Effect of Partial Shading On A PV Array and Its Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Particle Swarm Optimization
Effect of Partial Shading On A PV Array and Its Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Particle Swarm Optimization
Effect of Partial Shading On A PV Array and Its Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Particle Swarm Optimization
1,2,3
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, Srinagar
(J&K), India.
Email: [email protected]
Abstract. The maximum power point (MPP) of a Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) array varies with
temperature and irradiation. Shadow of various objects falling on a certain portion of the SPV
array causes partial shading condition (PSC) which results in the formation of hot spot. Thus,
reducing the power (output) by 33% on a single cell in addition to the occurrence of various
peaks on a P-V curve. To detect global maxima among the multiple peaks is a challenge for
researchers. Hence, different Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques are used to
overcome this challenge. In this paper, the impact of partial shading on SPV array has been
analysed and the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based MPPT technique is used to obtain
global maxima under partial shading conditions. The MPPT controller is incorporated with a
converter (boost) to vary the input voltage as per the duty cycle of the switch generated by PSO
algorithm-based controller.
Keywords. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT), Solar photovoltaic (SPV) array, hot spot,
partial shading, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Partial Shading (PS), Partial Shading
Condition (PSC).
1. Introduction
The ever-expanding power demand is amongst the most significant issues in the power sector. Most of
the sector uses conventional sources of electrical energy like natural gas, oil, coal, etc., that cause
various kinds of pollutions including air pollution, acid rain, and the production of greenhouse gases
giving rise to abnormal climatic changes. However, sustainable resources of energy like tidal, wind
and solar are clean, free, and are abundantly available in nature and hence rivalling with conventional
energy sources. Among these sustainable resources of energy, solar energy is utilised through Solar
photovoltaic (SPV). Many researchers are working on SPV power system for the generation of
electricity due to its advantages, which include high efficiency, cleanliness, less maintenance
requirement, free operation, ecological inexhaustibility and energy sustainability [1]-[7]. The PV
system has a noteworthy improvement over the past few decades but the main disadvantage is the high
cost of installation. Therefore, the system should be employed at its Maximum Power Point (MPP) at
given irradiance which is conceivable through the incorporation of the Maximum Power Point
Tracking (MPPT) technique. The MPP of SPV array alters with temperature and irradiation. Under
normal operating conditions, the output of SPV array has a single peak. However, the shadow of
various objects falling on the SPV array causes partial shading condition (PSC). Due to partial shading
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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1817 (2021) 012025 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1817/1/012025
(PS), hot spot is created in the SPV array, which reduces its power output and results in the formation
of multiple peaks at the output. To detect global maxima among these peaks is a challenging task for
researchers presently. Different MPPT techniques have been presented by the researchers for
overcoming this challenge [8]-[34].
Sundareswaran and Palani [8] presented a combined Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) and Perturb
and Observe (P&O) approach to detect MPP during PSC, PSO shows better efficiency when compared
to P&O approach. Lian et al. [9] has presented MPPT approach based on P&O together with PSO,
again here PSO shows better efficiency. Ishaque et al. [10] have given a detailed report on MPPT
procedure with direct control for SPV system under PS with PSO. On an average, the suggested
method is 99.5% efficient. Miyatake [11] has given a report on an interesting MPPT approach by
employing PSO, to achieve control of SPV array with one pair of current and voltage source. On an
account of the multi-dimensionality of the algorithm, it is employed to find global MPP even when the
PSC is complex. Lodhi et al. [12] has given a report on PSO to achieve global MPP in SPV system
under PSC. It presents MPPT technique based PSO approach for extraction of global MPP system.
The suggested PSO technique when performed appropriately during PSC pointed the global MPP for
achieving a better comparison with INC method during PSC. Diana and Sudah [13] presented a paper
on MPPT of PV system by PSO. The paper gives a brief concept of PSO. In this paper by using a DC -
DC converter one can observe both the boosted voltage and the required power (output). The SPV
panel acts as the voltage source to the boost converter and its pulses are given by the pulse generator
which reduces the complexity and improves efficiency of the circuit. Wei et al. [14] reported on an
improved PSO based strategy for SPV arrangement. The specified method tracks MPP with greater
speed accompanied by the fluctuations.
Algarin et al. [15] presented the tracking of MPP using fuzzy Logic MPPT controller for SPV
arrangement. In this paper, all the components of PV system were modelled in MATLAB /Simulink
environment. The fuzzy controller shows better performance during sudden change in temperature in
comparison to the P&O controller, which is subjected to considerable power loss. Alajmi et al. [16]
presented MPPT based on FLC considering three stages of operation. In first step the P-V curve is
examined, under uniform and partial shading. In second step position of local peak are stored, and in
third P&O is used for detecting the global peak. Input changes in power, current and change in
maximum power are fed to fuzzy controllers. The membership function is applied to each input and
then if-then rule is applied. In every step the output duty cycle is updated. Masoum and Sarvi [17]
have presented a report on a new Fuzzy based MPPT for photo voltaic application. The proposed
fuzzy tracker is naturally robust to atmospheric alterations. Considerable increase in solar power
output (350%) is achieved. The fuzzy tracker has high accuracy under different operating conditions,
performs online adaptive search of solar panel maximum power, does not require any external sensor
or a dummy solar panel for detecting temperature and solar intensity.
Selvan et al. [18] presented a report on simulation of Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) based MPPT
approach for SPV system and concluded that SPV system becomes more efficient if MPPT controller
with Fuzzy Logic is incorporated in the SPV system. Eltamaly [19] presented modelling of Fuzzy
logic controller (FLC) for SPV MPPT. Detecting the MPP by employing the FLC provides an accurate
mechanism for detecting MPP surprisingly in altering climatic conditions. Raziya et al. [20] presented
MPPT procedure based on P&O approach for SPV system under PSC. MPP detecting efficiency was
realized to be 84.90%. Fazal et al. [21] presented revised P & O MPPT approach for PSC. The
proposed MPPT algorithm reduces the tracking time and minimize the oscillation at the maximum
power point. Batineh [22] presented an article on an intelligent MPP using FLC under severe weather
condition. The efficiency of detecting global maxima was realized to be 96% with FLC. Hashim et al.
[23] has given a report on the achieving fast and accurate MMPT approach by designing dc-dc boost
converter in standalone SPV arrangement. The method was successful in acquiring the specified
approach. Chao et al. [24] presented a multi core PSO operation for MPPT of a distributed SPV
arrangement under PSC. The PSC is identified by using one-diode and multiple-peak power (output)
condition similar to SPV array is observed while simulating the characteristics. The time to detect
global MPP was observed to be almost 1.3 seconds.
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ICCIEA 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1817 (2021) 012025 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1817/1/012025
Reddy et al. [25] has given a report on analysis of P&O MPPT approach under uniform and PSC. The
simulation shows that the suggested P & O procedure is easy to execute with boost converter system
and the better detecting capability is achieved even under the varied and unvaried irradiation
conditions are employed. Because of this simplicity of implementation and fast response, the P & O
algorithm with Boost converter system combination can be extended in the grid-connected PV system
applications. Khaled et al. [26] presented a PSO based technique for PS detection for PV system. The
result shows the effectiveness of the proposed technique. Hajighorbni et al. [27] presented an
evolution of Fuzzy logic subset effect on MPPT for photovoltaic system. The work compares different
fuzzy subsets to detect the most efficient subset used for FLC. The second subset was observed to be
the best fuzzy subset which detected MPP in minimum time with high efficiency. Ramaprabah et al.
[28] detected MPP during PSC of SPV system using Fibonacci search methodology with FLC. The
introduced approach was able to detect global peak for all condition. safumi et al. [29] presented PSO
approach to track maximum power point during shading condition with a voltage and current sensor
connected in the load side to measure converter losses and the generated power by SPV arrangement.
The introduced scheme is capable of detecting the global MPP under PSC (complex) also. The time
taken by the approach to detect the global MPP was observed to be 1 to 2 s.
Alonso et al. [30] presented MPPT method consisting of a traditional P & O approach but with second
stage able to detect aberrations on the SPV generator curve for global MPP tracking. The approach
was able to find the real MPP with high speed and accuracy under any circumstance. Patel and
Agarwal [31] presented MPPT approach for SPV arrangement under PSC. The approach works along
with dc-dc converter to detect GP and feedforward control scheme is used to increase the GP detecting
speed. The MPP detecting time with this controller is about one-tenth of the time taken by the
conventional controller. Kim and Kim [32] presented an MPPT approach to detect the global point
under PSC. The introduced scheme includes enhancement of profile searching and hence improving
tracking performance. Murtaza et al. [33] has presented a report on activation of bypass diode (BD) in
MPPT technique for SPV arrays during PSC. The advantages of this technique are the new voltage can
be limited and voltage steps can be intelligently calibrated. The method shows better results as
compared to the past introduced MPPTs. Simulations reveal that the method ensures convergence to
the global maxima. It is observed that the efficiency of the building integrated SPV plant is over 96.6
% with this approach. Ahmed and Masafumi [34] presented an interesting MPPT approach for PV
application under PS insolation condition. The introduced technique enables wide-range search to
detect global MPP and extraction of more power from SPV array under PSC as compared to the other
methods. The method ensures fast and accurate response.
In the paper, the impact of PS on SPV array is observed in MATLAB/Simulink. Under different
shading patterns, SPV array characteristics are modelled in the form of I-V graphs. By analysing the
graph, it leads to various important observations which are summed up in the following statements. In
order to prevent hotspot formation during PS, bypass diodes are used across each module. The hot
spots occur as the voltage (reverse) across the shaded module increases. The shaded module gets
completely damaged if the power dissipation exceeds the maximum power capability resulting in an
open circuit [4]. It is observed that a considerable amount of power loss occurs due to the PS and
formation of multiple peaks at the output. Various MPPT algorithm techniques such as P&O,
Fibonacci Search Method, PSO, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), FLC, etc. are used to obtain global
maxima from multiple peaks under PSC. Here, PSO approach is used to achieve the global maxima.
This paper is segregated into six sections. Section 2 defines the characteristics of SPV arrangement
under PSC and normal condition. Section 3 describes the design of a SPV system. Section 4 presents
the MPPT technique using PSO algorithm. Section 5 shows the analysis and discussion of the SPV
system under PSCs. Finally, section 6 concludes the presented work.
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Ipv
Rs
Id
Iph Vd Rp Vph
Figure1 represents a circuitry for the SPV system having a diode, a current source, and two resistors,
which are directly influenced by solar irradiance and temperature. The operation of SPV system varies
with open-circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit current (Isc). These values are provided by the
manufacturer of the cell. Normally, the voltage (output) of a cell lies between 0.5 V - 0.9 V, thus the
power (output) of a solar cell is quite low, which is not sufficient for practical applications. Therefore,
the cells are connected in series to form a module. These modules connected in series is called a string,
which increases the voltage. The strings connected in parallel is called an array, which increases the
current. The output of the module is given in Eq. (1):
𝑉𝑝𝑣 +𝐼𝑝𝑣 𝑅𝑠
𝑞( ) 𝑉𝑝𝑣 +𝐼𝑝𝑣 𝑅𝑠
𝐼𝑝𝑣 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ − 𝐼01 [ 𝑒 𝑁𝑠 𝐴𝐾𝑇𝑘
− 1] − 𝑅𝑝
=0 (1)
Where, 𝑉𝑝𝑣 & 𝐼𝑝𝑣 are (output) voltage and current, respectively. 𝐼𝑝ℎ is photocurrent and 𝐼01 is diode
current (saturation). A refers to ideality factor of diode; q is electron’s charge (q = 1.602*10-19 C) and
K signifies the Boltzmann constant. In Eq. (1), usually 𝑅𝑝 has a high value to reduce the high-power
losses in a solar module during low generated current. The value of 𝑅𝑠 is usually taken small, as high
value reduces the short circuit current. Figure 2 shows the output characteristic (I-V characteristics and
P-V (characteristics) of SPV module with different solar irradiation levels. From Figure 2, it is clear
when the solar irradiation levels are high the current and thus power output of the SPV module is
large.
Figure 2. Characteristics (I-V and P-V) of SPV system under normal condition.
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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1817 (2021) 012025 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1817/1/012025
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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1817 (2021) 012025 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1817/1/012025
Figure(s) 4 and 5 shows I-V and P-V curves of the SPV string, respectively. In Figure 4, starting from
4𝑉𝑜𝑐 to 3𝑉𝑜𝑐 , the current in the string equals the shaded current generated by module 4. At 3V oc, the
bypass diode of module 4 operates and now current in string equals the shaded current of module 3. At
2𝑉𝑜𝑐 , the bypass diode of module 3 operates, and the current start raising which equals the current
generated by module 2. The string now behaves as module 2 in series. At 𝑉𝑜𝑐 bypass diode of module
2 operate and now the current in string is equivalent to the non-shaded current produced by module 1.
Accordingly, the power variation curve of SPV string is presented in Figure 5.
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ICCIEA 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1817 (2021) 012025 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1817/1/012025
𝑜𝐼
𝐼𝑖𝑛 = 1−𝐷 (4)
The Eq. (5) shows the correlation between the load resistance and the internal resistance of array
where D is the converter duty cycle. To obtain the maximum power from array, the resistance of load
should be greater or equal to the internal resistance of the SPV array. Because the value of duty cycle
varies from 0 to 1, the internal resistance of array is given by:
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑜(1−𝐷) 𝑉𝑜
Rin = 𝐼𝑖𝑛
= 𝐼𝑜/(1−𝐷) = 𝐼𝑜
(1 − 𝐷)2 (6)
It gives,
The maximum power tracking will fail if the condition (Ro≥ 𝑅𝑖𝑛 ) is not fulfilled.
From Eq. (10) it is clear that high switching frequency means low inductor value. Here, the value of R
is between 𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 i.e. 𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝑅 < 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 . Also, for variable output and duty cycle, it is
required to have maximum value of D i.e. 𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 .
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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1817 (2021) 012025 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1817/1/012025
Initialization of PSO
parameters, random
initialization of
particle position and velocity
Is the stopping
criteria satisfied?
Stop
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6. Conclusions
The paper focuses on the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a solar photo-voltaic (SPV)
system under PSCs. Under PSC, multiple peaks are developed at the output of P-V curve. To detect
global maxima among the multiple peaks is quite difficult. For this, Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO) based MPPT controller is developed. The SPV system including PSO based MPPT controller is
modelled in MATLAB/Simulink. The MPPT controller is incorporated with boost converter to vary
the input voltage as per the duty cycle of the switch in order to track the MPP. The result shows that
the developed PSO based MPPT controller successfully detects the MPP of the SPV system under
PSCs.
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