Sipnayan 2017

Senior High School

November 11, 2017

Inexact wording for written round, but otherwise accurate. Thanks to John Patrick Bas for
providing oral round questions. If you have any corrections, please contact me at [email protected],
or through my Facebook account, Carl Joshua Quines.

Written round, two hours

Easy, two points each
1. Find the number of positive integers n such that (n + 1)n + nn+1 is divisible by n. [1]

2. Sheen chooses 3 cells at random on a 4 × 4 grid. What is the probability that the three squares
 
1
are horizontal or vertical, without any gaps in between?
35
3. Let a circle have center O and radius 8. Points A, B, C, D are on circle O such that BC is a
diameter, AD is perpendicular to BC. Let E be the intersection of BC and AD. It is known
1 √ 
that sin ∠DAB = . What is the length of AE? 15
4
4. Phineas, Ferb, Isabella, Baljeet, and Buford play a game. Phineas starts with the number 32,
and then Ferb says the number that is 50% more than 32. Then Isabella says the number
that is 50% more than what Ferb said, and Baljeet and Buford do the similar. Then Phineas
says the number that is 50% more than Buford’s, and the cycle continues. The game ends
right before someone says a number that isn’t an integer. What is the sum of all the numbers
said? [665]

2 4
 
5. What is the sum of the coefficients of the even-degree terms of x +3 ? [81]
x
6. Bimb has an average of 94.2 in Math, English, Spelling, History, and Science. He has a grade
of 100 and 92 in Spelling and History, respectively. His average grade in English and Spelling
is greater than his average grade in Math and Science by 2.5. The average of his non-math
grades is 94.5. If Bimb’s grade in Math was 3 points higher, and Bimb’s grade in Science was
2 points lower, what would be his average in English and Math? [94]
1020 − 211 · 510 + 1
7. Find the sum of the digits of . [82]
102 − 22 · 51 + 1
8. Inez has a set of six refrigerator magnets in the shape of the letters A, C, D, G, O, and T . She
is amused that she can spell the names of her favorite animals, CAT , DOG, GOAT , and
T OAD. How many arrangements of the six letters contain at least one of her favorite animals
as a substring? (For example, DOGACT contains DOG, but DOAGCT does not.) [58]
2

Average, three points each

1 1 1
1. Find the minimum of + 2016 + · · · + + x + x2 + · · · + x2017 over all positive real
x2017 x x
numbers x. [4034]

2. The Nickelodeon Math Club 30 students, some from Retroville and the remainder from Bikini
Bottom. Each pair of students solves a problem over a year. Working together, two Retroville
students take an hour, a Retroville student and a Bikini Bottom student take 4 hours, and
two Bikini Bottom students take 3 hours. If the sum of all the hours spent solving is 1425,
find the number of Retroville students. [15]

3. Wanda shows a trick to her audience using the sequence 5, 6, 7, 8, 3, 2, 1, called “Righteous
Minimum Query!” She asks the audience to pick a substring of the sequence, like 5678, 7832,
or 7, and she gives the smallest number in the substring. What is the sum of Wanda’s answers
for all possible substrings of the sequence? [94]

4. Carl and Carly play a game called “Chocolate NIM”. They have a jar with 10 Flat Tops. In
each turn, they take a positive integer number of Flat Tops out of the box, and Carl always
goes first. The game ends when the jar is empty. How many possible games of Chocolate NIM
are there? (Two games are different if they have a different number of turns, or if there exists
a turn i such that the number of Flat Tops taken in that turn differs in either game.) [512]
AE 2 AD 4
5. Triangle ABC has cevians BD and CD intersecting at F . Given = and = , find
EB 5 DC 3 
DF EF 118
+ .
FB FC 105

Difficult, five points each

1. The sequence {an } satisfies a0 = 1669, a1 = 2017, and an = 2an−1 + an−2 for all n ≥ 2.
∞  
X ai−1 1
Evaluate .
a2 − a2i−1
i=1 i
696

2. Mable and Dipper Pines each have a bag containing 9 marbles, numbered from 1 through 9.
They each remove one marble and add the numbers of the remaining 8 marbles. Find the 
7
probability that Mabel’s sum and Dipper’s sum differ by a multiple of 4.
27

3. Square ABCD has side AB on the line y = x + 4 and points C and D on the parabola x = y 2 .
Find the sum of all possible areas of ABCD. [68]

4. A trapezoid is inscribed in a circle of radius 2, such that one side coincides with a diameter.
 √ 
Find the maximum possible area of the trapezoid. 3 3

5. A series of 12 lights are in a row. In a single turn, a light can be turned on if and only if it is
adjacent to a light that is previously on. Initially, the 1st, 6th, and 12th lights are on. In how
many possible sequences can all the lights be turned on? (Two sequences are different if there
exists a turn i in which the light turned on differs in either sequence.) [16128]
3

Very difficult, eight points each

1 1
1. Positive real numbers a, b, c, d satisfy a2 + b2 − ab = c2 + d2 + cd = 256 and ac + bd = 240.
2 2
Determine the maximum value of (ab + cd)2 .1 [61440]

2. Find the sum of the first 2017 terms of the sequence 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, . . .

[669789]

3. Find all triples (a, b, c) of positive integers such that a! = 4 · b! + 10 · c!.

[(4, 1, 2) , (6, 5, 4) , (14, 13, 13)]

Semifinals A
Easy, two points, thirty seconds
1. Mr. Krabs is already bankrupt, so he bought a magic money box in Rock Bottom. The box has
two buttons – a blue button and a white button. Initially, the box has $0. When Mr. Krabs
presses the blue button, $1,000 is magically added to the box. On the other hand, when he
presses the white one, the amount inside the box doubles. If Mr. Krabs wants to earn exactly
$143,000, at least how many times should he push the blue button in the box?
[5]

2. Vincent mentioned his favorite two-digit number at work one day; to his surprise, Angelo’s
two-digit number was the same as his number, only the digits were reversed! Furthermore,
Angelo pointed out that if they concatenated their numbers, the resulting four-digit number
would be a perfect cube! What is the four-digit number? [1331]

3. Find the last two digits of 42017 + 72017 . [91]

∞  
X 3
4. If (sin x)2n = 8, what is cos (2x)? −
4
n=0

5. Aunt Patricia recalled a superstition that she heard a long time ago during her time in the
Sharp Corporation that goes like this: Draw two cards from a standard deck of 52 playing
cards. If the drawn cards are the King and Queen of the same suit, then you and your crush
will be destined for eternal happiness! However, if you draw a King and Queen of different
suits, you will be cursed with unrequited love! Otherwise, nothing particularly interesting
happens. According to the superstition, what is the probability she will be cursed? Express
 
2
your answer as a fraction in lowest terms.
221

Average, three points, sixty seconds

h πi  
5 15 220
1. Let x, y ∈ 0, . If sin x = , sin y = , what is the value of tan (x + y)?
2 13 17 21

1
Since this is the only problem I didn’t get in theory: a, b, c, d form a cyclic quadrilateral in order due to law of
cosines, diagonal separating a, b and c, d has length 16 and by Ptolemy’s, the other diagonal is 15. The area is
1
2
ab sin α + 12 cd sin (180 − α) = 12 (ab + cd) sin α, so it remains to maximize the area, which is when the diagonals
√
are perpendicular. Perpendicular diagonals make the area 120, and from the cosine law cos α = 14 so sin α = 415 .
√
This means ab + cd = 64 15, and its square is 61440.
4

2. A pseudo-binary number is a positive integer whose decimal representations is composed of

only zeroes (0s) and ones (1s). What is the smallest pseudo-binary number divisible by 13?
[1001]
3. The Sharp Mathematician Kenny has red, blue, green, and yellow socks in his drawer. Suppose
Kenny’s morning routine is that he reaches into his drawer and pulls out a random sock (any
of the four colors can be chosen with equal probability) one by one until he has two socks
of the same color. How many distinct possible morning routines exist? Two routines are
considered different if and only if the number of total socks pulled out is different OR there
exists a number i such that the ith sock pulled out is a different color in the two routines.
[196]
4. Jughead is given a segment of length N . Then, he generates two random real numbers in the
range [0, 2N ] (with uniform distribution) N1 and N2 . He makes two more segments such that
one’s length is equal to N1 and the other’s length is equal to N2 . What is the probability that
the three segments can be connected vertex to vertex to form a triangle? Express your answer 
5
as a fraction in lowest terms.
8
5. How many ordered pairs of integers (m, n) where m, n ∈ [−2017, 2017] are there such that
x3 + y 3 = m + 3nxy has infinitely many integer solutions (x, y)? [25]

Difficult, five points, ninety seconds

1. Gordon Ramsay has a plate in the design of a 9 × 9 chessboard. He has 9 pieces of foie gras,
and he wants to plate them in such a way that one piece of foie gras takes up the space of one
1 × 1 square, the corner squares do not have any foie gras, and each row and column only has
one piece of foie gras each. In how many ways can he do this? Give the exact value. [211680]
 √ 
2. Solve for x in logx 36 + 6 log36 x = 5. 6, 3 36
3. A nonnegative function f (x) satisfies f (x)f (y) = xf (y) + yf (x) + x + y + 1. What is f (x2 )?
2x2 + 1
4. Simplify the following expression in terms of sin x and cos x:
sin x(sin2 x + cos2 x) + csc x tan x
 2 
sin 2x
+ cos x + sin4 x + cos4 x .
(csc x + cot x) (csc x − cot x) sec x 2
[sin x + cos x]
√ p √
5. Let a and b be the roots of 5x2 + 5 − 5 x + 30 + 10 5 = 0. Find a2 b + ab2 − a −


+ ab − 1.
" b√ #
2 5−1
5

Semifinals B
Easy, two points, thirty seconds
x···
1. Find the value of x > 0 in xx = 4.2
√ 
2
2
Actually wrong, should be no solution. Without resorting to regions of convergence bla bla, consider the equation
x··· √
xx = 2, which by the same method gives the answer 2. It’s impossible for it to equal both, and in this case it
equals 2 rather than 4 if you type out the first few on a calculator.
5

2. Isabella decided to surprise Phineas by writing a three-digit positive integer on the whiteboard.
Unfortunately, Phineas accidentally smudged the middle digit before he could see it. Isabella
however noticed that the remaining two digits coincidentally formed the square root of her
original number! What is the sum of all possible values for Isabella’s original three-digit
number? [221]

3. Spongebob, Patrick, and Mr. Krabs are shopping together. Spongebob sees some Sharp
calculators and decideds to buy 5 calculators for himself with their shared money. Not to
be outdone, Patrick buys 9 calculators for himself with their shared money. Mr. Krabs gets
angry and then buys 13 calculators for himself with their shared money. This continues, with
Spongebob buying 17 calculators, and so on. However, the three of them only have enough
money for at most 500 calculators total. How many calculators in total did the three end up
buying? [495]

4. The quadratic function U (x) has U (1) = 6, U (2) = 4U (1) + 4, U (3) = 2U (2). Whatare the
2
zeroes of the function? , −5
3
5. AD is the angle bisector of triangle ABC. If AB = 5, DC = 8, and BC = 12, what
" is√the
#
81 3
area of an equilateral triangle that has the same perimeter as triangle ABC?
4

Average, three points, sixty seconds

1. Find the largest prime number that divides 1 × 2 × 3 + 2 × 3 × 4 + · · · + 2014 × 2015 × 2016.
[2017]

2. Find the last two digits of 32017 . [63]

1
3. Earl fills an urn with 15 chips such that k chips are labeled for k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Then, Marie
k
takes 5 chips from the Earl’s urn without replacement. What is the probability that the  sum 
3002
of the numbers labeled on the chips is greater than 1?
3003
4. Spongebob wants to treat his friends Patrick and Sandy to some Krabby Patties. However, he
wants to twist things up. He asks each friend to choose a number such that the number of
Krabby Patties that each friend receives is a multiple of that number. Patrick then chooses
7 and Sandy chooses 6. Before he heated up the grill, he determined the maximum number
of Krabby Patties he should cook such that however they will be distributed (subject to the
conditions), he’s guaranteed to have some left for himself. After cooking the first batch, Sandy
then decides to change her number to 8 because of her belief in lucky numbers. How many
more Krabby Patties should Spongebob cook such that his conditions are still met? [12]

5. Carl has a collection of 100 marbles, labeled 1, 2, 3, until 100. He then chooses two random
marbles and multiplies the values written on them. What is the probability that the product
 
7
of the numbers is a perfect cube and is a number in his marble collection?
4950
6

Difficult, five points, ninety seconds

√
1− 3x a
1. The value of lim √ can be expressed as a fraction , where a and b are relatively prime
x→1 1 − x b
integers. What is the value of ab? [6]

2. Solve for x: log16 (log4 x) = log4 log16 x. [256]

3. Find all values of the constant k such that 525x + 524x + · · · + 52x + 5x = k − 5−x − 5−2x −
· · · − 5−24x − 5−25x has at least one real solution. [k ≥ 50]

4. Let f be a function satisfying f (5x − 3y) = 2f (x)f (y), for all x, y ∈ R, and f (0) 6= 0. Evaluate
 
f (2017) + f (2015) + · · · + f (3) + f (1) 1009
.
f (2016) + f (2014) + · · · + f (4) + f (2) 1008
711
5. What is the remainder when 35 is divided by 13? [9]

Finals
Teams sequentially choose question order, and can skip between rounds. If not stated, mechanics
are as usual.
Spongebob (SS) groups teams into three-three: two teams getting correct get 1.5 times the points,
one team getting correct gets twice the points.
Gravity Falls (GF) gives teams the choice to get twice the alloted points if correct and deducted
the number of points if wrong or blank.
Fairly Odd Parents (FOP) gives team the choice to wish. Wishing gives twice points if correct,
penalized next FOP question if wrong. If penalized, a team cannot wish and gets half points if
correct. Teams cannot wish in last FOP question.
Jimmy Neutron (JN) gives teams a flag to raise: raising before 1/3 of the time is up gives twice if
correct, deduct if wrong, none if blank; raising before 1/2 the time is up gives 1.5 times if correct,
deduct 0.5 if wrong, none if blank. Answers cannot be changed after raising the flag.
Phineas and Ferb (PF) gives teams the choice to allow a randomly chosen team member to sit
out for 2.5 times the points if correct.

Easy, 2 points, 30 seconds

 
4 576
SS. Find sin 2x · tan 2x if cos x = .
5 175
GF. For how many positive integers n is log (log (log n)) is defined, but log (log (log (log n))) is not?
Note that log x = log10 x. [9,999,999,990]

FOP. A star is placed on the bottom-left corner square of a 3 × 3 grid. To reach its full potential, it
must be on the top-right corner of the grid. A fair coin is flipped repeatedly. Each time that
the coin shows heads, the star is moved one space upwards; each time the coin shows tails,
the star is moved one space to the right. Assuming that the star may move off the grid, what 
3
is the probability that the star will reach its full potential?
8
JN. A number is called lodi if it has at least 4 positive factors. Consider the sum of distinct lodi
coefficients of (x + y)7 . How many positive factors does it have? [8]
7

PF. Josep is at a math competition. The question given in the do-or-die question was “The
32 + 23
probability of winning Sipnayan is . What is the probability of not winning Sipnayan?”
5!
In his panic, Josep has dropped his glasses before he read the question slip, so he read the
33 + 2 2
probability as . The product of the correct answer and Josep’s answer (assuming Josep
51
solved using a correct procedure, with only the given as his mistake) can be expressed as a
a
fraction in lowest terms . What is a + b? [409]
b

Average, 3 points, 60 seconds

 3
32016
       2017 2017 
2x 9 8x 2 x
SS. Find x if log + log + log + · · · + log + log =
3 4x2 27 22016 x2016 32017
2018. (Note that log x = log10 x.) [150]

GF. A 5-digit number is made using each of the digits 3, 6, 7, 8, and 9 exactly once. An orbskie is
a number that is divisible by 4 but not by 8. What is the probability that a number formed
 
1
with the digits is an orbskie?
15
FOP. Timmy Turner’s room has been filled with beads because of a wish gone wrong. Cosmo,
Wanda, and Poof try to empty the room by throwing beads out of the window. Poof starts
by throwing out 1 bead. Wanda then throws out 2 beads, then Cosmo follows with 4. This
continues, with the next person throwing out twice as many beads as the previous person.
It takes them each 4 seconds per turn to throw out the beads. If it takes them 1 minute to
throw all the beads out, how many beads did Wanda throw out in total? [9362]

JN. Given a, b, c, x, d are positive integers and abcx = d10 and b2 = 4a(c − d). Find all possible
values of x. [none]
x4
PF. If x > 4, what is the minimum value of ? [256]
(x − 4)2

Difficult, 5 points, 90 seconds

SS. Merry Christmas in November! Mr. Sharp has a traditional Math Parol which can be
constructed in the following manner: consider a regular hexagon with six vertices; draw
an extra vertex in the center, and draw edges connecting it to each of the original vertices.
Suppose he wants to place LEDs on the vertices, and he has four colors: Red, Blue, Green, and
Yellow. How many ways can the seven vertices be assigned LEDs such that no two adjacent
vertices have the same color? Two vertices are considered adjacent if they share an edge. Note
that the Parol is to be hung upright, so rotations and reflections of the hexagon are considered
distinct from each other. [264]
AB 5
GF. In cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, AB ∼
= AD. If AC = 10 and = , find the maximum
BD 6
possible area of ABCD. [48]
          
1 2 3 4 5
FOP. Find the value of tan tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 .
5 5 5 5  5 
387
−
613
8

JN. A “petmalu jeep” makes 2018 stops in one trip. At the start of the trip, b people are in the
jeep. Let ai 6= 0 be the number of people in the “petmalu jeep” just before the ith stop. At
ai
the ith stop, if ai is even, − 1 people leave the jeep. Otherwise, if ai is odd, then 2ai + 1
2
people enter the jeep. Find the minimum value of b such that only 3 people are left after the
2017th stop. [4]

PF. The Grand Geometric Explorer Louie Sharp is recording his 6-Day exploration through the
Tetra Wilderness, a Tetrahedron World where each vertex is labeled A, B, C and D. Louie
begins on Vertex C (but he does not put this in his journal). Every day, Louie travels to a
vertex adjacent to the one he is currently on, and logs the name of that vertex into his journal
for the day (Example: Day 1, visited Vertex D). However, Louie wants the entry for the 6th
and final day to be on the same vertex he started on initially. How many possible journeys
through the Tetra Wilderness are there? [183]

Very Difficult, 8 points, 120 seconds

SS. Find the smallest positive integer x such that
  π   π       2   xπ 
4π 2π x π
2 cos sin + cos sin + · · · + cos sin
2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017

is an integer. [2016]

GF. A certain credit card has the shape of a rectangle of dimensions 3 units × 4 units. If you rotate
the card about one of its diagonals, what is the volume of the resulting solid of revolution?
 
4269π
(as shown in the diagram below)
320
FOP. Lake Nick is an enormous underwater lake enclosing 2017 islands arranged at the vertices of a
regular 2017-gon. Adjacent islands are joined with exactly two bridges. One day, Spongebob
took a wrong bus from Bikini Bottom and ended up in one island in Lake Nick. When
Spongebob remembered that the Hash Slinging Slasher was living in the lake, he started to
think of destroying all the bridges. If the island he is on has at least one bridge still joined to
it, he randomly selects one such bridge, crosses it, and immediately destroys it. Otherwise,
he stops. What is the probability that Spongebob destroys all the bridges before he stops?
 d
b
Express your answer in the form a , where a, b, c, d ∈ Z+ and b, c are prime numbers.
c "  2016 #
2
1009
3

JN. Sipnayan is now on its 19th year and based on statistics, it has been found that the number
of participants each year is determined by the function f (x) = 5f (x − 1) − 6f (x − 2). If the
number of participants in the first and second year were 210 and 450 respectively, how many
c f
participants did Sipnayan have this year? Express your answer in the form a ×19b + d × e19. 
90 × 2 + 10 × 3

PF. The diameter of the circumcircle of 4ABC is 25. The lengths of AB, BC, CA are all positive
integers with AB > BC. The distances from the circumcenter O to the sides AB, BC are also
integers. Find AB + BC + CA. [42]