Test Bank For Developmental Mathematics Basic Mathematics and Algebra 4th Edition by Lial Hornsby McGinnis Salzman Hestwood ISBN 0134539818 9780134539812
Test Bank For Developmental Mathematics Basic Mathematics and Algebra 4th Edition by Lial Hornsby McGinnis Salzman Hestwood ISBN 0134539818 9780134539812
Test Bank For Developmental Mathematics Basic Mathematics and Algebra 4th Edition by Lial Hornsby McGinnis Salzman Hestwood ISBN 0134539818 9780134539812
https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-developmental-mathematics-
basic-mathematics-and-algebra-4th-edition-by-lial-hornsby-mcginnis-
salzman-hestwood-isbn-0134539818-9780134539812/
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Write fractions to represent the shaded and unshaded portions of the figure.
1)
5 5 1 4 5 1 1 5
A) , B) , C) , D) ,
1 4 5 5 6 6 6 6
Answer: C
2)
1 6 7 1 3 1 7 1
A) , B) , C) , D) ,
7 7 8 8 4 4 4 4
Answer: D
3)
5 3 5 3 5 3 3 5
A) , B) , C) , D) ,
8 8 3 3 4 4 5 5
Answer: C
4)
3 1 2 1 2 3 5 5
A) , B) , C) , D) ,
2 2 3 3 5 5 2 3
1
Answer: C
2
5)
3 3 1 3 3 1 1 2
A) , B) , C) , D) ,
1 2 4 4 4 4 3 3
Answer: C
6)
5 5 3 2 3 5 5 3
A) , B) , C) , D) ,
3 2 5 5 8 8 8 8
Answer: C
7)
5 1 5 1 5 1 1 1
A) , B) , C) , D) ,
1 1 3 3 6 6 5 1
Answer: B
8)
7 1 7 1 7 1 1 4
A) , B) , C) , D) ,
8 8 4 4 1 4 7 1
Answer: B
9)
11 1 11 1 11 1 1 12
A) , B) , C) , D) ,
12 12 1 12 6 6 11 1
Answer: C
3
10)
5 1 5 3 3 5 3 2
A) , B) , C) , D) ,
3 3 8 8 8 8 5 5
Answer: B
Answer: A
12) Of 19 crates of apples, 7 crates are Granny Smiths. What fraction of the crates are not Granny Smiths?
7 19 19 12
A) 19 B) 7 C) 12 D) 19
Answer: D
13) A high school basketball team has 9 members. If 7 of the team members are juniors, find the fraction of the team
members that are juniors.
7 9 9 2
A) 9 B) 7 C) 2 D) 9
Answer: A
14) A high school basketball team has 12 members. If 7 of the team members are juniors and the rest are seniors,
find the fraction of the team members that are seniors.
12 5 12 7
A) 5 B) 12 C) 7 D) 12
Answer: B
15) In a microbiology class of 37 students, 23 students are graduate students. What fraction of the students are
graduate students?
37 23 37 14
A) 14 B) 37 C) 23 D) 37
Answer: B
16) In a microbiology class of 29 students, 22 students are graduate students. What fraction of the students are not
graduate students?
7 29 22 29
A) 29 B) 7 C) 29 D) 22
Answer: A
17) Of 126 bicycles in a bike rack, 59 are mountain bikes. What fraction of the bicycles are mountain bikes?
126 67 126
A) Answ B) C)
67 126 59
er: D
4
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A question that arose as the war went on was the definition of the
duties of a sniper and a scout. It was held in some quarters that a sniper
and a scout were two quite different men, who had in view two entirely
different objects. The sniper, those who held this view said, was a man
whose first duty was offensive action against the enemy, whereas a
scout’s duty was not to fight, but to obtain information. We at the school
could never see it in this light, for there must be occasions when a scout
must fight to get his information back, or indeed, to obtain it, and it
seemed futile that in the morning a man should ask himself, “Am I to-
day a sniper or a scout?”
I would not refer to these opinions had they not been rather widely
held.
A modern scout must know a great many things—so many that it is
almost impossible to detail them all, and for this reason a scout’s work
changes with the conditions under which he is working.
But I do not think that for a long time sufficient use was made of
modern science in the equipment of the scout. A scout may, in a single
two hours of his life, be a sniper, an observer, and the old-fashioned
scout who has to go out to find out things at close range. He has to be
essentially an individualist capable of seeing and seizing his opportunity.
He must be a man of instant decision, who understands the value of
cover and background, who possesses that quality which is very often
born in men, a sense of direction.
His training was exceedingly difficult, and unless he had a natural
aptitude, no amount of teaching was of any real practical value. Think
what a difference it makes to a Commanding Officer to have in his
battalion a certain number of men, however few, whom he can send out
to obtain information, and who are so accurate and so dependable that he
can always act upon their reports. There are hundreds of such men in the
Lovat Scouts, but then, of course, the whole trend of their lives is
towards observation, skilled movement, and accuracy. The man who has
spent twenty years on the hill, and who has counted the points on a
thousand stags, who knows the difference between every track that he
sees in a corrie, and who is never far from his telescope, is, when he goes
to war, simply carrying into another sphere the normal activities of his
life.
And yet there should be no difficulty in training a number of scouts
in every battalion, but the ideal scout, or rather the ideal scout section,
in a regiment, should be looked up to. Their immense value should be
realized, and due credit and honour given to them for their skill. The
scouts of a battalion should be the pick of that battalion, and the fact that
a man has attained the rank of scout should be signalized by his
receiving extra pay and extra consideration.
As long as war lasts it will be necessary to find out what is in the
enemy’s mind, and this is so important, that those who prove themselves
capable of discovering and of giving warning of what is about to occur,
should be objects of admiration and respect to all their comrades.
Of course there is another point which struck one most strongly, and
this was the examination of prisoners.
It may well be that a man cannot help being taken, whether through
wounds or otherwise, but it is of the first importance that he should give
away nothing to the enemy. For this reason, as scouts and anyone who
has anything to do with any kind of Intelligence work are always put
through a much more rigorous examination if they should be captured,
we were very strongly against badges for scouts.
Let us take the ordinary Tommy. If he is captured, unless it
unfortunately happens that he knows of some imminent move that is to
be made, there is very little danger of his giving away anything, for the
simple reason that he knows so little. But a scout is another matter. He
knows all the posts in our line; he knows something of the system by
which the various offshoots of Intelligence work are being operated, and
as he has been trained to observation of detail and deduction, he is a man
who, if he can be got to speak, will reveal things of great value to the
enemy.
The only two questions that a prisoner need answer are his name and
regiment, but many and sinister are the tricks by which he may be
beguiled.
A British officer who is supposed to have special knowledge is, let
us imagine, captured by the Germans. He is wounded, and is taken up to
the Headquarters of a German Division. He is examined, and, of course,
gives away nothing. Now what happens? Very possibly a German officer
comes to him and says: “Herr Captain, we deeply regret that there is no
room for you in the officers’ quarters in the Hospital. We trust that you
will not object if you are put in a room with a British N.C.O.” The
officer, of course, says he does not object, and he goes into the room.
There he will find a British N.C.O. heavily bandaged and lying groaning
upon his bed. It is inevitable, if they are two or three days together, that
conversation will take place between them. The so-called British N.C.O.
is, however, simply a decoy. He is not wounded at all, and his business
is, by clever questions, to extract certain information which the British
officer is supposed to possess.
Again, when men were taken prisoners, very often into the guard-
room in which they were confined would be thrown another Britisher,
bleeding and wounded, who would raise a tremendous outcry and
declaim upon his wrongs. The newcomer, as a matter of fact, often was
only a clever actor coached to his part, who was simply put into the
guard-house to ferret out information.
These are not isolated incidents, but a commonly accepted policy in
the German Army. After all, it is natural enough, for a little bit of
information may win a battle, and it was certainly held among our foes
that the end justified the means.
But as the war went on, and these things came to knowledge, it
needed some very clever work on the part of the Germans to obtain
information from those who had been warned. Of course, as long as the
world continues there are, one supposes, men who will undertake work
of this kind, whether for money or urged on by some other motive. The
motive may be good even. The decoy may be actuated by a really high
form of patriotism. But not often. For the most part he is one of those
men who have a touch of the traitor in them, and who are in some way
perverted in their minds.
Of course to be a decoy back at Divisional Headquarters is a safe
and probably a paying job, but it is one which must always leave a very
nasty taste in the mouth.
So much for German methods of interrogation.
When we took German prisoners, they were very often in a state of
pitiable fright, for they had been absolutely fed by their officers with
stories of the most circumstantial nature of the habitual brutality of the
British to their prisoners; and yet it was a fine sight to see a German
prisoner, obviously afraid to his very bones, and yet absolutely
determined to give away nothing. One really laboured under an almost
incontrollable impulse to go and shake such a man by the hand. After all,
courage of the lonely sort is surely the most glorious thing that we can
hope to witness, and whether it is displayed upon our side or upon the
other, one feels the better for having witnessed it.
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
T following is a programme which has given excellent results when
training Brigade, Divisional, Corps Observers and Lovat Scouts
Observers.
G C F A S.O.S.
S
(From this the Battalion I.O. can frame Programmes of work to suit
any period of Rest.)
The following lectures are given during the Course, and are attended
by all students except in the case of No. 11, which is attended by the
officers only.
1. Patrolling.
2. Marching on Compass Bearings.
3. Concentration Marches with and without Box Respirators.
4. Siting and construction of Posts.
5. Night Firing, and the use of Field Glasses and Stalking Telescopes on
suitable nights.
It will be seen that the two Sundays have been omitted; on these
days the Range is open to all ranks for voluntary shooting under a
qualified Instructor.
Instruction in the use of Armour Piercing S.A.A., Disguising,
Methods of Instruction, Practice in Map-reading, Taking Bearings, etc.,
etc., goes on continually while students await their turn to fire.
PART I
C A , G R P :
A C I :
OILY BARREL:
OILY BREECH:
CORDWEAR:
HOLD:
Unless the Sniper reproduces the same hold for each shot and when he
rests his rifle rests it always at the same point (for preference the middle
band), his shooting can never be consistent.
AMMUNITION:
WARPED WOODWORK:
The fore-end is fitted so as not to influence the barrel when firing. The
barrel must be able to lie perfectly straight as each shot leaves it. If the
fore-end is warped (and warped fore-ends are common) the barrel will be
unable to lie as was intended, and erratic shooting will result.
CAUSES:
PREVENTION OF:
Oil all woodwork daily, ensuring that the oil penetrates between the hand-guard, fore-end
and barrel.
CURE OF:
Armourer refits fore-end.
S U C :
EROSION:
Is the gradual increase in the size of the bore, and is caused through the
heat generated by the gases slightly fusing the metal. The gases rushing
over the metal carry away minute particles of the steel. This is the factor
which decides “The Life of the Barrel” for purposes of real accuracy.
DRIFT:
O D :
SUPERFICIAL FOULING:
The fouling that appears in the bore immediately after firing. It is then
quite soft and easily removed, but if allowed to remain, it becomes hard,
difficult to remove and, by attracting moisture from the air, begins the
rusting process.
INTERNAL FOULING:
Fouling that actually gets below the surface of the metal when firing;
this gradually sweats its way to the surface and should be removed as it
appears.
(Note:—If cleaned with really boiling water, the pores are reopened,
internal fouling is removed, and thus the cause of sweating is done away
with. The Barrel must, however, be dried immediately, or the cure will be
worse than the complaint.)
CORROSION:
G R P :
2. If he makes a lateral group his error will be usually found among the
following:
3. If he gets a good group, but wide of the aiming mark, it will be safe
to assume that his rifle is throwing wide and should be corrected at once
by alteration of fore-sight. For this reason the Armourer or other qualified
person should be present when grouping is being carried out.
4. If a man’s shots are widely scattered, it will be necessary to carry out
the Analysis of faults, i.e.:
R. Test Rifle.
A. Test Aim.
T. Test Trigger-pressing.
S. Test Sight.
You should by this time have discovered the fault, but remember it is of
no use having found it unless you can cure it before proceeding further.
5. If the rifle be correct the point of Mean Impact should be 5 inches
above the point of Aim. If incorrect the fore-sight should be altered. The
following can be got on indent for this purpose.
Cramp R.S.L.M.E.
Supply of fore-sights in nine different heights.
RANGE PRACTICES:
It is important that the barrels of these rifles should not be worn out in
practice shooting.
5. All training should be made progressive and where possible
competitive.
6. The first essential is extreme accuracy, after which the Instructor
must coach up for rapid snapshooting, the ultimate standard being looked
upon as the ability to get off a really good shot under two seconds.
7. Always start with a Grouping Practice and eliminate faults as they
are discovered.
8. Re zero Telescopic sighted rifles: to ascertain that they have
maintained their correctness each time you are out of the trenches, and
arm only your best shots with these rifles.
9. Improvise cover on the Range and make all Snipers’ fire practices
under as near as possible Service Conditions.
10. Although normally he will not fire Rapid, keep your sniper efficient
in this valuable art.
11. You may at any time become a casualty, therefore train your
N.C.O.’s to carry on in your absence.
PART II
P S
T P T W
RECONNAISSANCE PATROLS
Are the work of scouts who go out on some specific mission. Numbers
should be as small as possible. A party of two or three will probably
obtain the best results.
FIGHTING PATROLS
Should consist of Lewis gun and gunners, bombers and scouts. Strength
10–15. Object to disperse enemy working parties, to engage enemy
patrols, to obtain identifications.
Note:—It may often be necessary to combine these patrols; the Fighting Patrol going out to
form a screen in rear, while the Reconnaissance Patrol pushes forward to complete its task.
This has the effect of giving the Reconnaissance Patrol confidence, of assisting them to pass
back any casualties they may suffer, and, in fact, provides them with an Advanced
Headquarters from which they carry out their reconnaissance. The system is particularly useful,
and, in fact, necessary, where a great distance separates the opposing lines.
PROTECTIVE PATROLS
Should consist mainly of Bombers, and are used in front of our wire, or
between Isolated Posts. Numbers depend on circumstances. Object:
Protection of our line from surprise attacks.
O W
TRAINING:
The general principles of training both for Trench and Open Warfare are
a thorough training in the following:
1. Map Reading.
2. Compass Work.
3. Reports.
4. Use of Ground and Cover.
5. Reconnoitring through Periscopes and by means of Aeroplane Photographs and Maps by
day, the ground over which patrol must pass at night, and selecting the best method of
approach.
6. Actual Patrolling by day and night.
7. Keeping touch.
FORMATIONS:
Nothing definite can be laid down, as, of necessity, formations will vary
with the prevailing conditions. It is essential, however, that all formations
shall be so simple as to ensure that they can be maintained even on the
darkest night and when working over very rough ground.
The Lewis gun, when it forms a part of a Patrol, must be well protected
and in such a position as will enable it to be used at a moment’s notice.
The Officer or N.C.O. in charge should always lead the Patrol, and
there should be a Second-in-Command, whose position should be in the
centre and rear of the Patrol; he will specialize in keeping the men in their
proper places and maintaining touch.
EQUIPMENT:
INSTRUCTIONS TO BE GIVEN:
PATROL REPORT
Blankshire Regiment.
Night of 12–13th/6/17.
Ref. Map Sheet 54 S.E.1.
Handed in at 3 a.m.
Date: 13/6/17.
(Sgd.) R. G. A. T , Lieut.,
Blankshire Regiment.
N.B.—These headings, etc., are given as a guide. They will vary
according to the nature of the information required, and the circumstances
under which the Patrol is working.
PART III
T S T
Apart from the regular issue of G.S. Telescopes, there are now in the
B.E.F. about 40,000 or 50,000 more or less high-class telescopes. These
have been obtained from all kinds of sources, from deer-stalkers,
yachtsmen, etc., and the care and use of these glasses has become a matter
of great importance.
The first thing to remember is that the lenses of all telescopes are made
of very soft glass, and that this glass is polished to a very high degree. A
few scratches on the outer surface of the object-glass will negative the
value of the best telescope. When the telescope is first taken from its case,
a light film of dust will usually be found to have formed on the object-
glass. This should be flicked off with a handkerchief, and if any polishing
is necessary, it should be done with a piece of chamois leather or well-
washed piece of four-by-two; this cleaning material should be free from
grit, and should be carried in a pocket or in the pay-book, where it will be
kept clean. Over 50 per cent. of the telescopes in use, in or about the front
line, have been scratched more or less badly, owing to the neglect of this
simple precaution.
Special attention should be paid to the cleaning of the objective lens,
which is liable to become covered with dust owing to its position in the
telescope and the opening and closing of the draws.
Never on any account touch the glass with the finger or thumb. If the
glass be allowed to get damp, fogging will result. To cause the fogging to
evaporate, remove object-glass and eye-piece, lay the telescope out in the
sun or in a warm room. Never permit the metal work to get hotter than the
temperature of your hand, otherwise the Canada Balsam (which is used to
join the concave and convex lenses in the object-glass of all high
telescopes, except the G.S.) will melt. If the draws get wet, they must be
thoroughly dried and slightly lubricated. The same applies to the sun-
shade. When an officer is inspecting telescopes, he should inspect the
cases also. In screwing tubes or cells into place, great care must be taken
not to damage the threads. It is often as well to turn the screw the wrong
way with a gentle pressure; the threads will then come into correct
engagement, and a slight click may be heard.
T G S T
As has been stated above, Canada Balsam is not used between the lenses
of the object-glass of the G.S. telescope. When a G.S. Telescope has been
taken to pieces, the only difficulty experienced in assembling it again will be
in the replacing of the lenses forming the object-glass. To do this two rules
must be remembered:
1. The convex lens is always the nearest to the object, and, therefore,
must be replaced first.
2. On the side of the lenses forming the object-glass an arrow-head will
be found cut into the glass.
Before the lenses are put back the arrow-head must be completed, and
the middle of the arrow must be allowed to slide over the barb or raised
line in the cell.
1. Always extend your sun-shade (more O.P.’s have been given away by
the light shining upon the object-glass of telescopes than in any other
way).
2. Always mark your focus by scratching a circular ring on the focussing
draw. (This will allow you to focus your glass correctly and quickly
before putting it to your eye.)
3. Always pull out or push in the draws of your telescope with a clock-
wise circular motion, and keep them slightly lubricated.
4. Always carry your telescope slung on your body. If you take it off and
let it travel in a lorry or car the jolting will almost certainly ruin it.
5. Always use a rest when observing.
6. When looking into the sun, make a sun-shade nine inches or a foot
long, to fit on the short sun-shade of the telescope. This will give you
great assistance when the sun is over the German lines. It is a trick
borrowed from the chamois-hunters of the Pyrenees.
7. Remember that when there is a mirage you will get better results with
a low than with a high power of magnification. Conditions in France
are more suitable to a magnification of under than over twenty-five.
Excellent work can be done in the front line with a glass that
magnifies only ten times. If the high-power eye-piece is used for any
special purpose when reconnaissance is finished, it should be
replaced by a low-power eye-piece.
8. When searching a given sector of ground or trench divide it into
“fields of view” work slowly allowing each field to overlap. Never
leave any suspicious-looking object without having ascertained what
it is and why it is there.
9. Slight movement is more easily detected if you do not look straight at
the object. Always look, a little left, right, high or low. Keenest
vision is at the edges of the eye. This particularly applies to dusk or
dawn.
10. When your object is found, consider:
(a) Distance.
(b) Shape.
(c) Colour.
(d) Size.
(e) Position.
Use each detail to check other details; for instance, if you can
distinguish the state cockade upon a German cap you may be certain
that you are not more than two hundred yards distant.
11. Do not forget that good results can be obtained on clear starlight or
moonlight nights, by the use of night-glasses or telescopes, especially
if working in conjunction with a Lewis or Vickers Gun. Generally
speaking, the bigger the object-glass and the lower the magnification
the better will be the results obtainable at night.
12. In trench warfare a really good glass-man working from our front
line by day can make a most valuable wire reconnaissance.
13. Remember that the conditions of visibility are constantly changing;
an object which is indistinct at eleven o’clock may become quite
clear at eleven-five.
14. Always be ready to avail yourself of natural conditions. The visibility
after a rain-shower is almost always good; it shows up wire and gaps
in the wire, paths, ground traversed by patrols, etc. The best season
for “spotting” O.P.’s is autumn, when the leaves fall and the grass
withers.
15. It is a good thing to disguise the whole of the telescope by use of
sandbags or other material around it. Great care must be taken to
ascertain that such disguise is kept free from dust or grit.
PART IV
F L O R
Remember that straws show which way the wind blows, and that
apparently trivial information may be of great importance if considered in
correct perspective. For instance, three small parties of Germans seen in front
of a battalion sector is not an item of much interest, but if such parties are
seen by all or most of the observers on a divisional front, enemy movement of
importance is indicated, so include everything observed which is of the
slightest importance.
Remember that your report passes through the hands of the Battalion
Intelligence Officer, and by him the information it contains is passed on to
Brigade, thence to Division, and so on. During the whole of this process, the
information is weighed, sifted, and compared over and over again. Hence, that
which really proves to be of no importance will be eliminated, while that
which is of value will reach those to whom it may be of use.
Remember that you are in close touch with the enemy, and that you, and
you only, are responsible for the observation of his forward area. You must
not rely upon the Divisional or Corps Observers to do this work for you.
When taking over a post for the first time you must study the ground
carefully and get to know the exact location of all prominent objects. Then, in
a few days’ time, you will be capable of giving map locations of targets
without bearings.
It is of little or no use to look for movement until you know your front by
heart, the observer is the man who can almost see the co-ordinates lying
on the ground. In this way some of the Lovat Scouts can give the map
references of a moving object as it moves, without a glance at the map.
The best times of the day for you, as a front-line observer, are dawn and
dusk. Ration parties, working parties, reliefs, etc., are all waiting to move
forward at dusk, and much good work can be done by picking up these targets
and reporting them to the Artillery. The same or similar parties can often be
seen returning at dawn, particularly after a night during which our harassing
fire has been heavy.
Again, a misty day—although the definition obtained through your
telescope is not so clear as usual—is often excellent for observation of the
enemy’s front-line system, as, on such days, through a false sense of security,
the enemy often shows himself in concealed posts, etc., which he would never
give away by carelessness during clearer weather.
Always note time (signal time) and map co-ordinates of anything
observed.
If anything of importance be seen, such as abnormal movement,
suspected reliefs, etc., report them at once. Don’t wait until you come off
duty.
All targets should be reported as soon as possible to the Artillery.
If there are any Artillery O.P.’s in your vicinity, they should be visited, as
the occupants can often assist you by “placing” objects, the exact location of
which you yourself are doubtful about. The Artillery Observers should be
shown all tracks where movement has been observed to enable them to get a
gun trained on to them.
All new enemy work must be followed closely and its object, if possible,
ascertained.
Take a pride in extreme accuracy, let a direct statement represent fact, but
do not hesitate to include information of which you are not quite certain. You
must, however, never fail to indicate clearly the degree of accuracy or
certainty which you yourself feel. Useful words for qualifying your
statements are as follows:
Possibly;
About;
Probably;
Approximately, etc., etc.
OPERATIONS, ENEMY:
1. Artillery
2. T.M.’s
3. Grenades
} No. and Calibre of projectiles and targets.
4. A.A. Guns Activity.
5. M.G. Fire
6. Rifle Fire } Methods and Targets.
MOVEMENT, ENEMY:
1. Aircraft.
2. Trains.
3. Transport.
4. Men actually seen.
5. Indication of movement (periscopes, loopholes, etc.).
6. Patrols. (Seen, heard or encountered.)
The subject matter forming this falls naturally under the following main
headings:
1. Operations. (Enemy.)
2. Movement. „
3. Work. „
4. Signals. „
5. General Intelligence.
6. Weather.
WORK, ENEMY:
SIGNALS, ENEMY:
WEATHER:
OBSERVATION REPORT
No. of Post (Map Ref.): Teapot Post N33c55.90 Sheet 17A N.E.
Time on Duty: 7 a.m. to 10 a.m.
Date: 20.6.18.
Observers on Duty, Name, Rank and Regt.
H. Smith Pte.
G. Shaw L/Cpl.
Wind: Gentle S.W.
Visibility: Fair.
15 wagons, 4 Possibly
horse, all ammunition
very or heavy
heavily material. Had
Horse
9.15 a.m. G30a40.92 loaded, difficulty in
transport.
moving N. ascending
on Vitry- slight hill.
Douai
Road.
PART V
S U S , O S A , D
O W
It is difficult to lay down any hard and fast rules on this subject, as so
much depends upon the prevailing conditions. The following notes should
therefore be looked upon as tentative hints or suggestions.
To commence, it is well to remember that these men, in addition to being
fully-trained soldiers, have received specialist training in such subjects as
map-reading, obtaining and reporting information, scouting, accurate
shooting, etc., therefore their value to the Company Commander, whether in
Attack or Defence, in trench warfare or in open warfare, has been enhanced,
and he should keep this in mind when making his dispositions.
Prior to attack on any given objective, the Scouts and Observers can
obtain much valuable information; in fact, the actual plans for local attack
will often depend upon the information so obtained.
The following are some of the points that should be ascertained either by
direct observation or patrolling or both:
Vigorous patrolling should take place for some time prior to attack, to
ensure that the enemy is driven out of “No Man’s Land,” thus enabling us to
“jump off” from a point as near as possible to the enemy line.
The Snipers can, by making each enemy periscope and loophole a target,
render the enemy to a great extent blind in Front Line Observation. Before the
actual assault has commenced, our snipers can be established in shell holes in
“No Man’s Land” from which they can command any known machine-gun
emplacements. They should always carry a few rounds of armour-piercing
S.A.A., and should look upon the breech casing of the gun as their target
rather than the gunners. (Your good sniper will appreciate the fact that one hit
on the breech-casing of a machine-gun with armour-piercing S.A.A. will
definitely put the gun out of action, as it ruins the vital portion, i.e., “the
recoiling portion” of the gun.)
After the objective has been gained, the snipers should push forward
beyond our new line and establish themselves in shell holes or in old trenches.
From these positions their fire will be of great value in conjunction with the
Lewis gunners in keeping down the enemy during consolidation.