2016 3rd International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries (REDEC)

Comparison of Different Types of Generator for Wind

Energy Conversion System Topologies.
Anissia Beainy 1,2, Chantal Maatouk 2, Nazih Moubayed 1, Fouad Kaddah 2
1
CRSI, Faculty of Engineering, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
2
CINET, ESIB, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
[email protected], [email protected]
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract-- This paper outlines the advantages and the reviewed in this paper and the most-suitable ones in terms of the
disadvantages of the most commonly generator used in Wind weight, size, and reliability will be referred to.
Energy Conversion Systems (WECS). The state of art on wind
turbine technology is established by comparison of each type. The paper is divided in to the following Sections. Section II
Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIG), Squirrel Cage shows the general configuration and different topologies of a
Induction generators (SCIG) are the two types of induction
generators commonly used for geared operation in WECS in wind turbine and its conversion equations. In Section III the
variable speeds and fixed speeds, while the Permanent Magnet three different types of generators commonly in use for WT
Synchronous generators (PMSG) can operate gearless. Due to systems will be listed and they are; Doubly Fed Induction
higher demand of power from wind energy, off shore installations Generators (DFIG), Squirrel Cage Induction generators (SCIG)
are becoming more popular and new wind turbine designs are and Permanent Magnet Synchronous generators (PMSG).
being expected in the near future, with the development of the Section IV will highlight the performance and market trend of
improved generators and converter designs.
each and Section V concludes the most appropriate choice of
Keywords –Wind Turbine, DFIG, SCIG, PMSG, Gearbox, generator to be used according to the demand.
Direct- Drive, Variable Speed, HAWT.
II. WIND TURBINE CONFIGURATION AND TOPOLOGIES.
I. INTRODUCTION In the history of WT, there were two types of WTs in use; the
Worldwide, Governments have been focusing their attention fixed speed and the variable speed WT. Until the end of the 90’s
in achieving their set targets for power production based on the fixed speed WT was more in use but developed many
renewable energies. The latest annual wind reports from the end shortcomings. They were less that 1kw and were mainly of
of 2011 have stated that the installed wind power worldwide SCIG type. Nowadays, a newer technology is in use which is
(239GW) is enough to supply 3% of the world’s demand in called the variable speed WT. This type is known to achieve
electric power [1]. In many countries around the world, wind maximum aerodynamic efficiency over a wide range of wind
speeds as those of the wind [11]. Typically, large scale WTs are
energy has been ranking high in the total annual energy
of horizontal axis configuration (HAWT), or three rotor blades,
production. Naming some countries: Denmark (22%), Spain
with the mechanical parts and the generator mounted in a
(15.4%), Portugal (21%), Ireland (10.1%), and Germany (6%)
nacelle. This nacelle is positioned high up on a mast or tower.
[2]. The blades of some large scale WTs can reach up to 140 m in
Wind energy has long attracted lots of attention as a clean diameter with a rotational speed between 5 and 25 rpm [12]. WT
source of power. Wind power is extracted by Wind turbines with Variable-speed operation and pitch control systems seem
(WTs). Most WT today are onshore or land-based. WTs have to be the current standard nowadays [13].The different geared
increased in size along the years, starting from a few KW to the and direct wind turbine topologies with their rotor and stator
multi MW systems found installed nowadays [3,4]. New and type are shown in Fig. 2.
different combinations and configurations of generators and
convertors help achieve high and stable output power. A major As seen in FIG 1 above, WTs are systems that have the ability
modification in WTs technologies is the introduction of pitch- to transform the kinetic energy of the wind into electricity. This
able blades which to enable the control of the wind power input process passes by many stages and is characterized by the
to the generator system [5,6]. In the near future, a lot of WT will following equations [8]:
be moving toward off shore installation where the winds are
stronger and thus the need of WTs of higher rating = ( , ). (1)
1 2 3
= . . . . (2)
2
WT are usually installed together as wind farms in remote
areas where power supply from grid is scarce and the wind farm Where and represent the wind power and the
is usually connected to a storage system. Wind farms can also mechanical power of the wind respectively, is the
be directly connected to grid for provision of extra power. [7]. performance coefficient of the turbine, R designates the rotor
State-of-the-art wind conversion systems that have been radius, V represents the wind speed and is the air density.
developed and which are currently installed worldwide are still
mainly geared wind turbines. The direct drive type will also be

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 2016 3rd International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries (REDEC)

III. GENERATORS TYPES

Below is introduced the configurations of three general types

of wind turbines that fall under the induction generator and the
synchronous generator categories and their mathematical
models will be presented. Power quality, reliability and
performance will be technically compared in the end.

a) Induction Generator Modeling:

The Rotor and Stator voltage equations are given as:
dΨ
v = R i sω Ψ (5)
dΨ
v = R i sω Ψ (6)
dΨ
v = R i sω Ψ (7)
dΨ
v = R i sω Ψ (8)
Fig. 1: Wind conversion system layout.

The performance coefficient factor CP(λ,β) is in function of λ The flux linkage and the electromagnetic torque
which is the tip speed ratio (TSR) and β which represents the equations are represented below respectively:
pitch angle of the blade in degrees. Cp is at its maximum value
when β=0 and λ=8.1 The mechanical torque can be Ψ = L i i (10)
determined in the following relations, where is the torque Ψ = L i i (11)
coefficient [9,10]: Ψ = L i i (12)
Ψ = L i i (13)
Ψ i Ψ i (14)
= (3)
Where, v , i and Ψ represent the rotor voltage,
= . . . . . (4) current and flux respectively; , v , i and Ψ are stator
voltage, current and flux respectively.
ω represents the angular velocity; d and q are the
direct and quadrature axis components respectively, L
represents the mutual inductance; and are the
stator and rotor leakage inductance.

Fig. 2: Wind Turbine Topologies

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 2016 3rd International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries (REDEC)

b) Synchronous Generator Mathematical Model.

The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator is expressed
by the following equations:
di
= R i L Lω i (15)
di
= R i L Lω i ω Ψ (16)

Where L and R represent the generator inductance and

resistance stator, respectively, ω is the generator rotor speed,
and Ψ is the magnet flux. The electromagnetic torque is given
by the following equation:
• .
= pΨ i (17) Fig.3: Schematic of a DFIG.

d) SCIG (Squirrel cage Induction Generator).

c) DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator).
The SCIG as shown in Fig.4, operates completely minimum
DFIG is a wound- rotor induction generator. DFIG are the ranges of wind speeds through a gearbox. Variations in the rotor
most commonly used in the wind industry. In the DFIG, the speed of the SCIG are very small as the only speed variations
stator terminals are connected directly to the grid and the rotor that can occur are changes in the rotor slip. Due to this fact, the
across a partially rated convertor [14]. A gearbox is necessary to SCIG was widely considered as fixed-speed and was the basis
couple the rotor to the generator due to the difference in the rotor of design for the first Danish WT.
and generator speed ranges. These convertors are usually of
variable frequency (VFC) and back to back AC/DC/AC voltage It is very robust and little maintenance is needed only bearings
source type [15]. They are made up of two IGBT converters: lubrication. The rotor is composed of metallic bars that are very
effective in resistive vibratory motion and dirt [6, 20]. In some
rotor side converter and grid side converter with a DC-link
cases, a SCIG may and it is still used for variable-speed wind-
connection. This converter decouples the electrical grid
energy generation with a full-scale power electronic convertor
frequency and the mechanical rotor frequency, which in turn
[23-26]. To extract more power from the wind is difficult
enables variable speed operation. The rotor voltage is applied because this can cause generator overload. So to achieve an
from the power converters. The Rotor Side Convertor (RSC) optimal power extraction, pitch angle regulation is needed.
fully controls the generator like in the control of active and
reactive powers, and controlling harmonics, while the Grid Side 1) Advantages of SCIG:
Converter (GSC) controls the power factor and ensures that it is • This machine is a very popular for its
high enough [16, 17]. A schematic of a DFIG is presented in mechanical simplicity and robust construction,
Fig.3. • A SCIG requires no brushes for operation,
which are sometimes necessary for the
1) Advantages of DFIG: operation of DFIG,
• Mechanically and electrically simpler than • Metallic rotor bars are very well resistant to
other generator types. The 3 stage geared DFIG vibrations and dirt,
is the lightest and low cost solution [18],
• Completely decoupled from the grid for
• Converter Rating is only 25%-30% in DFIG as variable speed operations,
compared to 100 % of total nominal power of
• SCIG based WT have the advantage of
the generator,
avoiding short circuit power from the grid
• Rugged and brushless,
because the control system limits any fault
• Can reach to about 30% of synchronous speed,
current from the grid side convertor going into
thus has a wide range of speeds [19], the system [27].
• The converter compensates the reactive power 2) Disadvantages of SCIG:
and ensures smooth grid integration, • Two full scale converters are required for
• High efficiency and energy yield. operation,
2) Disadvantages of DFIG: • It does not have the advantage using reduced-
• For WTs based on DFIGs, gearboxes are still a size power converters as in the DFIG, for
necessity since a multiple pole DFIG with low- variable speed operation,
speed is not yet technically available [20], • It can’t function as a multi-pole direct drive
• Difficulties associated in complying with grid- mode (gearless).
fault ride-through [21,22],
• Medium reliability and reduced longevity due
to bearings and gear faults.

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 2016 3rd International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries (REDEC)

Fig.4: Schematic of a SCIG. Fig.5: Schematic of a PMSG

e) PMSG (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator).

IV. PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF THE DIFFERENT WIND
To couple the slow spinning turbine rotor blade to generators GENERATOR SYSTEMS AND MARKET TRENDS.
like the DFIG and the SCIG, high speed multiple stage In this Section, comparisons of different wind generator
gearboxes (1:100), medium-speed single-stage gearboxes (1:10) systems is performed, which includes the performance
are necessary. Direct-driven generators are system that do not comparison and the current market penetration of each type.
need the gearbox altogether and these systems are based on the
PSMG. Today’s WTs high-speed multiple stage gearboxes have Some authors have made comparisons concerning variable
proven to be less reliable than expected by manufacturers thus speed and fixed speed generator systems. Some compared the
requiring replacement at 5 to 7 years from beginning of fixed speed SCIG with the direct drive PMSG [36]. While others
operation, and that is a much earlier than their expected design compared two types of direct drive SG with the DFIG [37]. With
life of 20 years [28,29,30]. rapid development of WT technologies, it is highly probable that
future trends in the industry will be focused on the continuously
improving already existing and established technologies such as
On shore-based wind turbines have a serious issue of
PSMG, SCIG and DFIG.
decreased reliability and longevity so this becomes a critical
matter to look into for offshore installations. In this case, main
The outer diameter of the direct-drive PMSG is nearly twice
WT manufacturing companies have started manufacturing WT
of the conventional geared-drive SCIG; however, the total
with this type of generators for mainly offshore installations [31-
length is three times shorter including the length of high-speed
33]. This type is the most efficient generator with power losses
shaft. Also, the direct-drive PMSG system has its average
of about 65% of that of a typical DFIG [34]. A schematic of a
efficiency 1.6% higher than the fixed speed SCIG system at the
PMSG is presented in Fig.5.
3 MW rated power [17]. Additionally, due to the variable speed
operation, the direct-drive PMSG system can produce more
1) Advantages of PMSG:
energy 10–15% than the fixed single-speed concept.
• Lower maintenance cost due to absence of
gearbox, In comparing the direct drive PMSG with the 3 stage geared
• Improved reliability and longevity comes with DFIG and considering the part of the WTs, the total weight of
the elimination of the gears and bearings which both WT systems may have no big difference, but DFIG 3G is
are by themselves the main cause of faults in the the lightest in general and low-cost solution with standard
generators [35], components. In Table I, the Annual energy yield in function of
• Lower weight. total cost of these three generator performance parameters is
• High efficiency and energy yield presented. Table II presents the different manufacturers of these
2) Disadvantages of PMSG: types of WT and their characteristics. Now considering market
• High cost, penetration, most manufactures opt for geared-drive WT
• the outer diameter of the direct drive PMSG is concepts. The wind market is predominated by DFIG with a
multiple-stage gearbox, and the predominantly used generator
almost twice the size of that of the conventional
type is still the IG suhc as DFIG, SCIG and WRIG (Wound
geared-drive SCIG,
Rotor). Manufacturers like, Vestas, Gamesa, GE wind,
• Low maturity as it being a new technology, Repower, Nordex and Ecotecnia, manufacture multi stage
• Increased mass and weight that can reach to geared DFIG WTs. Companies like Enercon are manufacturing
critical proportions especially for WT above direct drive wind turbines such as PMSG. Fig 6 depicts the
3MW [30]. world share of different generator concepts [38], as recorded by
world manufacturers taken from their websites.

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 2016 3rd International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries (REDEC)

Table I: Annual energy yield/ total cost of three different wind As can be seen in Fig 6, types like SCIG have decreased
generator systems [34]. dramatically over the space of a decade in favor of variable
speed types like DFIG. These have had a huge increase to about
COST SCIG DFIG PMSG 50% of the installed type. The direct drive types like PMSG have
(KEURO) been steady and its market penetration has not shown any
Gearbox 220 220 - alteration.
Converter 120 40 120
Generator 287 320 432 V. CONCLUSIONS
cost
Total cost 1837 1870 1982 This paper has reviewed the state of the art technology for
with generators used in WECS. It is very clear that Variable speed
margine for operation is very still attractive due to the fact that machines with
company this technology exhibited reduced mechanical stress and
costs increased power capture. As mentioned above and as can be seen
Annual 6705 7690 7890 in Fig.6, the market share of the fixed speed concept has
energy decreased quickly, whereas the demand for variable speed wind
yield Mwh turbine has increased. The multiple-stage geared-drive DFIG
Annual 3.63 4.11 3.98 with a partial-scale IGBT based power converter is still
energy dominant in the current market. When compared with other
yield/ total variable speed WTs that need a full-scale power converter to
cost operate, the main advantage of the DFIG is that only 30% of the
generated power goes through the power converter and this
alone may have substantial cost advantages even with low cost
of future converters and power electronics. But considering that
DFIG suffer a lot from large peak currents during grid related
faults, variable speed wind turbines like SCIG with a full-scale
power converter that are completely detached from the grid may
be more effective and become a more attractive option to deal
with grid related short circuit problems.

If overall efficiency, reliability and availability are a critical

requirement, the direct-drive PMSG wind generator systems
come into play because of omitting the gearbox. They are
usually larger, but that might not cause any disadvantage for the
offshore wind energy where there is no mater of land and space
hindrance and where there is abundant wind speed.

Fig 6: World share of yearly installed power for different wind

generator systems from 1995 till 2004 [38]

Table II: List Wind turbines Characteristic [39-44]

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 2016 3rd International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries (REDEC)

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