Oct 2022 Unit 2 Ms
Oct 2022 Unit 2 Ms
Oct 2022 Unit 2 Ms
October 2022
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October 2022
Question Paper Log Number P71857A
Publications Code WBI12_01_2210_MS
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© Pearson Education Ltd 2022
• General Marking Guidance
• All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark the first
candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the last.
• Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be rewarded for what
they have shown they can do rather than penalised for omissions.
• Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not according to their
perception of where the grade boundaries may lie.
• There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme should be used
appropriately.
• All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded. Examiners should
always award full marks if deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the mark scheme.
Examiners should also be prepared to award zero marks if the candidate’s response
is not worthy of credit according to the mark scheme.
• Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide the principles by
which marks will be awarded and exemplification may be limited.
• When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark scheme to a
candidate’s response, the team leader must be consulted.
• Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has replaced it with an
alternative response.
Question Answer Mark
Number
1(a)
The only correct answer is C two
B is not correct because both archaea and bacteria contain prokaryotic organisms
D is not correct because both archaea and bacteria contain prokaryotic organisms
(1)
(2)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
Number
1(b)(ii)
• contains {genes / DNA / (genetic) information} to make Accept to enable horizontal transfer of
proteins (genetic) information / used to exchange
(genetic) information with other
(prokaryotic) cells
Accept contains {DNA / (genetic)
information} for antibiotic resistance
(1)
• prokaryotic ribosomes are {70S / small} whereas eukaryotic are Accept {fewer / only three} strands of
{80S / large} rRNA in prokaryote (four in eukaryote)
A is not correct because ribosomes are located inside chloroplasts and mitochondria
C is not correct because ribosomes are located on rER and are involved in translation
D is not correct because ribosomes are located on rER and are involved in translation
(1)
Question Answer Mark
Number
2(a)
The only correct answer is A 7.3 m2
B is not correct because phloem transport in both directions and phloem walls do not contain lignin
D is not correct because phloem transport in both directions and phloem walls do not contain lignin
(1)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
Number
2(c)(i) An answer that makes reference to the following point: Example of diagram
accept label line pointing to tonoplast
• one (permanent) vacuole correctly labelled (1)
(1)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
Number
2(c)(ii) A description that makes reference to the following:
(2)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
Number
3(a)(i) An explanation that makes reference to the following:
• nitrates are needed to make {amino acids / proteins / accept nucleotide / bases / chlorophyll / (2)
polypeptides / DNA / RNA / nucleic acid} (1) ATP
• {grow/ store} more plants in a given area / less space Accept space saving / increased yield in
needed to {grow/ store} the same number of plants (1) given area
• increasing the concentration of calcium (ions / accept fruit treated with 3800 mg dm-3
chloride) increases (fruit) firmness / positive were firmer than the fruit treated with
correlation between calcium (chloride) 950 mg dm-3
concentration and (mean fruit) firmness (1) ignore references to ‘more calcium (1)
chloride solution used’
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
Number
3(b)(iii) An explanation that makes reference to three of the following:
• more {calcium pectate / middle lamella} formed would mean Accept {calcium pectate / middle lamella}
the cells were (more) firmly held together (1) {increases strength of cell wall / holds
cells together} (3)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
Number
4(a)(i) An explanation that includes three of the following points:
• oxygen for (aerobic) respiration (1) accept lack of oxygen for survival of
obligate anaerobes
• glucose for {respiration / ATP production} / amino acids for accept lipids for synthesis of cell
protein synthesis (1) membranes
• optimum temperature for {enzyme / metabolic} reaction (1) accept suitable stated temperature for
{faster/optimum} enzyme activity
• optimum pH for {enzyme / metabolic} reaction (1) accept suitable stated pH for
(3)
{faster/optimum} enzyme rate of reaction
• oil-based plastic is non-renewable (1) accept (oil is a) finite resource / may run
out / may not always be available for
future generations
• oil-based plastic {takes a long time to decompose / isn’t
biodegradable} (1)
• contributes to increased carbon dioxide (in atmosphere) / accept contributes to {global warming/ (2)
not carbon neutral (1) greenhouse effect}
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
Number
4(b)(i) An answer that makes reference to three of the following:
• bacterial survival is lowest on pine chopping board (1) accept converse for plastic
• no change in number of bacteria surviving on plastic during accept only significant difference between
first 4 hours (1) spruce and plastic is at 4 hours / only
slight difference between spruce and
plastic at 24 hours
accept same survival for {spruce/plastic}
after 1 hour (3)
• relevant comment about validity of data (1) e.g. no reference to repeats, no error
bars
• pine boards have antimicrobial properties (1) accept pine boards contain chemicals
which kill bacteria
• pine chopping boards have a pH outside of bacterial accept converse for plastic
optimum pH (1) ignore temperature and water
(1)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
Number
5(a)(i)
• an alternative form of a gene accept version of a gene
(1)
• {secondary/ tertiary} structure formed (1) accept 3D structure formed / bonds form
between different R groups
• polypeptide is packaged into vesicles (by rER) / {(rER) vesicles accept transported in vesicle to the Golgi
fuse with / protein enters} Golgi (1)
• carbohydrate added (to protein in Golgi) (1) accept glycosylation occurs (in the Golgi)
ignore modification occurs in Golgi without
reference to carbohydrate being added
• (glyco)protein is packaged into vesicles (by Golgi) and accept (glyco)protein is packaged into
transported to cell surface membrane (1) vesicles (by Golgi) and vesicle fuses with cell (5)
surface membrane
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
Number
5(b) An explanation that includes three of the following points:
• the greater the number of recessive alleles the lighter the accept converse
colour of the seed / the greater the number of dominant accept correct statement using
alleles the deeper the red colour (1) information from table e.g. linking a
colour to number of recessive alleles /
linking colour to frequency / normal
distribution
• random assortment and crossing over results in (gamete) accept the gametes vary in the number
variation (1) of {recessive/dominant} alleles they
contain
• random fertilisation (of gametes) results in (seed) variation
(1)
• low probability of {inheriting 0/6 recessive alleles / egg cell accept converse for chance of inheriting {3
with no recessive alleles being randomly fertilised by sperm recessive / 3 dominant} alleles (3)
cell with no recessive alleles} (1)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
Number
6(a)(i) An answer that makes reference to the following:
(2)
• (because) differential gene expression occurs (1) Accept some genes become {switched
on / expressed / switched off}
• (due to) epigenetic modification / DNA methylation /
histone modification (1)
(2)
B is not correct because pluripotent do not give rise to all cells in the body
C is not correct because pluripotent do not give rise to totipotent cells (1)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
Number
6(d) An answer that includes the following points:
• cichlids are different species as no longer able to breed together to produce fertile offspring
• due to different {body shape / breeding behaviours etc}
• discussion of how the molecular phylogeny results would support the cichlids being different species
(6)
Additional guidance
Level 0 0 No awardable content
Level 1 1-2 Demonstrates isolated elements of biological knowledge related to Basic description of either how the new species may
the given context with generalised comments made. have formed in these four lakes
or
The description will contain basic information with some attempt
how the scientists would have determined that
made to link knowledge and understanding to the given context.
these cichlids were 6 different species
Level 2 3-4 Demonstrates adequate knowledge by selecting and applying Basic description of new species formation and
some relevant biological facts/concepts to provide the description determination of new species
being presented. or
Detailed description of new species formation
The description shows some linkages and lines of reasoning with
some structure.
Level 3 5-6 Demonstrates comprehensive knowledge by selecting and Detailed description of either how the new species
applying relevant knowledge of biological facts/concepts to may have formed in these four lakes
provide the description being presented. And
how the scientists would have determined that
The description is clear, coherent and logically structured.
these cichlids were 6 different species
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
Number
7(c) An answer that includes the following points: Species Number of n(n-1)
individuals
• N(N-1) correctly calculated (1) (n)
A. astorquii 156 24180
• ∑n(n-1) correctly calculated and inserted into formula (1) A. chancho 45 1980
A. flaveolus 78 6006
• calculation of D for lake Apoyo (1) A. globosus 8 56
A. 17 272
• lake Apoyo has higher biodiversity (as 3.05 is larger than 2.8) supercilius
(1) A. zaliosus 12 132
(N)=316 ∑n(n-
1)=32626
ecf applies
(4)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
Number
7(d) An answer that includes the following points:
• allele frequency has {not changed / remained the same} (1) ecf applies from incorrect p and q values
in working
(3)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
Number
8(a) A description which includes the following points: ignore references to G1, S and G2
• {methyl groups / CH3} are added to {DNA / the gene/ ignore methylation of the gene
cytosine} (1)
• (resulting in RB) gene being {switched off / silenced} (1) accept gene is not {expressed / active}
• (methylation) prevents the binding of {RNA polymerase / accept {no / reduced} transcription of
transcription factors} (1) (RB) gene / mRNA is not produced (from
RB gene)
• (therefore the) {RB / tumour suppressor} protein isn't accept fewer {RB / tumour suppressor} (4)
produced (1) proteins are produced
• and {the cell cycle / mitosis} continues (forming a tumour) / accept higher rate of cell division occurs
{reduced / no} inhibition of tumour growth (1)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
Number
8(c) An explanation that includes the following points:
• Paclitaxel causes the lowest increase in mass of tumour / lowest mass of tumour with paclitaxel
• Paclitaxel was more effective than {placebo / drug X}
• quantitative comparison using information from graph
• error bars for paclitaxel do not overlap with {drug X / placebo} so there is a significant difference / error bars for
drug X and placebo overlap so {the data may not be completely reliable / have similar effectiveness} / correct
comment about size of error bars linked to repeatability of data
• recognition that there is a significant difference between {placebo/drug X} and paclitaxel data
• relevant comment about study design e.g. sample size, no information about age/sex etc of volunteers, no given
duration in human lung study, only 21 days in mouse study
• paclitaxel stopped division of cancerous cells / {fewer / decreased rate of} cancer cells being produced with
paclitaxel
• linkage between {increased mitotic index/ slower rate of mitosis / fewer cancer cells produced by mitosis} and
smaller mass of tumour
• explanation of how mitotic index is calculated (number of cells in mitosis ÷ total number of cells)
• linkage between the increased duration of mitosis and the increased mitotic index e.g. more cells in prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, telophase than in interphase
• linkage between prevention of shortening of spindle fibres and increased duration of mitosis/mitotic index
• resulting in, fewer cells in {anaphase/telophase/cytokinesis} than {prophase/metaphase}
(6)
Additional guidance
Level 0 0 No awardable content
Level 1 1-2 Limited scientific judgement made with a few Basic evaluation of either the effectiveness of
strengths/weaknesses identified. Paclitaxel on lung tumours in humans or the
effectiveness of Paclitaxel on breast tumours in
A conclusion may be attempted, demonstrating isolated mice
elements of biological knowledge and understanding but
with limited evidence to support the judgement being made.
Level 2 3-4 A scientific judgement is made through the application of Basic evaluation of the effectiveness of Paclitaxel on
relevant evidence, with strengths and weaknesses identified. lung tumours in humans and the effectiveness of
Paclitaxel on breast tumours in mice
A conclusion is made, demonstrating linkages to elements of OR
biological knowledge and understanding, with occasional detailed evaluation of either the effectiveness of
evidence to support the judgement being made. Paclitaxel on lung tumours in humans or the
effectiveness of Paclitaxel on breast tumours in
mice
Level 3 5-6 A scientific judgement is made which is supported Detailed evaluation of the effectiveness of Paclitaxel
throughout by sustained application of relevant evidence on lung tumours in humans and the effectiveness of
from the analysis and interpretation of the scientific Paclitaxel on breast tumours in mice
information.