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Acid

An acid-base titration involves adding a titrant of known concentration to an analyte of unknown concentration to determine the analyte's concentration. It involves an acid-base reaction between the titrant and analyte. An indicator is used that changes color at the endpoint of the reaction when excess titrant is present. Common indicators and their pH ranges are described. The document also discusses acid-base titration theory including the equivalence point, titration curves, and different types of titrations such as strong acid/strong base and weak acid/strong base.

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25 views

Acid

An acid-base titration involves adding a titrant of known concentration to an analyte of unknown concentration to determine the analyte's concentration. It involves an acid-base reaction between the titrant and analyte. An indicator is used that changes color at the endpoint of the reaction when excess titrant is present. Common indicators and their pH ranges are described. The document also discusses acid-base titration theory including the equivalence point, titration curves, and different types of titrations such as strong acid/strong base and weak acid/strong base.

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jediv59551
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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acid-base titration

An acid-base titration is a process of adding a substance with a known concentration


(titrant) to a substance with an unknown concentration (analyte) to determine the
concentration of that substance. It is considered specifically an acid-base titration
because an acid-base reaction is occurring between the titrant and analyte.
The analyte (titrand) is the solution with an unknown molarity. The reagent (titrant) is
the solution with a known molarity that will react with the analyte.
Indicator
An indicator is a weak acid or base that does not take place in the main acid-base
reaction. When there is an excess of the titrant, it will react with the indicator, and it will
change color. This color change indicates the endpoint of the acid-base reaction.
A useful indicator has a strong color that changes quickly near its pKa. These traits are
desirable so only a small amount of an indicator is needed. If a large amount of
indicator is used, the indicator will effect the final pH, lowering the accuracy of the
experiment. The indicator should also have a pKa value near the pH of the titration's
endpoint. For example a analyte that is a weak base would require an indicator with a
pKa less than 7. Choosing an indicator with a pKa near the endpoint's pH will also
reduce error because the color change occurs sharply during the endpoint where the pH
spikes, giving a more precise endpoint.

Many indicators will change color at certain pH ranges. When choosing an indicator,
you want to pick one that will change color at a pH close to the endpoint. Here are some
common indicators:

Name Color change (acid to base) pH range

Methyl violet Yellow ↔ Blue 0.0-1.6

Methyl orange Red ↔ Yellow 3.2-4.4

Methyl red Red ↔ Yellow 4.8-6.0

Bromothymol blue Yellow ↔ Blue 6.0-7.6

Phenolphthalein Colorless ↔ Pink 8.2-10.0

Thymolphthalein Colorless ↔ Blue 9.4-10.6


Acid-base Titration Theory
Acid-base titrations hinge on the fact that the pH of a solution changes when an
acid and base are reacted together. When a base is added, the pH increases, the
opposite is true for acids. When the pH of a solution is equal to 7, it is at
the equivalence point, which is the point where the concentration of the acid is
equal to the concentration of the base. The formula for this is:
M1V1 = M2V2
where, M1, is the molarity of solution 1, M2, is the molarity of solution 2, V1,
is the volume of solution 1, and V2, is the volume of solution 2.

Acid-base Titration Curves


A titration curve is a graph showing the progress of a titration. It compares the
pH of the analyte solution with the volume of titrant added.
A titration curve can help us figure out the volume of the titrant at the
equivalence point. The equivalence point is always at pH = 7 since the solution
will be neutral when there are equal amounts of acid and base. The shape of
the curve is dependent on the strength of the acid/base and whether the
analyte is an acid or base.
https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/
https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/
Demos_Techniques_and_Experiments/General_Lab_Techniques/Titration/
Acid-Base_Titrations

Types of titration
Direct acid/base titrations in the aqueous phase
Strong acid/strong base titrations
titration of a strong acid with a strong base. The pH remains low until just
before the equivalence point, when it rises rapidly to a high value. In many
titrations a coloured indicator is used, although electrochemical methods of
end-point detection are also used.
There are only a few direct strong acid/strong base titrations carried out in
pharmacopoeial assays. Strong acid/strong base titrations are used in
pharmacopoeial assays of: perchloric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and
thiamine hydrochloride.

Weak acid/strong base and weak base/strong


acid titrations
On addition of a small volume of the strong acid or strong base to a solution of
the weak base or weak acid, the pH rises or falls rapidly to about 1 pH unit
below or above the pKa value of the acid or base. Often a water-miscible
organic solvent such as ethanol is used to dissolve the analyte prior to the
addition of the aqueous titrant.
Weak acid/strong base titration is used in the pharmacopoeial assays of:
benzoic acid, citric acid, chlorambucil injection, mustine injection, nicotinic acid
tablets and undecanoic acid.
Indirect titrations in the aqueous phase
These can be of the strong acid/strong base, weak acid/strong base or weak
base/strong acid type. The more common examples are weak acid/strong base.

Baeyens W, Weiss G, van der Weken G, van den Bossche W. J Chromatogr 1993;638:319–26.
6. Sta¨nger-van de Griend CF, Gro¨ningsson K, Westerlund D. Chromatographia 1996;42:263–7.
Material and methods

Equipment:-

A beaker is a cylindrical glass or plastic vessel used for holding liquids. It is a multi- purpose
piece of equipment used for containing a chemical reaction, measuring liquids, heating them
over a Bunsen burner's flame or collecting them in a titration experiment.
A stirring rod is used for mixing liquids, or solids and liquids.

A Conical Flask is a cone-shaped flask with a flat round bottom and


a cylindrical neck.
https://www.glasscolabs.com/product-category/laboratory-
glassware/laboratory-glasswares-flasks/conical-flask/#:~:text=A
%20Conical%20Flask%20is%20a,Erlenmeyer%20in%20the
%20year%201860.

burette, also spelled buret, laboratory apparatus used in


quantitative chemical analysis to measure the volume of a liquid or
a gas. It consists of a graduated glass tube with a stopcock (turning
plug, or spigot) at one end.
https://www.britannica.com/science/burette#:~:text=burette%2C%20also%20spelled%20buret%2C
%20laboratory,or%20spigot)%20at%20one%20end.

Material

Base material is liquid of = 0.5 N Na2CO3

Acid material is liquid of = 1 N HCl

The indicator is methyl red it change color to yellow to faint pink in the end
point of the reaction
Procedure: -
First we fill the burette with 1N HCL liquid untile it get to 0
Secondly we fill the conical flask with 5ml Na2CO3
The third step was adding the 2 drops of indicator methyl red
After that we add a drop by drop the HCL from burette to the flask that contain
Na2Co3
We observe the colour of indicator turns from yellow to orange until it turn to
pink at this point we stop the adding of HCL from burette and measure the ml of
HCL we use to get the …
IN the end we heated the solution to see if the colour disappear or not …..
Calculation

Lab 2
Preparation and standardization of 1N
Hydrochloric acid

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