Nepalbhashae Pangal - Dr. Sundar Krishna Joshi
Nepalbhashae Pangal - Dr. Sundar Krishna Joshi
Nepalbhashae Pangal - Dr. Sundar Krishna Joshi
-diactroonic, historical_ kxn+ ;M lxnLu' lgodof disease . lqmofo\ go\ – g+jfgfM go] RjOlklg 5'F
Yj 5u" af+nfMu' b;' vM . ug lguM cfvM …s'Ú j wfk' b' wfM;f lqmof?k wofu' :o+s] dlhp . wft'
…Gx'Ú ; lnpg]Rj+u' …Gx'Ú of …xÚ yfo\ lxnf GXog]Rj+u' -lqmofof d"n ?k_ hs 5u" x] h'O, j :ogLdv'
…s'Ú -ku_ ; RjgfM v' -khu_ h"jMu' b' . -Ku-nhu cyjf :o+s] dlhp, vM t/ lqmof?knf wft'O
> Khu-nu_ . Gxfkf g+jfOano\ s'Gx' wfOano\ lntF;f tofM HofgftOu'ln+ e"t, ce"t, k"js { flns,
…s'Gx'Ú Rjn, cfM ;M lxnfM …v'gÚ' wfo\ws +' f g+ …s'Gx'Ú cf1fy{s cflb lqmof?k ljljw ?kofu' x] h'O .
Rjo\u' Yj k'nf+u' ?kk|lt cfu|x -k"jf{ux| _ of b;' cfTd ce"t :o+s] dlhp wsfM pRrf/0f lj?4
vM . …go\Ú dRj;] …go]Ú RjOlklg ;+c÷cfsf/fGtof
yf;o\ psf/fGt h'n wfM;f ofpFs x] lqmof?k
u'ln+l;g+ Yjoft …v' -six_Ú, Gx' days of
:o+sL, uy]ls –
Nofv+ …v'Gx'Ú -six days_ of cy{o\ sofM on a
eg: lh+ Ej+ v'O clGtd ?k
particular day of of cy{o\ 3fs] dfMu'of afWotf+ I paper tear-out I tear-out the paper
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g]kfnefiff
5u" vFk' aMrfw+u' vFUjM w'sl' t+ -g]=;+= !!)&_ 5u" sy+ efiffo\ c/fhstf Ajng . g]kfnefiff
sfo\ . æcfMoft y'sL å+ljå+ bM;f ;'wf/ ofo\un ' L s]Gb|Lo ljefu+ ;'wf/ ofo\t :jM;f+ ofo\ kmofRj+u'
cyjf ;'emfj aLu'nL Yj vFUjM w's" 5\onLlkG;+ db' .
dg tofaL dfnÆ .
yg ofo]un ' L -gjfo\sy+ ofo\un ' L_ cyjf ª_ ?k;GwL ljs[lt M
;'emfj aLu'nL -ofo]uy' ] lao] h'OdfMu' vM, lqmof g]jfMefiffo\ ;lGwof Aojxf/ dh" wsfM zf:qL
?k :o+sfM yg+ aL_ 5fo\ h'n, cy] x] …dg toflao] -lj=;+ = !(*%, !^_ wsfM Rjoflbn . t/
dfnÚ RjMyfo\ …aLdfnÚ dRj;] 5fo\ …lao]Ú h'n . g]kfnefiffo\ yMu' x] kxMof ;lGw b', uy] ls–
…o\Ú b]jgfu/L j g]kfn lnkL g+ db'u'ln+ yy] jofM ± Rjg > jofRjg > j}Rjg
bo\sftMu' :j/j0f{ vM . y'sLt c+uh ]| L lnKof+sg wofM ± la ± O > wofaL > w}aL
ofo\ano\ …eÚ h'O, uy]ls wfo] dhae, go\ næ,
Vjo\ khwæ/khoe. efifflj1fgo\ y'sLof lr+oft y'lk+ h'n lqmof ;lGw ug lgu" lqmof ?kof
pDnfj6 -umlaut_ wfO . Yj dfUjMof Rjo\ lgk'mlt ;lGw h'ofM lgu"of+ 5u" ;+oQ
' m lqmof lgdf{0f h'n .
y'sy+ RjO – 5o\ -son in law_ Chä, Ujo\ -nut_ lntF;f -k|Too_ g+ 5u" Aofs/l0fs ?k vM,
gö . hd{g efiffo\ g]kfnefiffo\ y]+ Yj oSj 5\oM
d"n vFUjln;] :jfgfM u'u' ?k rno\ h'O psLt
-gö the institute_ dxfslj …x[bo+Ú Yj ljifo; ?k;lGw wfO . lqmof–?kfogo\ lntF;f :jfgfM u'u'
oSjM lrGtg dgg\ ofgfM pDnfj6\ g+ 5\onf ?k rno\ h'O, ;+1f–?kfogo\ lntF;fln;] d"n
:jofbLu' vM, t/ b]jgfu/L lnkL ktfM Ajo\s] ?kof u'u' ?k rno\ h'O OldtM g+ ?k;lGw wfO,
yfo\ Yj 5\on] dlhpu'ln+ s/+ SogfM tfnAo cw{:j/ pvt+ ;lGw h'ofRj+u' ?k;lGwof b;' –
…o\Ú RjofM xnGt ofo\u' ofgflbn . Yjoft Ao~hg d"n ?k lntF;f ?k;lGw h"u' clGtd ?k
sy+ dv' :j/sy+ jofRj+u' vM . g]kfnefiff :j/fGt /fd–-;+1f_ + /fd+ -;sd{s stf{_
vFUjMof efo\ -open syllabic language_ vM . 5sM /fd– Æ oft /fdoft > /fd}tM -sd{÷;Dk|bfg_
ef/tof ljåfg ebGt cfgGb sf}zNofog g]kfM jg\– -wft'_ c jg -k/e"t_
jMano\ g]kfnefiffoft sofM g]kfnefiffof lqmof?k O{ -Zj_ jgL -k/ce"t_
t:;s+ dxTjk"0f{ h", Yjoft :o+s] dlhp wsfM cf jgf -cfTde"t
wfMu' h'ofRjg . jo\sn+ wofbLu' cy{ vM . yMu' x] Yjx] ?k;lGwof vFo\ Ro"tf dt;] emL;+
lqmof?k bo\s+ d]u' efiff+ vf;ofgf vo\efiff+ TofgfM pRrf/0f g+ dofOsy+ hg lha|fo] f g+ jf:tf dof;]
5\on]dt] wfMu' vM uy] ls –…åg]Ú of …e'no\ h'oÚ] yf}s
+ Gxo\ yy] g+ Rjo\u' ofgfxn –
af …nf]dg]Ú, …bo]Ú of yf;o\ …n8\o\ h'oÚ] cflb t/ jlgO goes k/ ce"t
jo\sMof j wfk'oft d]sy+ y'OsfM lqmof?k :o+s] klgO stops k/ ce"t
dlhp wofu' lx;fa+ g+jfo\sy+ ldno\ dh'Os lguM j x] af py]h
+ fMu' lguM dfUjM gfknfo\j
k'nf+u' ?k+ 5\onfjMu' h'ofRjg . dxfslj …x[boÚof j 5uM x], t/ bL3{ ?kofu' h'O . (Coalescence
k|efjo\ :j/fGt wft'of cfTdce'to\ clGtd …o\Ú of similar sounds megere each other) jlgO
pyfo\of gf+b+lk+ ttMw+lk+ g]kfnefiffof slj Rjo\ano\ yg ;lGw dh'n, ;lGw h"u' h";f clGtd
n]vslklg;+ 5\onfjMu' vM, t/ dxfslj x[bo O 5uM hs bL3{ ?kofu' h'O . d]u' vF …jlgÚ d"n
dbo\w'+s;' l]+ n GXof+lklg GXof+y] Rjo\u' ofgfxn, ?k af wft' dv' u'sL vFUjM Hofo\t lntF;f RjgL .
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g]kfnefiff
cs]+ dxfslj x[boÚ lklg;+ RjofbL y]+ hfMu' :jlguno\ b'g] x] g+ d:t;]+ df+efo\sy+ g]jfM efo\
?k;lGwof b[li6+ z'4 ?k g+ dv', g]jfM d]r+ Nxfo\u' TjMtfj+ xofRj+u' b' . d:t;]+ dNxfOu' efo\
lkHjOsy+u' ;Mofu' z'4 ?k g+ dv' . u|fOD;+ -Grimes_ AjyMsy+ :ogfj+u' eroding l:ytL
nfM .
# SjrfMvF – g]jfMt !@ u" nfv+ dofs bof g+ efo\
Xo"kfno\ lnwgfM efiff GXofgf g+ RjgL, NxfOlk+ * u" nfv j rfr" hs b'ul' n+ qmfp;+
Djfgf g+ RjgL . lns'g ls nM y]+ efo\ g+ :ogfjgL . -Krauss_ AjyMsy+ lemu" nfv+ Sjo\nfMu'ln+ tMw+u'
pls+ kl/jt{goft kg]u' wofu' x] efo\oft ;f;M ;+s6o\ -endangered_ nfM .
s's
+ fM :ofo\u' y]+ h'O . efiffo\ u'u' lxpkfM jO j ;/ntfof nF
GXof+ jg]u'oft cu|ufdL -prograssive lngfM jOu'ln+ joft dfGotf laofM Xo"kfn+ So+u'
fore-going _ wfO, lnxf+ jg] u ' o ft k| l tufdL nF lngfM jg]dfM . uBu'? lgi7fgGb+ Nxfgfef;+
-regressive_÷cu|ufdL h'ofM GXof+ jg]t :jo\u' RjofM Rjo\ cMk'Osf lan . c:t' !
x] efo\ ysfo\u' d'Vou' nFk' vM . lkg]hs dv' w u x
;Gbe{ wnM
hf]zL, ;Tod]xg -;+_, g]=;+= &&, aMrfw+u' g]jfM vFUjM w's" . o]F M nfsf}n lkygf .
hf]zL, ;'Gb/s[i0f, g]=;+= !!!*, g]kfMof lzIffo\ g]kfnefiff . on M g]kfnefiff s]Gb|Lo ljefu .
g]=;+= !!@%, g]kfnefiffsf] j0f{ Joj:yf / n]vg k|0ffnL . @)^@ a}zfv #) ; g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f
k|lti7fg+ Uj;fM UjMu' ljz]if uf]i7L GXoAjMu' Hofkf} .
t'nfw/, k|d
] zflGt, g]=;+= !!@), g]kfnefiff ;flxToof Oltxf; . lsk" M g]kfnefiff Ps]bd
] L.
bfxfn, aNnedl0f / eLdgf/fo0f, /]UdL lj=;+= @)%*, æ/fi6«efiff / /fli6«o efiffx?sf] ;xofqf Pj+ ljsf;sf pk]Iffx?Æ
k|1f, (%M(–##
zf:qL, z'qm/fh, lj=;+= !(*%, g]kfnefiff Jofsf/0f . snstf M clDasf k|;fb jfhk]oL .
>]i7, cf]dsf/]Zj/, g]=;+= !!!!, g]jfM n]vg k|0ffnL . o]F M Gx;nf k|sfzg .
…x[boÚ lrQw/, g]=;+= !)&@, g]kfnefiff uo\ Rjo\u' . o]F M g]kfnefiff kl/ifb\ .
Cristal, David 1983, A First Dictionary of Linguastics & Phonetics. London : Andrdeutsch
Grimcs, Barbara F, 2001, Global Language vitality in Sakiyama, Osamu (ed) Endangered
Languages of the pacific Rim, Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim : Lectures
on Endaugered Languags: 2, From Kyoto Conference 2000 (Kyoto : ELPR 45-6.
Krauss, Michael, 2001, Mass Language Extinction and Documentation : The Race Against
Time, in Sakiyama, Osamu (ed) Endangered Language of Pacific Rim Lecture on
Endaugered Langauges : 2, From Kyotu conference Kyoto : ELPR : 19-39
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