India Physical Environment Chapter 4 Climate Notes
India Physical Environment Chapter 4 Climate Notes
India Physical Environment Chapter 4 Climate Notes
Weather Climate
Weather is the momentary state of the Climate refers to the average of the weather condition over a longer
atmosphere period of time.
Weather changes quickly, may be within a day Climate changes imperceptibly and may be noted after 50 years or even
or week more
Diversity of Climate
• The climate of India has many regional variations expressed in the pattern of:
→ Winds,
→ Temperature
→ Rainfall,
→ Rhythm of seasons
→ Degree of wetness or dryness.
जलवायु क व वधता
• भारत क जलवायु म कई !
े ीय व वधताएं ह@ जो AनBन के पैटन म +यCत क गई ह@:
→ हवाएं,
→ तापमान
→ वषा,
→ ऋतुओं क लय
→ गीलापन या सूखापन क GडHी।
• During April and May when the sun shines vertically over the Tropic of Cancer, the large landmass in the north of Indian
ocean gets intensely heated. This causes the formation of an intense low pressure in the northwestern part of the subcontinent.
• Since the pressure in the Indian Ocean in the south of the landmass is high as water gets heated slowly, the low pressure cell
attracts the southeast trades across the Equator.
• These conditions help in the northward shift in the position of the ITCZ. The southwest monsoon may thus, be seen as a
continuation of the southeast trades deflected towards the Indian subcontinent after crossing the Equator. These winds cross
the Equator between 40°E and 60°E longitudes.
Rainfall:
• Winter monsoons do not cause rainfall as they move from land to the sea.
• It is because firstly, they have little humidity;
• Secondly, due to anti cyclonic circulation on land, the possibility of rainfall from them reduces. So, most parts of India do not
have rainfall in the winter season.
However, there are some exceptions to it:
• In northwestern India, some weak temperate cyclones from the Mediterranean sea cause rainfall in Punjab, Haryana, Delhi
and western Uttar Pradesh. Although the amount is meagre, it is highly beneficial for Rabi crops. The precipitation is in the
form of snowfall in the lower Himalayas. It is this snow that sustains the flow of water in the Himalayan rivers during the
summer months. The precipitation goes on decreasing from west to east in the plains and from north to south in the mountains.
• Central parts of India and northern parts of southern Peninsula also get winter rainfall occasionally.
• Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in the northeastern parts of India also have rains between 25 mm and 50 mm during these
winter months.
• During October and November, northeast monsoon while crossing over the Bay of Bengal, picks up moisture and causes
torrential rainfall over the Tamil Nadu coast, southern Andhra Pradesh, southeast Karnataka and south east Kerala.
Seasons Months (According to the Indian Calendar) Months (According to the Indian Calendar)
Distribution of Rainfall
The average annual rainfall in India is about 125 cm, but it has great spatial variations.
• Areas of High Rainfall : The highest rainfall occurs along the west coast, on the Western Ghats, as well as in the sub-
Himalayan areas is the northeast and the hills of Meghalaya. Here the rainfall exceeds 200 cm. In some parts of Khasi and
Jaintia hills, the rainfall exceeds 1,000 cm. In the Brahmaputra valley and the adjoining hills, the rainfall is less then 200 cm.
• Areas of Medium Rainfall : Rainfall between 100-200 cm is received in the southern parts of Gujarat, east Tamil Nadu,
northeastern Peninsula covering Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, eastern Madhya Pradesh, northern Ganga plain along the sub-
Himalayas and the Cachar Valley and Manipur.
• Areas of Low Rainfall : Western Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir, eastern Rajasthan, Gujarat and
Deccan Plateau receive rainfall between 50-100 cm.
• Areas of Inadequate Rainfall: Parts of the Peninsula, especially in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra, Ladakh and
most of western Rajasthan receive rainfall below 50 cm.Snowfall is restricted to the Himalayan region.
वषा का वतरण
भारत म औसत वा षक वषा लगभग 125 सेमी है , ले)कन इसम बहुत अNधक JथाAनक भ1नताएं ह@।
• उ\च वषा के े!: सबसे अNधक वषा पिIचमी तट के साथ-साथ पिIचमी घाट पर होती है , साथ ह5 उप-:हमालयी े!2 म पूवz<र और
मेघालय क पहाGड़याँ ह@। यहां वषा 200 सेमी से अNधक हो जाती है । खासी और जयंAतया पहाGड़य2 के कुछ :हJस2 म, वषा 1,000 सेमी से
अNधक हो जाती है । y}मपु! घाट5 और आसपास क पहाGड़य2 म वषा 200 सेमी से भी कम होती है ।
• म[यम वषा के े!: गुजरात के द णी भाग2, पूवk त मलनाडु, ओGडशा, झारखंड, =बहार, पूवk म[य *दे श, उप-:हमालय के साथ उ<र5 गंगा
के मैदान और कछार घाट5 को कवर करते हुए 100-200 सेमी के बीच वषा *ाwत होती है । और मuणपुर।
• कम वषा वाले े!: पिIचमी उ<र *दे श, :दLल5, हWरयाणा, पंजाब, जBमू और कIमीर, पूवk राजJथान, गुजरात और दCकन के पठार म 50-
100 सेमी के बीच वषा होती है ।
• अपयाwत वषा के े!: *ायUवीप के कुछ :हJस2, वशेष Oप से आंj *दे श, कनाटक और महारा/f, लUदाख और अNधकांश पिIचमी
राजJथान म 50 सेमी से कम वषा होती है । :हमपात :हमालयी े! तक ह5 सी मत है ।
Major climatic types of India based on Koeppen‘s scheme: Koeppen based his scheme of Climatic classification on monthly
values of temperature and precipitation. He identified five major climatic types, namely:
(i) Tropical climates, where mean monthly temperature throughout the year is over 18°C.
(ii) Dry climates, where precipitation is very low in comparison to temperature, and hence, dry. If dryness is less, it is semi
arid (S); if it is more, the climate is arid(W).
(iii) Warm temperate climates, where mean temperature of the coldest month is between 18°C and minus 3°C.
(iv) Cool temperate climates, where mean temperature of the warmest month is over 10°C, and mean temperature of the
coldest month is under minus 3°C.
(v) Ice climates, where mean temperature of the warmest month is under 10°C.
भारत के जलवायु े!
कोपेन क योजना के आधार पर भारत के *मुख जलवायु *कार: कोपेन ने तापमान और वषा के मा सक मूLय2 पर जलवायु वगkकरण क
अपनी योजना को आधाWरत )कया। उ1ह2ने पांच *मुख जलवायु *कार2 क पहचान क , िजनके नाम ह@:
(i) उ/णक:टबंधीय जलवायु, जहां साल भर औसत मा सक तापमान 18 GडHी सेिLसयस से अNधक होता है ।
(ii) शु/क जलवायु, जहाँ तापमान क तल ु ना म वषा बहुत कम होती है , और इस लए शु/क होती है । य:द सख
ू ापन कम है , तो यह अध-शु/क
(S) है ; य:द यह अNधक है , तो जलवायु शु/क (W) है ।
(iii) गम समशीतो/ण जलवायु, जहां सबसे ठं डे मह5ने का औसत तापमान 18 GडHी सेिLसयस और शू1य से 3 GडHी सेिLसयस के बीच
होता है ।
(iv) शीतो/ण समशीतो/ण जलवायु, जहां सबसे गम मह5ने का औसत तापमान 10 GडHी सेिLसयस से अNधक होता है , और सबसे ठं डे
मह5ने का औसत तापमान शू1य से 3 GडHी सेिLसयस नीचे होता है ।
(v) बफ क जलवाय,ु जहां सबसे गम मह5ने का औसत तापमान 10 GडHी सेिLसयस से कम होता है ।