57, 2017.
SAHU, S. K.; KATHIRESAN, K. The age and species composition of mangrove forest directly influence the
net primary productivity and carbon sequestration potential. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology,
v.20, p.101235, 1 Jul. 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab. 2019.101235.
SCHAEFFER-NOVELLI, Y.; SORIANO-SIERRA, E. J; VALE, C. C; BERNINI, E.; ROVAI, A. S. Climate

changes in mangrove forests and salt marshes. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, vol.64, n.SPE2, p.37-
52, 2016. DOI: 10.1590/S1679-875920160919064sp2.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank the State Environmental Institute (INEA) and the Serra da Tiririca State Park
(PESET) for authorizing field research in the Camboatá Mangrove and Mangue Real, which are permanent
preservation areas (APPs).
110
SOLAR PV PLANT ASSOCIATED WITH COMPRESSED AIR STORAGE SYSTEMS,
ASSESSMENT AND A CASE STUDY
Lorraine Gonçalves Miguel 1, Luciana Antunes Rios 2, Marcos Alexandre Teixeira 3

1Universidade Veiga de Almeida, Brazil ([email protected])
2 Universidade Veiga de Almeida, Brazil
Abstract
Electric is the main energy vector for human activities, in many cases heavily based on fossil fuels burning
plants that contributes to atmosphere pollution and greenhouse gas effect. One possible source of renewable
energy is photovoltaic generation (PV), however, we can do only count with the Sun during day time, and
even so, with some level of intermittence. To overcome this scenario, it is necessary a suitable system capable
to store energy efficiently and with as little environmental impact as the solar generation. Thus, the focus of
this work is to assess the possibility to use compressed air storage system associated with solar generation,
thus increasing the participation of this source within the Brazilian Generation Grid. A case study was
developed taking into consideration the Piauí State Brazil electricity demand, indicated that a 321 MW air
compression unit, associated with a 1.14 GWp PV plant indicated that is possible to supply all the residential
electricity demand of that state for half of the year with a costly sound tariff, only relaying with solar and
storage.
Keywords: PV, energy storage compressed air, Intermittence
INTRODUCTION
The discovery of electricity was an important factor in the evolution of our society. However, the sources used
in its generation have been causing increasing environmental impacts, taking into account that, worldwide, the
main source is coal, which in addition to pollutants are not renewable.
In this sense, the use of electricity from solar radiation has been growing, as a renewable and inexhaustible
source of energy. However, when it terms of isolated use (outside an Energy Matrix), it is essential to use a
storage system (Electric Energy Storage – EES), since this type of system depends on daily, seasonal and even
instant availability. In addition, it is necessary to create operational energy reserves that acts to regulate the
frequency of the network in voltage support, increasing the stability and reliability of the entire Grid.
Despite numerous studies on arrangements to store large amounts of electrical energy, the capacity of the
world's installed power is still very small and is basically carried out through hydraulic pumping in reversible
hydroelectric plants. In this situation, water, held at a lower level, is pumped into a reservoir to create an
energy source that can be released quickly when there is a peak in demand (EPE, 2021).
In the 1970s, the first Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) was developed, with 321 MW nominal power
(SUCCAR; WILLIAMS, 2011). This new storage method was considered to be a solution for energy storage at
small and large scale, for both private and public sphere. With applications and production and storage capacity
similar to hydraulic pumping, instead of pumping and turbine water from and to reservoirs, the compression
111
system draws air from the atmosphere and, under pressure, stores it in an underground cavern.
To mitigate the impacts from the use of fossil fuels for the production of electric energy, renewable sources
was the main drive for many counties, as stated by the International Energy Agency (IEA), that indicate that
electricity from wind and sunlight was almost nil in 1990 and in 2017 reached approximately 500 TWh/year
(IEA, 2021).
In terms of wind, based on the Brazilian Atlas of Wind Potential (CRESESB, 2001), Brazil holds a 143 GW
potential, yet, according to MME (2018), the Photovoltaic (PV) potential, is even greater than the wind
potential.
The electricity that PV systems can generated can overcome the sum of all other sources, even when only the
residential roof area is accounted for, leading to around 164 GW capacity, bigger than the current installed
national capacity (SAUAIA, 2018).
This solar energy encompass only the direct conversion of the sun energy by the Photovoltaic Effect, been:
silent, renewable, clean and no operator in place needed; otherwise it is: intermittent, seasonal, and it does
need to count with additional equipment to store the energy generated for later use (PINHO; GALDINHO,
2014, p. 50),.
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) has shown good results from an ecological and useful lifespan point
of view, as it has greater energy density (ration between total system mass and its energy content) and greater
efficiency (ration between the energy input and the energy output), when compared to commercial batteries.
Its efficiency depends directly on how the heat from the air is absorbed and restored during air compression
and expansion, respectively.
The present work was based on search for reference CAES plants, its description on literature, identifying:
available technology, limitations, working plants, performance indexes, minimal sizes among other relevant
information.
Wind and Photovoltaic Brazilian Energy production potential were considered upper level limitation, and the
goal was to identify a suitable energy storage plant profile, based on the current Brazilian situation, considering
three compression systems: diabatic and adiabatic.
Based on the data identified, a case study was build. The evaluation took into consideration: environmental
impacts, energy stored/ retrieved, impacts on the energy tariff.
The dimensioning of the CAES used the data from Solar Simulation from Ideal Institute (Instituto para o
Desenvolvimento de Energias Alternativas), and the Photovoltaic Solar Calculator from NeoSolar company
(building up a straight though, public database, market based energy production estimative), against the Piaui
state residential demand to indicate the suitable PV plant capacity.
The Diabatic CAES (D-CAES), or first-generation CAES, first compressed air energy storage system to be
studied, are the basis for other methods (ALTMANN, 2018). Its process start with an electric driven group of
compressors that redirect the compressed air to a reservoir. During the process, the air density and its
temperature increases in the reservoir. That lead to the need to the use of intercoolers to reject heat, reduce
volume and thermal stress on the reservoir walls.
Usually underground salt caverns are usually chosen, for storage reservoirs (been large and possible to keep
the air density to a low level), additionally, to avoid pressure losses salt rocks do not react with Air/Oxygen.
In practical terms, the efficiency does not exceed 54%, due to the large heat losses.
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A more efficient method is the adiabatic method, where the heat rejected during the compression is stored and
recovered during expansion (avoid atmosphere heat rejection). By doing so, it is not necessary to use natural
gas to heat the decompressed air, increasing the efficiency up to 70% (SUCCAR; WILLIAMS, 2011).
To avoid thermal storage and fuel burning the isothermal compression and expansion method is the option,
where by constantly exchanging heat with the environment reach an efficiency of approximately 75%,
decreasing heat losses (SALVADOR et. al., 2016). These systems emits less GHG (Greenhouse Gases) and
hold greater energy density due to higher pressure. Even so, due to its high cost there are only pilot projects.
The only two operation CAES in the globe are diabatic compression units (SUCCAR; WILLIAMS, 2011).
However, seeking for higher efficiency, the ADELE project (Adiabater Druckluftspeicher für die
Elektrizitätsversorgung). started, in 2010, Germany, the design of a new adiabatic plant (RWE, 2010), based
on a GE (General Electric) and RWE Power (Rheinisch-Westfälisches Elektrizitätswerk) study in 2008,
indicating that adiabatic compression besides been feasible is around 20% more efficient than the one used in
Huntorf power plant (a diabatic plant) (RWE, 2010)
It is foreseen that the demonstration plant, ADELE Project, holding a 1 GW installed capacity, with 300 MW
peak output and minimum 70 % efficiency (RWE, 2010). The main challenges are the design of the compressor
and the air turbine, that need to overcome very high pressure and temperature cycles, while still maintaining
high efficiency. The ADELE project foreseen higher efficiency and energy density (higher working pressure),
ate the same time that could be operated in partial load, but yet with high efficiency.
One example on how the CAES can absorb the PV energy generated above the demand curve is the Huntorf
power plant, located in Niedersachse, Germany, capable to storage energy when not demanded, support energy
surge, and overcome the PV intermittence issues (BBC, 2019).
As it is already in operation since 1978, and - among the two plants already built – have public available
performance data, its characteristics were taken into consideration for the purpose of the present study: 321
MW generator that runs 2 hours per cycle and a 60 MW compression motor that takes 8 hours to pump air
into a salt cavern located 650 m below the surface at a maximum pressure of 7.2 M Pascal and overall average
efficiency of 42% (ALTMANN,2018). So, according to the calculations, for a regime of 2 hours a day, this
plant would supply the network with approximately 19.26 GWh per month.
Taking int consideration Paiuí state conditions, due its high solar potential, in the general set pictured at
Figure 1.
Figure 1: Integration Compression unit PV plant Grid connection schematic representation.
Based on EPE (2018), Piauí demands 140 GWh / month of electricity (2016 based), considering the local solar
irradiation, it was concluded that a 1.14 GWp PV system would be suitable to cover this demand. Also by the
model developed, when taking into consideration the use of a CAES of 321 MW (capable to store at least de
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642 MWh), it was possible to cover the residential demand of the state for at least half of the year, as for:
September, October and November the CAES could not deliver the total energy demand
Considering the average energy tariff as 0.83 R$/kWh (ANEEL, 2018), the surplus energy from the PV storage
and recover CAES could lead to approximately R$ 1.5 billion / year savings, avoiding purchase from the grid
(mainly hydro and thermo power plants).
In terms of economic performance, considering a low cost installation for the CAES of 760 US$/ kWh
(approximately 3,176 R$ / kWh), for a de 642 MWh installed capacity leads to minimum 2 M R$ of CAPEX,
for the PV, an installation cost of 12,4 M R$ (NeoSolar, 2018); leading to a 9,6 years payback time. From an
environmental point of view, the system would avoid 26.45 million tons of CO2equiv., equivalent to 163.67
million trees.
CONSIDERATIONS
There are suitable Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES), in operation in the Globe, that could be associated
with PV plants to curb its daily variation, and potentially, its intermittence.
And at least one was identified with working parameters suitable to be installed in Brazil (operation since
1978), that make use of saline cave and Natural Gas for the heat recovery in the air turbine cycle.
Currently the Diabatic plants are the main trend, but Adiabatic (with heat recovery), are under development
and could increase the efficiency and lower the demand on external fuel, yet higher operational cost are
expected.
For the case study, to cover the household demand of Piauí state Brazil, the association of a 1.14 GWp PV
plant with a 642 MWh store capacity could secure the energy demand for half of the year (lack of storage
capacity during summer).
This association is economically feasible, given the current tariff levels in the state, ands would have a payback
time of around 10 years).
The combination of the technology lead to a significand decrease in Greenhouse gas emissions.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/oqY0vAxmS3k
REFERENCES
ALTMANN, Mateus Utz, Termodinâmica de um Sistema de Acumulação de Energia por Ar

Comprimido (CAES) Frente a uma Turbina a Gás de Ciclo Aberto. 2018. 37f. Monografia (Engenharia
de Energia) - Escola de Engenharia da UFRS, Porto Alegre - RS. Available at:
https://lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/178588. Assessed at: 20 jun. 2019.
AMARANTE, O. A. C.; ZACK, M. B. J.; SÁ, A. L. Atlas do Potencial Eólico Brasileiro. Brasília, 2001.
Available at: http://www.cresesb.cepel.br/index.php?section=publicacoes&task=livro&cid=1. Assessed at: 25
nov. 2018.
ANEEL. Resolução Homologatória ANEEL Nº 2.490 / 2018. Available at:

https://www.equatorialpiaui.com.br/index.php/sua-conta/evolucao-do-valor-de-tarifas-e-reajustes-lei-13-
673-18/, Assessed at: 25 nov 2018.
BBC (Brown Boveri & Cie). Huntorf Air Storage Gas Turbine Power Plant. Brochure, Publication No.
DGK90202E. Available at: http://www.solarplan.org/documents/BBC_Huntorf_engl.pdf.Aassessed at: 16 jul.
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CBIC (Câmara Brasileira da Indústria da Construção). Piauí instala a maior usina de energia fotovoltaica
da América Latina. Available at: https://cbic.org.br/sustentabilidade/2019/01/11/piaui-instala-a-maior-
usina-de-energia-fotovoltaica-da-america-latina/. Assessed at: 23 ago. 2019.
CRESESB (Centro de Referência para as Energias Solar e Eólica Sérgio de S. Brito). Atlas do Potencial
Eólica Brasileiro. Brasília: CRETESB, 2001. Available at:
http://www.cresesb.cepel.br/publicacoes/download/atlas_eolico/Atlas%20do%20Potencial%20Eolico%20Br
asileiro.pdf. Assessed at: 06 set 2021.
Neosolar Energia. ENERGIA. Available at: https://www.neosolar.com.br. Assessed at: 11 out. 2019.
ESA. Energy Storage Association. Available at: http://www.energystorage.org. assessed at: 30 nov. 2018.
EPE (Empresa de Pesquisa Energética). Nota técnica EPE/DEE/SEG/013/2021. Usinas Hidrelétricas

Reversíveis (UHR): Desafios para inserção em mercados de energia elétrica. Rio de Janeiro: EPE, 2021.
Available at: https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-
abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-561/EPE-DEE-NT-013_2021-r0.pdf. Assessed in: 06
set 2021.
EPE. Demanda do Setor Energético. 2018. Available at: http://www.epe.gov.br. Assessed at: 25 nov. 2018.
EPE. Demanda Residencial (Equatorial Piauí). Available at: https://www.equatorialpiaui.com.br/. Assessed

at: 04 set. 2019.
IEA - International Energy Agency. Renewable Energy Report. Available at: https://www.iea.org/. Assessed
at: 13 out. 2018.
HALLIDAY, David; RESNICK, Robert. Fundamentos de Física, volume 2: gravitação, ondas e

termodinâmica. 10. ed. Rio de Janeiro: LTC, 2016.
MME (Ministério de Minas e Energia). Potencial dos Recursos Energéticos no Horizonte 2050 – (NT PR
04/18). Rio de Janeiro, 2018. Available at: http://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-
abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-227/topico-
416/NT04%20PR_RecursosEnergeticos%202050.pdf. Assessed at: 25 mai. 2019.
NeoSolar. Simulador Solar - Calculadora solar fotovoltaica, 2018, Available at:

https://www.neosolar.com.br/simulador-solar-calculadora-fotovoltaica. Accessed at: 25 ago 2018
PINHO, João Tavares; GALDINHO, Marco Antonio (Org.). O Manual de Engenharia para Sistemas
Fotovoltaicos. [S.l.]: CEPEL - CRESEB, 2014. 530 p. Available at:
http://www.cresesb.cepel.br/index.php?section=publicacoes&task=livro. Assessed at: 10 nov 2018.
RWE (RWE Power AG). ADELE – Adiabatic Compressed-Air Energy Storage for Electricity Supply,
Brochure, Jan 2010. RWE, RWE Power AG. Available at:
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energia sob forma de ar comprimido. Revista Eletrônica de Potência, Campo Grande, v.21, n.3, p. 169-178,
jul./set. 2016. Available at:https://sobraep.org.br/artigo/panorama-das-estrategias-de-armazenamento-de-
energia-sob-forma-de-ar-comprimido/. Assessed at: 10 jun. 2019.
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Sustentabilidade, 25 mai. 2018. Available at:
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DA-ENERGIA. Assessed at: 25 de maio de 2019.
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http://americadosol.org/. Assessed at: 11 out. 2019.
SUCCAR, S; WILLIAMS, R. H. Compressed Air Energy Storage: Theory, Resources, And Applications
For Wind Power. Energy Systems Analysis Group, Princeton University, 8 abr 2011. Available at:
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Assessed at: 20 mai 2019.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to express my gratitude to God, family members and teachers who believed in me and used their
knowledge and experience to guide me in this project.
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VARIABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE SIN’S NATURAL INFLOWS AND OF THE PACIFIC
AND ATLANTIC OCEANS SST HISTORICAL DATA
Rafael Barros de Castro Pereira Pinto 1, Marcio Cataldi 1, Rogerio Guimarães Saturnino Braga1
Abstract
Given the persistence of water scarcity observed in large Brazilian hydrographic basins, with negative effects
on the observed natural inflows and on the storage of the main reservoirs that compound the Sistema
Interligado Nacional - SIN, it is necessary to search for understanding and tools capable of anticipating the
occurrence periods with hydrological extremes in order to support decision-making by the managing bodies
of these large water systems. It is in this aspect that the deepening of scientific knowledge about the climate
dynamics at a global and regional scales and its relationship with the behavior of the series of rainfall and
inflow rates observed in the main Brazilian hydrographic basins becomes extremely important. The objective
is to understand the behavior of climate indicators and their relationship with the behavior of rainfall and
inflow in the regions of these main watersheds.
Keywords: Water Crisis. Watershed. Climate Indices. Climate Variability. Climate Change. Pacific Ocean.
Atlantic Ocean.
INTRODUCTION
Due to the little rainfall that has occurred in the last 10 years in the main hydrographic basins, rivers such as
the São Francisco, Tocantins, Grande, Paranaíba and Paraná are undergoing a severe water crisis, with
negative effects on the inflow and storage conditions on the main reservoirs of the Sistema Interligado
Nacional - SIN (ONS, 2021a).
Given the importance of Brazilian reservoirs for the production of electricity and for other uses in their areas
of influence (Brasil, 1997), it is vital for entities that manage large water systems to have tools capable of
indicating with anticipation the occurrence of periods with hydrological extremes, scarcity and abundance, in
order to support decision-making.
According to Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico – ONS, on operational decision-making and the
importance of anticipating future hydrological scenarios: "[...] strict monitoring of hydropower conditions is
imperative, [...] with prospection of storage scenarios for the end of each subsequent dry and rainy season,
[...] in order to identify the need for possible actions of heterodoxic nature, in order to ensure the SIN's energy
security, similarly to the recent past, October 2018 and February 2019, when the dispatch out of the order of
merit - DFOM - was defined by the DMSE in view of the meteorological uncertainties present in the 2018 dry
season and in the rainy season of 2019, vis-a-vis the storage conditions in the main reservoirs at those times."
(ONS, 2019a, p.15).
The situation of prolonged water scarcity observed in the main Brazilian watersheds and the systematic low
levels of storage in their main reservoirs raises the following question: is it possible to deepen the knowledge
about global and regional climatic factors that act on hydrometeorological uncertainties in the planning
117
horizon?
Studies by the ONS (2019b) indicate a relationship between sea surface temperature indices (SST) of the
Pacific and Atlantic oceans with natural inflows in large Brazilian regions (South, Southeast, Northeast and
Central Brazil), where the country's main reservoirs are concentrated.
The behavior of natural inflow series of five hydroelectric power plants were investigated, two in Brazilian
basins located further south (Foz do Areia – Iguaçu basin – and Porto Primavera – middle section of the Paraná
River) and three located in basins in the Southeast and Northeast regions (Furnas – Grande basin, Serra da
Mesa – Tocantins basin and Sobradinho – São Francisco basin). The data used are the ones made available by
the ONS (ONS, 2021b).
The analysis of the natural inflows consisted of observing the behavior of the annual average values and the
elaboration of Residual Rippl Diagrams (through the accumulation of monthly anomalies), considering that
the long-term average is the 1931-2019 period (ONS, 2020). This type of analysis allows the identification of
changes in behavior and periods with distinct patterns (years and decades).
The interpretation of the Residual Rippl Diagram consists of:
periods with a predominantly descending curve indicate the predominance of values below the mean;
periods with a predominantly ascending curve indicate the predominance of values above the mean; and
periods with a predominantly horizontal curve indicate the predominance of values around the mean.
With regards to climate indices, in the Pacific Ocean the behavior of the MEI v1 index (Multivariate ENSO
Index) developed by Wolter and Timlin (1993) was analyzed. According to Wolter and Timlin (2011), it is an
index that combines oceanic and atmospheric variables to portray the state of the ENSO (El Nino Southern
Oscillation). The analysis of this index also consisted in the observation of its temporal behavior with the aid
of the Residual Rippl Diagram (successive accumulation of anomalies).
With regards to the Atlantic Ocean, due to the lesser availability of indices, it was decided to extract SST time
series from specific regions (North Atlantic – 0° to 70° N and 70° W to 15° W – and South Atlantic – 0 ° to
70° S and 50° W to 10° E) in order to generate the dataset itself, based on the ERSST v5 dataset (Huang et al.,
2017). Before the application of the Residual Rippl Diagram, a removal of the warming trend was applied.
The analysis of the series of natural inflows allowed the identification of different behavior changes in the
reservoirs separated into two distinct regions. In the reservoirs located in further south regions (Foz do Areia
and Porto Primavera) it is possible to notice that, from 1931 to the beginning of the 70s, there is a
predominance of natural inflows below the long-term average. From the mid 70's until 2013 (Porto Primavera)
/ 2016 (Foz do Areia), there is a predominance of above-average natural inflows. Finally, from 2014 (Porto
Primavera) / 2016 (Foz do Areia), despite the small sample size, there is a clear return to a level of natural
inflows below the long-term average, as shown in Figures 1 to 3.
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Figure 1: Porto Primavera’s natural inflows (annual means). Source: author. Data: ONS (2021b).
Figure 2: Foz do Areia’s natural inflows (annual means). Source: author. Data: ONS (2021b).
Figure 3: Porto Primavera and Foz do Areia – Residual Rippl Diagram. Source: author. Data: ONS (2021b).
119
In the reservoirs located in the Southeast (Furnas), Northeast (Sobradinho) and Central Brazil (Serra da Mesa)
regions, the natural inflow behavior is different. There is a period of above the average from 1931 to the
beginning of the 50s. From the beginning of the 50s to the mid-70s, there is a stability of natural inflows
around the long-term average. In the early 1980s there were some years of above-average natural inflows,
followed by a new period of stability until the mid-1990s. From the late 1990s onwards, a new period of
below-average natural inflows began and, notably as of 2014, these below-average natural inflows have
intensified, as shown in Figures 4 to 7.
Figure 4: Furnas’ natural inflows (annual means). Source: author. Data: ONS (2021b).
Figure 5: Sobradinho’s natural inflows (annual means). Source: author. Data: ONS (2021b).
120
Figure 6: Serra da Mesa’s natural inflows (annual means). Source: author. Data: ONS (2021b).
Figure 7: Furnas, Sobradinho and Serra da Mesa – Residual Rippl Diagram. Source: author. Data: ONS
(2021b).
With regards to the analysis of the SST indices in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and their relationships with
the behavior of natural inflows in different Brazilian regions and watersheds, our observations reinforce the
ONS’ findings (2019b).
In the Pacific Ocean, the analysis of the MEI v1 index (Figure 8) shows that this ocean has gone through warm
and cold phases since 1950. From the 1950s to the mid-1970s there is a predominance of negative anomalies,
indicating a cold phase of the Pacific Ocean. From the mid-1970s to the end of 2018 (available history) there
is a predominance of positive anomalies, indicating a warm phase of the Pacific Ocean. These two periods are
well related to the natural inflow behavior of hydroelectric power plants further south (Foz do Areia and Porto
Primavera).
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Figure 8: Pacific Ocean MEI v1 Index – Residual Rippl Diagram. Source: author. Data: NOAA (2021).
In the Atlantic Ocean (Figure 9), the existence of warm and cold phases is also noted, both in the North and
in the South. The opposite behavior between the northern and southern hemispheres is noteworthy (when one
is heating, the other is cooling and vice versa), indicating the possibility of an oscillation phenomenon between
these two macro-regions within this ocean basin.
In the North (South) Atlantic Ocean, there are periods of warming (cooling) between 1950 and mid-1960s and
between the mid-1990s and 2018. There are periods of cooling (warming) from the mid-1960s to the mid-
1990s. An additional behavior that calls attention is in the South Atlantic, where there is an apparent
rewarming from 2018 without, however, an analogous response (cooling) of the North Atlantic (which remains
warming until 2021). The aforementioned suggests two possibilities:
that the Atlantic basin would be undergoing a phase shift (in this case, the North Atlantic is expected to start
cooling down in the near future); or
that there was some change in the oscillatory behavior between the South and North Atlantic Ocean (in this
case, the South Atlantic would be warming up without the North Atlantic cooling response).
Figure 9: Atlantic Ocean SST indices – Residual Rippl Diagram. Source: author. Data: Huang et al. (2017).
122
Both oceans SST indices are related to the behavior of the natural inflow's series of the Southeast (Furnas),
Northeast (Sobradinho) and Central Brazil (Serra da Mesa) reservoirs. Coinciding with the cold Pacific and
the warm North Atlantic (approximately 1950 to the mid-1960s), below-average inflows are observed.
Coinciding with the cold Pacific and the cold North Atlantic (mid-60s to mid-70s), natural inflows around the
average can be observed. With the warm Pacific and the cold North Atlantic (mid-1970s to mid-1990s), above-
average natural flows can be observed, a period that even coincides with the occurrence of the largest historical
floods in these watersheds.
With the warm Pacific and the warm North Atlantic (mid-90s to 2021), the predominance of below-average
flows can be observed. In general, from 2014 onwards, an intensification of below-average flows can be seen
in these three reservoirs.
CONSIDERATIONS
Although it is not possible to infer the cause and effect relationships only by analyzing SST indices and natural
inflow historical data, the geographic spatialization of analyzed watersheds and the periods of change in the
behavior of inflows and SST indices allow us to assume with reasonable confidence that there are acting
phenomena associated with climate variability (and possibly climate change) that are affecting rainfall and
inflows, ruling out other sole causes such as changes in land use, corroborating the ONS’ findings (2019b).
The current (in 2021) situation of inflows below the historical average in all analyzed watersheds, (in the
South, Southeast, Northeast and Central Brazil regions) indicate that the Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans
are their cold and warm phases, respectively, even for a brief moment (in the climate perspective).
Additionally, the phase shift (cold to warm) in the South Atlantic SST without, apparently, the corresponding
shift (warm to cold) in the North Atlantic deserves to be studied. There may be complex mechanisms behind
this observation that can help to better understand the global climate state and explain, for example, the
intensification of the negative anomalies of the inflows in the Southeast, Northeast and Central Brazil from
2014 onwards.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/q3GnkrcGnlY
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HUANG, B. et al. NOAA Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST), Version 5. Subset
SST. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, 2017. Available on: doi:10.7289/V5T72FNM.
Access date: July 24th, 2021. 2017.
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WOMAN IN PHOTOVOLTAIC MARKET TRAINING PROGRAM IN RIO DE JANEIRO
METROPOLITAN REGION - RJ.
Tatiana de Abreu Moura 1, Marcos Alexandre Teixeira 2

1 Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brasil ([email protected])
Abstract
This study tried to understand how the solar energy market sees the participation of female labor and thus its
training programs. The working subject were the analyzis of courses and training programs available in Rio
de Janeiro metropolitan region (Niterói, São Gonçalo and Rio de Janeiro City). The assessment was done, by
direct consultation of female persons that had under gone the training, taking as sampling population the
students (former and actual), from 8 courses active in the area. Courses included comertially available and
also a free one offered by Federal Fluminense University within the Vento Solar Project. Methodologically, a
Google form was sent to survey the perceptions and genders observation from the female workers, the survey
was extended with direct interview whenever made possible (contact in the google form). From the results
obtained, it was possible to note that the fact that the key aspect on increasing woman participation and wiliness
to stay ion this market was the presence and direct participation of female instructors during the formation
course, manly observed at the University based program, which have a greater male presence, both in terms
of students and instructors.
Keywords: renewables energy; gender; solar energy
INTRODUCTION
Searching for a position in the market already present several barriers for women that are far beyond their
technical abilities perception. With the arrival of solar energy in Brazil in the mid-1960s, new job opportunities
emerged, however, after a few decades of operations in the country and with solid growth, over 32% in 2020
(ABSOLAR, 2021), even in 2021 this market is still mostly male dominant, despite the increasing percentage
of women that had managed to occupy some positions.
The huge expansion of the renewables energy market has brought a series of social and economic benefits,
including increased employment, and the number of vacancies in 2030 is estimated to reach 29 million
(IRENA,2019). With the increase in opportunities, there is a need for qualified labor to meet such demands,
however, the reasons for women not being inserted in this sector are many, ranging from: personal problems,
lack of opportunity or information, up to lack of knowhow or where to qualify itself (training opportunities).
According to a survey carried out in 2019 by IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency), women
represented 32% of workers in renewable energy Market worldwide; based on responses from over 1500
contributors from 144 countries, is, up to this moment, one of the largest survey related to the insertion of
women conducted on renewable energy globally (IRENA,2019). According to the agency, having a greater
participation of women would allow the renewable sector to explore women's skills and ensure the socially
fair distribution of socioeconomic opportunities in the global energy scenario. Here it was understand that e
equitable learning environments are those that capitalize on the strengths of all individuals and invite behaviors
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of both genders, female and male, that cultivate strengths, not developed due to socialization practices and
stereotyping, as defined by KOCH (2003).
In this sense, it is envisaged that gender are assessed on the design and implementation of training and capacity
building actions when focused on renewable energy, moreover, these programs should encompass a more
humanized teaching methodology and which welcome people in more socially fragile situations.
The objective was to verify how the photovoltaic market perceive the presence of female labor by means of
analyzing the formation and training actions in terms of gender sensitivity, as well as to identify if their training
actions encompass up to date pedagogic concerns that support inclusive and socially sensitive approaches.
To directly reach all female students in different Photovoltaic training program – based on email lists
supplied by the courses organizers a questionary form was created at the Google platform. These 17
questions aimed to understand and identify how the course had an influence on their professional occupation
and how these women felt when undergoing the program (Available at:
https://forms.gle/QWsiJFgUy2i2GF1T8). Questions addressed issues such as: if they felt that they felt free
to speak (active voice during the educational process), if they were heard in their demands (not been
ignored); also if the teaching staff had female representatives, and where there were, what was it was the
influence (positive, negative or indifferent). The questionnaire was designed so as not to intimidate the
women in their responses.
The survey was carried considering 7 professional formation courses in the field of solar energy offered
between the cities of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro and São Gonçalo, plus the Vento Solar Project, an Fluminense
Federal University training program held in partnership with the Instituto Rumo Náutico (focused in insertion
of youngsters in the working market, https://projetograel.org.br/). The target population were reached by Email
and WhatsApp, where the link for the form was sent
Questionnaires were distributed to former students of the Vento Solar project, for the other selected courses,
the questionary link (Available at: https://forms.gle/QWsiJFgUy2i2GF1T8) was sent along with a cover letter
and general questions about current policies to promote gender equality among faculty members, and
requesting submission of the form to the students.
The feedback on the commercial courses were none, from where was impossible to know if they do not
address, os just to not consider. The former students of the Vento Solar course (already focus of gender
positive policy, i.e. 50% of the vacancies), the responses indicate that the use of the teaching methodology,
chosen by the curriculum, been Learning by Doing curriculum and a Constructivist teaching methodology,
has been shown to be effective in terms of having more dynamic and motivating classes. This is also in line
with the proposals from KOCH (2003), where formal curriculum must reflect the lived experience of all
students so that knowledge construction is a shared endeavor.
Here are some of the results obtained:
• 66.7% of the students consider that the methodology applied in the course is different from what they
were used to, bringing many examples and applications in simple language;
• 71.4% of the students said they felt at ease and welcomed in the course and pointed out that the fact of
having female tutors influenced their response;
• 71.4% of students say they felt they had a voice in the course and said that having a female technical
staff made a difference in their learning experience.
All women who participated in the survey are aged between 21 and 31 years old, with education between
college and postgraduate, 57.1% consider themselves white and 42.9% consider themselves brown and all live
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in cities in the state of Rio de Janeiro.
One key aspect observed was the strong present of female teachers, in strong teaching positions (i.e. leading
practices and evaluations), together with the use of a nonsexist, inclusive language and avoiding sexist humor,
cooperate to create a classroom culture that is emotionally safe for females and males alike.
Other example was the case of mothers that could not find daycare, they were encouraged to bring their
children with them to the classroom, supporting this equity and inclusive policy.
CONSIDERATIONS
Based on the available policy documentation, none (if found), indicate any gender related directive, this was
also supported with the lack of feedback on the direct consult on the management. So was concluded that there
are no any gender policy in place on the formation courses and training programs for the photovoltaics /
renewable energy market in the Rio de Janeiro Area.
Considering the results obtained, the Vento Solar training project was an exception, which made it possible to
cover a curriculum that valued all experiences and managed to guarantee teachers.
The analysis on the feedback form of the students of Projeto Vento Solar, it is possible to confirm the
importance of having a female presence in the teaching role of the courses. Having women in the position of
tutors encourages other women, creates a welcoming environment, in addition to making them more
comfortable in expressing their opinion.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/FBZ6LYbyEtU
REFERENCES
KOCH, Janice. Gender Issues in the Classroom. Handbook of Psychology. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons,
vol 7 - Educational Psychology, Chapter 12, pg. 259 – 281, 2003.
MARSHALL, Carol Sue; REINHARTZ, Judy. Gender Issues in the Classroom. The Clearing House: A
Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, Volume 70, 1997 - Issue 6, Pages 333-337. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1080/00098655.1997.10543538.
IRENA, Renewable Energy: A Gender Perspective. IRENA, Abu Dhabi, 2019.
SILVA, Thais Corrêa. A mulher no mercado de trabalho: Uma introdução ao estudo sobre a
desigualdade salarial entre gêneros nos setores da economia. 2019. 1 v. Monografia (Especialização) -
Curso de Ciências Econômicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 2019.
OLIVEIRA, Nielmar de. Pesquisa do IBGE mostra que mulher ganha menos em todas as ocupações.
2019. Repórter da Agência Brasil. Disponível em: https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2019-
03/pesquisa-do-ibge-mostra-que-mulher-ganha-menos-em-todas-ocupacoes. Acesso em: 17 set. 2021.
TREVIZAN, Karina. Participação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho segue menor que a dos homens,
diz OIT. 2018. Disponível em: https://g1.globo.com/economia/concursos-e-emprego/noticia/participacao-
das-mulheres-no-mercado-de-trabalho-segue-menor-que-a-dos-homens-diz-oit.ghtml. Acesso em: 15 set.
2021.
FONSECA, Sandra Medeiros; MATTAR, João. Metodologias ativas aplicas à educação a distância: revisão
da literatura Sandra Medeiros Fonseca. Educação A Distância e Práticas Educativas Comunicacionais e
Interculturais, São Cristóvão, v. 17, n. 2, p. 185-197, ago. 2017.
SEBRAE. A importância da qualificação da mão de obra: O investimento em seleção criteriosa e no
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desenvolvimento dos funcionários podem gerar excelentes retornos para a empresa. 2017. Disponível
em: ttps://www.sebrae.com.br/sites/PortalSebrae/artigos/a-importancia-da-mao-de-obra-qualificada, Acesso
em: 15 set. 2021.
ABSolar. INFOGRÁFICO ABSolar Energia Solar Fotovoltaica no Brasil, 2021. Disponível em:
https://www.absolar.org.br/mercado/infografico/. Acesso em: 18 set. 2021.
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Abstracts Section
AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS
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CHLOROPHYLL A FLUORESCENCE AS AN INDICATOR OF LIGHT STRESS IN
CARAPICHEA IPECACUANHA
Cristina Moll Hüther 1, Vitor Francisco Ferreira 2, Natália Fernandes Rodrigues 3, Julia Ramos de Oliveira 4,
Bruna de Carvalho Assunção 5, Junior Borella 6, Carlos Rodrigues Pereira 7
1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas a Produtos para a Saúde - UFF, Niterói-RJ ([email protected])
2 Faculdade de Farmácia, Dep. de Tecnologia Farmacêutica - UFF, Niterói-RJ ([email protected])
3 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Eng. de Biossistemas – UFF, Niterói-RJ ([email protected])
4 Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental – UFF, Niterói-RJ ([email protected])
5 Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental – UFF, Niterói-RJ ([email protected])
6 Departamento de Botânica - FURG, Rio Grande, RS ([email protected])
7 Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental – UFF, Niterói-RJ ([email protected])
Abstract
Carapichea ipecacuanha is a medicinal plant from a shaded environment. Changes in light quality and
quantity can promote metabolic changes and one of the first sites affected is the transfer of energy in the
electron transport chain of photosynthesis. Thus, the aim was to evaluate the photochemical activity of the
species Carapichea ipecacuanha subjected to cultivation in photoselective shading nets (blue, red, and black)
and full sunlight. For this, the plants were cultivated for three months in photoselective nets (all with a shading
level of 70%) and two days in full sunlight. In full sunlight treatment, the plants were previously being
cultivated in 70% shading (black net). After the acclimation period, transient fluorescence analysis of
chlorophyll a was performed. The results showed that the uses of different luminosity qualities cause
significant changes in the chlorophyll a fluorescence transient, with a decrease in the maximum fluorescence
(FM) values. The treatment with direct sunlight exposure caused greater damage to the photosynthesis electron
transport chain when compared to the other treatments. However, the changes in fluorescence intensity in the
treatments of the red and blue photoselective nets showed similar responses, thus demonstrating that it does
not matter whether it is grown in the blue or red grid, the stress symptoms will be similar.
Keywords: ipecac; vulnerable species; plant production; light filters; colored nets; chlorophyll a
fluorescence.
INTRODUCTION
The National Policy on Medicinal Plants and Herbal Medicines indicates the need to promote the sustainable
use of biodiversity and the development of the production chain of medicinal plants. For this, information is
increasingly needed on management and cultivation in artificial environments, for example, for the medicinal
species Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot) L. Andersson (Rubiaceae), also known as ipeca-do-brasil, poaia,
ipecacuanha or ipecac, which produces in its rhizome and roots, emetine and cephalin, the main existing
isoquinoline alkaloids (DEWICK, 2002). Production guidelines in artificial environments for this species are
scarce and, in addition, this species is on the list of vulnerable species for extinction (ZAPPI et al., 2013).
Light is one of the essential resources and changes in its intensity, reach and duration can lead to different
physiological responses (GURURANI et al., 2015; SZYMAŃSKA et al., 2017; DALL'OSTO et al., 2020;
DONG et al., 2020). However, variations in light levels, along with other environmental conditions, can easily
disturb the energy transfer in photosystems (OU et al., 2012) and interfere with photosynthetic efficiency
(REBEIZ, 2014). Thus, changes in the cultivation environment of this species, such as variation in the quality
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of light incident on plants, with the use of spectral filters, also known as the use of colored nets or
photoselective shading nets, can provide the desired effect on growth and development, according to the color
of the spectrum to be used. Therefore, the present work aimed to evaluate the photochemical activity of the
species Carapichea ipecacuanha subjected to cultivation in photoselective shading nets (blue, red, and black)
and under full sunlight.
The experiment was carried out on the Gragoatá campus of the Federal Fluminense University, whose region
has an Aw climate, according to the Köppen classification and latitude 22°54'00' S, longitude 43°08'00'' W
and altitude of 8 m, from March to June 2020, most of the period comprising the autumn season. The plants
of Carapichea ipecacuanha were placed in 8 L pots, containing sandy soil (areola) as substrate and when they
were in the vegetative stage, they were distributed in three greenhouses with different photoselective shading
nets (blue, red, and black) with the same shading level (70%). They were grown for 3 months under these
conditions. and treatment in full sunlight (2 days of exposure), whose plants were from 70% shading in black.
Treatments consisted of: (i). 70% shading with black net (control); (ii). 70% shading with a red photoselective
net; (iii). 70% shading with a blue photoselective net; (iv). full sunlight (2 days of direct sun exposure), whose
plants were from 70% shading in black. Ten sampling units were used per treatment and each pot contained a
plant, considered a sampling unit, always maintained with irrigation in field capacity.
Plants with 70% shading were considered the control treatment for full sunlight treatment plants, given its
indication as an adequate condition for the cultivation of ipecacs in artificial environments, in a general
context, as it is the closest to its natural habitat (understory) (LAMEIRA, 2002; RIBEIRO et al., 2019).
Chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis was measured on the first fully expanded young leaves not detached,
previously dark-adapted for 30 minutes using a portable fluorometer (Handy PEA Model, Hansatech
Instruments, King's Lynn, Norfolk, UK); after the dark period, a flash of 3400 µmol m-2 s-1 was applied for
the induction of transient OJIP fluorescence. Fluorescence intensities will be measured between 50 µs and 1 s
in 10 plants per treatment. The fluorescence intensities determined at: 50 (F50 µs), 100 (F100 µs), 300 (F300
µs) µs, 2 (F2 ms) and 30 (F30 ms) ms and Fm (maximum fluorescence) were used to calculate the JIP Test
parameters (STRASSER and STRASSER, 1995) and subsequently performed the calculation of the JIP Test
parameters using Biolyzer software and the normalization and subtraction of transient fluorescence curves
according to Tsimilli-Michael and Strasser (2008).
Chl a fluorescence transients of the dark-adapted leaves of Carapichea ipecacuanha plants are shown, on a
logarithmic time scale from 10 μs up to 1s, in Figure 1. Transient fluorescence of plants in the controlled shade
(black net) and those treatments with different colored net (red and blue) and full sunlight treatment for two
days are plotted with lines in the colors according to the applied treatment, corresponding respectively to black,
blue, red and yellow lines (full sunlight).
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Figure 1: Chl a fluorescence transient of dark-adapted C. ipecacuanha leaves subjected to 70% shading with
different colors of photoselective nets: black (control), red and blue when grown for 3 months under these
conditions and full sunlight treatment (2 days of direct sunlight exposure). Logarithmic time scale. ms =
milliseconds. Number of repetitions per treatment is 10. Data normalized to the respective control.
All curves show the typical OJIP shape (the O, J, I, and P steps are marked in the plot), with similar maximum
variable fluorescence (FM−F0=FV), demonstrating that all samples were photosynthetically active. However,
depending on the duration of stress, it may lose the shape of the typical curve of fast chlorophyll a fluorescence.
Light saturation caused a disorder in the photosynthesis electron transport chain, as evidenced by the decay
along the curve, proving the decrease in energy and the loss of maximum photochemical efficiency attributed
to photosystem II, not being used for the photochemical process, being dissipated and consequently lost to the
medium, contributing to a lower reducing power in photosystem I. The intensity and quality of radiation can
impose strong morphoanatomical variations (GOMES et al., 2008). When it comes to changes in luminosity,
it is essential to consider that this is a limiting factor for plant production, as it affects photosynthesis, which
is one of the primary targets, reducing plant productivity (MONNEVEUX et al. 2013; TIMPERIO et al. 2008;
ZHANG et al. 2018).
Shade plants when exposed to high light need to improve deoxidation by the xanthophyll cycle for energy
dissipation by heat (BERNAL et al., 2015) and may also show a decline in the production of monomeric light-
gathering complexes, for example, LHCII, in light stress or disaggregate (BERNAL et al., 2015; CHEN et al.,
2017; SZYMAŃSKA et al., 2017).
Light stress reduced the intensity of chlorophyll a fluorescence, mainly from the O-step (0.0001 ms), for all
treatments exposed to the stressor, indicating a reduction in the general functionality of the electron transport
chain, with the least damage being manifested in the treatment in which the plants were exposed to shading
containing blue mesh, but even so, they presented inefficient photochemical performance, demonstrating high
levels of radiation for this species.
CONSIDERATIONS
Regardless of the quality of light provided through the different colors of the nets or being exposed for only
two days in full sunlight, C. ipecacuanha presents changes in the intensity of chlorophyll a fluorescence,
indicating a situation of light stress. Thus, it is not indicated as a management option for the cultivation and
production of this species, when only its cultivation is sought, without observing possible changes in
isoquinoline alkaloids.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/NKYjWXsdRRI
132
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BERNAL, M., et al. 2015. Effects of enhanced UV radiation and water availability on performance, biomass
production and photoprotective mechanisms of Laurus nobilis seedlings. Environmental and Experimental
Botany 109, 264-275. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2014.06.016
CHEN, Y.-E., et al. 2017. Responses of photosystem II and antioxidative systems to high light and high
temperature co-stress in wheat. Environmental and Experimental Botany 135, 45–55.
https://doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2016.12.001
DALL’OSTO, L. et al. 2020. Monomeric light harvesting complexes enhance excitation energy transfer from
LHCII to PSII and control their lateral spacing in thylakoids. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) –
Bioenergeticsn 1861, 148035. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.06.007
DEWICK, P. M. 2002. Medicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach. 2. ed. John Wiley & Sons,
England, 515 p.
DONG, Z., et al. 2020. Application of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging technique in analysis and detection
of chilling injury of tomato seedlings. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 168, 105109.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2019.105109.
GOMES, I. A. C. et al. 2008. Alterações morfofisiológicas em folhas de Coffea arabica L. cv. “Oeiras” sob
influência do sombreamento por Acacia mangium Willd. Ciência Rural 38:109-115.
GURURANI, et al. 2015. Regulation of Photosynthesis during Abiotic Stress-Induced Photoinhibition.

Molecular Plant 8, 1304– 1320. http://doi:10.1016/j.molp.2015.05.005
LAMEIRA OA. 2002. Cultivo da Ipecacuanha [Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot.) Stokes]. Embrapa: Circular
técnica 28, 1-4.
MONNEVEUX P. et al. 2013. Drought tolerance in potato (S. tuberosum L.) Can we learn from drought
tolerance research in cereals? Plant Sci 205–206:76–86.
OU, H. et al. 2012. Immediate and long-term impacts of UV-C irradiation on photosynthetic capacity, survival
and microcystin-LR release risk of Microcystis aeruginosa. Water Research, 46, 1241-1250.
REBEIZ, C. A. 2014. Chlorophyll Biosynthesis and Technological Applications. Springer Dordrecht

Heidelberg New York London http://doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7134-5
RIBEIRO, F.N.S. et al. 2019. Área foliar e altura de ipeca são alteradas pelo sombreamento. Enc. Biosfera
16, 254 – 263. http://doi: 10.18677/EnciBio_2019A18
STRASSER B. J. & STRASSER, R.J. 1995. Measuring fast fluorescence transients to address
environmental questions: The JIP-test. In: MATHIS, P. (Ed) Photosynthesis: from Light to Biosphere.
SZYMAŃSKA, et al. 2017. Physiological and biochemical responses to high light and temperature stress in
plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 139, 165–177.
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TIMPERIO A M. et al. 2008. Proteomics applied on plant abiotic stresses: Role of heat shock proteins
(HSP). Proteomics 71: 391-41.
TSIMILLI-MICHAEL, M, STRASSER, R. 2008. In vivo assessment of stress impact on plants' vitality:

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plants alleviate abiotic stress: Physiological and chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements. BBA-Bioenerg
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Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, pp 1100.
ZHANG D. et al. 2018. Reducing the excessive evaporative demand improved photosynthesis capacity at low
costs of irrigation via regulating water driving force and moderating plant water stress of two tomato cultivars.
Agric Water Manag 199:22–33.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was carried out with support of Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro –
FAPERJ and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq.
134
CURRENT SCENARIO OF COVID-19 VARIANTS, CONFRONTATION AT
CONSTRUCTION SITES IN THE STATE OF RIO DE JANEIRO AND PROTOCOLS
ADOPTED IN SÃO PAULO
Josiane Da Silva Torres Machado 1, Lisandra Gomes Mateus 1, Sávio Torres da Silva 1, Flávio Lessa
Machado 1
Abstract
In Brazil, there is a deficit in infrastructure and housing, civil construction is one of the sectors that leverage
the economy. This article aims to discuss the context of the current situation of instability in the midst of the
pandemic, with emphasis on the civil construction sector, and its control protocols in coping with the Covid-
19 crisis and its care variants, involving well-being and worker safety. The impacts caused by the pandemic
are immeasurable, as it has not yet been overcome. In the current scenario, the city of Rio de Janeiro becomes
the epicenter of the delta variant and, at the moment, what security protocols offer. Period in which part of the
amount collected in the Cedae auction will be allocated to infrastructure works in Rio. The extra guidelines
and protocols followed by the State of São Paulo have had an effect, but there are still cases of death among
civil construction workers. The advance of the vaccine has changed the scenario.
Keywords: Economy, Pandemic, Infrastructure
INTRODUCTION
Currently, the State of Rio de Janeiro received authorization to develop the basic sanitation services subsidized
by the auction in April 2021. On that occasion, the concessionaire Águas do Rio and the Government of the
State of Rio signed the public sanitation concession for the State Company of Water and Sewage of Rio de
Janeiro (CEDAE). Part of the amount raised with the concession will be allocated to water supply and sewage
projects in 35 municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro, bringing business opportunities to Rio.
With this, the state will have budget resources available to invest in infrastructure, sector that benefits society
in general. At the event "Rio Canteiro de Obras", promoted by Firjan in May 2021, goals for the recovery of
the economy of Rio de Janeiro were addressed, in this sense, highlighting the importance of the civil
construction sector, which employs an average of 6.740 million workers, according to CBIC.
The potential in terms of infrastructure captivates recovery, employability, expands the economy and promotes
competitiveness. Thus, the document Rio Canteiro de Obras (2021), exposes 22 infrastructure projects for the
state of Rio de Janeiro, corresponding to R$9.4 billion in investments, with greater repercussion of R$11.9
billion and effectiveness of generation of 135,000 direct and indirect jobs.
However, the current pandemic scenario is still worrying in Brazil, since, in order to effectively take control
of the works and take over the sector, it will be necessary to provide employees with a safe working
environment. Thus, it will be possible to intensify the vaccine and keep the use of safety protocols active.
According to a mapping carried out by the Corona-Imeca Genomic Surveillance Network for the new
coronavirus (Epidemiological Bulletin 2020 - 2021), delta cases in the state correspond to 86% of cases in the
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total of Covid-19.
Thus, the present work presents an exploratory and comparative study between cases of Covid-19 variants,
the current scenario, the confrontations in civil construction sites in the State of Rio de Janeiro and the
protocols adopted in São Paulo.
The study was based on a literature review elaborated from the research and selection of scientific articles
related to the topic, published between 2020 and 2021, in the Scielo (http://www.scielo.br/) and ScienceDirect
(https://www.scielo.br/) databases /www.sciencedirect.com/). Information available from sectorial bodies was
also consulted, such as the Ministry of Health Coronavirus (COVID-19), the Epidemiological Bulletin of the
City of Rio de Janeiro - Emergency Operations Center 2020 and WHO - World Health Organization.
In Figure 1, the regions that will be covered by the projects are presented.
Figure 1: Infrastructure projects in the State of Rio de Janeiro.
Source: Firjan, 2021.
Among the regions that will benefit from infrastructure projects in the State of Rio de Janeiro are, Access to
the Industrial District of Santa Cruz (1), Industrial District of Queimados (2), Campos Elíseos Ring Road (3),
Access to the Port of Açu (RJ-244) (4), Campos Industrial District (5), Três Rios Industrial District (6),
Adequacy of access – Automotive Cluster (7), Jardim Marajoara Industrial Condominium (Japeri) (8), Trans
Highway downgraded (RJ-103) (9), Revitalization of RJ-130 (Terê-Fri) (10), Adaptation of RJ-116 (11),
Paving of RJ-140 (12), Implementation of Line 3 of the Metro (13 ), Adaptation of state highways – Noroeste
Fluminense (14), Contorno de Itaperuna (BR-356) (15), Highway concession – Eixo Noroeste (16), Integration
Bridge (17), Adaptation of highways – Norte Fluminense (18 ), Restoration of the Red Line (19), Metro Line
4 – Gávea Station (20), Extension of Metro Line 2 (21) and Rail Access to Galeão (22).
However, the current pandemic scenario is still worrying in Brazil, considering that, in order to take control
of the works effectively, it will be necessary to provide employees with a safe working environment. The
subject “pandemic” deals with its geographic reach. COVID-19 is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2
coronavirus. This disease causes a clinical state in infected humans that varies from asymptomatic infections
to severe respiratory conditions.
According to the Ministry of Health (2021), in general, 80% of infected cases may have no symptoms and
20% of patients may need hospital care if they demonstrate difficulty breathing. And in these situations
approximately 5% may need respiratory support. According to the Epidemiological Bulletin of Rio de Janeiro
updated by the SUS (Unified Health System) and the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information
System (SIVEP) on 09/02/2021, the confirmed cases in the City of Rio de Janeiro so far were 237,189 in the
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total number of cases, among these, 13,102 were deaths. Figure 2 shows the risk assessment of hospitalization
and death by administrative region in the city of Rio de Janeiro.
Figure 2: Covid-19 risk map.
Source: SIVEP, 2021.
The 33 administrative regions of the City of Rio are at high risk of contagion for Covid-19, among these
regions, according to data computed by SIVEP, the regions Portuária, Centro, Rio Comprido, Botafogo,
Copacabana, Lagoa, São Cristóvão, Tijuca, Vila Isabel, Ramos, Penha, Inhaúma, Meier, Irajá, Madureira,
Jacarepaguá, Bangu, Campo Grande, Santa Cruz, Ilha do Governador, Ilha de Paquetá, Anchieta, Santa Teresa,
Barra da Tijuca, Pavuna, Guaratiba, Rocinha, Jacarezinho, Complexo do Alemão, Maré, Vigário General,
Realengo and Cidade de Deus.
Civil construction is considered an essential activity for the economy and has a fast pace of work with a high
flow of people involved. On average it employs 6.740 million workers, according to the CBIC (2021). Paying
attention to the number of people who are employed in civil construction, it ends up significantly impacting
the health and safety of employees. The sector was forced to review its plans in light of Covid-19. The impacts
caused by the pandemic are immeasurable, as it has not yet been overcome.
Action plans imposed by the government with the intention of halting the spread of the new coronavirus and,
as a consequence, curbing the amount of infected people and deaths. Martins (2021) emphasizes that there
was a need to change the entire segment due to the quarantine that was established, non-essential services were
forced to remain closed by lockdown.
Therefore, it is of paramount importance and fundamental to understand the field of this significant branch of
the economy throughout the period of the new coronavirus pandemic, in order to avoid that once again works
are paralyzed and lives are lost due to new variants of Covid-19 . In Figure 3, confirmation of cases of variants
of care in the City of Rio de Janeiro are presented.
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Figure 3: Variants of attention.
Fonte: CIEVS, 2021.
The confirmation that the city of Rio de Janeiro is, at the moment, the country's epicenter of the Delta variant
of the new coronavirus took place during the presentation of the city's 32nd Epidemiological Bulletin.
According to a mapping carried out by the Corona-Ômeca Genomic Surveillance Network for the new
coronavirus, delta cases in the state correspond to 86% of cases in the total of Covid-19.
The mutation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (causing Covid-19), known as the Delta variant (B.1 617.2, formerly
called the Indian variant), was first identified in India in October 2020. This variant is worrisome, as it is
considered to be highly transmissible compared to the previous ones (Alpha, Beta and Gamma). This factor
makes it more contagious than the original strain (WHO, 2021).
According to a disclosure carried out by the Ministry of Health (2021), there are around 2,613 cases of the
Delta variant in Brazil and, according to data computed by the City bulletin in week 33, 228 cases were
registered in the city. This situation shows that it is necessary to pay special attention to this variant, and be
very careful on construction sites, in order to prevent the spread of the variant from continuing and the progress
of the works being again compromised by the stoppage.
According to the CBIC booklet, numerous precautions to be included in the practices in an appropriate manner
for preventive actions can be highlighted, these actions must be followed before, during and after working
hours, aided by a protocol to carry out the recommendations such as: Protocol on how to prevent the spread
of the virus before starting the day's activity, employees must be instructed on the recommendations that they
should follow in their work routine, such as a minimum distance of 2 meters, frequent hand cleaning, use of
masks, cleaning the environment, training regarding mask and hand hygiene (CBIC, 2021).
Upon entering the location of the activity: The working hours must be staggered, determining the time to start
and end the activities, respecting the minimum distance, to avoid, for example, crowding in public transport.
Upon entering the workplace, all employees must undergo screening in order to identify their health condition
(CBIC, 2021).
During the execution of the activity - Contact between workers must be reduced: Maintain a distance of at
least 2 meters between workers in the cafeterias, stagger the hours to reduce the number of people inside the
cafeterias. hand hygiene, with soap and water or 70% alcohol, before entering the work area (CBIC, 2021).
Ending the day's activity - The PPEs must be sanitized, as well as the areas of interaction between employees
at the end of each shift or the end of each day of service. Employees must be instructed about the risk of
contagion and preventive measures when returning to their homes. The State of São Paulo has imposed an
intersectoral sanitary protocol for personal hygiene that must be considered in all sectors, including those
adapted to construction sites and construction companies' offices.
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Additional protocol adopted by construction companies in the State of São Paulo - Construction companies in
the State of São Paulo are adopting extra protocols such as the use of a thermometer to check the temperature
before starting activities and washbasins for repeated use of hand washing shown in figure 4 and figure 5, as
well as some guidelines. Surveys carried out by the construction social service with 50 participating companies
in the State of São Paulo indicate that, even though strict protocols and guidelines were put into practice, the
increase in cases of deaths among employees in the period from May 1st was still computed. from 2020 to
April 14, 2021 in accordance with the figure 6.
However, this picture has been changing, according to a survey carried out by ABRAINC (Brazilian
Association of Real Estate Developments), to compute the impact of the New Corona Virus on construction
sites, a survey identified that vaccination has a strong positive impact on the sector. With the influence of the
vaccine, cases of infected among employees have been dropping significantly. Data released on September
17, 2021 show that 85% of construction workers had already acquired the first dose of the vaccine and 36%
the second dose. The expectation is that by the end of October, 100% of those vaccinated with the first dose
and more than 50% with the second dose will be counted. decreased 15% every 2 weeks (ABRAINC, 2021).
Figure: 4 - Check the temperature
Source: CBIC, 2021.
Figure 5: Installation of a washbasin at the entrance to the cafeteria.
Figure 6:
Source: CBIC, 2021.
Personal hygiene protocol adopted by the Government of the State of São Paulo (2021). Personal protection -
Require the use of masks or face shields in all work environments by employees and customers, as well as
encourage their use on the way to work, whether in public or individual transport, and in public places and for
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family life and social;
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - Require the use and/or make available the necessary PPE to employees
for each type of activity, in addition to those that are mandatory, such as masks, mainly for cleaning activities,
removal and exchange of garbage, handling and handling food and temperature measurement and other
medical care;
Reusable PPE – Collect and disinfect PPE, such as aprons, face shields, gloves, and hearing protection, or
provide a suitable place for the employee to do it daily; Food – Provide food and drinking water individually.
If water is supplied in gallons, purifiers or water filters, each should have its own cup. Ordinary pressure
drinkers must be removed or sealed;
Physical contact – Guide employees and customers to avoid touching their own eyes, mouth and nose and
avoid physical contact with third parties, such as kissing, hugging and shaking hands; and Respiratory hygiene
– Guide employees and customers to follow the cough etiquette, respiratory hygiene (cover coughs and sneezes
with disposable wipes, throw it away immediately and sanitize hands in sequence).
CONSIDERATIONS
Humanity will be transformed, possibly by the norms and protocols that the pandemic has imposed on us, it
will probably transform forms of socialization and activities, health, involving construction sites and new
construction technologies, will have a more accentuated emphasis.
The advance of new variants in the city of Rio de Janeiro makes the city the epicenter of the delta variant.
Thus, there is a need to intensify vaccination, as in the last weeks of September a drop in the number of infected
can be seen.
However, 33 administrative regions of the city are at high risk of contamination by Covid-19. In addition, the
infrastructure works in the State, due to the amount collected in the Cedae auction, should receive greater
attention regarding the extra guidelines and protocols followed and the intensification of vaccination, due to
the fact that the State of São Paulo, which has been effective with these measures, but there were still cases of
confirmed deaths among employees in the sector.
Civil construction has particularities, as it is a sector with a great concentration of people, cultures and,
therefore, vulnerable to crises and changes in the market, requiring greater attention.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/C4FdtFzYubs
REFERENCES
Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro. BOLETIM EPIDEMIOLÓGICO. Centro de operações de emergência 2020 –

2021. Semana 35. Disponível em:
https://www.editoraroncarati.com.br/v2/phocadownload/anexo_rj_08092021.pdf. Acesso em setembro de
2021.
Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro. BOLETIM EPIDEMIOLÓGICO. Centro de operações de emergência 2020 –

2021. Semana 32. Disponível em:
https://www.editoraroncarati.com.br/v2/phocadownload/anexo_boletiom_rj_16082021.pdf . Acesso em
setembro de 2021.
CBIC. COVID-19: Construção Civil Reforça Proteção do Trabalhador. Brasília. 2020. Disponível em: <
https://cbic.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/COVID19-BOAS-PRATICAS-01-CONX-27032020.docx-
EDIT.pdf . Acesso em: setembro de 2021.
CBIC. Cresce população ocupada na indústria da construção civil no trimestre. Brasília, 2020. Disponível
140
em: https://cbic.org.br/cresce-populacao-ocupada-na-industria-da-construcao-civil-no-trimestre/. Acesso
setembro de 2021.
CIEVS - Informações Estratégicas em Vigilância em Saúde. Disponível em:

https://www.rio.rj.gov.br/web/sms/informacoes-estrategicas-em-vigilancia-em-saude .Acesso em setembro
de 2021
GOVERNO DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO. Protocolo sanitário intersetorial. Disponível em:

https://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/protocolo-intersetorial-v-09.pdf Acesso em
setembro de 2021.
GOVERNO DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO. Protocolo sanitário. Disponível em:

https://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/protocolo-setorial-infraestrutura-v6.pdf Acesso
em setembro de 2021.
MARTINS, M. O impacto da pandemia na construção civil: como o setor retoma o crescimento.

Disponível em: https://engenharia360.com/pandemia-construcao-civil/amp/ Martins Matheus. Acesso em
setembro de 2021.
MINISTÉRIO DA SAÚDE. Coronavírus (COVID-19). Brasília, DF, 2020. Disponível em:

https://covid.saude.gov.br. Acesso em setembro de 2021.
MS - MINISTÉRIO DA SAÚDE. Brasil. 2021. Disponível em: https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br Acesso em

setembro de 2021.
OMS – Organização Mundial de Saúde. Disponível em: https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/07/1096792 .

Acesso em setembro de 2021.
RIO CANTEIRO DE OBRAS. Investimentos estaduais em Infraestrutura. Disponível em:

https://www.firjan.com.br/lumis/portal/file/fileDownload.jsp?fileId=2C908A8A79D76F350179FB4A18C13
9F4. Acesso em setembro de 2021.
ABRAINC - Associação Brasileira de Incorporações Imobiliárias. 73ª Pesquisa. Pesquisa sobre Covid-19
nos Canteiros de Obras não registra óbitos e internações no mês de setembro. 2021. Disponível em:
https://www.abrainc.org.br/covid-19/2021/10/15/pesquisa-abrainc-canteiros-de-obras-acompanha-atuacao-
de-empresas-durante-a-pandemia-de-covid-19/. Acesso em outubro de 2021.
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EFFECTS OF MALT BAGASSE UTILIZATION ON KALE GERMINATION USING
DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES AND SHADINGS
Natália Fernandes Rodrigues 1, Leonardo da Silva Hamacher 1, Silvio Roberto de Lucena Tavares 2, Flavio
Castro da Silva 1, Julia Ramos de Oliveira 1, Gabriela Martins Corrêa 1, Cristina Moll Hüther 1
3 Embrapa, Brazil
Abstract
Malt bagasse is an important waste from breweries, with high potential of usage in various animal and human
food areas. Nonetheless, there are few studies of its in natura usage as soil conditioner for various vegetables
seedings production. Thus, this works objective was evaluate the interaction among different substrate
compositions, using brewery waste as component, and different shading levels at Georgian cabbage
germination. For that, the experiment was made in five different shading levels (50%, 70%, 90%, 70% with
plastic and full sun) and three different substrates moistures with distinct compositions: S1 (33,33% of manure;
33,33% of sandy soil; 33,33% of clayish soil), S2 (83% of earthworm humus; 15% of fine glyceride charcoal;
2% of mammon dumpling), S3 (33,33% of brew waste; 33,33% of sandy soil; 33,33% of clayish soil), in an
completely randomized design, with five repetitions for each shading level and substrate concentration.
Germination beginning occurred in the third day after sowing (DAS) and lasted until the tenth DAS. The S2
substrate stood out, followed by S1, with similar results in height, roots length, germination percentage, and
germination speed index. On the other hand, the substrate composed of malt bagasse obtained the worst results
in all shading conditions, being not indicated to kale seedings production.
Keywords: Brassica oleracea var. acephala; malt bagasse; horticulture; luminosity
INTRODUCTION
The malt bagasse has gained importance due to the great volume yearly produced by brew industries
(CORDEIRO, 2011). Brewery wet waste, according with Brochier e Carvalho (2009), is resultant from the
initial stage of brew production process, presenting itself in husk or bran forms, with approximately 80% of
humidity. According with Lopes et al. (2015), at the processing end subproducts are generated and the most
present waste, corresponding to 85% of the total, is from the malt bagasse. Countless studies point the
ruminants feeding as an alternative usage for the waste (GOMES, 2010). Besides that, the malt bagasse
utilization as soil conditioner is still an incipient research area.
The city of Niterói invests on the creation of the sustainable brewers seal with the intention to encourage the
region’s brewer pole through 3288/217 law, which encourages the craft breweries creation, prioritizing the
correct destination of its wastes. That way, this works objective was to evaluate the interaction of different
substrate compositions, using the brewery waste and different shading levels on the Georgian kale
germination.
The experiment was carried out on the experimental site of Campus Gragoatá, of Universidade Federal
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Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, which coordinates are: latitude of 22º 54´ 00´´S, longitude of 43º 08´ 00´´W and
altitude of 8m. The region has climate Aw, following Köppen classification, e.g., tropical weather with dry
winter and rainy summer, with average annual temperature of 23 Celsius degrees, and average annual
precipitation of 1200mm, occurring on the period from 2021 August 14th until 2021 September 10th. The
treatments consisted of different substrate compositions and different shading levels (50%, 70%, 90%, 70%
with plastic, and full sun), using kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) seedings from ISLA®, which sowing
was made in 2021 August 31st.
For the different substrate compositions to seedings production, the following soils were used: Planossolo
Háplico e Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo (EMBRAPA, 2018), collected from UFRRJ in Seropédica – RJ, along
with tanned bovine manure or the craft brewery malt bagasse waste from Niterói – RJ. The substrate 2 was
provided by Fazendinha Agroecológica (Table 1):
Table 1 – Description of substrate treatments based on the percentage volume ratio of each component
According with the soil chemical analysis, it was necessary to correct its pH according to Manual de Calagem
e Adubação do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (2013).
The substrates were added in polystyrene trays with 200 cells, and then allocated in distinct green houses with
different shading levels, being the irrigation made a day before sowing. After, kale seeds were sown by cells,
each treatment of different compositions having 50 units and each experimental unit having 1 seed.
The germination ratio was daily measured until the tenth day after the germination beginning, when all
treatments stabilized. The germination percentage and germination speed index (IVG) was then determined.
The germination percentage was calculated through the proposed formula of Regras para Análise de Sementes
(BRASIL, 2009), and the IVG according to the equation proposed by Maguire (1962) adapted from Moraes
et al. (2012).
After germination counting, in the tenth day, the kale physiological data as seedling height and roots length
were measured with a graduated ruler.
All response variables were subjected to Shapiro-Wilk test, in order to verify if the variables came from a
normally distributed population. After, data significance determination was made with ANOVA, and the
average values comparation test using the Turkey model, with 5% probability, with SISVAR® software.
The germination percentage data presented in figures 1, 2 and 3 shows each substrate behavior in the distinct
shading levels. That way, it can be seen that S1 substrates stabilization occurred until the seventh DAS, with
lower percentage (68%) occurring in full sun situation, due higher temperatures and higher daily irrigation
need. Being the 90% shading level the most efficient with 86% of germination, due to lower climate conditions
variation and better humidity maintenance in the substrate (Figure 1).
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Figure 1: Percentage of germination of substrate S1 at different shading levels: 50% (50), 70% (70), 90%
(90), 70% with plastic (70P) and full sun (PS).
The S2 substrate, from Fazendinha Agroecológica, showed very similar results independent of shading levels,
with stabilization values between sixth and seventh DAS (Figure 2). For this substrate, the greater germination
occurred with shading 50, with 84%, and the lower value in shading 90, with 72%.
The substrate containing the malt substrate (S3) showed worst germination results, occurring lately and with
vary poor values. The better situation occurred in shading 90 with 76% of germination, and for full sun only
10% of germinative capacity. (Figure 3)
These results shows that each substrate obtained better results in different climate conditions, pointing the
brew waste usage, generally for greater shading level conditions, as it has better results over other shading
levels.
About the IVG, it can be seen that the S2 substrate showed the best results considering the different shading
levels, followed by S1. The substrate that contained brew waste (S3) did not stood out in any condition. It is
144
highlighted that the best combination occurred with S1 substrate in 90% shading level, being 1794% higher
then the worst combination, that occurred with S3 substrate in full sun condition.
Table 2: Description of the Germination Speed Index (IVG) for the different substrates and shading
The treatment height (Table 3), showed generally very similar values between S1 and S2 substrates for each
different shading levels, being statistically similar, not differing between each other. Nonetheless, it is
highlighted the low values for S3 substrate.
Table 3: Description of height data in cm for different substrates and shading
Table 4: Description of root length data in cm for different substrates and shading
The presented results points to the no utilization of malt bagasse as seeding production component. It can be
occurred due to the quantity of sugars composed in the waste, leading to fungi and bacteria proliferation,
interfering in the production.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/SDC_9dtQHD4
CONSIDERATIONS
The malt bagasse did not showed effectiveness in substrate formation to kale seedings production in
different shading levels.
REFERENCES
BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Regras para análise de sementes. Ministerio
da Agricultura, Pecuaria e Abastecimento. Secretaria de Defesa Agropecuaria. Brasilia: MAPA/ACS, p.
395, 2009.
BROCHIER, M. A.; CARVALHO, S. Aspectos ambientais, produtivos e econômicos do aproveitamento de

resíduo úmido de cervejaria na alimentação de cordeiros em sistema de confinamento. Ciência Agrotécnica,
Lavras, v. 33, n. 5, p. 1392-1399, 2009.
CORDEIRO, L. G. Caracterização e viabilidade econômica do bagaço de malte oriundo de cervejarias

para fins energéticos. 2011. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos) - Universidade
Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 2011.
GOMES, R. H. Utilização do bagaço de malte como ração animal. 2010. Trabalho de conclusão de curso
145
(Graduação em Química Industrial) - Instituto Municipal de Ensino Superior de Assis - IMESA, Assis, 2010
LOPES, C. R. et al. Estudo cinético de desidratação e caracterização do bagaço de malte resíduo da indústria,
Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Química em Iniciação Científica, 2015.
MAGUIRE, J. D. Speed germination-aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop
Science, v. 2, p. 176–177, 1962.
MORAES, D. M. et al. Práticas laboratoriais em Fisiologia Vegetal. Pelotas. Editora Copias Santa Cruz
Ltda, v. 1, 162p, 2012.
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EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF THE USE OF FERMENTED PLANT JUICE IN
BANANA CROP
Allana Kedry de Matos Mattos 1, Dirlane de Fátima do Carmo 1, Mariana Vezonne 1

1 Federal Fluminense University, Brazil
Abstract
The banana is one of the most consumed fruits in the whole country and the one with the largest production
scale in the city of Saquarema, Rio de Janeiro. The quality of the soil interferes in the whole process and in
productivity, having relevance in achieving more effective results in production. Korean natural agriculture
has been gaining space in other countries due to positive results regarding the improvement of soil and
agricultural production, being aligned with sustainability and can be adopted by small farmers. One of the
recommended forms of fertilization in Korean natural agriculture is the use of concentrated plant juice. The
objective of this work was to analyze the effectiveness of the use of fermented juice to improve soil quality,
verifying the effect of its application on soil health. Monitoring was done by physical and chemical soil
analysis, as well as Pfeiffer chromatography for quality assessment. Preliminary results show an improvement
in soil microbiological activity. It is hoped that the results at the end of the process may help in the promotion
of more sustainable alternatives for plant nutrition that are low cost and therefore within the reach of small
farmers, improving soil quality and increasing productivity.
Keywords: Banana, Korean fertilizer, Pfeizzer chromatography, sustainability
INTRODUCTION
The banana (Musa spp.) is one of the most consumed fruits in the world due to the amount of vitamins,
carbohydrates, protein, low calorie content and pleasant taste. It is grown mainly in tropical countries, being
present in all regions of Brazil. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(FAO), Brazil produced 68,127.08 tons of bananas on 461751 hectares (FAO, 2019), accounting for 5.29% of
world production in 2019.
In the municipality of Saquarema in the state of Rio de Janeiro, banana is the most produced fruit, being grown
by 210 farmers. In 2019, 2660 tons of banana were harvested in the municipality, with an income
corresponding to 38% of the city's gross income and also presenting the largest production area among fruit
trees, accounting for 502 ha (ASPA/AGROGEO, 2019).
The Korean natural agriculture disseminated by Master Han Kyu Cho uses sustainable agricultural methods,
based on the optimization of production with balance in the input and output of nutrients by stimulating the
local microbiota, emphasizing the use of local resources, thus reducing costs (MILLER et al, 2013). Fermented
plant juice is one of the practices used in Korean natural agriculture and has shown good results in agricultural
activities (SOMASEKHAR, SAI, and ROHINI, 2013; BAUTISTA, 2014).
One way to monitor soil quality is through Pfeiffer chromatography. Chromatography is a set of techniques
based on the principle of selective retention aimed at separating the different components of a mixture to
identify and often determine the quantities of these components (RIVEIRA; PINHEIRO 2011). This method
is known as an "integral soil analysis" where its interpretation can be done by the farmer himself. It allows the
147
reading of the soil to be done in a simple and accessible way through time-space, and the farmer can monitor
various characteristics of the soil in which it is desired to monitor (PINHEIRO, 2011, p. 27).
Thus, in this work the effect of the application of concentrated plant juice was evaluated, which is one of the
methodologies employed in agriculture, making the monitoring using the Pfeiffer chromatography.
This work is being developed in the lakes region of Rio de Janeiro, in Saquarema, in the Rio Mole
neighborhood, latitude -22.827478 and longitude -42.559322. The experiment is conducted on a property
where ornamental plants, bananas, lemon and green coconut are grown. The crop chosen for this study is water
banana (Musa acuminata 'Dwarf Cavendish') that occupies an area of 50x70m. This space contains about 150
clumps of banana trees with an average of 3 to 5 banana trees in each, reaching an average of 750 trees in this
area.
The area was divided into three plots of approximately 16 x 70 meters each. The first plot is used as a witness
and receives no fertilization, the second receives conventional fertilization made with simple superphosphate,
potassium chloride and ammonium sulfate, and the third receives the fermented juice of banana flowers.
The fermented juice was made with shoots from vigorously growing plants present in the area and banana
flower (3 kg), following the methodology of Miller et al (2013) depicted in Figure 1. Brown sugar (3 kg) was
mixed with the banana flowers and fermented for seven days until the juice was ready for use (Figure 2).
Figure 1: Input structure for fermented juice.
Figure 2: Steps in the preparation of the concentrated juice: Distilling the material (a); mixing the distilled
shoots and sugar (b); fermenting juice (c).
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(a) (b) (c)
The soil quality analysis was performed using Pfeiffer chromatography according to the methodology
proposed by Pilon, Cardoso and Medeiros (2018), using composite soil samples for each treatment. In the
collection, the edges are excluded and a 6x42m space is delimited from each treatment for the removal of the
soil samples containing 200 grams, for analysis.
The beginning of the application of the fermented juice to the soil was on June 30th. The application was made
by means of a 5L manual pump with a spray nozzle, providing the spreading of the solution throughout the
soil uniformly. The applications are made every 15 days with a dosage of 20ML to 20L m throughout the plot.
The application of conventional fertilizer was done in a single dose, according to the recommendations of
EMATER, Saquarema pole, which indicated the application of 270g of simple superphosphate, 45g of
potassium chloride and 180g of ammonium sulfate on each plant in the studied area.
The study site does not receive periodic fertilization and/or preventive maintenance measures, and only the
quantity of bunches removed from this area and their weight is controlled. The soil is covered with leaves and
fallen stalks that are not removed after production, only tipped over to identify that production has already
taken place. Spontaneous plants cover the ground and are only weeded when they reach a height that could
disturb the fruit harvest. Thus, the use of concentrated juice was made with the intention of using plant residues
that are discarded, allowing reuse and cost reduction, as well as implementing ecological cultivation
techniques.
Figure 3 shows the chromatographic response of the sample taken before the first application of the fermented
plant juice (Figure 3a) and one month later (Figure 3b).
Figure 3: Pfeiffer chromatography of the area where the concentrated plant juice was applied, before (a) and
after application (b).
(a) (b)
It is observed in both figures desirable colorations, indicating good formation of colloidal humus.
Observing the central zone of Figure 3a there is oxygenation and aeration of the soil and, observing the central
zone of Figure 3b there was improvement with the use of concentrated juice, since the beige color indicates
good quality, aeration and structuring, demonstrating that the soil is not compacted. Thus, there is good
microbiological fermentative activity and quality of life of the soil and the concentration of nitrogenous
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substances present in the sample, with an increase in Figure 3b.
The internal zone is where mineral reactions occur (GRACIANO, 2018) and it can be observed from Figure
3a that the amount of minerals present in the soil is lower than after the application of the concentrated juice
(Figure 3b). The outer zone shows irregular needles which is a non-ideal termination.
Therefore, the inner zone of the chromatogram of the soil sample after the application of the concentrated
juice, expresses good integration between the areas indicating good condition of the soil biological activity
and harmony between the mineral-biological component of the soil, showing improvement in relation to the
initial state. However, the outer area showed non-ideal termination in a circular flat shape with no edges.
CONSIDERATIONS
There was an improvement in the quality of the soil one month after the application of the concentrated plant
juice in the banana plantations, presenting soil microbiological activity and harmony between the areas.
However, the external chromatography zone of the samples did not present improvements. The application of
the juice will be done during 4 months with the intention of obtaining even better results.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/Gz52AtIOLes
REFERENCES
FAO. Crops. 2021. Available at: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/. Accessed on: 12, February 2021.
AGROGEO. EMATER,2019. Report by crops of the aspa/agrogeo-year2019 State of Rio de Janeiro.

Available at: http://www.emater.rj.gov.br/images/CULTURA2019COR.htm Accessed on: 12, February 2021.
MILLER, Sherri A. et al. Natural Farming: fermented plant juice. Tropical Agriculture and Human
Resouces, v. 2, p. 1-7, 2013.
SOMASEKHAR, M.; SAI GOPAL, D. V. R.; ROHINI REDDY, K. Research article application of
indigenous microorganisms (imos) on poultry floor (soil) and analysis of minerals in the poultry imos
treated soil. 2013.
BAUTISTA, Karen et al. Documentation of Soil Fertility Management Practices in Outstanding Certified
Organic Farms. 2014.
PINHEIRO, Sebastião. Primer of the health of the soil (Pfeiffer chromatography). Salles Editora, p. 108,
2011.
RIVERA, J. R.; PINHEIRO, S. Chromatography: images of life and soil destruction. soil. Colômbia, Cali:
Impressora Feriva, 2011.
GRACIANO, I. Assessment of soil health by means of Pfeiffer chromatography: methodological aspects

and application. Dissertation (master's degree). Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, 95 p.
PILON, L. C.; CARDOSO, J. H.; MEDEIROS, F. S. Practical guide to Pfeiffer chromatography. Embrapa
Clima Temperado-Documents (INFOTECA-E), 2018.
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GERMINATION OF CHAPOLIN® TOMATO USING DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES AND
SHADING
Natália Fernandes Rodrigues 1, Julia Ramos de Oliveira 1, Mariana de Oliveira Pereira 1, André Alisson
Rodrigues da Silva 2, Cristina Moll Hüther 1, Silvio Roberto de Lucena Tavares 3
1Federal Fluminense University, Brazil
2 Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil
3 Embrapa Solos, Brazil
Abstract
Vegetable production is a great source of Brazilian income and has been widely studied. Thus, the formation
of substrates that promote better seedling cultivation conditions and the amount of light received become
important research factors for better results in the final product. The use of coconut fiber (FC) has been widely
used in the production of seedlings of many vegetable species. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate
the interaction of different substrate compositions and different shading levels in the germination of tomato of
the Chapolin® variety. For this, the experiment was conducted at three different shading levels (70 and 90%)
and 5 different mixtures of substrates with different concentrations of clay (A) and coconut fiber (FC): T1
(100% A), T2 (80 % A + 20% FC), T3 (60% A + 40% FC), T4 (40% A + 60% FC) and T5 (100% FC), in a
completely randomized design, with four replications for each level of shading and substrate concentration.
The beginning of germination occurred on the seventh day after sowing (DAS) and lasted until the fourteenth
DAS. The type of substrate concentration with the highest germination percentage was the T2 substrate and
the shading was 70%. Thus, for such experimental conditions, the concentration of 80% clay with 20% coconut
fiber is indicated, when conducted in 70% shading and for 90% shading conditions, the composition of 60%
clay and 40% fiber of coconut.
Keywords: Solanum lycopersicum; coconut fiber; clay; luminosity
INTRODUCTION
The production of vegetables is one of the most laborious, requiring monitoring from the production of
seedlings to the final consumer. In this context, in addition to being a widely consumed vegetable in Brazil, it
has an agro-industrial chain that is among the most important in the Brazilian agribusiness (ANDRADE et al.,
2010). Vegetables have a relatively shallow root system and require a greater availability of water in the soil
for better performance and productivity. Generally, they are plants that can be cultivated in all seasons of the
year, however, in the dry period, irrigation to promote water availability becomes essential (SILVA; SILVA,
2005). Thus, the use of suitable substrates for the culture promote better conditions for excellent results in
productivity.
The use of coconut fiber (RAMOS et al., 2008) and coconut powder (CARVALHO DE OLIVEIRA et al.,
2019) has been reported in the literature as an important factor for the production of seedlings, especially for
vegetables (COSTA et al., al., 2007; SAMPAIO et al., 2008). Applying these materials on the soil has shown
advantages from a nutritional point of view and greater availability of water, in addition to contributing to
reduce the range of soil temperature (MIRANDA et al., 2004). In addition, it is an important solution to
minimize the environmental impact caused by the disposal of urban waste and the economic use of these
materials, which often have potential for agricultural use, especially as substrates in the production of seedlings
151
(SOUZA, 2001; SAINJU et al. al., 2001; SAMPAIO et al., 2008).
The availability and quality of light offered to tomato plants directly affects their productivity, since in
environments with greater shading it presents positive results (OTONI et al., 2012), especially when compared
to the full sun environment (SANTIAGO et al., 2018) . Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the
interaction of different substrate compositions and different shading levels in the germination of tomato of the
Chapolin® variety.
The experiment was carried out in the experimental area of Campus Gragoatá, Federal Fluminense University,
Niterói, RJ, whose coordinates are Lat.: 22º 54´ 00´´S, Long.: 43º 08´ 00´´W and Alt: 8m. Climatically, the
region has an Aw climate, according to Köppen's classification, that is, a tropical climate with dry winter and
rainy summer, with an average annual temperature of 23ºC and average annual precipitation of 1200 mm.
However, air humidity and temperature (outside and inside the greenhouse) were also recorded for the
experimental period with ASKO®'s AK28 new Digital Thermo-Hygrometer for each day (May 26, 2021 to
June 11, 2021 ).
The treatments consisted of different substrate compositions and different shading levels (70 and 90%), using
tomato seeds (Solanum lycopersicum) of the variety Híbrido Chapolin®, ISLA®, with sowing carried out on
May 26, 2021.
For the compositions of the different substrates clayey soil (A): classified as clayey texture, by the physical
analysis of the soil (Soil Analysis Laboratory, Vegetal Tissue and Fertilizer, Federal University of Viçosa);
and coconut fiber (FC): Geolia® produced by Holamgrow Comércio e Beneficiamento de Fibras Vegetais
Ltda Me., with concentrations of each type of substrate being prepared with different proportions (v/v): T1
(100% A; 0% FC); T2 (80% A; 20% FC); T3 (60% A; 40% FC); T4 (40% A; 60% FC) and T5 (0% A; 100%
FC). According to the chemical analysis of the soil, it was necessary to correct the pH according to the Lime
and Fertilizer Manual of the Rio de Janeiro State (2013).
The substrates were added in bags for the production of seedlings, with a capacity of approximately 1 kg, in
different greenhouses containing the different shading levels, with irrigation being carried out the day before
the seeds were added, maintaining the field capacity of the substrates (100 ml of water per unit). Subsequently,
3 tomato seeds per polyethylene bag and 4 repetitions were sown.
The germination rate was measured daily, until the fourteenth day after the beginning of germination, when
all treatments stabilized. The germination percentage and the germination speed index (IVG) were determined.
The germination percentage was calculated by the formula proposed in the Rules for Seed Analysis (BRASIL,
2009) and the IVG according to the equation proposed by Maguire (1962) adapted from Moraes et al. (2012).
Climatic data obtained at the experiment site demonstrated that, in general, the temperature and relative
humidity inside the generating houses of close average values, regardless of the shading level (Table 1).
Emphasizing that the initial days are hotter and drier, a factor that can affect germination and greater need for
irrigation.
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Tabela 1: Climatological data obtained at the experiment site – Campus Gragoatá – Fluminense Federal
University – Niterói – RJ
The beginning of germination occurred seven days after sowing (DAS), on June 2nd, and ended on June 11,
2021, on the fourteenth day after sowing (Figure 1 and 2).
Figure 1: Germination percentage on different substrates and shading levels in relation to days after sowing.
Substrates: (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5). Shading levels (70%).
Figure 2: Germination percentage on different substrates and shading levels in relation to days after sowing.
Substrates: (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5). Shading levels (90%).
The substrate composed of 40% clayey soil and 60% coconut fiber (T4) showed the best result in the lowest
level of shading, followed by the T2 treatment composed of 20% coconut fiber in the highest level of shading.
The late start of germination may have occurred due to climatic factors, since at higher temperatures with little
moisture retention in the substrate, sowing problems may occur. This fact may also have influenced the total
percentage of germination, which was generally low.
153
Coconut fiber has a low particle density and, therefore, the water tends to infiltrate slowly, taking preferential
paths. Thus, the substrate composition that best brought results in the different treatments was the T2
treatment.
The tukey tests related to the Germination Speed Index were not significant (results not present). However, in
figures 4 and 5, the IVG of each treatment is listed.
Figure 3: Germination speed index on different substrates and shading levels in relation to days after
sowing. Substrates: (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5). Shading levels (70%).
Figure 4: Germination speed index on different substrates and shading levels in relation to days after
sowing. Substrates: (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5). Shading levels (90%).
All treatments reached their apex in a similar way on the eighth day, and for the condition with less shading
there were better results for the treatment T2 and in the condition of greater shading for the medium treatment,
T3.
It can be verified that according to the shading, germination occurred in a different way. This can occur
because even being quite similar in terms of temperature and humidity as shown in table 1, the variation
throughout the day at extreme times is greater, requiring greater control of climate data inside the greenhouses.
The use of coconut fiber as a substrate, when used alone, provides good seed germination, but in the long term
it results in low seedling growth, mainly due to its low nutrient content (Silveira et al., 2002). Thus, its use
must be carried out in combination with nutrient-rich materials, enabling better seedling growth and reducing
production costs (Ramos et al., 2012).
CONSIDERATIONS
The relationship between clayey soil and coconut fiber proved to be effective in the formation of substrates
for the production of tomato seedlings, with emphasis on the relationship of 80% clay with 20% coconut fiber,
which obtained positive results in the different shadings.
154
Presentation: https://youtu.be/5K_DAWT0LrU
REFERENCES
ANDRADE, G. C. R. M.; OETTERER, M.; TORNISIELO, V. L. O tomate como alimento – cadeia produtiva
e resíduos de agrotóxicos. Pesticidas: Revista de ecotoxicologia e meio ambiente. v. 20, p. 57-66, 2010.
BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Regras para análise de sementes. Ministério
da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Secretaria de Defesa Agropecuária. Brasilia: MAPA/ACS, p.
395, 2009.
COSTA, C. A. et al. Fibra de coco e resíduo de algodão para substrato de mudas de tomateiro. Horticultura
Brasileira, Brasília , v. 25, n. 3, p. 387-391, 2007.
MAGUIRE, J. D. Speed germination-aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop
Science, v. 2, p. 176–177, 1962.
MIRANDA, F. R. et al. Efeito da cobertura morta com a fibra da casca de coco sobre a temperatura do solo.
Revista Ciência Agronômica, v. 35, n. 2, p. 335-339, 2004.
MORAES, D. M. et al. Práticas laboratoriais em Fisiologia Vegetal. Pelotas. Editora Copias Santa Cruz
Ltda, v. 1, 162p, 2012.
OLIVEIRA, M. C. de et al. Mudas de tomateiro produzidas à base de pó de coco e esterco bovino curtido.
Revista Brasileira de Agropecuária Sustentável, v. 9, n. 3, p. 87-95, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.21206/rbas.v9i3.8660.
OTONI, B. S. et al. Produção de híbridos de tomateiro cultivados sob diferentes porcentagens de

sombreamento. Revista Ceres, v. 59, p. 816-825, 2012.
RAMOS, A.R.P.; DIAS, R.C.S.; ARAGÃO, C.A.; MENDES, A.M.S. Mudas de melancia produzidas com
substrato à base de pó de coco e soluções nutritivas. Horticultura Brasileira, v.30, p.339-344, 2012.
RAMOS, S. J. et al. Tomato seedling production in substrate containing coconut fiber and mushroom culture
waste. Revista Brasileira Ciência Agrária. Recife, v.3, n.3, p.237-241, 2008.
SAINJU, U. M. et al. Evaluating hairy vetch residue as nitrogen fertilizer for tomato in soilless medium.
HortScience v. 36, n. 1, p. 90-93, 2001.
SAMPAIO, R. A. et al. Produção de mudas de tomateiro em substratos contendo fibra de coco e pó de rocha.
Horticultura Brasileira, v. 26, n.4, p. 499-503, 2008.
SANTIAGO, E. J. et al. Yield characteristics of cherry tomato cultivated with and without shading screen at
different irrigation levels. Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical, Goiânia, v. 48, n. 4, p. 374-381, 2018.
SILVA, C. A; SILVA, C.J. Avaliação de uniformidade em sistemas de irrigação localizada. Revista Científica
Eletrônica de Agronomia. Publicação científica da Faculdade de Agronomia e Engenharia Florestal de
Garça/ FAEF, ano IV, n. 8, 2005.
SILVA, J. H. K.et al.Germinação e crescimento inicial de tomate italiano (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.):
efeitos do fotoperíodo. Natureza On Line, Santa Teresa, v. 10, n. 4, p. 183-185, 2012.
SILVEIRA, E.B.; RODRIGUES, V.J.L.B.; GOMES, A.M.A.; MARIANO, R.L.R.; MESQUITA, J.C.P. Pó
de coco como substrato para produção de mudas de tomateiro. Horticultura Brasileira, v.20, n.2, p.211-216,
2002.
155
SOUZA, F.X. 2001. Materiais para formulação de substratos na produção de mudas e no cultivo de
plantas envasadas. Fortaleza: Embrapa-CNPAT. 21p. (Documentos 43).
156
INFLUENCE OF THE IMPLEMENTATION TIME OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS ON
THE RECOVERY OF SOIL CARBON STOCKS
Allan Reis 1, Róberson Machado Pimentel 2, Wagner Pessanha Tamy 2

1 Biossystems Engineering Program of Fluminense Federal University / RJ - Brazil
2 Fluminense Federal University - Brazil
Abstract
The present study had the objective to make an analysis of how the presence of trees in agroforest systems
influencing the stocks of soil carbon levels. To realize this study was made a search in a recognized data basis
with main words "agroforest systems”, “degradated areas recovery” and “soil carbon stocks gain”. The
selected studies had different agroforest implementation time and were applied under degraded areas, getting
between 3 and 21 years, as well as different deep soil layers samples, since 10 to 100 cm. The introduction of
agroforest systems in previews degreased areas under 5 years of implementation make small influence or do
not recovery the soil carbon stocks, excepted to some systems where the livestock-crop-tree was effective to
increase the carbon stocks in 12,6 Mg ha-1. On the other hand, the change of pastures and cultures degraded
areas to agroforest system crossing 5 years of implementation get consistent gains over of soil carbon stocks,
mainly if were consider deep soil layers. In fact, the biggest increases of carbon stocks happened in the systems
with long life of trees plus to the deep soil evaluations. Indeed, the agroforest systems that made more
contributions to mitigate the GEE gases obtained numbers of stockage of 182,0 and 216,2 t/ha of CO2 in the
soil, respectively, both with 100 cm samples soil deep. One of the agroforest system with 4 years of
implementation conducted was considered negative, getting free 17,2 t/ha of CO2 in the atmosphere.
Keywords: Soil carbon stock, Integrated Systems, Degradated Areas
INTRODUCTION
Anthropogenic changes in land use, especially degraded pasture areas, are the main causes of soil quality
deterioration in the world. The use of trees associated with other crops is not a recent practice, and several
benefits of this integration have been recognized over the years (Broom et al., 2013; Lima et al., 2019).
However, the potential of this land-use to sequester soil carbon (C) has only been verified within the last 20
years (Smith et al., 2013). Estimates indicate that agroforestry systems will sequester 1.9 Pg of C over the next
50 years (Nair et al., 2012); however, these systems may have an even greater impact when adopted to
rehabilitate crop and degraded pasture areas in tropical regions (Lal, 2004).
Agroforestry system can be more efficient in the use of the available environment resources (light, water, and
nutrients) than monocrops by increasing biomass growth and consequently favoring the recycling of C and N
in pasture ecosystems (Sharrow and Ismail, 2004). The higher productivity achieved with the integration of
species is a result of the niche of complementarity among different populations coexisting in the same
environment. In this context, the Integrated Systems of production are technically efficient and ecofriendly,
because they are based on some good manners like conservancy of soil and water, less pressure to open new
areas, stocking GEE gases emissions and carbon green labels to certify the products (BALBINO et al.,2019).
The mix of agricultural products, that are join in the same area, bringing most of possibilities. It is result of a
157
good answer of the system to all kind of farmers, including small, middle and the biggest. For the small, they
can improve the diversity of products in the hand for the whole year, taking full content without spaces of
plantation. The middles and bigs optimizing the land use, being constantly productivity and also preparing the
conditions for the next culture. So, the system is sustainable under social, economic and environmental aspects
(KICHEL et al., 2014).
In the present work, the systematic review applied was made by searching for scientific articles that have done
since 2010 in data basis recognized. The data basis used were The Scholar Google and Alice, from Embrapa.
The articles were selected founding for main words: “carbon stock in agroforest systems”, “degraded areas
recovery” and “soil carbon stocks gain”. After this, 24 articles were chosen to analysis but Only 8 had the
specific data relative to the land use aspects (degraded areas changed to agroforests systems) and, therefore,
classified with time of implementation of the agroforest systems.
Besides of that, based on the soil carbon stockage changes verified in the areas, were realized the
transformation to CO2 balance (emission/stock), considering as conversion factor 3,67 adopted by Rangel &
Silva (2007).
The selected studies have different implementation time of Agroforest application under degraded areas, going
between 3 and 21 years, as well as different deep soil layers samples, since 10 to 100 cm. (Table 1). Theses
conditions of time and deep soil layers getting interferences under soil carbon stock levels, however, in a
general view the substitution of degraded areas for agroforest systems with tree presence acting for recovery
them.
The presented results confirm that the introduction of agroforest systems in previews degraded areas under 5
years of implementation make small influence (Lima et al., 2011; Froufe et al., 2011; Damian et al., 2021) or
do not recovery the soil carbon stocks (Silva et al., 2021), excepted to some systems where the livestock-crop-
tree was effective to increase the carbon stocks in 12,6 Mg ha-1 (Freitas et al., 2020).
On the other hand, the change of pastures and cultures degraded areas to agroforest system crossing 5 years
of implementation get gains over and consistent of soil carbon stocks (Lima et al., 2011; Froufe et al., 2011;
Chaves et al., 2013; Silva et al., 2021), mainly if were consider deep soil layers (Mosquera et al., 2012;
Bernardi et al., 2020). In fact, the biggest increases of carbon stocks happened in the systems with long life of
trees plus to the deep soil evaluations.
158
The balance of CO2 follow the comportment aligned with the alterations of soil carbon stock (Figure 1),
because has the same data basis origin, although presented under another point of view to be able to make the
analysis of magnitude of the stock or emissions after the rehabilitation of the degraded areas with trees.
So that, the agroforest systems that made more contributions to mitigate the GEE gases were observed in
Mosquera et al. (2012) e Bernardi et al. (2020), with numbers of stockage of 182,0 and 216,2 t/ha of CO 2 in
the soil, respectively. However, the agroforest system with 4 years of implementation conducted by Silva et
al. (2021) was considered negative, getting free 17,2 t/ha of CO2 in the atmosphere.
CONSIDERATIONS
After had made the results analysis, we can conclude that stockage of CO2 happened in the two studies which
had deep soil layers samples analysis with 100 cm. Other influence factor presented to the increase of the
carbon quantities is the time of duration of the studies. The best results to soil carbon stocks were found in the
experiments with tree long time life. Although the diversity of the agroforest systems draws, the correct
management of the systems with trees get high influence in the soil carbon stockage. With only one negative
balance, it is possible to confirm that the use of agroforest systems are benefic to recovery degraded areas and
make soil carbon stock higher.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/N6lwVyAxom8
REFERENCES
BALBINO, L.; … L. C. Políticas de fomento à adoção de Sistemas de Integração Lavoura, Pecuária e Floresta
no Brasil. Capítulo em livro técnico (CPAC).infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br, p. 99- 175, 2019.
BERNARDI, A. C. DE C. et al. Estoques de carbono no solo em sistemas integrados no bioma Mata Atlântica.
Coletânea de Fatores de Emissão e Remoção de GEE da Pecuária Brasileira, p. 104-105, 2020.
Broom, D. M, Galindo, F. A, Murgueitio, E., Sustainable, efficient livestock production with high biodiversity
and good welfare for animals. Proceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. p. 280, 2013.,
2013–2025.
CHAVES, S. S. DE F. et al. Estoque de carbono no solo em área de pastagem convencional e sistema

agrossilvipastoril em Paragominas. II Simpósio de Estudos e Pesquisas em Ciências Ambientais na
Amazônia, Belém-PA. Anais de artigos. p. 14-22, 2013.
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CONCEIÇÃO, M. C. G. DA et al. Avaliação do estoque de carbono do solo em diferentes tipos de manejo.
In: Congresso Brasileiro de Geoquímica, Armação dos Búzios. Anais... Rio de Janeiro: Sociedade Brasileira
de Geoquímica, Não paginado, 2017.
FROUFE, L. C. M.; RACHWAL, M. F. G.; SEOANE, C. E. S. Potencial de sistemas agroflorestais

multiestrata para sequestro de carbono em áreas de ocorrência de Floresta Atlântica. Pesquisa Florestal
Brasileira, v. 66, n. 66, p. 143–154, 2011.
KICHEL, A. N. et al. Sistemas de Integração Lavoura-Pecuaria-Floresta (ILPF) Experiências no Brasil. B.

Indústr. Anim., v. 71, n. 1, p. 94- 105. pag.95, 2014.
Lal, R. Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change. Geoderma. 123, 1-22, 2004.
Lima M. A, Paciullo D. S. C, Morenz M. J. F, Gomide C. A. M, Rodrigues R. A. R, Chizzotti F. H. M.

Productivity and nutritive value of Brachiaria decumbens and performance of dairy heifers in a long-term
silvopastoral system. Grass and Forage Science. 74, p.160– 170, 2019.
Schmidt, M. W., Torn, M. S., Abiven, S., Dittmar, T., Guggenberger, G., Janssens, I. A., Nannipieri, P.
Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property. Nature, 478, 49-56,2011.
SILVA, P. L. F. DA et al. Fertilidade, estoque de carbono e estabilidade de agregados em Planossolo sob

sistemas integrados de produção agropecuária. Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical, v. 51, p. e66505–e66505,
18 jun. 2021.
SILVA, L. F.; COGO, F. D. Estoque de carbono orgânico e atributos físicos do solo sob sistema agroflorestal
com cafeeriro no sudoeste de Minas Gerais. Intercursos Revista Científica, v. 19, n. 2, p. 118–126, 2020.
RANGEL, Otacílio José Passos; SILVA, Carlos Alberto. Estoques de carbono e nitrogênio e frações orgânicas
de Latossolo submetido a diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, v. 31,
n. 6, p. 1609-1623, 2007.
Nair, P. K. R. Carbon sequestration studies in agroforestry systems: a reality-check. Agroforestry Systems.

86, p. 243-253, 2012.
160
MAPPING OF AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN
PRODUCERS AND POTENTIAL URBAN PRODUCERS OF THE STATE OF RIO DE
JANEIRO
Letícia Englete de Mello 1, Dirlane de Fátima do Carmo 2, Mariana Vezzone Tosta Rabello 3
1 Federal Fluminense University, Master's degree in Biosystems Engineering
2 Federal Fluminense University, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering
3 Federal Fluminense University, Laboratory of Radioecology and Environmental Change
Abstract
For a long time, food production has been associated with the rural environment, while consumption is still
often associated with the urban environment. However, in the last two decades, there have been many
agricultural production initiatives in cities, as urban gardens and domestic backyards. Urban and peri-urban
gardens provide a number of environmental, social and economic benefits, such as the elimination of idle
spaces, job creation and fresher food. However, productions in urban areas may vary in their characteristics
according to location and how it is developed. Therefore, this work aimed to analyze the profile of urban
farmers in the state of Rio de Janeiro, their forms of production and marketing, compared to individuals who
do not produce yet but who want to become urban farmers. For data collection, a semi-structured interview
was conducted with 159 people, among active and potential urban agricultural producers, in 29 municipalities
in the State of Rio de Janeiro. The results were submitted to past statistical software for segregation of groups
into dendrograms using the Gower Distance. Subsequently, qualitative data were analyzed through proportion
graphs. There were no significant differences between the samples (urban producers and potentials urban
producers), however, despite the favorable conditions, technical support and dissipation of knowledge in terms
of urban agricultural management are necessary.
Keywords: Cultivation; City; Food security
INTRODUCTION
Since the mid-1990s, many agricultural production initiatives have been observed in cities, as in the case of
urban gardens, domestic backyards and community gardens, and the flame of urban and periurban agriculture
(ISIDORIO et al., 2020) has been observed. Food production in cities and their surroundings is also in line
with objectives two, eight and eleven of the 2030 Agenda of the United Nations (UN, c2021), namely: zero
hunger and sustainable agriculture; decent work and economic growth; sustainable cities and communities,
respectively.
However, depending on the location, the way it is developed and the public policies that cover them,
agricultural production in urban and periurban areas may vary in their characteristics, since they have a direct
connection with the reality of the space where they are produced (ALVES et al., 2019; MORENO-GAYTÁN
et al., 2019).
Accordingly, considering the growth of urban and peri-urban agriculture in the State of Rio de Janeiro, the
objective of this work is to analyze the profile of urban farmers in the state of Rio de Janeiro, their forms of
production and marketing, compared to individuals who do not produce yet but who want to become urban
farmers. These data are essential to support public policies for urban agriculture that are socially fair,
environmentally correct, and economically viable.
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For data collection of this study, a semi-structured interview was conducted. The interview took place with
the participation of 159 individuals, among active and potential urban farmers, that is, residents of the visited
municipalities endowed with the desire to start urban agricultural practices in their private spaces or with the
community.
The interviews were conducted with the support of 70 monitors, funded by the project "Rede Hortas Urbanas
e Jardins Productive", in 29 municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro: Barra Mansa, Bom Jardim, Cabo
Frio, Cachoeiras de Macacu, Campos dos Goytacazes, Cantagalo, Duque de Caxias, Itaboraí, Magé,
Mangaratiba, Maricá, Niterói, Nova Friburgo, Paracambi, Rio das Ostras, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, São
Francisco de Itabapoana, São Gonçalo, São João da Barra, Saquarema, Tanguá, Teresópolis, Três Rios and
Volta Redonda.
The interview was conducted through the application of questionnaires with the following questions: How
many people work or will work in urban cultivation? How is the water quality? What type of fertilization do
you do or intend to do? How do you control or how do you plan to control pests and diseases? Do you have
technical assistance for cultivation?
Gower Distance was used to group formation and dendrogram production through cluster analysis in PAST
4.06b software for urban producers and potential urban producers. The Gower Distance was proposed by J.C.
Gower (MOURA et al., 2010), which allows the concomitant evaluation of quantitative and qualitative data.
The Gower Distance is calculated as follows (Equation 1):
K is the number of variables; i and j are two individuals who represent access; Wijk is the weight given to the
ijk comparison, assigning value 1 for valid comparisons and value 0 for invalid comparisons (when the value
of the variable is absent in one or both individuals); and Sijk is the contribution of variable k in the similarity
between individuals i and j, with values between 0 and 1.
Formed the groups, the groupings were analyzed using aspect ratio graphs in the Microsoft Excel software.
Cluster analysis divided urban agricultural producers working into seven groups (Figure 1, counted from left
to right), while potential urban agricultural producers were divided into ten groups (Figure 2, counted from
left to right).
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Figure 1: Segregation of groups of urban farmers.
Figure 2: Segregation of groups of potential urban farmers
Regarding the urban producers, the average number of people working in the urban cultivate (exception of
Group 1) is two people; the same is the case with most groups of potential urban producers, exception of
Groups 3, 7 and 8, in which the average number of people who would work in urban cultivate is 3 producers.
Irrigation water was considered of good quality for both urban producers (exception groups 3 and 7) and
potential urban producers (exception of Group 8). The lack of reliability of the water supply represents a major
issue when the development of Urban Agriculture. This problem becomes especially important when
considering the potability of the water used and, therefore, the safety of the quality of the cultivated products.
As regards the type of fertilization adopted, both urban producers (exception of Group 6) and potential urban
producers (with the exception of groups 1 and 8) showed a significant preference for organic fertilization, i.e.
without the use of chemicals.
Significantly, the urban producers and the potential urban producers (with the exception of Group 1, in both
sample) responded to use or intend to use another form of pest control other than pesticides, syrups or manual
picking. However, attention is also paid to the fact that in both samples, urban producers and potential urban
producers, the use of pesticides appears among the alternatives of use by the interviewees.
Most of the interviewees from both samples, urban producers and potential urban producers, stated that they
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did not receive technical assistance. However, among those receiving technical assistance, the majority of
respondents said they received support from Non-Governmental Organizations or other means (more
expressly in group 2, both in the case of urban producers and in the case of potential urban producers).
CONSIDERATIONS
There were no significant differences between urban producers and potential urban producers interviewed in
terms of urban agricultural management. As for the low average number of people involved in urban
agricultural production, it is emphasized that, even dispersed, urban and periurban agriculture has a great
representativeness when considering the volume of production generated every year, in addition to all the
environmental and social benefits promoted by the practice. Although the water quality is good and the
interviewees practiced or endowed with the desire to practice organic fertilization, there was also the presence
of pesticide use among the interviewees' answers. Thus, technical support, not received by the vast majority
of respondents, becomes even more important in terms of agricultural management.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/POt2YN3ZVZo
REFERENCES
ALVES, D. O. et al. Urban Agriculture in Brazil: a Survey on Scientific Production in the Bases Scoupus and
Web of Science. Desenvolvimento Regional em debate, [s. l.], v. 6, p. 160-178, 2019.
ISIDORIA, C. B. et al. Characterization and socioeconomic profile of community urban gardens in Campos
dos Goytacazes, RJ. Revista Geosaberes, Fortaleza, v. 11, p. 593-607, 2020.
MORENO-GAYTÁN, S. I. et al. Sustainability and Urban Agriculture as Practiced by Women in the

Metropolitan Zone of Mexico City, Valle de Chalco Solidaridad. Alimentación Contemporánea y
Desarrollo Regiona, México, v. 29, ed. 54, 2019.
MOURA, M. C. CL et al. Algoritmo de Gower na estimativa da divergência genética em germoplasma de

pimenta. Hortic. Bras., [s. l.], v. 28, ed. 2, p. 155-161, abri.-jun. 2010.
UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION (UN). 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, c2021.
Available at: https://brasil.un.org/pt-br/91863-agenda-2030-para-o-desenvolvimento-sustentavel. Acess: 11
set. 2021.
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META-ANALYSIS OF HOMEOPATHIC THERAPIES IN ACTINOPTERYGII : A
REVIEW
Paulo Roberto de Souza Marques 1, Róberson Machado Pimentel 1, Róberson Sakabe 1

Abstract
The pisciculture involves the production of cut and ornamental fish. Where such creations are affected by
diseases and thus require a treatment with lower risk of causing damage to the environment and aquatic
organisms, such as homeopathy. The research methodology was applied in the bases Periódicos da Capes,
Plataforma Sucupira; in addition to consultation in Fishbase and periodicals such as Homeopathy. In the study
with 24 works of research, involving 10 families of fish actinopterygii, presented favorable result for the use
of the homeopathy in the veterinary medicine.
Keywords: Fish farming; Aquatic organisms; Veterinary homeopathy
INTRODUCTION
Fish farming can be carried out by small, medium and large producers, represented in 5,073,324 farming
establishments. Of this total 77% are formed by family farming. Where there is the advantage of raising fish
to be held in a small area. However, the adoption of aquaculture in Brazil represents only 0.38% of rural
establishments, even with the existing biodiversity (SIQUEIRA, 2018; MINISTRY OF ECONOMY, 2019).
Despite the diversity of species of aquatic organisms with different formats, size and environments, we have
few researches in Brazil about homeopathy in fish. Even knowing that the success in fish farming depends on
the knowledge of the phylogenetics, physiology and behavior of the species; together with the knowledge of
the pathologies, the nosographic picture, the signs and symptoms presented by the fish (AMORIM, 2002;
SHIOSI et al., 2017).
One of the reasons for the reduced amount of homeopathic research is the difficulty in accepting homeopathy.
Either because the focus of homeopathy is the sick individual and not the disease; or because its principles are
oriented to quantum physics and electromagnetic field physics. These sciences of physics are unknown to most
doctors, veterinarians and scientists. For this reason the following review was carried out.
The methodology was consulted in the databases: Periódicos da Capes, Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses
e Dissertações, Plataforma Sucupira, Google acadêmico, Fishbase; besides searches in periodicals
Aquaculture, Aquaculture Research, Aquaculture International, Journal Fish Biology, Aquaculture Nutrition
and Homeopathy, in the site of the Instituto Hahnemanniano do Brasil and in the library of the Faculdade de
Veterinária da UFF. The words used to perform the search for review purposes were fish and homeopathy, in
the period from 2010 to 2020. Finally, the 24 papers were submitted to the evaluation of the meta-analysis.
Statistical analyses were performed in R software, version 3.1.2; using the heterogeneity parameter (I²) (Figure
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1).
Homeopathic medicine was created by Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843) in 1799 and was
implanted in Brazil by Dr. Benoît Jules Müre (1809-1858) in 1840. Where in the city of Rio de Janeiro, he
founded the Instituto Homeopático do Brasil in 1843 (PINHEIRO, 2017). In the year 1995 the veterinary
homeopathy was recognized in Brazil and in 1996 the specialty was recognized by the Federal Council of
Veterinary Medicine. From Resolution No. 662 of the CFMV of 14/06/2000, the Brazilian Homeopathic
Veterinary Medical Association was empowered to grant title of specialist in Veterinary Homeopathy to
veterinary doctors (PINHEIRO, 2017). Finally, it is applied in organic systems of animal and plant production,
via Normative Instruction Nº. 46 of 06/10/2011 of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (ALVES,
2014).
In this review, 24 articles on fish treated with homeopathy were analysed in meta-analysis. Studies on
untreated fish (control) and fish treated with homeopathy were selected. The survey revealed 10 families of
the actinopterygii group. Being that the Poeciliidae family presented three species in the researches; for being
ornamental species: quite acquired in the market by the consumer at world level. Another highlight is that the
unicist homeopathic therapy was the majority of the works. The result of the meta-analysis shows moderate
heterogeneity with I² value = 46% (Table 1).
Figure 1: Meta-analysis of the study of homeopathy in fishes of the actinopterygii group.
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Table 1: Species and families of the actinopterygii group used in homeopathic therapeutics
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168
CONSIDERATIONS
The scarcity of scientific works on the subject, makes important the research with homeopathy in fish. For
besides the historical effectiveness, with the homeopathic treatment of domestic animals by Christian Friedrich
Samuel Hahnemann in 1815; we have the favourable evaluation of homeopathy, proven by meta-analysis in
2021. Therefore research should be expanded, under the principles and reasoning of homeopathy. In order to
generate treatments accessible to the organic and agroecological production of ornamental and cuttlefish.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/R_Lwga0jAGk
REFERENCES
AMORIM, D.S. Fundamentos de Sistemática Filogenética. Ribeirão Preto-SP: Holos editora, 2002. 156p.
IL.
ALVES, A.S. Homeopathies Sepia, Calcarea carbonica and homeopathic preparation Thiourea, in the
development of bullfrog (Lithobates catesbaianus)/ Adriano de Souza Alves. Dissertation (Master of
Science) Department of Animal Biology - Postgraduate Program in Animal Biology, Universidade Federal de
Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil, 2014. 76 f. : il. color.
MINISTRY OF ECONOMY. Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Censo Agropecuário 2017:
Resultados definitivos. Censo agropecuaŕio., Rio de Janeiro, v. 8, p.1-105, 2019.
PINHEIRO, D. A. Evaluation of blood parameters and reproductive performance of nile tilapia

(Oreochromis niloticus) treated with homeopatila 100®. Douglas Anadias Pinheiro, Maringá-PR, Brazil;
2017. Thesis (Doctorate in Animal Science: Animal Production concentration area) - State University of
Maringá, 59 f. 2017.
SHIOSI R. K.; TOSIN, J. P.; ANTONUCCI, A. M.. Atuação do médico veterinário na piscicultura brasileira
- Revisão de literatura. Revista Científica de Medicina Veterinária, Ano XIV, n. 28, p. 1-10, Jan-Jun 2017.
ISSN 1679-7353.
SIQUEIRA, T.V. Aquicultura: a nova fronteira para a produção de alimentos de forma sustentável. R.
BNDES, Rio de Janeiro, v. 25, n. 49, p. 119-170, Jun. 2018.
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METHODOLOGIES FOR VEGETABLE OIL EXTRACTION: A REVIEW
Carlos Michel dos Anjos dos Santos 1, Roberto Guimarães Pereira 1

Abstract
This work aims to investigate the main methods of extracting vegetable oils: hydraulic pressing; continuous
pressing; solvent extraction and green extraction, in order to guide the best choice for the extraction of soybean,
sunflower, pumpkin and peanut oils and provides subsidies for the development of new methodologies for the
extraction of vegetable oils.
Keywords: vegetable oil; hydraulic pressing; continuous pressing; solvent extraction; green extraction
INTRODUCTION
Vegetable oils are used in large quantities in Brazil and around the world, mainly in food, and also in other
applications such as, for example, in the production of biodiesel and in use as a hygiene, health and beauty
product. Brazil is one of the world's largest producers of soybean, in addition to other grains. Among the
various oilseeds that are known in the literature, those with a high oil content in the grains are favorable for
the production of biodiesel, cutting fluid, etc. Among these, we can highlight the grains of soybeans, peanuts,
sunflowers, pumpkin, babassu, corn, rapeseed, castor beans and cotton.
There are three usual methods of oil extraction, which may undergo some modifications or even be used in
combination with each other: hydraulic pressing by batch; continuous mechanical pressing (expeller) and
solvent extraction. Hydraulic presses are being replaced by mechanical presses, more efficient in oil extraction,
with simple operation and low acquisition and maintenance cost, being recommended for small cooperatives
(Virgens, 2017).
VEGETABLE OILS PRODUCTION
Oils are triglycerides, which is the union of three fatty acids to a glycerol molecule, and, due to this nonpolar
chemical nature, they are insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents. Although other parts, such as
roots, branches and leaves, can be used to obtain vegetable oil, the extraction takes place almost exclusively
from the seeds.
The diversity of vegetable oil sources leads to a great variability of extraction percentages. The usual
technologies are extraction by mechanical pressing and chemical extraction, using solvents. Most advanced
extraction methods use supercritical fluid and enzymes.
Regardless of the extraction process used, the preparation of raw material usually goes through some initial
steps before the extraction itself: cleaning, peeling separation, crushing, rolling and cooking.
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HYDRAULIC PRESSING
Hydraulic presses are equipment composed of a hydraulically actuated piston, which compresses the material
contained in a cylinder provided with an exit hole for the pressed liquid. The cycles of time and defined
pressures vary in terms of: the manual or motorized operation; the movement of the ascending or descending
pistons; the diameter and length of the cylinder; the proportion between the cylinder diameter and piston stroke
and the automation of operating cycles. It is a method that, as it does not use solvent, obtains a product with
its natural properties preserved.
CONTINUOUS PRESSING
A screw press, or expeller, is a type of continuous press in which the raw material is introduced into a cylinder
containing a rotating screw. The material placed between the screw and the inside of the cylinder passes
through it at a flow rate that gradually reduces, creating a compressive force. The cylinder walls contain fine
perforations or slits covered by adjustable screens, through which liquid is drained from the cake, which exits
the unit through an opening. Energy consumption is high, dissipated in friction and can considerably increase
the product's temperature.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION
Solvent extraction is a mass transfer operation widely used in the food industry to remove oil from seeds. After
having their size reduced, these seeds are placed in contact with the solvent, so that the transfer of the oil from
the solid to the liquid phase. (Chiste, 2006).
The seeds are subjected to pre-treatments such as peeling, sometimes cooking, partial dehydration and milling.
Therefore, the resulting extract, composed of solute and solvent, may contain some finely divided solid
particles, which can be removed by filtration.
New Oil Extraction Methodologies
Conventional methods for extraction of oil from oilseeds are mainly based on the use of expeller pressing and
organic solvent extraction (mainly hexane), which may result in high investment costs, human health hazards
and unacceptable environment contamination (Biljana et al. 2014). In this sense, several green and economical
methods have been designed to supersede the conventional ones (Lemus et al., 2019). Supercritical CO 2
extraction avoids the use of organic solvents and large waste streams, but the system is complicated and
expensive (Mitra et al. 2009). Aqueous enzymatic process for oil extraction is undoubtedly an emerging
technology in the fats and oil industry since it offers many advantages such as cost savings, environmental
friendliness, and healthy nutrition (Rosenthal et al. 1996).
To enhance seed oil extraction efficiency, diverse accelerated enzyme-catalyzed reaction technologies are
available. Apart from the methods such as microwave (Jiao et al., 2014), ultrasound (Jing-jing et al., 2011),
high pressure (Gros et al., 2003), extrusion (Jung and Mahfuz, 2009) and electrical discharge (Wu et al., 2009),
there is some work on negative pressure cavitation systems for accelerated enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
OIL EXTRACTION FROM SOYBEAN, SUNFLOWER, PUMPKIN AND PEANUT
Different methods have been used to extract oil from soybean, sunflower, pumpkin and peanut as discussed
as follows.
Moses (2014) used a continuous screw press for extraction soybean oil. The optimum kneading temperature
was 90oC that corresponded to the highest expelling efficiency of 69.13±2,27%. Nada et al. (2009) investigated
the yield and chemical composition of soy seeds oils obtained by different solvents and by different extraction
apparatus. The maximal oil yield with trichloroethylene was achieved by the Soxhlet apparatus after 150
minutes of extraction (21.4 g/100 g) and very satisfactory yield of 20.4 g/100 g, with similar chemical
171
composition, was achieved by reflux, only after 60 minutes.
Ribeiro et al. (2016) evaluated the application of different enzymes in extraction of sunflower oil, comparing
its quality with the oil obtained by conventional methods (solvent and pressing) in relation to antioxidant
capacity, phytosterol and tocopherol contents, and fatty acid composition. The application of enzymes in
sunflower oil extraction represents an environmentally friendly methodology, free of toxic solvent residues
and providing a final product of high quality. Ionescu et al. (2016) studied the oil extraction using a vertical
press with piston. It was obtained a yield of 26.72% for the sunflower seed in the case of: temperature 30°C;
2 mm/min piston speed and the maximum force of 100 kN.
The oil’s yields obtained were 90.07±0.17%; 95.46±0.06%; 89.65±0.11% and 91.87± 0.03% respectively.
Can-Cauich et al. (2021) obtained pumpkin oil by two methods: mechanical pressing and organic solvent. It
was found that the oil extraction method, species, and their interaction significantly influenced the
physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of the seed oils.
Oliveira et al. (2021) obtained peanut oil using solvent (hexane) extraction. The oil extracted from the peanut
seed has beneficial health properties as it is antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and prevents coronary heart
disease. Despite this quality, improper processing and storage can cause degradation such as lipid oxidation
due to its polyunsaturation.
CONSIDERATIONS
Different methods of oil extraction were studied: hydraulic pressing; continuous pressing; solvent extraction
and green extraction. Some results of oil extraction from soybean, sunflower, pumpkin and peanut were
presented. This research aims to guide the best choice for the extraction of soybean, sunflower, pumpkin and
peanut oils and provide subsidies for the development of new methodologies for the extraction of vegetable
oils.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/wg1rRyGlpbU
REFERENCES
BILJANA B, RABRENOVIĆ E, DIMIĆ M, NOVAKOVIĆ V, ZORICA N, BASIĆ N. The most important

bioactive components of cold pressed oil from different pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seeds. LWT - Food Sci
Technol 2014; 55(2): 521-527.
CAN-CAUICH, C. A., et al. Physicochemical properties and stability of pumpkin seed oil as affected by
different extraction methods and species International Food Research Journal 28(1): 148 – 160, 2021
CHISTE, R. C. et al. Qualidade da farinha de mandioca do grupo seca. Ciênc. Tecnologia dos Alimentos,
Campinas, v. 26, n. 4, p. 861-864, dec. 2006.
GROS C, LANOISELLÉ J, VOROBIEV E. Towards an alternative extraction process for linseed oil. Chem
Eng Res Des 2003; 81(9): 1059-1065.
IONESCU, M., Gh.; VOICU, S. Şt.; BIRIŞ, V.; VLĂDUŢ, N.; UNGUREANU, E. M.; ŞTEFAN, M.; DINCĂ,
M. Matache, Oil extraction using a vertical press with piston. 44. Symposium "Actual Tasks on Agricultural
Engineering", Opatija, Croatia, 2016.
Jiao J, Li Z, Gai Q, Li X, Wei F, Fu Y, Ma W. Microwave-assisted aqueous enzymatic extraction of oil from

pumpkin seeds and evaluation of its physicochemical properties, fatty acid compositions and antioxidant
activities. Food Chem 2014; 147: 17-24.
JING-JING L, Fu Y; YUAN-GANG Z, Ji L, Wei W, Cheng-bo G, Meng L. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of

flaxseed oil using immobilized enzymes. Bioresour Technol 2011; 102(21): 9991-9996.
172
JUNG S, Mahfuz A. Low temperature dry extrusion and high-pressure processing prior to enzyme-assisted
aqueous extraction of full fat soybean flakes. Food Chem 2009; 114 (3): 947-954.
MOSES, D.R., Performance evaluation of continuous screw press for extraction soybean oil. American
Journal of Science and Technology 2014; 1(5): 238-242
NADA. Č. Nikolić, S. M. Cakić, S. M. Novaković, M. D. Cvetković, M. Z. Stanković Maced., Effect of

extraction techniques on yield and composition of soybean oil. Maced. J. Chem. Chem. Eng., 28 (2), 171–
179 (2009)
OLIVEIRA, A. M. S et al. Physical and chemical evaluation of extracted peanut oil (arachis hypogaea),
Research, Society and Development, v. 10, n. 1, e49710112011, 2021
RIBEIRO et al. Application of Enzymes in Sunflower Oil Extraction. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. Vol. 27, No. 5,
2016
HIEN, Tran Thi; TU, Nguyen Thi Minh. Enhancing the extraction of pumpkin seed (Cucurbita pepo L) for
increasing oil yield and its phytosterol contente, Food Science and Applied Biotechnology, 2021, 4(1), 6-
13
VIRGENS, I. O. et al. Revisão: Jatropha curcas L.: aspectos morfofisiológicos e químicos. Braz. J. Food
Technology. Campinas, v. 20, 2017.
WU, Johnson L.; JUNG S. Demulsification of oil-rich emulsion from enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of
extruded soybean flakes. Biores Technol 2009; 100(2): 527-533.
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NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX IN CARAPICHEA
IPECACUANHA WHEN CULTIVATED IN COLORED NETS
Bruna de Carvalho Assunção 1, Cristina Moll Hüther 2, Vitor Francisco Ferreira 3, Daniela Marques Correia
4
, Natália Fernandes Rodrigues 5, Julia Ramos de Oliveira 4, Carlos Rodrigues Pereira 7
1 Graduanda em Eng. Agrícola e Ambiental – UFF, Niterói-RJ
2 Pós-Doutoranda Programa Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas a Produtos para a Saúde - UFF, Niterói-RJ
3 Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Tecnologia Farmacêutica - UFF, Niterói-RJ
4 Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental – UFF, Niterói-RJ
5 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Biossistemas – UFF, Niterói-RJ
7 Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental – UFF, Niterói-RJ
Abstract
Carapichea ipecacuanha is a plant that produces the isoquinolic alkaloids emetine and cefaelins, which have
medicinal properties of great importance in the pharmaceutical industry. The objective was to evaluate the
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), in the species Carapichea ipecacuanha when grown on
photoselective shading meshes (blue, red, and black) and in full sun for two days. In the full sun treatment,
the plants were previously being grown in 70% shade (black mesh). After the acclimation period, the
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) analysis was performed. Plants in the treatments with blue
shading and in full sun for two days were considered statistically equal. The plants grown in the red mesh
showed an average biomass production lower than the other treatments and the 70% shading in black was the
one that showed the highest biomass production, thus being the most recommended for the cultivation of
ipecacuanha plants, under the climatic conditions of Niterói, RJ.
Keywords: ipeca; vulnerable species; production guidelines; light filters; photoselective meshes; NDVI
INTRODUCTION
Carapichea ipecacuanha, also known as ipeca or ipecacuanha, is an herbaceous plant native to the Atlantic
Forest, with a height between 30 cm and 40 cm, perennial, and belonging to the Rubiaceae family (VIEIRA,
1991). Due to unbridled extractivism and deforestation, this species is currently in genetic erosion because it
has a high added value due to the medicinal properties arising from the production of isoquinolinic alkaloids
in its roots (FERREIRA et al., 2012). These produced components, emetine and cefaelin, are important in
many pharmaceutical compositions because they act as: expectorant, anti-diarrheal and vomitory (LAMEIRA,
2002).
Studies on the management and cultivation of ipeca in artificial environments are insufficient, so, according
to the National Policy of Medicinal Plants and Herbal Medicines, research on this subject is of utmost
importance to promote the sustainable use of biodiversity and development of new technologies to maintain
the productive chain of medicinal plants (ARGENTA et al., 2011).
Studies with cultivation of this species in different environments or artificial conditions of cultivation in a
protected environment, such as cultivation in different light spectrums, using colored meshes, for example,
red, blue and black, are important to indicate alternative cultivation of this species (HENRIQUE et al., 2011).
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The present work sought to evaluate the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) described by Cho
and Ramoelo (2019), in the species Carapichea ipecacuanha when subjected to cultivation in photoselective
shading meshes and in full sun for two days. With the aforementioned methods it was possible to indicate a
better way to grow and produce quality C. ipecacuanha (SCHWERZ et al., 2015).
The present study was carried out at of the Universidade Federal Fluminense. The C. ipecacuanha plants were
placed in 8 liter pots containing sandy soil (areola) as substrate and when they were in the vegetative stage
they were distributed in three green houses with different photoselective shading meshes (blue, red, and black)
with the same shading level (70%). They were grown for 3 months under these conditions and in a full sun
treatment (2 days exposure), whose plants came from 70% shade in black.
The treatments consisted of: (i). 70% shading with mesh in black (control); (ii). (ii). 70% shade with red
selective mesh; (iii). 70% shade with blue selective mesh; (iv). full sun (2 days of direct sun exposure), whose
plants came from the 70% shade in black.Five sampling units were used per treatment and each pot contained
one plant, considered a sampling unit, always kept with irrigation at field capacity.
The plants with 70% shading were considered the control treatment for the plants in the full sun treatment, in
view of its indication as a suitable condition for growing ipecas in artificial environments, in a general context,
for being the closest to their natural habitat (shady forest environment) (LAMEIRA, 2002; RIBEIRO et al.,
2019).
For the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) analysis, it was done with photographs of the plants
for vegetative verification of the different treatments, after 3 months of acclimation in the shaded greenhouse
and the full sun treatment after two days in full sun. For this, the NDVI concept was used and applied by
ArcGis® as described by Cho and Ramoelo (2019).
The photos were taken by cell phone camera and, after loading the images in ArcGis®, 5 random leaves were
selected, per treatment, and the NDVI tool was used by choosing the red and green bands, since it was not
possible to acquire the infrared band, the green band replaces it, because as well as the near infrared band, this
is also reflected by the plant (PRASANNAKUMAR et al., 2014).
Knowing that, in an ideal situation, the +1 value for NDVI shows higher biomass production in the plant, and
-1 represents a plant with no biomass production. According to Tucker (1979), the relationship of the red to
infrared and red to green bands are similar and can be an alternative to NDVI. With the data collected in
ArcGis®.
In the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) analysis, the NDVI concept and application by
ENVI® was used as described by Cho and Ramoelo (2019). Thus, by analyzing the images of five leaves per
treatment at the end of the experiment, a statistical difference between treatments was verified (Table 1).
Table 1: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) analysis
*Similar letters in the same column do not differ statistically by Tukey's test at 5%.
The control treatment, shading 70% in black, showed higher biomass production when compared to the other
175
treatments. The treatments with blue shading and in full sun for two days showed no statistical difference
between them. The red shaded treatment showed a lower average and consequently lower biomass production
than the other treatments.
Chlorophylls a and b are known to have two peaks of light absorption: in the red (around 665 nm) and in the
blue (around 465 nm) (CHEN, 2011). Therefore, the luminous transmittance proved to be different for each
photoselective mesh studied in the different light spectra.
There are studies that prove that in the red mesh there are less expressive transmittance peaks in the blue-violet
region, which has significant importance in the photosynthesis process, and a less expressive peak in the
spectrum region above 590nm, where there is a low photosynthetic effect and for plant formation (TAIZ &
ZEIGER, 2004). In the case of the blue mesh, the transmittance peaks occur in the spectral region between
400nm and 540nm, corresponding to the region of highest photosynthetic efficiency, and in the far red and
infrared regions.
In the blue mesh the light spectrum allows for altering the growth, development and acclimation to
environmental conditions of plants (COSTA et al., 2012), but for this species that has a natural habitat in
shaded forest environments, using this exposure of luminosity in too much excess in these light lengths,
demonstrated that the species has not acclimated to these light qualities, at least in the climatic conditions in
which they were analyzed, for Niterói, RJ.
The 70% shading with black mesh (control) is the most recommended for growing ipecacuanha plants, since
it showed higher biomass production than the others, thus verifying that the other treatments were stressful to
the plants.
CONSIDERATIONS
The black shading mesh is the most suitable for the cultivation of C. ipecacuanha, because the treatment that
presented the highest efficiency for the production of biomass, under these conditions of artificial cultivation
and in relation to the other treatments with photoselective meshes in red and blue colors, the stress caused by
excess light, impaired the production of biomass, especially in relation to the red mesh.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/l3R2PK0PNHY
REFERENCES
ARGENTA S.C.; ARGENTA, L. C.; GIACOMELLI, S. R.; CEZAROTTO, V. S. Plantas medicinais: cultura
popular versus ciência. Rev Elet Ext URI 7:51-60, 2011.
CHO, M. A.; RAMOELO, A. Optimal dates for assessing long-term changes in tree-cover in the semi-arid
biomes of South Africa using MODIS NDVI time series (2001–2018). International Journal of Applied
Earth Observation and Geoinformation, v. 81, p. 27-36, 2019.
DA COSTA, A. S.; ARRIGONI-BLANK, M. D. F.; CARVALHO FILHO, J. L. S. D., DE SANTANA, A. D.

D.; SANTOS, D. D. A.; ALVES, P. B.; BLANK, A. F. Chemical diversity in basil (Ocimum sp.) germplasm.
The Scientific World Journal, v. 2015, 2015.
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of quina (Cinchona spp.) and ipecacuanha (Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L. Andersson): Plants for
medicinal use from the 16th century to the presente. J Herbal Med 2:103–112, 2012.
HENRIQUE, P. D. C.; ALVES, J. D., GOULART, P. D. F. P., LIVRAMENTO, D. E. D., SANTOS, M. D.

O., SOUZA, K. R. D. D.; SILVEIRA, H. R. D. O. Crescimento de mudas de café sob malhas coloridas.
VII Simpósio de Pesquisa dos Cafés do Brasil. sapc.embrapa.br (2011).
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on rice crops through hyperspectral remote sensing under field conditions. Phytoparasitica, v. 42, n. 3, p.
387-395, 2014.
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DE IPECA SÃO ALTERADAS PELO SOMBREAMENTO. ENCICLOPÉDIA BIOSFERA, v. 16, n. 29,
2019.
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content in Aloysia triphylla (L'Herit) Britton subjected to different levels of water reposition and season
alchanges of environmental conditions. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, v. 17, n. 4, p. 631-641,
2015.
SERRA, A. G. P.; DE CARVALHO, C. J. R. Análise de crescimento da ipeca (Cephaelis ipecacunha BA

Rich.) submetida a quatro níveis de desidratação do solo. In: Embrapa Amazônia Oriental-Resumo em
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Belém. Resumos. Piracicaba: SBFV, 1997., 1997.
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p. 613-641, 2004.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was carried out with support of Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro –
FAPERJ and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq.
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NUTRITION EVALUATION OF PERESKIA ACULEATA MILLER
Ana Roberta de Almeida Coutinho Albani 1, Róberson Machado Pimentel 1, Fernando José Ribeiro Albani 2
2 Universidade Estácio de Sá, Brasil
Abstract
Unconventional food plants are a form of alternative food that can be used to feed humans and other animal
species. In this context, the plant Pereskia aculeata Miller (Ora-pro-nóbis), has a high protein content, and
when compared to the ingredients most used in animal feed such as soybean meal and corn, there is a relevant
fact not only in value nutritional as well as in the economic aspect, because when we compare the most
affordable cost. The contents of protein, ashes, lipids and fibers, were rated in this study. The contents of
proteins, ash, lipids and fibers were evaluated in this study aiming to quantify the nutritional content of this
plant, with the aim of its implementation as a nutritional supplement in human and animal diets.
Keywords: cactus, ora-pro-nóbis, unconventional food plants.
INTRODUCTION
Pereskia aculeata Miller is a cactus that has true leaves (vine), it has a good development both in the shade
and in the sun. Originally from the American continent, it is found in native varieties of this perennial
vegetable, rustic from the northeast to the south of the country. It is easy to grow, has great production and
high nutritional value. It has potential for food use as a vegetable, a source of mineral and organic nutrients.
In the State of Minas Gerais, it is known as lobrobrô, popularly known as “poor meat”, due to its high protein
value.
Like the leaves, the fruits also have potential for use and human consumption in raw and in products obtained
from their processing. Popularly, medicinal use is known in some regions of Brazil, and scientific research
has attested to the leaves' potential as anti-inflammatory, excellent healing, antitumor and trypanocidal (ROYO
et al., 2005; VALENTE et al., 2007; BARROS et al., 2007; BARROS et al., 2007; al., 2009; SARTOR et al.,
2010; OLIVEIRA, 2008)
In addition, Pereskia aculeata has minerals (calcium, magnesium, manganese and zinc), vitamins (A, C and
folic acid) and essential proteins, making it very useful in combating malnutrition in human beings (TAKEITI
et al., 2009 ).
The main objective of this work was to quantify the nutritional content (proteins, ash, lipids and fibers), based
on a statistical method evaluation of obtained data by research (meta-analysis - a collection of nutritional
research ordenated by various authors), with the purpose of its implementation as a nutritional supplement in
human and animal diets.
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Obtaining Ora-pró-nobis mucilage has been studied by several researchers. The authors selected by the meta-
analysis used mucilage methods (extraction, filtration and drying) to obtain the final product. Analysis of the
proximate composition of Pereskia aculeata flour was carried out, with determination of crude protein,
moisture, ether extract, fiber and ash.
The analysis process to obtain the research data was carried out from the search for keywords in scientific
channels such as Researchgate, SciELO, Elsevier, for information about Pereskia aculeata Miller, as a means
of cultivation and its nutritional potential. The data were treated using an Open-source Software called JASP
for generating statistical results from this mass of data, converted to CSV file (Extension that works as dataset
extracted from Excel file Who works on JASP software) and then processed in the generation of statistical
reports by meta-analysis. This software works has a framework that works through the R System.
Several results were obtained in the analyzes carried out by the various authors, as a statistical result of the
meta-analysis (Table 1), as well as the nutritional composition of the plant (Figure 1).
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A predominance of proteins was observed (Figure 1), characterizing the protein nutritional value of the plant
being of paramount importance in the maintenance of the animal organism. Proteins are coded for by our genes
and form the basis of living tissues. They also play a central role in biological processes. For example, proteins
catalyse reactions in our bodies, transport molecules such as oxygen, keep us healthy as part of the immune
system and transmit messages from cell to cell (RAHEEM, 2019).
The ash content was presented in a considerable amount. The ash content is an important characteristic that
deserves attention when dealing with plants belonging to the genus Pereskia. Because, when these are high,
they indicate the presence of essential minerals in the body's metabolism. As with vitamins and other essential
food nutrients, mineral requirements vary with animal species. For example, humans and other vertebrates
need large amounts of calcium for construction and maintenance of bone and normal function of nerves and
muscles (SOETAN, 2009).
The amount of lipids, although lower than proteins/ash/Fiber, has a higher value compared to plants of other
species, bringing to Ora-pró-nobis a higher energy value and biologically better for the organism. Extracted
from plant tissues, lipids are related to the contribution of the energy value of foods. The name “lipid” is a
term that includes true fats, they are substances present in food, they are insoluble in water, but soluble in
organic solvents. Lipids are important energy and building compounds. Their decomposition provides a
significant amount of energy required for various life processes (JOVANDARIC, 2020).
The amount of fibers found was also high. In Ora-pró-nobis species, mucilage-type dietary fibers are found,
which are important values both for the organism and for the food and pharmaceutical industry (MERCÊ, et
al., 2001).
High concentrations of dietary fibre affect appetite regulation and, potentially, gastric emptying, intestinal
transit time and nutrient digestibility. Other effects include changes in faecal consistency and volume,
increased production of short chain fatty acids, and alterations in the microbial population (SERÃO, 2013).
There are two types of fiber, water-soluble and water-insoluble. About a third of total dietary fiber is soluble
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(PIMENTEL et al., 2005) and has an important effect by increasing its volume by up to seven times inside the
stomach, which, consequently, leads to a state of satiety, improving intestinal processes.
CONSIDERATIONS
Taking into account the most relevant factor, which is the nutritional capacity (the plant being rich in bioactive
compounds, vitamins, minerals, lipids and proteins), including fibers with its mucilaginous content, Pereskia
aculeata Miller is a plant with bases very rich and beneficial to the human and animal organism.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/YbQKuQNQ-aM
REFERENCES
BARBALHO, SANDRA MARIA. Pereskia aculeata Miller Flour: Metabolic Effects and Composition.
Marília – SP, 2016. doi:10.1089/jmf.2016.0052
BOTELHO, FABIANA TORMA. Valor Nutritivo e Análise Sensorial de Pão de Sal Adicionado de Pereskia
aculeata. Pelotas – RS, 2014.
CAVALCANTE, UBIRAMAR RIBEIRO. Qualidade de mudas de Pereskia aculeata Miller em relação ao

tipo de substrato e maturação fisiológica do ramo. Morrinhos – GO, 2016.
GUIMARÃES, JOSÉ RODRIGO DE ARAÚJO. Caracterização Físico-Química e Composição Mideral de

Pereskia aculeata Mill., Pereskia grandifolia Haw. e Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC.. Botucatu – SP, 2018.
JOVANDARIC, MILJANA Z.; MILENKOVIC, SVETLANA. Significance of Lipid and Lipoprotein in

Organism. Web of Science, 2020. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91407
MERCÊ, A. L.; LANDALUZE, J. S.; MANGRICH, A. S.; SZPOGANICZ, B.; SIERAKOWISKI, M. R.

Complexes of arabinogalactan of Pereskia aculeata and Co2+,Cu2+, Mn2+ e Ni2+. Bioresource Technology,
v. 76, n. 1, p. 29-37, 2001. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00078-X.
RAHEEM, DINA; Protein importance and measurement. Middle Techical University, 2019. doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24520.78080
SERÃO, M.C.; FAHEY, GEORGE C. Companion animal nutrition as affected by dietary fibre inclusion.
University of Illinois, USA, 2013.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9780857095787.4.407
SILVA, LARISSA WAINSTEIN SILVA. Potencial tecnológico da folha da Pereskia aculeata Miller.
Florianópolis – SC, 2019.
SOETAN, KEHINDE; OLAIYA, CHARLES O; OYEWOLE, OYEDIRAN EMMANUEL. The importance

of mineral elements for humans, dormestic animals and plants: A review. University of Ibadan, 2009.
TAKEITI, CRISTINA Y.; ANTONIO, GRAZIELLA C.; MOTTA, ELIANA MP; COLLARES, FERNANDA
P. QUEIROZ; PARK, KIL J. Nutritive evaluation of non-conventional leafy vegetable (Pereskia aculeata
Miller). International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 2009. Disponível em
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09637480802534509.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank Professor Róberson Machado Pimentel for all his support and dedication throughout this course and
Professor Carlos Rodrigues Pereira for all his promptness and dedication since the beginning of this trajectory.
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PRODUCTIVITY ANALYSIS OF ARUNDO DONAX L. CROP IN BUENOS AIRES
ARGENTINA
Luis Damián Rodriguez 1, Adriana Elisabet Confalone 2, Carlos Rodrigues Pereira 3
1 Mestrando em Eng. de Biossistemas, TCE/UFF, Niterói, RJ, BR

2 Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, 7300, Azul, BA, Argentina
3 TER/TCE/UFF, Niterói, RJ, BR
Abstract
The impact of fosil fuels in the generation of greenhouse gases (GEI) has pushed the study of new sources of
renewable energy, such as, energetic crops since stopping global warming is the main environmental challenge
for mankind. Arundo donax L. is one of the most promising crops for the production of energy due to its fast
growth, capacity to grow in different types of soil and climatic conditions, lasting yields and tolerance to long
droughts. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the productivity of Arundo donax L. crop in potential conditions
(with irrigation and fertilization) and in real conditions (without irrigation nor fertilization) in Azul, centre of
the province of Buenos Aires. The crop was planted in spring 2019 using two types of propagation: rhizomes,
which were planted with two densities (1 and 2 plants.m-2), and seedlings planted at a density of 1 pl.m-2 .In
winter the aerial part of the plant was harvested. In the two first years, the potential treatment showed an
increase in all the parameters evaluated, reaching in the second year, a mean value of biomass production of
40,100 kg.ha-1. These differences are substantiated on a greater interception of solar radiation.
Keywords: biomass, energetic crop, ecophysiology, agrometeorology
INTRODUCTION
The growing energy demand has delved into the exploitation of non conventional fossil fuels, becoming one
of the main causes of climatic change. Currently, at world level, changes are taking place in the composition
of the atmosphere as a consequence of human activities which produce changes in the reflection and absorption
of solar energy and as a result, there is a different climate. (IPCC, 2014).
In this context, the impact of fosil fuels in the generation of greenhouse gases (GEI) has pushed the study of
new sources of renewable energy, among them, energetic crops, since stopping global warming is the main
environmental challenge for mankind.
Arundo donax L. (Cana-do-Reino) is an Asian herbaceous plant which belongs to the Poaceae family. It is a
C3 species with high photosynthetic efficiency which develops well in warm and tropical climates and can be
grown in a wide variety of types of soil (MEHMOOD et.al., 2017). Once planted, this crop may produce crops
for more than 15 years (COSENTINO et.al., 2016), due to its high vegetative reproduction capacity, reaching
100 t ha-1 year-1in ideal conditions (WILLIAMS et.al., 2009).
In the northern hemisphere, it is a species used for the production of biomass for bioenergy (CURT et.al.,
2017). In Spain, Arundo donax L. is considered to have a high use potential as a solid biofuel (NAVARRO et.
al., 2013), due to its great growth rates and its high efficiency in water use, which makes it a species suitable
for the generation of bioenergy (TRIANA et. al., 2014).
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FALASCA et.al. (2011) analysed Cana-do-Reino potential in Argentina and determined that the centre of the
province of Buenos Aires region is an area suitable for its cultivation.
The aim of this paper was to evaluate the productivity of the Arundo donax L. crop grown under potential
conditions (with irrigation and fertilization) and real conditions (without irrigation nor fertilization) in Azul,
geographic centre of the province of Buenos Aires.
The trial was planted in a typical Argiudol soil in the Experimental Unit of the Facultad de Agronomia-
UNCPBA in Azul, province of Buenos Aires, Argentina (latitude: 36º45'S; longitude: 59º50' W, altitude: 132
m), with rhizomes (RD) obtained from reedbeds of the region and seedlings (PD) obtained by
micropropagation. The experimental design was plots subdivided into three random blocks, whose main plot
was constituted by growth conditions, whereas, planting densities and reproduction forms were assigned to
the secondary plots.
Each block or repetition was divided into two main plots (T1 and T2) containing the treatments. In T1, the soil
was irrigated, using drip irrigation near field capacity applying Cassel and Nielsen’s method (1986), and
fertilizing at the same time with 10 kg ha-1 of Nitrogen (N) and 20 kg ha-1 of Phosphurus (P) in the two years,
whereas, T2 was neither irrigated nor fertilized, i.e. imitating environment real conditions.
Once the crop was planted, the meteorological elements were collected from an automatic meteorological
station placed in the experiment site. After the first frosts, when the crop entered a state of latency due to low
temperatures, the aerial part was harvested (2020 and 2021) with shears in an area of 4 m2 per secondary plot
in order to determine produced dry matter.
During the two cycles of the crop, mean global radiation was 17.65 MJ.m-2d-1, whereas the means of maximum,
minimum and mean temperature were 23.1°C, 9.6°C y 16.4°C. Accumulated rainfall in the last crop cycle
without irrigation was 635.1mm. In April the first frosts took place limiting the growth of the crop.
In the first year of the crop, irrigation and fertilization produced a significant increase of the total biomass
produced (Table 1). Under potential conditions, using rhizomes, reduction of density produced a decrease of
only 18% in the aerial biomass produced, whereas in the real treatment the decrease was around 47%. In
relation to seedlings, the total aerial biomass produced was greater in the potential treatment, differing
significantly from that of the real treatment.
Table 1. Total aerial biomass (dry matter in Kg.ha-1), using rhizomes (RD) and seedlings (PD), for each
treatment: combination of two growth conditions (T1 and T2), and two sowing densities, 2 and 1 pl.m-2.
In a preliminary trial carried out in the center of the province of Buenos Aires, in a soil not suitable for
agriculture, with irrigation but without fertilization, in the first year of the crop the yield reached was
11000kg.ha-1 with a density of 2pl.m-2, when density was decreased to the half, the biomass harvested
reduced to 47% (BARADO et. al., 2019).
In the second year of the crop, taking into account the two forms of reproduction and the two densities used,
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irrigation and fertilization contributed to a significant increase of the aerial biomass produced. Under potential
conditions, yield was 58% higher to that obtained under real conditions (Table 2).
Table 2. Averages of total aerial biomass of dry matter in the two treatments for the two forms of
reproduction and sowing density: 1 and 2 pl.m-2, in the second year.
In Italy, in absence of water and nutritional restrictions, yields were greater, where biomass production reached
was 20-27 t.ha-1 in the first year of the crop and 35-42 t.ha-1 as from the second year, with a density of 2.5pl.m-
2
(COSENTINO et. al., 2016). This may indicate that in order to obtain a good production of biomass in the
first year, density should be higher than 1 pl.m-2. It is important to highlight that the increase in the production
of biomass from the first to the second year was greater than 400% in all the treatments. The first year of the
crop can be considered of implantation or establishment (VOLTA et. Al., 2016), and it is estimated that as
from the third year productivity will stabilize.
CONSIDERATIONS
In both growth cycles, Arundo donax L. planted in irrigation and fertilization conditions, quadrupled in the
first year and doubled in the second year the production of biomass, respect to that of the crop growing in real
conditions. These differences were due to a greater interception of solar radiation.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/VMa7lVqck34
REFERENCES
BARRADO, N.; ELIZALDE, F.; RODRÍGUEZ, D.; LADDAGA, J.; HERNÁNDEZ, G.; BONGIORNO, C.;
VILATTE, C.; D’ALFONSO, C.; AGUAS, L.; CONFALONE, A. Arundo donax L., una alternativa para
producir energía en el centro de la provincia de Buenos Aires. In: IV Congreso Nacional de Ciencia y
Tecnología Ambiental, 2019, Florencio Varela. Anais […] Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, 2019, p. 1-6.
COSENTINO, S. L.; PATANÉ, C.; SANZONE, E.; TESTA, G.; SCORDIA, D. Leaf gas exchange, water
status and radiation use efficiency of giant reed (Arundo donax L.) in a changing soil nitrogen fertilization and
soil water availability in a semi-arid Mediterranean area. European Journal of Agronomy, Amsterdã,
Holanda, v. 72, p. 56-69, jan. 2016.
CURT, M. D.; MAURI, P. V.; SANZ, M.; CANO RUIZ, J.; DEL MONTE, J. P.; AGUADO, P. L.;
SÁNCHEZ, J. The ability of the Arundo donax crop to compete with weeds in central Spain over two growing
cycles. Industrial Crops & Products, Amsterdã, Holanda, v. 108, p. 86-94, dez. 2017.
FALASCA, S.; FLORES, N.; GALVANI, G. ¿Puede usarse una especie invasora como Arundo donax L. (caña
común) con fines energéticos en Argentina? INTA, CONICET, Argentina, jun. 2011.
MEHMOOD, M. A.; IBRAHIM, M.; RASHID, U.; NAWAZ, M.; ALI, S.; HUSSAIN, A.; GULL, M.
Biomass production for bioenergy using marginal lands. Sustainable Production and Consumption,
Amsterdã, Holanda, v. 9, p. 3-21, jan. 2017.
NAVARRO, P.; IGLESIAS, C.; CATALÀ, R. Potencialidad de uso de Arundo donax como biocombustible
sólido. CONGRESO FORESTAL ESPAÑOL, 6. Sociedad española de Ciencias Forestales. 13p. 10-14/jun.
2013.
TRIANA, F.; NASSI O DI NASSO, N.; RAGAGLINI, G.; RONCUCCI, N.; BONARI, E. Evapotranspiration,
crop coefficient and water use efficiency of giant reed (Arundo donax L.) and miscanthus (Miscanthus X
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giganteus Greef et Deu.) in a Mediterranean environment. Global Change Biology Bioenergy, Illinois,
EEUU, v. 7, p. 811-819, jan. 2014.
VOLTA, A.; VILLANI, G.; MARLETTO, V.; CEOTTO,E. Growth of the perennial energy crop giant reed
(Arundo donax L.) simulated with ARMIDA, a modified version of the LINTUL model. Italian Journal of
Agrometeorology, Florença, itália, v. 34, n. 3, p. 5-12, jan. 2016.
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RESPONSE OF BANANA CROPS TO LOW TEMPERATURES CULTIVATED IN A
CONVENTIONAL AND AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM IN VALE DO RIBEIRA - SP
Eduardo Hiroyassu Tamashiro 1, Gerson de Oliveira Bezerra 2, Ciro Abbud Righi 3, Isaías da Silva Pereira 4,
Mayra Ramos da Silva 5, Carlos Rodrigues Pereira 6
1 Eng. Agronomist – Master's Student in Biosystems Eng., TCE/UFF, Niterói, RJ, BR, ([email protected])
2 Historian – Sítio Marianos – Pedro de Toledo, SP, BR, ([email protected])
3 Eng. Agronomist, Prof. Dr., DCF/ESALQ-USP, Piracicaba, SP, BR, ([email protected])
4 Eng. Agronomist – Prof. Dr., IFPA, Campus Óbidos, Óbidos, PA, BR, ([email protected])
5 Administrator – Master's Student in Biosystems Engineering, TCE/UFF, Niterói, RJ, BR, ([email protected])
6 Eng. Agronomist, Prof. Dr., TER/TCE/UFF, Niterói, RJ, BR, ([email protected])
Abstract
Banana is the most consumed fruit in the world. Its cultivation is restricted to tropical areas and the species
has little tolerance to low temperatures. In this context, we sought to verify the relationship that the cultivation
system (conventional in monoculture) and agroforestry system (AFS) exerts on the effect of low temperatures
on this important crop. For this, two treatments were demarcated in the conventional system, both with ten
plots and two treatments in the agroforestry system also with ten plots. This experiment was carried out in the
region of Vale do Ribeira/SP, the main banana producer in the State of São Paulo. The results showed that the
conventional system had distinct effects at low temperatures, where the first treatment with the culture exposed
in a hillside area presented no visible damage on the leaves of the banana trees, and in the second treatment in
a lowland area, there was a yellowing with subsequent drying of the leaves. The treatments applied to banana
plants in AFS were able to maintain the normal apparent state of their leaves, without alterations.
Keywords: Protection from the cold, organic cultivation, banana production, climate.
INTRODUCTION
The banana tree is grown mainly in tropical countries and is one of the most produced fruits in the world, with
a production of 113.9 million tons (FAOSTAT, 2020). Vale do Ribeira is the region with the largest banana
cultivation in the State of São Paulo, with 32,910 ha planted and 3196 producers (LUPA, 2016/2017). The
municipality of Pedro de Toledo is located in this region, and its main agricultural activity is the cultivation
of this crop that occupies 1301 ha of its territory (IBGE, 2017), composed of 136 producers, mostly family
farmers (LUPA 2016/ 2017).
The climate in this region has well-defined seasons, with summer marked by high temperatures, reaching 43
degrees, and winter with low temperatures, up to 0 degrees, (INMET). Temperature is one of the climatic
factors that most affects banana production, which has its optimum level around 28 °C (Medeiros et al., 2013).
However, when the plant is exposed to temperatures below 15 °C, its growth activities are impaired, and
temperatures below 12 °C can cause a physiological disturb known as "chilling" that damages the fruit's skin.
At temperatures below 4 °C, yellow spots begin to appear on the leaves that culminate in lethal damage
(BORGES et al., 2009).
Although Vale do Ribeira presents favorable climatic conditions for the cultivation of this crop, production
can be compromised due to the exposure of plants to low temperatures during the winter, even for a short
period of time. This work aimed to analyze the responses of bananas of the Prata variety, exposed to low
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temperatures in the conventional system in an open environment, and in the agroforestry system protected by
the shade of trees.
The study was conducted in the municipality of Pedro de Toledo, located in Vale do Ribeira Region in the
State of São Paulo, at an agricultural property, located in the rural area of the community of Bairro Marianos,
geographic coordinates: 24º18'09''S; 47º17'52''W; altitude 95 m. The region's climate is classified as Af type:
tropical rainy without dry season, according to Köppen's classification (ALVARES et al., 2013).
Two management systems were analyzed: 1. cultivation in a conventional system and 2. agroforestry system
(AFS) of banana trees of the Prata variety: each one with two treatments: treatment 1. hillside area and
treatment 2. lowland area. Data were collected on plant height, crown diameter, pseudostem diameter at 30
cm from the soil, total number of leaves, leaf area and visual observation of the appearance of the green leaf
or when burned (green, yellow, dry) due to cold, on 7/28, 8/04, 8/10, 8/18, 8/25 and 8/31. In each of the four
treatments analyzed, ten plots were demarcated. Each parcel was represented by a banana family composed
of mother and daughter. Meteorological data were obtained from the IAC Experimental Station – Pariquera -
Açu/SP, 80 km away from the experiment site. These observations were carried out in July and August 2021.
Temperature is the main factor that determines the rate of banana crop development (Turner et al., 2016). The
variations in the maximum and minimum temperatures recorded from 07/July to 26/August 2021 can be seen
in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Maximum and minimum temperatures in the period from 07/July to 26/August 2021 (IAC
Pariquera Açu/SP).
The lowest temperatures occurred on July 30th and July 31st, when both days reached an absolute minimum
temperature of 0.32°C, and on August 2nd and August 3rd with absolute minimum temperatures of 0.70°C
and 0.67 °C respectively. In the conventional system, the results were different for the two treatments (1.
hillside and 2. lowland). In the first treatment with banana trees exposed directly to the open natural
environment, in a hillside area, no visible damage was observed, as it is a convex terrain and this configuration
facilitates greater dispersion and cold flow to other areas, as commented by Pereira et al. (2007).
However, in the second treatment of this system, in a lowland area (Conventional 2), the cold directly affected
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the banana trees. The lowland area with flat terrain normally causes the cold air to be held back, as there is
nowhere to run (Pereira et al., 2007) which greatly increases the problem. In this treatment, eighteen days after
the occurrence of the most intense cold (18/August), the leaves of the banana trees began to turn yellow, and
seven days after the beginning of yellowing (25/August), they began to dry. At the beginning of the
observations, the plants had seven green and whole leaves, and after the cold wave, only two green and whole
leaves remained. There was a significant reduction in the number of green leaves, and therefore a decrease in
leaf area, which compromises the activity of photosynthesis and absorption of photoassimilates (KLUGE;
TEZOTTO-ULIANA; SILVA, 2015). This will certainly have a major impact on the area's productivity.
The treatments applied to banana trees in the agroforestry system (AFS 1 and AFS 2) were under protection
of trees and showed that the number of leaves did not change due to the cold wave. The leaves of the banana
trees maintained their normal color and had fewer rips (visual observation). Probably the tree cover protected
the banana trees by mitigating the local temperature variation, making the minimum temperatures higher and
the maximum ones lower (DOBNER JÚNIOR; HIGA; SEITZ, 2009).
As can be seen in Table 1, it can be seen that banana trees grown in lowland areas in the agroforestry system
(AFS 2) and those grown in hillside areas in the two systems (conventional 1 and AFS 1) did not suffer any
changes in the area leaf. The low temperatures recorded in the months of July and August 2021 did not cause
visible damage to the leaves in these situations. When compared to the conventional system in lowland areas
(Conventional 2), it is observed that there was a loss of 39.38% of the leaf area resulting from burning (leaf
drying), caused by low temperatures in the same period.
Table 1: Plant height data (AP - m); crown diameter (DC - m); pseudostem diameter (DPC – cm); number of
total sheets (NFT); leaf area (AF - m2) and; percentage of burned leaves (%) by cold snap
Thus, the agroforestry system with banana trees mitigates the effects of low temperatures, given the presence
of trees in the system.
CONSIDERATIONS
The cultivation of banana trees in an agroforestry system can be a good alternative for the region as it protects
the plants from the negative impacts caused by low temperatures. This adverse climate reflects negatively on
the development of banana trees, which harms the main source of income for small farmers in the municipality.
This study also showed the need to intensify and spread this technology to these producers. It is important to
emphasize that agroforestry systems contribute to the diversification of production, increasing the security of
producers. Studies need to be carried out to improve possible intercropping with bananas in the region.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/rPvv2FT8_E8
REFERENCES
ALVARES, C. A.; STAPE, J. L; SIGN, P. C.; GONÇALVES, J. L. M.; SPAROVEK, G. Köppen's climate
classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 2013.
BORGES, A. L.; SILVA, A. L; BATISTA, D. C.; MOREIRA, F. R. B.; FLORI, J. E.; OLIVEIRA, J. E. M.;
ARAUJO, J. L. P.; PINTO, J. M.; CASTRO, J. M. C; MOURA M. S. B.; AZOUBEL, P. M.; CUNHA, T. J.
F.; SILVA, S. O.; CORDEIRO, Z. J. M. Sistema de Produção da Bananeira Irrigada. EMBRAPA
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Semiarido. Brasília – DF, ISSN 1807-0027. 2009. FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations. Faostat .2019. Available at: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visualize. Accessed at: Sep 10,
2021.
IAC, Instituto Agronômico Clima. Parâmetros Diários. Available at:

https://clima.iac.sp.gov.br/index.php/main/detalhar/54. Accessed at: 10 sept. 2021.
IBGE, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatísitica. Principais Informações sobre o Município, 2017.
Available at: https://www.ibge.gov.br/busca.html?searchword=pedro+de+toledo. Accessed at: 10 sept. 2021.
INMET, Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Dados Históricos Anuais. Available at:

https://portal.inmet.gov.br/dadoshistoricos. Accessed at: 10 sept. 2021.
DOBNER JUNIOR, M.; HIGA, A. R.; SEITZ, R. A. Efeito da cobertura de Pinus taeda L. na proteção contra
geadas no crescimento de plantas jovens de Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden. Floresta, Curitiba, PR, v. 39, n. 4, p.
807-823. 2009.
KLUGE, R. A.; TEZOTTO-ULIANA, J. V.; SILVA, P. P. M. Aspectos Fisiológicos e Ambientais da

Fotossíntese. Rev. Virtual Quimica, 7 (1), 56-73. 2015.
LIMA, J. D.; FUKUNAGA, F. E.; GOMES, E. N.; ROZANE, D. E.; SILVA, S. H. M. G.; MORAES, W. S.;
OLIVEIRA, C. T. Fluctuations of production and quality of bananas under marginal tropical climate. Journal
of Agricultural Science 11: 108-120. 2019.
LUPA, Levantamento Censitário das Unidades de Produção Agropecuária do Estado de São Paulo. Dados
Consolidados Municipais 2016/2017. Available at:
https://www.cdrs.sp.gov.br/projetolupa/dadosmunicipais1617.php#p. Accessed at: 10 sept. 2021.
MEDEIROS, R. M.; SILVA, J. A. S.; SILVA, A. O.; MATOS, R. M.; BALBINO, D. P. Balanço hídrico
climatológico e classificação climática para a área produtora da banana do município de Barbalha, CE. Revista
Brasileira de Agricultura Irrigada, v.7, n.4, p.258-268, 2013.
PEREIRA, A. R., ANGELOCCI, L. R.; SENTELHAS, P. Meteorologia Agrícola. Escola Superior de

Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”. Universidade de São Paulo – Piracicaba. Fevereiro de 2007.
TURNER, D. W, FORTESCUE, J. A, OCIMAT, W., BLOMME, G. Plantain cultivars (Musa spp. AAB)
grown at different altitudes demonstrate cool temperature and photoperiod responses relevant to genetic
improvement. Field Crops Research 194: 103-111. 2016.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
To Mr. Gerson de Oliveira Bezerra, for granting the area for the studies and support.
189
SEARCH AND CONSUMPTION OF ORGANIC FOOD IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC:
CASE STUDY OF A PRODUCT DELIVERY COMPANY IN BRASÍLIA-DF
Larissa Costa Monteiro 1, Thatiana Cizilio Schiffler 1, Luciane Pimentel Costa Monteiro 2
1 Universidade de Brasília, Brazil
Abstract
Concerns are arising on the part of consumers with regard to the safety, quality and origin of food, especially
those of agricultural origin. The onset of the pandemic by COVID-19 may have intensified this scenario, since
good health has become a very important condition. Many people have come to see food as a source of
strengthening the immune system and, therefore, the demand for and consumption of elements considered
healthy, such as organic products, has increased. Therefore, the objective of the present work is to analyze
how the demand and consumption of products from the organic production model took place during the
COVID-19 pandemic. For this, a case study was carried out with an organic products delivery company that
operates in Brasília-DF, where consumption data and other relevant information from the institution were
collected through a semi-structured interview with its manager. As a result, there was a significant increase in
the search and consumption of organic products, encouraging investments that optimized the company's
activities. After a few months, there was a drop in sales, which were associated with the release of open
markets due to loosening of circulation restrictions. As the picture of positive return in relation to the
consumption of organic products with the onset of the pandemic was noticed in only one institution, it is
suggested that future research deepen and update the theme.
Keywords: consumption; organic; agriculture; covid-19 pandemic; e-commerce
INTRODUCTION
Society's attitude, allied to the need for more sustainable development, resulted in an increase in the demand
for healthier foods, such as organic ones. Penteado (2001) studied that the organic production model emerged
from studies carried out by the Englishman Sir Albert Howard who, during his research, aimed to demonstrate
the relationship between the health and resistance of human beings and diseases related to the organic structure
of the soil. Also according to the author, the core of this agriculture is the maintenance of natural fertility and
soil life, from the use of organic fertilizers, diversification and crop rotation and other practices that promote
the balance among soil, climate and plant.
In the case of Brazil, the trend to search for healthier foods was confirmed by Carreiro (2019), when he stated
that the country was in 4th place in the global ranking of consumption of foods from raw materials of vegetable
origin, with clean labels and without adding other ingredients. Despite being a growing demand over the last
decade, a remarkable fact that devastated Brazil from February 2020 reaffirmed this inclination of Brazilians:
the pandemic introduced by COVID-19. As it is a disease recently identified, in December 2019 in China, the
population still does not know how to prevent it.
According to Oliveira et al. (2020), one of the ways to try to minimize the impacts caused by this disease is to
strengthen the immune system. The authors detail that one of the ways to promote such strengthening is to
190
invest in a healthier diet, as it provides vital vitamins and minerals for this system. Based on this perspective,
there is a growing search for healthier foods, especially with the advent of the pandemic.
Therefore, the objective of this work was to analyze how the demand and consumption of organic products
occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic. For this, a case study was carried out with a delivery company
located in Brasília-DF, using a semi-structured interview with the founder and manager of the organization in
question to collect relevant data and information.
The approach of this work is classified as qualitative, exploratory and descriptive, as it allows knowing more
efficiently and appropriately a given subject, characteristics of this type of research (PIOVESAN &
TEMPORINI, 1995).
Qualitative studies, mostly, configure bibliographic research or case studies (GIL, 2002), the latter being
selected as the research strategy to be used. This decision is due, above all, because it admits the understanding
of complex social phenomena through an investigation that seeks to preserve the relevant peculiarities of
contemporary events (YIN, 2001). Andrade et al. (2017) emphasize that the objective of this method is “to
explore, describe and explain the event or provide a deep understanding of the phenomenon”.
The phenomenon here is the demand and consumption of consolidated and new consumers for organic
products with the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, based on the experience of a businesswoman in the
delivery business of this type of merchandise. Another differential of the case study defended by Yin (2001)
is that it has the ability to deal with a wide range of evidence sources, one of them being the interview, which
is essential for the present work.
The interview was of the semi-structured type, whose main characteristic is its flexibility, since, despite
starting from defined questions, it can be adapted according to its progress (DÍAZ-BRAVO et al., 2013). It
was carried out with the perspective of obtaining materials that would allow reflecting the demand and
consumption of organic products from the month of March 2020 and, therefore, had as a key informant the
founder and owner of company A, who also signed an informed consent form.
Therefore, the interview took place through the Microsoft Teams application on April 30, 2021, lasting
approximately forty-five minutes and being recorded under the authorization of the owner, with the objective
of better accuracy in the collection and analysis of information.
Soon after, the interview was fully transcribed by one of the authors to ensure the reliability of the collected
data. Subsequently, it was necessary to analyze its content, following the steps of Bardin (1977), who classifies
it as “a set of communication analysis techniques, which uses systematic and objective procedures to describe
the content of messages”.
Company A is classified, according to IBGE, as a “retail trade of fruit and vegetables” (IBGE, 2021a), operates
in the delivery of organic products and operates in the city of Brasília and in some administrative regions
around the federal capital. The company was founded in 2015 and arose from the owner's desire to change her
professional life, as she was looking for a replacement after being out of the job market for a long period, and
personal, as with the experience of a consumer of organic products, faced difficulties to acquire them.
Initially, it was inspired by the existence of popular kits for agricultural products grown in conventional
systems, such as vegetables, greens and fruits, and then it was asked how it would make life easier for many
if those kits could also be made from organic products. The idea of implementing a delivery came after the
interviewee verified that, at the time, there was no other company working in this activity in Brasília-DF, thus
giving rise to the opportunity to start her business. This type of business is classified as e-commerce, as it
corresponds to the definition brought by Müller (2013), where she says that they are “an online transaction
191
where you can buy or sell; it is a network where people communicate and look for the best product or service”.
So, initially, the owner invested in dissemination through social networks in order to gain customers and give
visibility to the new brand. This generated an increase in demand for organic products, leading the
businesswoman to invest in hiring two employees who, until the beginning of 2020, helped her in receiving,
separating the products and in the act of delivery itself.
As of March 2020, the first significant impact perceived by the merchant was the emergence of new customers
looking for organic goods. When asked about the increase in demand and consumption of the products, the
businesswoman says: “In fact, there was an increase in consumption, yes (...)”. She reported that she started
receiving many messages on her phone number, getting to receive more than four hundred messages in a single
day. She blames this growth on two main factors.
The first concerns the fear developed by the population regarding the COVID-19 pandemic and its
implications. According to the study by Bezerra et al. (2020), the fear of infecting oneself or other individuals
is among the reasons that lead people to adhere to social isolation. This condition influenced the demand for
delivery services, including organic food, which increased during the pandemic (CIORGÂNICOS, 2020).
The second factor considered by the businesswoman was the closing of open markets, a place for trading
organic products. The first district decree nº 40520, of March 2020 (BRASÍLIA, 2020a), which provided for
measures to fight the COVID-19 pandemic, suspended the activities of the open markets. This prohibition was
maintained until the month of June, when, through Decree No. 40882 (BRASÍLIA, 2020b), the open markets
were allowed to resume their operation.
Because of this high demand, the businesswoman created a website. In it, in addition to company information,
the owner shows customers the organic products available for purchase, allowing them to place their orders
through it, with the option of making payment by email when requesting or in person upon delivery. Therefore,
there was a need to hire extra labor, given the high demand.
The company's physical structure also underwent changes with the onset of the pandemic; Due to the intense
volume of goods, the businesswoman had to find another place to divide her orders and assemble each one
individually in a safe and hygienic way, since the transmission characteristics of the coronavirus were still
uncertain. It was then that, together with other businessmen in the field, she rented a shed, which she classified
as a differential, as it follows the demands of consumers in relation to appropriate hygiene practices
(ANDRADE et al., 2013).
Regarding her suppliers, the businesswoman claims to have 6 partner producers, 2 of which belong to family
farming. In addition to these, she acquires from a company that sells fruit and from an intermediary-supplier,
who resells several products from a group of producers to entrepreneurs in the same field as company A.
With regard to the marketing and advertising strategies adopted, the main vehicle is the social network
Instagram. It was after the COVID-19 pandemic that the entrepreneur started to pay more attention to this
area, making more publicity; she invested in sponsored posting and partnered with two influencers to increase
her brand's reach to others. Audrezet et al. (2020) state that the use of social media influencers to boost products
is a strategy that is frequently performed by brands.
The merchant also observes that one of the singularities of her company is the good relationship with the
customer. Whenever the consumer reports dissatisfaction problems with a product, she exchanges the
merchandise or discounts the value of the bill. Based on these strategies, we see a clear example of relationship
marketing, which, despite a broad concept, has its principles based on commitment, trust and reciprocity
generated between company and customer (KOTLER & KELLER, 2006).
As of August 2020, the number of orders decreased, due, according to the trader, to the relaxation of restrictive
measures and a decrease in the cases of COVID-19. In 2021, its sales had significant declines, due to the rise
in the prices of food products, but now its sales are stabilized and the demand and acquisition numbers are
very similar to those of 2019.
192
CONSIDERATIONS
Considering the general objective of analyzing the demand and consumption of organic products during the
COVID-19 pandemic in a delivery company in the sector in Brasília-DF, it can be said that it was achieved.
This occurred after carrying out a case study with company A, where information was obtained through a
semi-structured interview with its founder and manager.
The results indicated that, at the beginning of the pandemic, there was a significant increase in the demand for
and acquisition of organic products by both established and new consumers. This framework triggered
transformations in the company's management and structure, making it stand out in the optimization of its
processes. However, as the months of 2020 passed, sales fell, following the scenarios of easing the pandemic.
Currently, the search and acquisition numbers are similar to those of 2019.
Since the expected return in relation to the increased consumption of organic products was achieved with the
advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, reflecting the popular association between them and health, it is suggested
that future studies be carried out to further deepen and update such products. facts.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/HBdbL5r-830
REFERENCES
ANDRADE, J. C. et al. Percepção do consumidor frente aos riscos associados aos alimentos, sua segurança e
rastreabilidade, Brazilian Journal Of Food Technology. Campinas, v. 16, n. 3, p. 184-191, jul./set. 2013.
ANDRADE, B.; PINHEIRO, J.; OLIVEIRA, E. A Importância da Produção Orgânica para a Saúde Humana
e o Meio Ambiente. South American Journal of Basic Education, Technical and Technological, v. 4, n.
2, 2017.
AUDREZET, A.; KERVILER, G.; MOULARD, J. G. et al. Authenticity under threat: When social media
influencers need to go beyond self-presentation. Journal of Business Research, v. 117, p. 557-569, 2020.
BARDIN, L. Análise de conteúdo. Lisboa: Edições 70, 1977.
BEZERRA, A. C. V. et al. Fatores associados ao comportamento da população durante o isolamento social na

pandemia de COVID-19. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva [online], v. 25, supl. 1, p. 2411-2421, jun. 2020.
BRASÍLIA. Decreto nº 40.520, de 14 de março de 2020. Dispõe sobre as medidas para enfrentamento da
emergência de saúde pública de importância internacional decorrente do novo coronavírus, e dá outras
providências. Disponível em:
<http://www.sinj.df.gov.br/sinj/Norma/ed3d931f353d4503bd35b9b34fe747f2/Decreto_40520_14_03_2020.
html> Acesso em: 08 maio 2021.
BRASÍLIA. Decreto nº 40.882, de 14 de junho de 2020. Altera o Decreto nº 40.817, de 22 de maio de 2020,
que dispõe sobre as medidas para enfrentamento da emergência de saúde pública de importância internacional
decorrente do novo coronavírus e dá outras providências. Disponível em:
<http://www.sinj.df.gov.br/sinj/Norma/4ba939099ea04177b89cbb36c835739a/Decreto_40882_14_06_2020.
html> Acesso em: 08 maio 2021.
CARREIRO, J. Alimentos saudáveis estão entre as principais tendências do mercado, 2019. Disponível
em: <https://emais.estadao.com.br/blogs/comida-de-verdade/alimentos-saudaveis-estao-entre-as-principais-
tendencias-do-mercado/> Acesso em: 12 fev. 2021
CIORGÂNICOS. Produtos orgânicos: crescimento durante e além da pandemia, 2020. Disponível em:
<https://ciorganicos.com.br/inteligencia/produtos-organicos-crescimento-durante-e-alem-da-pandemia/>
Acesso em: 08 maio 2021.
193
DÍAZ-BRAVO, L. et al. La entrevista, recurso flexible y dinámico. Investigación en Educación Médica.
Cidade do México, v. 2, n. 7, p. 162-167, jul./set. 2013.
GIL, A. C. Como Elaborar Projetos de Pesquisa. 4ª edição, São Paulo: Atlas, 2002.
IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Comissão Nacional de Classificação, 2021.

Disponível em: <https://concla.ibge.gov.br/busca-online-cnae.html?subclasse=4724500&view=subclasse>
Acesso em: 04 maio 2021.
KOTLER, P. & KELLER, K. Administração de Marketing: A Bíblia do Marketing. 12ª edição, São Paulo:
Prentice Hall Brasil, 2006.
MÜLLER, V. N. E-commerce: vendas pela internet. 2013. 43f. Trabalho de Conclusão (Bacharelado em
Administração), Fundação Educacional do Município de Assis – FEMA, Assis, 2013.
OLIVEIRA, L. L. et al. O Que Fazer Para Aumentar a Imunidade? Entenda Aqui!, 2020. Disponível em:
<https://coronavirus.saude.mg.gov.br/blog/58-o-que-fazer-para-aumentar-a-
imunidade#:~:text=O%20que%20se%20sabe%20at%C3%A9,completo%20das%20c%C3%A9lulas%20de
%20defesa.> Visita em: 08 de mar. 2021.
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2001.
PIOVESAN, A. & TEMPORINI, E. R. Pesquisa exploratória: procedimento metodológico para o estudo de

fatores humanos no campo da saúde pública. Revista de Saúde Pública. São Paulo, v. 29, n. 4, p. 318-325,
ago. 1995.
YIN, R. K. Estudo de caso: planejamento e métodos. Tradução Daniel Grassi - 2ª edição. Porto Alegre:
Bookman, 2001.
194
THE EVOLUTION OF THE AREA PLANTED WITH SUGARCANE IN THE NORTH
AND NORTHWEST REGIONS OF THE STATE OF RIO DE JANEIRO
Ruth Venturini Mariani 1, Gustavo Bastos Lyra 1

Abstract
Agriculture presents an expressive contribution to Brazilian economy, thereby it is necessary to understand

the trends in agriculture and livestock in the Brazil. Sugarcane is a crop that stands out in the economy, as it
has multiple purposes, e.g. human food (sugar), energy generation (alcohol and biomass), and also as animal
forage and fertilizer. In the North and Northwest regions of Rio de Janeiro State, sugarcane represented the
main productive activity, mainly between the 19th and 20th centuries. Thus, this work aimed to assess the
evolution of sugar cropped areas in the North and Northwest regions of Rio de Janeiro. The study was carried
out from the data of the agricultural census for the period 1988-2019, and of the Cartographic Base of the Rio
de Janeiro State, both available by the IBGE. The data was spatialized and six thematic maps was generated
using ArcGIS®. It was observed in the study there was a tendency to decrease the sugar cane cropped area
and that these regions have been used for livestock, in addition to studies to analyze the region's suitability for
cropping grains, such as soybean.
Keywords: Sugarcane; Agriculture; Rio de Janeiro
INTRODUCTION
Sugarcane has several advantages over its cropping. Examples are the use in nature, production of sugar and
ethanol (JUNQUEIRA and MORABITO, 2017), energy generation through biomass (CAVERSAN et al.,
2020) and alcohol, animal forage and fertilizer (GOMES et al., 2015), products such as brandy, molasses,
brown sugar (CAPUTO et al., 2008), among others.
Sugarcane is currently the third-largest crop in Brazil in terms of planted area, behind only maize and soybeans
(KRIEGER et al., 2020). According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), sugarcane
represents more than 1/5 of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the national agribusiness (IBGE, 2017). In
addition, this crop influences the regional behavior where it is established, whether in the generation of jobs,
impacts on biodiversity and development or in the definition of governmental policies in the region (AREIAS,
2020; BORGES et al., 2020).
The North and Northwest regions of the Rio de Janeiro State are recognized for their extensive areas of
sugarcane cropping (CASTRO and RIBEIRO, 2017). The sugar-alcohol economy in these regions,
historically, represents the main economic activity, begin in the 17th century, and achieved great success
during the 19th and 20th centuries (SILVA and MIRANDA, 2019).
Thus, this work aims to the assess the evolution of the sugarcane cropped area in the North and Northwest
regions of the Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil.
195
The study was carried out in the North and Northwest regions of the State of Rio de Janeiro. The North region
has an area of approximately 9740.130 km² and where are they located nine municipalities: Campos dos
Goytacazes, Carapebus, Cardoso Moreira, Conceição de Macabu, Macaé, Quissamã, São Fidélis, São
Francisco de Itabapoana and São João da Barra. While the Northwest region has an area of 5371.52 6 km²
and made up of 13 municipalities: Aperibé, Bom Jesus do Itabapoana, Cambuci, Italva, Itaocara, Itaperuna,
Laje do Muriaé, Miracema, Natividade, Porciúncula, Santo Antônio de Pádua, São José de Ubá and Varre-
Sai. In the Figure 1, it is possible to observe the location of the study area.
Figure 1: Location of the study area.
The materials used were: i) Continuous Cartographic Base of the Rio de Janeiro State, from 2018, in a scale
of 1:25,000 available by IBGE in digital format; ii ) Sugarcane cropped area data in the North and Northwest
regions of Rio de Janeiro, to the period from 1988 To 2019, available by the IBGE, in an electronic
spreadsheet, through the SIDRA platform; iii ) ArcGIS 10.3® software student trial license.
The data of sugarcane cropped area were grouped into five intervals of five years, and the last with an interval
of seven years. Subsequently, the average cropped area, in hectares, for each municipality and range was
calculated. Subsequently, all these data were specialized in a GIS (Geographic Information System).
Finally, through the relationship between the cropped area and the total area of the municipality, the relative
cropped areas for each municipality and for each interval were calculated. The values obtained were classified
into six classes, using the natural break method.
After the studies carried out about sugarcane cropped area in the North and Northwest regions of Rio de
Janeiro and through the methodology used in this work, it was possible to obtain a comparative map of the
relative cropped areas, in percentage, for each municipality in the study region, for the years 1988 to 2019, as
presented in Figure 2.
196
Figure 2: Evolution of the area planted with sugarcane in the North and Northwest regions of Rio de
Janeiro.
Based on the maps, it was possible to observe that there was a decrease in the sugarcane cropped area, in both
studied regions. The same can be seen in the graphs below as shown in the Figures 3 and 4.
Figure 3: Evolution of the sugarcane cropped area in the North region of Rio de Janeiro.
In the North region, between 1988 and 2019, there was a 78.40% decrease in the cropped area, that is, only
21.60% of the area cultivated in 1988 remains sugarcane cropped in 2019.
However, despite the general downward trend, through Figure 3, four sections were identified that should be
highlighted: i) 1988 –
1992: there was a decrease; ii) 1992 – 2006: stationarity; iii) 2006 - 2007: sharp decrease followed by
increase until 2010; and iv) 2010
– 2019: decreasing trend.
197
Figure 4: Evolution of sugarcane cropped area in the Northwest region of Rio de Janeiro.
In the Northwest region, the decrease in sugarcane cropped area was even greater, from 1988 to 2019, 91.63%
of the cropped area was no longer allocated to this crop. However, three intervals are worth mentioning: i)
1988 – 1997: decreasing trend; ii) 1997 – 2009: increase; iii) 2009 - 2019: decrease.
A recent research carried out by the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA, 2021), reveals
the propensity of the Northern region for soybean cropping, furthermore the research also shows that the old
areas that were cropped with sugarcane became areas of extensive livestock farming.
The study by EMBRAPA, indicates that the decline of sugarcane in the region, in parallel with the expansion
of livestock probably happened because of the cattle have lower cost to maintain land ownership and have
become an option of income.
CONSIDERATIONS
Through the results obtained in this study, it can be considered that the decreasing trend in the sugarcane
cropped areas in the North and Northwest regions of the State of Rio de Janeiro should remain, giving way to
the planting of grains, for example soybean, and also extensive livestock.
It is recommended for future studies, which will be made an analysis of the evolution of soybean planting and
of extensive livestock in the North and Northwest regions of the State of Rio de Janeiro. In addition, a
socioeconomic study on soybean planting and extensive livestock is also recommended, in order to understand
the motivations for changes in the agricultural sector in the region.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/yqqCNlEgACQ
REFERENCES
AREIAS, A. Political-economic, social and environmental aspects of sugar cane biomass use for the electrical
energy generation. Scientific Electronic Archives, v. 13, n. 3, p. 77, 1 mar. 2020.
BORGES, L. F. DOS S. et al. Impactos ambientais e sociais causados pela queima da cana-. Monumenta -
Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, v. 1, n. 1, p. 73–83, 2020.
CAPUTO, M. M. et al. Resposta de genótipos de cana-de-açúcar à aplicação de indutores de maturação.

Bragantia, v. 67, n. 1, p. 15– 23, 2008.
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199
THERMORREGULATION MECHANISMS AND NATURAL THERMAL
CONDITIONING SYSTEM IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION FACILITIES
Maria Angela de Souza 1, Fernanda Campos Sousa 1, Carlos Eduardo Alves Oliveira 1, Leonardo França da
Silva 1, Charles Paranhos Oliveira 1, Fabiane de Fátima Maciel 1
1 Programa de Pós-Grad. Eng. Agrícola, Dep. de Eng. Agrícola, Univ. Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Viçosa - MG - Brazil
Abstract
Homeothermic animals are able to adjust their body temperature and keep it approximately constant,
producing or dissipating heat, depending on the conditions of the environment in which they live. This is why,
especially in countries with a hot climate, the thermal conditions and the rate of air renewal in animal
production facilities become so important. Thus, the objective was to develop a review addressing the main
physiological mechanisms used by farm animals for thermal control, and the influence of natural thermal
conditioning in predominantly open facilities, used for animal production in hot climate conditions. Heat
production encompasses all processes that occur in the animal organism that involve energy expenditure.
Therefore, it is directly related to the performance and metabolic activities performed by the animal, according
to its stage of development (growth, production and reproduction), sex, genetics, ambience and digestive
processes. In animals, the acquisition of heat can occur by solar radiation (direct, indirect and reflected) and/or
via ambient temperature, acting in the thermal exchanges of heat. In this way, the study of the natural thermal
conditioning of the facilities is essential, and it must be planned and designed with precision and efficiency,
as a way to ensure maximum thermal comfort to the animals that will be housed. It is an effective and cost-
effective process that can improve the production environment and, consequently, animal welfare.
Keywords: Hypothalamus; Primary Environmental Modifications; Metabolic Rate; Natural Ventilation.
INTRODUCTION
Homeothermic animals strive to adapt to climatic adversities, seeking to adjust and maintain their body
temperature according to the conditions of the environment to which they are exposed. The energy produced
in the form of heat is used to maintain its organism, given the differences in temperature between the body
core and the environment (ROSA; LIMA, 2019). In thermoneutral environments, the temperature of the
animal's body core is constant, regardless of climatic conditions, given that they have well-developed
thermoregulatory systems, which are activated by the hypothalamus in situations of thermal stress
(MEDEIROS; VIEIRA, 1997).
When they are in an environment characterized as inappropriate, that is, with environmental conditions outside
the thermal comfort range considered ideal for the species, these animals can resort to the use of a series of
behavioral, physiological and/or metabolic changes. Thus, animals need to be in an environment that favors
thermal balance to achieve better productive and reproductive performance. In this sense, primary
environmental modifications stand out, which can reduce the direct impact of climatic variables (air
temperature, air relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed) on animals, promoting the necessary
thermal conditioning. A comfortable environment with animal suitable welfare conditions allows this animal
to express its full genetic and productive potential (BEVILAQUA et al., 2019; SANTOS; TINOCO; COSTA,
2012).
200
It is important to point out that the use of natural ventilation favors the renewal of air inside the facilities. It
can be obtained through the exploration of primary modifications, such as building width and ceiling height,
adequate use of natural air currents and the use of a louver on the roof. With this, it is possible to minimize
the direct thermal action, provide an environment with adequate natural ventilation and appropriate flow for
air renewal inside animal production facilities (DAMASCENO et al., 2010). Given the above, the objective
was to develop a literature review addressing the main physiological mechanisms used by farm animals for
thermal control and the influence of natural thermal conditioning in predominantly open facilities, used for
animal production in hot climate conditions.
For the construction of this literature review, we sought to identify relevant and current publications on the
subject covered in articles, theses, manuals and book chapters, in Portuguese and English. Searches were
carried out in the Scielo, Science Direct, Scopus and Scholar Google Academic databases. In the searches, the
following keywords were used: thermogenesis, hypothalamus, metabolic rate, thermal comfort, body
temperature, natural ventilation, ambience, sizing of facilities, primary modifications.
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
The production of body heat is directly associated with cellular metabolism, digestive processes and endocrine
activities (thyroid, adrenal, pituitary). It also occurs via the basal metabolic rate, which is associated with
breathing, blood pressure, heart rate and maintenance of body temperature. Finally, it occurs through the
acquisition of heat by solar radiation (direct, indirect and reflected) and environmental temperature
(MEDEIROS; VIEIRA, 1997).
The sum of all processes that occur in the animal organism that involve energy expenditure is related to animal
performance and the purpose of metabolic activities, being variable according to the animal's development
stages (growth, production and reproduction), gender, genetics, ambience and/or digestive processes
(OLIVEIRA; FORMIGONI, 2018).
The hypothalamus receives stressful stimuli through receptors, which are in the skin, tissues, organs and veins,
and triggers a mechanism for the production of heat. In case of heat stress, the body secretes less growth
hormone (STH), gonadotropic (FSH) and thyrotrophic (TSH). From this, there is a modification in the
production of hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine), responsible for the action of metabolism
and, consequently, for the reduction of heat production in the body (ANDERSSON; JONASSON, 2006;
POLLI et al., 2020).
In large part, physiological changes in animals occur due to climatic variations that can directly affect
production. Monogastric animals are the most sensitive to thermal variations, as they have a short period of
growth and an accelerated metabolism. In the case of dairy cattle in the lactation phase, it is important to note
that the thermal conditions must be kept within the range considered as thermoneutral for the species, given
that if these animals need to compromise the flow and concentration of blood metabolites to maintain your
body temperature, milk production will be compromised.
As a result of exposure to climatic adversities, in general, the animal will tend to reduce dry matter intake and
increase water intake in an attempt to maintain body temperature within the thermal comfort zone (LIMA et
al., 2017; ALMEIDA et al., 2020), causing changes in energy absorption and emission, hormone release
(CRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) inhibition. All of this can impair steroidogenesis capacity, follicular
dynamics, oocyte condition and embryonic development, so that there is low or reproductive inefficiency.
Females have problems with ovulation, reduced fertility and sexual maturity, difficulty in entering heat, low
libido, miscarriages and infertility. Males, on the other hand, are affected by reduced libido and semen
production, degeneration of the sperm epithelium, decreased fertility and infertility (ROTH et al., 2000;
201
SANTANA; CAVALI; MODESTO, 2014).
In general, under normal conditions, the animal organism itself, through thermoregulation, seeks alternatives
to adapt to the stressful environment through its physiological mechanisms, such as: peripheral vasodilation,
increased sweat production, increased respiratory rate, heart rate and rectal temperature, and increased water
intake (POLLI et al., 2020).
Natural Thermal Conditioning
The constructive characteristics, such as location, orientation, layout and height of the installations, presence
of eaves, louvers and windbreaks, type of coverage, lining and painting, and use of natural air currents, are
essential to provide animal comfort and well-being. In general, it is recommended that the installation be
located on land with good drainage, with approximately 2 to 5% slope.
In order to facilitate the flow of water, one should opt for areas where extreme climatic variations do not occur,
and it is recommended to choose a location close to the electricity grid (TINÔCO, 2001). It is also noteworthy
that, in the Southern Hemisphere, open facilities for animal production must be oriented in the East-West
direction, in order to reduce the incidence of solar radiation inside the facility (DAMASCENO et al., 2010).
The roof is important for the ambience of the facility, as the thermal influence exerted on the internal
environment by the roof is directly related to the type of tile, the slope of the roof and the width of the eaves
(BAÊTA; SOUZA, 2010). The roof is the main means of protection against solar radiation, preventing it from
falling directly on the animals. The efficiency of the installation's roof is directly linked to the type of covering
material, insulating capacity, damping and thermal delay from the absorptivity and emissivity of solar
radiation. All these factors contribute to a more adequate environment that does not compromise animal
performance (CARDOSO et al., 2011).
The lining is used as part of the building roof to reduce the thermal conductivity of the roof to the indoor
environment, and serves as a protective layer between animal and roof during energy transfer (DAMASCENO
et al., 2010; SILVA et al., 2015). When painting the external part of the roof with lighter shades, the painting
starts to have an effective protection function. The eaves, on the other hand, are used on the sides of the
facilities in order to prevent rain and solar radiation from reaching the interior.
According to Abreu; Abreu (2000) and Baêta; Souza (2010), the movement of air can occur through dynamic
natural ventilation, which occurs when air flows from a point of lower pressure to another of higher pressure
by the action of the wind, and also through natural thermal ventilation, which it occurs from the temperature
difference between two points considered, and promotes the “thermosyphon effect”.
In this context, the louver is important to promote air renewal, as it favors the flow of hot air out of the
installations, especially in periods of high air temperatures. The mass flow of air passing through the louver is
proportional to the difference in height between the air inlet and outlet openings. However, strong wind
currents can cause great damage to animal production systems (ABREU; ABREU, 2000). Therefore, to reduce
the wind speed towards the facilities, windbreaks can be used, which can be natural (vegetation rows) or
artificial.
CONSIDERATIONS
Studies on the thermoregulatory mechanisms of animals and the natural thermal conditioning system are
essential to ensure the best animal development and performance. The main advantage of using a natural
thermal conditioning system is the exploration of natural characteristics with the objective of enabling the
renewal of the air flow inside the facilities, improve the thermal environment, and consequently, animal
welfare, in a more economical way.
Presentation: https://youtu.be/02T6YgPe4fk
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior -
Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001; and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais –
Brasil (FAPEMIG).
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