Writing Assignment-III

HUM101: World Civilizations & Cultures

Name: Somiya Azadi Tonni
Id: 20101187
Sec: 08
 ESSAY OUTLINE SAMPLE TEMPLATE

"During their political reign, the Mongols enabled cross-cultural, religious, and economic exchange
across Eurasia in many ways"

I. Introduction

The Mongol political reign, also known as the Mongol Empire, was a fascinating era in history when
the enormous expanse of Eurasia witnessed revolutionary levels of cross-cultural, religious, and
economic contact. The vast Mongol empire, led by legendary leaders such as Chinggis Khan and
Kublai Khan, left a remarkable influence on the lands they conquered by encouraging connection and
collaboration.
 Thesis Statement: This essay will examine the different ways the Mongols impacted Eurasia's
social, political, and economic dynamics by fostering Cross-Cultural, Religious, and Economic
Exchange during their reign.

II. Body

1. First Main Idea: During the Mongols' rule over Eurasia, there was a spectacular period of
intercultural contact and interaction, which gave rise to a fusion of ideologies, practices, and
artistic expressions.

a. Supporting Idea 1
One of the major exchanges of Mongol cross-cultural was between the Sinitic and Islamic
civilizations, including Christian Orthodox as a minor. This was primarily because China and the
Muslim world, were nearly culturally equal, which led it to contribute to the Mongols more than the
empire's control over the Orthodox Christians.

b. Supporting Idea 2
The direct influence that Mongolian culture had on the Mongols' subjects and neighbors was another
aspect of cross-cultural interchange. The Chinggisids' exceptional success led to the copying of
Mongolian names, clothing, hairstyle, food, and music throughout Eurasia.

Conclusion and transition to the next main point

This period of interaction and fusion of cultures contributed to a vibrant human diversity, leaving an
enduring legacy in the form of shared artistic, linguistic, influences across Eurasia.

2. Second Main Idea

The Mongol approach to diversity in religion was significant for fostering religious interchange
across their realm, most particularly the significant expansion of Islam and the flourishing of
Tibetan Buddhism.
a. Supporting Idea 1:The Islamization of the Mongol khanates, over the next fifty years was a
gradual and complex process, because of the deep ties between the Chinggisids and their Muslim
subjects, particularly the Turkish officers and soldiers who were the majority of the Mongol
armies. While the influence of spirituality on conversion cannot be disregarded, political
considerations must also be recognized, with regard to the leadership.
 b. Supporting Idea 2: Another instance of a royal conversion occurred in China when Qubilai
converted to Tibetan Buddhism under the guidance of the wise Tibetan monk Phags Pa.

Conclusion and transition to the next main point

Similarly to the cultural and religious interchange domain, the Mongols developed economic
links that reached well beyond the empire's borders.

3. Third Main Idea: The Mongols developed economic links that reached well beyond the empire's
borders. They inherited and expanded many trade routes as well as varied methods of resource
extraction and exchange, such as asset redistribution, taxes or tribute, and gift giving.
a. Supporting Idea 1:
Central Asian Mongol princes promoted the transition from land to sea. The ports of South China,
particularly Quanzhou, developed into hubs of global trade that attracted traders from India, the
Muslim world, Southeast Asia, and Europe.

b. Supporting Idea 2
A crucial component of any diplomatic mission was gift-giving, which constituted another type of
commerce. These embassies, which Chinese sources regarded as tributary delegations, frequently
combined statecraft with business, both private and/or governmental, and delivered their host's
exotic goods

c. Conclusion and transition to the next main point

These economic exchanges were utilized as a commerce tool globally during the Mongol
empire.

III. Conclusion

The nomadic Mongols embarked on an extraordinary mobilization of people, products,

and ideas to create the world's largest continuous empire. They aided Eurasian unity by
broadening the perspectives of their subjects and neighbors. Under their supervision,
the nomadic Mongol culture had a significant impact on the Eurasian exchange. It is
obvious that the Mongol influence on Eurasia went beyond conquest by bringing
together various cultures, religions, and economies in an atmosphere of cooperation
and exchange, as evidenced by the cultural synthesis, the enmity of Buddhism and
Islam, and the establishment of a unified trade network.
"During their political reign, the Mongols enabled
cross-cultural, religious, and economic exchange across
Eurasia in many ways"

The Mongol political reign, also known as the Mongol Empire, was a fascinating era in
history when the enormous expanse of Eurasia witnessed revolutionary levels of
cross-cultural, religious, and economic contact. The vast Mongol empire, led by legendary
leaders such as Chinggis Khan and Kublai Khan, left a remarkable influence on the lands
they conquered by encouraging connection and collaboration. This essay will examine the
different ways the Mongols impacted Eurasia's social, political, and economic dynamics by
fostering Cross-Cultural, Religious, and Economic Exchange during their reign.

To begin with, The Mongol Empire's vast size fostered cross-cultural exchange within and
beyond its boundaries, as no government had before commanded such a huge share of
Eurasia's talent pool. During the Mongols' rule over Eurasia, there was a spectacular period of
intercultural contact and interaction, which gave rise to a fusion of ideologies, practices, and
artistic expressions. One of the major exchanges of Mongol cross-cultural was between the
Sinitic and Islamic civilizations, including Christian Orthodox as a minor. This was primarily
because China and the Muslim world, were nearly culturally equal, which led it to contribute
to the Mongols more than the empire's control over the Orthodox Christians. Despite sending
troops and craftsmen to remote regions of Eurasia, the Russians didn't have adequate
scientists of the caliber of their illustrious Chinese, Central Asian, or Iranian counterparts, as
well as administrative staff with experience working for nomadic rulers. Additionally, the
Mongols and their sedentary subjects in Iran, Central Asia, and China all occupied the same
geographic region, which prompted all parties to cooperate more closely and share resources
economically. Moreover, The direct influence that Mongolian culture had on the Mongols'
subjects and neighbors was another aspect of cross-cultural interchange. The Chinggisids'
exceptional success led to the copying of Mongolian names, clothing, hairstyle, food, and
music throughout Eurasia. For example, in the fourteenth century, England, China, Ilkhanid
and Timurid Central Asia, Mamluk Egypt, and North India all adopted components of "Tatar
dress".
This period of interaction and fusion of cultures contributed to a vibrant human diversity,
leaving an enduring legacy in the form of shared artistic, linguistic, influences across Eurasia.
The Mongol approach to diversity in religion was significant for fostering religious
interchange across their realm, most particularly the significant expansion of Islam and the
flourishing of Tibetan Buddhism. They followed a policy of religious tolerance, in contrast to
some conquerors who tried to impose their own religious views.
The Islamization of the Mongol khanates, over the next fifty years was a gradual and
complex process, because of the deep ties between the Chinggisids and their Muslim
subjects, particularly the Turkish officers and soldiers who were the majority of the Mongol
armies. While the influence of spirituality on conversion cannot be disregarded, political
considerations must also be recognized, with regard to the leadership. For instance, the Ilkhan
Ghazan converted to Islam while fighting for the throne, gaining the support of Muslim
soldiers, including a top Mongol commander. In addition, the Mongols also pushed Islam into
the Indian subcontinent, Since the main catalysts were traders, the thriving commerce in the
Mongol Empire made this process. According to Marco Polo, “The kingdom of Perlak in
northern Sumatra is so much frequented by the Saracen merchants that they have converted
the natives to the law of Muhammad."
Furthermore, Another instance of a royal conversion occurred in China when Qubilai
converted to Tibetan Buddhism under the guidance of the wise Tibetan monk Phags Pa.
Qubilai, like many other foreign emperors of China before him, was portrayed as the ideal
global Buddhist ruler who turns the Dharma wheel. Aside from its political overtones and
shamanic magic and colors, Tibetan Buddhism was particularly attractive since it markedly
distinguished the Mongols from their Chinese subjects.
These religious exchanges between Mongols and Islam, and Buddhism are remarkable
examples of Mongol Empire religious tolerance.

Similarly to the cultural and religious interchange domain, the Mongols developed economic
links that reached well beyond the empire's borders. They inherited and expanded many trade
routes as well as varied methods of resource extraction and exchange, such as asset
redistribution, taxes or tribute, and gift giving.
Central Asian Mongol princes promoted the transition from land to sea. The ports of South
China, particularly Quanzhou, developed into hubs of global trade that attracted traders from
India, the Muslim world, Southeast Asia, and Europe. A Maritime Silk Road, in addition to
land trade channels, aided in the flow of products and the formation of a Pax Mongolica.
Short coastal pathways in southern China served as the beginning of the Maritime Silk Road.
These pathways evolved into a high-seas route into the Indian Ocean as navigational
technology and science advanced.
Moreover, A crucial component of any diplomatic mission was gift-giving, which constituted
another type of commerce. These embassies, which Chinese sources regarded as tributary
delegations, frequently combined statecraft with business, both private and/or governmental,
and delivered their host's exotic goods (such as jewellery, hunting cheetahs, and beautiful
slaves). For example, the Ilkhan Ghazan sent a merchant from Kish named Fakhr al-Din
al-Tibbi to Yuan on a triple mission to further diplomatic goals, collect the ruler's appanage
earnings, and invest 100,000 gold dinars which demonstrates the gift-giving culture in
international trade.
To conclude, The nomadic Mongols embarked on an extraordinary mobilization of people,
products, and ideas to create the world's largest continuous empire. They aided Eurasian unity
by broadening the perspectives of their subjects and neighbors. Under their supervision, the
nomadic Mongol culture had a significant impact on the Eurasian exchange. It is obvious that
the Mongol influence on Eurasia went beyond conquest by bringing together various cultures,
religions, and economies in an atmosphere of cooperation and exchange, as evidenced by the
cultural synthesis, the enmity of Buddhism and Islam, and the establishment of a unified trade
network.

References:

1. Cartwright, M. (2019, November 01). Religion in the Mongol Empire. World History
Encyclopedia. Retrieved from
https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1469/religion-in-the-mongol-empire
2. McLean, J. (n.d.). World Civilization. Trade and Currency under the Yuan | World
Civilization.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldcivilization/chapter/trade-and-curr
ency-under-the-yuan/
3. Biran, M. (2018). Mobility, Empire and cross-cultural contacts in Mongol Eurasia
(Mongol). Medieval Worlds, medieval worlds(Volume 8. 2018), 135–154.
https://doi.org/10.1553/medievalworlds_no8_2018s135