STANI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

PHAGI - JAIPUR
LECTURE PLAN FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024

BRANCH: Computer Science Engineering YEAR/ SEMESTER: III-year V Semester

SUBJECT: Computer Graphics & Multimedia
TEACH METHODOLOGY: Lecture/ O.H.P/ LCD/ Case Study/ Role Play / Any Other
TOPIC: Display devices (Unit -1) LT NO.: 4
FACULTY NAME: Rakesh Kumar, Assistant Prof. Department of CSE
1. INTRODUCTION:

Display Devices:

The most commonly used display device is a video monitor. The operation of most video monitors based on
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube). The following display devices are used:

1. Refresh Cathode Ray Tube

2. Random Scan Display and Raster Scan Display
3. Color CRT Monitors
4. Direct View Storage Tubes
5. Flat Panel Display
6. Lookup Table

2. IMPORTANT EXPLANATION:

1. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT):

CRT stands for Cathode Ray Tube. CRT is a technology used in traditional computer monitors and
televisions. The image on CRT display is created by firing electrons from the back of the tube of phosphorus
located towards the front of the screen.

Once the electron heats the phosphorus, they light up, and they are projected on a screen. The color you
view on the screen is produced by a blend of red, blue and green light.

Components of CRT:

Main Components of CRT are:

1. Electron Gun: Electron gun consisting of a series of elements, primarily a heating filament (heater) and a
cathode. The electron gun creates a source of electrons which are focused into a narrow beam directed at the
face of the CRT.

2. Control Electrode: It is used to turn the electron beam on and off.

3. Focusing system: It is used to create a clear picture by focusing the electrons into a narrow beam.

4. Deflection Yoke: It is used to control the direction of the electron beam. It creates an electric or magnetic
field which will bend the electron beam as it passes through the area. In a conventional CRT, the yoke is
linked to a sweep or scan generator. The deflection yoke which is connected to the sweep generator creates a
fluctuating electric or magnetic potential.

5. Phosphorus-coated screen: The inside front surface of every CRT is coated with phosphors. Phosphors
glow when a high-energy electron beam hits them. Phosphorescence is the term used to characterize the light
given off by a phosphor after it has been exposed to an electron beam.

Working of Interactive Computer Graphics:

The modern graphics display is very simple in construction. It consists of three components:

1. Frame Buffer or Digital Memory

2. A Monitor likes a home T.V. set without the tuning and receiving electronics.
3. Display Controller or Video Controller: It passes the contents of the frame buffer to the
monitor.

Frame Buffer: A digital frame buffer is large, contiguous piece of computer memory used to hold or map
the image displayed on the screen.

o At a minimum, there is 1 memory bit for each pixel in the raster. This amount of memory is called a
bit plane.
o A 1024 x 1024 element requires 220 (210=1024;220=1024 x 1024) sq. Raster or 1,048,576 memory
bits in a single bit plane.
o The picture is built up in the frame buffer one bit at a time.
o A memory bit has only two states (binary 0 or 1), a single bit plane yields a black and white
(monochrome display).
o As frame buffer is a digital device write raster CRT is an analog device.

Properties of Video Monitor:

Persistence: Persistence is the duration of phosphorescence. Different kinds of phosphors are available for
use in CRT. Besides color, a major difference between phosphor in their persistence how they continue to
emit light after the electron beam is removed. Persistence is defined as the time it takes the emitted light
from the screen to decay to one-tenth of its original intensity. Although some phosphors have a persistence
greater than 1 second, graphics monitors are usually constructed with a persistence in the range from 10 to
60 microseconds.
 Resolution: Use to describe the number of pixels that are used on display image. The maximum number of
points that can be displayed without overlap on a CRT is referred to as the resolution. A more precise
definition of resolution is the number of points per centimeter that can be plotted horizontally and vertically,
although it is often simply stated as the total number of points in each direction. resolution of a CRT is
dependent on the type of phosphor, the intensity to be displayed, and the focusing and deflection systems.
Typical resolution on high-quality systems is 1280 by 1024, with higher resolutions available on many
systems. Higher resolution systems are often referred to as high-definition systems. The physical size of a
graphics monitor is given as the length of the screen diagonal, with sizes varying from about 12 inches to 27
inches or more. A CRT monitor can be attached to a variety of computer systems, so the number of screen
points that can actually be plotted depends on the capabilities of the system to which it is attached

Aspect Ratio: It is the ratio of width to its height. Its measure is unit in length or number of pixels. This
number gives the ratio of vertical points to horizontal points necessary to produce equal-length lines in both
directions on the screen. (Sometimes aspect ratio is stated in terms of the ratio of horizontal to vertical
points.) An aspect ratio of 3/4 means that a vertical line plotted with three points has the same length as a
horizontal line plotted with four points.

Aspect Ratio =

2. Random Scan Display and Raster Scan Display:

Random Scan Display:

Random Scan System uses an electron beam which operates like a pencil to create a line image on the CRT
screen. The picture is constructed out of a sequence of straight-line segments. Each line segment is drawn on
the screen by directing the beam to move from one point on the screen to the next, where its x & y
coordinates define each point. After drawing the picture. The system cycles back to the first line and design
all the lines of the image 30 to 60 time each second. The process is shown in fig:

Random-scan monitors are also known as vector displays or stroke-writing displays or calligraphic displays.

Advantages:
1. A CRT has the electron beam directed only to the parts of the screen where an image is to be drawn.
2. Produce smooth line drawings.
3. High Resolution

Disadvantages:
1. Random-Scan monitors cannot display realistic shades scenes.

Raster Scan Display:

A Raster Scan Display is based on intensity control of pixels in the form of a rectangular box called Raster
on the screen. Information of on and off pixels is stored in refresh buffer or Frame buffer. Televisions in our
house are based on Raster Scan Method. The raster scan system can store information of each pixel position,
so it is suitable for realistic display of objects. Raster Scan provides a refresh rate of 60 to 80 frames per
second.

Frame Buffer is also known as Raster or bit map. In Frame Buffer the positions are called picture elements
or pixels. Beam refreshing is of two types. First is horizontal retracing and second is vertical retracing.
When the beam starts from the top left corner and reaches the bottom right scale, it will again return to the
top left side called at vertical retrace. Then it will again more horizontally from top to bottom call as
horizontal retracing shown in fig:

Types of Scanning or travelling of beam in Raster Scan

1. Interlaced Scanning
2. Non-Interlaced Scanning

In Interlaced scanning, each horizontal line of the screen is traced from top to bottom. Due to which fading
of display of object may occur. This problem can be solved by Non-Interlaced scanning. In this first of all
odd numbered lines are traced or visited by an electron beam, then in the next circle, even number of lines
are located.

For non-interlaced display refresh rate of 30 frames per second used. But it gives flickers. For interlaced
display refresh rate of 60 frames per second is used.

Advantages:
1. Realistic image
2. Million Different colors to be generated
3. Shadow Scenes are possible.

Disadvantages:
1. Low Resolution
2. Expensive

Differentiate between Random and Raster Scan Display:

Random Scan Raster Scan

1. It has high Resolution 1. Its resolution is low.

2. It is more expensive 2. It is less expensive

3. Any modification if needed is easy 3.Modification is tough

4. Solid pattern is tough to fill 4.Solid pattern is easy to

5. Refresh rate depends or resolution on the picture. 5. Refresh rate does not d

6. Only screen with view on an area is displayed. 6. Whole screen is scanne

7. Beam Penetration technology come under it. 7. Shadow mark technolo

8. It does not use interlacing method. 8. It uses interlacing

9. It is restricted to line drawing applications 9. It is suitable for realisti

3. Color CRT Monitors:

The CRT Monitor display by using a combination of phosphors. The phosphors are different colors. There
are two popular approaches for producing color displays with a CRT are:

1. Beam Penetration Method

2. Shadow-Mask Method

1. Beam Penetration Method:

The Beam-Penetration method has been used with random-scan monitors. In this method, the CRT screen is
coated with two layers of phosphor, red and green and the displayed color depends on how far the electron
beam penetrates the phosphor layers. This method produces four colors only, red, green, orange and yellow.
A beam of slow electrons excites the outer red layer only; hence screen shows red color only. A beam of
high-speed electrons excites the inner green layer. Thus screen shows a green color.

Advantages:
1. Inexpensive

Disadvantages:
1. Only four colors are possible
 2. Quality of pictures is not as good as with another method.

2. Shadow-Mask Method:
o Shadow Mask Method is commonly used in Raster-Scan System because they produce a much
wider range of colors than the beam-penetration method.
o It is used in the majority of color TV sets and monitors.

Construction: A shadow mask CRT has 3 phosphor color dots at each pixel position.

o One phosphor dot emits: red light

o Another emits: green light
o Third emits: blue light

This type of CRT has 3 electron guns, one for each color dot and a shadow mask grid just behind the
phosphor coated screen.

Advantage:
1. Realistic image
2. Million different colors to be generated
3. Shadow scenes are possible

Disadvantage:
1. Relatively expensive compared with the monochrome CRT.
2. Relatively poor resolution
3. Convergence Problem

4. Direct View Storage Tubes:

DVST terminals also use the random scan approach to generate the image on the CRT screen. The term
"storage tube" refers to the ability of the screen to retain the image which has been projected against it, thus
avoiding the need to rewrite the image constantly.

Function of guns: Two guns are used in DVST

1. Primary guns: It is used to store the picture pattern.

2. Flood gun or Secondary gun: It is used to maintain picture display.
Advantage:
1. No refreshing is needed.
2. High Resolution
3. Cost is very less

Disadvantage:
1. It is not possible to erase the selected part of a picture.
2. It is not suitable for dynamic graphics applications.
3. If a part of picture is to modify, then time is consumed.

5. Flat Panel Display:

The Flat-Panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight and power
requirement compare to CRT.

Example: Small T.V. monitor, calculator, pocket video games, laptop computers, an advertisement board in
elevator.

1. Emissive Display: The emissive displays are devices that convert electrical energy into light. Examples
are Plasma Panel, thin film electroluminescent display and LED (Light Emitting Diodes).

2. Non-Emissive Display: The Non-Emissive displays use optical effects to convert sunlight or light from
some other source into graphics patterns. Examples are LCD (Liquid Crystal Device).

Plasma Panel Display:

Plasma-Panels are also called as Gas-Discharge Display. It consists of an array of small lights. Lights are
fluorescent in nature. The essential components of the plasma-panel display are:

1. Cathode: It consists of fine wires. It delivers negative voltage to gas cells. The voltage is released
along with the negative axis.
2. Anode: It also consists of line wires. It delivers positive voltage. The voltage is supplied along
positive axis.
3. Fluorescent cells: It consists of small pockets of gas liquids when the voltage is applied to this
liquid (neon gas) it emits light.
4. Glass Plates: These plates act as capacitors. The voltage will be applied, the cell will glow
continuously.
The gas will slow when there is a significant voltage difference between horizontal and vertical wires. The
voltage level is kept between 90 volts to 120 volts. Plasma level does not require refreshing. Erasing is done
by reducing the voltage to 90 volts.

Each cell of plasma has two states, so cell is said to be stable. Displayable point in plasma panel is made by
the crossing of the horizontal and vertical grid. The resolution of the plasma panel can be up to 512 * 512
pixels.

Figure shows the state of cell in plasma panel display:

Advantage:
1. High Resolution
2. Large screen size is also possible.
3. Less Volume
4. Less weight
5. Flicker Free Display

Disadvantage:
1. Poor Resolution
2. Wiring requirement anode and the cathode is complex.
3. Its addressing is also complex.

LED (Light Emitting Diode):

In an LED, a matrix of diodes is organized to form the pixel positions in the display and picture definition is
stored in a refresh buffer. Data is read from the refresh buffer and converted to voltage levels that are
applied to the diodes to produce the light pattern in the display.

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display):

Liquid Crystal Displays are the devices that produce a picture by passing polarized light from the
surroundings or from an internal light source through a liquid-crystal material that transmits the light.

LCD uses the liquid-crystal material between two glass plates; each plate is the right angle to each other
between plates liquid is filled. One glass plate consists of rows of conductors arranged in vertical direction.
Another glass plate is consisting of a row of conductors arranged in horizontal direction. The pixel position
is determined by the intersection of the vertical & horizontal conductor. This position is an active part of the
screen.

Liquid crystal display is temperature dependent. It is between zero to seventy degree Celsius. It is flat and
requires very little power to operate.

Advantage:
1. Low power consumption.
2. Small Size
3. Low Cost

Disadvantage:
1. LCDs are temperature-dependent (0-70°C)
2. LCDs do not emit light; as a result, the image has very little contrast.
3. LCDs have no color capability.
4. The resolution is not as good as that of a CRT.

6. Look-Up Table:

Image representation is essentially the description of pixel colors. There are three primary colors: R (red), G
(green) and B (blue). Each primary color can take on intensity levels produces a variety of colors. Using
direct coding, we may allocate 3 bits for each pixel, with one bit for each primary color. The 3-bit
representation allows each primary to vary independently between two intensity levels: 0 (off) or 1 (on).
Hence each pixel can take on one of the eight colors.
Bit Bit Bit Color
1:r 2:g 3:b name

0 0 0 Black

0 0 1 Blue

0 1 0 Green

0 1 1 Cyan

1 0 0 Red

1 0 1 Magenta

1 1 0 Yellow

1 1 1 White

A widely accepted industry standard uses 3 bytes, or 24 bytes, per pixel, with one byte for each primary
color. The way, we allow each primary color to have 256 different intensity levels. Thus a pixel can take on
a color from 256 x 256 x 256 or 16.7 million possible choices. The 24-bit format is commonly referred to as
the actual color representation.

Lookup Table approach reduces the storage requirement. In this approach pixel values do not code colors
directly. Alternatively, they are addresses or indices into a table of color values. The color of a particular
pixel is determined by the color value in the table entry that the value of the pixel references. Figure shows a
look-up table with 256 entries. The entries have addresses 0 through 255. Each entry contains a 24-bit RGB
color value. Pixel values are now 1-byte. The color of a pixel whose value is i, where 0 <i<255, is
persistence by the color value in the table entry whose address is i. It reduces the storage requirement of a
1000 x 1000 image to one million bytes plus 768 bytes for the color values in the look-up table.
 4. SUMMARY:
Display Devices:

1. Refresh Cathode Ray Tube

2. Random Scan Display and Raster Scan Display
3. Color CRT Monitors
4. Direct View Storage Tubes
5. Flat Panel Display
6. Lookup Table

5. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS:
Q1. What is resolution in computer graphics?
Q2. Define Aspect ratio.
Q3. Write short note on –
(a) Cathode ray tube
(b) Shadow mask technique
(c) Beam penetration technique

6. REFEREMCES:
BOOK:
1. Computer Graphics C Version | Second Edition | By Pearson Paperback – 1 January 2002 by Donald
Hearn M. Pauline Baker (Author)

INTERNET: www.Javatpoint.com

7. FACULTY NAME: Rakesh Kumar

8. VERIFIED BY HOD: