Unit III

Renewable Energy Sources

Source: https://www.wtsenergy.com/glossary/renewable-energy/
 What is Renewable
Energy?
• Energy from a source that is not depleted when
used, such as wind or solar power.
• Any energy resource that is naturally regenerated
over a short time scale and derived directly from
the sun (such as thermal, photochemical, and
photoelectric), indirectly from the sun (such as
wind, hydropower, and photosynthetic energy
stored in biomass), or from other natural
movements and mechanisms of the environment
(such as geothermal and tidal energy).
 Solar Power
Solar power is a fast-developing industry in India. The country's solar installed capacity was
70.01 GWAC as of 30 June 2023. Solar power generation in India ranks fourth globally in 2021.
In FY2023-24, India is planning to issue 40 GW tenders for solar and hybrid projects. India has
established nearly 42 solar parks to make land available to the promoters of solar plants.
During 2010–19, the foreign capital invested in India on Solar power projects was nearly
20.7 billion US$.
The International Solar Alliance (ISA), proposed by India as a founder member, is headquartered
in India. India has also put forward the concept of "One Sun One World One Grid" and "World
Solar Bank" to harness abundant solar power on a global scale.
References:
"Clean Energy Investment Trends 2021" (PDF). IEA and CEEW. December 2021. Retrieved 3
January 2022.
"Physical Progress (Achievements)". This page keeps updating. Ministry of New & Renewable
Energy. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
"Page 45, BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2022" (PDF). Retrieved 11 September 2022.
 Solar Power

Solar power is the conversion

of sunlight into electricity, either directly using
Photovoltaic (PV), or indirectly using
concentrated solar power. In a sunny climate,
you can get enough power to run a 100W
light bulb from just one square meter of solar
panel.
How Solar PV works?
Growth of Solar Power in India
(in MW)
Major photovoltaic (PV) power plants
 Power Your Home With
Solar Energy
• The system needed isn't that complex when you
examine the devices needed. Simply add solar
panels to collect sunlight and convert it into
electricity. DC power (direct current) is then sent
to an inverter, which converts DC power into Ac
power, which now runs your home through the
use of transfer switches and other safety devices
 Other Uses Of Solar
Energy
• Indoor Lighting
• Outdoor Lighting
• Battery Charging
• Power Pumps With Solar Energy
• Solar Energy Can Heat Our Home
• Mobile charging
Some Applications
 Advantages of solar
power
• Solar energy is free - it needs no fuel and
produces no waste or pollution.
• In sunny countries, solar power can be used
where there is no easy way to get electricity
to a remote place.
• Handy for low-power uses such as solar
powered garden lights and battery chargers
 Disadvantages of
Solar Power
• Doesn't work at night.
• Very expensive to build solar power
stations.
Solar cells cost a great deal compared to
the amount of electricity they'll produce in
their lifetime.
• Can be unreliable unless you're in a very
sunny climate.
A single solar cell (10 cmX10 cm) produces a voltage of 0.5 V and a current upto 2.5 A. If
the solar insolation is 800 W/m2, find the efficiency of solar cell.
A single solar cell on illumination of about 800 w/m2 produces a voltage of 0.5 v and a
current up to 2 A. The efficiency of the solar cell is 12.5%. Calculate the area of the cell.
The solar insolation on a rectangular module (1.5m x2m) of photovoltaic cell is 550 w/m2. If the
efficiency of the cell is 12%. What is the power output of the module?
WIND ENERGY
 Wind power

• We have used the wind as an Energy source for

a long time. The Babylonians and Chinese
were using wind power to pump water for
irrigating crops 4,000 year ago.
• Wind power was used in the middle ages, in
Europe to grind grain and lifting water , which is
where the term windmills comes from.
 How Wind Power
Works
• WIND TURBINES convert the kinetic energy in
the WIND into mechanical energy. And generator
can convert the mechanical power into electricity.
• The energy in the wind turn two or three propeller
like blades a rotor. Rotor is connected to the main
shaft which spin a generator to create an
electricity.
• Wind turbines are mounted on tower about the
height of 30meter to captured the most energy.
 Types of Wind turbines
•Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
•Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Advantages of Wind power

• Wind is free, wind farms need no fuel.

• Produces no waste or greenhouse
gases.
• The land beneath can usually still be
used for farming.
• Wind farms can be tourist attractions.
• A good method of supplying energy to
remote areas.
 Disadvantages of Wind Power
• The wind is not always predictable some days have
no wind.
• Suitable areas for wind farms are often near the
coast, where land is expensive.
• Can kill birds - migrating flocks tend to like strong
winds.
• Can affect television reception if you live nearby.
• Noisy. A wind generator makes a constant, low,
"swooshing" noise day and night.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qS
Wm_nprfqE

Online calculator:
https://rechneronline.de/wind-power/
Installed Wind Power Capacity in India
(As on Dec, 2022)
 Wind power by state
There is a growing number of wind energy installations in states across
India. Gujarat has the highest installed wind power capacity, followed by Tamil
Nadu.
Wind Projects in India
 Largest wind farm
INDIA WORLD
Gujarat London Array
 Is Wind Power
Renewable?

• Wind power is renewable.

•Winds will keep on blowing,
it makes sense to use them.
 Wind energy formula

1 hectopascal (hPa) equals 100 Pa, which equals 1 millibar. 100,000 Pa equals 1000
hPa which equals 1000 millibars
The air flow area, also called swept area, is the area through the air (wind)
is flowing. The swept area of the turbine can be calculated from the length
of the turbine blades using the equation for the area of a circle:
Wind turbine energy formula
Calculate the energy output of a wind turbine
during 3 h of continuous operation, with a
blade length of 10 m and efficiency of 40 %,
when the wind speed is 15 kph and the air
pressure and temperature are 1.225 at 15 °C.
Determine the power in the wind if the wind speed
is 20 m/s and blade length is 50 m
Lets assume that we live in an area slightly above sea level that has an air
density of 1.225Kg/m3 and we have installed a 40% efficient wind turbine
which has a rotor blade radius of six ( 6 ) metres. Calculate the output power
from the turbine at a wind speed of 8 metres/second, ( 8m/s ) and again at
double the velocity of 16 metres/second ( 16m/s ).
“If there is a magic on this planet, It is
Contained in Water”
(Loren Eisley, Anthropologist)
 Tidal Power

• Tidal power works rather like a hydro-electric

scheme, except that the dam is much bigger.
• A huge dam (called a "barrage") is built across a river
estuary. When the tide goes in and out, the water
flows through tunnels in the dam.
• The ebb and flow of the tides can be used to turn a
turbine, or it can be used to push air through a pipe,
which then turns a turbine. Large lock gates, like the
ones used on canals, allow ships to pass.
• Only around 20 sites in the world have been
identified as possible tidal power stations.
 Advantages to Tidal Power
• Once you've built it, tidal power is
free.
• It produces no greenhouse gases
or other waste.
• It needs no fuel.
• It produces electricity reliably.
• Not expensive to maintain.
• Tides are totally predictable.
 Disadvantages to Tidal
Power

A barrage across an estuary is very expensive to build,

and affects a very wide area - the environment is
changed for many miles upstream and downstream.
Many birds rely on the tide uncovering the mud flats so
that they can feed. there are few suitable sites for tidal
barrages.

Only provides power for around 10 hours each day,

when the tide is actually moving in or out.
 Biomass Energy
• Biomass is fuel that is developed from
organic materials, a renewable and
sustainable source of energy used to create
electricity or other forms of power.
1. Scrap lumber
2. Forest debris
3. Certain crops
4. Manure
5. Some types of waste residues.
How Biomass Works

•Plant and animal waste is used to produce

fuels such as methanol, natural gas, and oil.
We can use rubbish, animal manure, woodchips,
seaweed, corn stalks and other wastes.
Sugar cane is harvested and taken to a mill, where it is
crushed to extract the juice. The juice is used to make
sugar, whilst the left-over pulp, called "bagasse" can
be burned in a power station.
Cont ...
Other solid wastes, can be burned to provide heat, or
used to make steam for a power station.

Burn fuel
heat water to make steam

steam turns turbine

turbine turns generator

electrical power sent around the country

 Advantages of
Biomass

• It makes sense to use waste materials

where we can.
• The fuel tends to be cheap.
• Less demand on the Earth's resources.
 Disadvantages of Using Biomass

•Collecting the waste in

sufficient quantities can be
difficult.
• We burn the fuel, so
it makes greenhouse gases.
• Some waste materials are not available
all year round.
 Is It
Renewable?

• Biomass is renewable

•We will always make waste products.

We can always plant & grow more sugar cane
and more trees, so those are renewable too.
 Geothermal Power
– Hot rocks underground heat
water to produce steam.
We drill holes down to the hot region, steam
comes up, is purified and used to drive
turbines, which drive electric generators.
• There may be natural "groundwater" in the hot
rocks anyway, or we may need to drill more
holes and pump water down to them.
Layout of Geothermal plant

9/4/2023 UNIT 1 54
Geothermal power in Canada has high potential due to its position on
the Pacific Ring of Fire. The region of greatest potential is the Canadian
Cordillera, stretching from British Columbia to the Yukon, where estimates
of generating output have ranged from 1,550 MW to 5,000 MW.

The geography of Japan is uniquely suited for geothermal power

production. Japan has numerous hot springs that could provide fuel for
geothermal power plants, but a massive investment in Japan's
infrastructure would be necessary.

The largest group of geothermal power plants in the world is located

at The Geysers, a geothermal field in California, United States. As of 2004,
five countries (El Salvador, Kenya, the Philippines, Iceland, and Costa Rica)
generate more than 15% of their electricity from geothermal sources.
Geothermal electricity is generated in the 24 countries.
 Direct Uses Of Geothermal Energy
• space heating
• air conditioning
• industrial processes
• drying
• Greenhouses
• Aquaculture
• hot water
• resorts and pools
• melting snow
 Advantages of
Geothermal Power
• Geothermal energy does not
produce any pollution, and
does not contribute to the
greenhouse effect.
• The power stations do not take up much room, so
there is not much impact on the environment.
• No fuel is needed.
• Once you've built a geothermal power station, the
energy is almost free.
It may need a little energy to run a pump, but this can
be taken from the energy being generated.
 Disadvantages of
Geothermal Power

• The big problem is that there are not many places

where you can build a geothermal power station.
You need hot rocks of a suitable type, at a depth
where we can drill down to them.
The type of rock above is also important, it must be of
a type that we can easily drill through.
• Sometimes a geothermal site may "run out of steam",
perhaps for decades.
• Hazardous gases and minerals may come up from
underground, and can be difficult to safely dispose of.
 Is it Renewable?
• Geothermal energy is renewable.
•The energy keeps on coming, as long
as we don't pump too much cold water
down and cool the rocks too much.
MHD power plant

9/4/2023 UNIT 1 61
9/4/2023 UNIT 1 62
 Fuel Cell
• A fuel cell is a device which takes stored chemical energy
and converts it to electrical energy directly.
Thank you!