Test Bank For Marine Biology 10th Edition Castro Huber 0078023068 9780078023064
Test Bank For Marine Biology 10th Edition Castro Huber 0078023068 9780078023064
Test Bank For Marine Biology 10th Edition Castro Huber 0078023068 9780078023064
0078023068 9780078023064
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Solution Manual:
https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-marine-biology-10th-edition-
castro-huber-0078023068-978-0078023064/
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https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-marine-biology-10th-edition-castro-huber-
0078023068-978-0078023064/
3. One of the following is not one of the world's major ocean basins:
A. Atlantic Ocean.
B. Arctic Ocean. C.
Indian Ocean. D.
Antarctic Ocean. E.
Pacific Ocean.
A. Atlantic
Ocean.
B. Arctic
Ocean.
C. Indian
Ocean.
D. Antarctic
Ocean.
E. Pacific
Ocean.
2-1
Chapter 02
The Sea Floor
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - The Sea Floor
6. Oceanographers often use the name "Southern Ocean" to refer to the body of water:
A. Around Antarctica
B. In the South Pacific C.
South of the North Sea D.
South of Florida
E. Around the southern tip of India
8. Density is:
A. The mass of a substance per unit volume
B. A measure of weight
C. The mass of a substance multiplied by its percentage volume of water
D. A measure of volume
E. The volume occupied by a particular substance in relation to that of water
9. There is evidence that the earth and the rest of the solar system formed about:
A. 5 million years ago
B. 1 billion years ago C.
4.5 billion years ago D.
10.5 billion years ago E.
10 million years ago
2-2
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - The Sea Floor
10. The semi-solid layer of the earth found below the crust and outside of the core is called
the:
A. Inner core
B. Mantle C.
Inner crust
D. Outer core
E. Oceanic crust
11. The earth's magnetic field is thought to be caused by movements of liquid metal in
which of the earth's layers?
A. Inner core. B.
Outer core. C.
Oceanic crust.
D. Mantle.
E. Continental crust.
2-3
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
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the Onas, and many of them subsist upon it entirely. The skins of the
animals are made into a sort of manta, which constitutes the only
costume worn by the men. They discard this costume when at war, or in
pursuit of the guanaco. The women wear only a small piece of guanaco
skin about their loins. The Onas live in families, one man usually
possessing several women. There is little regard for marriage rites or
usage, the more powerful and valiant of the men selecting such women
from the tribe as they may desire, and are able to maintain against their
rivals.
Their only weapons are bows and arrows, slings and harpoons, the
latter being pointed with barbed bone spikes. The number of Onas is now
estimated at three thousand five hundred, but like the other tribes in
Chile they are decreasing.
YAHGANS.
The coast of the Beagle Channel and all the archipelago south of
Tierra del Fuego to Cape Horn is inhabited by the Yahgan Indians. They
have no chiefs nor tribal laws and are perhaps the lowest grade of human
beings, in point of intelligence, and in the manner and customs of living,
existing on the American continent. They are dwarfed in stature, have
very dark skins and are repulsive in appearance. A peculiar feature of the
Yahgans is the extraordinary projection of their front teeth, which are
used for opening the shells of oysters and mollusks. These bivalves and
crustacea, their sole article of food, are eaten raw.
The Yahgans, like their neighbors, the Alacalupes of the western
channels of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, live almost constantly in
their canoes, their only means of transportation. For their fishing
expeditions they rarely pass the night on shore, traveling long distances
in their frail barques. Considering the turbulent waters in the channels of
the archipelago, and the fact that their canoes are made of trunks of trees,
propelled with paddles, and that a single frail craft is sometimes laden
with a family consisting of several persons, their feats are little less than
marvels of navigation.
About fifty years ago English missions were established at Usuhaia,
on the Wallston Islands, and later at Takanika, where some favorable
results were obtained in distracting the natives somewhat from the
pursuits of their nomadic life. A few of them utilize the knowledge
acquired from the missionaries in the cultivation of the soil. But the
missionaries having practically ceased their efforts in that inhospitable
country, most of the Indians have lapsed into their traditional nomadic
life, and their condition is perhaps worse to-day than ever before. To add
to the misfortunes of these miserable nomads, who have sterility of soil
and a rigorous climate to contend with, many of them have been placed
in actual slavery in recent years by foreigners, who have acquired
interests in the far south, and taking advantage of the helplessness of the
Indians have impressed them into service without justification in moral
or statutory law.
The Chilean government, apparently indifferent to their fate, has failed
to interest itself in the cause of those unfortunate pariahs of human
society, whose ranks are being rapidly decimated and whose utter
extinction, under present conditions, is only a question of a few years.
In 1882, Mr. Bridge, the missionary, calculated the Yahgan population
of the archipelago of Tierra del Fuego at three thousand, but in 1883, the
scientific expedition of the “Romanche” estimated the diminishing
population at one thousand three hundred. This estimate was based upon
the number of canoes counted in the channels, approximately two
hundred, each of which was manned by a family of six persons on the
average. From later data, which has been furnished by people living in
the archipelago, who have endeavored to make a census of the
population, the number of this tribe is calculated at seven hundred.
On several occasions the Yahgans have requested foreigners who have
visited the islands to present their case to the Chilean government and
ask for relief from existing conditions. But so far nothing has been done
in the way of providing for or improving the condition of these
unfortunate people.
ALACALUPES.
PATAGONIANS.
PEONS.
Land Owner No. 2 possesses more land than No. 1, but his holdings
are very small. He owns a cart, a few yoke of oxen, some cows, sheep,
hogs and poultry. He freights grain, flour, and charcoal for others from
haciendas to the mills or railway stations, thereby adding to his income.
The surplus from his earnings he prudently invests in property. These
farmers are, as a rule, provident, having always food supplies in their
houses, yet they seldom lift their families out of the rut of poverty. Most
members of the family, including the head of the house, either go
barefooted or wear only rawhide sandals upon their feet the year round,
except Sundays, feast days and special occasions. It is only the women
who are permitted to indulge frequently in the luxury of shoes and clean
gowns. The sons work with the father and not as peons for others. These
people associate with Farmers No. 1, and even with the peons as equals.
Not, however, without prideful reflection, for they consider themselves
above their poorer neighbors, although they do not say so. They are not
admitted to the society of Land Owner No. 3, or the hacendados,
although they have many interests in common and commercial relations
with those classes. If you are his guest he will serve you wine or water in
a glass tumbler, but he never uses such an article himself, and perhaps
you will be given a knife and fork with which to eat your food. These
middle class farmers constitute the best element in Chile. They work
honestly to gain a livelihood, and ask no favors from others. They are too
poor to engage in politics.
A peculiar feature of the life of this class of people is the methods they
resort to to save money and increase their possessions. They live solely
upon the products of their little farms, and seldom eat what they can sell.
They make bread, but eat very little of it, the family consumption being
limited to the equivalent of the profits on that which is sold. They keep
liquors in the house, but to sell. If an animal is slaughtered, some kind of
a function is arranged, to which the neighbors are invited and the meat
disposed of in a feast, their guests being served as long as they have
money with which to buy. If a woman desires some article of dress or
adornment, and has not the money with which to purchase it, she gives a
feast. She will go to a neighbor who has a hog and negotiate for the
animal on credit: she also purchases an “arroba” (ten gallons) of
“chicha,” for which she gives her promise to pay, the credit extending
until the respective articles are disposed of. The hog, “chancha,” is
slaughtered, and the feast is announced. There is music and a number of
women who dance and sing are there as a special attraction. These feasts
always attract a crowd and by the time the chancha and the chicha are
disposed of, the woman conducting the affair has made sufficient profit
to pay her indebtedness and to purchase the desired article.
In the fertile valleys, through which flow the rivers of Chile, are many
magnificent estates, some of them including thousands of acres of
productive land. Upon an eminence in the midst of broad acres, of
golden grain, waving corn and verdant pastures, all framed with avenues
of stately alamos, stands the splendid residence of the owner,
overlooking the picturesque and pastoral scene. The majority of these
country mansions are built upon the same general plan, varying only in
size and ornamental elaboration. They represent a letter H in form, with a
front entrance in the middle of the bar connecting the main lines of the
letter, the drawing-room upon one side and the dining-room on the other.
A wide, roomy corridor leads from the main entrance in front to the
beautiful patio, upon either side of which is arranged the sleeping
apartments. These residences are almost invariably well furnished and
finished with artistic interior decorations. Some of them include rare old
paintings and splendid specimens of wood carving. The drawing-room
and dining-room usually contain the best of the furniture and
decorations, as those are the portions of the house most occupied by
guests. There is an absence of fireplaces and stoves, due to the mild
climate. The house is surrounded by well-kept parks and gardens
containing rare trees, shrubs and flowers. There is a peaceful harmony in
the beauty of the surroundings and everything in the environment is
suggestive of comfort and luxury.
The hacienda constitutes a small empire, with various executive and
administrative branches. The territorial limits are usually defined by
walls made of loose piled stones or adobes. The irrigated portions are
divided into potreros (fields), of from one hundred to two hundred acres
each, the dividing lines being indicated by rows of growing trees, usually
poplar, or alamos, that grow straight and tall, and which not only add to
the beauty of the landscape, but also furnish shade for the animals in the
pastures. The hill lands are divided into larger sections, frequently as
much as one thousand acres constituting one pasture field or range.
These potreros are enclosed with thorned hedges, from the espino which
grows abundantly in the low lands. Irrigating canals carry water from the
hill streams to the cultivated fields and the pasture land, where clover,
alfalfa, and other grasses grow prodigiously in the rich loam soil.
Roads flanked with graceful trees lead out from the residence and
from the corrals to various parts of the property. A photographic view of
one of these country homes needs only a few touches of the artist’s brush
to make it an idyl. A home glimpse in Chile, even on an hacienda, is no
exception. Sunlight through a camera glorifies vistas and ennobles
foliage; it promotes stucco and plaster to marble and gives grace and
beauty to commonplace things. The lumbering teams of oxen and the
huge two-wheeled carts add to the picturesque placidity of the scene
which presents an appearance of perpetual summer and glorious
afternoon. But the photograph says nothing, and it is well for the
chronicler to omit any mention of the dust through which the carts creak
and groan at harvest time, in a country where rain falls only between
May and September.
The servants on a large hacienda consist of an administrador, a capataz
(sub-manager), various mayordomos, vaqueros (cowboys), shepherds
and a troop of peons. The administrador, or manager, is the responsible
executive head, and has entire charge of the farm. He receives orders
only from the proprietor. He suggests to the owner the work and
improvements necessary, and when his suggestions are approved he
gives orders to his subordinates to execute the plan; he receives from the
mayordomos accounts of the work done and wages earned, pays
employés, etc. It is also the business of the manager to dispose of the
animals raised on the farm, when ready for market. These sales are
usually made at auction at the most convenient railway station or
shipping point. Sometimes the sales amount to as much as fifty thousand
pesos in one day. The owner or his representatives are always present,
and animals are never sold for less than they are actually worth.
The service of an hacienda manager consists in whatever the owner
may order; he passes most of his days on horseback, as do the other
servants, except the peons. The pay of this important personage is three
hundred pesos, equal to one hundred dollars United States currency, a
year. In addition to this meager money compensation he has the use of
ten acres of dry land, suitable for growing wheat, six or eight acres of
chacra, or vegetable producing land, and pasture for fifteen to twenty
animals. Ten horses of the hacienda are usually set apart for his exclusive
use.
The capataz occupies a position next in importance to the manager; his
business is to ride over the farm daily, and make reports and suggestions
to the manager. It is also the duty of this functionary to impound all
animals not belonging to the estate found in the potreros. A fine of so
much per head is assessed against all such animals, and the owner is
required to pay the amount before they are released.
Vaqueros, who are under the direction of a manager, have certain
fields and animals under their charge. Each is held responsible for the
animals under his care. A daily count is made, and if any are missing the
vaquero is sent in search of them. The vaquero is the cowboy of South
America, and represents a type peculiar to the country.
His leggins usually consist of untanned goat skin, worn in the natural
form and without attempt to make them conform to the shape of the legs.
They not infrequently differ in color and marking, causing the wearer to
present a grotesque appearance. He also wears immense spurs and other
articles correspondingly fantastic, not the least conspicuous of which is
his hat, an enormous cone-shaped sombrero made of felt and
embroidered in fancy colors. His lasso of plaited rawhide, loosely coiled
in two-foot circles, rests upon the back of his horse. These servants on
the hacienda receive as compensation fifty pesos in cash annually, the
use of two acres of chacra, four acres of wheat-growing land, and pasture
for six or eight animals.
For each department of labor on these properties, including canals,
corrals, repairs, storehouse, direction of peons, etc., there is a
mayordomo, or foreman. Their pay is the same as that of the vaqueros.
The proprietor furnishes horses but not saddles for all of his employés,
except the peons.