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Ravelli/Webber: Exploring Sociology: A Canadian Perspective, Fourth Edition
Chapter 08: Gender
Chapter 08: Gender
Chapter 08 Multiple Choice Questions
1. The division of the human population into two distinctive and mutually exclusive categories, such as male and female, is a
_______ construction.
A) binary
B) bipolar
C) bipartisan
D) bilateral
Difficulty: Moderate
QuestionID: 08-1-01
Page-Reference: 201
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: Understand the complexity of defining, and distinguishing between, sex and gender.
Answer: A) binary
2. Which of the following is the best definition of the sociological understanding of gender?
A) Determination of male or female on the basis of a set of socially agreed-upon biological criteria
B) Human population can be divided into two binary constructions – male and female
C) Socially constructed characteristics associated with masculinity and femininity
D) Feminist social action theory that aims for the elimination of the sexual division of labour
Difficulty: Easy
QuestionID: 08-1-02
Page-Reference: 202
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: C) Socially constructed characteristics associated with masculinity and femininity
3. Contemporary theorizing has problematized the sex/gender distinction as being all of the following except:
A) A binary construction
B) A false dichotomy
C) Socially constructed
D) Egalitarian
QuestionID: 08-1-03
Page-Reference: 201-203
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: D) Egalitarian
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc.

8-1
Chapter 08: Gender
4. Which of the following is the best definition of intersexed individuals?

A) People who are addicted to sex
B) People who have a gender identity crisis
C) People who are born with reproductive anatomy that does not fit the binary definitions of male and female
D) People who self-identify as being feminist
Difficulty: Easy
QuestionID: 08-1-04
Page-Reference: 203
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) People who are born with reproductive anatomy that does not fit the binary definitions of male and female
5. Persons who live as the gender they identify as being, with or without sex reassignment procedures, are known as
A) androgynous.
B) transsexual.
C) intersexed.
D) transgendered.
QuestionID: 08-1-05
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: D) transgendered.
6. Which is the best definition of transsexual?

A) An Indigenous term for individuals who did not neatly fit the categories of male and female.
B) Individuals who undergo surgery and medical interventions so that their bodies match the gender they identify with.
C) A medical diagnostic term from the 1970s to refer to individuals who undergo sex-affirming medical intervention, now
considered to be pejorative.
D) Individuals with reproductive and sexual anatomy that does not fit within the male-female binary.
QuestionID: 08-1-06
Page-Reference: 206
Skill: Applied
Answer: C) A medical diagnostic term from the 1970s to refer to individuals who undergo sex-affirming medical
intervention, now considered to be pejorative.

8-2
Chapter 08: Gender
7. What does it mean to say that gender relations act as organizing principles in society?
A) Gender is the only distinction between groups in society which has meaningful effects.
B) Everyone in society must conform to hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity.
C) Parents interact with their children differently based on gender, which shapes everyone's future.
D) Gender shapes the interactions between women and men, as well as their relative social importance.
QuestionID: 08-1-07
Page-Reference: 205
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: Outline the characteristics of the dominant forms of masculinity and femininity.
Answer: D) Gender shapes the interactions between women and men, as well as their relative social importance.
8. Which of the following is not associated with North American notions of hegemonic masculinity?
A) Aggressiveness
B) Strength
C) Ambition
D) Monogamy
QuestionID: 08-1-08
Page-Reference: 209
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: D) Monogamy
9. From the list below, which is a central organizing principle of our cultural definition of manhood?
A) Philanthropy
B) Empathy
C) Homophobia
D) Meritocracy
QuestionID: 08-1-09
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: C) Homophobia
10. If Carrie embodies emphasized femininity, then her gender performance orients primarily to
A) challenging harmful stereotypes.
B) obliging men's interests and desires.
C) alternative cultural norms.
D) other women's subjective evaluations.

8-3
Chapter 08: Gender
QuestionID: 08-1-10
Page-Reference: 210
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) obliging men's interests and desires.
11. Which of the following is the best definition of emphasized femininity?

A) The normative ideal of femininity based on compliance with women's subordination to men
B) A movement that emerged in opposition to feminism
C) A feminist movement that contradicts the ideals of femininity
D) The over-sexualization of teenaged females
QuestionID: 08-1-11
Page-Reference: 210
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A) The normative ideal of femininity based on compliance with women's subordination to men
12. Which of the following is not associated with North American notions of emphasized femininity?
A) Sexual attractiveness
B) Independence
C) Supportiveness
D) Enthusiasm
QuestionID: 08-1-12
Page-Reference: 210
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: B) Independence
13. When do gendered expectations by families begin?

A) At birth
B) When children begin talking
C) When children enter school
D) Puberty
Difficulty: Easy
QuestionID: 08-1-13
Page-Reference: 211
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: Understand how gender divisions are produced and reproduced through families, education, and the media.
Answer: A) At birth

8-4
Chapter 08: Gender
14. Research finds that mothers respond more quickly to the cries of their baby girls than to their baby boys. How would a
sociologist explain this difference?
A) Girls are more needy than boys.
B) Mothers love and connect with their daughters more than their sons.
C) Mothers' responses to their children are influenced by ideas of gender – it's okay for girls to cry, but "big boys don't cry."
D) Girls' cries are higher pitched and irritating than boys' cries so mothers are more likely to respond quickly to end the crying of
girls.
QuestionID: 08-1-14
Page-Reference: 211
Skill: Applied
Answer: C) Mothers' responses to their children are influenced by ideas of gender – it's okay for girls to cry, but "big boys
don't cry."
15. Which of the following is not an example of what teachers tend to praise girls for?
A) The intellectual quality of their work
B) Being quiet
C) Presenting an attractive appearance
D) Being congenial
Difficulty: Challenging
QuestionID: 08-1-15
Page-Reference: 212
Skill: Applied
Answer: A) The intellectual quality of their work
16. This term was coined within the context of an influential report, compiled in 1982, that documented women's experiences of
inequity and devaluation on Canadian university campuses:
A) Chilly campus
B) Chilly climate
C) Culture of silence
D) Cult of hegemonic masculinity
QuestionID: 08-1-16
Page-Reference: 214
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: B) Chilly climate

8-5
Chapter 08: Gender
17. The phrase "chilly climate" refers to

A) women's experiences of gender inequality in the workplace.
B) women's experiences of gender inequality on university campuses.
C) racial inequality on television.
D) homophobia.
QuestionID: 08-1-17
Page-Reference: 214
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: B) women's experiences of gender inequality on university campuses.
18. Even shows that are heralded as gender progressive, such as Buffy the Vampire Slayer , are typically led by female
characters who are
A) white, heterosexual, and conventionally beautiful.
B) beautiful, passive, and idealistic.
C) rich, white, and male-oriented.
D) self-centred, unethical, and cruel.
QuestionID: 08-1-18
Skill: Applied
Answer: A) white, heterosexual, and conventionally beautiful.
19. Which of these is not a message about gender and the body conveyed by television shows such as What Not to Wear and
Queer Eye for the Straight Guy?
A) Getting their appearance to approach the normative ideal for gendered bodies will make a person feel better.
B) There is a clearly defined ideal for an individual's appearance which depends on their gender.
C) The end result of one's appearance can be changed with the application of effort and expert knowledge.
D) There are definite effects of social class on the ability to present the body in socially acceptable ways.
QuestionID: 08-1-19
Skill: Applied
Objective: Explain how our perceptions of our bodies as "gendered" are reinforced through such avenues as self-
improvement shows, plastic surgery, and men's sports.
Answer: D) There are definite effects of social class on the ability to present the body in socially acceptable ways.

8-6
Chapter 08: Gender
20. Which of the following is not true of feminist responses to plastic surgery discussed in your textbook?
A) Plastic surgery conveys expectations that everyone needs to submit themselves to rigid patriarchal constructs of masculinity
and femininity.
B) Society would be improved if, rather than undergo plastic surgery, individuals learned to accept their gendered bodies.
C) As long as individual women can be empowered with plastic surgery, there is no need to address structural notions of
gendered bodies.
D) Plastic surgery conveys a very narrow range of bodies appropriate for femininity and masculinity.
QuestionID: 08-1-20
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) As long as individual women can be empowered with plastic surgery, there is no need to address structural
notions of gendered bodies.
21. Which group is most likely to undergo plastic surgery?

A) Visible minorities
B) Individuals with incomes over $100,000 a year
C) Women
D) Whites
QuestionID: 08-1-21
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) Women
22. Female body builders are required to get _________________ in order to conform to appropriate standards of femininity.
A) collagen injections
B) Botox
C) liposuction
D) breast implants
QuestionID: 08-1-22
Page-Reference: 218
Skill: Factual
Answer: D) breast implants

8-7
Chapter 08: Gender
23. The annual NFL draft is a concentrated occasion in which male bodies are
A) devalued to the point of ridicule.
B) normalized.
C) worshipped.
D) catalogued, ranked, and commodified like livestock.
QuestionID: 08-1-23
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: D) catalogued, ranked, and commodified like livestock.
24. What has been the greatest change in Canada's labour force since the 1960s?
A) High numbers of employed and ambitious single women
B) High numbers of employed, married women with children
C) Low numbers of motivated persons willing to do administrative work
D) High numbers of women and men motivated to work past the age of 65
QuestionID: 08-1-24
Page-Reference: 220
Skill: Factual
Objective: Describe how the labour force is segregated by gender, and the reasons underlying the wage gap between
men and women.
Answer: B) High numbers of employed, married women with children
25. With reference to gender, Canada's labour force is characterized by ______ and ______.
A) gender segregation; a gender-based wage gap
B) gender segregation; matrimonial child-rearing
C) a gender-based wage gap; matrimonial child-rearing
D) matrimonial child-rearing; equality of pay
QuestionID: 08-1-25
Skill: Conceptual
men and women.
Answer: A) gender segregation; a gender-based wage gap

8-8
Chapter 08: Gender
26. What reason do most women give for working part-time?

A) No university or college degree
B) Child-rearing and other family responsibilities
C) Gender-based wage gap
D) Pressure from their husband
QuestionID: 08-1-26
Page-Reference: 222
Skill: Factual
men and women.
Answer: B) Child-rearing and other family responsibilities
27. In what ways does the NFL draft contribute to the normalization of intersectional relations in society?
A) It reverses the typical dynamic, by displaying male bodies for women's consumption.
B) Although it commodifies male bodies, the bodies being commodified are primarily black, and the consumers of those bodies are
primarily wealthy and white.
C) It reinforces narrow standards of acceptable bodily appearance for both men and women.
D) It emphasizes standards of hegemonic masculinity by commodifying bodies based on strength and speed.
QuestionID: 08-1-27
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: B) Although it commodifies male bodies, the bodies being commodified are primarily black, and the consumers
of those bodies are primarily wealthy and white.
28. Which of the following is not true of women in part-time work in Canada?
A) A significant portion of women working part-time in Canada do so because they are unable to find full-time work.
B) Women are more likely than men to say they work part-time because of family responsibilities.
C) Women's participation in part-time work tends to occur disproportionately in the early parts of their working life where they're
establishing a career.
D) Women are over-represented in nonstandard and precarious employment in Canada.
QuestionID: 08-1-28
Skill: Conceptual
men and women.
Answer: C) Women's participation in part-time work tends to occur disproportionately in the early parts of their working life
where they're establishing a career.

8-9
Chapter 08: Gender
29. Which of the following is not an explanation for the gendered wage gap?
A) Women are less likely to be capable of accomplishing some of the more highly paid occupations in society.
B) The conditions women face in the workforce contribute to making work less appealing and rewarding to them than it is for
men.
C) The lack of affordable, accessible child care can encourage women to choose jobs based on child care needs, rather than the
pursuit of wages.
D) Women's work can be undervalued, so they are paid less than men for the same work.
Difficulty: Easy
QuestionID: 08-1-29
Skill: Conceptual
men and women.
Answer: A) Women are less likely to be capable of accomplishing some of the more highly paid occupations in society.
30. Which of the following is the best definition of exchange theory?

A) Women should be encouraged to enter male-dominated fields of work.
B) Aboriginal women and minority women earn less than white women.
C) Power comes from bringing resources into a relationship.
D) The feminization of poverty
QuestionID: 08-1-30
Page-Reference: 224
Skill: Conceptual
men and women.
Answer: C) Power comes from bringing resources into a relationship.
31. Which of the following is the best definition of intersectionality?

A) The simultaneous influence of multiple social relations
B) The feminization of poverty
C) The flow of power from bringing resources to a relationship
D) The opposition between hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity
QuestionID: 08-1-31
Page-Reference: 225
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: Understand how gender intersects with race and class to produce social inequality.
Answer: A) The simultaneous influence of multiple social relations

8-10
Chapter 08: Gender
32. This type of analysis of inequality incorporates the complex relationships between race, gender, ethnicity, and class.
A) Intersectionality
B) Multi-dimensionality
C) Heterogeneity
D) Blended
QuestionID: 08-1-32
Page-Reference: 225
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A) Intersectionality
33. Taking an intersectional approach requires an analyst to acknowledge the _____________ of social reality.
A) objective features
B) discursive construction
C) self-evident features
D) complexity and messiness
QuestionID: 08-1-33
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: D) complexity and messiness
34. Which of the following is true of the division of domestic labour in Canadian households?
A) The amount of domestic labour performed by men has not changed in Canadian households since the 1950s.
B) In same-sex couples, participation in paid work appears to be less of a factor in determining the division of domestic labour
than in heterosexual couples.
C) Participation in the paid labour market has the same effect on men and women's participation in domestic labour.
D) Performing domestic labour is a way for men to reinforce their masculinity.
QuestionID: 08-1-34
Skill: Factual
Objective: Describe how the labour force is segregated by gender and the reasons underlying the wage gap between
men and women.
Answer: B) In same-sex couples, participation in paid work appears to be less of a factor in determining the division of
domestic labour than in heterosexual couples.

8-11
Chapter 08: Gender
35. According to functionalists, men perform the ________role and women perform the _________role.
A) instrumental; expressive
B) expressive; instrumental
C) hegemonic; emphasized
D) masculine; feminine
QuestionID: 08-1-35
Page-Reference: 227
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: Review the major theoretical approaches to understanding gender as socially constructed.
Answer: A) instrumental; expressive
36. As a conflict theorist, Engels argued that gender stratification in capitalist societies was a direct result of
A) biological differences.
B) private property.
C) the different roles that men and women perform.
D) family, peer, and media socialization.
QuestionID: 08-1-36
Page-Reference: 227
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: B) private property.
37. Which of the following demonstrates the intersection of race and gender to produce social inequality in Canada?
A) Heterosexual married women doing most of the domestic labour, despite their participation in the paid labour force.
B) Indigenous women and girls being the victims of violence more often than white women and girls.
C) Chinese women arguing that their experience is distinct both from that of Chinese men and white women.
D) Men and women being accorded distinct roles in some Indigenous cultures.
QuestionID: 08-1-37
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) Indigenous women and girls being the victims of violence more often than white women and girls.
38. Post-structuralist theory views gender as

A) doing.
B) performance.
C) shaped by our interactions with others.
D) intersectional.

8-12
Chapter 08: Gender
QuestionID: 08-1-38
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: B) performance.
39. Individuals born with ambiguous genitalia are referred to as

A) two spirited.
B) intersexed.
C) outersexed.
D) inverted sexed.
Difficulty: Easy
QuestionID: 08-1-39
Page-Reference: 203
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: B) intersexed.
40. Which of these reflects a symbolic interactionist perspective on gender?

A) Rachel arguing that gender is a set of things we perform so often that we begin to internalize them and take them for granted.
B) William arguing that women are essential to socializing children and that, ideally, they should step away from paid work to do
this.
C) Jeanie arguing that her husband attempts to exploit her for the domestic labour she performs.
D) Marty arguing that gender is just a series of things you do, always in a state of flux with no reference to a core identity.
QuestionID: 08-1-40
Skill: Applied
Answer: A) Rachel arguing that gender is a set of things we perform so often that we begin to internalize them and take
them for granted.
41. The form of masculinity that men are supposed to strive to achieve is known as
A) emphasized masculinity.
B) heterosexual masculinity.
C) hegemonic masculinity.
D) honorary masculinity.
QuestionID: 08-1-41
Page-Reference: 209
Skill: Conceptual

8-13
Chapter 08: Gender
Answer: C) hegemonic masculinity.
42. Hegemonic masculinity is constructed as

A) the opposite of everything feminine.
B) attainable for everyone.
C) ambiguous.
D) egalitarian.
QuestionID: 08-1-42
Page-Reference: 209
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A) the opposite of everything feminine.
43. Stacey has a date on Friday evening. Friday morning she goes for a tan, gets her hair and nails done and her eyebrows
waxed, and goes to the mall to get a new pair of heels. Stacey is conforming to
A) peer pressure.
B) the generalized other.
C) expected gender roles.
D) emphasized femininity.
QuestionID: 08-1-43
Page-Reference: 210
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: D) emphasized femininity.
44. How would a sociologist explain why little boys tend to play with toy cars and building sets and little girls tend to play wi th
dolls?
A) Genetics influences children's toy preferences, so boys are naturally drawn to toy cars.
B) Girls tend to be physically smaller children, so they have a harder time manipulating larger toys like toy cars.
C) Toy cars and building sets are more appealing to children of both genders, but boys are more aggressive, so girls play with
what's left.
D) Early on, children do not display gendered preferences for toys, but parents and caregivers tend to encourage engagement
with gender-appropriate toys.
Difficulty: Easy
QuestionID: 08-1-44
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: D) Early on, children do not display gendered preferences for toys, but parents and caregivers tend to
encourage engagement with gender-appropriate toys.

8-14
Chapter 08: Gender
45. The differential treatment of men and women on university campuses is often referred to as the
A) hidden curriculum.
B) sexist climate.
C) chilly climate.
D) chilly curriculum.
QuestionID: 08-1-45
Page-Reference: 214
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: C) chilly climate.
46. Which of the following is not an example of emphasized femininity?

A) Some restaurants requiring female employees to wear high heels and revealing clothing while male employees wear
professional clothing.
B) Women expressing a desire to be mothers.
C) Expectations that female employees will be willing to take on extra duties to support colleagues who are struggling.
D) Peer groups communicating that the most important thing a woman can be is sexually attractive and available.
QuestionID: 08-1-46
Page-Reference: 210
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: B) Women expressing a desire to be mothers.
47. Which of the following is not an example of hegemonic masculinity?

A) Peer groups ostracizing young men who express emotional vulnerability.
B) Hamish being afraid to say he liked a "chick flick" for fear of being labelled unmasculine.
C) Stay-at-home dads feeling really nervous about not earning the income that supports their family, for fear their peers will
think less of them.
D) Damien confidently expressing a love of comic books, even though his friends think it's nerdy.
QuestionID: 08-1-47
Page-Reference: 213
Skill: Conceptual
men and women.
Answer: D) Damien confidently expressing a love of comic books, even though his friends think it's nerdy.

8-15
Chapter 08: Gender
48. The labour force is characterized by

A) gender equality.
B) gender segregation.
C) gender bias.
D) gender sensitivity.
Difficulty: Easy
QuestionID: 08-1-48
Skill: Conceptual
men and women.
Answer: B) gender segregation.
49. Which of the following is not an element of a functionalist perspective on gender?

A) Men should fill instrumental roles and provide economic resources for their families.
B) Gender should be considered a series of actions individuals perform.
C) Upsetting the established gender order can lead to higher crime rates, illicit drug use, and violence.
D) Women's role is to nurture and support every member of the family unit.
QuestionID: 08-1-49
Page-Reference: 227
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: B) Gender should be considered a series of actions individuals perform.
50. In 2009, women working in full-time, full-year positions earned an average of __________ of what men made.
A) 63 percent
B) 75 percent
C) 80 percent
D) 85 percent
QuestionID: 08-1-50
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: Factual
men and women.
Answer: B) 75 percent

8-16
Chapter 08: Gender
51. Which term is often preferred by individuals who undergo surgery to change their sex?
A) Transgender
B) Transsexual
C) Transman/woman
D) Transvestite
QuestionID: 08-1-51
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: C) Transman/woman
52. Which of the following is true of a feminist perspective on gender?

A) Society's norms of private property drove our social norms about marriage so men could pass property down to their sons.
B) It examines only emphasized femininity and hegemonic masculinity.
C) The social construction of gender has significant negative consequences for both men and women.
D) It emphasizes the relationship between biological traits and social inequality.
QuestionID: 08-1-52
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: C) The social construction of gender has significant negative consequences for both men and women.
53. When women earn more money than their male partners, their hours of unpaid work in the home
A) decrease to less than their partners.
B) equalize with their partners.
C) remain stable regardless of their income.
D) increase to more than their partners.
QuestionID: 08-1-53
Skill: Factual
men and women.
Answer: D) increase to more than their partners.

8-17
Chapter 08: Gender
54. An intersectional approach

A) recognizes that not all women are equally disadvantaged.
B) recognizes that biology, sociology, and psychology should be used simultaneously.
C) recognizes that reality is objective.
D) focuses on the linkage between class and gender.
QuestionID: 08-1-54
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A) recognizes that not all women are equally disadvantaged.
55. Judith Butler argues that ___________ developed an account of patriarchal culture that assumed that masculine and feminine
genders were inevitable.
A) functionalism
B) feminism
C) post-structuralism
D) symbolic interactionism
QuestionID: 08-1-55
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: B) feminism
56. According to symbolic interactionists, the process whereby children learn gender-related behaviours through social
institutions such as families, schools, peers, and mass media is
A) self-reflection.
B) operant conditioning.
C) essentialist.
D) social bonds.
QuestionID: 08-1-56
Page-Reference: 228
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: B) operant conditioning.

8-18
Chapter 08: Gender
57. Who argued that gender stratification in capitalist societies is a direct result of private property?
A) Max Weber
B) Don Zimmerman
C) Friedrich Engels
D) Andrea Doucet
QuestionID: 08-1-57
Page-Reference: 219
Skill: Factual
Answer: C) Friedrich Engels
58. Which of the following is true of hegemonic masculinity?

A) Hegemonic masculinity looks the same all around the world.
B) Both men and women participate in sustaining the image of an idealized masculinity.
C) The most important elements of hegemonic masculinity are ambition and the pursuit of wealth.
D) Hegemonic masculinity offers a complementary, equally valued role for women.
QuestionID: 08-1-58
Page-Reference: 209
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: B) Both men and women participate in sustaining the image of an idealized masculinity.
59. Which of the following is not an example of inequalities faced by transgender individuals?
A) Difficulty obtaining government identification that reflects their identified gender.
B) Not being expected to be able to measure up to ideals of hegemonic masculinity or emphasized femininity.
C) Laws forcing them to use the public bathroom corresponding to the gender they were assigned at birth, rather than their
identified gender.
D) The existence of transphobic violence in Western societies.
QuestionID: 08-1-59
Page-Reference: 200
Skill: Factual
Answer: B) Not being expected to be able to measure up to ideals of hegemonic masculinity or emphasized femininity.

8-19
Chapter 08: Gender
60. The normalization of plastic surgery reflects society's expectations of

A) gender inequality.
B) gendered bodies.
C) emphasized femininity.
D) hegemonic masculinity.
QuestionID: 08-1-60
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: B) gendered bodies.
61. In many hot countries of the world, men wear what would be considered "women's clothes" by North American standards.
This is an example of
A) hegemonic masculinity.
B) the social construction of gender.
C) transvestitism.
D) gender relations.
QuestionID: 08-1-61
Page-Reference: 205
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) the social construction of gender.
62. Billy and his mom go to Toys-R-Us and Billy heads straight for the bright pink Barbie aisle. Billy's mom doesn't say anything
but firmly steers him back toward the primarily blue aisles containing construction toys and action figures. This is an example of
A) gender identity disorder.
B) hegemonic masculinity.
C) gendered expectations.
D) bad parenting.
QuestionID: 08-1-62
Skill: Applied
Answer: C) gendered expectations.

8-20
Chapter 08: Gender
63. Which of the following is true regarding women's participation in paid labour?
A) Women are more likely than men to be both employees and managers in the service sector of the economy.
B) Women only work part-time because they want to.
C) Childbearing has no effect on women's participation in the work force.
D) Although the legal framework for men and women to succeed equally in the workforce exists, there remains significant
amounts of gender segregation in the workforce.
Difficulty: Easy
QuestionID: 08-1-63
Page-Reference: 221
Skill: Factual
men and women.
Answer: D) Although the legal framework for men and women to succeed equally in the workforce exists, there remains
significant amounts of gender segregation in the workforce.
64. Despite being well-prepared and willing to contribute, Samantha rarely speaks in her sociology classes. The faculty seem
more likely to call on her male classmates, even when her hand is raised. This is an example of
A) a chilly climate.
B) hegemonic masculinity.
C) gender expectations.
D) emphasized femininity.
Difficulty: Easy
QuestionID: 08-1-64
Page-Reference: 214
Skill: Applied
Answer: A) a chilly climate.
65. On a television series, a character is represented as outspoken and difficult to get along with because of a negative
approach to life. This character is most likely to be a
A) black man.
B) white woman.
C) black woman.
D) white man.
QuestionID: 08-1-65
Skill: Applied
Answer: C) black woman.

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Chapter 08: Gender
66. Dominant gender themes in Super Bowl commercials represent all but which one of the following:
A) Men as losers
B) Men as incapable of monogamy
C) Women as having closer friendships than men
D) Women as either "hotties" or "bitches"
QuestionID: 08-1-66
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: Applied
Answer: C) Women as having closer friendships than men
67. Which explanation for the gap in men's and women's earnings is most likely to be endorsed by a sociologist?
A) Women earn lower wages than men because they are socialized into less well-compensated areas of the economy.
B) Gendered wage gaps are the result of both discrimination against women and women being socialized into lower paid
professions and fields.
C) Gendered wage gaps are the result entirely of men discriminating against women.
D) Women earn less than men on average because they choose to work part-time.
QuestionID: 08-1-67
Skill: Applied
men and women.
Answer: B) Gendered wage gaps are the result of both discrimination against women and women being socialized into
lower paid professions and fields.
68. Which of the following is not an element of the feminization of poverty?

A) Men being socialized not to enter professions like nursing and teaching.
B) Even at the same levels of education and experience, women tending to earn less than men in the paid labour market.
C) Unattached female seniors, and female single-parents having much higher rates of poverty than the average.
D) Women continuing to have higher rates of poverty than men, even if the gap has narrowed some in recent years.
QuestionID: 08-1-68
Skill: Conceptual
men and women.
Answer: A) Men being socialized not to enter professions like nursing and teaching.

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Chapter 08: Gender
69. Which is the best example of other social statuses intersecting with gender?
A) Poor blacks being, on average, poorer than poor whites.
B) Indigenous women being more likely than white women to live in poverty.
C) Women being more likely than men to be working part-time because of family responsibilities.
D) Asian women being more likely to marry outside of their ethnic group than white women.
QuestionID: 08-1-69
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) Indigenous women being more likely than white women to live in poverty.
70. How a dual-earner couple would negotiate who pays for a dinner out, changes the next dirty diaper, or takes the car in for
an oil change could be explained by
A) the social construction of gender.
B) emphasized femininity.
C) hegemonic masculinity.
D) exchange theory.
QuestionID: 08-1-70
Page-Reference: 224
Skill: Applied
men and women.
Answer: D) exchange theory.
71. After the shootings at Columbine High School in 1999, some media sources suggested that one of the reasons for the boys'
unthinkable behaviour was that their mothers were in the paid labour force as opposed to being home to supervise their
children. This is an example of what theoretical perspective's approach to gender?
A) Functionalism
B) Conflict theory
C) Symbolic interactionism
D) Feminism
QuestionID: 08-1-71
Page-Reference: 227
Skill: Applied
Answer: A) Functionalism

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Chapter 08: Gender
72. The fact that in many places in the world women have had to fight for the right to inherit property provides evidence for
which theoretical perspective on gender?
A) Functionalism
B) Conflict theory
D) Post-structuralism
Difficulty: Easy
QuestionID: 08-1-72
Page-Reference: 227
Skill: Applied
Answer: B) Conflict theory
73. The fact that we encourage young boys to be aggressive and competitive while actively discouraging young girls from
engaging in the same behaviour gives support to which theoretical perspective on gender?
A) Functionalism
B) Conflict theory
D) Feminism
QuestionID: 08-1-73
Page-Reference: 228
Skill: Applied
Answer: C) Symbolic interactionism
74. Which of the following is unlikely to reinforce the notion of bodies as gendered?
A) Fitness advice for women emphasizing an end goal of looking slim, rather than muscular.
B) Women being excluded from pharmaceutical trials because hormonal cycles make data from women "too difficult to interpret."
C) Leading men in Hollywood becoming increasingly more muscular over time.
D) Dieticians giving recommendations that Canadians should eat more fruits and vegetables.
Difficulty: Easy
QuestionID: 08-1-74
Skill: Applied
Answer: D) Dieticians giving recommendations that Canadians should eat more fruits and vegetables.

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Chapter 08: Gender
75. Which of the following examples reflects a post-structuralist view of gender?

A) Knowledge is fundamentally intertwined with power.
B) Biology is not destiny; women should be allowed to occupy stereotypically masculine roles.
C) Men should complete instrumental goals, and women should complete expressive tasks.
D) Masculinity, femininity, and even biological sex are all constructed through discourse.
QuestionID: 08-1-75
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Applied
Answer: D) Masculinity, femininity, and even biological sex are all constructed through discourse.
Chapter 08 True-False Questions
1. Gender refers to a determination of male or female on the basis of a set of socially agreed-upon biological criteria.
a True
b False
Difficulty: Easy
QuestionID: 08-2-01
Page-Reference: 202
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
2. Our understanding of biology and biological "discoveries" is socially shaped.

a True
b False
QuestionID: 08-2-02
Page-Reference: 202
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. True
3. Symbolic interactionist approaches to gender propose a distinction between men's instrumental tasks and women's
expressive tasks.
a True
b False

8-25
Chapter 08: Gender
Difficulty: Easy
QuestionID: 08-2-03
Page-Reference: 228
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
4. A person who is transgender is someone who has undergone sex reassignment.

a True
b False
Difficulty: Easy
QuestionID: 08-2-04
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
5. Almost across the globe, that which is associated with masculinity and men is more highly valued than that which is
associated with femininity and women.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 08-2-05
Page-Reference: 205
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
6. Hegemony can be described as consensual dominance.

a True
b False
QuestionID: 08-2-06
Page-Reference: 209
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. True
7. Education acts as the great equalizer between boys and girls, and women and men.
a True
b False

8-26
Chapter 08: Gender
QuestionID: 08-2-07
Page-Reference: 212
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. False
8. Over the past 10 years, gender depictions in the media pose significant and influential challenges to normative constructions
of gender.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 08-2-08
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. False
9. According to research conducted by exchange theorists, women decrease their housework as their earnings increase, to the
point where both spouses contribute equally.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 08-2-09
Page-Reference: 224
Skill: Conceptual
men and women.
Answer: a. True
10. Wealthier countries are generally more equitable than are poorer countries when it comes to gender.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 08-2-10
Page-Reference: 226
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True

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Chapter 08: Gender
11. Post-structuralism and symbolic interactionism talk about gender being performed in the same way.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 08-2-11
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. False
12. Female athletes are expected to conform to ideas of hegemonic masculinity, such as strength and competitiveness, rather
than norms of emphasized femininity.
a True
b False
Difficulty: Easy
QuestionID: 08-2-12
Page-Reference: 210
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. False
13. The gender wage gap exists exclusively because women enter lower-paid careers.
a True
b False
Difficulty: Easy
QuestionID: 08-2-13
Skill: Conceptual
men and women.
Answer: b. False
14. Female body builders are still expected to conform to traditional notions of femininity.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 08-2-14
Page-Reference: 218
Skill: Factual

8-28
Chapter 08: Gender
Answer: a. True
15. Self-improvement programs on television (like The Biggest Loser and Queer Eye for the Straight Guy ) promote the same
standards for male and female bodies.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 08-2-15
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
Chapter 08 Short Answer Questions
1. In what ways are intersectional inequalities produced and reproduced even by examples of media that are considered to be
progressive in their portrayal of gender? Use a television show or movie of your choice to demonstrate your answer.
QuestionID: 08-3-01
Skill: Conceptual
Understand how gender intersects with race and class to produce social inequality.
Answer: Even in media which portrays women as fleshed-out, active, and strong characters, those women tend to be
privileged on other axes – e.g., wealthy, white, well-educated, middle-class/wealthy, heterosexual. This means that they
reinforce existing divisions in the rest of society, while appearing progressive because of how privileged, white women are
portrayed. Examples will vary.
2. Explain how conflict theorists see the connection between class relations and gender relations.
QuestionID: 08-3-02
Page-Reference: 227
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: Some conflict theorists incorporate gender by redefining Marx's idea of class to include references to groups
identified by sex and gender. Conflict theorists might also see gender as a factor affecting one's access to scarce
resources, such that discrimination might prevent women from accessing scarce resources. Engels also argued that class
relations, notably the need for men to pass their property down to their sons, contribute to the creation of gender relations.
The desire for men to pass property on to only their biological heirs is seen as the root of social norms around marriage
and sexual fidelity. The nuclear family, and assumptions that divide the instrumental and expressive tasks, along with the
differential values assigned to those tasks, also serve to reinforce men's dominance over women, and are seen as linked
to class relations.

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Chapter 08: Gender
3. Provide an example that demonstrates how gender is socially constructed.
QuestionID: 08-3-03
Page-Reference: 205
Skill: Applied
Answer: Answers will vary. Ideas about appropriate gender vary across cultures and across time (e.g., in seventeenth-
century France, masculine meant wearing frilly shirts, wigs, and powdered makeup – a view that obviously differs radically
from current Western notions of masculinity).
Gender. Refers to the socially constructed characteristics associated with girls and boys, women and men – what we call
masculinity and femininity.
4. What does it mean to say that sex and gender are often understood as binary classifications? Provide two examples from
social life that challenge either the idea of sex as binary, or the idea of gender as binary.
QuestionID: 08-3-04
Skill: Applied
Answer: Binary classifications assign individuals to one of two categories, in this case male or female. They include an
assumption that these two categories will suffice to include everyone. Examples will vary, but can include examples of
intersexed athletes discussed in the textbook, as well as Indigenous systems of gender described in the textbook.
5. Define "hegemonic masculinity" and identify at least two ways these norms could be communicated and reinforced in the
context of an individual's family.
QuestionID: 08-3-05
Skill: Applied
Objective: Outline the characteristics of the dominant forms of masculinity and femininity. Understand how gender
divisions are produced and reproduced through families, education, and the media.
Answer: Hegemonic masculinity is the normative ideal of masculinity that men are supposed to strive to achieve. It
includes ambition, aggression, financial success, control, and a repudiation of anything considered feminine or
homosexual.
Examples will vary, but are likely to include things like saying "big boys don't cry," and asking adolescent males if they're
sure they will be able to support a family in their chosen career, or family members allowing male earners to reduce the
domestic labour they do because of the financial contribution they make to the family.
6. Discuss how self-improvement programs (e.g., What Not to Wear, The Biggest Loser, etc.) convey an expectation that female
participants will embrace and display emphasized femininity.

8-30
Chapter 08: Gender
QuestionID: 08-3-06
Page-Reference: 210, 216-217
Skill: Applied
improvement shows, plastic surgery, and men's sports. Outline the characteristics of the dominant forms of masculinity
and femininity.
Answer: Emphasized femininity is based on women's compliance with their subordination to men and is oriented to
obliging men's interests and desires, with an expectation of cultivating sexual attractiveness. This is reinforced in such
self-improvement by having female participants wear more revealing clothing, combining updated wardrobes with more
polished makeup looks, and in some cases (e.g., Extreme Makeover) including plastic surgery (breast augmentation,
liposuction, dental surgery, etc.) as part of their package to participants. These norms of appearance are often imposed
from the outside and presumed to be shared by participants, rather than defined by them (e.g., there's an assumption that
everyone wants to appear sexually attractive according to conventional/Western beauty norms), as evidenced by things
like the idea that the winner on The Biggest Loser can go "too far" because she looks "too thin."
7. Choose a television show or movie and discuss how it either reinforces or counteracts dominant hegemonic masculinity
and/or emphasized femininity.
QuestionID: 08-3-07
Skill: Applied
divisions are produced and reproduced through families, education, and the media.
Answer: Answers will vary; however, students are expected to relate the television show or movie to hegemonic
masculinity/emphasized femininity and present knowledge of their definitions.
Hegemonic masculinity is the normative ideal of masculinity that men are supposed to strive to achieve.
Emphasized femininity is based on women's compliance with their subordination to men and is oriented to obliging men's
interests and desires.
8. Explain what is meant by a "chilly climate"?
QuestionID: 08-3-08
Page-Reference: 214
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: "Chilly climate" represents women's experiences on university campuses. There is a cumulative effect when
people experience even small instances of inequity, so these micro processes of power really do matter. Faculty members
call on male students more often (even when female students have their hands raised) and engage more with male
students during classroom interactions (e.g., praising, criticizing, providing feedback). At the same time, women's issues,
such as violence against women, are downplayed or trivialized. Women faculty members, particularly in male-dominated
disciplines, encounter overt harassment, exclusion, and devaluation of their worth and intellectual capabilities.
9. What are the most often cited reasons for women's disproportionate participation in part-time work?

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Chapter 08: Gender
QuestionID: 08-3-09
Skill: Factual
men and women.
Answer: Child-rearing and other family responsibilities are often cited. Generally, women leave work for at least short
periods of time to bear children, and often for longer periods to rear their children full-time. This discontinuity in
employment is one of the greatest barriers faced by professional and non-professional women alike. Impressions about
one's commitment to work, current earnings, lifetime earnings, opportunities for advancement, and future employability
are all greatly influenced by interruptions in one's career. There are also a significant proportion of women who work part-
time because they cannot find full-time work. This may be connected to gendered discrimination in the workplace.
10. Why do stay-at-home fathers feel as though they have lost a part of their masculinity, and what initiatives do they adopt to
help make up for it?
QuestionID: 08-3-10
Page-Reference: 225
Skill: Conceptual
men and women.
Answer: Fathers feel negatively judged by their peers for taking on caring work rather than being the earning partner.
Men may feel incapable of completely living up to hegemonic masculinity.
The majority of the men engaged in some form of part-time work such that they would have something that was
understood as meaningful to talk about with other men.
11. In what ways could it be argued that the NFL draft challenges society's typical gender relations? How does an intersectional
analysis suggest that, on the whole, the NFL draft does more to reinforce stratifications in society than challenge them?
QuestionID: 08-3-11
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: The NFL draft can be seen as a challenge to gender relations in society because it makes male bodies, instead
of female ones, objects for consumption, such as assigning them scores. Intersectionally, this practice reinforces
inequalities in society because the men being objectified are being consumed primarily by men, not women (thus
preserving the idea of men as consumers of bodies), and because the draft preserves race relations. Most of the men
playing in the NFL, and therefore those who are objectified by the draft process, are black, and most of the team owners
who are consuming these "bodies" are white, with a similar pattern for class relations, in that players are much more likely
to be economically disadvantaged, and owners very wealthy.
12. What was Judith Butler's argument regarding gender from a post-structuralist perspective?

8-32
Chapter 08: Gender
QuestionID: 08-3-12
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: Butler argues that although feminists rejected the idea that biology is destiny, many developed an understanding
of patriarchal culture that positioned masculine and feminine genders as inevitable. Butler argues instead that there is no
essential basis to gender, nor is there some authentic femininity or masculinity that is rooted in female or male bodies.
Butler asserts that gender can be viewed as a performance: "there is no gender identity behind the expressions of gender.
. . . identity is performatively constituted by the very 'expressions' that are said to be its results."
13. In Canada, Indigenous women and girls are more likely to be victims of both violence and sexual violence, including being
victims of murder at seven times the rate of non-Indigenous women. Individuals who have sexually assaulted Indigenous women
and girls often claim that Indigenous women are simply more sexual than white women, and are therefore more receptive to
sexual attention, including multiple cases where police officers have been accused of sexually exploiting Indi genous women.
There are many cases where the families of missing Indigenous women have complained that the police did not invest sufficient
time or energy in searching for their loved ones, dismissing family concerns because they saw the victims as drug addicts and
prostitutes, rather than citizens worth protecting. The situation is serious enough that a national inquiry into the issue wa s
begun in 2016, after many years of public pressure, with a final report due in 2018.
Using the concept of intersectionality, and at least one other concept from the sociological study of sex and gender, explain
why the situation of Canada's Indigenous women is so dire.
QuestionID: 08-3-13
Skill: Applied
Answer: Intersectionality refers to the ways that different social statuses, such as race, ethnicity, gender and class,
interact to create distinct experiences, such that the experience of a white woman and the experience of an Indigenous
women are qualitatively different in important ways. This means that Indigenous women experience discrimination due to
their ethnicity, as well as their gender, in ways that are not reducible to either. It is also possible to talk about experiences
of violence and exploitation being tied to economic experiences, in that both women and visible minorities tend to
experience higher rates of poverty than the societal average.
Choice of sociological concept might vary, but possibilities could include animality, a modification of gendered bodies to
include racialized ones, media images of sexualized Indigenous women, ideals of emphasized femininity, colonialism, etc.
14. Explain how gender intersects with another form of inequality, and describe why this intersection is important.
QuestionID: 08-3-14
Skill: Conceptual

8-33
Chapter 08: Gender
Answer: It incorporates the relationship between race, gender, ethnicity, and class in defining social outcomes.
No person can only live as a gender, race, ethnicity, or class. Thus, individuals must experience all simultaneously.
Women of colour, immigrant and refugee women, and Aboriginal women face some of the same problems as minority
men, but are additionally disadvantaged because of gender. Taking an intersectional approach acknowledges the
complexity of reality and allows us to see that experiences of masculinity and femininity are not homogenous; they are
fractured along other axes of power.
15. Describe an interaction between yourself as a student and a teacher that contributes to producing or reproducing gender
divisions. Explain how it contributes to those divisions.
QuestionID: 08-3-15
Skill: Applied
Answer: Answers will vary, but the answer should have a reference to the following:
Teachers interact more with male students than with females.
Boys are praised for accomplishments, and girls are praised for being quiet and for their personal appearance.
Chapter 08 Essay Questions
1. What expectations of gender do you possess? Do you share similar expectations with "hegemonic masculinity" and/or
"emphasized femininity"? Describe some social influences that may lead individuals to adopt these ideologies.
QuestionID: 08-4-01
Skill: Applied
Answer: Answers will vary, but should demonstrate personal application and knowledge of the following:
Hegemonic masculinity is the normative ideal of masculinity that men are supposed to strive to achieve.
Emphasized femininity is based on women's compliance with their subordination to men and is oriented to obliging men's
interests and desires.
Social influences will vary; however, students will be expected to touch base on media, family, and/or education.
2. Identify a popular song, a television show/series, and a movie that communicate gender norms. Use examples that
incorporate specific lyrics/scenes that make gender imagery obvious. How do these examples relate to one of hegemonic
masculinity, emphasized femininity, or gendered bodies?
QuestionID: 08-4-02
Skill: Applied
divisions are produced and reproduced through families, education, and the media. Explain how our perceptions of our
bodies as "gendered" are reinforced through such avenues as self-improvement shows, plastic surgery, and men's sports.

8-34
Chapter 08: Gender
Answer: Answers will vary; however, students should draw the majority of their answer from the media section of the
chapter.
Students are also free to incorporate the concepts of hegemonic masculinity, emphasized femininity, and gender bodies
where applicable.
3. What challenges and barriers might a woman face in engaging in paid work over the course of her career? Relate your
discussion to sociological findings and theory.
QuestionID: 08-4-03
Skill: Conceptual
men and women.
Answer: Answers will vary; however, students should address the concern of the gender wage gap; women's
responsibilities inside the home (unpaid work, primary caregiver), which result in a increase of women working part-time;
the lack of women in management positions; and how employment conditions make employment less appealing for
women.
4. Describe the patterns that exist around women's participation in domestic labour (childcare, cooking, cleaning, etc.). How
does exchange theory explain the inequity in those patterns? Do you think this pattern of distribution in unpaid work is more
related to gender expectations or the gender wage gap? Why? Use the concept of intersectionality to explain your answer.
QuestionID: 08-4-04
Skill: Applied
men and women. Understand how gender intersects with race and class to produce social inequality.
Answer: Even in families where both heterosexual partners work, the domestic labour is still performed overwhelmingly
by women. Exchange theory argues that because women earn lower incomes, they do more domestic labour to equalize
their contributions to the family unit. This approach explains why, as women earn higher incomes, the distribution of
unpaid domestic labour tends to become more equal, up to the point where women begin earning more than their male
partners, at which point women tend to do a greater proportion of the domestic labour as both men and women attempt to
reassert their alignment with traditional ideas of gender. Intersectionality refers to the ways that social status combine
(e.g., gender, race, class, ethnicity, etc.) to create a social experience of inequality. Student answers on the relative
impact of gender and class (e.g., earning potential) will vary.
5. Critically analyze how society reproduces gender through families and education. Describe the techniques used by families
and education to reproduce gender, and identify if any of them surprised you and why.
QuestionID: 08-4-05
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: Expectations begin at birth. Child-rearing practices are deeply gendered; mothers tend to respond more quickly
to baby girls than boys. This is most likely related to ideas about girls being more emotional and the belief that men are to

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Chapter 08: Gender
be more independent than girls and women. Boys are punished more than girls. Girls are often given Barbie dolls and
kitchen sets, while boys are given trucks and video games. These sorts of activities reproduce the ideas that girls are
passive and boys are active.
The education system uses the hidden curriculum to reproduce gender. Student should demonstrate comprehension of
the "chilly climate" and "student teacher interactions."
6. Outline the functionalist, symbolic interactionist, and post-structuralist approaches to gender. Which argument do you agree
with more, and why?
QuestionID: 08-4-06
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: Responses will vary by students, but should include discussion of:
Functionalism. Men are responsible for being breadwinners; and women, for carrying out nurturing activities; women are
held responsible for any change in gendered roles that disrupt cohesiveness.
Symbolic interactionism. Gender is learned through socialization (operant conditioning).
Post-structuralism. Gender is a performance.
7. How does Butler's post-structuralist view of gender "performativity" differ from a symbolic interactionist or
ethnomethodological analysis of "doing gender"? Which of the two opinions do you find yourself agreeing with more, and why?
Provide examples of both sides of the argument.
QuestionID: 08-4-07
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: Answers will vary, but should include a discussion of the following:
Symbolic interactionists argue that a relatively stable self underlies our social interactions. Their theory relies on the
process of operant conditioning, and believes that each person can "do" gender through social interactions. Post-
structuralists argue that there is no coherent or essential self behind our performances and that our identities are
fragmented, contradictory, and in flux. Their theory relies on discourse of society, and is referred to as a performance.
"There is no gender identity behind the expressions of gender. . . . identity is performatively constituted by the very
'expressions' that are said to be its results."
8. How is the term gender understood differently from the idea of sex? What prompted the development of the idea of gender
as distinct from sex? In what ways has this term proven to be insufficient in capturing the complex nature of people's
experience of the world?
QuestionID: 08-4-08
Skill: Understand the complexity of defining, and distinguishing between, sex and gender.
Answer: Gender was a term developed to separate social differences related to expectations about being male or female
(e.g., expectations to wear high heels) from biological realities of those statuses (e.g., pregnancy). The aim was to focus

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Test Bank for Exploring Sociology: A Canadian Perspective, 4th Edition, Bruce Ravelli Michel

Chapter 08: Gender
on attention on the ways in which gender is socially constructed rather than a natural phenomenon. It has been judged
incomplete because of the way that our perceptions of biological "realities" are shaped by social norms (e.g., the "passive"
egg and "aggressive" sperm in fertilization), and for the fact that most approaches to both sex and gender assume a
binary division, where each individual fits into one of two categories. There are many challenges to this binary arising from
intersexed individuals, as well as non-Western cultures who establish social roles for those who identify outside that
spectrum. The existence of cisgender individuals who intentionally challenge the constraining gender roles expected of
them are also a possible challenge to the sufficiency of gender as a term for exploring individuals' experience, as is the
intersection of gender with other social statuses to produce radically different outcomes for individuals.
9. Explain how the normalization of plastic surgery, combined with messages in media, encourages women to see their bodies as
gendered. What are women intended to believe about their bodies? Are there any comparable expectations for you to see their
bodies in similar ways? How are the beliefs men are intended to have about their bodies different?
QuestionID: 08-4-09
Skill: Applied
Answer: Plastic surgery emphasizes the belief that the female body is perfectable, such that if a woman is failing to meet
the societally acceptable standards of appearance, it must be because she isn't working hard enough, isn't paying
attention. This is emphasized by plastic surgery, by the intense marketing directed at women (e.g., diets, exercise
programs, makeup and skin care (especially for removing wrinkles), and by the popularity of makeover shows on
television. Answers about men's bodies will vary considerably – some may argue that there are no pressures on men,
drawing on examples like the wider range of acceptable ages and builds for men as romantic leads in films, and the
relative lack of marketing of cosmetic and beauty products to men. Others may argue that pressures on men are similar,
citing things like the increasing muscularity of Hollywood heroes over the past decades and the number of workout
programs, supplements, and steroids that are marketed to men in attempts to facilitate displaying masculinity in their
bodies.
10. Explain how both hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity intersect with the experience of socioeconomic status.
Use the concept of intersectionality, and provide examples, in the course of your answer.
QuestionID: 08-4-10
Page-Reference: 209-210, 225-226
Skill: Applied
intersects with race and class to produce social inequality.
Answer: Intersectionality refers to the ways in which race, class, gender, and ethnicity interact to produce a variety of
experiences of the social world. Both hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity have distinct class-based
components. Hegemonic masculinity explicitly contains ideas about ambition and financial success, making it difficult to
achieve without substantial class resources. Emphasized femininity also includes a substantial amount of consumptive
labour – the purchase of makeup, clothes, and shoes, as well as participation in grooming rituals (manicures, pedicures,
facials, highlighting one's hair) all require financial capital. This makes emphasized femininity fundamentally more
attainable for individuals who already have class resources to spend on doing so. Students might also add that this
emphasis on socioeconomic status in fulfilling gendered norms also reinforces the racialized aspect of those norms,
because the standards are easier to meet for those who are white, given their access to statistically higher incomes.

8-37
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Chapter 08: Gender

Chapter 08 Multiple Choice Questions

Answer: C) Socially constructed characteristics associated with masculinity and femininity

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc.

4. Which of the following is the best definition of intersexed individuals?

6. Which is the best definition of transsexual?

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Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc.

Answer: B) obliging men's interests and desires.

11. Which of the following is the best definition of emphasized femininity?

13. When do gendered expectations by families begin?

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Answer: A) The intellectual quality of their work

Answer: B) Chilly climate

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17. The phrase "chilly climate" refers to

Answer: B) women's experiences of gender inequality on university campuses.

Answer: A) white, heterosexual, and conventionally beautiful.

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21. Which group is most likely to undergo plastic surgery?

Answer: D) breast implants

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Answer: D) catalogued, ranked, and commodified like livestock.

Answer: B) High numbers of employed, married women with children

Answer: A) gender segregation; a gender-based wage gap

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26. What reason do most women give for working part-time?

Answer: B) Child-rearing and other family responsibilities

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30. Which of the following is the best definition of exchange theory?

Answer: C) Power comes from bringing resources into a relationship.

31. Which of the following is the best definition of intersectionality?

Answer: A) The simultaneous influence of multiple social relations

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Answer: D) complexity and messiness

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Answer: A) instrumental; expressive

Answer: B) private property.

38. Post-structuralist theory views gender as

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39. Individuals born with ambiguous genitalia are referred to as

40. Which of these reflects a symbolic interactionist perspective on gender?

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Answer: C) hegemonic masculinity.

42. Hegemonic masculinity is constructed as

Answer: A) the opposite of everything feminine.

Answer: D) emphasized femininity.

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Answer: C) chilly climate.

46. Which of the following is not an example of emphasized femininity?

Answer: B) Women expressing a desire to be mothers.

47. Which of the following is not an example of hegemonic masculinity?

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48. The labour force is characterized by

Answer: B) gender segregation.