M Prakash Institute IX-2Yr Chemistry

Carbon and IUPAC Nomenclature

Organic chemistry is by itself a major branch of Chemistry. It deals

with the chemistry of all such compounds that have hydrogen and
carbon in them bonded by specific covalent bonds. The word “or-
ganic was assigned to it as it was earlier thought that these are the
compounds of natural origin and can’t be manufactured artificially.
It was Jons Jacob Berzelius (Sweden) who put up the ‘Vital force
theory’. It said that organic compounds cannot be prepared with-
out ‘vital force’; that is support of a living cell of plant or animal.
But in 1828, Friedrich Wohler (Germany) for the first time syn-
thesised Urea in lab using an inorganic compound, Ammonium
cyanate. In 1845, Hermann Kolbe (Germany) synthesised Acetic
acid from carbon disulphide. Today we are able to manufacture
these compounds in the lab but the name ‘organic’ still remains.
Carbon is one of the most unique elements found in the nature.
Carbon is an essential component of all living organisms. Apart
from this there are so many special properties of Carbon that are
responsible for the extremely large number of organic compounds
available. Following is a brief of all such properties of Carbon.
Unique character of Carbon
Carbon is the only element that heads a complete branch in Chem-
istry. We find quite a few reasons for the unique character of Carbon
in its periodic placing.
a) Carbon has the smallest atomic radius and lowest atomic volume
of all the elements of the group.
b) It has the highest melting and boiling points of the group.
c) It has the highest ionization energy, much higher than the other
elements of the group and is the most electronegative element in
this group.
d) There is no ‘d’ orbital . So it has the least tendency to form
complex compounds.
e) Its maximum covalency remains 4. Carbon can form multiple
bonds, i.e. double and triple bonds.
f) Carbon, due to its small size is capable of forming ‘pi’ bonds
with oxygen involving p- orbitals.
g) Carbon exhibits the remarkable property of catenation, i.e. to
form chains of identical atoms. The tendency of an element to
form chains depends upon the strength of the element- element
bond which is maximum in the case of Carbon. As a result, carbon
atoms can link together to form linear chains, branched chains and
even rings of different sizes.
General characteristics of organic compounds
Composition: Besides carbons and hydrogen, organic compounds
may contain other elements like oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine,
iodine, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and a few metals.
Catenation: Organic compounds are generally covalent compounds.
The carbon atoms can attach themselves to one another to form
long chains and rings by covalent bonds. This property of bonding
between the atoms of same element to form long chains and rings
is known as catenation.
Structure: Organic compounds are usually more complex and pos-
sess high molecular weights e.g. DNA, chlorophyll etc. They also
show the presence of double and triple bonds in the atoms.
Solubility A large number of organic compounds is insoluble in
water but they are soluble in organic solvents like ether, alcohol,
benzene etc.
Melting point and boiling point: Organic compounds have gen-
erally low melting point and boiling points. Therefore, a number
of them are volatile compounds e.g. acetone (b.p. 329 K) etc.
Odour: Majority of organic compounds have characteristic odour
e.g. amines have fishy smell, esters have fruity smell etc.
Rate of reactions: Organic compounds react rather slowly.
Functional group: Organic compounds contain an atom or a
group of atoms called functional group, which determines their
chemical behavior e.g. ketones (-C=O), aldehydes (-CHO) etc. The
other functional groups will be discussed as a separate topic later.
Isomerism/ Isomerisation: Organic compounds show phenom-
ena of isomerism i.e. these compounds have same molecular formula
but have different structural formula.
Polymerism/ Polymerisation: Organic compounds show phe-
nomenon of polymerization. It is the phenomenon by virtue of
which small organic molecules of low molecular weight(monomer)
link together to form big and complex molecules of high molecular
weight (polymer) e.g. polythenes , nylons etc.
Classification of organic compounds: For systematic study of
organic chemistry , it is necessary to classify organic compounds
into different groups. Compounds are generally classified on the
basis of either their structural feature or the types of functional
groups present in the molecules.
Classification on the basis of structure : Organic compounds
are classified into two groups.
1) Open chain or Aliphatic or Acyclic compounds: In these
compounds, carbon atoms are linked together in open chains .
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH2 CH CH2
. n-butane 1-Propene
CH3

CH3 CH CH3
. Isobutane
2) Closed chain or Cyclic compounds : These compounds con-
tain one or more closed chains of atoms. These are further divided
into two types:
a) Homocyclic or carbocyclic compounds: These are the com-
pounds which contain one or more closed chains of carbon atoms
only. They are further subdivided into two types:
i) Alicyclic compounds: These are cyclic compounds and re-
semble aliphatic compounds in their properties e.g. cyclopropane,
cyclohexane etc.
CH2 CH2 CH2
CH2
. CH2 CH2 CH2
. Cyclopropane Cyclobutane
Alicyclic compounds are important compounds as alicyclic rings are
present in a number of natural product e.g. steroids, alkaloids etc..
ii) Aromatic compounds: These are cyclic compounds which
generally contain at least one benzene ring. (benzene ring ring
of six carbon atoms having alternate single and double bonds) e.g.
benzene, naphthalene, phenol etc.
.

. Benzene Naphthalene
b) Heterocyclic compounds: These are cyclic compounds which
contains at least one atom other than carbpon in the ring e.g. fu-
ran, pyridine, thiazole etc.
CH
CH
CH CH CH
CH
O CH CH
CH
N
. Furan Pyridine
————————————————————————————–
Hydrocarbons: Organic compounds containing carbons and hy-
drogen only are known as hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are further
divided into two classes: saturated and unsaturated.
Saturated hydrocarbons: The hydrocarbons in which all the
available valencies of carbon are satisfied by hydrogen are known
as saturated hydrocarbons. In saturated hydrocarbons, the car-
bons atoms are joined to each other by a single covalent bond e.g.
alkanes.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons: The hydrocarbons in which the
proportion of hydrogen is less as compared to the available valen-
cies of carbon are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons. Hydrocar-
bons, two carbons atoms are joined to each other by double bond
(alkenes) or a triple bonds(alkynes).

Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

With the development of Organic chemistry a large number of or-
ganic compounds have been prepared. In order to systematise the
study of organic compounds, attempts have been made to frame cer-
tain rules to classify them and give their names. Quite for a long
time, these compounds were named by common names,generally
named after the name of the source from which they were obtained.
Now, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
has developed a new system of naming compounds and is known
as IUPAC nomenclature. This system of nomenclature was first
introduced in 1947 and was modified from time to time.The most
exhaustive rules for nomenclature were first published in 1979 and
later revised and updated in 1993.
IUPAC scheme:
General Rules For IUPAC Nomenclature:
According to IUPAC system, the name of an organic compound
consists of three parts:
1. Word root
2. Suffix (Primary and secondary)
3. Prefix(Primary and secondary)
1. Word root: The word root represents the number of carbon
atoms present in the parent chain. For chains containing upto four
carbon atoms (C1 to C4) , special word roots are used and for chains
containing more than four carbon atoms (C5 onwards), Greek nu-
merals are used as given below:
Chain length Word Root Chain length Word Root
C −1 Meth- C11 Undec-
C −2 Eth- C12 Dodec-
C −3 Prop- C13 Tridec-
C −4 But- C14 Tetradec-
C −5 Pent- C15 Pentadec-
C −6 Hex- C16 Hexadec-
C −7 Hept- C17 Heptadec-
C −8 Oct- C18 Octadec-
C −9 Non- C19 Nonadec-
C − 10 Dec- C20 Icos-
2. Suffix. The word root is linked to the suffix which maybe
(i) primary (1o ) (ii) secondary (2o )
(i) Primary (1o ) suffix: It indicates the linkages in the carbon
atoms, For single bonded carbon atoms (C-C),the primary suffix is
ane, for double bonded carbon atoms (C = C), it is ene and for the
triple bonded carbon atoms (C ≡ C), suffix is yne.
If the parent chain contains two, three or more double or triple
bonds, then the prefixes such as di (for two), tri (for three), tetra
(for four), etc. are added to the primary suffix.
e.g.:
2 ‘=’ diene 3 ‘=’ triene
2 ‘≡’ bonds diyne 3‘≡’ bonds triyne
An extra ‘a’ is added to the word root if the primary suffix to be
added begins with a consonant (other than a, e, i, o, u).
e.g. : for two double bonds, suffix is diene and if it is to be added
to word root but (for 4 carbon atoms), it becomes ‘butadiene’.
Wordroot and primary suffix are mandatory for every IUPAC name.
e.g. : the 1st Hydrocarbon Methane is ‘Meth’ for 1 C atom +
‘ane’for no double or triple bond.
(ii) Secondary (2o ) suffix: It represents the functional group
present in the molecule.Functional group is an atom, radical or
bond which defines the structure of organic compounds and confers
characteristic properties to it. For eg: Alcohol: -OH; Aldehyde:
-CHO; carboxylic acids: -COOH; etc. It is added after the primary
suffix.
Prefix: The word root is linked to the prefix which maybe
(i) primary (ii) secondary.
(i) Primary (1o ) prefix: For linear acyclic compounds, there is
no primary prefix. For cyclic compounds prefixes like ‘cyclo’, ‘bi-
cyclo’, etc. are used. (The details are beyond scope here)
(ii) Secondary (2o ) prefix: When an organic compound has more
than one functional groups attached to it, secondary prefixes come
into play. A list of functional groups in order of predence is released
by the IUPAC. As per the list, the functional group in the com-
pound that is top most in the list determines the class of the com-
pound and is named as secondary suffix. All the other functional
groups are considered as attachments and written as secondary pre-
fixes.Prefixed substituents are ordered alphabetically,excluding any
modifiers such as di-,tri-, etc.
Also, there are ALWAYS JUNIOR functional groups that appear
in 2o prefix. Refer the scheme for more details.
The words used to denote a functional group as secondary suffix
and secondary prefix are different. Following is a list of 13 func-
tional groups in their order of predence with their denotations as
secondary suffixes and secondary prefixes.
 No. Class FG 20 prefix 20 suffix
1. Carboxylic acid -COOH carboxy -oic acid
2. Sulphonic acid -SO3 H Sulpho -sulphonic acid
3. Acid Anhydride -OC-O-CO- – -oic anhydride
4. ester -COOR Alkoxy Alkyl
carbonyl ... oate
5. Acid halide -COX Halocarbonyl -oyl halide
6. Amide −CON H2 Carbamoyl -amide
7. Nitrile −C ≡ N Cyano -nitrile
8. Isonitrile −N ≡ C Isocyano -isonitrile (or)
carbylamine
9. Aldehyde -CHO Formyl (or) -al (or)
oxo carbaldehyde
10. Ketone -C=O Keto (or) oxo -one
11. Alcohol -OH Hydroxy -ol
12. Amine −N H2 Amino -amine
13. Halo -X Halo –
14. double bond = -ene
15. triple bond ≡ -yne

I. Rules for nomenclature of Saturated Hydrocarbons:

1. Longest chain rule: Select the longest continuous chain of
carbon atoms in the molecule. The longest continuous chain, con-
taining the maximum number of carbon atoms, is taken as the
parent chain and it gives the name of the parent hydrocarbon. The
other parts which are not included in the parent chain are identified
substituents or branched chains.
Cs H3

Cp H 3 Cp H Cp H2 Cp H2 Cp Cp H 2 Cp H3

Cs H3 Cs H3
The ‘Cp ’s make the parent chain and the ‘Cs ’ make the substituents.
It may be noted that the longest chain may or may not be straight
but it must be continuous. For example,
. C1 H3 C2 H2 C3 H CH2 CH3

C4 H2 C5 H2 C6 H3
. Correct parent chain indicated by C 1 to C 6
. C1 H3 C2 H2 C3 H C4 H2 C5 H3

CH2 CH2 CH3

. Wrong parent chain indicated by C 1 to C 5
So the parent hydrocarbon here is Hexane and not Pentane.
If two different chains of equal lengths are possible, the chain with
maximum number of side chains or alkyl groups is selected. For
example,
CH3

(a) C1 H3 C2 H2 C3 H C4 H C5 H3

CH CH3

CH3
CH3

(b)CH3 CH2 C3 H C2 H C1 H3

C4 H CH3

C5 H3
In (a),C 1 to C 5 is the longest chain but only 2 substituents. In
(b), C 1 to C 5 is the longest chain with 3 substituents; so (b) is the
correct parent chain
2. Lowest set of locants: Number the carbon atoms in the par-
ent chain as 1,2, 3.... etc., starting from the end which gives smaller
number to the carbon atoms carrying the substituent. For example,
if S represents a substituent;
S S

C5 C4 C3 C2 C1 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
. Structure ‘A’ Structure ‘B’
. Correct numbering Wrong numbering.
The numbering of the carbon chain as given in the structure B is
wrong because it gives higher number to the carbon atom carrying
the substituent. The number that indicates the position of the sub-
stituent or side chain is called locant. The position of the locant in
the above structure is 2.
When there are two or more different substituents attached to the
parent chain, then the end of the parent chain which gives lowest
set of the locants is preferred for numbering. This rule is called
lowest set of locants. This means that when two or more dif-
ferent sets of locants are possible, that set of locants which when
compared term by term with other sets, each in order of increasing
magnitude, has the lowest term at the first point of difference. This
rule is used irrespective of the nature of the substituents.
This rule is very simple to apply. We are to compare the position of
substituents term by term. This means that compare the first term,
whichever is lower will get the preference. If both ends have same
position for preference, the first substituent, compare the second,
then third that gives the lower number to carbon will get preference.
Similarly, compare, third term if needed and so on.For example,
CH3 CH3

C6 H3 C5 H2 C4 H2 C3 H C2 H C1 H3
. Set of locants = 2,3 (Correct)
CH3 CH3

C1 H3 C2 H2 C3 H2 C4 H C5 H C6 H3
. Set of locants = 4,5 (Wrong)
CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3

C1 H3 C2 H C3 H2 C4 H C5 H2 C6 H2 C7 H C8 H3
. Set of locants = 2,4,7 (Correct)
CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3

C8 H3 C7 H C6 H2 C5 H C4 H2 C3 H2 C2 H C1 H3
. Set of locants = 2,5,7 (Wrong)
While writing the name of the compound, the position of each sub-
stituent or side chain is indicated by the number of the carbon atom
to which it is attached. The names of the substituents are sepa-
rated from the number indicating their positions by using hyphens.
For example,
CH3

. C5 H3 C4 H2 C3 H2 C2 H C1 H3
. 2-Methylpentane
3. Presence of more than one same substituent: If the same
substituent occurs more than once in the parent chain, it is indi-
cated by the prefixes such as di, tri, tetra, etc. to indicate 2, 3, 4,
etc. same substituents.The positions of each substituent whether
same or different are indicated separately and the numerals dif-
ferent representing their positions are separated by commas. For
example,
CH3

. C1 H3 C2 H C3 C4 H2 C5 h C6 H3

CH3 CH3 CH3

. 2,3,3,5- Tetramethylhexane
4. Naming different substituents: If two or more substituents
are present on the parent chain, they are named in the alphabetical
order along with their appropriate positions.
It may be noted that di, tri, etc. are not considered while compar-
ing the substituents for alphabetizing purposes. For example:
CH2 CH3

. C5 H3 C4 H3 C3 C2 H C1 H3

CH3 CH3
. 3-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane.
5. Naming different substituents at equivalent positions: If
two different substituents are present at equivalent positions from
the two ends of the chain (two sets of locants are equally possible),
then the numbering of the chain is done in such a way that the sub-
stituent which comes first in the alphabetical order (written first
in the name) gets lower number. For example, in the compound
given below the methyl is at 3rd position if numbering is done from
left to right and ethyl groups is at 3rd position if numbering is done
from right to left.In such a case, the carbon bearing the ethyl group
gets lower position because it is cited first in the name according
to alphabetical order of substituents.Thus,
C7 H3 C6 H2 C5 H C4 H2 C3 H C2 H2 C1 H3

CH3 CH2 CH3

. 3-Ethyl-5-methylheptane (Not 5-Ethyl-3-methylheptane)

II. Rules for nomenclature of unsaturated hydrocarbons

:(containing Double and Triple bonds):
1. Longest chain rule: Select the longest continuous chain con-
taining the carbon atoms involved in the multiple bonds (double or
triple). This gives the parent name of the ailkene or alkyne. For
eg.,in the structures given below, the longest chain has five carbon
atoms and not six
C1 H3 C2 H2 C1 H3 C2 H2

C3 H2 C4 C5 H2 C3 H2 C4 CH2

CH2 CH3 C5 H2 C6 H3
. Correct chain Wrong chain.
It maybe noted that the selected chain may or may not be the
longest chain. But it must contain double or triple bonded atoms.
For example, in the above example, the largest chain containing
double bonded carbon atoms is of five carbon atoms and not of six.
2. While writing the name of the alkene or alkyne, the suffix ‘ane’of
the corresponding alkane is replaced by ‘ene’ or ‘yne’ respectively.
3. If the multiple bond occurs twice in the parent chain, the alkene
and alkyne are called ‘diene’ and ‘diyne’ respectively.
4. The numbering of atoms in parent chain is done in such a way
that the carbon atom containing the double or triple bond gets the
lowest number. For example,
. C1 H3 C2 H C3 H C4 H2 C5 H3
. Pent-2-ene (Not Pent-3-ene)
The position of the double bond may be indicated by any of the
three ways: 2-Pentene or Pent-2-ene or Pentene-2.
5. All the rules for naming the side chains or substituents are then
followed (as in alkanes). For example:
CH3

. C6 H3 C5 C4 H C3 H C2 H C1 H3

CH3 CH3
. 4,5,5-Trimethylhex-2-ene.
Important notes:If the parent chain contains both double and
triple bonds, the following rules should be remembered:
i) The terminal ‘e’ in the name is dropped when it is followed by
the suffix beginning with any vowel or ‘y’. Therefore, the terminal
‘e’ of ene in ‘en-yne’ and a ‘dien-yne’ is dropped because it comes
before ‘y’(of - yne) However, e is not dropped in case of ‘enediyne’
because it comes before d of - diyne.
ii) Numbers as low as possible are given to double bond and triple
bond as a set, even though this may at times give -yne a lower num-
ber than -ene. However, if a choice is there, preference for lower
locants is given to double bond.
iii) These compounds are named as derivatives of alkynes rather
than alkenes.
For example,
i). C5 H C4 C3 H2 C2 H C1 H2
. Pent-1-en-4-yne
In this compound numbering is 1-4 from both sides, then preference
of lower locant for ‘ene’
ii) . C1 H C2 C3 H C4 H C5 H2
. Pent -3-en-1-yne.
The name of this compound cannot be Pent-2-en-4-yne as the low-
est set of locants is is 1, 3 rather than 2, 4.
In the case of cyclic alkenes, the position of double bond is always
given the number 1.
.
CH3

CH3
(2,3-dimethylcyclohex-1-ene; Not 1,6-Dimethylhex-1-ene; )
III Nomenclature of Compounds containing One Func-
tional Group or Secondary Suffix:In naming the organic com-
pounds containing one functional group, the numbering of the atoms
in the parent chain is done in such a manner that the carbon atom
bearing the functional group gets the smallest possible number. All
other rules for naming the side chains or substituents are then fol-
lowed.
1. Select the longest continuous chain containing the carbon atom
having the functional group.
2. The numbering of atoms in the parent chain is done in such a
way that carbon atom bearing the functional group gets the lowest
number.
3. All the rules for naming side chains or substituents are then
followed as discussed in case of alkanes.
The different classes of functional groups including multiple bonded
compounds and the suffix required to name these compounds are
given in the table above.For example,
O

C6 H3 C5 H C4 H2 C3 C2 H2 C1 H3

CH3
. 5-Methylhexa-3-one
It may be noted that the functional group should get the lowest
number even if it violates the lowest set rule. Preference should
be given only to the functional group. If functional groups such as
CHO,COOH,CONH2 ,COOR,COCl,CN are present in the molecule,
the number of parent chain must start from the carbon atom of the
functional group (secondary suffix). The position of the functional
group will always be number 1. The position is normally not indi-
cated in the IUPAC name of the compound.
Example:
CH3

i) CH3 CH2 C2 C3 H2 C4 H3

C1 HO
. 2-Ethyl-2-methylbutanal
5
ii) C H3 C4 C3 C2 H2 C1 HO
. Pent-3-ynal
If a compound contains two same functional groups, the numerical
prefix di, is used before the name of the secondary suffix. In this
case, the terminal e of the primary suffix is retained while writing
the IUPAC name.
OHC CH2 CH2 CHO HOOC CH2 CH2 COOH
. Butanedial Butanedioic acid.
In these structures, the positions of CHO or COOH group are not
indicated because these groups will always be at the terminal po-
sition, having number 1 and last i.e., Butane-1,4-dial or Butane-1,
4-dioic acid.
O O

NC CH2 CH2 CN C5 H3 C4 C3 H2 C2 C1 H3
. Butanedinitrile Pentane-2,4-dione
IV. Nomenclature of Compounds having Functional Groups,
Multiple Bonds, Side Chains, Substituents: If the organic
compound contains a functional group, multiple bond, side chain
or substituent, the order of preference is :
Functional > Double bond> Triplebond > Substituent/
Side chain
Examples:
O

i)C5 H2 C4 H C3 H2 C2 C1 H3
. Pent-4-en-2-one
 CH3

ii)C9 H3 C8 H2 C7 H2 C6 H2 C5 H2 C4 H C3 H C2 H CHO
. 2-Methylnon-3-enal
O

iii) C6 H5 C3 H C2 H C1 OH
. 3-Phenyl prop-2-enoic acid
iv)C4 H3 C3 H C2 H CH3

Cl C1 OOH
. 3-Chloro-2-methylbutanoic acid.

Exercise:
Q 1. The ‘Vital force theory’ was proposed by —.
Q 2. How and when was the ‘Vital force theory’ proven wrong?
Q 3. The highest level of catenation is observed in —- elemnt.
Q 4. Which of the folowing statements is wrong?
(i) Organic compounds possess low melting and boiling points.
(ii) Organic compounds exhibit isomerism.
(iii) Organic compounds are obtained only from netural resources.
(iv) Organic compounds can be synthesised in the laboratory.
Q 5. Which of the following is called an unsaturated compound by
definition?
(i) CH3 CH = CH2 (ii) CH3 C ≡ N
O

(iii) CH3 C CH3 (iv) All the above

Q 6. Which of the following is classified as an alicyclic compound?
CH
CH
CH CH CH
CH
(i) O (ii) CH CH
CH
N
(iii) (iv)

Q 7. Regarding straight chained and branched alkanes, which of

the following statement is true?
(i) Branched alkanes have the same molecular formula as straight
chained with the same number of carbon atoms.
(ii) Straight shained alknaes have a higher boiling point compared
with branched alkane with the same number of carbon atoms
(iii) Side groups only consist of alkyl groups with a variable number
of carbon atoms.
(iv) All the above.
Q 8. The purity of an organicsolid is checked by its
(i) Sharp MP (ii) Mixed MP
(iii) Ability to sublime (iv) Tendancy to dissolve in organic solvent.

—————————————————————————————

Give the IUPAC names for given Alkanes:

1. CH3 CH2 CH CH3

CH3
2. CH3 CH CH2 CH CH3

CH3 CH3
3. CH3 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH3

CH3 CH2

CH3
CH3

4. CH3 C CH2 CH3

CH3
CH3 CH3

5. CH3 CH CH CH3
 CH3

6. CH3 CH CH2 CH CH3

CH2

CH3
7. CH3 CH2 CH CH CH CH3

CH3 CH3 CH3

CH3

8. CH3 CH2 C CH2 CH3

CH3
CH3

9. CH3 CH2 CH CH CH2 CH3

CH2

CH3
CH3

CH2

10. CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH3

CH3
Give the IUPAC names for given Alkenes:
1. CH3 − CH = CH2
2. CH3 − CH = CH − CH = CH2
3. CH2 CH CH CH3

CH3
4. CH3 CH2 C C CH3

C3 H7 CH3
5. CH2 C CH2 CH CH2 CH3

CH3 CH3
6. CH3 CH CH CH CH CH CH CH3
CH3

7. CH3 C CH2
8. CH3 C CH CH CH3

CH3 CH3
9. CH2 C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3

CH3
10. CH2 C CH CH2

CH3
C2 H5

11. CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH CH2

Give the IUPAC names for given Alkynes and unsaturated

hydrocarbons:
1. CH3 − C ≡ CH2 − CH3
2. CH3 C C CH ≡C C ≡ CH

CH3
3. HC ≡C CH CH CH2 CH3

CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3

4. CH ≡C CH CH CH CH2 CH3
CH3

5. CH ≡C C CH2 CH3

CH3
6. CH3 C≡C CH ≡C C≡C C≡C CH CH2
CH3 CH3

7. CH3 CH2 C≡C CH CH CH2 CH3

8. CH ≡C C C CH CH2

C3 H7 C3 H7
CH3

9. CH3 C≡C CH C CH3

CH3 CH3
10. CH3 C≡C CH3
Give the structure of the following compounds:
1) 2,3 dimethyl-1-butane 2) 2- methyl- 1- propene
3) 1- propyne 4) 2,3,4-trimethy-l- hexane
5) 3-methyl-2- pentene 6) 3-methyl-1- butyne
7) 4,4,5-trimethy-l,2-hexyne 8) 2,2,3,4-tetramethy-1-pentane
9) 1,4-hexadiene 10) 3-heptyne
————————————————————————————
Alkyl halides:
Give the Trivial or common names of following compounds:
1) CH3 Cl 2) C2 H5 Br
3) CH3 CHICH3 4) (CH3 )3 CBr
Give the IUPAC name of following compounds
1) CH3 Cl 2) C2 H5 Br
3) CH3 CHCH3 4) CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH2 − Cl
CH3

5) CH3 CH2 CH CH3 6) CH3 C CH3

Cl Cl
H H H H

7) H C C H 8) C C 9) CH3

Cl Cl H Cl CHCl2
————————————————————————————-
Alcohols/Acids:
Give the common names of the following compounds
1) CH3 OH 2) C2 H5 OH
3) CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 OH 4) CH3 CH2 CH2 OH
CH3 CH3 CH3

5) CH3 C H 6) CH3 C CH2 C CH3

OH OH OH
7) CH3 H7 OH 8) C4 H9 OH
H

9) CH3 C CH3 10) CH3 C CH2 CH3

OH
H OH
H

11) CH3 CH C CH3 12) CH3 CH2 CH CH2 OH

CH3 OH CH3
13) CH3 CH C CH2 CH3 14) CH3 CH CH2 CH2 OH

CH3 CH3 CH3

15) CH3 CH2 CH2 COOH 16) CH3 CH CH COOH

CH3 CH3 CH3

OH CH3

17) CH3 C CH2 CH3 18) CH3 C CH2 OH

CH3 CH3
19) HCOOH 20) CH3 COOH

Give IUPAC names of the following acids/ esters

Molecular formula:
1) CH3 COOH 2) HCOOCH3 3) CH3 CH2 CH2 COOH
4) (CH3 )2 CHCOOH 5) C2 H5 COOCH3 6) HCOOCH(CH3 )2