13 PACE Manual CAHW
13 PACE Manual CAHW
13 PACE Manual CAHW
ISBN : 99952-801-0-8
DISCLAIMER : This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union, the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the French Cooperation (MAE). The contents of this
publication is the sole responsibility of the PACE Regional Coordination Unit and can in no way be taken to reflect
the views of the African Union, the European Union, FAO or the French Cooperation.
IBAR © 2006. Reproduction and translation prohibited, except when mentioning the bibliographic reference.
First edition - May 2006
www.au-ibar.org
Manual for CAHW in West and Central Africa
In collaboration with :
European Union FAO French Co-operation Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Pharmaciens sans Frontières
PREFACE 3
Third part
The manual refers to a number of illustrations and photographs from the "Handbook for community animal health workers in Southern Sudan", developed by VSF
Switzerland and Pharmaciens Sans Frontières. The PACE Regional Coordination Unit in Bamako wishes to extend heartfelt thanks to both NGOs for their valuable
contribution.
M
any thanks to Bouna A. DIOP, Barbara DUFOUR, Jérôme THONNAT and Astrid TRIPODI, who contributed a great deal to the pertinence of this manual. Art
work by Simon NDONYE, Samuel BULEN ALIER, Bill FORSE, ACIAR, LAPROVET, Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Ressources of Côte d’Ivoire. Photos by
Nicolas DENORMANDIE, Lan MAI, Nicolas GRANIER, LAPROVET, FAO, CEVA, CTVM, KEPDA, INTERVET, USDA-APHIS, Martin BARAZA, Bernard
MBWIKA, Cécile SQUARZONI, Patrick BASTIAENSEN, Antoine MAILLARD, Dave HENZLER, Olivier DEBAERE, Bertrand CHARDONNET, Tony JOANNIS.
The auxiliaries or Community-based Animal Health Workers (CAHWs) are present in the majority of the sub Saharan African
countries where they play a role in basic veterinary treatments, vaccination, drugs distribution and animal diseases declaration.
Although their presence continues to raise some reserves - they are indeed often regarded as non professionals difficult to regulate,
to control and sometimes inefficient concerning the use of drugs - they constitute a reality which the public and private
veterinarians are brought more and more to take into account.
Following a training of a few days or a few weeks, ensured by veterinarians working for the public or private sector, or for NGOs
(Non Governmental Organizations), they have to provide services to the communities of livestock owners of which they come from.
But, the training programmes are still not harmonized even on a country scale and they usually have at disposal little material to
maintain their acquired knowledge.
UA-IBAR considered important to propose a solution to this lack of harmonized material by adapting to the context of West and
Central Africa a handbook, initially planned for East Africa and already published by the NGOs VSF Switzerland and PSF
International Committee for southern Sudan. This handbook has been designed through the beneficial experiment of various training
tools, in order to be place at the disposal of the other countries taking part in the PACE.
The handbook is written for the CAHWs to be used as support of continuous training and tool of practical and simple reference. It is
conceived to be as accessible as possible to the CAHWs and is presented in the form of a memorandum on animal diseases most
usually met, on basic techniques, on drugs likely to be used by the CAHWs, on prevention measures etc. The iconography puts in scene
situations close to those of the stockbreeders communities.
The handbook is written in English and in French but the possibility is given to the countries to keep one of these two languages and
to add a local language more accessible to the CAHWs.
As for any tool, the use of this one needs a previous training. The use of this handbook must be reserved for taught reading and
writing CAHWs, being able to read and write in one of their language or even in French or English.
First Part
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10
11 12
13 14
15 16
17 18
20
20
, 19
22
21
23 24
25 26
I will act as a link between livestock owners and the vet authority, facilitating a flow of information in both directions
(27,28). I remind the livestock owners that they must warn me in case of an outbreak suspicion.
27 28
29
31
30
I am entitled to recommend (31) basic treatments
for livestock and to carry them out correctly.
32 33
Livestock owners, including myself or my relatives, must pay for any drugs used in the treatment of their animals,
in kind (34) or in cash (35).
34 35
36 37
I am required to come, at least once a month, to the Veterinary Services to submit my report
of outbreaks and activity (38, 39).
38 39
The private or NGO’s vet supervises (40,41,42) the basic animal health care performed by CAHW.
41
40
41
Name :
Location :
Office :
Location : 42
43 44
The private or NGO’s vet supervises a network of CAHWs by refresher training courses (45,46,47,48,49,50) and by selling
them drugs from an authorized restricted list (51,52).
45 46
47 48
49 50
51 52
53 54
55 56
57 58
They will perform treatments and/or vaccinations and will be paid for that (59,60).
They inform about their obligation of alert and their role in vaccination campaign.
59 60
Necessity of examination of all sick animals (61). Zoonosis and their implications in human health, such as brucellosis,
tuberculosis (62), hydatidosis, rabies, have to be known by all farmers and villagers.
61 62
They inform about the importance of parasitism, e.g. liver fluke (63) and its potential prevention, as well as about the
danger of leaving a sick animal without treatment (64) .
63 64
Personal notes :
Second Part
Introduction to Diseases
28 Pathogenic agents
34 Examen clinique
44 Body temperature
Parasites
• They live and grow at the expense of other living creatures.
• Parasites often induce a decrease of production (milk, meat) and of physical condition. This can eventually lead to disease and
hence, death.
• They can also transmit a lot of other diseases to their host. Host resistance to other diseases is deteriorated rapidly by parasites.
65 66 67 68
69 70 71 72
Most of the mature parasites are visible without special equipment. Some live between the hairs (65), some live in sinuses (70) and some
live under the skin as insect larvae (66), some on the skin, such as ticks (67, 68, 71, 72) or, when biting, biting insects (69)
In dung
73 74 75
76 77 78
79 80 81 82
Some are tiny but large enough to be collected (79,80) and seen (81) with light equipment as microscope,
like scabies in mange (82).
83 84 85 86
An animal which is sick from gut worms (83) can be sampled (84) and faeces (85) examined to show eggs of worms,
e.g. strongyles with a microscope (86)
87 88 89 90
92
95
94
92 93
94 95
96 97
91 9 91
102
100
.99
101 102
98
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
Examination of the sick animal
Why?
105
To assess if treatment will cure the animal.
106
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
How? 3 steps!
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
3rd step: examination for clinical signs:
EXAMINATION FROM A DISTANCE
• Appetite,
• Signs of abnormal behaviour,
• Current grazing, rumination,
• General condition:
head bearing,
hair status,
thinness,
numbers of flies and ticks,
light sensitivity,
difficult breathing,
lameness,
signs of diarrhoea.
109
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
3rd step: examination for clinical signs:
CLOSE EXAMINATION
Mucous membranes:
• Colour (110)
• Moisture
• Type of discharge (111)
110 111
Hydratation status
(skin fold) :
• Pull (112)
• Release (113)
Lymph nodes:
Digestive system:
• Mouth (116)
• Rumen movement (117) and sounds
• Faeces
116 117
Respiratory system:
• Nostril movement
• Chest movement and sounds (118)
• Coughing (119)
118 119
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
Legs:
• Joints (120)
• Foot (121)
• Existence of swelling, lameness or
wounds
120 121
Nervous system :
• Coordination of movements
• Sight (122)
• Agressive or dull behaviour
122
Skin :
• Loss of hair
• Colour of the skin
• Check for lesions (123)
• Irritations (124) or swellings
123 124
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
Udder examination:
125 126
Vulva :
• Humidity (127)
• Color (128)
• Existence of discharges or wounds
127 128
Temperature:
• Thermometer (129)
• Control horn basis (130)
129 130
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
Summary of assessment of clinical signs
Examining Appraisal Normal Worrisome
Mucous membranes Moisture, colour Pink, shiny. Pale or white or yellow or dark red.
Dry, wounded.
Hydratation state Draw and slacken the skin: fold The fold disappears quickly. The fold remains a few seconds.
of skin
Lymph nodes Palpate under the skin: size Non visible under the skin and small. Visible under the skin and large
Digestive system Look at the mouth, palpate the Mouth clear. Palpation of the neck Food remains in the mouth. Mass in the
neck, listen to the belly without deformation. Regular noises oesophagus. Noises of digestion absent.
of digestion.
Respiratory system Look at nostrils. Palpate the Nostrils clean. Palpation of the neck Yellow / white or dark red discharges from
neck. Listen to the chest without cough. Noises of wind. nostrils. Cough with or without palpation of the
neck. Absence of noise or water noises.
Members To look at the step and the Right without deformation. Lameness. Swelling on all levels: articulations,
shape of the 4 members muscular masses, osseous parts.
Nervous system Check the sight, the animal The animal reacts to the movement of No reaction to the movement of object or hand
behaviour the hand. Calm. in front of the eyes. Aggressiveness or
prostration (depression).
Skin State of the hair. Colour and Smooth Hair, shiny. Dry and clear Risen hair, breaking, tern. Oozing skin or skin
aspect of the skin skin. covered of crusts. Red spots on the skin.
Udder State of teats. Palpation of the Clear and painless teats. Flexible and Teats with crusts or papules, painful.
quarters. painless udder. Proportional udder- Udder hard in some parts or entirely and
parts. painful.
Vulva Moisture, colour. Pink, shiny, clear. Pale, white, yellow, dark red. Dry, wounded.
Yellow, red dark and malodorous (smelly)
discharges.
Temperature Use of a thermometer. Normal Values for the species. Below and above the normal values for the
Reaction to the light The animal does not fear the light. species. The animal fears the light.
131
Sick animal
133 134
NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURES (°C) In young animals, temperature is usually 1 degree (1°C)
SPECIES
Normal: healthy Worrying: sick higher than in adults
SICK ANIMAL
Second Part
Common Diseases
1. Diseases Subject to
Compulsory Declaration
48 Anthrax
52 Black Quarter
55 Foot and Mouth Disease
59 Hemorrhagic Septicaemia
64 Rinderpest
70 Contagious Bovine Pleuro-Pneumonia
74 Newcastle Disease
77 Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)
96 African Swine Fever
98 Peste des Petits Ruminants (Small Ruminant Pest)
ANTHRAX
Clinical signs
• Fever
• Dark membranes 139
• Dribbling of blood (136, 137)
• The blackish blood flows for a long time
140
• Reluctant to move or circling round tether
• Milk reduced in quantity and becomes watery with
poor taste
139
• Diarrhoea with blood (136)
• Collapses and dies in a few hours or just found
dead
• Sudden death / legs not stiff (135, 137)
135
140
137
140
136
138
ANTHRAX
Animal–to–animal transmission
141
Cow died from anthrax and was not destroyed Cattle grazing in same contaminated Sudden death of cattle
or buried area with cow's carcass
This man gets infected through small skin lesions Typical lesions develop on the skin
when touching blood and animal tissues
Man eating infected meat Pain and problems in the stomach area
142
147 148 ↑
143 144
149
145 146
• Vaccinate cattle up to 3 years old every year (147, 148).
• Alert the vet authority (143) • Avoid areas known to be contaminated (so-called ‘doomed
• Destroy carcases by burning (144,145) or burying them with lime 6 feet under (146) because pastures’)
this disease contaminates the pastures for a very long time. • Keep newly arrived animals separated for 2 weeks.
• Do not eat the meat
• Do not open the carcass
Never eat the meat from an
! • Keep the dogs away from scattering contaminated wastes
animal found dead (149)
BLACK QUARTER
Clinical signs
Fever
Dullness
Sudden lameness of one leg
Swollen shoulder or hip
Feel gas beneath the skin when touched (150)
Sudden death / stiff legs (151, 152)
152
150 151
Does not pass on to human
Post-mortem signs
153 154
BLACK QUARTER
Animal–to–animal transmission
155
Cow died from black quarter Cattle grazing in Cattle become sick with swollen shoulder, Cattle die from black
and was not destroyed or contaminated area with the neck and hip. quarter
buried cow's carcass
162
160
156 157
161
Transmission
170
169
Adults get infected by inhaling or ingesting the virus, contained in air Calves are infected through milk. They may die due to
and dust, nasal discharge, faeces or urine of infected animals (169). damage of the heart before any lesion is seen (170).
Foot and mouth disease is very contagious and may be transmitted by the CAHW himself, his clothes or his equipment.
172
171
173
174
• High fever
• Diarrhoea
• Tongue may be swollen and protrude from mouth, swollen throat (176,177)
• Yellow, nasal discharge (175)
175
• Milk suddenly reduced
• Heavy, noisy breathing
• Signs start suddenly and death occurs quickly
• Appears in animals in good condition and usually between 1-3 years old
• Mainly during wet season and following shipping or moving stress
177
176
A cow infected by HS Animals get infected by inhaling and/or ingesting the droplets of nasal discharge
184
Now other cows are infected with HS Cows finally die from HS
186 187
185
I alert the vet authority (185). Vaccinate all cattle once a year, especially those between
1-3 years (186, 187)
Antibiotics are effective only if administered early before shipping
or long moving (transhumance)
188
RINDERPEST (RP)
Clinical signs
192 193
RINDERPEST (RP)
Post-mortem and close examination signs
Red striping in colon (194) Sores in the mouth: gums (195) Sores in the mouth: lips, cheeks (196).
Transmission in cattle
197
Cattle inhale and lick infective germs from nasal discharge and faeces (diarrhoea) Cows with signs of nasal discharge and diarrhoea 197
RINDERPEST (RP)
Transmission: other animals associated with RP
198
.
From left to right and top to bottom: buffalo, warthog, gazelle, antelope, bush pig, domestic pigs, sheep, goat.
202
202203
203
RINDERPEST (RP)
Samples from a live animal
20
204 5 206
Whole blood (purple tube) Tears (eye) swab (205) Nasal swab (206)
Serum (red tube) 204
210
215
214 215
Chest adhesions (214) Mosaic shaped thickened divisions in lung (215)
Transmission
216 217
Traitement Preventing
220
218
219
Alert vet authority who will treat as per the current policy Vaccinate all cattle every year (219,220).
(218).
221 222
Isolate any coughing cattle (221) Keep newly-arrived animals separate for 2 weeks (222)
Slaughter any persistently coughing animals.
NEWCASTLE DISEASE
Clinical signs
Prostration and then:
• Digestive signs: greenish diarrhoea
• Respiratory signs: ocular and nasal discharges,
sneezing, difficult breath (223)
• Nervous signs: quivering, loss of balance (224),
paralysis, collapse on legs
• Skin signs: swollen crest and barbell, red spots
on the skin
• Drop in egg laying
• High mortality.
Post-mortem signs
227
225 226
Haemorrhages on ovary (225) Haemorrhages on stomach (226) Haemorrhages on caeca (227)
228
229 230
231 232
NEWCASTLE DISEASE
Measures to take in case of high death-rate Preventing
AVIAN INFLUENZA
Species affected
237
236
242 Ç
238 239
244 245
AVIAN INFLUENZA
Clinical signs
‘bird flu’
248 249
250
251
In fowl
(one or several of the following symptoms may appear in one or several
birds of the same flock) :
• Incubation of 3 to 7 days = period during which infected animals
can spread the disease, while appearing healthy.
• Signs of severe depression (falling asleep, head turned downwards)
• Weakness
• Stumbling, paralysis
• Combs, wattles and shanks are discolored (dark red or purple) and
swollen (254, 255, 256)
• Feathers are ruffled
• Fever
• Diarrhea (animals drink more than usual)
• Rapid respiration (252)
252 253 • Discharge from the eyes
• Loss of appetite
• Drop in egg production and alterated eggs (253)
• Sudden death (with or without symptoms) 257, 258
• Mortality rate: 50% to 100% in a few days
One must always suspect bird flu, every time one comes across a case
of rapid and high mortality, especially if signs are very similar to
Newcastle disease. Only the lab can establish the difference between
the two.
In humans :
254 255 256
• Incubation of 1 to 2 weeks before the first signs appear:
• High fever
• Head aches
• Muscle pains
• Diarrhea
• Fatigue (being tired)
• Coughing and difficult breathing
• Thereafter the disease rapidly
degenerates towards serious breathing
difficulties.
• Sometimes deadly
257 258 Needs to be distinguished from ordinary (common) seasonal flu in
man.
AVIAN INFLUENZA
261 262
• Other diseases with high death toll, such as : Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, fowl cholera or even poisoning;
• Other diseases leading to swollen combs and wattles.
One needs to keep avian influenza in mind whenever high mortality occurs in a flock, which continues to spread despite several
treatments against other diseases, and especially when poultry has been vaccinated against Newcastle disease.
263
263 264
Only veterinary surgeons are authorized to conduct sampling (on healthy Laboratory testing (264) is the only way to confirm the presence of the
and sick birds, 263) and forward samples to the lab for confirmation of disease, but this does not mean that the CAHW should wait for
suspicion. laboratory results to be announced, to take precautionary measures.
Collecting birds
found dead or from Handling dirty
hunting. eggs and trays
Slaughtering, plucking
and gutting poultry
without taking
precautions (gloves
and mask).
Preparing poultry for cooking
without taking precautions.
AVIAN INFLUENZA
Bird to human transmission (265)
Indirectly : Frequent and intensive contact with contaminated surfaces, breeding equipments or materials such as : soiled feed, water, droppings, eggs and egg trays,
hands, clothing, shoes, boots and vehicles.
How do humans get infected ? Through the eyes, nose and mouth and indirectly through soiled hands wiping the face.
Indirectly : Frequent and narrow contact with contaminated surfaces, breeding equipments or materials such as : soiled feed, water (from ponds and water dispensers,
droppings, eggs and egg trays, hands, clothing, shoes, boots and vehicles (tires of cars, motorcycles and bicycles).
How does a bird get infected ? Through the eyes and the beak.
Dirty hands
Pigs
AVIAN INFLUENZA
In general :
• Apply a good hygiene (especially of the hands), in particular
when you visit poultry markets or farms (270) and avoid
wiping your face with dirty hands.
• Never touch 270 >
or collect with your bare hands any poultry or bird found
dead (except the CAHW, if wearing mask and gloves).
• Never touch droppings or feathers of dead or sick poultry
of wild birds.
• Be especially cautious in regions
where bird flu has already been
reported.
270 267
In the kitchen :
Be careful, the preparation of poultry is one of the ways in
which people can become infected :
269
The CAHW must wash his hands and his shoes thoroughly with
disinfecting soap before entering a farm and when leaving. If he
travels by bicycle, the bicycle has to remain outside the premises
(277). Foot-baths (disinfecting of shoes) must be available at the
entry of the farm or of every poultry house and must be regularly
refreshed (clean and add disinfectant every two days) 275, 277.
One should avoid that dogs or cats come into contact with the
poultry or bring back dead birds found elsewhere. Keep wild birds
at large (use scarecrows, install protection nets).
277
88 Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics
Manual for CAHW in West and Central Africa
AVIAN INFLUENZA
< 281 Prevent contact between domesticated birds and wild
birds (protect drinking and feeding troughs with wire
283>
nets, nets or tarpaulins). The CAHW must learn to know
where migratory birds rest and where water fowl are to
be found (281)
Separate the different species raised in the farm (for
example: chicken, pigs) 283
Prevent contact with other animal species (cats, dogs,
283 > rats)
Prevent contact between the farmers’ birds and those of
vendors, neighbors or other farmers (282).
Control the entry of animals, people or goods that could
carry the virus.
Immediately separate any bird showing disease signs from
the flock (keep in cages).
When examining or treating animals, always start with the
healthy ones.
282
282
Pan-African programme for the Control of Epizootics 89
PACE / AU-IBAR 2006
AVIAN INFLUENZA
284
285
AVIAN INFLUENZA
The CAHW will organize meetings with village people to explain why these measures are taken and
to advice them how to protect themselves.
AVIAN INFLUENZA
The farmer comes to tell me that her chicken have died (288). I go to her farm to investigate. If I don’t have gloves and a mask, I avoid touching
the dead birds with my bare hands (289).
288 289
I quickly go to my supervising veterinarian (290). I explain to him what I have seen (291). He will take the appropriate decisions.
VETER
290 291
AVIAN INFLUENZA
Controlling an outbreak
294. 295
• During the same day, also dispose of (or 2. Prohibition by law enforcement officers of
burn) : egg-crates, feed-bags, droppings, poultry markets and control of movements and
blood, feathers, waste and disposable transports of people, animals and commodities
protective clothing. (296).
• Never dispose of dead or slaughtered Ring - vaccination, around the outbreak areas, is
birds by throwing them in a river or pond one of the control tools used in some countries
(295). (298) as authorized by the veterinary services.
297 298 È
Public or private veterinary surgeons may
request the assistance of CAHWs to conduct
• The floor, walls and equipments of the poultry houses must be
these vaccinations (297,298).
thoroughly cleaned, brushed and disinfected. Quicklime is the cheapest
disinfectant available, but other products may be used.
296
302
Hemorrhagic (red) carcass (302) Enlarged spleen (303) Red spots on kidney (304)
Measures to be taken
No cure
No vaccine
I alert
307
305
306 308
Alert the vet authority (305). Slaughter every pigs within an area Moving (307) and straying of animals from infested zones is forbidden.
decided by the vet authority (306) Burning or burying of slaughtered or dead animals (308)
309 310
311 312
Haemorrhages in lungs (313) Red striping in colon (314) Sores in the mouth: lips, gums, cheeks (315).
Second part
Common diseases
100 Trypanosomosis
103 Gut worms
106 Liver fluke
109 Mange
113 Dermatophilosis
116 Photo-sensitization
TRYPANOSOMOSIS
Clinical signs
320 321
TRYPANOSOMOSIS
Transmission
326
325
Cattle grazing in forest areas gets bitten by the While sucking blood the tsetse fly (325) transmits the blood parasite (trypanosome) to the
tsetse fly (encircled, 326) cow. The cow gets sick : weight loss, swollen lymph-nodes and rough hair, while she loses
her tail hair (324)
TRYPANOSOMOSIS
Treatment Preventing
327
332
329
330 331
328
Avoid known tsetse areas (332,329)
Alert the vet authority (328) for early treatment of
Use pour-on (330, 331) with synthetic pyrethroids to avoid bites from flies.
any suspected animal (327) with diminazene aceturate
Alert the vet authority (328) for preventive treatment with isomethamidium or
or homidium bromide.
homidium bromide
GUT WORMS
Clinical signs
333 334
Post-mortem signs
GUT WORMS
Transmission
338
Livestock infected with gut worms shed worm eggs. Other livestock grazing The infected livestock starts showing signs of
in the same area ingest the worm eggs while eating diarrhoea and weight loss after 3 to 4 weeks.
GUT WORMS
Treatment Preventing
351 352
353 354
347 348 349 350
• Albendazol 10% (339, 340) : 1 ml/10 kg peroral or • Dose all the herd with albendazol, twice a year in the early wet and early
• Albendazol bolus 2500 mg (343, 344, 345) : 1 bolus/250 kg dry seasons, even though they appear healthy (351,352,353). Alternate
• Albendazol 300 mg (342,348) : 1 bolus/30 kg drugs every 2 years to avoid resistances.
• Albendazol 152 mg (349) : 1 bolus/15 kg
• Levamisol 1 g (346) : 1 bolus/150 kg • When some animals show signs, treat the whole herd with levamisol or
• Levamisol 300 mg (350) : 1 bolus/50 kg tetramisol. Avoid highly seasonal concentration of animals in pasture area
• Tetramisol (347) (354)
LIVER FLUKE
Clinical signs
Post-mortem signs
358
356 357
Liver hard and gritty when cut (356) Bile duct thickened (357) Adult flukes (358)
LIVER FLUKE
Transmission
359
Livestock get infected with liver fluke when grazing in swampy areas. They develop diarrhoea and loss of weight.
LIVER FLUKE
Treatment Preventing
371 372
373 374
367 368 369 370
• Albendazol 10% (361, 362) : 1ml/10kg per os or • Dose the whole herd with albendazol twice a year in the early wet and early
• Albendazol bolus 2500mg (363 - 367) : 1 bolus/250 kg dry seasons, even though they appear healthy (371,372,373)
• Albendazol 300mg (368, 369) :
1 bolus/30 kg • Avoid highly seasonal concentration of animals in swampy zones along water
• Albendazol 152 mg (370) : ways or ponds (374).
1 bolus/15 kg
• When some animals show signs, call the vet authority (282)
who will treat the whole herd with nitroxinil or closantel .
MANGE
Clinical signs
375 376
377
378 379
380 381
MANGE
Transmission
382
Treatment Preventing
386
383
384 385
387
Alert the vet authority (383) for early treatment with ivermectin Avoid overcrowding.
Spray suspected animals with 20ml of amitraz (384,385) diluted in 1 Treat all the affected animals at the same time (386).
litre of water Separate affected animals. (387)
DERMATOPHILOSIS
Clinical Signs
388 389
390 391
DERMATOPHILOSIS
Transmission
An unaware farmer brings a new animal into his herd, despite its visible lesions of dermatophilosis.
392
The affected animal rubs itself to another (and transmits the disease) A new cow is now affected by dermatophilosis.
DERMATOPHILOSE
Treatment Preventing
393 394
396
397
395
PHOTO-SENSITIZATION
Clinical Signs
PHOTO-SENSITIZATION
Preventing
Personal notes :
Second part
Common diseases
3. Zoonoses
(diseases which affect man too)
120 Brucellosis
126 Tuberculosis
127 Rift valley fever
128 Rabies
129 Hydatid cysts (Echinococcosis)
BRUCELLOSIS
Clinical signs
405 406
407 408
Disease in animal :
406
• Abortion in late
pregnancy or
stillbirths (406,408)
• Enlarged testicles
405
(410)
• Infertility
• Thickening of foetal
membranes
• Swellings around
joints (405,407,409)
and lameness
(occasional)
• Fever from time to
time (exceptional)
407 408
409 410
Disease in human:
• Periodic fever,
• Aching back and
joints,
• General sickness and
weakness, For the children who are often fed with raw milk from sheep and goats, the risk of
• Abortion, infertility
transmission of brucellosis is higher than with raw cow milk or raw camel milk.
in women.
• Painful/swollen
testicles in men.
So, if the child has fever, it is important not to confuse malaria and brucellosis.
BBR
RUCELLOSIS
Transmission
Cows inhale and lick germs from aborted fetus and vaginal discharge. Abortion occurs usually once
after infection.
411
Occasionally brucellosis is also transmitted through mating. Swollen joints in chronically infected cow
BRUCELLOSIS
Risky behaviour in man
412 413
414 415
BRUCELLOSIS
How to avoid brucellosis in man ?
Measures in man:
417
Use gloves!
422
423 420
421
TUBERCULOSIS
Disease in Human
Disease in animal:
Disease in Human
• Acute fever, muscular pain, headaches,
nauseous, fear of light.
• Complications : haemorrhages, nervous
disorders, ocular form may lead to blindness.
• Death may occur
Disease in animal:
• Frequent abortions,
426 427 • Mortality of new-born, sheep and goat, nearly 100%, in adults 30%.
• High fever, muscular spasm, locomotive disorders
• Bloody nasal discharge.
• Diarrhoea.
• Young animals die rapidly.
Risky behaviours :
• Sleep with mosquito net (as some mosquitoes transmit the disease).
• Vaccine livestock,
• Do not touch meat or discharges from infected animal.
431 432
RRA
ABIES
Contamination:
What to do in case of bite, scratch or
• Contact with (dog) saliva at the time of
licking by a stray dog?
bite, scratch or licking of injured skin or
mucous membranes (injured or intact).
• Clean wound thoroughly with soap and
warn the health care center to
implement urgently anti-rabies Disease in human.
treatment. • 30 to 50% of bitten,
• Do not kill the biting dog immediately, scratched or licked people
but quarantine it for at least 15 days in 433
are young boys.
order to follow-up on rabies symptoms. • Incubation may greatly
vary: usually 45 days of
incubation (minimum 7
Regarding stray dogs: days, maximum 6 years).
• Mad form with spasms or dumb form with
• Be careful with aggressive, nervous dogs paralysis.
(433). • Fear of water, fever, agitation, loss of
• Limit straying of dogs (434). sensitiveness.
• Slaughter stray dogs. • Always lethal.
ECHINOCOCCOSIS or HYDATIDOSIS
Parasitical cycle (435) between dog, definitive host
without symptom and sheep (mainly), intermediate host
who gets mortal hydrate cysts (liquid pocket containing
larvae). Humans accidentally develop hydatidosis.
Contamination:
Disease in Human.
Personal notes :
Second Part
Differential approach
(by similar symptoms)
132 Limping
LIMPING
1 2 3 4 5
FMD BLACK QUARTER ARTRITIS FOOT ROT WOUNDS
Wound between
Deep wounds: 5
claws
No vesicles 4
Hesitating walk: 2 in the mouth
or on the teats
437
SKIN DISORDERS
1 2 3 4 5
• Fever,
• Salivation,
• Nasal discharge 3
• No itching
Noisy breathing,
Dry cough: 1
Purulent discharge
from nose , mouth : 1
443
LOSS OF CONDITION
1 2 3
TRYPANOSOMOSIS GUT WORMS LIVER FLUKE
Diminazene Aceturate Albendazol Albendazol drench/bolus
Isomethamidium drench/bolus Fasciolicides (flukicides)
Fever (animal looks for Lymph nodes visible under the skin: 1 Dry hair, easily
shade), warm base of the removable: 1
horns
Yellowish eye : 3
Watering eyes : 1
No appetite : 1
Preserved appetite : 2, 3
Swollen belly:
2, 3
Bad breath : 2, 3
Diarrhoea: 2, 3
'Bottle-sign': 2, 3
(Especially in sheep)
Common signs
• Pale mucous membranes
• Milk production Ì 1, 2, 3
• Calving rate Ì
Swelling on lower parts of the
• Growth Ì
body : 1
Third Part
Basics of prevention
By absorption of :
Portal of entry: Diseases:
447
448
452
453 454
455
By living organisms : Portal of entry: Diseases:
459
460 461
463
462
464 465
Killing the disease agents after they have entered the body but before …or antibiotic treatment injected by vet authority
they have caused any harm: regular deworming treatment (464)… before travelling (465).
REMEMBER:
Vaccination and preventive use of drugs (example: worm drench) are regarded as MEDICAL prevention. Other measures, such as isolation,
quarantine, movement control and disinfection are regarded as SANITARY prevention.
CAHW must alert (466) the vet authority he takes order from (technician or private vet, 467), as soon as he detects a disease or suspect group
of signs. He takes part in vaccination campaign organised by vet authority (468). He sensitises livestock owners to disease dangers (469).
466 467
468 469
Curing
470
Destroying disease agents with drugs (470) after they have entered the animal body
and started to cause harm.
REMEMBER:
471 472
Medicines used by CAHWs are sold by a vet ; they generally include oral dewormers (473 to 485), external anti-parasite dips (486 to 489),
external antibiotics (sprays) (490,491), ointments (492,493), pessaries (494,495), disinfectants (496,497).
50 1 502 503
Always boil the milk before drinking (501). Practice good hygiene of the animals and keep Keep a safe distance between tethered animals
them clean (502). (503).
504
When buying new stock at the market or in another village, keep the new animals separated (quarantine) for several weeks in order to check
whether they develop a disease.
HOW CAN ONE AVOID THE INTRODUCTION OF DISEASES AND KEEP THE HERD HEALTHY?
505 506
507
Make sure the animals in the village are regularly Make sure the animals in the village are When using syringes, ensure that they have
vaccinated against the known diseases (505) regularly dosed with worm drench (506). been properly disinfected with boiling water
508 50 9 510
Build clean and solid slaughter slabs Fence the slaughter slabs in order to prevent Avoid scattering of slaughter wastes
(508) dogs intruding (509) by stray dogs (510)
Alert the vet authority (511) Burn and/or bury dead or slaughtered animals (513 to 519)
513 514
511
512
518 519
Quarantine (isolation) of newly arrived (520,521) Quarantine (isolation) of sick animals (522,523)
520 522
QUARANTINE
521 523
Prohibit animal concentrations and mixing of herds All moving in infected zone(s) prohibited
(524,525) (526,527)
524 526
525 527
Prohibit mixing herds at watering points (528,529) Prohibit animals moving out of infected zones (530,531)
528 530
529 531
Inform livestock owners (532,533) Avoid scattering of slaughter wastes by stray dogs (534, 535)
532 534
533 535
536
538
537
539
540 542
541 543
These vaccines are delivered to CAHW by the veterinary authority and will be injected under its responsibility. 545
Third Part
Drugs
Albendazol 10% Liquid Liquid : Vermitan, Worminex, Albenol, Oral Infestation by intestinal worms & liver flukes,
Dolzaben, Valbazen according to the different seasons (559).
(through the
1 ml/10 kg mouth)
553 554
Type Active ingredient and dosage Trade names (brands) Administration Diseases or conditions that can be treated
Fenbendazol Panacur
750 mg Æ 1 bolus / 150 kg Oral
561
565
566
EYE OINTMENT
567 : Pink Eye Powder
Cloxacillin Penicillin 5 g
3 cm per eye
EYE OINTMENT
571
568 : Opticlox
Following any abortion
Chloro-tetracyclin 500 mg External or difficult calving (572)
Intra-uterine oblets/pessaries Intra-uterus
(in the uterus)
569 : Gynobiotic
573 574
578
S P R A Y S
579
Worm drenches :
Niclosamide-tetramisole
(585)
Niclosamide-levamisole (586)
Piperazine (582) 580 581
Poultry drugs
587
582 583
Un-hygienic housing
584
585
588
586
Type Active ingredient and dosage Trade names (brands) Administration Diseases or conditions that can be treated
Synthetic pyrethrinoids Spot-On (589), Bayticol (590, 591, External Against ticks and biting flies
593), Ectopor (592), Butox, Renegade. (not in the eyes)
Flumethrin 1% (486,487,489)
Cypermethrin 1% (488)
Acaricides Insecticides
Deltamethrin 1% :
602 603
594 595 596
Against fleas, lice, flies, for disinfecting stables
Organo-phosphates (powder) External
Do not inhale
605 606
608
607 604
609
A B=2xA C=2xB
=4xA
CONCENTRATION OF
DRUGS AND FRAUDS
WHEN THE CAHW IDENTIFIES SUCH WRONG DRUGS IN THE FIELD, HE ALERTS THE VETERINARY AUTHORITY
ALBENDAZOL
Product Diseases
10% Liver-fluke
625 626 627
Bolus (627-631)
2500 mg, 300 mg,
152 mg.
628 629
Syringe (633)
Drench gun (634)
By hand (635)
Bolus gun (636)
633 634
ALBENDAZOL
Dosage: 1 ml/10 kg, 1 bolus 2500 mg/250 kg, 1 bolus 300 mg/30 kg, 1 bolus 152 mg/15 kg
50 kg 300 kg
5ml 50 ml
30ml 50ml
35ml 50ml
100 kg 10ml 50ml
350 kg
200 kg 20 kg
20ml 50ml 5 ml 2ml
ou
250 kg
25ml 50ml 5ml 3ml
ou
30 kg
637
AMITRAZ
Product Diseases
12,5%
1 litre (a),
250 ml (b),
100 ml (c) 641 642
Mange (643): spray twice
within 9 days
639 640
AMITRAZ
Product Way to use
Dilute 20 ml
in 1 litre of
water
toxic
646
Do not !
Spray in this
order (646,
647) : hind
part, belly,
legs, body,
udder, fore
part, head
647
644 645
Dangerous for human beings and fish. Do not empty in water ponds
or in rivers (644), destroy the empty bottles, do not use near Wash
people while eating or drinking (645). clothes, tools
and hands
(648)
thoroughly
after
648 treatment
SYNTHETIC PYRETHROIDS
Product Diseases
Bayticol
649 650
(649,650,651)
Spot-on (651)
Ectopor (651)
651 652
653
SYNTHETIC PYRETHROIDS
Dosage: 1 ml / 10 kg (only treat animals as from one year of age)
100 kg 250 kg
heifer cow with 3 calves 25ml 30ml
10ml 30ml
20 ml
EYE OINTMENT
Product Diseases
655 656
Press 3 cm of ointment
in both eyes, even the
healthy one (657).
657
INSECTICIDE POWDER
Product Protection against
658
659
Apply powder
as shown
(660 – 662)
ANTIBIOTIC SPRAY
Product Diseases
666
663 664 665
Spray the
wound largely
for, at least,
5 seconds
(667). Don’t
get closer
than 10 cm
from the
wound
667
Pessary of 1 g. of
chlortetracyclin
(668,669). Difficult birth or
calving (670)
668
Abortion (671)
669
672
Fourth Part
Basic skills
188 Precautions
673 674
Clean injection site with iodine (for example : povidone) or
Wash hands in water with soap (673)
quaternary ammonium (for example : healing oil) (674)
677 678
675 676
Inject on the cleaned site (675) Clean again injection site with iodine (676) Wash equipment (677), disinfect (678) and wash hands again
WEIGHT ASSESSMENT
679
Use girth tape (679) for cattle (680,681) Use goat-scale (682) for sheep and goat.
ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS
Oral route. Example : Albendazol drench
685
683 684
ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS
Sub-cutaneous injection for vaccination (under the skin)
689 690
691 692
ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS
693 695
694 696
ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS
697 698
PRECAUTIONS
The CAHW sees that children are playing with his The CAHW therefore teaches the children not to He stows his drugs and equipment safely
drugs and equipment (699) play with the drugs, because they might be away, out of reach for the children (701)
dangerous.(700)
CLEANING OF WOUNDS
Deep wounds (702) have to be Remove all dirty and dead tissues Drain with a syringe filled with hydrogen
cleaned and treated. with soapy water (703). peroxide (704) or iodine.
705 706
Let hydrogen peroxide, or iodine, flow out of the wound (705). Spray antibiotic (706)