13 PACE Manual CAHW

Manual for community-based
animal health workers

Dr. Mai LAN - LEBRUN (author)
N. Denormandie & P. Bastiaensen (editors)
ISBN : 99952-801-0-8
DISCLAIMER : This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union, the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the French Cooperation (MAE). The contents of this
publication is the sole responsibility of the PACE Regional Coordination Unit and can in no way be taken to reflect
the views of the African Union, the European Union, FAO or the French Cooperation.
IBAR © 2006. Reproduction and translation prohibited, except when mentioning the bibliographic reference.
First edition - May 2006
Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics (PACE)

Regional Coordination AU/IBAR
P.o.box 30786 Nairobi, Kenya
[email protected]
Regional Coordination for West and Central Africa

P.o.box 2954 Bamako, Mali
[email protected]
www.au-ibar.org
Manual for CAHW in West and Central Africa
In collaboration with :
European Union FAO French Co-operation Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Pharmaciens sans Frontières
PREFACE 3
First part: Second part:

POSITION OF THE CAHW 7 INTRODUCTION TO DISEASES 27
Rome and duties of the CAHW 08 Pathogenic agents 28
The CAHW’s position in the community 17 Clinical examination 34
The CAHW’s position within the veterinary services 17 Healthy or sick animal 42
Relations between the CAHW and private vets/NGO 18 Temperature 44
Presentation of the CAHW when arriving 23 How is a disease transmitted? 46
Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics 1

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
COMMON DISEASES 47 Spread of diseases 138

What is curing ? What is preventing ? 142
1. Diseases subject to compulsory declaration 47 Avoiding the introduction of diseases 148
Anthrax 48 How to react in the face of an outbreak ? 151
Black quarter 52 Vaccines and diseases 158
Foot and Mouth Disease 55
Hemorrhagic septicaemia 59 DRUGS 15 9
Rinderpest 64 Drugs and diseases 160
Contagious Bovine Pleuro-Pneumonia 69 Concentration and fraud 167
Newcastle Disease 73 Albendazol 170
Avian influenza (bird flu) 76 Amitraz 172
African Swine Fever 95 Synthetic pyrethroïds 174
Peste des Petits Ruminants 97 Eye ointment 176
2. Diseases not subject to compulsory declaration 99 Insecticide powder 177
Trypanosomosis 100 Antibiotic spray 178
Gut worms 103 Oblets 179
Liver fluke 106 Other products and drugs 180
Mange 109
Dermatophilosis 113
Photo-sensitisation 116
3. Zoonoses 119 Fourth part :
Brucellosis 120
Tuberculosis 126
Rift Valley Fever 127 BASIC SKILLS 181
Rabies 128 Common disinfection 182
Hydatidosis 129 Weight assessment 183
Administering drugs 184
DIFFERENTIAL APPROACH 131 Precautions 188
Limping 132 Cleaning of wounds 189
Skin diseases 133
Sudden death 134
Rinderpest and PPR 135
Loss of condition 136
Third part
BASICS OF PREVENTION AND TREATMENT 137
2 Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics

HANDBOOK FOR COMMUNITY ANIMAL HEALTH WORKERS

IN WESTERN AND CENTRAL AFRICA
Lan MAI-LEBRUN for PACE/AU-IBAR
The manual refers to a number of illustrations and photographs from the "Handbook for community animal health workers in Southern Sudan", developed by VSF
Switzerland and Pharmaciens Sans Frontières. The PACE Regional Coordination Unit in Bamako wishes to extend heartfelt thanks to both NGOs for their valuable
contribution.
M
any thanks to Bouna A. DIOP, Barbara DUFOUR, Jérôme THONNAT and Astrid TRIPODI, who contributed a great deal to the pertinence of this manual. Art
work by Simon NDONYE, Samuel BULEN ALIER, Bill FORSE, ACIAR, LAPROVET, Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Ressources of Côte d’Ivoire. Photos by
Nicolas DENORMANDIE, Lan MAI, Nicolas GRANIER, LAPROVET, FAO, CEVA, CTVM, KEPDA, INTERVET, USDA-APHIS, Martin BARAZA, Bernard
MBWIKA, Cécile SQUARZONI, Patrick BASTIAENSEN, Antoine MAILLARD, Dave HENZLER, Olivier DEBAERE, Bertrand CHARDONNET, Tony JOANNIS.

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
INTRODUCTION TO THIS MANUAL
The auxiliaries or Community-based Animal Health Workers (CAHWs) are present in the majority of the sub Saharan African
countries where they play a role in basic veterinary treatments, vaccination, drugs distribution and animal diseases declaration.
Although their presence continues to raise some reserves - they are indeed often regarded as non professionals difficult to regulate,
to control and sometimes inefficient concerning the use of drugs - they constitute a reality which the public and private
veterinarians are brought more and more to take into account.
Following a training of a few days or a few weeks, ensured by veterinarians working for the public or private sector, or for NGOs
(Non Governmental Organizations), they have to provide services to the communities of livestock owners of which they come from.
But, the training programmes are still not harmonized even on a country scale and they usually have at disposal little material to
maintain their acquired knowledge.
UA-IBAR considered important to propose a solution to this lack of harmonized material by adapting to the context of West and
Central Africa a handbook, initially planned for East Africa and already published by the NGOs VSF Switzerland and PSF
International Committee for southern Sudan. This handbook has been designed through the beneficial experiment of various training
tools, in order to be place at the disposal of the other countries taking part in the PACE.
The handbook is written for the CAHWs to be used as support of continuous training and tool of practical and simple reference. It is
conceived to be as accessible as possible to the CAHWs and is presented in the form of a memorandum on animal diseases most
usually met, on basic techniques, on drugs likely to be used by the CAHWs, on prevention measures etc. The iconography puts in scene
situations close to those of the stockbreeders communities.
The handbook is written in English and in French but the possibility is given to the countries to keep one of these two languages and
to add a local language more accessible to the CAHWs.
As for any tool, the use of this one needs a previous training. The use of this handbook must be reserved for taught reading and
writing CAHWs, being able to read and write in one of their language or even in French or English.


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First Part
Position of the Community-

based Animal Health Worker
(CAHW) within the animal
health care delivery system
10 role and duties of the CAHW
17 the CAHW's position in the community
19 the CAHW's position within the veterinary services
20 relations between the CAHW and private veterinarians or

NGO veterinarians
25 presentation of the CAHW when arriving in a village or

settlement

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ROLE AND DUTIES OF THE COMMUNITY-BASED ANIMAL HEALTH WORKER (CAHW)

I will reach out to livestock owners to vaccinate and treat their animals (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)
under the responsibility of the veterinary authority I take order from.
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8


I depend on veterinary authority, meaning that I am under the responsibility of a vet technician,
or a livestock engineer, or a veterinary doctor, public or private,
or from an NGO (9,10,11,12).
9 10
11 12

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I am the first agent of the epidemio-surveillance network:

I listen at farmers words about diseases around (13,14,15,16).
13 14
15 16

I carry on clinical examination as much as possible (17,18)
17 18

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I will warn the population and vet authority (19) about any disease
and outbreaks that I suspect: I alert (20).
20
20
, 19


I fill out the vaccination sheet (21) and once a month I hand them over to the veterinary authority I take order from (22).
22
21
I will manage my stock of drugs and my business (23,24).
23 24

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I buy and pay the drugs to the vet authority I take order from (25,26).
25 26
I will act as a link between livestock owners and the vet authority, facilitating a flow of information in both directions
(27,28). I remind the livestock owners that they must warn me in case of an outbreak suspicion.
27 28

THE CAHW’S POSITION IN THE VILLAGE COMMUNITY

I am a member of the village and I have been selected by it (29,30).
29
31
30
I am entitled to recommend (31) basic treatments
for livestock and to carry them out correctly.

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THE CAHW’S POSITION IN THE VILLAGE COMMUNITY

While performing my fieldwork, I explain what I do to the livestock owners (32)
and I participate in teaching kids how to read and write through the handbook (33) .
32 33
Livestock owners, including myself or my relatives, must pay for any drugs used in the treatment of their animals,
in kind (34) or in cash (35).
34 35

THE CAHW’S POSITION WITHIN THE VETERINARY SERVICES

By recommendation of the community, the Veterinary Services provided me with an initial training course of 15 days (36).
At the end course, I become a CAHW (37) I receive a certification or a CAHW identity card.
36 37
I am required to come, at least once a month, to the Veterinary Services to submit my report
of outbreaks and activity (38, 39).
38 39

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RELATIONS BETWEEN CAHW AND PRIVATE VETS OR NGO’S VET
The private or NGO’s vet supervises (40,41,42) the basic animal health care performed by CAHW.
41
40
41
The veterinary authority which supervises my work is :
Name :
Location :
The veterinary services in my area:
Office :
Location : 42


The private vet or NGO’s vet, accredited by the veterinary services, organises vaccination campaigns
where I intervene as a vaccinator only (43,44).
43 44
The private or NGO’s vet supervises a network of CAHWs by refresher training courses (45,46,47,48,49,50) and by selling
them drugs from an authorized restricted list (51,52).
45 46

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47 48
49 50

51 52

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Private, NGO’s or public vets receive outbreaks reports from ACSA and cattle owners. With the help of the Veterinary
services, they may collect samples for disease identification (53,54,55,56).
53 54
55 56

WHEN CAHWS PRESENT THEMSELVES AT MEETINGS, THEY EMPHASIZE THE

FOLLOWING POINTS:
They know how to recognize the main diseases (57).

They know the basic drugs and how to use them (route of administration, right dosage, toxicity, secondary effects)
against specific diseases (58).
57 58

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WHEN CAHWS PRESENT THEMSELVES AT MEETINGS, THEY EMPHASIZE THE

FOLLOWING POINTS:
They will perform treatments and/or vaccinations and will be paid for that (59,60).
They inform about their obligation of alert and their role in vaccination campaign.
59 60

Necessity of examination of all sick animals (61). Zoonosis and their implications in human health, such as brucellosis,
tuberculosis (62), hydatidosis, rabies, have to be known by all farmers and villagers.
61 62
They inform about the importance of parasitism, e.g. liver fluke (63) and its potential prevention, as well as about the
danger of leaving a sick animal without treatment (64) .
63 64

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Personal notes :

Second Part
Introduction to Diseases
28 Pathogenic agents
34 Examen clinique
42 Healthy and sick animals
44 Body temperature
46 How is a disease transmitted?

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WHAT ARE PATHOGENIC AGENTS?

Pathogenic agents are small living organisms that survive and multiply in the organs of an animal (the host) or on its skin and cause
disease in their host, either directly or because they transmit another pathogenic agent (vectors).
For the purpose of this manual one distinguishes parasites and microbes.
Parasites
• They live and grow at the expense of other living creatures.
• Parasites often induce a decrease of production (milk, meat) and of physical condition. This can eventually lead to disease and
hence, death.
• They can also transmit a lot of other diseases to their host. Host resistance to other diseases is deteriorated rapidly by parasites.
Parasites visible on the livestock
65 66 67 68

69 70 71 72
Most of the mature parasites are visible without special equipment. Some live between the hairs (65), some live in sinuses (70) and some
live under the skin as insect larvae (66), some on the skin, such as ticks (67, 68, 71, 72) or, when biting, biting insects (69)
Parasites visible by eye
In dung
73 74 75

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When cutting stomach & liver
76 77 78
Worms are visible either directly in dung (73,74,75),

or when opening stomach (78) or liver (76,77).
Parasites invisible by eye
79 80 81 82
Some are tiny but large enough to be collected (79,80) and seen (81) with light equipment as microscope,
like scabies in mange (82).

83 84 85 86
An animal which is sick from gut worms (83) can be sampled (84) and faeces (85) examined to show eggs of worms,
e.g. strongyles with a microscope (86)
87 88 89 90
An animal which is sick from trypanosomosis (87) can be sampled (88)

and smears (89) examined to show parasites (90)

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Microbes
92
95
94
92 93
94 95
96 97
91 9 91


100
102
100
.99
101 102
98
103 104 The microbes are invisible without special equipment in a

proper laboratory (91,98). They are responsible of many
contagious diseases: rinderpest (100), anthrax (93),
hemorrhagic septicaemia (99), FMD (92), black quarter (101),
CBPP (102,104), CCPP, PPR (96), ASF (95), Newcastle disease
(97) and avian influenza (103). They grow and multiply
103 104
exclusively inside a host body.

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CLINICAL EXAMINATION
Examination of the sick animal
Why?
To identify the disease (105),
To determine the best treatment for the sick animal and to

suggest preventive measures for the entire herd (106).
To be able to report to the vet authority I take order from,
105
To assess if treatment will cure the animal.
To show the owner that I am interested in his animal and

really want to find out what is the matter with it.
106

How? 3 steps!
1st step: history of the herd:
Ask the owners or herdsmen (107):
where has the herd come from?

how long has it been there?
size and composition of herd.
any previous diseases.
how many deaths in the herd with this disease, since when and what
rate ?
107 how many sick animals, since when and what rate?
how many apparently healthy?
2nd step: history of the sick animal(s) :
Ask the owner or the herdsman (108) :
age, sex, category (calf, heifer, adult,…)

date of arrival, from where,
previous diseases,
previous births (of the sick animal) and number of viable calves,
previous contacts with suspicious animals,
how long has it been sick?
aggravation or not
108

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3rd step: examination for clinical signs:
EXAMINATION FROM A DISTANCE
• Appetite,
• Signs of abnormal behaviour,
• Current grazing, rumination,
• General condition:
head bearing,
hair status,
thinness,
numbers of flies and ticks,
light sensitivity,
difficult breathing,
lameness,
signs of diarrhoea.
109

3rd step: examination for clinical signs:
CLOSE EXAMINATION
Mucous membranes:
• Colour (110)
• Moisture
• Type of discharge (111)
110 111
Hydratation status
(skin fold) :
• Pull (112)
• Release (113)
The skin fold should disappear

immediately; if it remains visible for a
short while, it means that the animal is
112 113 de-hydrated.

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Lymph nodes:
• Places where lymph nodes are just

under the skin (115)
• Hold and assess the size

(114) : if the lymph node is
enlarged and easy to grab,
114 115
disease must be suspected.
Digestive system:
• Mouth (116)
• Rumen movement (117) and sounds
• Faeces
116 117
Respiratory system:
• Nostril movement
• Chest movement and sounds (118)
• Coughing (119)
118 119

Legs:
• Joints (120)
• Foot (121)
• Existence of swelling, lameness or
wounds
120 121
Nervous system :
• Coordination of movements
• Sight (122)
• Agressive or dull behaviour
122
Skin :
• Loss of hair
• Colour of the skin
• Check for lesions (123)
• Irritations (124) or swellings
123 124

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Udder examination:
• Size and proportion of the 4 udder-

parts (125)
• Existence of any hardness.
• Teats (126)
125 126
Vulva :
• Humidity (127)
• Color (128)
• Existence of discharges or wounds
127 128
Temperature:
• Thermometer (129)
• Control horn basis (130)
129 130

Summary of assessment of clinical signs
Examining Appraisal Normal Worrisome
Mucous membranes Moisture, colour Pink, shiny. Pale or white or yellow or dark red.
Dry, wounded.
Hydratation state Draw and slacken the skin: fold The fold disappears quickly. The fold remains a few seconds.
of skin
Lymph nodes Palpate under the skin: size Non visible under the skin and small. Visible under the skin and large
Digestive system Look at the mouth, palpate the Mouth clear. Palpation of the neck Food remains in the mouth. Mass in the
neck, listen to the belly without deformation. Regular noises oesophagus. Noises of digestion absent.
of digestion.
Respiratory system Look at nostrils. Palpate the Nostrils clean. Palpation of the neck Yellow / white or dark red discharges from
neck. Listen to the chest without cough. Noises of wind. nostrils. Cough with or without palpation of the
neck. Absence of noise or water noises.
Members To look at the step and the Right without deformation. Lameness. Swelling on all levels: articulations,
shape of the 4 members muscular masses, osseous parts.
Nervous system Check the sight, the animal The animal reacts to the movement of No reaction to the movement of object or hand
behaviour the hand. Calm. in front of the eyes. Aggressiveness or
prostration (depression).
Skin State of the hair. Colour and Smooth Hair, shiny. Dry and clear Risen hair, breaking, tern. Oozing skin or skin
aspect of the skin skin. covered of crusts. Red spots on the skin.
Udder State of teats. Palpation of the Clear and painless teats. Flexible and Teats with crusts or papules, painful.
quarters. painless udder. Proportional udder- Udder hard in some parts or entirely and
parts. painful.
Vulva Moisture, colour. Pink, shiny, clear. Pale, white, yellow, dark red. Dry, wounded.
Yellow, red dark and malodorous (smelly)
discharges.
Temperature Use of a thermometer. Normal Values for the species. Below and above the normal values for the
Reaction to the light The animal does not fear the light. species. The animal fears the light.

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HEALTHY / SICK ANIMAL

Healthy animal
• Bright, calm, pay attention to

environment.
• Robust constitution.
• Soft and smooth skin.
• Shiny hair.
• Appetite, regular rumination.
• Half-liquid, half-solid faeces.
• Clean natural orifices.
• Regular gait, without
lameness.
• Pink and moist mucous
membranes.
• Shiny and moist nostrils.
• Regular and silent breath.
• Liquid urine, yellow color,
more or less.
In poultry: sleek feathers, stand-

up, firm bearing, bicoloured and
semi-liquid faeces.
131

Sick animal
• Sad, nervous and restless.

• Thin.
• Rough skin, bare in some places.
• Standing up, brittle and dull hair.
• Lack of appetite, or pica (eats soil
or faeces).
• Liquid or solid faeces.
• Dirty and soiled natural orifices.
• Staggering gait, lameness.
• Red, dark or pale, purplish-blue or
dehydrated mucous membranes
• Dry, cracked nostrils
• Irregular and noisy breath.
• Dark urine, streaked with blood.
In poultry: ruffled feathers, drooping

wings, mucous exudates on the beak,
conjunctivitis (dirty eyes), twisted neck on
the back bone, collapse on legs.
132

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BODY TEMPERATURE ASSESSMENT

• Get someone to hold the animal
(133)
• Shake the thermometer
• Push the thermometer into the
rectum as far as you can
• Wait at least one minute
• Take it out and read it (134)
• Clean and store it far from heat or
hot sun.
133 134
NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURES (°C) In young animals, temperature is usually 1 degree (1°C)
SPECIES
Normal: healthy Worrying: sick higher than in adults


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How is a disease transmitted ?

Animal to animal By inate or biological vectors
SICK ANIMAL
Secretions, liquid, breath:
ANIMAL APPEARS HEALTHY
HEALTHY ANIMAL WITH OPEN WOUND

Second Part
Common Diseases
1. Diseases Subject to
Compulsory Declaration
48 Anthrax
52 Black Quarter
55 Foot and Mouth Disease
59 Hemorrhagic Septicaemia
64 Rinderpest
70 Contagious Bovine Pleuro-Pneumonia
74 Newcastle Disease
77 Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)
96 African Swine Fever
98 Peste des Petits Ruminants (Small Ruminant Pest)
ANTHRAX

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Clinical signs
• Fever
• Dark membranes 139
• Dribbling of blood (136, 137)
• The blackish blood flows for a long time
140
• Reluctant to move or circling round tether
• Milk reduced in quantity and becomes watery with
poor taste
139
• Diarrhoea with blood (136)
• Collapses and dies in a few hours or just found
dead
• Sudden death / legs not stiff (135, 137)
135
140
137
• Enlarged spleen in post mortem examination

• Possible contamination of humans. Staffs who
handle meat may get skin sores. (138)
136 : diarrhoea with blood, watery milk

with poor taste, dark red mucous membranes
140
136
138

ANTHRAX
Animal–to–animal transmission
141
Cow died from anthrax and was not destroyed Cattle grazing in same contaminated Sudden death of cattle
or buried area with cow's carcass

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Transmission from animal to man (zoonosis)
This man gets infected through small skin lesions Typical lesions develop on the skin
when touching blood and animal tissues
Inhalation of germs (close to the carcass)
Infection may lead to death
Cow that died from anthrax
Man eating infected meat Pain and problems in the stomach area
142

Measures to be taken Preventing
147 148 ↑
143 144
149
145 146
• Vaccinate cattle up to 3 years old every year (147, 148).
• Alert the vet authority (143) • Avoid areas known to be contaminated (so-called ‘doomed
• Destroy carcases by burning (144,145) or burying them with lime 6 feet under (146) because pastures’)
this disease contaminates the pastures for a very long time. • Keep newly arrived animals separated for 2 weeks.
• Do not eat the meat
• Do not open the carcass
Never eat the meat from an
! • Keep the dogs away from scattering contaminated wastes
animal found dead (149)

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BLACK QUARTER
Clinical signs
Fever
Dullness
Sudden lameness of one leg
Swollen shoulder or hip
Feel gas beneath the skin when touched (150)
Sudden death / stiff legs (151, 152)
152
150 151
Does not pass on to human
Post-mortem signs
Swollen muscle (153). Dark blood clots.

Rancid smell when opened.
Dark muscle with bubbles of gas,

Skin is dry and shrunken (154)
153 154
BLACK QUARTER

Animal–to–animal transmission
155
Cow died from black quarter Cattle grazing in Cattle become sick with swollen shoulder, Cattle die from black
and was not destroyed or contaminated area with the neck and hip. quarter
buried cow's carcass

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Measures to be taken Preventing

160 161 ↑
162
160
156 157
161
158 159 162

• Vaccinate cattle as from 3 years old every year (160,
Alert the vet authority (156) 161).
Destroy carcases by burning (157,158) or burying them with lime (159) • Avoid areas known to be contaminated.
to avoid contamination of another animal. • Keep newly arrived animals separate for 2 weeks.
• Do not eat the meat
• Do not open the carcase
• Keep the dogs away from scattering contaminated
wastes (162)

FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE (FMD)

Clinical signs
• Fever and loss of

appetite
• Animals seek shade and
fresh areas (like standing
in water).
• Salivation: dribbling and
bad-smelling breath (163)
• Large wounds in the
mouth (164), especially on
top of the tongue and the
roof of the mouth.
• Lameness.
163 164 165 • Wounds between the
hooves and around the
top of the hooves (165).
• Vesicles on teats (166)
and sudden fall in milk
production.
• Abortion.
• Calves show rapid
respiration and possibly
die.
166 167 168

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.
Transmission
170
169
Adults get infected by inhaling or ingesting the virus, contained in air Calves are infected through milk. They may die due to
and dust, nasal discharge, faeces or urine of infected animals (169). damage of the heart before any lesion is seen (170).
Foot and mouth disease is very contagious and may be transmitted by the CAHW himself, his clothes or his equipment.

No cure, just help calves Preventing
172
171
• Isolate affected animals (172).

• Avoid mixing herds (173).
• Wash wounds on mouth and feet with urine or water of
boiled tamarind leaves or honey.
Antibiotics injected by the vet may help respiratory cases on

calf (171).
173

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174
• Quarantine new arrivals (174)

HAEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA (HS)

Clinical Signs
• High fever
• Diarrhoea
• Tongue may be swollen and protrude from mouth, swollen throat (176,177)
• Yellow, nasal discharge (175)
175
• Milk suddenly reduced
• Heavy, noisy breathing
• Signs start suddenly and death occurs quickly
• Appears in animals in good condition and usually between 1-3 years old
• Mainly during wet season and following shipping or moving stress
177
176

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Post-mortem signs
178 179 180

Reddish, congested stomach wall (178) Reddish, congested lungs (179) Dark lung with thickened divisions (180)
181 182 183

Thickened throat, yellow fluid Chest haemorrhages (182) Carcase haemorrhages (183)
in throat (181)


Transmission
A cow infected by HS Animals get infected by inhaling and/or ingesting the droplets of nasal discharge
184
Now other cows are infected with HS Cows finally die from HS

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Treatment Preventing
186 187
185
I alert the vet authority (185). Vaccinate all cattle once a year, especially those between
1-3 years (186, 187)
Antibiotics are effective only if administered early before shipping
or long moving (transhumance)

188
Keep newly arrived animals separate for 2 weeks (188).

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RINDERPEST (RP)
Clinical signs
• Many deaths in the herd (189)
• Fever and depression.

189
• Reduced milk production
• Purulent discharge from eyes and
nose (192).
• Extensive dribbling
• Dry, cracked muzzle and nostrils
• Severe diarrhoea on domestic
(190) and wild (191) bovids
• Sores in the vulva (183)
• Many animals affected (usually

young ones)
190
191
192 193

RINDERPEST (RP)
Post-mortem and close examination signs
194 195 196
Red striping in colon (194) Sores in the mouth: gums (195) Sores in the mouth: lips, cheeks (196).
Transmission in cattle
197
Cattle inhale and lick infective germs from nasal discharge and faeces (diarrhoea) Cows with signs of nasal discharge and diarrhoea 197

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RINDERPEST (RP)
Transmission: other animals associated with RP
198
.
From left to right and top to bottom: buffalo, warthog, gazelle, antelope, bush pig, domestic pigs, sheep, goat.
No cure, only surveillance
199 200 201

202
202203
203

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RINDERPEST (RP)
Samples from a live animal
20
204 5 206
Whole blood (purple tube) Tears (eye) swab (205) Nasal swab (206)
Serum (red tube) 204
207 208 209

Lymph node fluid (aspirate) 207 Mouth swab (208) Blood on filter paper (209)

CONTAGIOUS BOVINE PLEURO-PNEUMONIA (CBPP)

Clinical signs
• Slow development, throughout the year

• Loss of weight
• Loss of milk production
• Coughing (210, 217)
• Difficult breathing with nostrils moving and whole body may
move, breath smells bad.
• Nasal discharge
• Jugular veins engorged
• Chest dull when tapped
• Grunting
• Head held out (210)
• Elbows held outwards
• Rigid back when squeezed

• Not moving well: walks hunched up
• Avoids standing in smoke
210

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
Post mortem examination
211 212 213

Chest adhesions (211) Omelet-like membrane around the lungs (212) Adhesions of heart to lungs (213)
215
214 215
Chest adhesions (214) Mosaic shaped thickened divisions in lung (215)

Transmission
216 217
The newly infected animal will start coughing

Cattle are infected by inhaling the droplets when a sick cow is coughing (216).
and lose weight (217).

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
Traitement Preventing
220
218
219
Alert vet authority who will treat as per the current policy Vaccinate all cattle every year (219,220).
(218).
221 222
Isolate any coughing cattle (221) Keep newly-arrived animals separate for 2 weeks (222)
Slaughter any persistently coughing animals.

NEWCASTLE DISEASE
Clinical signs
Prostration and then:
• Digestive signs: greenish diarrhoea
• Respiratory signs: ocular and nasal discharges,
sneezing, difficult breath (223)
• Nervous signs: quivering, loss of balance (224),
paralysis, collapse on legs
• Skin signs: swollen crest and barbell, red spots
on the skin
• Drop in egg laying
• High mortality.
These signs may vary and may not be present

together
223 224
Post-mortem signs
227
225 226
Haemorrhages on ovary (225) Haemorrhages on stomach (226) Haemorrhages on caeca (227)

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
228
229 230
231 232

NEWCASTLE DISEASE
Measures to take in case of high death-rate Preventing
Always remember that this could be bird flu too !

Because of the possibility that these mortalities could be due to bird flu, the following measures
should be enforced :
The affected farmer must immediately :

• Alert the CAHW or the veterinarian of the area.
• Separate sick animals from healthy animals and lock them up in closed buildings.
• Place buckets with water and disinfectant for shoes or boots at the entrance of the farm or of
the hen house.
• Stop buying or accepting new animals for the farm.
• Stop eating his own poultry and eggs and never attempt to eat birds that died from the disease.
• Stop selling or giving animals, even when they appear to be in good health. 233
• Stop selling or giving poultry meat, eggs or manure.
• Stop lending or borrowing equipment (bicycles, egg trays, wheelbarrows).
• Stop visiting other farms (especially poultry farms) and reduce and control the entries and exits
of people on his own farm.
The CAHW must immediately :

• Alert the veterinary authority (228).
• Visit the affected farm and advice the farmer on how to prevent further spread of the disease
(229).
• Prohibit any movement of poultry, products (meat, eggs) and equipment from the farm. 234
• Burn (232) or bury the dead animals at least 2 meters deep and cover with quicklime (231). 235
The other poultry farmers in the same village :

• Must consider their farm at risk and therefore take the necessary precautions to ensure the Isolation of new arrivals
health of their animals and their families (refer to previous pages). Vaccine twice a year all animals (233,235)
• Must stop buying or accepting new animals for the farm.
• Must stop selling or offering birds, meat, eggs or manure. Farming in flocks: sanitary void between 2 flocks
• Must stop visiting markets (especially poultry markets) in the area. (1 month).
As soon as lab analyses confirm that it is indeed a Newcastle disease outbreak

(or that it is not a bird flu case) these measures may be entirely or partially lifted.

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
AVIAN INFLUENZA
Species affected
All domesticated fowl species :

chicken (241), turkeys (239),
ducks (236), guinea fowl (240),
quails (237) and even ostriches.
237
236
242 Ç
238 239
244 245
All wild birds (some bird species,

such as ducks, may be infected
but not show any sign of disease)
: 242,243,244, 245
243Ç Pigs and cats, but also man can

240 241 become infected.

AVIAN INFLUENZA
Clinical signs
‘bird flu’
As a rule, the disease appears very

suddenly and kills lots of birds,
either very quickly without any
disease signs (251), either more
slowly, in which case some discrete
disease signs may be observed:
246 247 weakness (248), loss of appetite,
ruffled feathers (246), diarrhea.
Other birds will appear weakened

(249), show loss of appetite, loss
of balance (247) or outright
paralysis and act as if they’re
falling asleep, with their heads
hanging (250).
248 249
250
251

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
In fowl
(one or several of the following symptoms may appear in one or several
birds of the same flock) :
• Incubation of 3 to 7 days = period during which infected animals
can spread the disease, while appearing healthy.
• Signs of severe depression (falling asleep, head turned downwards)
• Weakness
• Stumbling, paralysis
• Combs, wattles and shanks are discolored (dark red or purple) and
swollen (254, 255, 256)
• Feathers are ruffled
• Fever
• Diarrhea (animals drink more than usual)
• Rapid respiration (252)
252 253 • Discharge from the eyes
• Loss of appetite
• Drop in egg production and alterated eggs (253)
• Sudden death (with or without symptoms) 257, 258
• Mortality rate: 50% to 100% in a few days
One must always suspect bird flu, every time one comes across a case
of rapid and high mortality, especially if signs are very similar to
Newcastle disease. Only the lab can establish the difference between
the two.
In humans :
254 255 256
• Incubation of 1 to 2 weeks before the first signs appear:
• High fever
• Head aches
• Muscle pains
• Diarrhea
• Fatigue (being tired)
• Coughing and difficult breathing
• Thereafter the disease rapidly
degenerates towards serious breathing
difficulties.
• Sometimes deadly
257 258 Needs to be distinguished from ordinary (common) seasonal flu in
man.

AVIAN INFLUENZA
In birds that died rapidly :

• Very few lesions : swollen organs and
muscles.
In birds that died less rapidly :

• Red dots are seen on several organs
(throat, trachea, lungs, in and around the
heart, in abdominal fat and on the
intestines) 262
• Red-colored trachea with occasional
yellow or white clots (261)
• Dark red swollen muscles and organs
filled with blood (hemorrhagic) : ovaries
(259), intestines (260), cloaca
• Swollen head and feet
259 260 • Dry (dehydrated) carcass
• Yellow or grey spots (spleen, liver,
pancreas, kidneys, lungs)
• Air sacs may contain liquid (often
hemorrhagic)
• Enlarged and dark-colored (hemorrhagic)
spleen.
261 262

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
Avian influenza or bird flu is difficult to distinguish from:
• Other diseases with high death toll, such as : Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, fowl cholera or even poisoning;
• Other diseases leading to swollen combs and wattles.
One needs to keep avian influenza in mind whenever high mortality occurs in a flock, which continues to spread despite several
treatments against other diseases, and especially when poultry has been vaccinated against Newcastle disease.
263
263 264
Only veterinary surgeons are authorized to conduct sampling (on healthy Laboratory testing (264) is the only way to confirm the presence of the
and sick birds, 263) and forward samples to the lab for confirmation of disease, but this does not mean that the CAHW should wait for
suspicion. laboratory results to be announced, to take precautionary measures.

Collecting birds
found dead or from Handling dirty
hunting. eggs and trays
Eating raw eggs.
Slaughtering, plucking
and gutting poultry
without taking
precautions (gloves
and mask).
Preparing poultry for cooking
without taking precautions.
Eating under-cooked poultry meat.

265

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
AVIAN INFLUENZA
Bird to human transmission (265)
Directly : Frequent and intensive, narrow contact with :

Domestic infected poultry (chicken, ducks,…) alive
Wild birds infected or carriers or dead
Through : Respiratory secretions (droplets),

Discharges from beak, tearing of the eyes
Droppings from infected birds (dead or alive)
Eating of raw/uncooked meat or eggs
Accidental ingestion of droppings (dirty hands)
Indirectly : Frequent and intensive contact with contaminated surfaces, breeding equipments or materials such as : soiled feed, water, droppings, eggs and egg trays,
hands, clothing, shoes, boots and vehicles.
How do humans get infected ? Through the eyes, nose and mouth and indirectly through soiled hands wiping the face.
Bird to bird transmission (266)
Directly : Frequent and narrow contact with :

Domestic infected poultry (chicken, ducks,…) alive
Wild birds infected or carriers or dead
Through : Respiratory secretions (droplets),
Discharges from beak, tearing of the eyes
Droppings
Eating of droppings
Indirectly : Frequent and narrow contact with contaminated surfaces, breeding equipments or materials such as : soiled feed, water (from ponds and water dispensers,
droppings, eggs and egg trays, hands, clothing, shoes, boots and vehicles (tires of cars, motorcycles and bicycles).
How does a bird get infected ? Through the eyes and the beak.

Dirty feet and shoes
Dead or sick birds Dirty poultry feed and bags

Dirty tires
Dirty hands
Sharing bird cages at markets Farming equipment
Pigs
Dung and manure
Sharing feeding troughs
Stray dogs 266

Sharing drinking troughs Sharing ponds with wild birds.

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
AVIAN INFLUENZA
In general :
• Apply a good hygiene (especially of the hands), in particular
when you visit poultry markets or farms (270) and avoid
wiping your face with dirty hands.
• Never touch 270 >
or collect with your bare hands any poultry or bird found
dead (except the CAHW, if wearing mask and gloves).
• Never touch droppings or feathers of dead or sick poultry
of wild birds.
• Be especially cautious in regions
where bird flu has already been
reported.
270 267
For hunters (271) : 271 >

Take necessary precaution (gloves) in
order not to collect hunted or captivated
birds (ducks,…) bare handed.
In the kitchen :
Be careful, the preparation of poultry is one of the ways in
which people can become infected :
• Put on gloves (and a mask or scarf) for plucking, gutting,

cutting and cleaning of the fowl (268). Burn the waste if
possible (269).
• Wash hands thoroughly with soap (267) before and after
268
having worked with poultry meat.
• Disinfect with bleach the slaughter material and the
kitchen tools.
269

Avoid buying poultry from vendors you don’t

know or without knowing where the birds
come from. Be careful of poultry sold at low
price.
Remember, pregnant women and children

are especially sensitive to the disease.
Therefore, once the disease has been
reported, they should not be taking care
of the poultry anymore, nor of the
272 plucking or cleaning of slaughtered fowl
(273).
Eating poultry meat is not dangerous, provided the
meat is well-cooked (272). The same goes for These measures should be fully respected
eggs : do not eat raw egg or soggy eggs (with and applied once a farm in the neighborhood
liquid yolk). or in the village has been affected or
273 suspected!
If a person develops fever and difficulties in

breathing, it is necessary that he or she is
taken as soon as possible to a hospital,
dispensary or health center where the
attending health officer will have to be
informed that the patient has been in close
contact with poultry.

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
How to avoid bird flu in poultry?
Through avoiding contact with man or other animals
Prohibit or control the access of family, neighbors and friends to

the poultry house, because they can contaminate the birds through
soiled hands, clothes or shoes. Prohibit especially people who go
from village to village or those who attend the markets in the
region (vendors of animals [274] or feed).
The CAHW must wash his hands and his shoes thoroughly with
disinfecting soap before entering a farm and when leaving. If he
travels by bicycle, the bicycle has to remain outside the premises
(277). Foot-baths (disinfecting of shoes) must be available at the
entry of the farm or of every poultry house and must be regularly
refreshed (clean and add disinfectant every two days) 275, 277.
Personnel working on the farm must be reduced to one or two and

must wear specific work-clothing which remains on the farm
(overalls and shoes) and is regularly cleaned.
274
Every bird, or even pig(let), received as a gift, bought from a

vendor, neighbor, on a market or reintroduced (for example :
275
unsold animals coming back from the market) must go through
quarantine. The birds must be kept separate (in a separate hen
house or in separate cages) for at least three weeks, before
allowing them into the flock (276).
One should avoid that dogs or cats come into contact with the
poultry or bring back dead birds found elsewhere. Keep wild birds
at large (use scarecrows, install protection nets).
These measures should be fully respected and applied

once a farm in the neighborhood or in the village has
276 been affected or suspected!

277

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
Avoiding contact with contaminated

equipments and products
Poultry feed (bags)

Livestock equipment: egg trays, cages, wheelbarrows,
brooms … (to be cleaned regularly)
Vehicles, motorcycles, bicycles (leave them outside the
premises) 279
Clothing, boots and sandals (to be cleaned before entering
and when leaving the poultry house) 278
Dried manure, bought in bags (keep isolated for at least
three weeks and spray with disinfectant like Virkon and
mix)
Droppings, faeces (broom the yard and the poultry house
daily; burn or bury droppings [dung], feathers and other
collected waste).
278
Through simple and affordable improved

management measures for poultry
Keep poultry under good hygienic conditions (clean water,

quality feed, clean stables and floors) and in good health
(regular vaccination and de-worming)
Wash hands with soap before entering and when leaving
the poultry house (280).
Wash hands with soap before treating or examining
poultry.
Keep a bucket of water and soap at the entrance of the
premises or the poultry house (foot bath for disinfecting
the shoes).
Avoid free-ranging fowl, even in small flocks (feed the
birds, rather than have them look for their food).
Raise poultry in closed-off and covered poultry houses or
279 280
at least in a closed yard.

AVIAN INFLUENZA
< 281 Prevent contact between domesticated birds and wild
birds (protect drinking and feeding troughs with wire
283>
nets, nets or tarpaulins). The CAHW must learn to know
where migratory birds rest and where water fowl are to
be found (281)
Separate the different species raised in the farm (for
example: chicken, pigs) 283
Prevent contact with other animal species (cats, dogs,
283 > rats)
Prevent contact between the farmers’ birds and those of
vendors, neighbors or other farmers (282).
Control the entry of animals, people or goods that could
carry the virus.
Immediately separate any bird showing disease signs from
the flock (keep in cages).
When examining or treating animals, always start with the
healthy ones.
The best prevention is not to mix birds of different ages and

origin, but to apply the ‘all-in, all-out’ principle to enable
better control of disease whenever they appear.
For ducks: keep ducks in a fenced yard with a pond (during

the day) and a shelter (at night).
282
282
PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
AVIAN INFLUENZA
284
285

AVIAN INFLUENZA
Measures to take in case of high mortality

The affected farmer must immediately:
• Alert the CAHW or the veterinarian of the area.
• Take all necessary precautions to ensure the health of the other animals and of his family.
• Separate sick animals from health animals and lock them up in closed buildings.
• Place buckets with water and disinfectant for shoes or boots at the entrance of the farm or
of the hen house.
• Stop buying or accepting new animals for the farm.
• Stop eating his own poultry and eggs and never attempt to eat birds that died form the
disease.
• Stop selling of giving animals, even when they appear to be in good health.
• Stop selling or giving poultry meat, eggs or manure.
• Stop lending and borrowing equipment (bicycles, egg trays, cages, wheelbarrows).
• Stop visiting other poultry farms and reduce and control the entries and exits of people on
his own farm.
The CAHW must immediately :

• Alert the veterinary authority (286).
• Visit the affected farm and advice the farmer on how to prevent further spread of the 286
disease.
• Prohibit any movement of poultry, products (meat, eggs) and equipment from the farm.
• Burn (287) or bury the dead animals at least2 meters deep and cover with quicklime (285).
The CAHW will organize meetings with village people to explain why these measures are taken and
to advice them how to protect themselves.
The other poultry farmers in the same village

• Must consider their farm at risk and therefore take the necessary precautions to ensure the
health of their animals and their families (refers to previous pages).
• Must stop buying or accepting new animals for the farm :
- even when applying quarantine
- even for a few days only
• Must stop selling or giving birds, meat, eggs or manure.
• Must stop visiting poultry markets in the area. 287

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
AVIAN INFLUENZA
The farmer comes to tell me that her chicken have died (288). I go to her farm to investigate. If I don’t have gloves and a mask, I avoid touching
the dead birds with my bare hands (289).
288 289
I quickly go to my supervising veterinarian (290). I explain to him what I have seen (291). He will take the appropriate decisions.
VETER
290 291

AVIAN INFLUENZA
Controlling an outbreak
The veterinary services will take several

measures in an attempt to control an outbreak
in a poultry-farm and may call upon the
CAHW to assist.
These measures are :
1. Slaughter of all sick birds and of all birds

in contact with the sick birds (stamping-out).
The CAHW may be requested to kill animals

with his (or her) hands (by extending and
twisting the neck), provided he is in good
292 293
health and wears protection gear (mask,
goggles, gloves and boots). Thereafter he
may assist in the disposal of dead birds, the
cleaning, the disinfecting, applying the
following guidelines :
• If possible, collect dead animals in
water-proof bags before disposal (292)
• Burn the dead/slaughtered birds with

petroleum or fuel (294) and/or bury the
birds in a deep hole covered and re-
covered with quick-lime (293). This hole
will be dug far enough from wells, ponds
or other animals.
294. 295

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
• During the same day, also dispose of (or 2. Prohibition by law enforcement officers of
burn) : egg-crates, feed-bags, droppings, poultry markets and control of movements and
blood, feathers, waste and disposable transports of people, animals and commodities
protective clothing. (296).
• Ensure that all birds are indeed dead

before burying or burning them. 3. Vaccination.
• Never dispose of dead or slaughtered Ring - vaccination, around the outbreak areas, is
birds by throwing them in a river or pond one of the control tools used in some countries
(295). (298) as authorized by the veterinary services.
297 298 È
Public or private veterinary surgeons may
request the assistance of CAHWs to conduct
• The floor, walls and equipments of the poultry houses must be
these vaccinations (297,298).
thoroughly cleaned, brushed and disinfected. Quicklime is the cheapest
disinfectant available, but other products may be used.
In most countries, the poultry farmer is expected to receive 4. Down time

compensation for the loss of slaughtered animals.
After the slaughter and disinfecting, the
farmer will have to clean and disinfect the
premises two weeks later. Only three weeks
after this has been done may he start
introducing new poultry.
296

AFRICAN SWINE FEVER

Clinical signs
• Fever during 3-4 days

• Lack of appetite
• Dullness, in coordination of
movements
• Red spots on belly (300)
• Vomiting and bloody diarrhoea
(301)
• Quick death with generalized
signs of internal blood loss
• Cough, conjunctivitis (red
eyes), difficult breath in sub
acute form
300 • Very contagious
. 300 301
Post-mortem examination
302
302 303 304
Hemorrhagic (red) carcass (302) Enlarged spleen (303) Red spots on kidney (304)

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
Measures to be taken
No cure
No vaccine
I alert
307
305
306 308
Alert the vet authority (305). Slaughter every pigs within an area Moving (307) and straying of animals from infested zones is forbidden.
decided by the vet authority (306) Burning or burying of slaughtered or dead animals (308)

SMALL RUMINANT PEST (PPR)

Clinical signs
• Sudden death, especially in goats.

• Discharges from eyes, nose and
mouth (309,310), first thin then
purulent.
• Difficult breathing and coughing.
• Sores in mouth (311), the animal
does not eat anymore.
• Dry, cracked muzzle and nostrils.
• Severe diarrhoea with sometimes
blood (312).
• Death in 5-10 days
309 310
311 312

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
Post-mortem and close examination signs
313 314 315
Haemorrhages in lungs (313) Red striping in colon (314) Sores in the mouth: lips, gums, cheeks (315).
No cure, only preventing
316 317 318

Alert and report
Follow PPR sampling procedure for your area (318).
Stop all concentration (316) and movements (317)
Vaccinate every year (319).
when disease occurs.

Second part
Common diseases
2. Diseases not subject to

compulsory declaration
100 Trypanosomosis
103 Gut worms
106 Liver fluke
109 Mange
113 Dermatophilosis
116 Photo-sensitization

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
TRYPANOSOMOSIS
Clinical signs
• Fever and depression

• Emaciation
• Enlarged lymph nodes are
clearly visible under the skin
(320)
• Pale membranes (321)
• Tears (322)
• Milk reduced
• Tail hair loss (323,324)
• Mainly during dry season
320 321
322 323 324
TRYPANOSOMOSIS

Transmission
326
325
Cattle grazing in forest areas gets bitten by the While sucking blood the tsetse fly (325) transmits the blood parasite (trypanosome) to the
tsetse fly (encircled, 326) cow. The cow gets sick : weight loss, swollen lymph-nodes and rough hair, while she loses
her tail hair (324)

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
TRYPANOSOMOSIS
327
332
329
330 331
328
Avoid known tsetse areas (332,329)
Alert the vet authority (328) for early treatment of
Use pour-on (330, 331) with synthetic pyrethroids to avoid bites from flies.
any suspected animal (327) with diminazene aceturate
Alert the vet authority (328) for preventive treatment with isomethamidium or
or homidium bromide.
homidium bromide

GUT WORMS
Clinical signs
• Usually in wet season.

• Usually in young (333)
• Normal body temperature
• Swelling under the jaw ("bottle"-neck).
• Normal appetite.
• Pale membranes.
• Diarrhoea (334)
• Belly may appear swollen.
• Rough coat.
• Poor growth.
333 334
Post-mortem signs
335 336 337

Pale and watery carcass (335)
Worms found in abomasum (336) Worms found in colon (337)
Absence of fat.

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
GUT WORMS
Transmission
338
Livestock infected with gut worms shed worm eggs. Other livestock grazing The infected livestock starts showing signs of
in the same area ingest the worm eggs while eating diarrhoea and weight loss after 3 to 4 weeks.

GUT WORMS
339 340 341 342
351 352
343 344 345 346
353 354
347 348 349 350
• Albendazol 10% (339, 340) : 1 ml/10 kg peroral or • Dose all the herd with albendazol, twice a year in the early wet and early
• Albendazol bolus 2500 mg (343, 344, 345) : 1 bolus/250 kg dry seasons, even though they appear healthy (351,352,353). Alternate
• Albendazol 300 mg (342,348) : 1 bolus/30 kg drugs every 2 years to avoid resistances.
• Albendazol 152 mg (349) : 1 bolus/15 kg
• Levamisol 1 g (346) : 1 bolus/150 kg • When some animals show signs, treat the whole herd with levamisol or
• Levamisol 300 mg (350) : 1 bolus/50 kg tetramisol. Avoid highly seasonal concentration of animals in pasture area
• Tetramisol (347) (354)

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
LIVER FLUKE
Clinical signs
• Loss of condition (355) or slow

growth in spite of good grazing
and normal appetite.
• Pale or yellow membranes.
• Swelling under the jaw, swollen
lower parts (belly and limbs).
• Diarrhoea (355), bad smell in the mouth, reduced milk yield.
• Weakness (animals seem lazy).
• Loss of coat colour.
• In adults only, when grazing in swampy zones.
• No loss of tail hair (as opposed to gut-worm infections)
• More in cattle than sheep and goats.
355
Post-mortem signs
358
356 357
Liver hard and gritty when cut (356) Bile duct thickened (357) Adult flukes (358)

LIVER FLUKE
Transmission
359
Livestock get infected with liver fluke when grazing in swampy areas. They develop diarrhoea and loss of weight.

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
LIVER FLUKE
360 361 362
371 372
363 364 365 366
373 374
367 368 369 370
• Albendazol 10% (361, 362) : 1ml/10kg per os or • Dose the whole herd with albendazol twice a year in the early wet and early
• Albendazol bolus 2500mg (363 - 367) : 1 bolus/250 kg dry seasons, even though they appear healthy (371,372,373)
• Albendazol 300mg (368, 369) :
1 bolus/30 kg • Avoid highly seasonal concentration of animals in swampy zones along water
• Albendazol 152 mg (370) : ways or ponds (374).
1 bolus/15 kg
• When some animals show signs, call the vet authority (282)
who will treat the whole herd with nitroxinil or closantel .

MANGE
Clinical signs
• Loss of hair (375, 376)

• Itching : animal rubs against trees and posts; skin
becomes red (377, 380)
• Skin is thickened (379) and cracking (381)
• Loss of condition (377,379)
• Often starts on head and neck (378,381), then spreads
to the hind legs (379)
• Spreads to other animals.
375 376
377

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
378 379
380 381

MANGE
Transmission
382
Transmission of the mange mites occurs through close contact (A),

either directly or indirectly at scratching trees or poles (B).

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
386
383
384 385
387
Alert the vet authority (383) for early treatment with ivermectin Avoid overcrowding.
Spray suspected animals with 20ml of amitraz (384,385) diluted in 1 Treat all the affected animals at the same time (386).
litre of water Separate affected animals. (387)

DERMATOPHILOSIS
Clinical Signs
• Mainly during wet season

• Affects mostly young stock
• Skin lesions form on body (388,389)
• Uncomplicated lesions heal
• Lesions can become infected
• Lesions can join and lead to detachment of the
skin (390,391)
• Loss of body condition
388 389
390 391

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
DERMATOPHILOSIS
Transmission
An unaware farmer brings a new animal into his herd, despite its visible lesions of dermatophilosis.
392
The affected animal rubs itself to another (and transmits the disease) A new cow is now affected by dermatophilosis.
DERMATOPHILOSE

393 394
396
397
395
Apply iodine on affected areas (393,394) Isolate sick animals (396)

Alert the veterinarian, he might apply the appropriate drugs (395). Slaughter chronic cases and severely affected animals (397).

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
PHOTO-SENSITIZATION
Clinical Signs
Liver related form
• Most common form, mainly in sheep

• When liver does not clean the blood properly,
substances remain in the body and accumulate in the
skin
• These substances absorb sunlight, which initiates
damage to the skin
• Typical skin lesions develop (398-401)
399
Feed related form
When livestock feed on plants/drugs with

photosensitizing substances
Substances accumulate in skin and react with
sunlightl
Typical skin lesions develop (398-401)
Photosentive from birth
400 401 • Livestock avoids light from birth

• Typical skin lesions develop because of a genetic
defect
• Tongue exposure to sunlight when licking may cause
ulceration and necrosis (398-401).

PHOTO-SENSITIZATION
Preventing
• Keep affected livestock in the shade

• House livestock and allow grazing only
after sunset and before sunrise
• Avoid secondary skin infection and fly
strike
• If photosensitization present from
birth, livestock should be excluded
from breeding

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
Personal notes :

Second part
Common diseases
3. Zoonoses
(diseases which affect man too)
120 Brucellosis
126 Tuberculosis
127 Rift valley fever
128 Rabies
129 Hydatid cysts (Echinococcosis)

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
BRUCELLOSIS
Clinical signs
405 406
407 408
Disease in animal :
406
• Abortion in late
pregnancy or
stillbirths (406,408)
• Enlarged testicles
405
(410)
• Infertility
• Thickening of foetal
membranes
• Swellings around
joints (405,407,409)
and lameness
(occasional)
• Fever from time to
time (exceptional)
407 408

409 410
Disease in human:
• Periodic fever,
• Aching back and
joints,
• General sickness and
weakness, For the children who are often fed with raw milk from sheep and goats, the risk of
• Abortion, infertility
transmission of brucellosis is higher than with raw cow milk or raw camel milk.
in women.
• Painful/swollen
testicles in men.
So, if the child has fever, it is important not to confuse malaria and brucellosis.

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
BBR
RUCELLOSIS
Transmission
Cows inhale and lick germs from aborted fetus and vaginal discharge. Abortion occurs usually once
after infection.
411
Occasionally brucellosis is also transmitted through mating. Swollen joints in chronically infected cow

BRUCELLOSIS
Risky behaviour in man
• Drinking fresh, raw milk (412, 413),

• Touching discharges from aborted cow
(secretions and mucous membranes) or
helping cow to calve without glove (415).
• Using urine from aborted cow (414).
412 413
414 415

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
BRUCELLOSIS
How to avoid brucellosis in man ?
Measures in man:
• Always boil milk from goats, cows and

camels (416).
• Prevent children from drinking the milk

from aborted animals.
• Do not take urine from aborted cows.
• Use glove (417) and wash hands

thoroughly after removing afterbirth
and assisting cow at calving. Do the
same when placing pessaries in the
uterus
416
417

How to avoid brucellosis in animals?

Measures in animal:
• Isolate cows at calving (418).
• Clean and bury all discharges.
• Bury or burn afterbirths,
aborted foetuses or stillborn
calves and their membranes
(419).
• Eliminate positive males and
females on blood test (420,
421).
418 • Slaughter cows that abort

repeatedly (421).
• Limit microbes spread in the
environment after abortion by
dispensing pessaries in uterus,
after every abortion or difficult
calving (422, 423).
419
Use gloves!
422
423 420
421

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
TUBERCULOSIS
Disease in Human
• Coughing for long time (sometimes

with blood).
• Becoming weak and thin, not feeling
well.
• Often children have abscesses in the
neck and spine becomes bent.
Disease in animal:
Coughing, loss of weight over long period.

In most cases however, signs are absent.
Risky behaviours in man :

424
• Drinking fresh milk (424).

• Touching (purulent) discharges from infected animals.
• Close contacts with droplets or saliva from infected animals or
humans.
• Sleeping near or being too close to coughing cows (425).
Ways of avoiding tuberculosis:
• Boiling milk from cow and goats systematically.

• Isolate or slaughter cows with persistent cough.
425 • Keep children out of the shed with the coughing animal(s).

RIFT VALLEY FEVER
Disease in Human
• Acute fever, muscular pain, headaches,
nauseous, fear of light.
• Complications : haemorrhages, nervous
disorders, ocular form may lead to blindness.
• Death may occur
Disease in animal:
• Frequent abortions,
426 427 • Mortality of new-born, sheep and goat, nearly 100%, in adults 30%.
• High fever, muscular spasm, locomotive disorders
• Bloody nasal discharge.
• Diarrhoea.
• Young animals die rapidly.
Risky behaviours :
• Sleeping without mosquito net (426,427)

428 429 430
• Direct contact with nasal discharges (430), blood (429), post abortion
vaginal discharges (428), infected carcases (431,432).
• Absorption of possibly infected droplets and raw milk.
How to avoid Rift Valley Fever?
• Sleep with mosquito net (as some mosquitoes transmit the disease).
• Vaccine livestock,
• Do not touch meat or discharges from infected animal.
431 432

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
RRA
ABIES
Contamination:
What to do in case of bite, scratch or
• Contact with (dog) saliva at the time of
licking by a stray dog?
bite, scratch or licking of injured skin or
mucous membranes (injured or intact).
• Clean wound thoroughly with soap and
warn the health care center to
implement urgently anti-rabies Disease in human.
treatment. • 30 to 50% of bitten,
• Do not kill the biting dog immediately, scratched or licked people
but quarantine it for at least 15 days in 433
are young boys.
order to follow-up on rabies symptoms. • Incubation may greatly
vary: usually 45 days of
incubation (minimum 7
Regarding stray dogs: days, maximum 6 years).
• Mad form with spasms or dumb form with
• Be careful with aggressive, nervous dogs paralysis.
(433). • Fear of water, fever, agitation, loss of
• Limit straying of dogs (434). sensitiveness.
• Slaughter stray dogs. • Always lethal.
Every warm-blooded animals can be

affected by rabies. In Africa, human beings
catch rabies through stray dogs mainly.
434

ECHINOCOCCOSIS or HYDATIDOSIS
Parasitical cycle (435) between dog, definitive host
without symptom and sheep (mainly), intermediate host
who gets mortal hydrate cysts (liquid pocket containing
larvae). Humans accidentally develop hydatidosis.
Contamination:
• Dog is parasites’ reservoir. He is contaminated by eating

sheep’s offal (lungs, liver) with cysts.
Definitive host
• Sheep is contaminated by grazing grass infested by dog’s
faeces.
Hydatic cysts in organs of • Human is contaminated by eating food infested by dog’s
intermediate hosts faeces or by licking his hands that have been in contact
(e.g.: liver)
with dog’s saliva (dog licks his anus).
Disease in Human.
Hydatic cysts grow slowly during several years:
• In the liver (60 to 80% of occurrence): big painful liver,

jaundice Æ “big belly”
Intermediate hosts • In the lungs (20 to 30%): cough, blood in lungs.
435 • In the bones: fractures, pain.
. • In the kidneys, spleen, nervous system.
How to prevent human hydatidosis?
• Limit straying of dogs. Do not let the dogs eating

slaughter wastes (436).
• Burn wastes with parasites and deworm dogs.
• Do not touch any dogs and wash your hands before
eating.
• Keep the dogs away from kitchen areas.
436 • Deworm humans with albendazol regularly.

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
Personal notes :

Second Part
Differential approach
(by similar symptoms)
132 Limping
133 Skin disorders
134 Sudden death
135 Differentiating rinderpest from PPR
136 Loss of condition
LIMPING

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
1 2 3 4 5
FMD BLACK QUARTER ARTRITIS FOOT ROT WOUNDS
Antibiotics may help
Vesicles* in the mouth: 1

Limping of one leg,
Swollen muscle,
Air under the skin
when touched, 2
Dry, cardboard-like
skin
Warm, swollen and painful

(*) vesicles are blisters joint : 3
or superficial wounds.
Wound between
Deep wounds: 5
claws
No vesicles 4
Hesitating walk: 2 in the mouth
or on the teats
Vesicles* on the teats: 1 Vesicles* between and on

the top of claws: 1
437
SKIN DISORDERS
1 2 3 4 5

MANGE DERMATOPHILOSIS LUMPY SKIN DISEASE TEIGNE PHOTO-

SENSITIZATION
Amitraz Antibiotics Antibiotics Iodine Avoid exposure to
Ivermectin Vaccination sunlight
Thickened skin, Hair stuck together, easily removed.

rough and Thick scabs: 2
crackled skin 1
Loss of hair,
Intense itching Under the
scabs, red,
sticky skin.
No itching: 2
• More or less
circular marks
• Pale
• Thick 4
• Without hair
• No itching
• Fever,
• Salivation,
• Nasal discharge 3
• No itching
• Numerous lumps all

over the body • Only on white parts,
• When they fall off, • Red skin, 5
they leave scars: 3 • Crackled, scaly.

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
SUDDEN DEATH (except rriinderpest and PPR)

1 2 3 4
HEMORRHAGIC BLACK QUARTER ANTHRAX POISONING
SEPTICAEMIA
ALERT the veterinary authority. Antibiotics as from the first symptoms
Sudden pain Limping of one leg, Less milk production,

Oedema 4 Swollen muscle, 2 Yellowish milk mixed with
Swollen head, neck, Biting marks Air under the skin blood: 3
throat and thorax : 1
Diarrhoea, more or less

Purplish mucous bloody: 1,3
membranes with blood
spots : 3
After death occurs
Stiff (rigid) legs : 2
Noisy breathing,
Dry cough: 1
Purulent discharge
from nose , mouth : 1
Hesitant walk : 2 Soft legs : 3
Common signs Post Mortem

Do not open the carcass : 2, 3
Sudden death
Do not eat the meat : 3
High temperature 1, 2, 3, 4 No blood oozing from anus or nostrils: 2
Difficult breathing Discharge of black blood from all the orifices: 3

SECRETIONS, DIARRHEA, SUDDEN DEATH

1 2
RINDERPEST PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS (PPR)
No treatment. Surveillance No treatment. Vaccination
Severe diarrhoea becomes bloody: 1,2
443
• Depression, illness and sudden death,

especially in young animals
• High number of animals affected Purulent ocular, nasal and oral discharges
• Wounds on all mucous membranes 1,2
• Nasal discharges and excessive Dry and crackled muzzle, nostrils: 1,2
salivation, reduced milk production

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
LOSS OF CONDITION
1 2 3
TRYPANOSOMOSIS GUT WORMS LIVER FLUKE
Diminazene Aceturate Albendazol Albendazol drench/bolus
Isomethamidium drench/bolus Fasciolicides (flukicides)
Fever (animal looks for Lymph nodes visible under the skin: 1 Dry hair, easily
shade), warm base of the removable: 1
horns
Yellowish eye : 3
Watering eyes : 1
No appetite : 1
Preserved appetite : 2, 3
Swollen belly:
2, 3
Bad breath : 2, 3
Diarrhoea: 2, 3
'Bottle-sign': 2, 3
(Especially in sheep)
Common signs
• Pale mucous membranes
• Milk production Ì 1, 2, 3
• Calving rate Ì
Swelling on lower parts of the
• Growth Ì
body : 1

Third Part
Basics of prevention
138 Spread of diseases
142 What is curing? What is prevention ?
148 How to avoid the introduction of a disease?
151 How to react in the face of an outbreak?
158 Vaccines and diseases

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
HOW ARE DISEASE AGENTS SPREAD?
From livestock to livestock
By absorption of :
Portal of entry: Diseases:
Ocular, nasal and oral Digestive and/or Anthrax

discharges, breath respiratory tracts ASF
droplets, urine Blackquarter
droplets, faeces, Brucellosis
products of abortion, CBPP
genital membranes and FMD
fluids, blood and HS
slaughter wastes. Newcastle
PPR
Rinderpest
447

By contact with : Portal of entry : Diseases :
Intact skin, ASF

Ocular, nasal and oral Wounded skin, Blackquarter
discharges, breath Genital mucous Brucellosis
droplets, urine membranes FMD
droplets, faeces, blood, Mange
semen, products of Newcastle
abortion, genital
membranes and fluids,
scratched skin pieces.
448

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006

From other vectors to livestock
From
By matter and objects : Portal of entry: Diseases:
Veterinary tools especially Digestive and/or Anthrax

gloves (451), harnesses, air respiratory ASF
449 450
(450), water (453), soil, grass, tracts Blackquater
fodder (454), feed, clothes, Skin (intact or FMD
hats (449) caps and shoes wounded) HS
(452), ropes, containers, and Genital parts Newcastle
traditional knives and mucous PPR
membranes Rinderpest
451
during surgery.
Gut worms
Liver fluke
Mange
452
453 454

455
By living organisms : Portal of entry: Diseases:
The CAHW's skin (457), Intact skin or Anthrax

mosquitoes, tse-tse flies 456 457 wounded skin ASF
(455) or biting flies, Blackquarter
ticks (456, 458, 459, 460) Certain worms
and other vectors such as FMD
mammals (including man) HS
and birds (461). Newcastle
PPR
Rinderpest
458 Trypanosomosis
459
460 461

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
WHAT IS CURING? WHAT IS PREVENTING?

Prevention
463
462
Stopping the disease agents from entering the animal’s body,

for example by vaccination (462). Avoiding disease agents, for example by separating
sick animals or new arrivals (463).

464 465
Killing the disease agents after they have entered the body but before …or antibiotic treatment injected by vet authority
they have caused any harm: regular deworming treatment (464)… before travelling (465).
REMEMBER:
1. Preventing is always better than curing, when possible.

2. Vaccines and drugs are effective only if they are:
• Chosen with the right active component at the right concentration,
• Used at the right dosage,
• Not expired.
Vaccination and preventive use of drugs (example: worm drench) are regarded as MEDICAL prevention. Other measures, such as isolation,
quarantine, movement control and disinfection are regarded as SANITARY prevention.

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
Field of CAHW’s competences regarding prevention
CAHW must alert (466) the vet authority he takes order from (technician or private vet, 467), as soon as he detects a disease or suspect group
of signs. He takes part in vaccination campaign organised by vet authority (468). He sensitises livestock owners to disease dangers (469).
466 467
468 469

Curing
470
Destroying disease agents with drugs (470) after they have entered the animal body
and started to cause harm.
REMEMBER:
Drugs are effective only if they are:

• Chosen with the right active component at the right dose.
• Used at the right dosage and for the recommended time
• Not expired.

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
CAHWs operate under a vet’s responsibility.
In particular circumstances, under vet’s decision and responsibility,

CAHW may use medicines different from the authorized list: injectable antibiotics (471), fasciolicides and trypanocides (472).
471 472

Limits of CAHW’s activity regarding medicines
Medicines used by CAHWs are sold by a vet ; they generally include oral dewormers (473 to 485), external anti-parasite dips (486 to 489),
external antibiotics (sprays) (490,491), ointments (492,493), pessaries (494,495), disinfectants (496,497).
473 474 475 476 477 478 479
480 481 482 483 484 485
486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493
494 495 496 497

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
HOW CAN ONE AVOID THE INTRODUCTION OF DISEASES

AND KEEP THE HERD HEALTHY?
498 499 500

Practice a good personal hygiene (498). Clear the camp or homestead from dung (499) Prevent animals from different herds mixing
during grazing and watering (500)
50 1 502 503
Always boil the milk before drinking (501). Practice good hygiene of the animals and keep Keep a safe distance between tethered animals
them clean (502). (503).

504
When buying new stock at the market or in another village, keep the new animals separated (quarantine) for several weeks in order to check
whether they develop a disease.

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
HOW CAN ONE AVOID THE INTRODUCTION OF DISEASES AND KEEP THE HERD HEALTHY?
505 506
507
Make sure the animals in the village are regularly Make sure the animals in the village are When using syringes, ensure that they have
vaccinated against the known diseases (505) regularly dosed with worm drench (506). been properly disinfected with boiling water
508 50 9 510
Build clean and solid slaughter slabs Fence the slaughter slabs in order to prevent Avoid scattering of slaughter wastes
(508) dogs intruding (509) by stray dogs (510)

HOW TO REACT IN THE FACE OF A DISEASE OUTBREAK?
Alert the vet authority (511) Burn and/or bury dead or slaughtered animals (513 to 519)
513 514
511
515 516 517
512
518 519

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
Quarantine (isolation) of newly arrived (520,521) Quarantine (isolation) of sick animals (522,523)
520 522
QUARANTINE
521 523

Prohibit animal concentrations and mixing of herds All moving in infected zone(s) prohibited
(524,525) (526,527)
524 526
525 527

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
Prohibit mixing herds at watering points (528,529) Prohibit animals moving out of infected zones (530,531)
528 530
529 531

HO

Inform livestock owners (532,533) Avoid scattering of slaughter wastes by stray dogs (534, 535)
532 534
533 535

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006

Slaughter chronically infected animals e.g. those coughing Slaughter any cow repeatedly aborting, especially those positive
for a long time or infertile (536,537) to a test for brucellosis (538,539).
536
538
537
539


Treat with medicines of authorized list, for example: eye ointment (542)
Participate in ring or emergency vaccination (540,541)
or worm drench (543)
540 542
Disinfect syringes properly 544
541 543

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
WHICH VACCINE FOR WHICH DISEASE?

Anthrax Blackleg CBPP PPR HS in cattle HS in sheep Newcastle dis. Bird flu
ANTHRAVAC CLOSTRIVAC PERI-TI /SR OVIPESTE PASTOBOV PASTOVIN ITA-NEW FLU-KEM
BLANTHAX PERIBOV PPR-VAC PASTOVAX ND VACCINE ITA-FLU
1ml 2ml 1ml 2ml 1ml 2ml 1ml 0,5 ml
These vaccines are delivered to CAHW by the veterinary authority and will be injected under its responsibility. 545

Third Part
Drugs
160 Drugs and diseases

167 Concentration and fraud
170 Albendazol
172 Amitraz
174 Synthetic pyrethroids
176 Eye ointment
177 Insecticide powder
178 Antibiotic spray
179 Oblets / pessaries
180 Other products or drugs

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
WHICH DRUG FOR WHICH DISEASE OR GROUP OF SIGNS?

Type Active ingredient and dosage Trade names (brands) Administration Diseases or conditions that can be treated
Albendazol 10% Liquid Liquid : Vermitan, Worminex, Albenol, Oral Infestation by intestinal worms & liver flukes,
Dolzaben, Valbazen according to the different seasons (559).
(through the
1 ml/10 kg mouth)
550 551 552

Albendazol Bolus Bolus : Vermitan, Valbazen,
Worm drench
2500 mg Æ 1 bolus / 250 kg Benzal, Worminex

300 mg Æ 1 bolus / 30 kg
553 554
Intestinal worms and liver

555 556
flukes (adult stages)
557 558 559

Fenbendazol Panacur
750 mg Æ 1 bolus / 150 kg Oral
Oxfendazol Synanthic 560 Oral

Worm drench
561
Levamisol Bolumisole (562, 564), Triver (563) Oral

1 g Æ 1 bolus / 150 kg
562 563 564

Tetramisol Vadephen Oral
565
Bithionol sulfoxide Disto 5 Oral
566

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
WHICH DRUG FOR WHICH DISEASE OR GROUP OF SIGNS?

Oxytetracyclin 2.5 % External Eye infections (571)

1 – 3 puffers per eye Ocular
(in the eyes)
Extrenal anti-biotics
EYE OINTMENT
567 : Pink Eye Powder
Cloxacillin Penicillin 5 g
3 cm per eye
EYE OINTMENT
571
568 : Opticlox
Following any abortion
Chloro-tetracyclin 500 mg External or difficult calving (572)
Intra-uterine oblets/pessaries Intra-uterus
(in the uterus)
569 : Gynobiotic
PESSARIES OBLETS 570 : Metricyclin 572

Oxytetracyclin spray Oxyspray (573), External Wounds or cuts,

Alamycin, Limoxin, Vetmycine (574), (not in the eyes) external treatments (578)
Spray Plus (575), Pederipra Spray
(576), Vetospray (577).
573 574
578
575 576 577
S P R A Y S
579

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
Amprolium (583) Furaxol (580), Tetracolivit (581), Oral Diarrhoea in poultry

Furaltadone (580) Piperazine (582), Amprolium (583), (mix with
Neotreat, Prococ, Powervit, EST (584), drinking water)
Multi-vitamines (584) VPV (585), Stromiten (586).
Anti-biotic (pre)mix (581)
Worm drenches :
Niclosamide-tetramisole
(585)
Niclosamide-levamisole (586)
Piperazine (582) 580 581
Poultry drugs
587
582 583
Un-hygienic housing
584
585
588
586

Synthetic pyrethrinoids Spot-On (589), Bayticol (590, 591, External Against ticks and biting flies
593), Ectopor (592), Butox, Renegade. (not in the eyes)
Flumethrin 1% (486,487,489)
Cypermethrin 1% (488)
Acaricides Insecticides
598 È 599 600 È 601

1 ml / 10 kg – pour on
Deltamethrin 1% :
589 590 591 592 593

7,5 ml in 15 l. of dipping water
Taktic Against ticks and for the treatment of mange

Amitraz (594, 595, 596) External
(not in horses)
20 ml per 1 liter water (used as
a spray)
602 603
594 595 596
Against fleas, lice, flies, for disinfecting stables
Organo-phosphates (powder) External
Do not inhale
597 : Poultry Louse Powder 604

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
Iodine solution Povidone iodine External Disinfections of surgical sites. Cleaning of

(not in the wounds and removal of dead tissue (608).
eyes)
Disinfectants
605 606
608
Quaternary ammonium External Disinfection of wounds (609). Cleaning of syringes

(not in the and other material.
eyes)
607 604
609

CONCENTRATION OF DRUGS AND FRAUDS

WHAT DOES CONCENTRATION OF ACTIVE COMPONENT MEAN?
OXYTETRACYCLIN 5% OXYTETRACYCLIN 10% OXYTETRACYCLIN 20%
610 612 614
A B=2xA C=2xB
=4xA
611 613 615
5 g. of active component (610) in a 10 g. of active component (612) in a 20 g. of active component (614) in a

vial of 100 ml (611). vial of 100 ml (613). vial of 100 ml (615).
Dosage: 1ml / 10 kg Dosage: 1ml / 10 kg Dosage: 1ml / 10 kg
One injection lasts 12 hours. One injection lasts 24 hours. One injection lasts 72 hours.
6 injections in 3 days are necessary for a 3 injections in 3 days are necessary for a 1 injection only in 3 days is necessary for a
proper treatment. proper treatment. proper treatment.

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
HOW CAN PEOPLE BE DECEIVED?
First way Second way Third way

Choosing the wrong concentration (616) Choosing an under dosed or faked brand Combination (618) of under concentrated
because it is cheaper or the only one (617) coming from a non-registered company product from a non-registered company
available.
616 617 618
• Left: • Left: • Left:

5% concentration. Poorly visible concentration, non- Poorly visible concentration, non-registered
2 injections per day, registered brand. brand.
3 days for a proper treatment.
• Right: • Right: Concentration well indicated reliable
• Right: 5% concentration. brand and well-concentrated product.
20% concentration. One injection for 3 2 injections per day, 3 days for a proper
days. treatment.

CONCENTRATION OF
DRUGS AND FRAUDS
619 620 621
622 623 624
WHEN THE CAHW IDENTIFIES SUCH WRONG DRUGS IN THE FIELD, HE ALERTS THE VETERINARY AUTHORITY

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
ALBENDAZOL
Product Diseases
Drench (625,626) Gut worms (632)
10% Liver-fluke
625 626 627
Bolus (627-631)
2500 mg, 300 mg,
152 mg.
628 629
630 631 632
Species Way to use
Syringe (633)
Drench gun (634)
By hand (635)
Bolus gun (636)
633 634
LEAVE THE MILK TO CALVES ONLY, DON’T DRINK THE

MILK FOR 2 DAYS
636

ALBENDAZOL
Dosage: 1 ml/10 kg, 1 bolus 2500 mg/250 kg, 1 bolus 300 mg/30 kg, 1 bolus 152 mg/15 kg
50 kg 300 kg
5ml 50 ml
30ml 50ml
35ml 50ml
100 kg 10ml 50ml
350 kg
150 kg 15ml 50ml 10 kg 5 ml 1ml

ou
200 kg 20 kg
20ml 50ml 5 ml 2ml
ou
250 kg
25ml 50ml 5ml 3ml
ou
30 kg
637

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
AMITRAZ
Product Diseases
Taktic (638,639), Ticks (641,642) and lice :

Milbitraz (640) spray once
12,5%
1 litre (a),
250 ml (b),
100 ml (c) 641 642
Mange (643): spray twice
within 9 days
(a) (b) (c) 638
Milk : no waiting time
Meat: wait 24 hours 643

before slaughter
639 640

AMITRAZ
Product Way to use
Dilute 20 ml
in 1 litre of
water
toxic
646
Do not !
Spray in this
order (646,
647) : hind
part, belly,
legs, body,
udder, fore
part, head
647
644 645
Dangerous for human beings and fish. Do not empty in water ponds
or in rivers (644), destroy the empty bottles, do not use near Wash
people while eating or drinking (645). clothes, tools
and hands
(648)
thoroughly
after
648 treatment

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
SYNTHETIC PYRETHROIDS
Product Diseases
Bottle 1 litre pour- Ticks (652) and flies

on : (tabanids, tsetse flies)
Bayticol
649 650
(649,650,651)
Spot-on (651)
Ectopor (651)
651 652
Species Way to use Way to use
Pour on the back

bone (653), from
the head to the
tail.
Dangerous for fish and bees: do not empty in water ponds or

rivers, destroy the empty bottles.
653

SYNTHETIC PYRETHROIDS
Dosage: 1 ml / 10 kg (only treat animals as from one year of age)
100 kg 250 kg
heifer cow with 3 calves 25ml 30ml
10ml 30ml
150 kg 300 kg (15ml+15ml) 30ml 30ml

cow with one calf bull
15ml 30ml
200 kg 350 kg (15ml + 20ml) 35ml 30ml

cow with 2 calves ox
20ml 30ml
15 ml
20 ml
No waiting time for milk and meat consumption 654

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
EYE OINTMENT
Product Diseases
Syringe of 5 grammes Eye infection

ointment (540): (656)
Cloxacillin Penicillin
655 656
Species Way to use

Separate eyelids.
Press 3 cm of ointment
in both eyes, even the
healthy one (657).
657

INSECTICIDE POWDER
Product Protection against
400 g of Lice, fleas, flies,

organo- disinfections of
phospate cowsheds, stables,
powder (658) sheep pens and hen
for poultry houses (659)
658
659
Species Way to use
Apply powder
as shown
(660 – 662)
660 661 662

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
ANTIBIOTIC SPRAY
Product Diseases
200 ml spray Wounds

bottle (666) or
containing bruises after
oxytetracyclin cleaning
and gentian them
violet with iodine
(663-665). or healing oil
(605-607)
666
663 664 665
Species Way to use
Spray the
wound largely
for, at least,
5 seconds
(667). Don’t
get closer
than 10 cm
from the
wound
667

PESSARIES / INTRA-UTERINE OBLETS

Product Diseases
Pessary of 1 g. of
chlortetracyclin
(668,669). Difficult birth or
calving (670)
668
Abortion (671)
669
Species Way to use
Use a glove (672)

to carefully
introduce the
pessary inside
the uterus.
672

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
OTHER PRODUCTS / DRUGS

Personal notes :

Fourth Part
Basic skills
182 Common disinfection
183 Weight assessment
184 Administering drugs
188 Precautions
189 Cleaning of wounds

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
CLEANING THE INJECTION SITE (COMMON DISINFECTION)
673 674
Clean injection site with iodine (for example : povidone) or
Wash hands in water with soap (673)
quaternary ammonium (for example : healing oil) (674)
677 678
675 676
Inject on the cleaned site (675) Clean again injection site with iodine (676) Wash equipment (677), disinfect (678) and wash hands again

WEIGHT ASSESSMENT
Girth tape (679).
679
680 681 682
Use girth tape (679) for cattle (680,681) Use goat-scale (682) for sheep and goat.

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS
Oral route. Example : Albendazol drench
685
683 684
Oral route. Example : Albendazol bolus
686 687 688

Sub-cutaneous injection for vaccination (under the skin)
689 690
691 692

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
Antibiotic spray Pour-on
693 695
Insecticide powder Eye ointment
694 696

Acaricide spray Pessary (intra-uterine oblet)
697 698
Always use gloves (698).

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
PRECAUTIONS
699 700 701
The CAHW sees that children are playing with his The CAHW therefore teaches the children not to He stows his drugs and equipment safely
drugs and equipment (699) play with the drugs, because they might be away, out of reach for the children (701)
dangerous.(700)

CLEANING OF WOUNDS
702 703 704
Deep wounds (702) have to be Remove all dirty and dead tissues Drain with a syringe filled with hydrogen
cleaned and treated. with soapy water (703). peroxide (704) or iodine.
705 706
Let hydrogen peroxide, or iodine, flow out of the wound (705). Spray antibiotic (706)

PACE / AU-IBAR 2006

The PACE programme is funded by the European Union
This document was produced with the support of FAO
and the French Cooperation

African Union
Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources

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Manual for community-based

animal health workers

Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics (PACE)

Regional Coordination for West and Central Africa

First part: Second part:

Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics 1

COMMON DISEASES 47 Spread of diseases 138

BASICS OF PREVENTION AND TREATMENT 137

2 Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics

HANDBOOK FOR COMMUNITY ANIMAL HEALTH WORKERS

Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics 3

INTRODUCTION TO THIS MANUAL

4 Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics

Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics 5

6 Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics

Position of the Community-

10 role and duties of the CAHW

17 the CAHW's position in the community

19 the CAHW's position within the veterinary services

20 relations between the CAHW and private veterinarians or

25 presentation of the CAHW when arriving in a village or

Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics 7

ROLE AND DUTIES OF THE COMMUNITY-BASED ANIMAL HEALTH WORKER (CAHW)

8 Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics

ROLE AND DUTIES OF THE COMMUNITY-BASED ANIMAL HEALTH WORKER (CAHW)

Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics 9

I am the first agent of the epidemio-surveillance network:

10 Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics

ROLE AND DUTIES OF THE COMMUNITY-BASED ANIMAL HEALTH WORKER (CAHW)

I carry on clinical examination as much as possible (17,18)

Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics 11

ROLE AND DUTIES OF THE COMMUNITY-BASED ANIMAL HEALTH WORKER (CAHW)

12 Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics

ROLE AND DUTIES OF THE COMMUNITY-BASED ANIMAL HEALTH WORKER (CAHW)

I will manage my stock of drugs and my business (23,24).

Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics 13

ROLE AND DUTIES OF THE COMMUNITY-BASED ANIMAL HEALTH WORKER (CAHW)

14 Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics

THE CAHW’S POSITION IN THE VILLAGE COMMUNITY

Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics 15

THE CAHW’S POSITION IN THE VILLAGE COMMUNITY

16 Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics

THE CAHW’S POSITION WITHIN THE VETERINARY SERVICES

Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics 17

RELATIONS BETWEEN CAHW AND PRIVATE VETS OR NGO’S VET

The veterinary authority which supervises my work is :

The veterinary services in my area:

18 Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics

RELATIONS BETWEEN CAHW AND PRIVATE VETS OR NGO’S VET

Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics 19

RELATIONS BETWEEN CAHW AND PRIVATE VETS OR NGO’S VET

20 Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics

RELATIONS BETWEEN CAHW AND PRIVATE VETS OR NGO’S VET

Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics 21

RELATIONS BETWEEN CAHW AND PRIVATE VETS OR NGO’S VET

22 Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics

WHEN CAHWS PRESENT THEMSELVES AT MEETINGS, THEY EMPHASIZE THE

 They know how to recognize the main diseases (57).

They know how to recognize the main diseases (57).

To identify the disease (105),

To determine the best treatment for the sick animal and to

To be able to report to the vet authority I take order from,

To show the owner that I am interested in his animal and

where has the herd come from?

age, sex, category (calf, heifer, adult,…)