Inglés Ee
Inglés Ee
Inglés Ee
I called my sister who lives in Europe. My sister, who lives in Europe, is pretty.
*I have several sisters and called the one that *I have only one sister and I’m saying that she
lives in Europe. is pretty.
Using ‘that’ instead of ‘who’ or ‘which’ is Is not permitted to use ‘that’ instead of ‘who’
permitted. or ‘which’.
I saw the man who / that lives there. This car, which costs a fortune, was made in
This is the base that / which I brought from Japan.
Paris. NOT: …that costs a fortune.
Do you like the cake (that) I baked?. They introduced me to Jane, who I loved
That is the singer (who) I like. immediately.
NOT: Jane, I loved immediately.
Taken from: Test English - Prepare for your English exam. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2021, from
https://test-english.com/grammar-points/b1/defining-and-non-defining-relative-clauses/
45
Examples
• The dish that I ordered was delicious. (which)
• The man that came with her has already left. (who)
• The doctor that I was hoping to see wasn't on duty. (whom)
Examples:
Mr. Smith, who works with me, has invited me to a party. correct
Mr. Smith, that works with me, has invited me to a party. wrong
46
Let’s fix some relative
clauses!
Practice
Using the clause in the brackets and the pronouns “who” and “that”,
join the two sentences into one with a relative clause.
4) The customer liked the waitress (the waitress was very nice)
____________________________________________________________
12) The waiter was rude (the waiter was wearing a green shirt)
____________________________________________________________
15) The car was stolen (the car was bought 20 years ago)
____________________________________________________________
47
Practice DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
1. Fill in t he blanks with: who, whom, which, 2. Join t he sent ences t o make defining relative
whose, where or when. clauses. Make t he necessary changes.
1. Can you give me back t he money ………… 1. Pass me t he dict ionary. I put it on the shelf.
I lent you last month? ………………………………………………………………………
2. This is t he restaurant ……………… we used 2. Will you help me t o do t he exercises? I don’t
t o eat when we lived in Bost on. underst and t he exercises.
3. Mark has sent me an e-mail …………… I …………………………………………………………………………
haven’t replied yet . ……………………………………………………………………
4. Who’s t he person …………… is sit t ing next 3. We haven’t met Mr Smit h yet . His daught er
t o Nancy? st udies wit h Paul.
5. They complained about t he wrong goods …………………………………………………………………………
………… were sent t o t hem. ……………………………………………………………………
6. This is Susan ……………… husband works 4. We won’t forget t he day. We went t o Just in
in t he sales depart ment . Beaber’s concert that day.
7. Candy is wearing a new dress …………… …………………………………………………………………………
she bought in t he summer sales. ……………………………………………………………………
8. Monday is t he day …………… bills have t o 5. Pet er has read the book. I recommended t he
be paid. book t o him.
9. The secret ary showed me t he filing ………………………………………………………………………
Taken from: English ESL worksheets, activities for distance learning and physical classrooms (x92369). (n.d.). Retrieved April
cabinet …………… import ant documents are 6. They sent me a postcard of t he hot el. They
filed. st ayed t here on holiday.
10. Do you like t he boy …………… Mary is …………………………………………………………………………
t alking t o? ……………………………………………………………………
11. We enjoyed t he part y ……………… Pet er 7. This is my best friend. I met her at school ten
and Pam had t o celebrat e Christ mas. years ago.
12. Are you t he person …………… applied for ………………………………………………………………………
a job as a recept ionist ? 8. Is t his t he man? This man accused you of
13. Is t his the pub ……………… you meet your st ealing his wallet .
friends? …………………………………………………………………………
14. You have t o delet e t he sheet ……………… …………………………………………………………………………
is repeat ed. 9. Pet er made a lemon cake. It is his speciality.
15. April is the mont h ……………… we have ………………………………………………………………………
East er holiday in Spain. 10. I want you t o int roduce you t o Mrs Black. Her
16. The advice …………… Sam gave me was husband is an engineer.
quit e senseless. …………………………………………………………………………
17. Have you bought the food ……………… I …………………………………………………………………………
asked you? 11. Can you show me t he room? Meet ings are held
16, 2021, from https://en.islcollective.com/
18. Phone Mrs Smit h ……………… you will in t hat room.
have t o talk t o t omorrow. …………………………………………………………………………
19. Let ’s visit t he park …………… we played 12. I don’t know t he man. Sue is dancing wit h him.
aft er school. …………………………………………………………………………
20. Celebrit ies receive lot s of invitat ions 13. We last saw Mary on Christ mas Day. She came
……………… t hey don’t accept . t o our part y t hen.
21. Did you refuse t he offer …………… t he …………………………………………………………………………
company made you? …………………………………………………………………………
14. You have t o correct t he mist akes. You’ve made
mist akes in the let t er.
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
15. I like Mrs Whit e. She is in charge of t he
Market ing Depart ment .
…………………………………………………………………………
48
Practice: Read the next biography. Underline the relative pronouns or adverbs that introduce a
relative clause. Change for “that” where possible, if not, explain why this step cannot be done.
Donald Trump
Donald John Trump born June 14, 1946, is an
American businessman and reality television
Is it possible to change “that” for any of the relative pronouns or adverbs underlined? Why or why
not? Explain.
Adapted from: Relative clauses - Donald Trump - with answers - ESL worksheet | ELTbase.com. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19,
2021, from https://www.eltbase.com/worksheet-2631-relative-clauses-donald-trump-with-answers
49
UNIT 2
• Agreeing and disagreeing
In English, trying to keep on a conversation requires a lot of listening and speaking skills. Learning
agreeing and disagreeing expressions may help us to show interest on what our interlocutor
expresses. Even though there are a lot of general expressions to do that, phrases like:
• me neither
• neither do I
• nor can I
• she doesn’t either, and
• so does my dad
are very helpful to show that in Spanish we call “coincidencia” or “acuerdo”, in a positive way, and
“desacuerdo”, when we do not agree with what has been said.
Grammarbank.com, a specialized site dedicated to promote learning English as a Second Language,
explains that by using these expressions indicates that the same or similar situation applies to
another person, group or entity.
On that basis, this lesson intentions are to understand how this expression works and how can we
use them when speaking English.
So Too
So + aux. / modal verb + pronoun Pronoun + aux. / modal verb + Too
50
Speaker A’s statement Speaker B Speaker B (also)
Terry has completed his master’s degree. So has James. James has too.
You can choose both forms of agreement, since you are the one involved in the conversation.
Just consider, two things:
1. The tense from the sentence you are agreeing with needs to be used in your agreement
expression.
2. Check that when there are an auxiliary or modal verb, we use them in the agreement
expression, but when there aren’t, we use the verb “do” instead.
Examples:
• Mary and Sam will join the chess club.
Will is the auxiliary verb so that our answer could be:
• So will Jessica or Jessica will to.
51
Neither/Nor Neither/Nor
Neither/ Nor + aux./ modal verb
Neither/ Nor + aux./ modal verb
+ pronoun
+ pronoun
Neither (nor) am I
Neither (nor) am I
Sandra cannot play the guitar. Neither (nor) can I. I can’t either.
Jennifer hasn't eaten her sandwich. Neither (nor) has James. James hasn’t either
Mary and Sam won't attend the meeting. Neither (nor) will I. I will not either
Dogs cannot fly. Neither (nor) can cats. Cats can’t either
The next table presents you a summary of all this information, and its meaning in Spanish, so you can
tackle down the correct use for these expressions:
Either à Ya sea
Neither à Ninguna
So à Entonces
Too à También
53
Answer to the following statements using neither/nor or so.
1. I wouldn't like to get fired ___________________________
2. I can’t sing well. ___________________________
3. I’m writing a book. ___________________________
4. I love eating pizza. ___________________________
5. I have never tried sushi. ___________________________
6. I can play an instrument. ___________________________
7. I didn’t like her dress. ___________________________
8. I wanted to be a firefighter. ___________________________
9. I’ve been to Poland. ___________________________
10. I don’t have any children. ___________________________
11. I agree with her. ___________________________
12. I’d like to have more money. ___________________________
13. I understand everything. ___________________________
14. I could eat all the time. ___________________________
15. I should study regularly. ___________________________
16. I can’t keep a secret. ___________________________
17. I’ve tried Chinese food. ___________________________
18. I hate rain. ___________________________
19. I don’t mind vacuuming. ___________________________
20. I’m going to Australia. ___________________________
21. I’m not scared of anything. ___________________________
22. I enjoyed that movie. ___________________________
23. I’d like to travel more. ___________________________
24. I don’t like chocolate cake. ___________________________
25. I love nice people. ___________________________
54
Practice with listening
55
Taken
f
r
o
m
:
E
My son is a good student, my daughter is too. I’ve got a new bicycle, Mary has too. n
so is my daughter. so has Mary. g
l
i
Peter doesn’t like meat, Sally doesn’t either. I won’t go Sally won’t either. s
h
neither does Sally. neither will Sally.
nor does Sally. nor will Sally. E
S
L
w
o
Here are some sentences which a friend can say to Now you must use NEITHER or NOR in place of ‘so’. r
k
you. Answer with a short “ SO” sentence. ▪I’m not a nurse. ________________________ s
h
▪I must stay here. ________________________ ▪They didn’t say anything. _________________ e
e
▪I came to school on time. ___________________ ▪He shouldn’t stay out so late. ______________ t
▪Susan has got blonde hair. __________________ ▪Sheila doesn’t like maths. _________________ s
,
▪Scott can play tennis well. __________________ ▪I didn’t do it if I were you. _______________
a
▪The teacher was angry. ___________________ ▪His brother can’t drive a car. ______________ c
▪John has just phoned. _____________________ ▪Peter doesn’t teach History. _______________ t
i
▪They lived in Madrid. _____________________ ▪My son is going to work harder next year. _____ v
i
▪Margaret likes ‘paella’. _____________________ ▪She can’t play tennis this afternoon. __________ t
▪I help my mother at home. _________________ ▪You mustn’t use your mobile phone in class. _____ i
e
▪She words too hard. ______________________ ▪Peter hasn’t waited for a long time. __________ s
▪Peter should practice his pronunciation. ________ ▪They won’t be here on Sunday. ______________ f
▪She feels cold. __________________________ ▪Me friends didn’t go to the party. ___________ o
r
▪I will come if I have time. _________________ ▪John doesn’t remember. ___________________
d
▪I’ve finished. ___________________________ i
s
t
a
n
c
e
Use NEITHER, NOR or SO to write these sentences in a different way:
l
▪ My sister cut herself. Your sister cut herself. _________________________________________ e
a
▪My brother cleaned his shoes before going to bed. His brother cleaned his shoes before going to bed. r
_______________________________________________________________________________ n
i
_ n
g
▪Peter didn’t know about it and I didn’t know about it either. _______________________________
▪The manager wasn’t surprised. His companions weren’t surprised either. _______________________ a
n
▪You mustn’t touch the teacher’s bag. The other students mustn’t either. ______________________ d
▪We had our lunch at home. Sally had hers at home too. ___________________________________ p
▪The students can’t leave yet and the teachers can’t leave yet either. ________________________ h
y
▪Her horse won’t jump over the river and mine won’t either. ________________________________ s
i
▪We have a new car. Mr. Brown has a new car too. _______________________________________ c
a
▪The driver shouted. I shouted too. ___________________________________________________ l
▪You ought to come. Your parents ought to come either.____________________________________
c
l
a
s
s
r
o
o
m
s
(
56 x
9
2
3