IEEE SA STANDARDS ASsoeiaTion IEEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines IEEE Power and Energy Society Developed by the Transmission and Distribution Committee IEEE Std 516™-2021. (Revision of IEEE Std 516-2009) IEEE ISTANDARDS | i, |IEEE Std 516™-2021 (Revision of IEEE Std 516-2008) IEEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines Developed by the Transmission and Distribution Committee of the IEEE Power and Energy Society Approved 23 September 2021 IEEE SA Standards BoardAbstract: General recommendations for performing maintenance work on energized power lines are provided. Technical explanations as required to cover certain laboratory testing of tools and equipment, in-service inspection, field maintenance and care of tools and equipment, and work methods for the maintenance of energized lines and for persons working in the vicinity of energized lines are included. Keywords: energized, equipment, IEEE 516™, maintenance, power lines, tools The fst of Blac and Elactroric Engineers, Part Avenuo, Now York NY 10016-5007, USA CCopyight © 2022 by The Intute of Electrical and Electonics Enginge, ne. ‘Annis eoerea Publish 13 January 2022 Pre In ihe Unie Sates of Amen IEEE la regotred uademarkin ne U.S. Patent & Trademark Of, cymed by The inetute of Electical and Elcronce Engineers, incorporate National Etcica Safty Code and NESC ar both registred ators and sole mart of The stu of Eloctcal and Elcrankes Engines, Incorported POF: IsaNere-tsotssoass — eTD24869 {EE pone dacimnaton, aac ond tg ‘No part of hs publication may be reproduced nary fom, in an electri retieval system or otherwise, witout the prior wit permission he putanerImportant Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Standards Documents IEEE Standards documents are made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. ‘These notices and disclaimers, or a reference to this page (htips:!/standards ieee.org/ipr/disclaimers.htm)), appear in all standards and may be found under the heading “Important Notices and Disclaimers Conceming IEEE Standards Documents.” Notice and Disclaimer of Liability Concerning the Use of IEEE Standards Documents. 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Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. Robert Aico Charles Grose Soloman Alibhay Lee Herron Michael Bayer ‘Wemer Hoel! Jon Brasher Edward Hunt Kristine Buchholz James Kinney Thomas Buoninconts sim Kulehisky William Byrd Mikhail Lagoda Robert Christman Chung-Yiu Lam Thomas Dunmore Jefftey Lanings Brian Erga Otto Lynch Namal Fernando Daniel Mulkey Meihuan Z.Fulk ‘Ali NaderianJabromi Ravindra Ganatra Dennis Neitel Michael Garrels| Rajesh Nighot George Gela Joe Nims Jalal Goh Sivaraman Pandarinathan Edwin Goodwin Banst Patel, Christopher Petota Moises Ramos Lakshman Raut Charles Rogers Ryan Ryan Bartien Sayogo Dennis Schlender Stephen Shull Michael Smalley demry Smith fry Smullin Eniks Suemanis John Veruis Davi Wallis ‘Nicholas Zagrodnik Gary Zevenbergen When the IEEE SA Standards Board approved this guide on 23 September 2021, it had the following ‘membership: Gary Hoffman, Chair Jon Walter Rosdahl, Vice Chair John D. Kulick, Past Chair Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary Edward A. Addy Howard Li Doug Edwards Daozhang Lin Ramy Ahmed Fathy Kevin Lu J. Travis Gui Daleep C. Mola Thomas Koshy’ Chenu Niu Joseph L. Koepfinger* Damir Novosel David J. Law Annette Reilly Dorothy Stanley "Member Emeritus 7 Copyright © 2022 IEEE, Al ights reserved, Mehmet Ulema Lei Wang, F, Keith Waters Karl Weber Sha Wei Howard Wolfman Daidi ZhongIntroduction ‘This introduction js not pan of IEEE Std 516-2021, IEEE. Guide for Maintonance Methods on Energized Power Lines Live-line maintenance of transmission lines began in the early 1920s and developed into a major working practice as the transmission systems were expanded and the voltages increased, In the 1950s, when the transmission line voltage exceeded 300 KV line to line, the use of fiberglass to replace wooden tools made a significant change in the industry, Economie conditions prohibited the construetion and operation of redundant lines, and the need for live-line maintenance of transmission line increased rapidly. During the 1950s and 1960s, several papers were written regarding the safety aspects of live-line ‘maintenance. In the early 1970s, the IEEE Transmission and Distribution Committee recognized the need ‘o consolidate information on live-line maintenance, and thus @ task group was formed to write a guide. The task group later became the Engineering in the Safety, Maintenance and Operation of Lines (ESMOL) Subcommittee, ‘This guide was started in the late 1970s and was published in 1986 on a tral-use basis. In 1987, the guide was released as a full-use ANSI/IEEE guide. Since the original publication of the guide, the ESMOL Subcommittee has been working on revisions to the guide to bring it up to the current stato of the art and into conformance with other international standards issued in recent years. The ESMOL Subcommittee has added sections from other ESMOL sponsored guides in this edition to expand the scope of the guide to cover more of the industry’s needs, In the guide editions up to 1995, most of table data were obtained from plots. In the 2003 guide, the tables \were calculated using the formulas in the guide in a step calculation method. In the 2009 edition of the guide, the tables were calculated using the formulas in the guide, Additional text was added on the determination of maximum anticipated per-unit transient overvoltage (TOV) T and use of the minimum air insulation distanee (MAID) and minimum approach distance (MAD), During the original development of the guide, it was not intended that it would be used as a document to establish government regulations. However, since its publication in 1986, several government regulatory agencies have used the guide in their rule making. The 2009 edition of the guide included revisions that ‘make it more compatible for use in governmental regulations. The 2021 edition ineludes important new information regarding live working ropes, resulting from recent research, advances in rope materials and manufacturing, and laboratory tests. New information on ground potential rise during line work is presented with three-dimensional color graphs for several structure types and grounding arrangements, Also, distances are indicated as uppercase seript letter D in equations (for example, Dyysio, Di), but actual familiar abbreviations are retained in the descriptive text. 8 Copyright © 2022 IEEE, Al ights reserved,Contents 1, Overview. i 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Purpose I 1.3 Application 12 1.4 Word usage.. “12 2. Normative references. 13 3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations 1s 3.1 Definitions. 3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations 4. Technical considerations 20 4.1 Introduction . son stanton 20 4.2 Insulating properties... so . ss - 21 4.3 Air as insulation. 21 4.4 Factors that affect the air insulation... 23 4.5 Air gap distances . 23 4.6 Distance equations . 28 4,7 Factors used to determine MAID, MTID, MAD, MAD for Tools, and MHAD 33 4.8 Control of TOY ., 7 Sonne 4.9 Application of MAID, MTID, MAD, MAD for Tools, and MHAD ... so 64 4.10 Insulation systems... 65 5. Tools and equipment S41 Genta wren 5.2 Categories of insulating tools and equipment. 5.3 Equipment rating 54 Electrical current flows. 5.5 Tool and equipment testing . 5.6 Testing of FRP live work tools. 5.1 Typical tests for insulating tools, 5.8 Worksite procedures... 5.9 Shop or laboratory procedures. 5.10 Insulating rope 5.11 Periodic tes criteria 5.12 Histograms. . 5.13 Electrical test references. 5.14 Marking and identifieation— 5.15 Restoration or temporary structures. 6 In-service checking and care of insulating tools and equipment 2 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Scope... ssn erry 63 Ficld care, handling, and storage 93 64 Periodie inspection and checking 98 6,5 Maintenance and repair of tools and equipment. 97 7. Work methods 99 7.1 Introduction ns . 99 7.2 Categories of energized line maintenance 99 9 Copyright © 2022 IEEE, Al ights reserved,7.3 Precautions when working energized lines... - . sen 100 7.4 Requirements when working energized lines 102 7.5 Insulating equipment used in energized-line work. 108 7.6 Noninsulating equipment used in energized-line work. 105 7.7 Insulating devices used in energized: line work.. 10s 7.8 Methods for positioning personnel. a oo 106 7.9 Insulator cleaning : Ml 8, Work in the vicinity of energized lines and devices. ell 8.1 Introduction ve . nL 8.2 Physiological aspects of live-line work nL 8.3 Flame-resistant clothing, v4 8.4 RF field protection. 14 855 Precautions when performing live work 6 8.6 Step and touch voltages, 16 8.7 Mechanical equipment 120 Annex A (informative) Bibliography. 123 Annex B (informative) Sample distance calculations. 127 B.I Introduction, rT B.2 Work at and below 72.3 kV ve oN B.3 Work above 72.5 kV 129 Annex C (informative) Sample PAG calculations 133 C\L Introduction. s.snsnnnensn one son 33 €.2 Finding line-to-ground MAID and the MAD obtained by using PPAG 133 Annex D (informative) Distance tables. 135 D.l General information for using the tables in this annex 135 D.2 Adjusting 7 for use in tables when actual line voltage is lower than voltage on which table has been calculated. 135 Annex E (informative) Determining maximum anticipated {7OV}av and the per-unit {7% 153 E.1 Determining TOV magnitude due to switching transients... 153 E2 Determining Tat worksite oeds3 E.3 Large system studies 157 10 Copyright © 2022 IEEE, Al ights reserved,IEEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines 1. Overview 4.1 Scope This guide provides the general recommendations for performing maintenance work on energized power lines. It is not intended to include all of the proven practical methods and procedures; however, these selected comprehensive recommendations are based on sound engineering principles, engineering safety considerations, and field experience by many utilities. Included are technical explanations as required to cover certain laboratory testing of tools and equipment, in-service inspection, maintenance and care of tools and equipment, and work methods for the maintenance of energized lines and for persons working. in vicinity of energized lines. 1.2 Purpose The purpose of this guide is © a) Present, in one guide, sufficient details of some of the methods and equipment presently in use to enable the performance of energized line maintenance with maximum safety b) Direct attention to appropriate standards and other documents for the acquisition of knowledge on the inspection, care, and use of required tools and equipment. ©) Provide guidance for establishing an appropriate work area, taking into co the physical effects of the work area on personnel ration safety and It is not intended that this guide should replace present proven utility practices or imply that these recommendations are superior to existing practices and, therefore, should be universally adopted as utility standards. This compilation of many accepted practices is presented specifially in the form of a guide to be used by those electric utilities and agencies that are seeking guidance in establishing methods and procedures for maintenance of energized power lines. u Copyright © 2022 IEEE. Al ights reserved,IEEE sig 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines 1.3 Application This guide, although general in scope and purpose, is specific enough to be applicable to all aspects of energized-line maintenance. Since energized-line maintenance practices for different projects are influenced by the magnitude and nature of each project and by local conditions and circumstances, some alternative methods that have been successfully employed ate presented. ‘The practices described provide for the performance of energized-line maintenance with maximum safety ‘Thy are based on practices of operating utilities with many years of successful experience. ‘The approach used in this guid to fa) Indicate the engineering and other technical considerations essential to the performance of cnergized-line maintenance with maximum safety. b) Provide guidance for the necessary test equipment and procedures associated with manufacturer and user acceptance, testing, and care of equipment. ©) Detail various work methods for working on or near energized lines and associated devices. Advancement in technology or changes in system design will probably justify modifying the minimum requirements recommended in this guide, CAUTION Requirements of federal, sate, or local regulations should be observed. When any conflict exists between this guide and the rules of the owner of the line, the owner's rules shall take precedence. 1.4 Word usage ‘The word shall indicates mandatory requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform to the standard and from which no deviation is permitted (shall equals is required to). ‘The word should indicates that among several possibilities one is recommended as particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others; oF that certain course of aetion is preferred but not necessarily required (should equals is recommended that) le within the ‘The word may is used to indicate a course of action pern equals is permitted 1). of the standard (may ‘The word can is used for statements of possibility and capability, whether material, physical, or causal (car equals is able to. “The use ofthe word mast is dspreated and cannot be used when stating mandatory requirments; mat is sed ony 1 describe unavoidable sitions "The ws of wl is deprecatd and cannot be used when stating mandatory requirements: wil is only used in statements of fct, 2 Copyright © 2022 IEEE. Al ights reserved,IEEE sig 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines 2. Normative references ‘The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (ic. they must be understood and used; therefore, each referenced document is cited in text, and its relationship to this document is explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies. ANSU/SIA A922, American National Standard for Vehicle-Mounted Elevating and Rotating Acrial Devices? ASTM D 120, Standard Specification for Rubber Insating Gloves ASTM D 1048, Standard Speification For Rubber Insulting Blankets. ASTM D 1049, Standard Specification for Rubber Insulating Covers. ASTM D 1050, Standard Specification for Rubber Insulating Line Hose. ASTM D 1051, Standard Specification for Rubber Insulting Sleeves. ASTM F 478, Standard Specification fr In-service Care of Insulating Line Hose and Covers. ASTM F 479, Standard Specification for In-service Care of Insulating Blankets. ASTM F 496, Standard Specification for In-service Care of Insulating Gloves and Sleeves. ASTM F 696, indard Specification for Leather Protectors for Rubber Insulating Gloves and Mittens. ASTM F 711, Standard Specification for Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Rod and Tube Used in Live Line Tools ASTM F 712, Standard Test Methods and Specifications for Electrically Insulating Plastic Guard Equipment for Protection of Workers, ASTM F 855, Standard Specification for Temporary Protective Grounds to be Used on De-Energized Electric Power Lines and Equipment. ASTM F 1236, Standard Guide for Visual Inspection of Electrical Protective Rubber Products, ASTM F 1701-12, Standard Specification for Unused Rope with Special Electrical Properties. ASTM F 2522-05, Standard Test Method for Determining the Protective Performance of @ Shield Attached on Live Line Tools or on Racking Rods for Electric Are Hazards. ASTM F 3121/3121M-17, Standard Guide for In-Service Inspection, Maintenance, and Electrical Testing of Hand-Held Live-Line Insulating Tools (Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic (FRP)) CSA C225, Vehicle-Mounted Aerial Devices.* ANSI publications ar avalable fromthe American National Standards Intute (hp ansLor. «ASTM publications ao avulbl from the American Society for Testing and Material (haps/Woew asim). CSA pubistions are avaiable from the Canadian Standards Assocition (htp/sorscetarup.cs) 1B Copyright © 2022 IEEE. Al ights reserved,IEEE sig 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines TEC 60060-1:2010, High-voltage test techniques—Part 1: General definitions and test requirements.” TEC 60060-2:2010, High-voltage test techniques—Part 2: Measuring systems. IEC 60060-3:2006, High-voltage test techniques—Part 3: Det tions and requirements for on- te testing IEC 60855-1:2016, Edition 2, Live working—Insulating foam-filled tubes and solid rods—Part 1: Tubes and rods of a circular eross-seetion, IEC 60895:2020, Edition 3, Live working —Conduetive clothing. TEC 60903:2014, Bi ion 2, Live working —Electrieal insulating gloves. IEC 60984:2014, Edition 2, Live working—t lectical insulating sleeves. TEC 61057:2017, Edition 2, Live working—Electreal insulating aerial devices for mounting on chassis IEC 61111:2009, Ettion 2, Live working—Electrcal insulating matting IBC 61112:2009, Elition 2, Live working Electrical insulating blankets IEC 61229:1993, Edition 1.0, Rigid protective covers for live working on a.c. installations, TEC 61230:2008, Edition 2, Live working—Portable equipment for earthing or earthing and short- circuiting IEC 61235:1993, Edition 1, Live working —Insulating hollow tubes for electrical purposes. IEC 61236:2010, Edition 2, Live working Saddles, stick clamps and theie accessories. IEC 61472:2013, Edition 3, Live working—Minimum approaching distance for a.c. systems in the voltage range 72.5 kV to 800 kV—A method of calculation, IEEE Std 41995, IEEE Standard Techniques for High-Voltage Testing. IEE Std 62™, IEEE Guide for Diagnostic Field Testing of Electric Power Apparatus—Part 1: Oil Filled Power Transformers, Regulators, and Reactors. IEEE Std 524”, IEEE Guide to the Installation of Overhead Transmission Line Conductors. IEEE Std 957™, IEEE Guide for Cleaning Insulators. IEEE Std 1048™, IEEE Guide for Protective Grounding of Power Lines. IEEE Std 1067™, IEEE Guide for In-Service Use, Care, Maintenanee, and Testing of Conductive Clothing for Use on Voltages up to 765 kV ac and 750 kV de. IEEE Std 1070™, IEEE Guide for the Design and Testing of Transmission Modular Restoration Structure Components, “IBC publications are availabe from the Intemational Eletoteshnical Commision (htpseww ie), IBC publications are also vail inthe United Sites from the Amsican National Standards Instat (ips/ww-ansL or. TEEE publications are available om The Insitute of Elccl and Elecrnies Engines (ps: standard eos. "The IEEE stn or routs refered ton this clase are trademark of The Isis ofElecncl and Electronics Engine, ne. 4 Copyright © 2022 IEEE. Al ights reserved,IEEE sig5162021 IEEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines IEEE Std 1307, IEEE Standard for Fall Protection for Utility Work IBEE Std €62.92.1™, IEEE Guide for the Application of Neutral Grounding in Electrical Usility Systems—Part I: Introduetion. 180 2307, Fibre Ropes—Determination of Certain Physial and Mechanical Properties? 3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The /EEE Standards Dictionary Online should be consulted for terms not defined in this clause." aerial work: Work performed on equipment used for the transmission and distribution of electricity and performed in an elevated position on various structures, conductors, associated equipment from the structure, an insulating device, or a helicopter for barehand work, barchand work: A technique of performing live maintenance on energized wires and equipment whereby fone or more line workers work directly on an energized part after having been raised and bonded to the same potential as the energized wire or equipment. These line workers are normally supported by an insulating ladder, insulating rope, insulating aerial device, helicopter, or the energized wires or equipment ‘on which they are working. Most barchand work includes the use of insulating tools bonded: The electrical and mechanical interconnection of conductive parts to maintain a common electrical potential. Syn: connected, bucket: A device designed to be attached to the boom tip of a line truck, crane, or insulating mobile elevating work platform and used to support workers in an elevated working position. It is normally constructed of fiberglass to reduce its physical weight, maintain strength, and obtain good dielectric characteristics. For some applications, the device is a platform with a railing generally constructed of conductive material, Syn: basket; platform. capacitive current: The component of the measured current that leads the applied voltage by 90° due to the capacitance of the tool or equipment clear live tool insulation distance (line-to-ground): The distance measured longitudinally along the insulating part ofthe tool between the metal end fittings of the tool, where one metal end fitting contacts @ live part and the other end fitting contacts a part at ground potential. This definition applies to tools without metal along the length of the insulating part that might create a floating object. See also: minimum tool insulation distance (MTID), conducting body: A conductive object or mass such as a steel structure or metal component. conduction current: The component of the measured current in phase with the applied voltage that is delivered to the volume of the tool or equipment due to the electrical resistance of the material comprising the tool or equipment, * 180 publications are available from the Ilemationl Standards Organization (hps/wwiso.on). ISO publications are also valle inthe United Sues from he American National Standards Intute (hps/verw.as.ong) "IEE Standards Dictonary Online is available a hipsidiionayseaors. AN IEEE account i requir for acess 0 the ctonay, and one canbe esta at no chase on the dictionary sign-in pase Is Copyright © 2022 IEEE. Al ights reserved,IEEE sig 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines conductive clothing: Clothing made of natural or synthetic material that is either conductive or interwoven with conductive thread to provide mitigation of the effects of the electric fields of high-voltage energized electrical conductors and equipment, and of the radio frequency (RF) fields of public communication system (PCS) antennas. conductor: A wire or combination of wires not insulated from one another, suitable for carrying an electrical current. Conductors can be bare or insulated. Syn: cable; wire. cover-up equipment: Equipment designed to protect persons from brush or inadvertent contact to energized parts in a specific worksite. Many different types are available to cover conductors, insulators, dead-end assemblies, structures, and apparatus. Cover-up material might be either flexible or rigid. Syn: blanket; cover-up; eel; hard caver; hose; snake. critical flashover (CFO) voltage: Fifly percent probability of sparkover voltag: current-carrying part: A conducting part intended to be connected in an electric circuit to a source of voltage. Noncurrent-carrying parts are parts not intended to be connected in such a manner. de-energized: Disconnected from all intentional sources of electrical supply by open switches, jumpers, taps, or other means, De-energized conductors or equipment could be electrically charged or energized through various means, e.g. induction from energized eircuits, portable generators, lightning. sruptive discharge: The phenomenon associated with the failure of insulation, under electric stress that includes a collapse of voltage and the passage of current, The term applies to electrical breakdown in solid, liquid, and gaseous dielectrics and combinations of these. energized: Electrically connected to a source of potential difference or electrically charged to have @ potential different from that of the ground. Syn: alive; current-carrying; hot; live. equipotential: A nearly identical state of electrical potential for evo or more items. equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD): The amount of salt that, when dissolved in demineralized water, gives the same volume conductivity as that of the highly soluble natural deposit removed from a given surface of the insulator divided by the area of this surface; generally expressed in malem®. However, for discussion of ESDD on liveline tools, units of wg/em? are recommended to convey the necessary precision of accuraey. NOTE See IEEE Std 18207-2020 [B48].""? flashover: A disruptive discharge through air around and over a surface of solid or liquid insulation, between parts at different potential or polarity, produced by application of voltage wherein the breakdown path becomes sufficiently ionized to maintain an electri are. floating object: An object that may or may not be conductive in the air gap at unknown potential. floating potential: Electric potential of a conductive object suspended in the air gap that is not electrically connected to the energized conductor or ground, gloving: A method of performing live work on energized electrical conductors and equipment where one or more qualified electrical workers, wearing specially made and tested insulating gloves, with or without sleeves, work directly on the energized electrical conductor or equipment. “The numbers in brackets eorespond wo the number in the bibliography in Annex A ® Notes nxt ables, and igure o standard ae given for information only and do ot conan rguiemens ned 10 implement the snd 16 Copyright © 2022 IEEE. Al ights reserved,IEEE sig 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines ground potential: Potential equal to or near that of ground, normally zero volts. ‘onnected to earth or to some extended conducting body that serves instead of the earth. Syn’ helicopter work: A technique of using a helicopter for performing live work on energized wires and equipment, where one or more line qualified electrical workers work directly on an energized part after being raised and bonded to the energized wire or equipment. See also: aerial work; barehand work. hot: See: energized. insulated tool or device: A tool or device that has conductive parts and is either coated or covered with a dielectric material to provide electrical insulation, insulating personal equipme primarily to provide electric insulation from an energized part orc ersonal equipment made of natural or synthetic material that is designed nductor, insulating tool or device: (A) A tool or device designed primarily to provide insulation from an energized part or conductor. It can be composed entirely of insulating materials. Examples include conductor cover, stick, and insulating tape. (B) A tool or device that has conductive parts separated by dielectric parts. Syn hot stick insulator cover: Electrical protection equipment designed specifically to cover insulators. Examples include dead-end cover, pole-top cover, and ridge-pin cover. Syn hood; pocketbook. See also. cover-up equipment, isolated: (A) Physically separated, electrically and mechanically, from all sources of electric energy. Such separation may not eliminate the effects of electric or magnetic induction. (B) Not readily accessible to persons unless special means for access are used. leakage current: A component of the measured current that flows along the surface of the tool or ‘equipment, due to the properties ofthe tool or equipment surface, including any surface deposits. line work: Various operations performed by person on electrical facilites, including groundwork, elevated work, aerial work, and associated maintenance. line worker: A person qualified to perform various line work operatio groundwork. Syn: lineman, See also: qualified electrical worker. including elevated aerial and ee: energized. live parts: Items at the normal line operating Voltage or electrical potential above ground potential live work: Work on or near energized or potentially energized lines (ie., grounding, insulating tool work, loving, barehand work). Syn: live-tine work; hot stick work. maximum power frequency operating voltage (Vs): The maximum system operating root-mean-square (ms) line-to-line (or line-to-ground for single phase or pole-to-ground for de) voltage, which is also equal to the I per-unit (p.u. base, NOTE For purposes of this gue, the maximum operating voltage is 5% higher than the rated! (nominal) system voltage: 1,05» rated (nominal) system voltage." ® Notes intext, tables, and figures are given for information only and donot contain requirements needed to implement the guide 0 Copyright © 2022 IEEE. Al ights reserved,IEEE sig 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines minimum air insulation distance (MAID): The shortest distance in air between an energized electrical apparatus and/or a line worker's body at different potential. This distance, with a floating electrode in the gap, is equal o or greater than the sum of the individual minimum air insulation distances (MADs). This is the electrical component and does not include any factor for inadvertent movement. ‘minimum approach distance (MAD): The minimum air insulation distance (MAID) plus a factor for inadvertent movement. minimum approach distance for line-to-ground tools (MAD for Tools): The minimum length of insulation distance required, measured using the shortest distance between the condueting part at the live end and the closest point at ground potential. This term applies to tools that are subject to inadvertent movernent ‘minimum helicopter approach distance (MHAD): The shortest distance in air between an energized conductor and the closest point of helicopter (air insulation distance) including inadvertent movement. minimum tool insulation distance (MTID): The minimum length of insulation distance required, measured using the shortest distance between the conducting part at the live end and the closest point at ‘ground potential. If floating objects are present, such as metal pins on an adjustable strain stick, the MTID 's the shortest distance between the conducting part at the live end and the closest point at ground potential ‘minus the sum of the lengths of the individual floating objects, This term applies to tols that are not subject to inadvertent movement, operating clearance: See: work permit. overvoltage: Voltage that exceeds the maximum operating line-to-ground voltage. This voltage may be the result ofa transient or switehing surge. Syn: transient overvoltage (TOV), portable protective air gap (PPAG): A gap placed between live parts and ground to limit the overvoltage that may otherwise occur. Syn: personal protective air gap. power loss: A means used to determine dielectric strength of an object by measuring the power loss through the object. Syn: Doble Test; watts loss, protective grounding equipment: Se: temporary protective grounding equipment. puneture: A disruptive discharge through the body ofa solid dielectric. qualified cleetrical worker: Having been trained in and having demonstrated adequate knowledge of the installation, construction, or operation of lines and equipment and the hazards involved, including identification of, and exposure to, electric supply and communication lines and equipment in, or near, the workplace. An employes, who is undergoing on-the-job training and who, in the course of such training, hhas demonstrated an ability to perform duties safely at his or her level of training, and who is under the direct supervision of a qualified person, is considered to be a qualified person for the performance oF those utes, rigging: An assembly of material used to manipulate or support various tools and equipment in energized, de-energized and not grounded, and grounded line work sparkover: A disruptive discharge between preset electrodes in either a gaseous or aliquid dielectric. sparkover voltage: A voltage level at which a sparkover probably will occur under the stated conditions. statistical sparkover voltage: A transient overvoltage (TOV) level that produces a 97.72% probability of sparkover (i.e. two standard deviations above the 50% sparkover voltage value), Is Copyright © 2022 IEEE, Al ights reserved,IEEE sig 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines statistical withstand voltage: A transient overvoltyge (TOV) level that produces a 0.13% probability of sparkover (ie. three standard deviations below the 50% sparkover voltage value). stick: A type of insulating tool used in various operations of live work. Syn: hot stick: work pole; work stick. ive-line tool; pole; stray current: Currents or components that do not constitute information desired for measurement. Examples are currents due to the stray capacitance of an object to the ground plane, walls, etc structure: Material assembled to support conductors or associated apparatus, or both, used for transmission and distribution of electricity (e.g, service pole, tower), To make inoperative automatic reclosing equipment. Syn: auto-reclosing off; block reclosing; hold off; hold order; hold out; live-line permit; non-reclose switching surge: An overvollage resulting from the operation of a circuitinterrupting device. ‘Syn: switehing impulse. temporary protective grounding equipment: A system of ground clamps, ferrules, cluster bar, and covered cables designed and suitable for carrying maximum anticipated fault current and grounding conductive objects. NOTE See ASTM F855, IEC 61230:2008, IEEE Std 1048," {ool or equipment leakage current: The total leakage current delivered to the tool or equipment. The tool or equipment provides only one path for the current, and this current is equal to the leakage current. ‘See also: leakage current, withstand voltage: A voltage level at which a sparkover probably will not occur under the stated conditions. work permit: The authorization to perform work, such as work on a circuit, It is often part of a lockout- tagout procedure. Syn: operating clearance. 3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations a switching surge air saturation factor altitude correction factor G factor in fUKV determined from 60 Hz tests on rod-to-rod gap at 100 kV «ms per foot of tool length withstand (100 kV rms/ft) G sulating tool factor CFO critical lashover voltage ESDD equivalent salt deposit density FRP —_ fierglass-reinforced plastic GPR ground potential rise k gap factor Ke floating conductive factor M inadvertent movement factor MAD minimum approach distance (also Dyan in equations) “Information on normative references canbe foun in Clase 2. 19 Copyright © 2022 IEEE. Al ights reserved,IEEE sig 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines MAID minimum air insulation distance (also Dy in equations) MHAD minimum helicopter approach distance (also Dyyiao in equations) MTID minimum too! insulation distance (also Darn in equations) PPAG portable protective air gap pa. perunit Peak transient peak (crest) RF radio frequency rms root mean square T ‘maximum anticipated per-unit transient overvoltage (TOV) TOV rms transient overvoltage TOVpsx peak transient overvoltage TTOCD temporary transient overvoltage control device Vso transient oF temporary overvoltage level that produces a 50% probability of sparkover Vic ac voltage line-to-ground (rms) KVig line-to-ground voltage (rms) Vor Via. ac voltage line-to-line (rms) ‘maximum power frequeney operating voltage (rms), line-to-line peak voltage of the negative side of a sine wave de voltage pole-to-ground de voltage pole-to-pole peak voltage of the positive side of a sine wave switching surge or transient overvoltage peak or erest voltage withstand voltage, peak a (Greek small leter alpha) line-to-line insulation strength, which is the proportion of negative switching impulse voltage in the total line-to-line impulse voltage ° (Greek small letter sigma) probability standard deviation » (Greek small letter mu) 50% critical sparkover voltage value (mean value) +20 sparkover voltage 30 withstand voltage 4. Technical considerations 4.1 Introduction ‘The performance of live work requires the use of equipment and tools that in many eases are specific to the work operation. Development of equipment and tools is based on requirements generated from field needs and experiences related to technical considerations and work method safety. For live work, minimum air insulation distance (MAID), minimum tool insulation distance (MTID), minimum approach distance (MAD), minimum approach distance for tools (MAD for Tools), and minimum helicopter approach distance (MHAD) have been developed in this clause for operating voltages up to 800 kV. These distances are used when working near the followit — Overhead conductors supported by suspension and tension insulators — Overhead conductors supported by post insulators — Overhead tubular bus supported by post insulators — Equipment entrance bushing and cable potheads 20 Copyright © 2022 IEEE. Al ights reserved,IEEE sig 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines — Live equipment such as “live tank” circuit breakers, high-speed circuit switching devices, isolating Switches, wave traps, series capacitors and reactors — Insulated phase conductors not covered with a continuous conducting shield or sheath at ground potential and supported from a conductor at ground potential ® ‘The major hazard in live work on high-voltage lines and equipment is a sparkover of air gap insulation to ground at the worksite. This results in the rupid release of a large amount of energy, which may cause injury to the workers and/or damage equipment. In an operating electrical power supply system, the phase conductors are insulated from each other and ground using the support insulators and air. When live work is performed on high-voltage systems, the primary insulation is air. However, in systems below 72.5 kV, rubber insulating gloves and sleeves, insulating cover-up, and insulating barriers can provide additional protection for the worker. Insulating cover-up is designed only for inadvertent contact, i¢., brash contact. 4.2 Insulating properties 4.2.1 General Personal safety and operational security during energized-line work depend on the insulating properties of the air gap and the insulating materials that are placed in the air gap for the live work, 4.2.2 Sparkover of air gap A sparkover of the air gap insulation at the worksite can be caused by any of the following: ) A reduction of the air gap distance caused by the introduction of conductive objects b) Transient overvoltages (TOVs) ©) Tool insulation breakdown 4.2.3 Preventing sparkover of air gap insulation at worksite For live work, MAID, MTID, MAD, MAD for Tools, and MHAD have been developed, based on the ‘maximum operating voltage of the system and the maximum anticipated TOV (and per-unit 7) of the line, to provide guidance to the workers on the required air gap insulation, 4.3 Air as insulation 4.3.1 General The insulating characteristics of air are defined in terms of its dielectric strength and its capability to withstand electric stresses. The dielectric strength of air is expressed in the unit of kilovolisimeter oF an equivalent unit. The dielectric strength of the air gap should be greater than the electric stress to which itis exposed. The dielectric strength of air i influenced by the following: a) Temperature b) Barometric pressure ©) Altitude (height of the worksite above sea level) © Since te sondition ofthe condor nsltion i ot known, conductors shold Be considers as live a hei operating vie. 21 Copyright © 2022 IEEE, Al ights reserved,IEEE sig 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines 6) Relative humidie ©) Airborne impurities inthe air gap 9 iensions, shape of electrodes, and configuration of the spacing, 18) Time-dependent characteristics ofthe applied voltage 4.3.2 Insulating materials and tools used in live work Insulating materials ate generally defined in terms of their dielectric strength. The dielectric strength of the insulating material or tool should be greater than the electrical stress to which itis exposed. When two or ‘more insulating materials are used in series within the air gap, the dielectric strength of each should be greater than the electrical stress to which each is exposed. See 4.10.5.1 ‘The primary factors that affect the electrical performance of insulating materials are the following: 8) Temperature 'b) Barometric pressure ©) _Alitude (height of the worksite above sea level) @) Relative humidity 6) Airborne impurities Dimensions, shape of cleetrodes, and the configuration ofthe spacing 2) Time-dependent characteristics ofthe applied voltage Hh) Surface contamination i) Impurities Aging 4.3.3 Insulating tools used in live work in air gap insulation When insulating deviees (e.g., live work tools, insulating aerial lift devices, insulating ladders, rope) are used in the air gap, they are generally defined in terms of their dielectric strength The dielectric strength or rating of this equipment should be greater than the operating voltage to which itis being applied. When two or more insulating devices are used in series within the air gap, the rating of each should be greater than the voltage to which itis being applied, ‘The desirable property of the insulating devices is their ability to reduce the flow of current through them to 1 very low value, Dielectric strength is defined as the potential gradient at which electric failure or breakdown occurs, Factors that affect the electrical performance of insulating materials include the following: a) Temperature b) Barometric pressure ©) Altitude (height of the worksite above sea level) d) Relative humidity ©) Airborne impurities 1) Dimensions, shape of electrodes, and configuration of the spacing 18) Time-dependent characteristics of the applied voltage hh) Surface contamination i) Impurities i) Aging 2 Copyright © 2022 IEEE. Al ights reserved,IEEE sig 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines 4.4 Factors that affect the air insulation 4.4.4 Atmospheric conditions The laboratory test data used to develop the formulas and tables in the guide were obtained under atmospheric conditions that are defined as temperatures above freezing, wind speed under 24 km/h (15 mph), unsaturated air, normal barometric pressure [76 cm (29.92 in) of mercury] at sea level, and uncontaminated air, with clean and dry insulators, 4.4.2 Contamination ‘The equipment used for gloving, cover-up materials, and insulating sections of aerial devices and tools shall be Kept free from contamination. Live work may be performed on dry contaminated insulators, Work ‘on wet contaminated insulator should be avoided. 4.4.3 Adverse weather conditions Live work should not be performed when the following adverse conditions exist a) Lightning activity in the worksite area b) Relative humidity at or near 100% ©) Relative humidity at or above 85% for high-voltage de work above 72.5 kV ) Rain or snow 4.5 Air gap distances 4.5.4 General ‘This subclause describes the two methods for determining the MAID, MTID, MAD, MAD for Tools, and MHAD for use in work involving energized lines and equipment. 4) Caleulation of distances using the formulas in 4.6 and 4.7 is recommended. b) Distance tables calculated from the formulas in 4.6 and 4.7 have been provided in Annex D. NOTE—The MAID, MTID, and MAD should not be confused with other electrical distances, such a insulator ereepage distance and National Flectical Safety Code® (NESC") (Accredited Standards Committee C2-2007) [B1] conductor spacing et. This guide does not address live work on lines and equipment with an ac and de Tine-to-tine or lines .ground or pole-to-ground voltage below 50 V. ‘This guide recommends that contact be avoided for live work on lines with an ac and de line-to-line or line- ‘o-ground or pole-to-ground voltage between 51 V and 300 V. 23 Copyright © 2022 IEEE. Al ights reserved,IEEE sig 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines ‘CAUTION Additional precautions may be required when working on lines and conductors used on distribution network, transportation system eatenary, and long low-capacity rural distribution citcuits due to fault clearing. In some of these eases, the primary current souree may not be automatically opened or interrupted if the fault is beyond the reach of the protection, Additional precautions may also be required on de and low-frequency circuits since a considerably larger switch gap is required to break the are when opening a circuit This guide recommends the following rounding-up of the distance and switching surge air saturation factor calculation: tem ‘Number of decimal places stance in meters 2 stance in fet 2 Distance in centimeters 2 Switching surge air saturation factor, @ 7 To round up, add | to the last decimal place to be retained ifthe next decimal place is not zero. Example: 2.2224 rounded up to 3 decimal places is 2.223 4.5.2 Minimum air insulation distance (MAID) 4.5.2.4 General ‘The MAID for line-to-ground work is the minimum air gap distance required to prevent a sparkover atthe worksite hetween the energized parts and a conducting object at ground potential during live work. Th distance is normally measured in meters or feet along a straight line between the conductor or energized ‘metal hardware and the nearest item at ground potential, The nearest item at ground potential may be the worker or part of the supporting structure. The MAID for line-o-line work is the minimum air gap distance required to prevent a sparkover at the worksite between the energized parts of two different phases during live work. This distance is normally ‘measured in meters or feet along a straight line between the conductors or energized metal hardware. 4.5.2.2 Determining MAID for line-to-ground and pole voltages between 300 V and 72.5 kV 1e-to-line work for ac and de pole-to- The MAID is the required undisturbed air insulation distance required to prevent a sparkover at the worksite during a system event chat results in the maximum anticipated TOV (and 7). The formulas for distances for line-to-Tine voltages below 72.5 KV are based on the 60 Hz rod-to-rod gap test data from IEEE Std 4-195, See 4.6.2, 4.7.1.1, 4.7.1.2, 4.7.4.2, and 4.7.5 for further details For de lines, see also 4.7.4.6. 24 Copyright © 2022 IEEE. Al ights reserved,IEEE sig 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines 4.5.2.3 Determining MAID for line-to-ground work for ac line-to-line voltages above 72.5 kV The formulas for line-to-ground MAID values for line-to-Line voltages above 72.5 kV are based on the rod gap test data from IEEE paper “Recommendations for safety in live-line maintenance” [B42]. See 4.6.3.1 and 4.7.1.3 for further details. 4.8.2.4 Determi 1e-to-line work for ac line-to- ine voltages above 72.5 kV 19 MAID for li ‘The formulas for line-to-Hine MAID values for line-to-line voltages above 72.5 kV are based on test data (for the live-to-line gap) published the 1993 paper by Vaisman et al. [B60]. The paper presents and compares such published test data from five laboratories found in the literature. These test data are fitted with a modified Gallet equation used to determine line-to-line MAID (see Gallet et al. [B27] and [B26). See 4.6.3.2 and 4.7.1.4 for further details 4.5.2.5 Reducing MAID When using cover-up material, rubber insulating gloves and sleeves, or insulating barriers that are properly rated and tested for the operating voltage on which the work is being done, the distance from the worker to the task location may be reduced. However, the air distance to exposed energized parts should be maintained in the area where these are applied or used. See 4.5.4.3 for further detail, Insulated conductors supported by a conductive material at ground potential and insulated conductors supported by insulating material from conductive material at ground potential should be considered as live at their line-to-ground voltage since the condition of conduetor insulation is not known, Insulated conductors with a continuous concentric metal shield that is maintained at ground potential should be considered as being at ground potential 453 jum tool insulat n distance (MTID) 4.5.3.1 General ‘The MTID for line-to-ground work is the required undisturbed air insulation distance that is needed to prevent a tool flashover at the worksite during a system event that results in the maximum anticipated TOV (and 1). 4.5.3.2 Determining MTID for line-to-ground and line-to-line work for ac and de pole-to-pole voltages between 300 V and 72.5 kV ‘The MTID for ac and de line-to-line voltages at and below 72.5 kV has not been determined. Industry uses MAID since MTID is not available at and below 72.5 kV. See 4.5.2.2. 4.5.3.3 Determining MTID for ac and dc line-to-ground work with line-to-line voltages above 725 KV When any foreign object, such as tools or other devices used to perform work on the line, is placed in the air gap, the MTID is used. This guidance includes floating objects, insulating maintenance tools, and aerial devices that are tested and rated for the line-to-ground or line-to-line voltage applied across them. This distance is normally measured in meters or feet along. straight line between the conductor and nearest item at ground potential. Small 28 Copyright © 2022 IEEE. Al ights reserved,IEEE sig 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines conducting items [e.z., tool splices (used to join tool sections together), clamps, cradle brackets] placed on or Within the insulating medium do not affect this distance. ‘The MTID is calculated using a and 4.7.2 for further details. milar formula as the MAID with the addition of the C’ factor. See 4.6.3.1 4.8.3.4 Determining MTID for ac line-to- je-to-line voltages above 72.5 kV ine and de pole-to-pole work with I ‘The definition of MTID applies only to line-to-ground application. It is rare that a worker would be at the potential of one phase while working on another phase, If a nonconduetive object, such as an insulating ‘ool, is placed in the air gap joining two ae phases or de poles, an engineering study should be performed. Additional testing is required to develop ac line-to-line and de pole-to-pole MTID. Line-to-line live working methods are normally based on when the worker is only at the potential of the phase on which live work is being conducted. In other words, the worker is not at the potential of one phase \While working on the other phase, For this reason, the application of insulating tools between phases is very limited. Ifa nonconductive object, such as insulating tool, is placed in the air gap between two phases, the application of Cz factor (which is used in line-to-ground MTID) is questionable because there are no test data to support this. Until such test data are available, the line-to-line MTID is not provided in this guide. However, page 520 of the 2005 EPRI Red Book [B13] states “tests performed with a nonceramic insulator string between two conductors at midspan of the test line have shown thatthe flashover pattern, also, is not appreciably altered by the presence of the string and its associated hardware.” Additional tests are planned in the future. 4.5.4 Minimum approach distance (MAD) 4.5.4.1 General To provide additional protection for workers during energized-line maintenance or while working in the vicinity of other energized lines, MAD has been developed. This distance allows for any inadvertent ‘movement that may occur during live work, 4.8.4.2 Determining MAD for ac and de line-to-line voltages at and above 301 V The MAD is determined from the MAID, plus a factor for inadvertent movement (IM). The M factor is not adjusted for altitude, See 4.6.2 and 4.6.3 for further details. See also 4.5.2.2, 4.5.4.3 Reducing MAD ‘The use of barriers that physically limit the worker's inadvertent movement can be used to calculate reduced MAD between the worker and the energized or grounded parts. These reduced distances can be used on any voltage lines or equipment provided proper MAID is observed. Barriers are not relied on for electrical insulation, but act only as physical barriers. When working on voltages below 36 kV using cover-up material, rubber insulating gloves and sleeves, or insulating barriers that are properly rated and tested for the operating voltage on which the work is being done, the distance from the worker to the task location may be reduced. When the worker is using the rubber gloving method, the distance to the exposed energized conductor may be reduced by eliminating or reducing the inadvertent movement factor distance when the worker's movement is restricted, Insulating cover-up is designed only for inadvertent contact. It may be necessary to use insulating aerial devices oF insulating platforns to limit the leakage current below the worker's threshold of perception (see Kolcio 26 Copyright © 2022 IEEE. Al ights reserved,IEEE sig 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines [BS0). Insulating aerial devices act as the principal insulation should the rubber gloves fail or should the worker accidentally contact the conductor. 4.5.5 Minimum approach distance for tools (MAD for Tools) 4.5.5.4 General To provide additional protection for workers during energized-line maintenanee or while working in the vicinity of other energized lines when any foreign object, such as tools or other devices used to perform work on the Line, is placed in the air gap, the MAD for Tools is used. See 4.6.2 and 4.6.3 for further details. 4.5.5.2 Determining MAD for Tools for ac and de line-to-l ine voltages at and below 72.5 kV ‘The MAD for Tools is determined from the MTID, plus a factor for inadvertent movement (M). However, the MTID for ac and de line-to-line voltages at and below 72.5 kV has not been determined. Industry practices normally use an MTID that isthe same as or greater than the MAID. See 4.5.2.2. ‘The M factor is not adjusted for altitude. 4.5.5.3 Determining line-to-ground MAD for Tools for ac and de line-to-line voltages above 72.5 kV ‘The MAD for Tools is determined from the MTID, plus a factor for inadvertent movement (M). The M factor is not adjusted for altitude 4.5.5.4 Determining line-to-line MAD for Tools for ac and de line-to-line voltages above 72.5 kV Addition testing is required to develop a MAD for Tools for line-to-line voltages above 72.5 kV. Ifa line to-line MAD for Tools is required, the same factor as used in the line-to-ground distance may be used Industry practices normally use a MAD for Tools that is the same as or greater than the MAD. 4.5.6 Minimum helicopter approach distance (MHAD) 4.5.6.4 General To provide additional protection for workers during energized-line maintenance from helicopters, the MHAD has been developed. This distance covers possible corona on the helicopter, rotor wash, and movernent due to wind, 4.5.6.2 Determining MHAD for ac line-to-line voltages above 72.5 kV The MHAD is derived from the MAD, plus an industry suggested value of 10% MAD. Data for this subclause was obtained from EPRI report “Full-Scale AC and Switching Impulse Tests of Helicopter- Based Live Work: 230 kV Vertical Phase Configuration with Jumper Loop” B16]. See 4.6.2 and 4.6.3 for further details, 27 Copyright © 2022 IEEE. Al ights reserved,IEEE sig 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines 4.6 Distance equations 4.6.1 General When a distance equation is used, the distances that result are in the same units as the reference data source. In the United States, most of the line workers use the “English” or feet measurement in their work, and in other counties, the metric measurements are used. For this reason, tables have been developed in both measurement systems. Table 1 lists the distance conversion factors used in this guide, Table 1—Distance conversion factors From To convert to Centimeters Feet Meters Multiply by Feet 0.0328 Lo 3281 Meters 01 03088 10 The distances obtained from the equations in 4.6 should be rounded up. 4.6.2 Work on ac and dc line conductors and equipment for line-to-ground and voltages from 50 V to 72.5 kV 4 2.4 General These distances apply to conductors and equipment supported by insulators where air is the primary insulating medium. They do not apply to insulated cables where it has been determined that insulation is good. The following terms are used in the Formulas in this subclause: D is distance, in meters TOVycy is the maximum anticipated peak transient overvoltage (see 4.6.2.5) for a given voltage, in kilovolts (see 4.7.1) Tos is the maximum anticipated peak transient overvoltage expressed as per-unit of TOV on the lime (see 4.7.4) Vi isthe line-to-ground rms voltage, in kilovolts (see 4.7.5) Vi. isthe line-to-line rms voltage, in kilovolts (see 4.7.5) M is the inadvertent mavement factor (see 4.7.7) ‘The equations in 4.6.2.3 through 4.6.2.7 were developed from the 60 Hz sparkover distance for rod-to-rod configuration for a given voltage in kilovolts. See 4.7.1 for further detail. 4.6.2.2 Work on ac and de line conductors and equipment for line-to-ground and lit line voltages between 50 V and 300 V to- When the line-to-ground and line-to-line voltage is between 50 V and 300 V, this guide recommends that contact be avoided. 28 Copyright © 2022 IEEE, Al ights reserved,IEEE sig 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines 4.6.2.3 Work on ac and dc line conductors and equipment for line-to-ground and line-to- line voltages between 301 V and 750 V When the line-to-ground and line-to-line voltage is between 301 V and 750 V, sufficient test data are not available to calculate the MAID, which is less than 2 cm (0.07 fi). This guide recommends the following a) Duin, line-to-ground and line-to-line [Prrova)y =002 {Dunne}, = 0.02 b) Dos line-to-ground and line-t-tine [Pusoe}g =03% {Dyuous}, =032 4.6.2.4 Work on ac and dc line conductors and equipment for line-to-ground and line voltages between 751 V and 5.0 kV tox When the line-to-ground and line-to-line voltage is between 751 V and 5.0 KV, sufficient test data are not available to calculate the MAID, which is less than 2 em (0.07 ft), This guide recommends the following: a) Dyaio4-c line-to-ground and line-to-line {Praca}, =002% {Prwocr), Tine-to-ground and line-to-tine 8 [Pxvose}y =063 {Parone}, 4.6.2.5 Work on ac and de line conductors and equipment for line-to-l above 5.0 kV to 72.5 kV 1@ voltages from To find which equation to use when the line-to-line voltage is above $.0 KV to 72.5 KV, first determine the peak transient overvoltage, TOV 2) Forline-to-ground work (TOV ohuy =92* {Toa hya *Ficam bey a 1b) Fortine-tosine work (70H ay =V2xToodaa {Posmay ° I the TOV a isles than 27.00 kV, use 4.6.26. Ifthe TOVyax is equal to or greater than 27.00 kV, use 4.6.2.7. For de line conductors, see 4.7.4.6, 4.7.5.6, and 4.7.5.7, 29 Copyright © 2022 IEEE. Al ights reserved,IEEE sig 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines 4.6.2.6 TOVpecs less than 27.00 kV When the TOVpas is less than 27.00 KV, sufficient test data are not available to calculate the MAID. (Doin), whichis less than 2 em (0.07 Ni). This guide recommends the following: a) Down, line-to-ground and line-to-line 0.02; {, [Purora} e-to-ground and line-to-tine 0.63; {Duo}, = 0.63 4.6.2.7 TOVpecs from 27.00 KV to 72.5 kV When the TOV is equal to or greater than 27.00 KV, this guide recommends the following: @) Dix, line-to-ground {ror,,.},, -36.7 367 Laas nr rs % by) Danan lime-to-ground (Prsouc} = {Pasors} + {4} ® ©) Duin, lime-to-line TOV,.},, 36.7 {10V..},.~367 |, art (5) “ -to-line {Prwore} = (Daorr PAM} © 4.6.3 Work on ac and de line conductors and equipment for line-to-line voltages above 72.5 kV 4.6.3.1 Line-to-ground work ‘The line-to-ground distance formulas for line-to-line voltages above 72.5 kV used in this guide are developed from basic formulas for live tool withstand from Figure 2 (used in previous editions of the guide). See 4.7.1.3 for further details Daal, =(0+4)%{T.,},, Koa ha o 30 Copyright © 2022 IEEE. Al ights reserved,IEEE Sis 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines where D feet ou ich is composed of | C1, which is equal to 0.01 fVkV rms which increases Cy by 10% to account for a too! inthe air gap, a is switching surge air saturation factor T is per-unit switching surge Vio isthe line-to-ground voltage in kilovolts rms; From Equation (7), the following equations have been developed: {Prrwuvea }, =0.3048%(C, +a)<{T oh. Maha 4 (8) {Praroh, (G+ 4)* ob Moab x4 o [Prsoah, = 0.3088 x(CxC, +a) tT} Mah XA (0) Prava}y (CXC +4)* Tash. Mecha ay {Pyaorah,, = 03048%(C, +a) %{T.. EPs hy A, 2) {Droahy (6 +4)* Moab Woke A+ UO, «3 = 0.3088 (CxO, +4) {Tg} ig jy AM (4) (Prsonemichy =(G+)% Toa bye * Baby AM by ais, {Panwovehy =[03088%(C, +4) (Tha Moa has At EMP, et 6) Pruovehs UG +a Tah, Mocks AMY, De a where D isthe distanoe (Dao, Dyno. Duo, Duaoeetsi Dasani fet, singe Ci in feeilovols C, is 0.01 fVKV rms (60 Hz rod gap withstand) (100 kV rms/ft) @ is the switching surge air saturation factor, an adjustment ratio to compensate for ar saturation expressed as a ratio of distance to kilovolts, 31 Copyright © 2022 IEEE. Al ights reserved,IEEE sig 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines C, is used to adjust Dust for the presence of tools. Dyin is inereased based on an additional 6% for the effect of the insulating tools in the air gap plus additional 4% for intangibles. The 6% factor may range from an additional 2% to 20% depending upon the structure and electrode configuration and the surface condition of the tool. Used for Dyin calculations with the Tine-to- line voltage above 72.5 kV (see 4.7.2) V isthe maximum operating voltage across the air gap, which may be Vicor Vix Vio isthe line-to-ground rms voltage, in kilovolts (see 4.7.5) T isthe maximum anticipated transient overvoltage expressed as p.u. of TOV (see 4.7.4) 4 isthe altitude correction factor (sce 4.7.6) isthe helicopter factor for calculations in this guide (H/= 1.1) (see 4.7.8) ‘M__ isthe inadvertent movement factor (see 4.7.7) CAUTION Ifthe TOV [V,«, * T]is greater than 449 KV rms, determine the air saturation factor, a, first to use in these equations (see 4.7.3.2). 4.6.3.2 Line-to-line work ‘The MAID for line-to-line voltages above 72.5 kV is based on test data (for the conductor-to-conductor gap) published the 1993 paper by Vaisman ct al. [B60]. This paper presents and compares published test data from five laboratories. These test data are fitted with a modified Gallet equation used to determine line-to-line MAID (Duns.t) (see Gallet etal. [B27] and [B26]). The methodology used to develop these formulas can be found in 4.7.1.4 a) Determining Dysins.t. for line-to-line voltages equal to and less than 242 kV 8 (Pvout}. =| as (is) (135+ {7}, +045)«{7,,},, b) Determining Drv for line-to-ine voltages greater than 242 kV {0 —__s§ (is oe ws - (1.35% (7,,},, +045) {%,,},, ©) Determining Prams. for line-to-line voltages equal to and less than 242 kV {0 fc ty 20) ou aS 5 (135%{7,,},. +045) 4K}, 7 32 Copyright © 2022 IEEE. Al ights reserved,IEEE sig 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines 4) Determining Dyisns.t. for line-to-line voltages greater than 242 kV 8 875 ~ (135{To}. F045 PAK, {2, sae {an} en 1 ©) Determining Dyan... for line-to-line voltages equal to and Tess than 242 KV ) : ah am (1357.03, +045), 1, sas (arp, fia (22) “1 1) Determining Dynan... for line-to-line voltages greater than 242 kV 8 { x ae{aty, fe 23) (Panose) = - pst, ba @) (135+ 7,3, +045)«(H,.),, where isthe distance (Danio, Dun, Daitan) Via. isthe lineso-tine rms voltage, in kilovols (see 4.7.5) T is the maximum anticipated per-unit TOV, which can occur across the air gap (sec 4.7.4) 4 isthe altitude correction factor (see 4.7.6) H__ isthe helicopter factor for calculations in this guide (H = 1.1) (see 4.7.8 ) ‘M__isthe inadvertent movement factor (see 4.7.7) 4.7 Factors used to determine MAID, MTID, MAD, MAD for Tools, and MHAD 4.7.4 MAID factors 4.7.4.1 60 Hz MAID for ac and de line-to-line voltages from 301 V to 5.0 kV For ac and de line-to-line and line-to-ground work between 301 V and 5.0 KV, sufficient test data are n available to calculate the MAID, which is less than 2 em (0,07 fi). For this voltage range, itis assumed that MAID is 0.02 m (0.07 ff) and that an AY distance of 0.61 m (2.0 ft) is added to the MAID to obtain MAD. 4.7.1.2 60 Hz MAID for ac and dc line-to-line voltages from above 5.0 kV to 72.5 kV For line-to-line voltages from above 5.0 kV to 72.5 kV, the distance (gap spacing, in centimeters) used to caleulate the MAID is for line-to-line voltages based on the 60 Hz rod-to-rod sparkover voltage found in Table 11 of IEEE Std 4-195, 33 Copyright © 2022 IEEE. Al ights reserved,IEEE sig 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines ‘The determinations of the MAID for line-to-line voltages from above 5.0 kV to 72.5 kV in this guide are based on the following: a) ») ° ” 2) 2 Subclause 4.5.22 of this guide gives the basis for determining MAID as “The MAID is the required undisturbed air insulation distance required to prevent a sparkover at the worksite during @ system event that results inthe maximum anticipated TOV.” ‘The 60 Hz rod gap sparkover data feom IEEE Std 4-1995 is used in place of the maximum TOV, which i used for determining MAID for lines below 72.5 RV. Thore is a significant difference in electrical stress characteristics between the 60 Hz (power frequency) and the TOV surges. Maximum stresses on power lines occur during transient surges and not from power frequency. During 60 Hz voltage testing, the withstand and sparkover voltage values are very close, and there is no 30 relationship between them; therefore, the critical ashover (CFO) voltage is not used, ‘When 60 H data are used, the withstand and sparkover voltages are very eitical for live working The risk of flashover is very high because the withstand and sparkover voltages are so elose in comparison with TOV values, where the risk (3a) is about 1/1000, In one respect, the rod gap data fom IEEE Std 4-199S is useful for determining MAID because it provides a good range of sparkover values. However, a number of modifications have to be made to convert the 60 Hz sparkover data to withstand TOV (switching surge) values. An impulse test factor of 1.3 has been used in IEC 61472:2013 to convert 60 He sparkover voltage tothe CFO of a TOV. Then a margin of 30 (6 = 5%) and (1 ~ 30) = 0.85 is applied to the CFO values of the TOV to determine the withstand transient (TOV) voltage. This TOV value is then used to select the appropriate gap distance (MAID) in IEEE Std 4-1995, or as shown in Table 2. CFO TOY = 60 He r0d-to-rod sparkover voltage (1.3) Withstand TOV = [60 Hz sparkover voltage (I.3)] (0.85) ‘The impulse test factor of 1.3 for impulse and switching surge transients can be verified from test results where the 60 Hz sparkover voltage is compared to the CFO of TOV for the same gap distances representing rod-to-rod or other gap configurations (see CIGREE report “Phase-to-Phase Insulation Coordination” [B4] and Esmeraldo and Fonseca (B19). It was found that the average ‘CFO value of the positive andthe negative TOV is about 1.3 times higher than the 60 Hz sparkover voltages. Other tests conducted with live-line protective equipment (e., line guards, insulating loves, line hoses) showed the same 1.3 ratio. In Table 2, the impulse (TOV) rod-to-rod withstand in kilovolt peak (column 1) is caleulated from the 60 Hz rod-to-rod sparkover voltage shown in column 2, using an impulse test factor of 1.3 0 convert 60 Hz sparkover to the CFO) of TOV. A margin of 3¢ («= 5%) as (I ~ 30) = 0:85 is then applied to the CFO values of the TOV to determine the impulse (TOV) withstand voltage in kilovolt peak or TOV peak, as shown in column 1, The values in column 1 versus column 3 are plotted and shown in the graph of Figure 1 34 Copyright © 2022 IEEE. Al ights reserved,IEEE sig 516-2021 IEEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines Table 2—Distance for rod-to-rod gap 1 z 3 Impulse (TOV) 60 He rodso-rod ‘Gap spacing from rodt-o-rod withstand sparkover IEEE Std 41995 (eV peak) (KY peak) (cm 276 25 2 28 36 3 508 a6 4 586 s 5 63 oo 6 Ta 70 8 w73 79 10 %5 6 2 10s 95 4 49 108 16 138 112 8 1526 120 20 158 18 25 iss 167 30 2122 we 35 2409 218 20 2685 285 6 298.8 270 50 3558 Ey © 400 250 200 250 3 200 2 10 +00 0 ° ° 0 0 0 “0 0 0 ‘Gap spacing (em) Figure 1—Impulse (TOV) withstand kilovolt peak versus rod-to-rod gap distance, in centimeters (data taken from Table 2) 38 Copyright © 2022 IEEE. Al ights reserved,IEEE sig 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines 19 MAID for line-to-ground work on ac and dc line-to-line voltages above In 1962, Blek and Simpson [B12] published a paper that summarized the results of various testing and data from established practices regarding the required MAD values for safety in performing live maintenance, ‘The paper developed a formula for a MAD for line workers that was equal to the spacing of the “phase-to- tower” gap times a safety factor of 1.25, plus an inadvertent movement factor of 36 in In 1968, “Recommendations for safety in live-line maintenance” [B42] was published. This IEEE paper summarized the results of various testing and data from 13 worldwide high-voltage laboratories that resulted in Figure 2 and established MAD values for safety in performing live maintenance. These distanees did not include an inadvertent movement factor. This testing also provided data to develop a saturation curve to permit including this effet at voltages over 635 kV. This plot is shown in Figure 2. With these data, the IEEE committee developed equations that relate withstand distance to system peak voltage. The committee also suggested maximum TOV multiplies for various system voltage ranges. In 1973, “Live-tine maintenance methods” [B38] was published. This IEEE paper updated the data from the previous paper and expanded information on live-line work methods. As a resull of this work, a new graphic plot, Figure 2, was published. This equation was previously developed to generate a series of MAID tables, one for clear insulating tool length and one for worker approach distance without any factor for inadvertent movernent, The clear insulating tool length later became the MAD for Tools in the air gap. ‘This led to the introduction of the portable protective air gap (PPAG) concept. ‘The earlier editions of this guide used the 1973 paper as the basis for the formula and tables, In 2003, the Live Line Guide Working Group further investigated formulas used to calculate the tables. The original sources of the data (the original test records) from the 13 sources are no longer available. ‘The working group decided to use the 1968 IEEE paper “Recommendations for safety in live-line maintenance” [B42] as its base, 36 Copyright © 2022 IEEE. Al ights reserved,1600 1400 1200 1000 KILOVOLTS CREST 400 Souree: IEEE pape IEEE sig 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines S ‘= 007 006 L. LIVE LINE TOOL WITHSTAND D= (001140) (8) KVie saturation factor ‘Spor unt ewtching surge 1 crest = KV, RMS ( 12) (8) EGU, TOSHIBA, CRIEPI, SEKL, MEW. ‘Switching Surge Data from Ohio Brass, Westinghouse, General Electric, ITE, Bonneville, AEG, CEf RL, CESI, 4 8 12 (0) DISTANCE IN FEET 16 20 ‘Recommendations for safety in live-ine maintenance" (1968) [B42]. Figure 2—Typical withstand voltages for switching surges 37 Copyright © 2022 IEEE. Al ights reserved,IEEE sig 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines Figure 2 data are plotted in line-to-ground peak kilovolts on the vertical axis and distance in feet on the horizontal axis. On the plot, four plot lines were drawn, using the 60 Hz rod gap withstand-in-air baseline, {o show the range of data from the 13 sources. From 0 t0 635 kVjei, the 60 Hz rod gap withstand-in-ait baseline was used. Above 635 kVpaa, the plot splits up into three lines: the “60 Hz-rod gap withstand ait” (let curve), “High range ofthe 13 sources,” (sccond from the ef), and “Low range ofthe 13 sources (third from the lef). The fourth line, “Live line tool withstand,” is the right curve or fourth from the lf The center curves (“Low range of the 13 sources” and “High range of the 13 sources”) form an envelope that contains all ofthe data points from the 13 sources. The ight curve, i. “Live line tool withstand,” was, plotted atthe distance values using the C> factor (I) applied to the MAID curve. ‘The Care obtained from the “High range of the 13 sources” curve, which is also called the “MAID curve. ‘The a factor values are obtained from the "Live line ool withstand” curve, also called the *MTID curve.” ‘The “Typical withstand voltages for switch ‘methods” [B38] also contained the formula wg surges” drawing from IEEE paper “Live-line maintenance D= (0.011 +4)*(S) Mie where (0.011 +a) isthe local slope of the MTID curve where ‘@ isthe air saturation factor 0.011 is CiC:, which is composed of 0.01 is Ci, which is equal to 0.01 URV rms LI is Cy, which increases C; by 10% to account for tool in the air gap (now called 7) is the per-unit switching surge Wis is line-to-ground voltage in kilovolts rms fom this formula, the general distance formula D = (C\C: + a) * Vi.a * T was developed, which is the base for the line-to-ground calculations above 72.5 kV in this edition ofthis guide. For line-to-ground work, the C; factor is determined from the slope of the 60 Hz rod gap withstand-in-air baseline, which is 100 kV mms/ft or 141.4 kVsca/ft. The slope of the “Live line tool withstand” line below 635 KV is 134.9 kVpan/ft since it contains the C> factor. For calculations, this guide uses C= 0.01, which results in distance in fet. When the Vicims > 449 KV, the a factor must be used 4.7.1.4 Determi ing MAID for line-to-line work on ac line-to-line voltages above 72.5 kV ‘The determination of line-to-line MAID should be based on switching impulse line-to-line gap test data, Jjust as the line-to-ground MAID is based on the switching impulse line-to-ground gap test data. Several experimental investigations have already been done on Tine-to-line gaps. These investigations reveal that line-to-Tine air insulation strength is much more complex than that of line-to-ground air insulation strength, In other words, it isa different physical phenomenon. In particular, as in line-to-ground gaps, the line-to- line insulation characteristics not only depend on the gap spacing (Dear), but can also be influenced by the conductor height (#) above ground (see Rizk [B56]). However, this dependence is more complicated because the evervoltage on one conductor is positive with respect to ground while at the same time the overvoltage on the other conductor swings negative with respect to ground. 38 Copyright © 2022 IEEE. Al ights reserved,IEEE sig 516-2021 EEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines AA fundamental parameter in determining the line-to-line insulation strength isthe proportion, , of negative switching impulse voltage in the total line-to-line impulse voltage. vy, Fa + Voy where Vise is the actual value of the negative voltage at the instant of the erest of the positive impulse (n.) (ee Gallet and Leroy (B25)). The most interesting range of this parameter is 0.33

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