Jalisco Zacatecas

The History of Jalisco
and Zacatecas
by John P. Schmal
Sept. 8, 2018
Indigenous Nueva
Galicia
(including Jalisco,
Aguascalientes &
Zacatecas)
Source: Cartografía histórica de la Nueva Galicia, Universidad de Cuadalajara, Escuela de Estudios

Hispano-Americanos de Sevilla, España, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México, 1984.
Nueva Galicia’s Indigenous People
Established in 1548, the Spanish province of
Nueva Galicia embraced 180,000 kilometers
and included most of present-day Jalisco,
Nayarit, Aguascalientes and Zacatecas. Across
this broad range of territory, a wide array of
indigenous groups lived during the Sixteenth
Century.
Domingo Lázaro de Arregui, in his Descripción

de la Nueva Galicia - published in 1621 - wrote Map Source: Para Todo México.
that 72 languages were spoken in the Spanish
colonial province of Nueva Galicia.
“Chichimecas” was the collective name for a wide range of indigenous groups
living throughout Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, Durango, and most of Jalisco and
Guanajuato. It is believed that most of these groups spoke languages that were
related to Náhuatl (the language of the Aztecs and Mexica) and part of the Uto-
Aztecan Stock.
3
Source: Domingo Lázaro de Arregui, “Descripción de la Nueva Galicia” (Dec. 24, 1621). Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal.
All Rights Reserved.
The Chichimeca Nations in the Sixteenth Century
Map Source: Wikipedia, “Chichimeca War.” Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal. 4

The Indians of Jalisco
At the time of the Spanish contact, the most important indigenous tribes of what is
now known as Jalisco were:
 Cocas – Central Jalisco (near Guadalajara and Lake Chapala)

 Guachichiles – Northeastern Jalisco, Zacatecas, and Guanajuato
 Huicholes – Northwestern Jalisco and Nayarit
 Tecuexes – Northern Jalisco (north of Guadalajara)
 Caxcanes – Northern Jalisco (Los Altos), Southwestern Zacatecas and Western
Aguascalientes
 Tepehuanes – Northern Jalisco and large parts of Durango
 Purépecha (Tarascans) – Southern Jalisco and large sections of Michoacán
Early on, disease, war and assimilation reduced their numbers. Dr. Van Young has
written that “the extensive and deep-running mestizaje of the area has meant
that at any time much beyond the close of the colonial period the history of the
native peoples has been progressively interwoven with (or submerged in) that of
non-native groups.” Today, only the Huicholes survive as a cultural entity.
Source: Eric Van Young, "The Indigenous Peoples of Western Mexico from the Spanish Invasion to the Present," in Richard E.W. Adams
and Murdo J. MacLeod (ed.), The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Volume II: Mesoamerica, Part 2
(Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 136-186. 5
Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal.
The Lifeblood of Jalisco
The Cocas and Tecuexes,
The Tecuexes in particular,
and Cocas representrepresent the life-blood
the lifeblood of Jaliscoof most
and of central and north-
its culture.
central Jalisco, while the Caxcanes, Guachichiles and Guamares might be looked upon as the
life-blood of the Los Altos (northeast) area and far eastern portions of Jalisco. They are al
extinct entities today. But the Coras and Huicholes survive to this day and have left a lasting
legacy in northwestern Jalisco and southern Nayarit.
The Cocas and

Tecuexes of
Jalisco
Map Source: Carolyn Baus de Czitrom, “Tecuexes y Cocas: Dos Grupos de la 6

Region Jalisco en el Siglo XVI” (1992).
The Caxcanes and Tecuexes
The Caxcanes Indians occupied portions
of present day Aguascalientes,
southern Zacatecas and northern
Jalisco. Dr. Phil C. Weigand theorized
that the Caxcan Indians probably
originated in the Chalchihuites area of
northwestern Zacatecas and moved
south after 1000 A.D.
Dr. Weigand has also studied the

Tecuexes Indians who occupied a
considerable area of Jalisco north of The territory of the Caxcanes overlapped
Guadalajara and western Los Altos, with the Zacatecos, while the territory of
including Jalostotitlán, Tepatitilán and the Tecuexes overlapped with the
Yahualica. The Tecuexes also occupied Guachichiles, Guamares and Cocas.
the central region near Tequila and Aguascalientes was primarily dominated
Cuquío. by Caxcanes, Zacatecos and Tecuexes.
Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal. 7

Indigenous Zacatecas at Contact
Zacatecos – Western Zacatecas, Eastern Durango and Southern Coahuila
Guachichiles – Eastern Zacatecas and Western San Luis Potosí and Northern Jalisco
Caxcanes – Southwest Zacatecas, Aguascalientes and Northern Jalisco
Tepehuanes, Huicholes and Tecuexes inhabited some southwestern areas near the borders
of Durango, Jalisco and Nayarit.
The Zacatecos
of Zacatecas
Source: WikiVisually, “Puebla Zacateco.” Online: 8

https://wikivisually.com/lang-es/wiki/Pueblo_Zacateco. All Rights Reserved.
The Guachichiles
 The Guachichile Indians were the most populous Chichimeca nation, occupying
about 100,000 square kilometers, from Lake Chapala in Jalisco to modern
Saltillo in Coahuila. The Guachichiles inhabited all of eastern Zacatecas and
portions of eastern Jalisco.
 The name "Guachichil" was given to them by the Mexica, and meant “head
colored red” (Quaítl = head; Chichitic = red). They had been given this label
because they wore red feather headdresses, painted their bodies and their hair
red, and wore head coverings (bonetillas) made of hides and painted red.
 The Spanish frontiersmen and contemporary writers referred to the
Guachichiles "as being the most ferocious, the most valiant, and the most
elusive" of all their indigenous adversaries
 It is believed that the Guachichile Indians were closely related to the Huichol
Indians, who continue to live in Nayarit and the northern fringes of Zacatecas in
the present day era… Consider the similarity of “Guachil” and “Huichol” – the
theory states that the Huichol were a subgroup that moved to the west and
developed their own culture and language.
Sources: Stacy B. Schaefer and Peter T. Furst (eds.), "People of the Peyote: Huichol Indian History, Religion,
and Survival" (1996); Philip Wayne Powell, "Soldiers, Indians and Silver: North America's First Frontier War" (1973).
9
The Chichimecas: Conquest and Assimilation
1) The occupation and conquests of Nuño de Guzmán (1529-1531) left a trail
of devastation and terror across Jalisco and southern Zacatecas.
2) The influence of epidemics played a significant role in reducing the

indigenous populations (especially in western Jalisco).
3) The Mixtõn Rebellion (1540-1542). The aftermath of this bloody conflict

led to widespread enslavement of the Caxcanes.
4) The Chichimeca War (1550-1590). This was forty-year conflict was waged
by nearly all the natives of Zacatecas. Spanish settlements came under
attack and most were evacuated and/or depopulated.
5) The gradual assimilation that resulted from the “peace by purchase”

policy of the Marqués de Villamanrique who offered the Chichimecas
incentives for peaceful settlement (conversion, food, clothing, lands and
agricultural implements).
Source: Philip Wayne Powell, “Soldiers, Indians and Silver: North America's First Frontier War" (Tempe, Arizona: Center for Latin
American Studies, Arizona State University, 1973).
10
The Chichimecas: Assimilation & Mestizaje
The Chichimeca War ended shortly after 1590. Essentially the Spaniards had bribed
the Chichimecas to make peace by offering them a more luxurious existence with
the trappings of the so-called “civilized world.” At strategically located depots, the
Spaniards offered the Chichimecas vast quantities of food (mostly maize and beef)
and clothing (woolen cloth, coarse blankets, woven petticoats, shirts, hats and
capes). They also received agricultural implements, including plows, hoes, axes,
hatchets, leather saddles, and slaughtering knives.
Soon Christian Indians were brought from the south (Tlaxcalans, Aztecs, Otomíes
and Tarascans) and settled among the Chichimecas to help them adapt to their new
existence. The peace offensive and missionary efforts of the Spaniards were so
successful that within a few years, the Zacatecos and Guachichiles had settled
down to peaceful living within the small settlements that now dotted the Zacatecas
landscape.
Working in the fields and mines alongside their Indian brethren, the Chichimeca
Indians were very rapidly assimilated and, as historian Phillip Wayne Powell writes,
“The Sixteenth-century land of war thus became fully Mexican in its mixture."
Source: Philip Wayne Powell, “Soldiers, Indians and Silver: North America's First Frontier War" (Tempe, Arizona: Center for
Latin American Studies, Arizona State University, 1973).
The Huicholes: The Sole Survivors
 Presently, the Huichol live primarily in the States of Jalisco and Nayarit. At the
time of the 2010 Mexican census, 44,788 people were known to speak this
language, which belongs to the Pima-Cora family.
 The actual number of Huichol is difficult to determine due to the inaccessibility

of the mountainous territory in which they live (many peaks over 9,000 feet)
and the natural suspicion the Huichol have of strangers. The Huichol have
protected their traditional culture by removing themselves from areas where
non-Huichol have come to live.
12
Current Indigenous Languages in Nueva Galicia
Indigenous Languages Spoken in the 2010 Census
Aguascalientes Jalisco Zacatecas
Population of Population of Population
Persons 3 Persons 3 of Persons 3
Years of Age Percent of Years of Age Percent of Years of Age Percent of
Indigenous
or More Who Indigenous or More Who Indigenous or More Who Indigenous
Language
Speak an Speakers Speak an Speakers Speak an Speakers
Indigenous Indigenous Indigenous
Language Language Language
Huichol 107 4.3% 18,409 34.3% 1,003 19.4%
Náhuatl 391 15.7% 11,650 21.7% 503 9.8%
Purépecha 52 2.1% 3,960 7.4% 100 1.9%
Mixteco 60 2.4% 2,001 3.7% 111 2.2%
Zapoteco 87 3.5% 1,637 3.0% 137 2.7%
Mazahua 176 7.1% 1,009 1.9% 151 2.9%
Other 1,620 64.9% 15,029 28.0% 3,152 61.1%
Total
Indigenous
Speakers 2,493 100% 53,695 100% 5,157 100%
Source: INEGI, Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010: Tabulados del Cuestionario Básico.
Other languages spoken in the three states include Mixe, Maya, Huasteco, Otomí, Tepehuanes and unspecified languages.

The Silver Industry
Built Zacatecas
The Silver Industry and Zacatecas
In 1546, Juan de Tolosa discovered silver

on the hill of La Bufa, near the present-
day City of Zacatecos. Among the
Mexican mining centers, Zacatecas had
the highest rates of silver production.
The development of the mining industry
in Zacatecas led to the development of
extensive communication networks,
making Zacatecas the axis of an
extensive economic space consisting of
cities, towns, villages, ranches,
haciendas and other mining centers.
Zacatecas, producing one-fifth of all of
the colony's silver, became the third
largest city in colonial Mexico during the
1500s. Today, Zacatecas is the 30th
largest city in Mexico. Map Source: Tony Burton, Interactive Map of Zacatecas. Mexconnect,
Copyright 2009.

15
Zacatecas: A Magnet for Labor
In the next two decades, rich mineral-
bearing deposits would also be discovered
farther north in San Martín (1556),
Chalchihuites (1556), Avino (1558),
Sombrerete (1558), Fresnillo (1566),
Mazapil (1568), and Nieves (1574).
Almost immediately, Zacatecas silver
miners sought settlers and colonists to
work in their mines. According to Dana
Velasco Murillo, the author of “Urban
Indians in a Silver City,” in order to attract
Indian labor, native peoples taking up
residency in Zacatecas were given
exemption from tribute collection and
rotary labor draft. And these incentives
remained in place up to the eighteenth
century for any indigenous resident of the
City of Zacatecas. Map Source: Geo-Mexico: The Geography and Dynamics of
Modern Mexico: Fresnillo, Mexico’s Leading Silver Mining Town
(Aug. 24, 2013).
Sources: Dana Velasco Murillo, “Urban Indians in a Silver City: Zacatecas, Mexico,
1546-1810” (Stanford University Press, 2016); Peter Gerhard, “The North Frontier of
New Spain” (Princeton University Press, 1982). Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal.
16
The City of Zacatecas
According to Professor Dana Velasco Murillo, by the 1550s, the Zacatecas mines
brought in a “a consistent influx of indigenous immigrants from western and
central Mexico.” In addition, she states that wages and exemptions served as
“pull” factors for migrants, while the heavy tribute obligations in central Mexican
communities functioned as “push” factors.
According to Professor Dana Velasco Murillo, in the Sixteenth Century, Zacatecas

became “the site of relatively high wages, multiple employment opportunities,
and tribute exemptions.” As a result, the province became the destination for
many indigenous peoples fleeing the oppressive draft labor of central Mexico.
Wages were the magnet that drew workers from central Mexico and a few
sedentary Indian groups in the North like the Yaqui to the mining-ranching
economy of the New Spanish North
Near the City of Zacatecas, each Indian migrant group "lived in its own barrio," and
these became pueblos segregated by nationality and language. Eventually there
were barrios for the Aztecs (Mexicalpa), the Tlaxcalans (Tlacuitlapan), Tarascans
(Tonalá), and Texcocans (El Niño).
Source: Dana Velasco Murillo, “Urban Indians in a Silver City: Zacatecas, Mexico, 1546-1810.” Stanford, California:
Stanford University Press, 2016.
17
Mexico’s Silver Belt
Today, Mexico is the world’s leading
producer of silver with 21% of global
production, followed by Peru (15%),
China (12%) and Australia and Russia
(each 6%).
Mexico’s “La Faja de Plata” (The Silver

Belt) runs 1,000 km from NW of Mexico
City to Chihuahua and is the most
prolific mining district in the world, with
a historical production of more than
10,000 million ounces of silver (311,000
tons).
Many of the major mines in the belt

include Guanajuato, Zacatecas, Fresnillo,
Santa Eulalia and Parral-Santa Barbara-
San Francisco del Oro, all of which have
been in nearly continuous production
since the 16th century.
Source: University of Texas at Dallas, “Colonial Silver- Potosi (Bolivia) and 23

Guanajuato (Mexico).” All Rights Reserved.
Mexico’s Silver Industry Still Thrives
Zacatecas is still Mexico’s leading
silver producing state (46.5% of the
total in 2011, as noted on the
adjacent map), well ahead of
Chihuahua (16.6%), Durango
(11.3%) and Sonora (6.9%).
The 15 mining districts in Zacatecas

yield silver, lead, zinc, gold,
phosphorite, wollastonite, fluorite
and barium. Silver mining is
especially important in the
municipalities of Fresnillo (24% of
total national silver production)
and Mazapil (15%) as well as
Chalchihuites and Sombrerete (3%
each).
Source: “The Geography of Silver Mining in Mexico.” Online: http://geo-

mexico.com/?tag=mining. Map Credit: Silver Production in Mexico, 2011. Data: 23
INEGI. Credit: Tony Burton/Geo-Mexico. Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal.
Why Do So Many Americans
Have Roots in Zacatecas and
Jalisco?
The Long Journey to America
The largest cities of Zacatecas and Jalisco are a long distance from the U.S.
border. The following “as the crow flies” distances from Ciudad Juárez,
Chihuahua to Guadalajara and Zacatecas are:
 Juárez to Guadalajara (1,264 kilometers or 785 miles)

 Juárez to Zacatecas (1,199 kilometers or 745 miles)
Before 1900, a journey from Zacatecas or Jalisco to the U.S. was prohibitive,
lasting weeks and filled with numerous perils. But between 1876 and 1900, the
administration of President Porfirio Díaz constructed over 12,000 miles of
railroad, helping Mexico to develop its rich natural resources for export. The
railroads provided easy access to markets and stimulated Mexico’s internal
commerce, agriculture, industry and mineral production.
The Mexican National and Mexican Central Railroads also opened up the
American markets to the north and they became important north-south
conduits of people.
Source: Parlee, Lorena M. Porfirio Diaz, "Railroads, and Development in Northern Mexico: A Study of Government Policy Toward the
Central and Nacional Railroads, 1876-1910" (Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International, 1981).

21
The Mexican Central Railway
From 1880 to 1884, the Mexican
Central Railway (Ferrocarril Central
Mexicano) provided a direct link
between Mexico City and the
northern border. By April 1884, this
route consisted of 1,969 kilometers
(1,224 miles) of rails that ran from
Mexico City through
Aguascalientes, Zacatecas, and
Chihuahua to the border towns of
Paso del Norte (now Ciudad
Juárez), Chihuahua and El Paso,
Texas.
Railroad jobs in the north usually

paid very well, providing many
Zacatecanos with incentives to
move north.
Map Source: GeoMexico.com, “The Spatial Development of Mexico’s Railwaty

Network,” Dec. 20, 2014.
The U.S. Link to Guadalajara
A direct railroad link between
Guadalajara and the western U.S. did
not come about until April 1927 when
the Southern Pacific of Mexico Railroad
linked Guadalajara with Nogales,
Arizona, giving persons from Jalisco the
ability to travel up the coast of western
Mexico to Arizona and California.
Until 1927, existing railway lines had

forced most immigrants from Jalisco to
enter the U.S. by way of El Paso. An
immediate influx of immigrants from
Jalisco were now able to make their way
Map Source: APL, “Routes.” Online:
north to work in California and Arizona https://www.apl.com/wps/portal/apl/apl-home/local-
via Nogales. The railroad network of sites/apl.localsites.aplmexico/routes.
Mexico became an indispensable factor

Source: Parlee, Lorena M. Porfirio Diaz, "Railroads, and Development in
in the massive migration of Mexican Northern Mexico: A Study of Government Policy Toward the Central and
Nacional Railroads, 1876-1910" (Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilm
laborers to American markets during the International, 1981).
Twentieth Century. Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal.
23
Zacatecas
The City of Zacatecas
Around 1548, the first houses in the City of
Zacatecas were built. By 1584, the powerful
Zacatecan miners had come to believe that their
place of residence had acquired such prominence
due to the prestige and wealth of its inhabitants,
that their status should be raised from a villa
(town) to a ciudad (city).
In 1585, Felipe II, the King of Spain, agreed with

the miners and elevated Zacatecas to the status of
a ciudad and in 1588, he granted the City of
Zacatecas the title of the “Very Noble and Loyal
City of Our Lady of the Zacatecas.”
Two years later, the Chichimeca War would finally

end, after 40 years of hostilities with the Source: Wikipedia, “Coat of Arms of Zacatecas.”
indigenous natives of the area. As a result,
Zacatecas became a land of peace.

25
The Fundadores of Zacatecas
La Fundación de Zacatecas (the Foundation of Zacatecas) is celebrated on

Sept. 8, 1546. The four primary conquistadores and founders of
Zacatecas were:
1. Juan de Tolosa – married Leonor Cortés Moctezuma – they had 3

children.
2. Cristóbal de Oñate (1504-1567) – married Catalina de Salazar de la
Cadena: They had six children, including Aelando Don Juan de Oñate,
who married Doña Isabel de Tolosa Cortés Moctezuma (daughter of
Juan de Tolosa)
3. Capitán Baltazar Temiño de Bañuelos – married to Maria de Zaldivar
Mendoza in 1572 – they had six children between 1575 and 1587.
4. Diego de Ybarra (1502-1600) – married Ana de Velasco y Castilla –
they had two children.

Fundadores of Zacatecas: Sources
The four primary sources of information about the founding families and early
settlers of Zacatecas are:
José Ignacio Dávila Garibi, “La Sociedad de Zacatecas en Los Albores del
Régimen Colonial, Actuación de Los Principales Fundadores y Primeros
Funcionarios Públicos de la Ciudad” (1939: 132 pages and 16 genealogical
tables).
Juan J. Zaldívar Ortega, “Zacatecanos y Vascos: Tomo I” (1999: Fondo de Cultura

Zacatecana, 128 pages).
José Luis Vázquez y Rodríguez de Frías, “Genealogía de Nochistlán Antiguo Reino

de la Nueva Galicia en el Siglo XVII Según sus Archivos Parroquiales” (2001: 475
pages).
Arturo Ramos Pinedo, “Familias Antiguas de Tlatenango” (2010: 218 pages).

Prosperity for the City of Zacatecas (1719-1810)
Starting in the Seventeenth Century, the prosperity of Zacatecas corresponded

with the vagaries of its silver industry. In her publication, "Urban Indians in a
Silver City: Zacatecas, Mexico, 1546-1810," Dana Velasco Murillo writes that the
mining town of Zacatecas underwent "a particularly protracted and spectacular
boom in silver production" from 1719 to the early 1730s. During this period,
Zacatecas mines generated 25% of Mexico's total silver production, and, as a
result, the City of Zacatecas reached its population apex of 40,000 in 1732.
The period of prosperity from 1690 to 1752 was followed by a period of

economic depression in which the value of silver dropped, and the population of
the ciudad dropped to 22,495 by 1790. However, in 1768, the silver industry
started to rally and the next period of expansion lasted until 1810.
Source: Dana Velasco Murillo, “Urban Indians in a Silver City: Zacatecas, Mexico,
1546-1810.” Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2016. Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal.
28
The Population of the City of Zacatecas (1803)
African slave labor was an important element of the silver industry in colonial
Zacatecas. A census tally in 1803 revealed the ethnic composition of the City of
Zacatecas: 42% Spanish and mestizo extraction; 27% Indian; and 31% Black and
mulato. By this time, Afro-Mexican slaves or descendants of former slaves now
resided in the City.
A mestizo is a person of mixed Spanish and Indian heritage, while a mulato is a

person of mixed Spanish and African ancestry. By 1805, the population of the
city had increased to 33,000, not quite reaching its peak from 1732.
By 1803, Mexico's mines were producing more than 67% of all silver in the
Americas and Zacatecas was the third most prosperous mining site in New
Spain. The revenues from this production were central to Spain's colonial
economy and helped the Kingdom of Spain to compete against the kingdoms of
France and England on the world stage. But this would soon end, as Mexico
sought independence from Spain.
Source: Dana Velasco Murillo, “Urban Indians in a Silver City: Zacatecas,

Mexico, 1546-1810.” Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2016. Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal.
29
Mexican Independence — Zacatecas
The insurrection of Fr. Miguel Hidalgo in Guanajuato in September 1810 spread
to Zacatecas within a month. In Zacatecas the insurgency was concentrated in
the southern region, due to the conditions of agrarian life, similar to those of
Guanajuato, where the revolution had begun. In Northern Zacatecas — semi-
desert and depopulated — cattle haciendas predominated and the rebellion had
little support. Over time, the insurgent leaders in Zacatecas moved to other
regions to fight for their cause.
The Hidalgo insurrection failed, but the war for independence continued for ten
more years before the Spanish Empire was finally forced to give up its prized
colony at the Treaty of Cordoba on August 24, 1821. Two years later, on July 12,
1823, Zacatecas declared itself an independent state within the Mexican
Republic.
In the years to follow, many of the Mexican states, including Zacatecas, would
seek provincial self-government and political autonomy from Mexico City.
However, the self-determination that Zacatecas sought for itself came into direct
conflict with the Federal government.

30
Santa Ana Defeats Zacatecas (1835)
In 1832, Federal forces under President Anastacio
Bustamante, representing Conservative interests,
defeated rebellious Zacatecas forces under the
command of General Esteban Moctezuma in the
Battle of Gallinero.
In 1835, Zacatecas once again revolted against the
national government. But, on May 11, 1835, the
Zacatecas militia, under the command of Francisco
García, was defeated at the Battle of Guadalupe by
the Federal forces of General Santa Anna. Soon after
this victory, Santa Anna's forces ransacked the city of
Zacatecas and the rich silver mines at Fresnillo.
In addition to seizing large quantities of Zacatecas
silver, Santa Anna punished Zacatecas by separating
Aguascalientes from Zacatecas and making it into an
independent territory. Aguascalientes would achieve
the status of state in 1857. The loss of Aguascalientes
and its rich agricultural terrain would be a severe
blow to the economy and the spirit of Zacatecas.
31
The Mexican Revolution and Zacatecas
During the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920), Zacatecas, with its central location in
the Republic, was unable to escape the devastation of war. In June 1914, the City of
Zacatecas was the center of national attention when the city was taken on June 23,
1914 by Pancho Villa and his Dorados in the famous battle known as La Toma de
Zacatecas (The Taking of Zacatecas). The City of Zacatecas, then a town of 30,000,
witnessed the largest and bloodiest battle that took place in the fighting against
General Victoriano Huerta. When the battle ended, some 7,000 soldiers lay dead. In
addition, 5,000 combatants were wounded and a large number of civilians were
injured or killed. Pancho Villa claimed that only 200 of the 12,000 defenders of the
city managed to escaped.
Five months later, on December 4, 1914, Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata met in
the Mexico City suburb of Xochimilco at the head of their peasant armies.
32
Jalisco
Jalisco’s Culture
Some people say that Jalisco is both the heart and soul of Mexico. Many of the
things that are considered as typically Mexican, such as mariachi music,
charreadas (rodeos), the Mexican Hat Dance, tequila, and the broad-rimmed
sombrero hat, are in fact derived from Jalisco's rich cultural heritage.
Charrería: Early colonial Jalisco had many large cattle-raising estates and many
of the local indigenous people known as “vaqueros” (cowboys), becoming skilled
horsemen. Smaller landholders, known as rancheros, were the first genuine
“charros” and they are credited as the inventors of the charreadas, a competitive
event similar to American rodeo that was developed from animal husbandry
practices used on the haciendas of old Mexico. Today it has become a national
sport a multi-colored spectacle.
Mariachi: It is said that Cocula was the birthplace of the Mariachi. Some say
that the word mariachi has French origins, but the most prominent theory states
that it has indigenous roots with the Coca Indians. The mariachi has become
synonymous with joy, music and party. The mariachi costume is famous
worldwide. Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal.
34
Guadalajara: Four Foundations
The first foundation of Guadalajara happened in 1532 in Nochistlán (now in

Zacatecas). The Villa de Guadalajara was founded by 42 persons, but a year later, it
was decided to move the city to a place where there was more water and better
living conditions, as the local Caxcanes had been very hostile to the newcomers.
The second foundation of Guadalajara was made in Tonalá, where it would remain
for approximately two years. The third Guadalajara foundation occurred in 1535 in
the Tlacotán region; however, the settlers were continuously attacked by the
Tecuexes people of the region, leaving them to look for a new location for the city.
Finally, on February 14, 1542, the city of Guadalajara was founded for the fourth and
last time in the Valley of Atemajac about 95 kilometers (58.5 miles) southwest of the
original location. Most of the first inhabitants of Guadalajara were Peninsulares. It
has been estimated that the initial population of the city was approximately 300
inhabitants.
35
Fundadores of Guadalajara from Spain or Portugal
Founder Originally from:
Diego Alvarez de Ovalle Extremadura
Miguel Ibarra From Vizcaya; he is a brother of Diego de Ibarra (founder of Zacatecas)
Alonso Lorenzo From Villa de San Martín Trebejo, Cáceres; rode with Nuño de Guzmán.
Cristóbal Maldonado From Burguillos, Sevilla, Andalucía. Came to México in 1528, rode with Nuño
de Guzmán
Andres del Campo de Originally from Logroño (now capital of La Rioja Province)
Mendoza
Juan de Castañeda Native of Villa Zebil, en Valle de Toranzo (now Cantabria)
Francisco Delgadillo Native of Toledo
Diego Mendoza Portuguese; he accompanied Coronado in search of Cíbola.
Hernando Flores Originally from Salamanca
Bartolomé García Native of Villa de Montánchez (Santiago) – now in the province of Caceres,
Extremadura
Diego Hurtado de From Madrid, “uno de los primeros conquistadores de la Nueva Galicia.”
Mendoza
Pedro Cuadrado Native of Villa de Paiazuelo, Obispado de Siguenza (now in Province of
Guadalajara)
Source: Jose Maria Muriá y Jaime Olveda, “Generalidades históricas sobre la fundación y los primeros años de Guadalajara, Volume 1” (1991: 221 pages – Lists of
names/info on pages 91-110 and 114-118).

Fundadores of Guadalajara from Spain or Portugal
Founder Originally from:
Pedro Sánchez Mejía From Toledo
Gaspar Tapia From La Villa de Arévalo in Avila (Castilla & León)
Francisco de Trejo From Extremadura
Antonio Urrutia From Vizcaya
Andres Villanueva From Laguna de Cameros in la Rioja. He took part in the conquest of
Michoacán and Jalisco and served with Viceroy Mendoza
Juan de Villarreal From Villa de Agudo (now Ciudad Real) in Castilla. He was on the Coronado
Expedition
Juan Michel Portuguese; he died in the Mixtón Rebellion (1541); his widow and three
children were the forerunners of a well-known family in Autlán
Juan Ojeda From Santo Domingo de la Calzada, La Rioja; first visited México in 1518 with
the Garay Expedition
Alonso Plasencia From Sevilla. Accompanied Viceroy Mendoza in the pacification of Nueva
Galicia after the Mixtón Rebellion
Pedro Plasencia From Sevilla (brother of Alonso). He accompanied Oñate in the pacification
of Nochistlán and Juchipila. Became the first alcalde of Guadalajara
Cristõbal Romero From Villa de Lucena in Córdoba, in Andalucía
Source: Jose Maria Muriá y Jaime Olveda, “Generalidades históricas sobre la fundación y los primeros años de Guadalajara, Volume 1”
(1991: 221 pages – Lists of names/info on pages 91-110 and 114-118).

Fundadores of Nueva Galicia: Table of Contents
This publication has a wide range of information about early settlers and
families for several areas of Nueva Galicia and is available in many libraries.
Contents Page
El Padron de Tetlan en 1541 6
Expedición de Coronado, 1540-1542 15
Familias de Guadalajara, 1585-1650 26
Diego Flores de la Torre, 1537-1671 (Antepasados) 81
Soldados de Nuño de Guzmán, 1529 100
Otros Pobladores, 1529-1556 (including Compostela, Nayarit) 105
Encomenderos, 1532-1650 116
Familias de Nochistlán, 1629-1650 124
Familias de Tlaltenango, 1626-1643 132
Vecinos de Ayahualulco, 1627-1639 139
Descendientes de Diego Temiño 142
Source: Guillermo Garmendia Leal, “Fundadores de Nueva Galicia: Guadalajara, Tomo I” (1996: Monterrey).

Guadalajara Over Time
The Guadalajara of the Sixteenth Century was a small city. Epidemics has
reduced the populations of the local indigenous groups, but, over time,
merchants came to Guadalajara to conduct business. In 1557, the first hospital
was established in the city, and in 1560, Guadalajara became the official capital
of Nueva Galicia.
In the Seventeenth Century, Guadalajara experienced remarkable growth in in its

infrastructure and gained new relevance in its religious and cultural elements,
leading to a considerable increase in the population of the city. The first printing
press in Guadalajara was established in 1793.
By the Eighteenth Century, the inhabitants of Guadalajara achieved a high

standard of living, due to the flourishing of industry, agricultural production, the
crafts and commerce. Guadalajara ended up consolidating itself as one of the
most important population centers of New Spain and is one of the top 10
economic cities of Latin America today.

39
War of Independence in Jalisco and Zacatecas
On September 16, 1810, Father Miguel
Hidalgo set into motion the Mexican
struggle for independence from his
Dolores Parish in Guanajuato. Moving
from one town to another, Hidalgo's
insurgents were able to conquer a
great deal of material.
Only a little over a month later, on
November 28th, 1810, Guadalajara was
one of the first cities to fall to the
rebels. However, the battle of Calderon
Bridge, over the Lerma River on
January 11th, 1811, broke the back of
Hidalgo’s personal revolt but his
subsequent capture and execution only
fed the flames of conflict. Fighting
The Campaign of Father Miguel Hidalgo,
continued, and was especially intense
around the shores of Lake Chapala, Sept. 1810 to March 1811.
until the Spanish finally gave up all Map Source: Rodrigo Moreno, Independencias Iberoamericanas
claims to Mexico in 1822. (Colegio de Historia, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, UNAM).

All Rights Reserved. 40
Instability in Jalisco (1825-1885)
In the years following independence, the historian Dawn Fogle Deaton writes
that in the sixty-year period from 1825 to 1885, Jalisco witnessed twenty-seven
peasant (primarily indigenous) rebellions. Seventeen of these uprisings
occurred within one decade, 1855-64, and the year 1857 witnessed ten separate
revolts.
According to Ms. Deaton, the cause of these "waves of unrest, popular protest,
and open rebellion" arose "out of the political and social struggles among classes
and between classes." She further explained that the "commercialization of the
economy," especially in agriculture, had led to fundamental changes in the
lifestyles of the peasants and thus brought about "the seeds of discontent."
The peasant rebellions were accompanied by revolts on the state level against
the federal government. On April 12, 1834, the Jalisco Legislature tried to ally
itself with other states to form a coalition to defend themselves against the
Federal rule of General Antonio López de Santa Anna. During that summer, a
mob of about sixty to eighty men, through intimidation and threats, persuaded
the leaders of Guadalajara to resign. Through such manipulation, the Federal
Government kept Jalisco under heel.
Source Dawn Fogle Deaton, “The Decade of Revolt: Peasant Rebellion in Jalisco, Mexico, 1855-1864 In
Robert H. Jackson, “Liberals, the Church and Indian Peasants” (1997), pp. 37-64.
41
Cristero Rebellion (1926-1929)
One of the major consequences of the Mexican
Revolution was the Constitution of 1917. The
articles of this constitution deprived the Catholic
Church of its traditional privileged position in
Mexican society by secularizing all primary
education and requiring the registration of all
clergymen with the government. Article 24,
which forbade public worship outside the
confines of the church, had antagonized many
Mexican citizens.
These laws were ignored until the anti-clerical
President Elias Calles signed his "Intolerable
Acts“ on June 14, 1926. The provisions of these
acts stated that priests were to be fined 500
pesos for wearing clerical garb. In addition, a
priest could be imprisoned five years for simply
criticizing the government. The implementation
of these strongly anti-clerical laws antagonized
many Catholics and laid the foundation of the so-
called "Cristero Religious War" in Jalisco,
especially in Los Altos.
42
Cristero Rebellion (1926-1929)
On July 11, 1926, Mexico's Catholic bishops voted to suspend all public worship
in Mexico in response to the Calles Law, and Catholic Church essentially went on
strike, depriving Mexican citizens of receiving the sacraments.
During the period from 1926 to 1932, the government of Jalisco changed hands
ten times. At one point, some 25,000 rebels had been mobilized in Jalisco to
resist the articles of the Constitution, but the bloody conflict was formally ended
in June 1929. Some has claimed that as many as 250,000 people were killed.
Wikipedia states that the war had claimed the lives of some 90,000 people
(56,882 on the federal side and 30,000 Cristeros, as well as civilians).
On June 25, 1929, the first public Catholic Mass took place in Mexico since
August 1, 1926. Soon after, churches around the country were reopened.
However, some outbreaks of violence continued up until 1934. Over time, the
uneasy relationship between the Church and the State relaxed considerably and,
in 1938, Lázaro Cárdenas suspended the laws.

43
Aguascalientes
Aguascalientes in the War Zone
La Villa de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción
de Aguascalientes (The Village of Our
Lady of the Assumption of
Aguascalientes) was founded on October
22, 1575 by Doñ Gerónimo de Orozco,
the Governor of Nueva Galicia.
However, as a result of the Chichimeca

War, in 1582, Aguascalientes — well
inside of the war zone — had a mere
population of one military commander,
16 soldiers and two citizen residents.
However, the threat of Indian attack
diminished steadily, as the Spanish
authorities attempted to negotiate a
peace with the Indians of the region. The
last Indian attack took place in 1593,
after which the threat of hostile attack
disappeared entirely and the region
experienced a new peace. Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal.
45
Early Spaniards in Aguascalientes
Searching through the Parish records of Aguascalientes you will sometimes find
that some persons getting married were natives of Spain.
Peninsulars Married in Aguascalientes during the Seventeenth Century

Date Name City or Province in Spain Wife
2-14-1616 Juan de Padilla Xérez de la Frontera Petrona de Siordia
11-25-1618 Francisco Montes de Castilla La Vieja Ana Ruiz de Esparza
Oca
3-26-1618 Juan Rodríguez de San Lúcar de Barrameda Beatriz de Retamosa
Chavarría
5-7-1621 Francisco de Palacios San Martín (Madrid) Magdalena Méndez
11-5-1621 Antonio González da Tavira (Port.) María Magdalena,
Acosta india
5-25-1621 Manuel Martín Segovia, Castilla María Rodríguez
5-16-1623 Luis de Tiscareño Sevilla Lorenza Ruiz de
Esparza
11-29-1623 Ginés Valero Murcia Juana de Espinosa
4-27-1625 Gaspar de Aguilar Lepe, Castilla Bernarda Salado
Source: Daniel Méndez de Torres y Camino—Archivos Parroquiales de Aguascalientes: Siglo XVII: Appendix VIII.
Early Spaniards in Aguascalientes
Peninsulars Married in Aguascalientes during the Seventeenth Century

Date Name City or Province in Spain Wife
12-1-1637 Juan Martín Xuárez Valor, Granada Agustina de la Cruz,
india
5-1-1638 Gaspar de Palos Évora (Portugal) María de Retamosa
5-18-1644 Juan Pérez Maldonado Xérez de la Frontera Luisa de Vargas
10-6-1645 Joseph Bohórquez Santa María (Andalucia) Ana de Morales
6-3-1647 Francisco Gómez Sevilla Margarita Ruiz de

Esparza
1-20-1653 Francisco Ponce Cañete La Real, Málaga Constanza de
Aguilar
6-23-1661 Gabriel de la Cueva Sevilla Beatriz López del
Castillo
3-14-1670 Capt. Francisco Murillo La Serena, Extremadura María de Orozco
Source: Daniel Méndez de Torres y Camino—Archivos Parroquiales de Aguascalientes: Siglo XVII: Appendix VIII.

Current Economic Data
Mining, Quarrying and Oil and Gas Extraction
Although silver mining is still important to Mexico’s modern economy, it represents only a
portion of the Mining, Quarrying, Oil & Gas Extraction Sector, which also includes coal,
crude petroleum and natural gas. As a result, the silver industry does not represent a
significant part of the GDP of Zacatecas or the other mining states. In fact, as noted in the
table below, the super giant Cantarell Oil Field off the shores of Campeche and Tabasco (one
of the largest in the world), accounts for over 60% of the Mexican Republic’s Mining,
Quarrying, Oil and Gas Extraction GDP (2016). Other silver producing states are also shown
for comparison.
Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and % of National Mining,

Gas Extraction 2016 GDP Quarrying, and Oil and Gas
Selected Jurisdictions for Comparison (in Pesos) Extraction GDP
Campeche (oil producer) 274,403 37.4%
Tabasco (oil producer) 169,988 23.3%
Sonora (silver production) 70,695 9.6%
Zacatecas (silver Production) 32,927 4.5%
Chihuahua (silver production) 18,315 2.5%
The Mexican Republic 733,066 100%
Source: ProMéxico Inversión y Comercio.

The Zacatecas Economy Zacatecas had a diverse 2017 GDP of 184 billion
pesos, representing 1% of Mexico’s national GDP.
Most of Zacatecas’ 636,725 workers in
One-third (33.3%) of Zacatecas’ 2016 GDP was
2017 were engaged in the agriculture,
attributed to Mining, Quarrying, Oil & Gas
commerce and manufacturing
Extraction, and Wholesale & Retail Trade.
industries. Only 2% of the workers are
involved in mining, electricity & water.
Zacatecas GDP (Gross Domestic Product) 2016 (in Pesos)
Total
Employment in Zacatecas (2017) Percent of Share of
Zacatecas
Total Mexican
Percent of 2016 GDP Activity GDP (in
Employees Zacatecas National
Industry Zacatecas millions of
in Zacatecas GDP GDP (%)
Population pesos)
Agriculture, Mining, Quarrying, and
32,695 17.8% 4.5%
Forestry, Fishing & 161,087 22.2% Oil & Gas Extraction
Hunting Wholesale & Retail
30,232 16.5% 0.8%
Commerce 111,182 17.5% Trade
Real Estate & Rental
Manufacturing 75,747 11.9% 20,546 11.2% 1.0%
and Leasing
Construction 57,907 9.1% Manufacturing 20,122 11.0% 0.6%
Social Assistance 54,405 8.5% Agriculture, Forestry,
17,039 9.3% 2.5%
Fishing & Hunting
Total Zacatecas
Working 636,725 100% Total Zacatecas GDP 183,619 100% 1.0%
Population
Source: ProMéxico Inversión y Comercio. Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal. 50
The Jalisco Economy
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Jalisco
Two-thirds (66.5%) of Jalisco’s 3.6
exceeded 1.3 trillion pesos in 2016 and contributed
million workers in 2017 were engaged
7.1% of Mexico’s national GDP. Nearly half (46.5%)
in the commerce and manufacturing
of Jalisco’s GDP consists of wholesale & retail trade
industries. Jalisco’s working
and manufacturing.
population represents 6.9% of
Mexico’s working population.
Jalisco GDP (Gross Domestic Product) 2016 (in Pesos)
Employment in Jalisco (2017) Share of
Percent of
Percent of Total Jalisco Mexican
Employees 2016 GDP Activity Total Jalisco
Industry Jalisco GDP National
in Jalisco GDP
Population GDP (%)
Commerce 733,638 20.1% Wholesale & Retail

317,791 23.6% 8.5%
Trade
Manufacturing 691,078 18.9%
Manufacturing 308,195 22.9% 9.1%
Agriculture,
Real Estate & Rental
Forestry, Fishing & 346,696 9.5% 161,981 12.0% 7.7%
and Leasing
Hunting
Construction 104,720 7.8% 7.1%
Social Assistance 304,578 8.4%
Agriculture, Forestry,
Accommodation & 75,907 5.6% 11.3%
304,035 8.3% Fishing & Hunting
Food Services
Total Jalisco GDP 1,347,787 100% 7.1%
Total Jalisco
Working 3,647,376 100% Source: ProMéxico Inversión y Comercio.
Population Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal. 51
The Aguascalientes Economy More than half (53.2%) of Aguascalientes’
Forty-four percent of Aguascalientes’ 2016 GDP of 256 billion pesos was attributed
547,208 workers in 2017 were engaged to manufacturing, and the wholesale and
in the manufacturing and commerce retail trades.
industries.
Aguascalientes GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
2016 (in Pesos)
Employment in Aguascalientes (2017) Share of
Percent of
Percent of 2016 GDP Activity Total Aguas Mexican
Employees in Total Aguas
Industry Aguascalientes GDP National
Aguascalientes GDP
Population GDP (%)
Manufacturing 81,364 31.7% 2.4%
Manufacturing 142,230 26.0%
Wholesale and Retail
Commerce 98,969 18.1% 55,051 21.5% 1.5%
Trade
Social Assistance 50,071 9.2% Construction 30,610 11.9% 2.1%
Construction 42,564 7.8%
Real Estate and
Accommodation 19,839 7.7% 0.9%
36,959 6.8% Rental and Leasing
& Food Services
Transportation &
Total 9,738 3.8% 0.8%
Warehousing
Aguascalientes
547,208 100%
Working Educational Services 9,529 3.7% 1.2%
Population
Total Aguascalientes
2554,476 100% 1.4%
GDP
Source: ProMéxico Inversión y Comercio. Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal. 52

Jalisco Zacatecas

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Jalisco Zacatecas

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Jalisco Zacatecas

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

The History of Jalisco

Source: Cartografía histórica de la Nueva Galicia, Universidad de Cuadalajara, Escuela de Estudios

Domingo Lázaro de Arregui, in his Descripción

Map Source: Wikipedia, “Chichimeca War.” Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal. 4

 Cocas – Central Jalisco (near Guadalajara and Lake Chapala)

The Cocas and

Map Source: Carolyn Baus de Czitrom, “Tecuexes y Cocas: Dos Grupos de la 6

Dr. Weigand has also studied the

Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal. 7

Source: WikiVisually, “Puebla Zacateco.” Online: 8

2) The influence of epidemics played a significant role in reducing the

3) The Mixtõn Rebellion (1540-1542). The aftermath of this bloody conflict

5) The gradual assimilation that resulted from the “peace by purchase”

 The actual number of Huichol is difficult to determine due to the inaccessibility

Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal. 13

In 1546, Juan de Tolosa discovered silver

Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal.

According to Professor Dana Velasco Murillo, in the Sixteenth Century, Zacatecas

Mexico’s “La Faja de Plata” (The Silver

Many of the major mines in the belt

Source: University of Texas at Dallas, “Colonial Silver- Potosi (Bolivia) and 23

The 15 mining districts in Zacatecas

Source: “The Geography of Silver Mining in Mexico.” Online: http://geo-

 Juárez to Guadalajara (1,264 kilometers or 785 miles)

Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal.

Railroad jobs in the north usually

Map Source: GeoMexico.com, “The Spatial Development of Mexico’s Railwaty

Until 1927, existing railway lines had

Mexico became an indispensable factor

In 1585, Felipe II, the King of Spain, agreed with

Two years later, the Chichimeca War would finally

Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal.

La Fundación de Zacatecas (the Foundation of Zacatecas) is celebrated on

1. Juan de Tolosa – married Leonor Cortés Moctezuma – they had 3

Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal. 26

Juan J. Zaldívar Ortega, “Zacatecanos y Vascos: Tomo I” (1999: Fondo de Cultura

José Luis Vázquez y Rodríguez de Frías, “Genealogía de Nochistlán Antiguo Reino

Arturo Ramos Pinedo, “Familias Antiguas de Tlatenango” (2010: 218 pages).

Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal. 27

Starting in the Seventeenth Century, the prosperity of Zacatecas corresponded

The period of prosperity from 1690 to 1752 was followed by a period of

A mestizo is a person of mixed Spanish and Indian heritage, while a mulato is a

Source: Dana Velasco Murillo, “Urban Indians in a Silver City: Zacatecas,

Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal.

The first foundation of Guadalajara happened in 1532 in Nochistlán (now in

Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal. 36

Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal. 37

Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal. 38

In the Seventeenth Century, Guadalajara experienced remarkable growth in in its

By the Eighteenth Century, the inhabitants of Guadalajara achieved a high

Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal.

Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal.

Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal.

However, as a result of the Chichimeca

Peninsulars Married in Aguascalientes during the Seventeenth Century

Peninsulars Married in Aguascalientes during the Seventeenth Century

5-18-1644 Juan Pérez Maldonado Xérez de la Frontera Luisa de Vargas

10-6-1645 Joseph Bohórquez Santa María (Andalucia) Ana de Morales

6-3-1647 Francisco Gómez Sevilla Margarita Ruiz de

Copyright © 2018 by John P. Schmal. 47