SHS

PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Module 4: Quarter 1- Week 4
Physical Science
Grade 11/12 Module 4: Quarter 1- Week 4
First Edition, 2020

Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without
written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Mary Ann M. Bautista, T-II

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II and Dina E. Jacla, T-II

Management Team:

ATTY. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, PhD, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, PhD, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Rominel S. Sobremonte, EdD, EPS in Charge of Science
Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II
Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II
 Physical Science
Module 4: Quarter 1 – Week 4
 Target

Your basic nutritional needs as humans are the macromolecules you have heard since
you were in Grade 1. These are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid and proteins.
Though many times you have heard about them, lessons about food never runs out of
fashion, so to speak, because food is something we need everyday. Time and again, you
need to learn more about the nutrients you take in because as young people you need
this to be successful in life. While food culture evolves due to technology and
commercialism, the basic nutrients one needs every day remain the same. And in case
you have any problem about your personal health, the food you eat is one aspect you
can program and control to address some of these problems.

This module will provide you with information and activities to help you
understand better the structures, properties and functions of macromolecules such
as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid and proteins.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Explain how the structures of biological macromolecules such as

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid and proteins determine their properties
and functions(S11/12PS-111e-22)

Before going on, check how much you know about this topic.
Answer the pretest in a separate sheet of paper.

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Pre - Test

Part A. Classify each as a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid.

1. Starch 9. polysaccharide
2. Cholesterol 10. phospholipid
3. Steroid 11. Amino acid
4. Glycogen 12. monosaccharide
5. Enzyme 13. cellulose
6. Saturated fat 14. chitin
7. Polypeptide 15. oil
8. Glucose

Part B. Choose from the terms used in Part A- carbohydrate, protein, or lipid –
that which correspond to the following descriptions.

1. provides long-term energy storage for animals

2. provides immediate energy
3. animal and plant structure
4. provides short-term energy storage for animals
5. sex hormones
6. forms the cell membrane of all cells
7. one sugar
8. makes up part of the cell membranes
9. forms the cell wall of plant cells
10. stored in animals as glycogen

Jumpstart

For you to understand the lesson well, do Activity 1. Have fun and good
luck!

There are four biological macromolecules. As the term implies, these are “large”
molecules because they are made of long chains of three of the most common
elements on the earth’s surface – oxygen, hydrogen and carbon.

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In this exercise, you will complete the following table with the basic information
about these molecules by filling in the empty boxes

Macromolecule Monomer Function

Monosaccharide

Energy storage,
membranes and steroids
Proteins

Nucleotides

Discover

Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates comprises the bulk of a typical meal because it is

an energy source. It is said to be the most abundant molecule on earth made up of
three most common elements in nature – C, H and O. They are used by all living
things. With an empirical formula, (CH2O)n, carbohydrates are classified into three:
monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. Examples of carbohydrates
are glucose, sucrose, starch, cellulose, chitin.

Let us take a look at the chemical structure of each category.

Monosaccharides (‘sacchar’ means sweet). This is carbohydrates with about three

to seven carbon atoms the most common of which is glucose. It is a
monosaccharide because it has one carbon chain or carbon ring. In humans,
glucose is the simplest molecule that could be absorbed by the cells. It is sweet,
colorless, solid at room temperature and extremely soluble in water. Examples are
glucose, fructose, erythrulose and ribulose.

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 Fig 1. Structure of Glucose

Source: https://www.visionlearning.com

Disaccharides. As the name implies, this carbohydrate is made up of two rings of

carbon resulting from the combination of monosaccharides in a process known as
dehydration synthesis. The process is dehydration because a molecule of water is
removed and synthesis because two monosaccharides are put together. Examples
are sucrose, lactose, maltose.

Polysaccharides contain more than ten(10) monosaccharide units and can be

hundred of sugar units. The chain maybe branched or unbranched. There are two
(2) distinct types: starch and non-starch.

Source: https://www.visionlearning.com

Starch polysaccharides. These are the main energy reserve in root vegetables
such as onions, carrots, potatoes, and whole grains. Some starches can only be
digested by the gut microbiota rather than our own body’s mechanisms: these are
known as resistant starches like those found in beans, peas, lentils, green bananas,

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whole grain (oat & barley), cooked and cooled rice. The corresponding
polysaccharide in animals is glycogen.

Non-starch polysaccharides. These are the dietary fiber group. They are found in
vegetables, fruits as well as whole grains in the form of cellulose, hemicelluloses,
pectins and gums. As fiber, humans cannot digest them so that their average energy
content compared to most carbohydrates is lower. However, some types of fiber can be
metabolized by gut bacteria producing compounds that are good for our body.

Fig. 3. Structure Starch

Source: https://www.visionlearning.com

Functions of Carbohydrates
1. Energy supply. When broken down into glucose, they provide energy directly
to cells in the body such as the muscles, brain, heart, kidneys enabling the
body to perform its functions. Without energy none of the other life processes
are performed. For the indigestible portions of carbohydrates referred to as
dietary fiber, they increase the physical bulk of the bowel for easy movement
through the colon out of the body.
2. Energy storage. Excess glucose is stored. In the human body it is stored in
the form of glycogen in the muscles and in the liver while in plant it is stored
as starch. In times when the body uses up the glucose supply after excessive
physical activity or prolonged hunger this stored energy in the form of fat is
converted back to glucose, therefore, adequate glucose supply will prevent
the degradation of skeletal muscle and other tissues such as the heart, liver,
and kidneys.
3. Building macromolecules. Some glucose is converted to ribose and
deoxyribose, which are forms of sugar used as the building blocks of RNA,
DNA, and ATP.

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Proteins. Protein is said to be the growth nutrient. The building blocks are the 20
different amino acids commonly found in plants and in animals. Any protein is
made up of about 300 or more amino acids sequenced in a unique manner
providing a specific shape that will determine the protein’s specific function. Every
species, including humans, has its own characteristic proteins. In other words, the
amino acids are common in all living things, but because of the varying needs of
each organism, the sequencing or arrangement of amino acids vary from organism
to organism to come up with the protein required to meet a specific need at any
given time. For instance, proteins produced during periods of rapid growth or
increased demand, such as childhood and adolescence may not be the hormones
produced during pregnancy, and breastfeeding.

Amino acids are classified as either essential or non-essential. Essential amino

acids cannot be produced by the body and therefore must come from the diet. Nine
of the 20 amino acids are essential. They are phenylalanine, lysine, valine,
tryptophan, histidine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine and threonine. On the other
hand, non-essential amino acids can be produced by the body and, therefore, do
not need to come from the diet.

Fig. 4. Basic Structure of Amino Acid Fig. 5. Basic Structure of amino acid Lysine
Source: https://www.visionlearning.com Source:dreamstime.com

Each amino acid has a side chain. It is this side chain that makes each amino acid
different, giving it a unique set of chemical properties. that further define its function.

Functions of Proteins
Since a protein is a result of a particular arrangement of certain amino acids it
follows that each protein has particular properties. and functions. Let us learn
about the different proteins.

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1. Antibodies. These are proteins found in the blood made by white blood cells
called B cells. They help recognize and destroy foreign pathogens in the
immune system, thus, fight infections.
2. Enzymes. These proteins speed up chemical reactions such as blood clotting
to DNA synthesis to digestion such that reactions that would take years
could happen only in seconds. They do this either by breaking down
molecules into smaller pieces or by building up large molecules without
themselves being and without affecting the reactants and products in the
reactions they catalyze. There are approximately 1300 different enzymes
found in the human cell.
3. Hormones. These are proteins used by the cell in receiving and sending
chemical signals, thereby coordinating bodily functions. For example, insulin
controls our blood sugar concentration by regulating the uptake of glucose
into cells. Hormones include insulin, estrogen, testosterone, adrenaline,
cortisol etc.

Fig. 6. Structure of Insulin

Source: slideshare.net

4. Transport. These proteins move molecules across cell membranes. For

example, hemoglobin in the blood helps transport oxygen to the different
parts of the body.
5. Contractile function. These are involved in muscle contraction enabling
movement such as walking, writing, chewing. Examples are actin and myosin.
6. Support Structure. These provide support to organisms. For instance, the
proteins in our bones provide framework to the human body. Protein
fingernails and hair such as collagen and elastin provide support to humans.

7. DNA synthesis and repair. These are proteins associated with regulating
chromosome structure during cell division and in regulating gene
expression. Examples are histones and cohesin.

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Lipids. Lipids, usually called fats, are a family of organic compounds mostly
insoluble in water. They are also said to yield high energy.

Fatty acids are the building blocks of the lipids(fats). They are produced when
digestion breaks down fats. Fatty acid is the basic structure of fat, which can then
be absorbed into the blood. In this discussion when we use the word fat, we are
referring to lipids.

Fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated. Saturated fats are have fatty acids
where the four arms of carbon are all bonded to hydrogen. The C-H bond is
stronger bond compared to C-C bond. This is the reason why saturated fat in
butter, cheese and red meat are solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fat, on the
other hand, is composed of fatty acids with two carbon atoms connected by a
double bond, which is considered a weak bond compared to a purely C-H bond.
This is why unsaturated fats, such as vegetable oil is liquid at room temperature.

Fig. 7. Structure of Saturated and Unsaturated Fat Source:

dersonreno.wordpress.com

Let us take a look at the three main types of lipids.

Triacylglycerols. (also known as triglycerides) These make up more than 95
percent of lipids in the diet of fried foods, butter, whole milk, cheese and some
meats. The terms fats, oils, and triacylglycerols are usually interchangeable unless
specified. Triglycerides are made of fatty acid molecules joined together in groups of
three. They are also made in our bodies from the carbohydrates that we eat.

Phospholipids. These are lipids whose fatty acid component has been replaced by
a phosphate group(PO4). As a major component of the cell me membrane, it is

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a bilayer whose “head” or upper layer is hydrophilic, meaning, it dissolves readily
in water. It is polar. On the other hand, its “tail” or lower layer is hydrophobic, or it
does not dissolve in water. It is non-polar. Because of this property, phospholipids
are effective barrier to the passage of ions and molecules into and out of the cell.
This mean that practically all molecules in a water solution, but because of the
hydrophobic layer, not all of these molecules can enter the cell with the aid of
membrane proteins embedded in the bilayer.

Sterols. These lipids appear as tetrameric(4-sided) rings comprising about 50%

of the membrane lipid content in cells, thus altering the membrane fluidity and
structure. The most common sterol in animal membrane is cholesterol which is
about 20-20% of all sterols present in the organism. Cholesterol is manufactured
by the human body, so there is a need to eat food rich in cholesterol (such as
animal fats, sausages, and butter) in moderation. Egosterol are found in
membranes of fungi and protists, while phytosterols are found in plants.

Fig. 8. Structure of Cholesterol

Source: summertomato.com

Functions of Lipids
There are three primary biological functions of lipids within the body.
1. Structural components of cell membranes. Phospholipids are the major
component of cell membrane structure.
2. Energy storehouses. When one eats a lot of carbohydrates, the excess glucose is
stored as glycogen by the liver, then this is converted back to glucose by the
liver as the need arises. For instance, when one has done a heavy work cleaning
the house or working in the garden or running in a basketball game

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 and has exhausted all the glucose derived from the a certain meal, the liver
converts the glycogen back to glucose.
3. Important signaling molecules. The lipids in the cell membrane receive signal
from outside the cell. A chemical signal which is the “primary messenger” can
not get into the cell and so binds to receptor on the membrane activating
enzymes. These enzymes cleave the surface of lipid to transmit the message
making the lipids the “secondary messenger” that can bind with intracellular
enzymes. This activate intracellular processes to respond to the message.
Likewise, in plants, lipids in membranes can sense extracellular
conditions such temperature, salinity, pathogen attack. It can also serve
as stress mitigators in plants.

Nucleic acid. This is a macromolecule made out of basic units called nucleotides. A
nucleotide consists of a sugar attached to a phosphate group and any of the
nitrogen-containing bases cytosine, guanine, adenine, and thymine. The nucleic
acids are found in all living organisms from the tiny bacteria to the multicellular
organisms like you and me.

There are two varieties of nucleic acid.

Deoxyribose nucleic acid(DNA). This is a double helix molecule composed of the
sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate and the nitrogen-containing bases cytosine,
guanine, adenine, and thymine. It is found in the nucleus of the cell.
Ribose nucleic acid (RNA). This a single strand molecule whose sugar is ribose. It
is found in the nucleolus. It also uses the same nucleotides as in those used by
DNAU with the exception of thymine because this is replaced by uracil in RNA. It is
found in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Functions of Nucleic Acids

1. Storage and expression of genetic information. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

encodes the information the cell needs. The sequence of the molecule encoded can
give a message, “make this protein, replicate me”. The cell then supplies the
nucleotides needed for the manufacture of that specific protein. The resulting
protein would help in the expression of a certain characteristic such as color of hair
or height.

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2. Protein Synthesis. RNA, on the other hand, participate in the actual making
of protein known as protein synthesis. It converts stored information in DNA
to make proteins. It is also used by viruses as genetic material.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Figure 9. Structure of the Nucleic Acids

Illustrated by Arlyn Baladad

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 Explore

To summarize the concepts you have learned for the week, you are going to
complete the following table. Several clues are already given.

Macromolecule Basic Examples (2) Main functions(2)

Component
1. Myosin 1.
Amino acid 2. 2.

1. 1.
Fatty acid 2. 2.

1. 1.
Nucleic acid 2. 2.

1.Glycogen 1.
2. 2.

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 Deepen

Application: Read the following selection, and write a 50-word reflection on the
importance of the hormone insulin to humans and mention the things you can do
as a student to avoid becoming diabetic.

DOH Secretary Francisco Duque III: “Diabetes keeps on increasing in prevalence,

but we shouldn’t give up the fight against the disease. It maybe chronic and
incurable, but diabetes can be managed. We need to strengthen multi-stakeholder
collaboration in increasing awareness of this disease, and for people to follow a
healthy lifestyle. Diab is a familial(meaning it runs in the family or it is hereditary) as
well as a lifestyle disease. By exercising, eating healthy, and avoiding sugary drinks,
we can prevent diabetes. For the 4 million Filipinos who are already affected by
diabetes, it is not just to do this but also to see their doctor regularly and ensure that
they stay on medications to avoid complications such kidney failure and diabetes. It
destroys many of the organs of the body. It’s the no. 1 cause of blindness, the no 1
cause of kidney failure that leads to dialysis and transplants. It destroy or blocks the
blood vessels in the heart , in the brain, and in the legs, so that the risk getting a
heart attack or stroke is higher.”
( Source: https:// www.doh.gov.ph Nov 14,2017)

The Three Types of Diabetes

Type 1 (juvenile diabetes). This is characterized by the failure of the pancreas to

produce enough insulin causing the high level of sugar in the blood;

Type 2 (adult diabetes) This starts with insulin resistance or when cells fail to
respond to insulin properly, soon lack of insulin may also develop;

Type 3 (Gestational diabetes). This occurs when a pregnant woman without a

history of diabetes develop high blood sugar levels.
Common symptoms are frequent urinating, thirstiness, hunger, extreme fatigue,
blurry vision, slow healing of cut/bruises, weight loss even when eating more(type
1) tingling, pain or numbness in the hand(type 2).

(Source: Pacholo Concepcion (lifestyle.inquirer.net):

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 Gauge

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the letter of
your choice on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is the main source of energy for organisms?
A. Fructose B. Galactose C. Glucose D. Sucrose
2. Proteins are made of building blocks. Which one is it?
A. Amino acid C. Carbohydrate
B. NH2 D. Polypeptide
3. Which of the following is NOT a subunit of a nucleotide?
A. Glycerol C. Nitrogenous base
B. Phosphate D. Sugar
4. Which macromolecule do Glycogen, Starch and Cellulose belong?
A. Carbohydrates C. Nucleic Acids
B. Lipids D. Proteins
5. When disaccharides are broken into monosaccharides, what is the process
involved?
A. Activation B. Dehydration C. Digestion D. Hydrolysis
6. What do saturated fats have that distinguishes them from unsaturated fats?
A. They have doubles bonds. C. They have electrostatic charges.
B. They have no double bonds. D. They are associated with heart disease.
7. Which of the following is NOT made up of proteins?
A. Hair B. Enzymes C. Fingernails D. Cellulose
8. Which of the following is NOT related to PROTEINS?
A. DNA encoding
B. Muscle composition
C. Speeding up of chemical reactions
D. Formation of cell membrane bilayer
9. Which of the following tasks is NOT a job of proteins?

A. Receive and send signals C. Store genetic information B.

Speed up chemical reaction D. Transport materials
10. Which macromolecule stores energy, insulates us, and makes up the cell
membrane?

A. Carbohydrates C. Nucleic Acids B. Lipids D.

Proteins
11. During photosynthesis, plants capture sunlight energy to make glucose.
In what form is unused glucose stored in plants?
A. Cellulose B. Chitin C. Glycogen D. Sucrose
12. Which of the following pairs is UNRELATED?
A. Amino acid and protein C. Fat and lipid
B. Glycogen and nucleic acid D. Sugar and carbohydrate
13. Which of the following explains why sterols (or steroids) are considered to
be lipids?
A. They contain fatty acids. C. They are used as storage fats.
B. They are lipid soluble. D. They are rich in hydrogen.
14. When polymers of polysaccharides, fats, and proteins are synthesized from
monomers, which common process is involved? It is the ________.
A. Removal of water.

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 B. Connecting of monomers together.
C. Ionic bonding of the monomers.
D. Addition of water to each monomer.
15. You helped your parents fix your backyard garden , and while you were fixing
the vegetable pots, a big unstable rock fell on one foot! You have to remove
this by yourself because your parents were busy with a bigger load!
Your muscles keep a form of energy stored just for these emergencies.
What macromolecule stores energy in the muscles needed in emergencies
like this?
A. Carbohydrates C. Nucleic Acids
B. Lipids D. Proteins

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References
Aryal, Sagar. What are Carbohydrates? (2020, Feb 24). Retrieved July 25, 2020
from https://microbenotes.com/carbohydrates-structure-properties
classification-and-functions

Biological Macromolecules. n.d. Retrieved July 24, 2020 from https://www.khana

cademy.org/science/ap-biology/chemistry-of-life

Concepcion, Pacholo. Diabetes now an Epidemic in Ph. (2019, September 3).

Retrieved August 3, 2020 from https://lifestyle.inquirer,net

DOH Leads World Diabetes Observance in the Philippines. (2017, November

14). Retrieved August 1, 2020 from https:// www.doh.gov.ph

Dotso, Dianne. Lipids: Definition, Structure & Examples. April 11, 2019. Retrieved
July 24, 2020 from https://sciencing.com/lipids-facts-and-functions-
13714439.html
Fahy, Eoin et.al. Lipid Classification, Structures and Tools. ( 2011, June 16).
Retrieved July 24, 2020 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles
/PMC3995129

Functions of Proteins. (2016, March 22). Retrieved July 25, 2020 from
https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu

Lopez, Michael. Biochemistry, Essential Amino Acids.(2020, April 24). Retrieved

July 24,2020 from https://www.statpearls.com/kb/viewarticle/36202?
utm_source=pubmed

Role of Proteins in the Body. (2011, June 10). Retrieved July 26, 2020 from
https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/209-role-of-proteins-in-the-
body

The Functions of Carbohydrates in the Body .n.d. Retrieved July 24, 2020 from
http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/humannutrition/chapter/the-
functions-of-carbohydrates-in-the-body

Types and Functions of Proteins. (2019, Nov 19). Retrieved July 23, 2020 from
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology

What are Lipids?( 2019, June 6). Retrieved July 24, 2020 from
https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/American_Public_University

What are proteins and what is their function in the body.(2019,Dec 16) Retrieved
July 23, 2020 from https://www.eufic.org/en/whats-in-food

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Key Answer

.15 Lipid

.14 Carbohydrates

.13 Carbohydrates

.12 Carbohydrates

.11 Protein

.10 Carbohydrates .10 Lipid

.9 Lipid .9 Carbohydrates

.8 Carbohydrates .8 Carbohydrates

.7 Carbohydrates .7 Protein

.6 Lipid .6 Lipid

.5 Lipid .5 Protein

.4 Carbohydrates .4 Carbohydrates

.3 Lipid .3 Lipid

.2 Carbohydrates .2 Lipid

.1 Lipid .1 Carbohydrates

.B A.

Pre-test

Jump start

Macromolecule Monomer Function

Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Provides energy

Lipid Hormone Energy storage, membranes

and steroids
Proteins Polypeptide Repair worn-out tissues

Nucleic Acid Nucleotides Records genetic information

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 A .15

A .14

A .13

B .12

A .11

B .10

C .9

A .8

D .7

B .6

D .5

A .4

A .3

A .2

C .1

Gauge

.2 Stores energy .2 Glucose

.1 Provides energy Glycogen.1

Carbon Carbohydrates

.2 Stores genetic information .2 RNA Nucleic acid

.1 Protein Synthesis .1 DNA Nucleotide

.2 Structure of cell membrane .2 Hormones Fatty acid

.1 Stores energy .1 Steroids Lipid

.2 Repair .2 Enzyme Amino acid Protein

.1 Growth .1 Myosin

Main functions(2) Examples (2) Basic Component Macromolecule

Explore

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