Human Genetics Concepts and

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Chapter 08 - Genetics of Behavior

Chapter 08
Genetics of Behavior

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which choice accurately conveys the complexity of neural connections in the human
brain?
A. about 100 billion neurons each contact 1,000 to 10,000 other neurons
B. a million or so neurons each contact up to 100,000 other neurons
C. 10 million or so neurons each contact up to 10,000 other neurons
D. a billion or so neurons each contact up to a million other neurons
E. a million or so neurons each contact up to 10 million other neurons

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.01
Topic: Genetics

2. Genes can affect behavior by encoding proteins that

A. form connective tissue.
B. function as neurotransmitter transporters, neurotransmitter receptors, and enzymes that
control the synthesis of neurotransmitters and myelin.
C. aggregate to form synapses.
D. are neurotransmitters or neuroregulators.
E. alter synaptic connections when a person thinks a certain way.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.01
Topic: Genetics

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Chapter 08 - Genetics of Behavior

3. A synapse is
A. a space between neurons.
B. a neurotransmitter molecule.
C. a receptor on a cell that binds a neurotransmitter.
D. a type of protein.
E. a gene that controls the nervous system.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.01
Topic: Genetics

4. Candidate genes for the inherited components of mood disorders and mental illnesses
affect
A. muscle and nerve cell function.
B. connective tissue function.
C. signal transduction and neurotransmission.
D. cellular adhesion and blood clotting.
E. none of the above.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.01
Topic: Genetics

5. The best description of the probable role that genes play in behavioral disorders is that
A. a single gene causes each of these disorders.
B. the same disorder may be caused by a single gene in one individual, and solely by an
environmental factor in another.
C. single genes with major influences as well as small inputs from common gene variants
contribute to susceptibility to behavioral disorders, perhaps requiring environmental triggers.
D. these genes increase the risk of infection, which directly causes the behavioral disorders.
E. variants of the same gene underlie major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety
disorder, eating disorders, and schizophrenia.

Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 08.01
Topic: Genetics

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Chapter 08 - Genetics of Behavior

6. Researchers estimate that about _____ genes are involved in behavioral disorders.
A. 10-20
B. 100-120
C. 100-300
D. 500
E. 1,000

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.01
Topic: Genetics

7. Which of the following psychiatric disorders has the highest risk of death?
A. depression
B. schizophrenia
C. anorexia nervosa
D. bulimia
E. narcissism

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.02
Topic: Genetics

8. Justus lifts weights several hours a day. He spends a great deal of time at the gym admiring
his firm muscles from several angles. He follows a high protein diet and takes amino acid
supplements to make his muscles bulge. Justus is very concerned that the muscles are much
too small. He likely has
A. anorexia nervosa.
B. bulimia.
C. schizophrenia.
D. muscle dysmorphia
E. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Difficulty: Apply/Analyze
Section: 08.02
Topic: Genetics

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Chapter 08 - Genetics of Behavior

9. Evidence that sleep has an inherited component is that

A. MZ twins share more sleep characteristics than do DZ twins.
B. siblings often go to sleep and wake up at the same time.
C. students living in dorms develop the same sleeping habits.
D. people with insomnia have the same chromosome abnormality.
E. DZ twins share more sleep characteristics than do MZ twins.

Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 08.03
Topic: Genetics

10. The first narcolepsy gene was discovered in

A. bats.
B. cockroaches.
C. hippos.
D. dogs.
E. golden hamsters.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.03
Topic: Genetics

11. A person with narcolepsy may experience

A. cataplexy, in which he or she suddenly collapses.
B. dogaplexy, in which he or she suddenly collapses.
C. a sudden sensation that he or she is running on a hamster wheel.
D. inability to sleep.
E. excess REM sleep.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.03
Topic: Genetics

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Chapter 08 - Genetics of Behavior

12. The molecular explanation for narcolepsy is that

A. certain brain cells have many extra orexin/hypocretin receptors, so that the cell receives
too many messages to sleep.
B. the orexin/hypocretin receptor is missing, abnormal in structure, or unable to move to the
surface of certain brain cells, blocking signals to stay awake.
C. a gene is missing in chromosome 6 that encodes the protein narcoleptin.
D. a viral infection activates genes that promote sleep.
E. four key genes are overexpressed.

Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 08.03
Topic: Genetics

13. The part of the human brain that controls the sleep-wake cycle is called the
A. nucleolus.
B. cerebral cortex.
C. suprachiasmatic nuclei.
D. substantia nigra.
E. brainstem.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.03
Topic: Genetics

14. The first intelligence tests, developed in the late 19th century, tested a person's
A. mathematics and verbal skills.
B. sensory perception and reaction time.
C. problem-solving and logic skills.
D. hand-eye coordination.
E. relatives to determine how smart they were.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.04
Topic: Genetics

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Chapter 08 - Genetics of Behavior

15. Causes of mental retardation include

A. single-gene and chromosomal disorders, infection, malnutrition, poisoning, and problems
before or during birth.
B. eating too much chocolate, not exercising, and not drinking enough.
C. watching too much television, exposure to secondhand smoke, and drinking cow's milk
before the age of six months.
D. inheriting a very low IQ, not having mobiles in the crib or being read to, and being
ignored.
E. being exposed to certain bacteria, fungal spores, or mouse excrement.

Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 08.04
Topic: Genetics

16. As individuals age, heritability of IQ

A. increases.
B. decreases.
C. remains relatively constant.
D. becomes meaningless.
E. becomes impossible to assess.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.04
Topic: Genetics

17. The average score on an IQ test, such as the Stanford-Binet, is

A. 50.
B. 75.
C. 100.
D. 150.
E. 200.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.04
Topic: Genetics

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Chapter 08 - Genetics of Behavior

18. A standardized test that takes into account the fact that some students have access to
coaching and others do not assesses
A. global studies.
B. global intelligence ability.
C. economic stability.
D. financial status.
E. SNP patterns that correlate with different IQ scores.

Difficulty: Apply/Analyze
Section: 08.04
Topic: Genetics

19. Genetic contribution to intelligence increases with age because

A. the expression of intelligence genes accumulates over time.
B. a person has more years of schooling.
C. a person has greater control over his or her environment.
D. the number of genes that contribute to intelligence increases.
E. IQ increases.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.04
Topic: Genetics

20. The parts of the brain where addiction arises are

A. the suprachiasmatic nuclei, the ventricles, and the cerebral cortex.
B. the nucleus accumbens, the ventral tegmental area, and the prefrontal cortex.
C. the frontal medulla, the cerebellum, and the hypothalamus.
D. the optic nerve, auditory nerve, and stapes.
E. the presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, and synapse.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.05
Topic: Genetics

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Chapter 08 - Genetics of Behavior

21. Some drugs are plant products that can bind neural receptors in a human body because the
body makes a similar chemical. Endorphins are the human equivalent of
A. opiates.
B. cocaine.
C. THC (tetrahydrocannabinol).
D. ethanol.
E. chocolate.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.05
Topic: Genetics

22. Dr. Gregory House, a character on a television program, experiences severe withdrawal
symptoms when he stops taking hydrocodone, which is a drug that he originally took for leg
pain, but has not been able to give up. He is exhibiting
A. tolerance.
B. dependence.
C. paranoia.
D. suicidal ideation.
E. insomnia.

Difficulty: Apply/Analyze
Section: 08.05
Topic: Genetics

23. The two identifying characteristics of addiction are

A. intolerance and independence.
B. intolerance and dependence.
C. tolerance and independence.
D. tolerance and dependence.
E. irrationality and obsession.

Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 08.05
Topic: Genetics

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Chapter 08 - Genetics of Behavior

24. Erica constantly needs to take more cocaine to get the same effect. She is exhibiting
A. tolerance.
B. dependence.
C. paranoia.
D. suicidal ideation.
E. insomnia.

Difficulty: Apply/Analyze
Section: 08.05
Topic: Genetics

25. Anandamide is a substance made in the body that is the equivalent of the active
component of
A. heroin.
B. chocolate.
C. marijuana.
D. oregano.
E. barbiturates.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.05
Topic: Genetics

26. Anandamide (and THC) differ from neurotransmitters in that they bind
A. presynaptic receptors.
B. postsynaptic receptors.
C. dendrites.
D. axons.
E. mitochondria.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.05
Topic: Genetics

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Chapter 08 - Genetics of Behavior

27. LSD binds receptors that normally bind

A. dopamine.
B. serotonin.
C. epinephrine.
D. trace amines.
E. insulin.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.05
Topic: Genetics

28. A gene variant that, when homozygous, may be common to people with addictions to
different substances is
A. the CFTR allele that also causes cystic fibrosis.
B. the serotonin transporter A5.
C. the A1 allele of the dopamine D(2) receptor.
D. the dopamine transporter B3.
E. the LSD reuptake inhibitor C5.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.05
Topic: Genetics

29. The biological basis of nicotine addiction is that nicotine binds

A. the part of the nicotinic receptor that otherwise binds the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Binding releases dopamine, which causes the pleasurable feelings.
B. postsynaptic receptors that normally bind endorphins.
C. the dopaminergic receptor, releasing acetylcholine, which causes the pleasurable feelings.
D. and disables nicotinic receptors, so that neurotransmission is too fast.
E. the pleasure center in the brain.

Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 08.05
Topic: Genetics

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Chapter 08 - Genetics of Behavior

30. Smoking cigarettes causes lung cancer because

A. nicotine destroys the membranes of alveoli, the microscopic air sacs. The alveoli expand,
and the person cannot completely exhale.
B. nicotine is deposited as black, sticky tar in respiratory passages.
C. nicotinic receptors in the lungs bind carcinogens in cigarette smoke.
D. nicotine binds the A1 allele of the dopamine D(2) receptor.
E. nicotine accelerates the cell cycle of lung cells.

Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 08.05
Topic: Genetics

31. The lifetime risk for major depressive disorder in the general population is
A. 0 - 1%.
B. 1 - 2%.
C. 5 - 10%.
D. 25 - 45%.
E. unknown.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.06
Topic: Genetics

32. SSRIs such as Prozac, Paxil and Zoloft are widely prescribed to treat
A. post traumatic stress disorder.
B. major depressive disorder.
C. schizophrenia.
D. minor depressive disorder.
E. homicidal mania.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.06
Topic: Genetics

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Chapter 08 - Genetics of Behavior

33. A treatment that may help patients who do not respond to antidepressant drugs is
A. anti-inflammatory drugs.
B. barbiturate drugs.
C. electroconvulsive therapy.
D. mood aversion therapy.
E. bariatric therapy.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.06
Topic: Genetics

34. A likely biological basis of major depressive disorder is

A. reuptake pumps for serotonin in the presynaptic neuron membrane that do not function
adequately.
B. absent reuptake pumps for serotonin in the presynaptic neuron membrane.
C. reuptake pumps for serotonin in the postsynaptic neuron membrane that do not function
adequately.
D. reuptake pumps for serotonin in the postsynaptic neuron membrane that are overactive,
depleting serotonin in the synapse.
E. reuptake pumps for dopamine in the presynaptic neuron membrane that do not function
adequately.

Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 08.06
Topic: Genetics

35. Harold is so sad that for months he can barely get out of bed. If he does, he just sits at the
kitchen table with his head on his hands, unable to function. Yet for a few weeks, about every
four or five months, he reverses mood. He becomes chatty and animated, uncharacteristically
spending lavishly. Harold most likely has
A. schizophrenia.
B. euphoria.
C. bipolar disorder.
D. major depressive disorder.
E. temporary amnesia.

Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 08.06
Topic: Genetics

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Chapter 08 - Genetics of Behavior

36. Bipolar disorder affects about __ percent of the U.S. population.

A. 0.1
B. 1
C. 2
D. 5
E. 10

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.06
Topic: Genetics

37. In the 1980s, when researchers began seeking gene variants that can cause or contribute to
bipolar disorder, it seemed that each extended family had its own mutations. These findings,
looking back, most likely mean that
A. the families have different allele combinations of the same gene.
B. bipolar disorder results from imitating the behavior of an affected family member.
C. Many gene variant combinations cause or contribute to bipolar disorder, but only a few
such variants are seen in any one family.
D. many people fake the symptoms of bipolar disorder.
E. bipolar disorder reflects changes in gene expression, but not in mutations.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.06
Topic: Genetics

38. Early symptoms of schizophrenia affect

A. thinking.
B. emotions.
C. hearing.
D. vision.
E. aggression.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.07
Topic: Genetics

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Chapter 08 - Genetics of Behavior

39. Schizophrenia affects about ____ percent of the population.

A. 0.1
B. 1.0
C. 5.0
D. 10.0
E. 50.0

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.07
Topic: Genetics

40. Age of onset for schizophrenia is

A. prenatal.
B. birth.
C. early childhood.
D. early adulthood.
E. at one's 50th birthday party.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.07
Topic: Genetics

41. Schizophrenia means "split _____".

A. ends
B. mind
C. personality
D. milk
E. emotions

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.07
Topic: Genetics

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Chapter 08 - Genetics of Behavior

42. Schizophrenia differs from dementia in that it

A. affects primarily males.
B. is a single-gene disorder.
C. is treatable with insulin.
D. is episodic rather than degenerative.
E. is degenerative rather than episodic.

Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 08.07
Topic: Genetics

43. Environmental factors that might cause or contribute to schizophrenia include

A. infection by smallpox virus.
B. maternal malnutrition.
C. excess oxygen to a fetus.
D. maternal use of anti-depressants.
E. trauma during pregnancy.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.07
Topic: Genetics

44. Viruses that may cause of contribute to development of schizophrenia are

A. measles, mumps, and rubella.
B. hepatitis A, B, and C viruses.
C. influenza virus, Borna virus, and herpes virus.
D. HIV.
E. schizoviruses and parvoviruses.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.07
Topic: Genetics

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Chapter 08 - Genetics of Behavior

45. Natasha has schizophrenia. The probability that her young brother Boris develops
schizophrenia too is about ___ times the general worldwide population risk.
A. 2
B. 4
C. 9
D. 12
E. 20

Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 08.07
Topic: Genetics

46. About __ in 10 people with autism have other symptoms.

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 5
E. 8

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.08
Topic: Genetics

47. The existence of MZ twin pairs in which only one has autism suggests that
A. some MZ twins are really dizygotic.
B. the environment contributes to autism.
C. twins cannot become autistic.
D. the parents are medicating only one twin, as part of a clinical trial.
E. genes do not contribute to causing autism.

Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 08.08
Topic: Genetics

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Chapter 08 - Genetics of Behavior

48. The biological basis of autism may be

A. exposure to Ebola viruses during pregnancy.
B. formation of aberrant synapses.
C. interference with the ability to form synapses during childhood that are a response to
experience, impairing learning and memory.
D. binding to nicotinic receptors in a way that destroys neurons in the hippocampus.
E. a reaction to flu vaccine.

Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 08.08
Topic: Genetics

49. A neurotransmitter that might contribute to causing autism if levels are abnormal is
A. dopamine.
B. serotonin.
C. trace amines.
D. glutamate.
E. norepinephrine.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.08
Topic: Genetics

50. Two proteins that control synapse formation in response to environmental stimuli in early
childhood and that might lie behind autism when abnormal are
A. serotonin and dopamine.
B. collagen and elastin.
C. insulin and glucagon.
D. neurexin and neuroligin.
E. fibrin and fibrinogen.

Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 08.08
Topic: Genetics

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