Test Bank for Developmental Mathematics Basic

Mathematics and Algebra 4th Edition by Lial Hornsby

McGinnis Salzman Hestwood ISBN 0134539818
9780134539812
Full link download Test Bank:

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Write fractions to represent the shaded and unshaded portions of the figure.
1)

5 5 1 4 5 1 1 5
A) , B) , C) , D) ,

1 4 5 5 6 6 6 6
Answer: C

2)

1 6 7 1 3 1 7 1
A) , B) , C) , D) ,

7 7 8 8 4 4 4 4
Answer: D

3)

5 3 5 3 5 3 3 5
A) , B) , C) , D) ,

8 8 3 3 4 4 5 5
Answer: C

4)

3 1 2 1 2 3 5 5
A) , B) , C) , D) ,

2 2 3 3 5 5 2 3

1
Answer: C

2
5)

3 3 1 3 3 1 1 2
A) , B) , C) , D) ,

1 2 4 4 4 4 3 3
Answer: C

6)

5 5 3 2 3 5 5 3
A) , B) , C) , D) ,

3 2 5 5 8 8 8 8
Answer: C

7)

5 1 5 1 5 1 1 1
A) , B) , C) , D) ,

1 1 3 3 6 6 5 1
Answer: B

8)

7 1 7 1 7 1 1 4
A) , B) , C) , D) ,

8 8 4 4 1 4 7 1
Answer: B

9)

11 1 11 1 11 1 1 12
A) , B) , C) , D) ,
12 12 1 12 6 6 11 1

Answer: C
3
 10)

5 1 5 3 3 5 3 2
A) , B) , C) , D) ,

3 3 8 8 8 8 5 5
Answer: B

Solve the problem.

11) Of 11 crates of apples, 9 crates are Granny Smiths. What fraction of the crates are Granny Smiths?
9 11 11 2
A) 11 B) 9 C) 2 D) 11

Answer: A

12) Of 19 crates of apples, 7 crates are Granny Smiths. What fraction of the crates are not Granny Smiths?
7 19 19 12
A) 19 B) 7 C) 12 D) 19

Answer: D

13) A high school basketball team has 9 members. If 7 of the team members are juniors, find the fraction of the team
members that are juniors.
7 9 9 2
A) 9 B) 7 C) 2 D) 9
Answer: A

14) A high school basketball team has 12 members. If 7 of the team members are juniors and the rest are seniors,
find the fraction of the team members that are seniors.
12 5 12 7
A) 5 B) 12 C) 7 D) 12

Answer: B

15) In a microbiology class of 37 students, 23 students are graduate students. What fraction of the students are
graduate students?
37 23 37 14
A) 14 B) 37 C) 23 D) 37

Answer: B

16) In a microbiology class of 29 students, 22 students are graduate students. What fraction of the students are not
graduate students?
7 29 22 29
A) 29 B) 7 C) 29 D) 22

Answer: A

17) Of 126 bicycles in a bike rack, 59 are mountain bikes. What fraction of the bicycles are mountain bikes?
126 67 126
A) Answ B) C)
67 126 59
er: D
4
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 A question that arose as the war went on was the definition of the
duties of a sniper and a scout. It was held in some quarters that a sniper
and a scout were two quite different men, who had in view two entirely
different objects. The sniper, those who held this view said, was a man
whose first duty was offensive action against the enemy, whereas a
scout’s duty was not to fight, but to obtain information. We at the school
could never see it in this light, for there must be occasions when a scout
must fight to get his information back, or indeed, to obtain it, and it
seemed futile that in the morning a man should ask himself, “Am I to-
day a sniper or a scout?”
I would not refer to these opinions had they not been rather widely
held.
A modern scout must know a great many things—so many that it is
almost impossible to detail them all, and for this reason a scout’s work
changes with the conditions under which he is working.
But I do not think that for a long time sufficient use was made of
modern science in the equipment of the scout. A scout may, in a single
two hours of his life, be a sniper, an observer, and the old-fashioned
scout who has to go out to find out things at close range. He has to be
essentially an individualist capable of seeing and seizing his opportunity.
He must be a man of instant decision, who understands the value of
cover and background, who possesses that quality which is very often
born in men, a sense of direction.
His training was exceedingly difficult, and unless he had a natural
aptitude, no amount of teaching was of any real practical value. Think
what a difference it makes to a Commanding Officer to have in his
battalion a certain number of men, however few, whom he can send out
to obtain information, and who are so accurate and so dependable that he
can always act upon their reports. There are hundreds of such men in the
Lovat Scouts, but then, of course, the whole trend of their lives is
towards observation, skilled movement, and accuracy. The man who has
spent twenty years on the hill, and who has counted the points on a
thousand stags, who knows the difference between every track that he
sees in a corrie, and who is never far from his telescope, is, when he goes
to war, simply carrying into another sphere the normal activities of his
life.
And yet there should be no difficulty in training a number of scouts
in every battalion, but the ideal scout, or rather the ideal scout section,
in a regiment, should be looked up to. Their immense value should be
realized, and due credit and honour given to them for their skill. The
scouts of a battalion should be the pick of that battalion, and the fact that
a man has attained the rank of scout should be signalized by his
receiving extra pay and extra consideration.
As long as war lasts it will be necessary to find out what is in the
enemy’s mind, and this is so important, that those who prove themselves
capable of discovering and of giving warning of what is about to occur,
should be objects of admiration and respect to all their comrades.
Of course there is another point which struck one most strongly, and
this was the examination of prisoners.
It may well be that a man cannot help being taken, whether through
wounds or otherwise, but it is of the first importance that he should give
away nothing to the enemy. For this reason, as scouts and anyone who
has anything to do with any kind of Intelligence work are always put
through a much more rigorous examination if they should be captured,
we were very strongly against badges for scouts.
Let us take the ordinary Tommy. If he is captured, unless it
unfortunately happens that he knows of some imminent move that is to
be made, there is very little danger of his giving away anything, for the
simple reason that he knows so little. But a scout is another matter. He
knows all the posts in our line; he knows something of the system by
which the various offshoots of Intelligence work are being operated, and
as he has been trained to observation of detail and deduction, he is a man
who, if he can be got to speak, will reveal things of great value to the
enemy.
The only two questions that a prisoner need answer are his name and
regiment, but many and sinister are the tricks by which he may be
beguiled.
A British officer who is supposed to have special knowledge is, let
us imagine, captured by the Germans. He is wounded, and is taken up to
the Headquarters of a German Division. He is examined, and, of course,
gives away nothing. Now what happens? Very possibly a German officer
comes to him and says: “Herr Captain, we deeply regret that there is no
room for you in the officers’ quarters in the Hospital. We trust that you
will not object if you are put in a room with a British N.C.O.” The
officer, of course, says he does not object, and he goes into the room.
There he will find a British N.C.O. heavily bandaged and lying groaning
upon his bed. It is inevitable, if they are two or three days together, that
conversation will take place between them. The so-called British N.C.O.
is, however, simply a decoy. He is not wounded at all, and his business
is, by clever questions, to extract certain information which the British
officer is supposed to possess.
Again, when men were taken prisoners, very often into the guard-
room in which they were confined would be thrown another Britisher,
bleeding and wounded, who would raise a tremendous outcry and
declaim upon his wrongs. The newcomer, as a matter of fact, often was
only a clever actor coached to his part, who was simply put into the
guard-house to ferret out information.
These are not isolated incidents, but a commonly accepted policy in
the German Army. After all, it is natural enough, for a little bit of
information may win a battle, and it was certainly held among our foes
that the end justified the means.
But as the war went on, and these things came to knowledge, it
needed some very clever work on the part of the Germans to obtain
information from those who had been warned. Of course, as long as the
world continues there are, one supposes, men who will undertake work
of this kind, whether for money or urged on by some other motive. The
motive may be good even. The decoy may be actuated by a really high
form of patriotism. But not often. For the most part he is one of those
men who have a touch of the traitor in them, and who are in some way
perverted in their minds.
Of course to be a decoy back at Divisional Headquarters is a safe
and probably a paying job, but it is one which must always leave a very
nasty taste in the mouth.
So much for German methods of interrogation.
When we took German prisoners, they were very often in a state of
pitiable fright, for they had been absolutely fed by their officers with
stories of the most circumstantial nature of the habitual brutality of the
British to their prisoners; and yet it was a fine sight to see a German
prisoner, obviously afraid to his very bones, and yet absolutely
determined to give away nothing. One really laboured under an almost
incontrollable impulse to go and shake such a man by the hand. After all,
courage of the lonely sort is surely the most glorious thing that we can
hope to witness, and whether it is displayed upon our side or upon the
other, one feels the better for having witnessed it.
APPENDICES
 APPENDIX A
T following is a programme which has given excellent results when
training Brigade, Divisional, Corps Observers and Lovat Scouts
Observers.

1st Day. Lecture. Maps and Conventional Signs.

Practical. Comparison of Map with the Ground.
Setting Maps.
Location of points by drawing rays.
2nd Day. Lecture. The Stalking Telescope.
Practical. Front Line Observation with Reports.
Instruction and Practice in reading.
Map co-ordinates.
Judging Distance.
3rd Day. Lecture. Contours, gradients, slopes, etc.
Practical. Pegging out contours on the ground.
Long Distance Observation with Reports.
Judging Distance.
4th Day. Lecture. The Prismatic Compass.
Practical. Taking Bearings.
Working out mutual visibility problems.
Concave and convex slopes, drawing
slopes.
5th Day. Lecture. The use of the protractor.
Practical. Plotting Bearings.
Re-section problems.
Long distance Observation with Reports.
6th Day. Lecture. Scales.
Practical. Road Traverse.
Filling in conventional signs and
contours.
Long Distance Observation with Reports.
7th Day. Lecture. Use of Scouts and Observers in Attack
and Defence.
Practical. Marching to Map co-ordinates.
Selection of positions for Observation
Posts.
Front Line Observation with Reports.
8th Day. Scheme. Bringing in the use of Observers in Open
Warfare.
Construction and concealment of
Observation Posts.
Taking Bearings with Compass.
9th Day. Lecture. Front Line Observation.
Practical. Locating of points by drawing rays.
Compass March (by Day).
10th Day. Lecture. Aeroplane Photographs.
Practical. Comparison of photos with the ground.
Re-section problems.
11th Day. Practical. Handing over and relief of Observation
Posts.
Using Telescope as Director.
Long Distance Observation with Reports.
Use of Director Board.
12th Day. Practical. Making and plotting a Road Traverse.
Making a Road Report.
Compass March (by Night).
13th Day. Practical. Enlarging Map and constructing scales.
Work with Director Board.
14th Day. Recapitulation and Examinations.
 APPENDIX B

G C F A S.O.S.
S
(From this the Battalion I.O. can frame Programmes of work to suit
any period of Rest.)
The following lectures are given during the Course, and are attended
by all students except in the case of No. 11, which is attended by the
officers only.

1. Care of Arms and Grouping.

2. The Enfield 1914 pattern Rifle.
3. The Stalking Telescope.
4. General lecture on Map-reading.
5. Patrolling and Scouting.
6. Elevations and Wind.
7. The construction of Sniping and Forward O.P.’s.
8. General lecture on Telescopic-Sighted Rifles.
9. Duties of Scouts, Observers and Snipers in Attack and Defence.
10. Front Line Observation and Reports.
11. Duties of the Bn. Intelligence Officer.
12. Aeroplane photos, with Lantern Slides.
13. General Musketry Lecture.
14. Bayonet Training (by Supt. P. and B.T. First Army).

(N :—Nos. 13 and 14 are given on two evenings during the last

week of the Course.)
In addition to the above and to the Programme, the officers go
thoroughly into such subjects as:

1. Map-reading and Field Sketching.

 2. Use of Prismatic Compass.
3. Enlarging Maps and interpolation of Contours.
4. Panorama Sketching.
5. Adjustments and care of Telescopic sights.
6. Methods and principles of Instruction.
7. Organization and Training.
8. Practical study of Ground.

Practical work is also given to all students in the following subjects

at night:

1. Patrolling.
2. Marching on Compass Bearings.
3. Concentration Marches with and without Box Respirators.
4. Siting and construction of Posts.
5. Night Firing, and the use of Field Glasses and Stalking Telescopes on
suitable nights.

It will be seen that the two Sundays have been omitted; on these
days the Range is open to all ranks for voluntary shooting under a
qualified Instructor.
Instruction in the use of Armour Piercing S.A.A., Disguising,
Methods of Instruction, Practice in Map-reading, Taking Bearings, etc.,
etc., goes on continually while students await their turn to fire.

1st Morning. General talk on the objects of the Course and

discipline during. Thorough examination of
open-sighted rifles for defects.
Demonstration of Grouping and Holding.
Grouping at 100 yards, followed by analysis
of faults and correction of rifles where
necessary.
Afternoon. Lecture: Care of Arms and Grouping.
(Practical) Observation on a German Trench
with reports. Criticism of Reports.
2nd Morning. Lecture: The Stalking Telescope. (Practical)
Repetition of failures in Grouping practice.
 Application at 200–300 yards. Observation
of single shot strike.
Afternoon. Practical Observation. (a) On German Trench.
(b) Open Country.
3rd Morning. Lecture: The Enfield 1914 pattern Rifle.
(Practical) Judging Distance up to 600
yards. Snapshooting at 100–200 yards, 4
seconds’ exposure. Application at 200
yards. Hawkins position.
Afternoon. Practical Map-reading on the ground and long
distance observations with Reports.
4th Morning. Lecture: General lecture on Map-reading.
(Practical) Application at 400–500 yards.
Application at unknown range (within 400
yards).
Afternoon. Demonstration: Use of Ground and Cover.
(Practical) Practice in selecting, attaining
and constructing hasty observation posts for
open warfare. Cover from view rather than
Cover from fire to be specialized in.
5th Morning. Lecture: Patrolling and Scouting. (Practical)
Application at 300 yards. Snapshooting at
100 and 200 yards. 3 seconds’ exposure.
Afternoon. Demonstration of Camouflage and its uses.
(Practical) Scheme: Snipers are given an
area of ground in which they must establish
posts utilizing the material found on the spot
for disguise. Observers select posts from
which they can command the above area.
The snipers will fire blank from the posts
they have selected at any observers who
expose themselves; also endeavour to give
the map-reference of their targets. The
observers endeavour to locate and give map-
references of the snipers’ posts.
6th Morning. Lecture: Elevations and Wind. Demonstration:
Building in battens for and spotting enemy
snipers; actual practice in above each
 student to locate at least two snipers.
(Practical) Snapshooting combined with
movement; students endeavour to advance
unseen from 500 to 100 yards. Targets
representing enemy heads appear at odd
places and intervals in the butts.
Afternoon. Demonstration: Building in and use of Night
Firing Boxes. Actual practice in above.
Observation on a German trench, the
appearance of which is altered by moving
sandbags, loopholes, etc., with reports.
8th Morning. Lecture: The construction of Forward and
Sniping O.P.’s. (Practical) Patrolling with
the use of Night Firing Goggles. Practice in
the correct use of cover and in keeping
touch. Application practice at unknown
range.
Afternoon. Practice in marching by day on Compass
bearings with and without Box-respirators.
9th Morning. Lecture: General lecture on telescopic sighted
rifles. (Practical) Zeroing of telescopic
sighted rifles.
Afternoon. Complete the zeroing of rifles. Long distance
observation.
10th Morning. Lecture: Duties of scouts, observers and
snipers in attack and defence. (Practical)
Grouping at 100 yards with Telescopic
sighted rifles. Practice in scouting in Open
Country, with reports.
Afternoon. Scheme: Making “Good” woods and enclosed
country with scouts and snipers.
11th Morning. Lecture: Front line observation and reports.
(Practical) Application at 200 yards with
telescopic sighted rifles. Snapshooting at
100–200 yards, 3 seconds’ exposure.
Afternoon. Concentration march. Students are put into
four parties, each representing a platoon.
 They are given a map co-ordinate at which
they must concentrate at a given time.
Signals representing Gas Alarm are given,
when all students put on their box-
respirators and continue the march.
12th Morning. Lecture: Duties of the Bn. Intelligence Officer.
(Practical) Application at 300–400 yards.
Observation on a German trench.
Afternoon. Scheme: To demonstrate the use of Scouts and
Snipers as a protective advanced screen to
Infantry in open or semi-open warfare.
13th Morning. Lecture: Aeroplane Photos, with Lantern
Slides. Practical study of aeroplane
photographs on the actual ground depicted
in the photo.
Afternoon. Examinations in Long distance and Front line
observations.
15th and 16th. Oral examinations. Mutual Instruction. Written
examination. Examination of note-books.
Competition shoots.

Note:—The above programme is only given as a guide; changes in

sequence must often occur through inclemency of the weather.
 APPENDIX C
T following are the rough notes used for some of the Lectures given at the
F A S of S.O.S. in France.

PART I

C A , G R P :

It is essential that the Sniper shall have a really clean rifle if he is to

obtain the extreme accuracy that is required of him. By a clean rifle I
mean a rifle in the cleaning of which not only have all the normal
precautions been taken, but, in addition, the bore has received a very high
polish. This high polish is of great importance to accurate shooting, and to
be efficient as a Sniper you must be far more accurate than the average
Service Shot. Hence the necessity for going rather deeply into Care of
Arms.

A C I :

OILY BARREL:

Is a great cause of inaccuracy, as the resistance offered to the bullet in

its passage down the bore is varied, and thus the shooting of the rifle
becomes inconsistent.

OILY BREECH:

This prevents correct “seizing” in the breech, and tends to lead to a

blow-back. If a blow-back occurs there is a loss of driving power, muzzle
velocity is decreased and accuracy is lost.

CORDWEAR:

Is caused by misuse of the pull-through, and usually occurs at the

muzzle, but in cases of extreme negligence it may be found in the
chamber. When it occurs at the muzzle, gases escape through the cord
groove as the bullet is leaving, thus forcing it in the opposite direction. If
 in the chamber, it is a source of weakness, and a burst chamber may be the
result.

FIXING THE BAYONET:

Musketry Regulations inform us that with the “S.M.L.E.” the effect of

fixing the bayonet is to throw your shot 18 inches high at 200 yards’
range. This is because the extra weight slows down the vibration, and thus
converts a negative into a positive jump. Hence, as a Sniper, you will fire
without your bayonet fixed.
(Note:—From tests carried out at this First Army School of S.O.S. it
would appear that Musketry regulations greatly over-estimate the effect
caused by fixing the bayonet.)

HOLD:

Unless the Sniper reproduces the same hold for each shot and when he
rests his rifle rests it always at the same point (for preference the middle
band), his shooting can never be consistent.

AMMUNITION:

Different makes of S.A.A. give slightly different elevations on the

target. This is because the Powders burn at different rates, thus slightly
altering the jump.

WARPED WOODWORK:

The fore-end is fitted so as not to influence the barrel when firing. The
barrel must be able to lie perfectly straight as each shot leaves it. If the
fore-end is warped (and warped fore-ends are common) the barrel will be
unable to lie as was intended, and erratic shooting will result.

CAUSES:

1. Wet entering between the barrel and the fore-end.

2. Unequal dryness such as caused by rifle lying in hot sun or in front of fire.
3. Dry woodwork.
4. Twisting of wood through insufficient seasoning before use.

PREVENTION OF:
Oil all woodwork daily, ensuring that the oil penetrates between the hand-guard, fore-end
and barrel.

CURE OF:
Armourer refits fore-end.
 S U C :

NICKELLING OR METALLIC FOULING:

Is really an obstruction in the bore caused by a portion of the envelope

of the bullet becoming brazed on the surface of the bore. It is a cause of
great inaccuracy, and its presence should always be looked for. When
found, it must be removed. This should be done by an Armourer.

EROSION:

Is the gradual increase in the size of the bore, and is caused through the
heat generated by the gases slightly fusing the metal. The gases rushing
over the metal carry away minute particles of the steel. This is the factor
which decides “The Life of the Barrel” for purposes of real accuracy.

DRIFT:

Is the continual deviation of the bullet in the direction of the rifling.

About one minute, i.e., one inch per 100 yards, must be allowed for this at
the longer ranges in sniping.

O D :
SUPERFICIAL FOULING:

The fouling that appears in the bore immediately after firing. It is then
quite soft and easily removed, but if allowed to remain, it becomes hard,
difficult to remove and, by attracting moisture from the air, begins the
rusting process.

INTERNAL FOULING:

Fouling that actually gets below the surface of the metal when firing;
this gradually sweats its way to the surface and should be removed as it
appears.
(Note:—If cleaned with really boiling water, the pores are reopened,
internal fouling is removed, and thus the cause of sweating is done away
with. The Barrel must, however, be dried immediately, or the cure will be
worse than the complaint.)

CORROSION:

Is the black pock-mark or indentation left in the bore after removing

rust.
CLEANING RODS:

Finally it is suggested that a cleaning-rod properly used is better than a

pull-through: each Battalion is authorized to hold 32 of these Rods on
Charge. (See G.R.O.’s 512, 540 and 2,094.)

G R P :

It must be understood that Grouping with the Open Sights is a definite

test of (a) the rifle, and (b) the man.
Grouping is a practical system of locating faults, and it is of the utmost
importance that such faults, having once been located, should at once be
corrected. It should also be clearly understood that a man’s average group
at a given range, i.e., 100 yards, will (except for the error of the day) be
the measure of his capacity at all ranges. For instance, if his average at
100 yards be a 3-inch group, his best standard will be a 6-inch group at
200 yards, 9-inch group at 300 yards, 12-inch group at 400 yards, and so
on.
Unless this fact is clearly understood, we shall have our men making
shot corrections when actually shooting up to standard, and if this is done,
consistent shooting can never be obtained.

LESSONS TO BE LEARNT FROM A GROUP:

1. If a man makes a vertical group it is fairly safe to assume that he is

making one of the following errors:

(a) Varying amount of fore-sight taken.

(b) Varying point of Aim.
(c) Not restraining his breathing when trigger-pressing.

2. If he makes a lateral group his error will be usually found among the
following:

(a) Incorrect centreing of fore-sight.

(b) Varying point of Aim.
(c) Bad let-off.

3. If he gets a good group, but wide of the aiming mark, it will be safe
to assume that his rifle is throwing wide and should be corrected at once
by alteration of fore-sight. For this reason the Armourer or other qualified
person should be present when grouping is being carried out.
 4. If a man’s shots are widely scattered, it will be necessary to carry out
the Analysis of faults, i.e.:

R. Test Rifle.
A. Test Aim.
T. Test Trigger-pressing.
S. Test Sight.

You should by this time have discovered the fault, but remember it is of
no use having found it unless you can cure it before proceeding further.
5. If the rifle be correct the point of Mean Impact should be 5 inches
above the point of Aim. If incorrect the fore-sight should be altered. The
following can be got on indent for this purpose.

Cramp R.S.L.M.E.
Supply of fore-sights in nine different heights.

RANGE PRACTICES:

Nothing definite can be laid down on account of the lack of uniform

targets, ranges, etc., but the following hints may be of value:
1. If a liaison be cultivated between Battalion Sniping officers in the
Brigade, it will be easy to improvise a Range and Target for the use of the
Battalion in rest.
2. When in divisional rest it is usually possible to find a Range ready
for use in the Training Area.
3. Excellent work and all Zeroing can be done on even a 30-yard range
by the really keen officer.
4. Training in shooting should be carried out with an Open and not a
Telescopic sighted rifle, which should be kept for:

(a) Snapping Practice.

(b) Shooting in order to Zero.
(c) Killing the enemy.

It is important that the barrels of these rifles should not be worn out in
practice shooting.
5. All training should be made progressive and where possible
competitive.
 6. The first essential is extreme accuracy, after which the Instructor
must coach up for rapid snapshooting, the ultimate standard being looked
upon as the ability to get off a really good shot under two seconds.
7. Always start with a Grouping Practice and eliminate faults as they
are discovered.
8. Re zero Telescopic sighted rifles: to ascertain that they have
maintained their correctness each time you are out of the trenches, and
arm only your best shots with these rifles.
9. Improvise cover on the Range and make all Snipers’ fire practices
under as near as possible Service Conditions.
10. Although normally he will not fire Rapid, keep your sniper efficient
in this valuable art.
11. You may at any time become a casualty, therefore train your
N.C.O.’s to carry on in your absence.

PART II

P S

PATROLS AND PATROLLING:

The importance of patrolling cannot be exaggerated. It is a means of

keeping in touch with the enemy and of obtaining much valuable
information.
In open warfare we must patrol day and night. In trench warfare,
observation to a great extent does away with patrolling by day. We should
always look upon the ground between the hostile armies as being ours,
and should make it so by patrols. This gives our men a greater sense of
security, and also has the effect of destroying the enemy moral.
Patrolling is looked upon by some as being particularly dangerous
work. This is not so if patrols are carefully carried out by trained men.
Training beforehand is essential; to send out untrained men in a
haphazard manner is worse than useless.
No patrol should go out except for a distinct and definite object.

T P T W
RECONNAISSANCE PATROLS
 Are the work of scouts who go out on some specific mission. Numbers
should be as small as possible. A party of two or three will probably
obtain the best results.

FIGHTING PATROLS

Should consist of Lewis gun and gunners, bombers and scouts. Strength
10–15. Object to disperse enemy working parties, to engage enemy
patrols, to obtain identifications.
Note:—It may often be necessary to combine these patrols; the Fighting Patrol going out to
form a screen in rear, while the Reconnaissance Patrol pushes forward to complete its task.
This has the effect of giving the Reconnaissance Patrol confidence, of assisting them to pass
back any casualties they may suffer, and, in fact, provides them with an Advanced
Headquarters from which they carry out their reconnaissance. The system is particularly useful,
and, in fact, necessary, where a great distance separates the opposing lines.

PROTECTIVE PATROLS

Should consist mainly of Bombers, and are used in front of our wire, or
between Isolated Posts. Numbers depend on circumstances. Object:
Protection of our line from surprise attacks.

O W

It is not necessary here to classify definitely. The Reconnoitring Patrol

should always be prepared to fight. In fact, all Patrols, at all times, should
be fully organized self-contained fighting units. Numbers depend on
conditions, but Scouts will be largely used.

TRAINING:

The general principles of training both for Trench and Open Warfare are
a thorough training in the following:
1. Map Reading.
2. Compass Work.
3. Reports.
4. Use of Ground and Cover.
5. Reconnoitring through Periscopes and by means of Aeroplane Photographs and Maps by
day, the ground over which patrol must pass at night, and selecting the best method of
approach.
6. Actual Patrolling by day and night.
7. Keeping touch.

FORMATIONS:
 Nothing definite can be laid down, as, of necessity, formations will vary
with the prevailing conditions. It is essential, however, that all formations
shall be so simple as to ensure that they can be maintained even on the
darkest night and when working over very rough ground.
The Lewis gun, when it forms a part of a Patrol, must be well protected
and in such a position as will enable it to be used at a moment’s notice.
The Officer or N.C.O. in charge should always lead the Patrol, and
there should be a Second-in-Command, whose position should be in the
centre and rear of the Patrol; he will specialize in keeping the men in their
proper places and maintaining touch.

EQUIPMENT:

The rifle often hampers movement, particularly when crawling, but it is

essential that both this and fighting order be carried when patrolling in
open warfare. In trench warfare it should usually be sufficient to carry the
rifle, a bandolier of S.A.A., the web belt with bayonet and scabbard
attached, a bomb in the pocket and a compass. Steel helmets should not be
taken, the cap-comforter being worn instead.
If necessary to fix the bayonet, such as when rushing an Isolated Post, it
should be fixed with the scabbard still on; both bayonet and scabbard
should be well oiled; the scabbard can then be taken off quietly just prior
to the rush.

INSTRUCTIONS TO BE GIVEN:

Before going out personnel should be given:

1. All known information;
2. An opportunity to examine by day through periscope, by aeroplane photographs and maps,
the ground to be covered at night.
3. The object of the patrol.
4. The pass-word.

Everything that is liable to give information or identification, if

captured, must be carefully collected before the party goes out.
All men in the Garrison and battalions on right and left must know
when the patrol is out, and also the pass-word.
The patrol leader, both on leaving and returning, will himself pass the
word along to this effect. This is very important. He cannot forecast how
long he will be away, or the point at which he will return, therefore, the
trench garrison must be prepared to receive him at any time or place.
GENERAL:

Patrols often give themselves away by leaving their own trench in a

careless manner. The firing of rifles and lights should continue as usual
when a patrol is out, but in such a manner as not to interfere with the
patrol. Two patrols should never be sent out on the same front at the same
time, as this only leads to their mistaking each other for the enemy. Often,
the most suitable time for patrolling is when the weather conditions are
very bad. In addition to taking precautions against Verey lights, men on
patrol can often take advantage of their brightness to obtain the
information required.

A FORM OF PATROL REPORT:

PATROL REPORT
Blankshire Regiment.
Night of 12–13th/6/17.
Ref. Map Sheet 54 S.E.1.

Time and Time and

Information gained
Composition. Point Object. Point
and action taken.
of Exit. of Return.
1 Offr. and 11 p.m. To report Gap in wire at 2 a.m.
1 o/Rk. Lt. Trench on enemy Points Trench
Tew Pte. Willow wire from No. 1 A5a65.75 Willow
Dew. Walk. High 2 A5b20.35 Walk.
A6a92.85 Command 3 A5d85.87 A6a95.87
Redoubt Width in Gaps:
to No 1 about 4 yards.
Man’s 2 „ 2 „
Cottage 3 „ 3 „
Average depth of
wire 10–15 yds.
General condition:
High, barbed, and
fairly strong.

Handed in at 3 a.m.
Date: 13/6/17.
(Sgd.) R. G. A. T , Lieut.,
Blankshire Regiment.
 N.B.—These headings, etc., are given as a guide. They will vary
according to the nature of the information required, and the circumstances
under which the Patrol is working.

PART III

T S T

Apart from the regular issue of G.S. Telescopes, there are now in the
B.E.F. about 40,000 or 50,000 more or less high-class telescopes. These
have been obtained from all kinds of sources, from deer-stalkers,
yachtsmen, etc., and the care and use of these glasses has become a matter
of great importance.

CARE AND CLEANING:

The first thing to remember is that the lenses of all telescopes are made
of very soft glass, and that this glass is polished to a very high degree. A
few scratches on the outer surface of the object-glass will negative the
value of the best telescope. When the telescope is first taken from its case,
a light film of dust will usually be found to have formed on the object-
glass. This should be flicked off with a handkerchief, and if any polishing
is necessary, it should be done with a piece of chamois leather or well-
washed piece of four-by-two; this cleaning material should be free from
grit, and should be carried in a pocket or in the pay-book, where it will be
kept clean. Over 50 per cent. of the telescopes in use, in or about the front
line, have been scratched more or less badly, owing to the neglect of this
simple precaution.
Special attention should be paid to the cleaning of the objective lens,
which is liable to become covered with dust owing to its position in the
telescope and the opening and closing of the draws.
Never on any account touch the glass with the finger or thumb. If the
glass be allowed to get damp, fogging will result. To cause the fogging to
evaporate, remove object-glass and eye-piece, lay the telescope out in the
sun or in a warm room. Never permit the metal work to get hotter than the
temperature of your hand, otherwise the Canada Balsam (which is used to
join the concave and convex lenses in the object-glass of all high
telescopes, except the G.S.) will melt. If the draws get wet, they must be
thoroughly dried and slightly lubricated. The same applies to the sun-
shade. When an officer is inspecting telescopes, he should inspect the
 cases also. In screwing tubes or cells into place, great care must be taken
not to damage the threads. It is often as well to turn the screw the wrong
way with a gentle pressure; the threads will then come into correct
engagement, and a slight click may be heard.

T G S T

As has been stated above, Canada Balsam is not used between the lenses
of the object-glass of the G.S. telescope. When a G.S. Telescope has been
taken to pieces, the only difficulty experienced in assembling it again will be
in the replacing of the lenses forming the object-glass. To do this two rules
must be remembered:
1. The convex lens is always the nearest to the object, and, therefore,
must be replaced first.
2. On the side of the lenses forming the object-glass an arrow-head will
be found cut into the glass.
Before the lenses are put back the arrow-head must be completed, and
the middle of the arrow must be allowed to slide over the barb or raised
line in the cell.

RULES FOR USE:

1. Always extend your sun-shade (more O.P.’s have been given away by
the light shining upon the object-glass of telescopes than in any other
way).
2. Always mark your focus by scratching a circular ring on the focussing
draw. (This will allow you to focus your glass correctly and quickly
before putting it to your eye.)
3. Always pull out or push in the draws of your telescope with a clock-
wise circular motion, and keep them slightly lubricated.
4. Always carry your telescope slung on your body. If you take it off and
let it travel in a lorry or car the jolting will almost certainly ruin it.
5. Always use a rest when observing.
6. When looking into the sun, make a sun-shade nine inches or a foot
long, to fit on the short sun-shade of the telescope. This will give you
great assistance when the sun is over the German lines. It is a trick
borrowed from the chamois-hunters of the Pyrenees.
7. Remember that when there is a mirage you will get better results with
a low than with a high power of magnification. Conditions in France
are more suitable to a magnification of under than over twenty-five.
 Excellent work can be done in the front line with a glass that
magnifies only ten times. If the high-power eye-piece is used for any
special purpose when reconnaissance is finished, it should be
replaced by a low-power eye-piece.
8. When searching a given sector of ground or trench divide it into
“fields of view” work slowly allowing each field to overlap. Never
leave any suspicious-looking object without having ascertained what
it is and why it is there.
9. Slight movement is more easily detected if you do not look straight at
the object. Always look, a little left, right, high or low. Keenest
vision is at the edges of the eye. This particularly applies to dusk or
dawn.
10. When your object is found, consider:

(a) Distance.
(b) Shape.
(c) Colour.
(d) Size.
(e) Position.

Use each detail to check other details; for instance, if you can
distinguish the state cockade upon a German cap you may be certain
that you are not more than two hundred yards distant.
11. Do not forget that good results can be obtained on clear starlight or
moonlight nights, by the use of night-glasses or telescopes, especially
if working in conjunction with a Lewis or Vickers Gun. Generally
speaking, the bigger the object-glass and the lower the magnification
the better will be the results obtainable at night.
12. In trench warfare a really good glass-man working from our front
line by day can make a most valuable wire reconnaissance.
13. Remember that the conditions of visibility are constantly changing;
an object which is indistinct at eleven o’clock may become quite
clear at eleven-five.
14. Always be ready to avail yourself of natural conditions. The visibility
after a rain-shower is almost always good; it shows up wire and gaps
in the wire, paths, ground traversed by patrols, etc. The best season
for “spotting” O.P.’s is autumn, when the leaves fall and the grass
withers.
15. It is a good thing to disguise the whole of the telescope by use of
sandbags or other material around it. Great care must be taken to
ascertain that such disguise is kept free from dust or grit.
 PART IV

F L O R

Remember that straws show which way the wind blows, and that
apparently trivial information may be of great importance if considered in
correct perspective. For instance, three small parties of Germans seen in front
of a battalion sector is not an item of much interest, but if such parties are
seen by all or most of the observers on a divisional front, enemy movement of
importance is indicated, so include everything observed which is of the
slightest importance.
Remember that your report passes through the hands of the Battalion
Intelligence Officer, and by him the information it contains is passed on to
Brigade, thence to Division, and so on. During the whole of this process, the
information is weighed, sifted, and compared over and over again. Hence, that
which really proves to be of no importance will be eliminated, while that
which is of value will reach those to whom it may be of use.
Remember that you are in close touch with the enemy, and that you, and
you only, are responsible for the observation of his forward area. You must
not rely upon the Divisional or Corps Observers to do this work for you.
When taking over a post for the first time you must study the ground
carefully and get to know the exact location of all prominent objects. Then, in
a few days’ time, you will be capable of giving map locations of targets
without bearings.
It is of little or no use to look for movement until you know your front by
heart, the observer is the man who can almost see the co-ordinates lying
on the ground. In this way some of the Lovat Scouts can give the map
references of a moving object as it moves, without a glance at the map.
The best times of the day for you, as a front-line observer, are dawn and
dusk. Ration parties, working parties, reliefs, etc., are all waiting to move
forward at dusk, and much good work can be done by picking up these targets
and reporting them to the Artillery. The same or similar parties can often be
seen returning at dawn, particularly after a night during which our harassing
fire has been heavy.
Again, a misty day—although the definition obtained through your
telescope is not so clear as usual—is often excellent for observation of the
enemy’s front-line system, as, on such days, through a false sense of security,
the enemy often shows himself in concealed posts, etc., which he would never
give away by carelessness during clearer weather.
Always note time (signal time) and map co-ordinates of anything
observed.
If anything of importance be seen, such as abnormal movement,
suspected reliefs, etc., report them at once. Don’t wait until you come off
duty.
All targets should be reported as soon as possible to the Artillery.
If there are any Artillery O.P.’s in your vicinity, they should be visited, as
the occupants can often assist you by “placing” objects, the exact location of
which you yourself are doubtful about. The Artillery Observers should be
shown all tracks where movement has been observed to enable them to get a
gun trained on to them.
All new enemy work must be followed closely and its object, if possible,
ascertained.
Take a pride in extreme accuracy, let a direct statement represent fact, but
do not hesitate to include information of which you are not quite certain. You
must, however, never fail to indicate clearly the degree of accuracy or
certainty which you yourself feel. Useful words for qualifying your
statements are as follows:

Possibly;
About;
Probably;
Approximately, etc., etc.

Remember that your duty is rather to observe and report your

observations than to interpret what you see. At the same time, give personal
impressions. These may start a new line of thought in the minds of those who
read your reports; also, if two or three observers, from different points, think
that they have seen a certain thing, then there is at least a strong probability
that a foundation existed for their belief.
Realize that your observation is part of a huge net which is continually
trawling the whole enemy world for information, and see to it that not even
the smallest fry slip through the meshes for which you are personally
responsible.
For purposes of actual observation a rough log-book must be kept in the
sniping or observation post. In this book everything seen should be noted as it
occurs. From it each evening the information must be set out under suitable
headings, and your report rendered to the Battalion Intelligence Officer.
Customs vary in battalions, but the following list of headings may help you in
this matter:

OPERATIONS, ENEMY:

1. Artillery
2. T.M.’s
3. Grenades
} No. and Calibre of projectiles and targets.
4. A.A. Guns Activity.
5. M.G. Fire
6. Rifle Fire } Methods and Targets.
MOVEMENT, ENEMY:

1. Aircraft.
2. Trains.
3. Transport.
4. Men actually seen.
5. Indication of movement (periscopes, loopholes, etc.).
6. Patrols. (Seen, heard or encountered.)

(Note:—Time and place must always be given.)

BATTALION INTELLIGENCE REPORT TO BRIGADE:

The subject matter forming this falls naturally under the following main
headings:

1. Operations. (Enemy.)
2. Movement. „
3. Work. „
4. Signals. „
5. General Intelligence.
6. Weather.

Under these six main headings are the following sub-headings:

WORK, ENEMY:

(a) Changes visible in enemy line.

(b) Working parties seen or heard.
 (c) New wire observed or reported by patrols.

SIGNALS, ENEMY:

(a) Flash lamps.

(b) Verey lights.
(c) Rockets.
} Full description of and any apparent results.
GENERAL INTELLIGENCE:

Information of a doubtful or uncertain nature, general impressions, etc.

WEATHER:

(a) General conditions.

(b) Light and visibility during the day.
(c) Wind, its strength and direction.

In some Brigades, reports on our own operations, particularly observation

of our own Artillery and T.M. fire are required in the Battalion Intelligence
Reports, but this is a mistaken policy.

A FORM OF OBSERVATION REPORT.

OBSERVATION REPORT
No. of Post (Map Ref.): Teapot Post N33c55.90 Sheet 17A N.E.
Time on Duty: 7 a.m. to 10 a.m.
Date: 20.6.18.
Observers on Duty, Name, Rank and Regt.
H. Smith Pte.
G. Shaw L/Cpl.
Wind: Gentle S.W.
Visibility: Fair.

Time. Map Ref. Event. Remarks.

7.30 a.m. M39d45.35 1 German Ptes. carrying Probably
N.C.O. wood, working on
and 14 corrugated entrance to
Ptes. iron and dug-out at
sandbags. M39c78.65.
 Wearing
caps with
red bands.
Badges not
visible.
Opened fire Enemy
on trench. probably
Flying low, suspects
Enemy about 700 concentration
Over
Aeroplane feet. Flew in this area.
8.45 a.m. trench at
Pilot and off in S.W.
M28c36.03
1 other. direction.
Not fired
on by our
men.
Observer—
over 9 Shaw.
(Changed
a.m.) Writer—
Smith.

15 wagons, 4 Possibly
horse, all ammunition
very or heavy
heavily material. Had
Horse
9.15 a.m. G30a40.92 loaded, difficulty in
transport.
moving N. ascending
on Vitry- slight hill.
Douai
Road.

Relieved at 10 a.m. Observer: Shaw.

Handed in at 10.15 a.m. Writer: Smith.
(Signed) H. S .
G. S .

PART V

S U S , O S A , D
O W
 It is difficult to lay down any hard and fast rules on this subject, as so
much depends upon the prevailing conditions. The following notes should
therefore be looked upon as tentative hints or suggestions.
To commence, it is well to remember that these men, in addition to being
fully-trained soldiers, have received specialist training in such subjects as
map-reading, obtaining and reporting information, scouting, accurate
shooting, etc., therefore their value to the Company Commander, whether in
Attack or Defence, in trench warfare or in open warfare, has been enhanced,
and he should keep this in mind when making his dispositions.
Prior to attack on any given objective, the Scouts and Observers can
obtain much valuable information; in fact, the actual plans for local attack
will often depend upon the information so obtained.
The following are some of the points that should be ascertained either by
direct observation or patrolling or both:

1. Location of enemy M.G.’s and strong points.

2. Whether the enemy is holding his line continuously or by isolated
posts; if the latter, the location of each post should, if possible, be
ascertained.
3. If our wire-cutting operations have been successful, and the location
and width of the gaps.

Vigorous patrolling should take place for some time prior to attack, to
ensure that the enemy is driven out of “No Man’s Land,” thus enabling us to
“jump off” from a point as near as possible to the enemy line.
The Snipers can, by making each enemy periscope and loophole a target,
render the enemy to a great extent blind in Front Line Observation. Before the
actual assault has commenced, our snipers can be established in shell holes in
“No Man’s Land” from which they can command any known machine-gun
emplacements. They should always carry a few rounds of armour-piercing
S.A.A., and should look upon the breech casing of the gun as their target
rather than the gunners. (Your good sniper will appreciate the fact that one hit
on the breech-casing of a machine-gun with armour-piercing S.A.A. will
definitely put the gun out of action, as it ruins the vital portion, i.e., “the
recoiling portion” of the gun.)
After the objective has been gained, the snipers should push forward
beyond our new line and establish themselves in shell holes or in old trenches.
From these positions their fire will be of great value in conjunction with the
Lewis gunners in keeping down the enemy during consolidation.