Philosophy The Power of Ideas 9th Edition Moore Solutions Manual
Philosophy The Power of Ideas 9th Edition Moore Solutions Manual
Philosophy The Power of Ideas 9th Edition Moore Solutions Manual
Main Points
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Instructor's Manual | Chap. 6: The Rise of Modern Metaphysics and Epistemology
7. The “clear and distinct” litmus test. From cogito, ergo sum Descartes
worked his way to the clear and distinct criterion of truth: anything that was
as clear and distinct as his own existence would pass the litmus test and
would also have to be certain. This doubting methodology was like
geometry, using as an axiom “I think, therefore I am” to prove true what at
first only seemed true.
8. Using the “clear and distinct” criterion, Descartes found that he had a
certain knowledge of God’s existence and, from knowledge that God would
not deceive him, Descartes concluded that he also had certain knowledge
that there existed a world of objects outside his mind.
10. Difficulties in dualism include reconciling the belief that material things
are completely subject to physical laws with the belief that the immaterial
mind can move one’s body.
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Instructor's Manual | Chap. 6: The Rise of Modern Metaphysics and Epistemology
13. Thomas Hobbes in his natural philosophy thought that all that exists is
bodies in motion, this being true not only of what ordinarily is viewed as
physical bodies but also of mind and emotion.
14. That is, all mental phenomena derive from perception, that is, “sense.”
Thus, Hobbes espoused materialism.
15. Perception. All mental phenomena are derived from perception, which is
itself nothing but “matter in motion.” Motions outside us cause motions
within us. Hobbes tried to establish that every aspect of human psychology,
including memory and imagination, thought, reasoning, and decision
making, are all a product of perception.
16. The theory that all is matter in motion expresses in a rudimentary way
the view held by many contemporary philosophers and brain scientists that
every mental activity is a brain process of some kind.
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Instructor's Manual | Chap. 6: The Rise of Modern Metaphysics and Epistemology
always existed because God has always existed and he has always been
creating. Past and future are all God’s present.
20. Conway’s book, The Principles of the Most Ancient and Modern
Philosophy, begins with a series of assumptions (in the same manner as
Spinoza’s Ethics and Leibniz’s Monadology) from which are derived various
philosophical conclusions.
23. Though both Hobbes and Spinoza believed there was only one
substance, Hobbes had the problem of explaining away the mental.
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Instructor's Manual | Chap. 6: The Rise of Modern Metaphysics and Epistemology
28. Nihil in intellectu quod prius non fuerit in sensu (“nothing exists in
the mind that was not first in the senses”).
31. The objects of human knowledge consist of “ideas” (1) conveyed to the
mind by the senses, (2) perceived by the mind when the mind reflects on its
own operations, or (3) compounded or divided by the mind with the help of
memory or imagination. What exists, therefore, are ideas and the minds that
have them. It is contradictory to suppose that material substances exist
outside the mind that perceives them.
32. If secondary qualities (e.g., tastes, odors, colors) exist only in the mind,
then so do primary qualities (e.g., extension, figure, motion), because they
are all relative to the observer.
34. Berkeley believed that the perceiving mind of God makes possible the
continued existence of sensible things when we are not perceiving them.
36. He believed the greatest virtue of his idealist system was that it alone
did not invite skepticism about God. If the existence of sensible objects was
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Instructor's Manual | Chap. 6: The Rise of Modern Metaphysics and Epistemology
undeniable, then the existence of the divine mind, in which sensible objects
are sustained, was equally undeniable.
37. God’s existence, thought Berkeley, is shown by the fact that sensible
things continue to exist when we do not perceive them; and from the fact
that we do not ourselves cause our ideas of sensible things.
Boxes
Descartes’s Conjectures
(The connection between body and soul occurs throughout the brain)
(She grew up knowing some of the most influential English intellectuals of her time)
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Instructor's Manual | Chap. 6: The Rise of Modern Metaphysics and Epistemology
Mind-Body Theories
Readings
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Instructor's Manual | Chap. 6: The Rise of Modern Metaphysics and Epistemology
Berkeley notes that the objects of human knowledge are ideas and that these
ideas can only exist in the mind that perceives them. He then observes that
there is a contradiction in the view that sensible objects exist outside the
mind. He goes on to argue that all the qualities we experience when we
experience a sensible object (not just the so-called secondary qualities) are
ideas that exist in the mind and that the existence of things outside the mind
cannot be proven by reason; in fact, Berkeley argues, it is impossible even to
conceive of a sensible thing existing outside the mind.
5. “Material things, including one’s own body, are completely subject to physical
laws.” “The immaterial mind can move one’s body.” Are these two claims
incompatible? Explain.
It’s dead certain that your class will accept both these ideas. They really
should be aware of the problems.
Can the body be subject to physical laws while being moved by something
that is nonphysical? Perhaps, but there is this difficulty: if a nonphysical
something moves the body but only in such a way that the body is always
subject to physical laws, then the nonphysical something seems eliminable
by Ockham’s razor. A car analogy may be useful: when you depress the gas
pedal the pistons move faster and the crankshaft rotates faster and the wheels
turn faster, and it all happens in accordance with the principles of internal
combustion engine mechanics. Maybe something nonphysical causes the
pistons to move faster and the crankshaft and wheels to turn faster when the
gas pedal is depressed, but why suppose this?
Further, if the immaterial mind’s moving the body entails that a person
could have acted differently in the same circumstances, there is this
difficulty: if the person could have acted differently in the same
circumstances, then his or her body could have moved differently in the
same circumstances. But if a physical thing could have moved differently in
Moore, Philosophy, 9e IM-6 | 8
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sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
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Instructor's Manual | Chap. 6: The Rise of Modern Metaphysics and Epistemology
Eccles theorized, in effect, that the mind (not his word) may affect the
patterns of discharge of neuron populations in the brain. The trouble with
this is that nothing that happens in the brain seems to require the
nonphysical mind as its explanation, and it does not seem possible either to
confirm or to disconfirm Eccles’s theory. The theory, in short, seems
gratuitous. One of us dis- cussed this elsewhere, briefly: see Brooke Noel
Moore, The Philosophical Possibilities Beyond Death (Springfield: Charles C.
Thomas, 1981).
We hear a lot these days to the effect that contemporary astrophysics lends
support to idealism through something called the anthropic principle. We
cannot help you very much with this principle, but we would like to make
you aware of it, in case you are not.
There are evidently at least two versions of this principle, a weak version and
a strong version. A weak version, as set forth by Brandon Carter, is that a
complete account of the universe must explain the fact that the universe
contains observers. A stronger version is that the universe must have such
properties as to admit observers to exist in it at some stage in its
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sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
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Instructor's Manual | Chap. 6: The Rise of Modern Metaphysics and Epistemology
Psychokinesis is the mental power by which psychics claim to make changes in the
external physical world—to bend spoons, to cause balls to roll, and so on. Is there any
difference between using your mind to bend a spoon and using your mind to bend
your arm? Explain.
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sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
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Instructor's Manual | Chap. 6: The Rise of Modern Metaphysics and Epistemology
Of course, if the mind is the brain, then the psychic’s arm, unlike the balls
and spoons, really is linked to his or her mind. But if the mind is nonphysical,
then the psychic’s arm is no closer to his or her mind than are the spoons and
balls. If the mind is nonphysical, then the mind’s moving an arm (or causing
brain neurons to fire) is no more mysterious than psychokinesis. In fact, it is
psychokinesis.
And that means that any skepticism someone has about psychokinesis should
be equally felt relative to the idea that the nonmaterial mind causes the limbs
to move.
It’s too bad you can’t move a ball with psychokinesis to add a little color to
the discussion (if you can, we’d like to hear from you). What you can do is
point out that, if you were to give a dem- onstration of psychokinesis,
everyone in the class would suspect a trick. So shouldn’t they respond with
the same skepticism when you claim that you used your immaterial mind to
raise your arm?
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sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
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Instructor's Manual | Chap. 6: The Rise of Modern Metaphysics and Epistemology
De Cive (1642)
De Corpore Politico (1650)
Leviathan (1651)
The Questions Concerning Liberty, Necessity, and Chance (1656)
De Corpore (1665)
Behemoth (1682)
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sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
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Philosophy The Power of Ideas 9th Edition Moore Solutions Manual
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for
sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
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