Romania - Draft Updated Necp 2021-2030

INTEGRATED NATIONAL
ENERGY AND CLIMATE

PLAN OF ROMANIA
2021-2030 Update
First draft version
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Content
List of figures .................................................................................................................................................. 10
List of tables ................................................................................................................................................... 14
List of abbreviations........................................................................................................................................ 15
SECTION A: NATIONAL PLAN ...................................................................................................................... 17
1. OVERVIEW AND PROCESS FOR ESTABLISHING THE PLAN ........................................................... 17
1.1 Executive summary ........................................................................................................................ 17
I. Political, economic, environmental, and social context of the plan ................................................ 17
II. Strategy relating to the five dimensions of the Energy Union ........................................................ 17
III. Overview table with key objectives, policies and measures of the plan ......................................... 21
1.2 Overview of current policy situation ................................................................................................ 24
I. National and Union energy system and policy context of the national plan ................................... 24
II. Current energy and climate policies and measures relating to the five dimensions of the Energy
Union ....................................................................................................................................................... 29
III. Key issues of cross-border relevance ............................................................................................ 33
IV. Administrative structure of implementing national energy and climate policies ............................. 34
1.3 Consultations and involvement of national and Union entities and their outcome ......................... 34
I. Involvement of the national parliament ........................................................................................... 34
II. Involvement of local and regional authorities ................................................................................. 35
III. Consultations of stakeholders, including the social partners, and engagement of civil society and
the general public .................................................................................................................................... 35
IV. Consultations of other Member States ........................................................................................... 35
V. Iterative process with the Commission ........................................................................................... 35
1.4 Regional cooperation in preparing the plan.................................................................................... 36
I. Elements subject to joint or coordinated planning with other Member States ............................... 36
II. Explanation of how regional cooperation is considered in the plan ............................................... 37
2. NATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS ............................................................................................ 38
2.1 Dimension decarbonisation ............................................................................................................ 38
2.1.1. GHG emissions and removals .......................................................................................................... 38
I. The elements set out in point (a)(1) of Article 4 ............................................................................. 38
II. Where applicable, other national objectives and targets consistent with the Paris Agreement and
the existing long-term strategies. Where applicable for the contribution to the overall Union commitment
of reducing the GHG emissions, other objectives and targets, including sector targets and adaptation
goals, if available ..................................................................................................................................... 38
2.1.2. Renewable energy ............................................................................................................................ 39
I. The elements set out in point (a)(2) of Article 4 ............................................................................. 39
II. Estimated trajectories for the sectoral share of renewable energy in final energy consumption from
2021 to 2030 in the electricity, heating and cooling, and transport sector .............................................. 40
III. Estimated trajectories by renewable energy technology that the Member State projects to use to
achieve the overall and sectoral trajectories for renewable energy from 2021 to 2030, including expected
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total gross final energy consumption per technology and sector in Mtoe and total planned installed
capacity (divided by new capacity and repowering) per technology and sector in MW.......................... 41
IV. Estimated trajectories on bioenergy demand, disaggregated between heat, electricity and transport,
and on biomass supply by feedstocks and origin (distinguishing between domestic production and
imports). For forest biomass, an assessment of its source an impact on the LULUCF sink. ................. 43
V. Where applicable, other national trajectories and objectives, including those that are long term or
sectoral (e.g., share of renewable energy in district heating, renewable energy use in buildings, renewable
energy produced by cities, renewable energy communities and renewables self-consumers, energy
recovered from sludge acquired through the treatment of wastewater) ................................................. 44
2.2 Dimension energy efficiency .......................................................................................................... 44
I. The elements set out in point (b) of Article 4 .................................................................................. 44
II. The cumulative amount of end-use energy savings to be achieved over the period 2021-2030 under
point (b) of Article 7(1) on the energy saving obligations pursuant to Directive 2012/27/EU ................. 45
III. Where applicable, other national objectives, including long-term targets or strategies and sectoral
targets, and national objectives in areas such as energy efficiency in the transport sector and with regard
to heating and cooling ............................................................................................................................. 46
2.3 Dimension energy security ............................................................................................................. 47
I. The elements set out in point (c) of Article 4 .................................................................................. 47
II. National objectives with regard to increasing: the diversification of energy sources and supply from
third countries for the purpose of increasing the resilience of regional and national energy systems ... 47
III. Where applicable, national objectives with regard to reducing energy import dependency from third
countries, for the purpose of increasing the resilience of regional and national energy systems .......... 47
IV. National objectives with regard to increasing the flexibility of the national energy system, in particular
by means of deploying domestic energy sources, demand response and energy storage .................... 48
2.4 Dimension internal energy market .................................................................................................. 48
2.4.1. Electricity interconnectivity ................................................................................................................ 48
I. The level of electricity interconnectivity that the Member State aims for in 2030 in consideration of
the electricity interconnection target for 2030 of at least 15%, with a strategy with the level from 2021
onwards defined in close cooperation with affected Member States, taking into account the 2020
interconnection target of 10% and the following indicators of the urgency of action: ............................. 48
2.4.2. Energy transmission infrastructure ................................................................................................... 50
I. Key electricity and gas transmission infrastructure projects, and, where relevant, modernisation
projects, that are necessary for the achievement of objectives and targets under the five dimensions of
the Energy Union Strategy ...................................................................................................................... 50
II. Where applicable, main infrastructure projects envisaged other than Projects of Common Interest
(PCIs) ...................................................................................................................................................... 50
2.4.3. Market integration ............................................................................................................................. 51
I. National objectives related to other aspects of the internal energy market such as increasing system
flexibility, in particular related to the promotion of competitively determined electricity prices in line with
relevant sectoral law, market integration and coupling, aimed at increasing the tradeable capacity of
existing interconnectors, smart grids, aggregation, demand response, storage, distributed generation,
mechanisms for dispatching, re-dispatching and curtailment, and real-time price signals, including a
timeframe for when the objectives shall be met ...................................................................................... 51
II. Where applicable, national objectives related to the non-discriminatory participation of renewable
energy, demand response and storage, including via aggregation, in all energy markets, including a
timeframe for when the objectives are to be met .................................................................................... 51
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III. Where applicable, national objectives with regard to ensuring that consumers participate in the
energy system and benefit from self-generation and new technologies, including smart meters; ......... 51
IV. National objectives with regard to ensuring electricity system adequacy, as well as for the flexibility
of the energy system with regard to renewable energy production, including a timeframe for when the
objectives are to be met .......................................................................................................................... 51
V. Where applicable, national objectives to protect energy consumers and improve the
competitiveness of the retail energy sector ............................................................................................. 52
2.4.4. Energy poverty .................................................................................................................................. 52
I. Where applicable, national objectives with regard to energy poverty, including a timeframe for when
the objectives are to be met .................................................................................................................... 52
2.5 Dimension research, innovation and competitiveness ................................................................... 52
I. National objectives and funding targets for public and, where available, private research and
innovation relating to the Energy Union, including, where appropriate, a timeframe for when the objectives
are to be met ........................................................................................................................................... 52
II. National objectives and funding targets for public and, where available, private research and
innovation relating to the Energy Union, including, where appropriate, a timeframe for when the objectives
are to be met ........................................................................................................................................... 56
III. Where available, national 2050 objectives related to the promotion of clean energy technologies
and, where appropriate, national objectives, including long-term targets (2050) for deployment of low-
carbon technologies, including for decarbonising energy nd carbon-intensive industrial sectors and,
where applicable, for related carbon transport and storage infrastructure ............................................. 58
IV. Where applicable, national objectives with regard to competitiveness .......................................... 59
3. POLICIES AND MEASURES .................................................................................................................. 62
3.1 Dimension decarbonisation ............................................................................................................ 62
3.1.1. GHG emissions and removals .......................................................................................................... 62
I. Policies and measures to achieve the target set under Regulation (EU) 2018/842 as referred in point
2.1.1 and policies and measures to comply with Regulation (EU) 2018/841, covering all key emitting
sectors and sectors for the enhancement of removals, with an outlook to the long-term vision and goal to
become a low emission economy and achieving a balance between emissions and removals in
accordance with the Paris Agreement .................................................................................................... 62
II. Where relevant, regional cooperation in this area .......................................................................... 82
III. Without prejudice to the applicability of State aid rules, financing measures, including Union support
and the use of Union funds, in this area at national level, where applicable .......................................... 82
3.1.2. Renewable energy ............................................................................................................................ 83
I. Policies and measures to achieve the national contribution to the 2030 Union target for renewable
energy and trajectories as referred to in point (a)(2) Article 4, and, where applicable or available, the
elements referred to in point 2.1.2 of this Annex, including sector- and technology- specific measures 83
II. Where relevant, specific measures for regional cooperation, as well as, as an option, the estimated
excess production of energy from renewable sources which could be transferred to other Member States
in order to achieve the national contribution and trajectories referred to in point 2.1.2 .......................... 85
III. Specific measures on financial support, where applicable, including Union support and the use of
Union funds, for the promotion of the production and use of energy from renewable sources in electricity,
heating and cooling, and transport .......................................................................................................... 86
IV. Where applicable, the assessment of the support for electricity from renewable sources that
member States are to carry out pursuant to Article 6(4) of Directive (EU) 2018/2001, .......................... 86
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V. Specific measures to introduce one or more contact points, streamline administrative procedures,
provide information and training, and facilitate the uptake of power purchase agreements Summary of
the policies and measures under the enabling framework Member States have to put in place pursuant
to Article 21(6) and Article 22(5) of Directive (EU) 2018/2001 to promote and facilitate the development
of self-consumption and renewable energy communities. ...................................................................... 86
VI. Assessment of the necessity to build new infrastructure for district heating and cooling produced
from renewable sources .......................................................................................................................... 89
VII. Where applicable, specific measures on the promotion of the use of energy from biomass, especially
for new biomass mobilisation taking into account: .................................................................................. 89
VIII. Where applicable, regional cooperation in this area: ..................................................................... 90
3.1.3 . Other elements of the dimension ................................................................................................. 91
I. Where applicable, national policies and measures affecting the EU ETS and assessment of the
complementarity and impacts on the EU ETS ........................................................................................ 91
II. Policies and measures to achieve other national targets, where applicable .................................. 91
III. Policies and measures to achieve low emission mobility (including electrification of transport) .... 91
IV. Where applicable, national policies, timelines and measures planned to phase out energy subsidies,
in particular for fossil fuels ....................................................................................................................... 91
3.2 Dimension energy efficiency .......................................................................................................... 92
I. Energy efficiency obligation schemes and alternative policy measures under Articles 7a and 7b and
Article 20(6) of Directive 2012/27/EU and to be prepared in accordance with Annex III to this Regulation
92
II. Long-term renovation strategy to support the renovation of the national stock of residential and non-
residential buildings, both public and private, including policies, measures and actions to stimulate cost-
effective deep renovation and policies and actions to target the worst performing segments of the national
building stock, in accordance with Article 2a of Directive 2010/31/EU ................................................... 92
III. Description of policy and measures to promote energy services in the public sector and measures
to remove regulatory and non-regulatory barriers that impede the uptake of energy performance
contracting and other energy efficiency service models ......................................................................... 96
IV. Other planned policies, measures and programmes to achieve the indicative national energy
efficiency contributions for 2030 as well as other objectives referred to in point 2.2 (for example measures
to promote the exemplary role of public buildings and energy-efficient public procurement, measures to
promote energy audits and energy management systems, consumer information and training measures,
and other measures to promote energy efficiency) ................................................................................. 98
V. Where applicable, a description of policies and measures to promote the role of local renewable
energy communities in contributing to the implementation of policies and measures in points i, ii, iii and
iv 110
VI. Description of measures to develop measures to utilise energy efficiency potentials of gas and
electricity infrastructure ......................................................................................................................... 111
VII. Regional cooperation in this area, where applicable .................................................................... 111
VIII. Financing measures, including Union support and the use of Union funds, in this area at the national
level 112
3.3 Dimension energy security ........................................................................................................... 112
I. Policies and measures related to the elements set out in point 2.3 ............................................. 112
II. Regional cooperation in this area ................................................................................................. 113
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III. Where applicable, financing measures in this area at national level, including Union support and the
use of Union funds ................................................................................................................................ 113
3.4 Dimension internal energy market ................................................................................................ 114
3.4.1. Electricity infrastructure .................................................................................................................. 114
I. Policies and measures to achieve the targeted level of interconnectivity as set out in point (d) of
Article 4 ................................................................................................................................................. 114
3.4.2. Energy transmission infrastructure ................................................................................................. 123
I. Policies and measures related to the elements set out in point 2.4.2, including, where applicable,
specific measures to enable the delivery of Projects of Common Interest (PCI) or and other key
infrastructure projects ............................................................................................................................ 123
3.4.3. Market integration ........................................................................................................................... 126
I. Policies and measures related to the elements set out in point 2.4.3 .......................................... 126
II. Measures to increase the flexibility of the energy system with regard to renewable energy production
such as smart grids, aggregation, demand response, storage, distributed generation, mechanisms for
dispatching, re-dispatching and curtailment, real-timeprice signals, including the roll-out of intraday
market coupling and cross-border balancing markets. ......................................................................... 126
III. Where applicable, measures to ensure the non-discriminatory participation of renewable energy,
demand response and storage, including via aggregation, in all energy markets ................................ 126
IV. Policies and measures to protect consumers, especially vulnerable and, where applicable, energy
poor consumers, and to improve the competitiveness and contestability of the retail energy market . 126
V. Description of measures to enable and develop demand response, including those addressing
tariffs to support dynamic pricing .......................................................................................................... 127
VI. Regional cooperation in this area ................................................................................................. 127
I. Where applicable, policies and measures to achieve the objectives set out in point 2.4.4 ......... 129
3.5 Dimension research, innovation and competitiveness ................................................................. 131
I. Policies and measures related to the elements set out in point 2.5 ............................................. 131
II. Where applicable, cooperation with other Member States in this area, including, where appropriate,
information on how the SET Plan objectives and policies are being translated to a national context .. 134
SECTION B: ANALYTICAL BASIS .............................................................................................................. 137
4. CURRENT SITUATION AND PROJECTIONS WITH EXISTING POLICIES AND MEASURES ......... 137
4.1 Projected evolution of main exogenous factors influencing energy system and GHG emission
developments ............................................................................................................................................ 137
I. Macroeconomic forecasts (GDP and population growth) ............................................................. 137
II. Sectoral changes expected to impact the energy system and GHG emissions .......................... 138
Residential and Services sector ............................................................................................................ 138
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Industry and Industrial Processes and Product Use ............................................................................. 139
Transport ............................................................................................................................................... 139
Agriculture and LULUCF ....................................................................................................................... 142
Waste .................................................................................................................................................... 143
III. Global energy trends, international fossil fuel prices, EU ETS carbon price ................................ 144
IV. Technology cost developments .................................................................................................... 145
4.2 Dimension Decarbonisation.......................................................................................................... 146
4.2.1. GHG emissions and removals ........................................................................................................ 146
I. Trends in current GHG emissions and removals in the EU ETS, effort sharing and LULUCF sectors
and different energy sectors .................................................................................................................. 146
II. Projections of sectoral developments with existing national and Union policies and measures at
least until 2040 (including for the year 2030) ........................................................................................ 149
4.2.2. Renewable energy ..................................................................................................................... 150
I. Current share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption and in different sectors
(heating and cooling, electricity and transport) as well as per technology in each of these sectors .... 150
I. Indicative projections of development with existing policies for the year 2030 (with an outlook to the
year 2040) ............................................................................................................................................. 152
4.3 Dimension Energy efficiency ........................................................................................................ 154
I. Current primary and final energy consumption in the economy and per sector (including industry,
residential, service and transport) ......................................................................................................... 154
II. Current potential for the application of high-efficiency cogeneration and efficient district heating and
cooling ................................................................................................................................................... 155
III. Projections considering existing energy efficiency policies, measures and programmes as described
in point 1.2.(ii) for primary and final energy consumption for each sector at least until 2040 (including for
the year 2030) ....................................................................................................................................... 155
IV. Cost-optimal levels of minimum energy performance requirements resulting from national
calculations, in accordance with Article 5 of Directive 2010/31/EU ...................................................... 156
4.4 Dimension energy security ........................................................................................................... 157
I. Current energy mix, domestic energy resources, import dependency, including relevant risks .. 157
II. Projections of development with existing policies and measures at least until 2040 (including for the
year 2030) ............................................................................................................................................. 159
4.5 Dimension internal energy market ................................................................................................ 160
4.5.1. Electricity interconnectivity .............................................................................................................. 160
I. Current interconnection level and main interconnectors .............................................................. 160
II. Projections of interconnector expansion requirements (including for the year 2030) .................. 162
4.5.2. Energy transmission infrastructure ................................................................................................. 163
I. Key characteristics of the existing transmission infrastructure for electricity and gas ................. 163
II. Projections of network expansion requirements at least until 2040 (including for the year 2030) 166
4.5.3. Electricity and gas markets, energy prices ..................................................................................... 167
I. Current situation of electricity and gas markets, including energy prices .................................... 167
II. Projections of development with existing policies and measures at least until 2040 (including for the
year 2030) ............................................................................................................................................. 168
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4.6 Dimension research, innovation and competitiveness ................................................................. 169
I. Current situation of the low-carbon-technologies sector and, to the extent possible, its position on
the global market (that analysis is to be carried out at Union or global level) ...................................... 169
II. Current level of public and, where available, private research and innovation spending on low-
carbon-technologies, current number of patents, and current number of researchers......................... 169
III. Breakdown of current price elements that make up the main three price components (energy,
network, taxes/levies) ............................................................................................................................ 171
IV. Description of energy subsidies, including for fossil fuels ............................................................ 174
5. ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS OF PLANNED POLICIES AND MEASURES WITH EXISTING POLICIES
AND MEASURES ......................................................................................................................................... 176
5.1 Impacts of planned policies and measures described in section 3 on energy system and GHG
emissions and removals, including comparison to projections with existing policies and measures (as
described in section 4). ............................................................................................................................. 176
I. Projections of the development of the energy system and GHG emissions and removals as well as,
where relevant of emissions of air pollutants in accordance with Directive (EU) 2016/2284 under the
planned policies and measures at least until ten years afte the period covered by the plan (including for
the last year of the period covered by the plan), including relevant Union policies and measures. ..... 176
II. Assessment of policy interactions (between existing policies and measures and planned policies
and measures within a policy dimension and between existing policies and measures and planned
policies and measures of different dimensions) at least until the last year of the period covered by the
plan, in particular to establish a robust understanding of the impact of energy efficiency / energy savings
policies on the sizing of the energy system and to reduce the risk of stranded investment in energy supply
185
III. Assessment of interactions between existing policies and measures and planned policies and
measures, and between those policies and measures and Union climate and energy policy measures
185
5.2 Macroeconomic and, to the extent feasible, the health, environmental, employment and education,
skills and social impacts, including just transition aspects (in terms of costs and benefits as well as cost-
effectiveness) of the planned policies and measures described in section 3 at least until the last year of the
period covered by the plan, including comparison to projections with existing policies and measures ... 187
5.3 Overview of investment needs ..................................................................................................... 189
I. Existing investment flows and forward investment assumptions with regard to the planned policies
and measures ........................................................................................................................................ 189
II. Sector or market risk factors or barriers in the national or regional context ................................. 189
III. Analysis of additional public finance support or resources to fill identified gaps identified under point
ii. 190
5.4 Impacts of planned policies and measures described in section 3 on other Member States and
regional cooperation at least until the last year of the period covered by the plan, including comparison to
projections with existing policies and measures ....................................................................................... 190
I. Impacts on the energy system in neighbouring and other Member States in the region to the extent
possible ................................................................................................................................................. 190
II. Impacts on energy prices, utilities and energy market integration ............................................... 190
III. Where relevant, impacts on regional cooperation ........................................................................ 191
ANNEX I ....................................................................................................................................................... 192
ANNEX II ...................................................................................................................................................... 205
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List of figures
Figure 1. Indicative targets and trajectory for GHG emissions reduction ....................................................... 17
Figure 2. Sectoral objectives for 2030 and 2050 relative to 1990 level ......................................................... 17
Figure 3. Share of energy from renewable sources in gross final consumption of energy, with an indicative
trajectory ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 4. Estimated trajectories for the share of renewable energy in final energy consumption in the electricity,
heating and cooling and transport sector ....................................................................................................... 19
Figure 5. Estimated primary energy consumption trajectory .......................................................................... 20
Figure 6. Estimated final energy consumption trajectory ............................................................................... 20
Figure 7. Performance of EU Member States’ innovation systems ............................................................... 32
Figure 8. Indicative targets and trajectory for GHG emissions reduction ....................................................... 38
Figure 9. Sectoral objectives for 2030 and 2050 relative to 1990 level ......................................................... 39
trajectory ......................................................................................................................................................... 39
Figure 11. Consumption of RES and share of RES by fuel, with an indicative trajectory .............................. 40
Figure 12. Estimated trajectories for the share of renewable energy in final energy consumption in the
electricity, heating and cooling and transport sector ...................................................................................... 40
Figure 13. Estimated trajectory by RES technology in gross final energy consumption, electricity sector .... 41
Figure 14. Trajectory of the installed capacity from RES for electricity production, by technology ............... 41
Figure 15. Estimated trajectory by RES technology in gross final energy consumption, heating and cooling
sector .............................................................................................................................................................. 42
Figure 16. Estimated trajectory by RES technology in final energy consumption, transport sector .............. 42
Figure 17. Estimated trajectory on bioenergy demand, disaggregated by fuels ............................................ 43
Figure 18. Estimated trajectory on sinks in forestry sector from LULUCF ..................................................... 43
Figure 19. Estimated trajectory on bioenergy demand, disaggregated between heat and electricity............ 43
Figure 20. Estimated trajectory on share of RES in district heating ............................................................... 44
Figure 21. Estimated primary energy consumption trajectory ........................................................................ 45
Figure 22. Estimated final energy consumption trajectory ............................................................................. 45
Figure 23. Final energy consumption by sector ............................................................................................. 46
Figure 24. Indicative objective for the installed capacity for electricity generation ........................................ 47
Figure 25. Import dependency of crude oil, solid fossil fuels and natural gas (historical and projections for
2030)............................................................................................................................................................... 48
Figure 26. Interconnectivity level of Romania up to 2030 .............................................................................. 49
Figure 27. Performance of EU Member States’ innovation systems ............................................................. 55
Figure 28. Government budget allocation for R&D, 2022 .............................................................................. 57
Figure 29. Gross domestic expenditure on R&D for 2011 and 2021 ............................................................. 57
Figure 30. Gross domestic expenditure on R&D for the period 1996 - 2020 ................................................. 57
Figure 31. EU Regional Competitiveness index 2.0. (2022 edition) .............................................................. 60
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Figure 32. Romania’s NUT 2 regions position on Regional Competitiveness Index 2.0 (2022 edition) ........ 60
Figure 33. GDP growth (%) - historical and projected values up to 2050 .................................................... 137
Figure 34. Population in Romania – historical and projected values ........................................................... 138
Figure 35. Number of households, person per households and split of households by type ...................... 138
Figure 36. Heating and cooling degree days ............................................................................................... 139
Figure 37. Industry production index growth ................................................................................................ 139
Figure 38. Number of passenger cars projected from the model and real data from TEMPO .................... 140
Figure 39. Number of passenger road transport vehicles projected from the model and real data from TEMPO
...................................................................................................................................................................... 140
Figure 40. Number of Heavy Goods Vehicles (HGV) projected from the model and real data from TEMPO
...................................................................................................................................................................... 140
Figure 41. Average km per vehicle type ....................................................................................................... 141
Figure 42 Fossil fuel prices by scenario ....................................................................................................... 144
Figure 43 CO2 prices for electricity, industry and energy production in selected regions by scenario........ 144
Figure 44. Investment costs per technology (‘000 EUR/MW) ...................................................................... 145
Figure 45. Production cost per technology (EUR/MWh) .............................................................................. 145
Figure 46. GHG emissions and removals (net-emissions) by sector (in kt CO2-eq), 1989-2021 ................ 146
Figure 47. GHG emissions by sector (in kt CO2-eq), 1989-2021 ................................................................. 147
Figure 48. GHG emissions in Energy sector, by category (in kt CO2-eq) ................................................... 147
Figure 49. GHG emissions by gas (% share in total) ................................................................................... 148
Figure 50. Allocation of the emission reduction allowances (Mt CO2-eq) ................................................... 148
Figure 51. EU-ETS data for Romania (Mt CO2-eq) ...................................................................................... 149
Figure 52. Decarbonization pathways until 2050 by sectors – with existing measures ............................... 149
Figure 53. Decarbonization pathways until 2050 without LULUCF by sectors – with existing measures ... 150
Figure 54. RES share in gross final energy consumption, 2004-2021......................................................... 150
Figure 55. Share of RES in gross final energy consumption of electricity and final energy consumption of
Heating and cooling and transport sector, 2004-2021 ................................................................................. 151
Figure 56. Share by technology in RES consumption of electricity and gross final electricity consumption,
2004-2021 .................................................................................................................................................... 151
Figure 57. Share by technology in RES consumption of transport and final consumption in the transport sector,
2004-2021 .................................................................................................................................................... 151
Figure 58. Share by technology in RES consumption of heating and cooling and final energy consumption of
Heating and cooling, 2004-2021 .................................................................................................................. 152
Figure 59. Indicative projections of RES share in gross final energy consumption up to 2050 ................... 152
Figure 60. Indicative projections of share of RES in final energy consumption in different sectors (electricity,
transport and heating and cooling) as well as share by technology in RES consumption in WEM by 2050 153
Figure 61. Primary energy consumption by fuels, 2011-2021 ..................................................................... 154
Figure 62. Final energy consumption by fuels, 2011-2021 .......................................................................... 154
Figure 63. Final energy consumption by sectors, 2011-2021 ...................................................................... 155
Figure 64 Projections of primary energy consumption – WEM .................................................................... 156
Figure 65. Projections of final energy consumption by sectors – WEM ....................................................... 156
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Figure 66. Current energy mix by domestic resources and imports, 2011-2021 ......................................... 157
Figure 67. Import dependence, 2011-2021 .................................................................................................. 158
Figure 68. Countries from which crude oil is imported in Romania - 2021 .................................................. 158
Figure 69. Countries from which natural gas is imported in Romania - 2021 .............................................. 158
Figure 70. Countries to which motor gasoline is exported from Romania - 2021 ........................................ 159
Figure 71. Current situation of the electricity transmission grid in Romania ................................................ 161
Figure 72. The LEA distribution by voltage levels, length and commissioning periods ............................... 164
Figure 73. The number and installed power in substations (MVA) .............................................................. 164
Figure 74. Length of the transmission network by year of commission ....................................................... 165
Figure 75. Trend in electricity prices for household consumers - bi-annual data Consumption from 2 500 kWh
to 4 999 kWh - band DC ............................................................................................................................... 167
Figure 76. Trend in electricity prices for non-household consumers - bi-annual data Consumption from 2 000
MWh to 19 999 MWh - band ID .................................................................................................................... 167
Figure 77. Trend in natural gas prices for household consumers - bi-annual data 20 GJ to 199 GJ - band D2
...................................................................................................................................................................... 168
Figure 78. Trend in natural gas prices for non-household consumers - bi-annual data Consumption from 10
000 GJ to 99 999 GJ - band I3 ..................................................................................................................... 168
Figure 79. Breakdown electricity prices by components for household and non-household consumers .... 172
Figure 80. Share of transmission and distribution in the network costs for electricity ................................. 173
Figure 81. Breakdown of gas prices by components for household and non-household consumers.......... 173
Figure 82. Share of transmission and distribution in the network costs for natural gas ............................... 174
Figure 83. Subsidies for different energy sources, as percentage of GDP in 2015 and 2020, and in billion
euros in 2020 ................................................................................................................................................ 174
Figure 84. Number of beneficiaries and funds received as home heating aid ............................................. 175
Figure 85. Difference between net GHG emissions in WEM and WAM scenario (including LULUCF) ....... 176
Figure 86. Difference between GHG emissions in WEM and WAM scenario (excluding LULUCF) ............ 176
Figure 87. GHG emissions and removals (and net-emissions) by sectors in WAM .................................... 177
Figure 88. Difference between GHG emissions in WEM and WAM scenario by sectors ............................ 177
Figure 89. Difference between the GHG intensity in WEM and WAM scenario (including LULUCF).......... 177
Figure 90. Difference between the GHG intensity in WEM and WAM scenario (excluding LULUCF)......... 177
Figure 91. Difference between GHG intensity of domestic power and heat generation .............................. 177
Figure 92. Difference between GHG intensity by sectors ............................................................................ 178
Figure 93. RES share in gross final energy consumption – Comparison between WAM and WEM scenarios
...................................................................................................................................................................... 178
Figure 94. RES energy consumption – difference between WAM and WEM scenarios ............................. 179
Figure 95: RES share in gross final electricity consumption – Comparison between WAM and WEM scenarios
...................................................................................................................................................................... 179
Figure 96. RES electricity – difference between WAM and WEM scenarios ............................................... 179
Figure 97: RES share in gross final consumption in H&C sector – Comparison between WAM and WEM
scenarios ...................................................................................................................................................... 180
Figure 98. RES energy consumption in H&C sector – difference between WAM and WEM scenarios ...... 180
13 | P a g e
Figure 99: RES share in final consumption in transport sector – Comparison between WAM and WEM
scenarios ...................................................................................................................................................... 180
Figure 100. RES energy consumption in transport sector – difference between WAM and WEM scenarios
...................................................................................................................................................................... 180
Figure 101. Primary Energy Consumption – Comparison between WEM and WAM scenarios .................. 181
Figure 102. Primary energy consumption by fuels –WAM scenario ............................................................ 181
Figure 103. Difference in Primary energy consumption by fuels –between WEM and WAM scenarios ..... 181
Figure 104. Final Energy Consumption – Comparison between WEM and WAM scenarios ...................... 182
Figure 105. Final energy consumption by fuels –WAM scenario ................................................................. 182
Figure 106. Difference in Final energy consumption by fuels –between WEM and WAM scenarios .......... 182
Figure 107. Final energy consumption by sectors –WAM scenario ............................................................. 183
Figure 108. Difference in Final energy consumption by sectors–between WEM and WAM scenarios ....... 183
Figure 109. Final non-energy consumption by fuels –WAM scenario .......................................................... 183
Figure 110. Difference in Final non-energy consumption by fuels – between WEM and WAM scenarios .. 183
Figure 111: Primary energy intensity of the overall economy ...................................................................... 183
Figure 112. Final energy intensity of the overall economy ........................................................................... 183
Figure 113: Electricity generation by technology – WAM scenario .............................................................. 184
Figure 114. Difference in Electricity generation by technology – between WEM and WAM scenarios ....... 184
Figure 115: Heat generation by technology and consumption – WAM scenario ......................................... 184
Figure 116. Heat generation by technology and consumption – WEM scenario ......................................... 184
Figure 117. Number of green jobs ................................................................................................................ 187
Figure 118: Investments needed in the electricity generation ...................................................................... 189
Figure 119. Investments needed in the energy demand sector ................................................................... 189
Figure 120: Difference in electricity production price between WAM and WEM sceanrion ......................... 190
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List of tables
Table 1. Romania’s National Strategy for Research, Innovation, and Smart Specialization 2022-2027 - main
targets ............................................................................................................................................................. 21
Table 2. Interactions between the policies and measures ............................................................................. 22
Table 3. Most relevant Romanian laws and government emergency ordinances for the energy and climate
field ................................................................................................................................................................. 25
Table 4. Annual and cumulative end-use energy savings.............................................................................. 45
Table 5. Indicative milestones to decarbonize the building stock by 2050 .................................................... 45
Table 6. Romania’s National Strategy for Research, Innovation, and Smart Specialization 2022-2027 - main
targets ............................................................................................................................................................. 56
Table 7. Romania’s S3 Smart Specialization Areas (Source: Romania’s National and Regional Strategies for
Smart Specialization)...................................................................................................................................... 61
Table 8. Occupancy and fuel consumption by vehicle type ......................................................................... 141
Table 9. Livestock population projections .................................................................................................... 142
Table 10. Maximum monthly NTC values (MW) .......................................................................................... 160
Table 11. Interconnection lines linking the national electricity transmission system to the system of neighboring
countries ....................................................................................................................................................... 161
Table 12. Components of the transmission network by year of commission ............................................... 166
Table 13. Interactions between the policies and measures ......................................................................... 185
Table 14. Policies and measures already implemented and reported in Annex IX of NECP progress report
...................................................................................................................................................................... 192
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List of abbreviations
ANRE – Romanian Energy Regulatory Authority
ANRM – National Agency for Mineral Resources
BAT – Best available technology
BR – Biennial Report on Climate Change
BRUA – Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and Austria project
CCGT – Combined-Cycle Gas Turbine
CCS – Carbon Capture Storage
CDI – Challenge-Driven Innovation
CESEC – Central and South-Eastern European Connection Initiative
CHP – Combined Heat and Power
EC – European Commission
EF – Emission factor
EIS – European Innovation Scoreboard
EMAS – Eco-management and audit scheme
ENTSO–E – European Network Transmission System Operator for Electricity
ESCO – Energy Services Company
EU – European Union
EU ETS– European Union’s Emissions Trading System
EUR – Euro
GEO – Government Emergency Ordinance
GHG – Greenhouse Gas Emissions
GTMP – General Transport Master Plan
HFC – Hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant
ICT – Information and communication technology
JTF – Just Transition Fund
LIFE – Financial instrument for the environment
LULCEF – Land use, Land-use Change and Forestry
MAC – Mobile air conditioning systems Directive
MRID – Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization
NAPEE – National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency
NC – National Communication on Climate Change
NECP – National Energy and Climate Plan
NIR – National Inventory Report
NPP – Nuclear Power Plant
NRIS3 – National Research, Innovation and Smart Specialization Strategy
NUT 2 – Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics
OHL – Overhead line
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PAEC – Circular Economy Action Plan
PCI – European Union’s Projects of Common Interest
PNDR – National Rural Development Program
PNRR – National Recovery and Resilience Plan
PP – Power plant
PV – Photovoltaic
RCI – Regional Competitiveness Index
RES – Renewable Energy Sources
ROHU – Romania – Hungary project
RON – Romanian Leu
SDGs – Sustainable Development Goals
SITC – Standard International Trade Classification
SME – Small and medium-sized enterprises
TAP – Trans Adriatic Pipeline
TPP – Thermal Power Plant
TYNDP – Ten Year Network Development Plan
WAM – Scenario with additional measures
WEM – Scenario with existing measures
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SECTION A: NATIONAL PLAN
1. OVERVIEW AND PROCESS FOR

ESTABLISHING THE PLAN
1.1 Executive summary
I. Political, economic, environmental, and social context of the plan
After the EU became a party to the Paris Agreement, it has assumed a prominent position in combatting
climate change through its leadership across five key aspects: energy security, reducing carbon emissions,
enhancing energy efficiency, strengthening the internal energy market, and promoting research, innovation,
and competitiveness. Romania as a member of EU follow the policy adopted at the central level, but taking
into account the country specification.
II. Strategy relating to the five dimensions of the Energy Union

Dimension Decarbonisation
The GHG emission reduction target for Romania is set at 78% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels (Figure 2).
Romania has made significant progress, achieving a reference point of 79% emission reduction by 2019, with
a projection of 94% reduction by 2025. The long-term goal is to achieve a near-complete emission reduction
of around 100% by 2050.
Figure 1. Indicative targets and trajectory for GHG emissions reduction
kt CO2-eq
240,000 -78%
222,050
220,000
200,000
180,000
160,000
140,000
120,000 115,092
100%
100,000
85,463
80,000
59,879
60,000 49,598
39,908
40,000
21,073
20,000 11,126
3,120
0
1990 2005 2019 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
To meet these targets, Romania has established sector-specific goals for 2030 relative to 1990 levels (Figure
3):
Figure 2. Sectoral objectives for 2030 and 2050 relative to 1990 level
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-87%
101,554
-77%
1990
84,146 2030
2050
-99%
-89% -47%
+41% 35,923
-49%
-2% 19,559 18,989 18,195 -30%
17,516
12,841 12,451 -82% 9,320 9,141 9,442 +17%
2,251 5,087 3,579
1,122 2,046 1,386 -73%
-78%
+14%
-27,647
-32,412 -31,478
Energy Transport Buildings Industry Agriculture LULUCF Waste
sector sector sector sector sector sector
• Energy sector: Aiming for an 87% GHG emission reduction, primarily through decommissioning coal
and lignite power plants and expanding renewable energy capacities.
• Transport sector: Seeking no more than a 41% increase in GHG emissions, primarily by promoting
hybrid and electric vehicles.
• Buildings sector: Targeting a 2% reduction in GHG emissions through improved building performance
and increased use of heat pumps and solar thermal collectors.
• Industry sector: Striving for a 77% GHG emission reduction, mainly achieved by replacing fossil fuels
with electricity and renewables and enhancing technology efficiency.
• Agriculture: Pursuing a 47% GHG emission reduction through appropriate livestock diet and feed
management.
• LULUCF: Aiming for a 17% increase in GHG removals, mainly through improved forest fire
management.
• Waste: Targeting a 30% reduction in GHG emissions through proper waste reduction, reuse, and
recycling.
Renewable Energy
Romania's objective is to reach at least 34% of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption by 2030.
Projections indicate that by 2025, this percentage will reach 32%. Notably, increased wind and solar energy
generation capacities, along with heat pumps for heating and cooling, will contribute significantly (Figure 3).
trajectory
26,820
26,079
26,070
25,985
25,978
25,859
25,706
25,325
25,266
28,000 50
25,134
25,117
24,761
26,000
45
24,000
22,000 40
35.5 36.2
20,000 34.7
33.1 33.9 35 EU commission recommended
32.3
31.4
18,000
29.5
30.6 target for Romania target 34%
30
16,000
24.3 24.5
ktoe
14,000 23.6 25 %
12,000
20
10,000 9,052 9,265 9,406
8,566 8,796
7,960 8,313
8,000 7,465 7,697 15
6,101 6,061 6,329
6,000 10
4,000
5
2,000
0 0
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
Gross final energy consumption Total RES RES share in gross final energy consumption
The estimated trajectories for the share of RES in the transport sector show that it will reach 29.8% in 2030,
which will be obtained mainly by increasing the use of electricity in this sector (Figure 12). The RES share in
the electricity sector will also increase by 2030, reaching a point of 55.8% in 2030, as a result of the
construction of new RES (mainly wind and solar) capacities for electricity generation. On the other hand, due
to the decreased use of biomass, especially in the rural areas, which will be replaced by cleaner technologies,
the RES share in the heating and cooling sector will slightly increase throughout the whole analyzed period,
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reaching 36.3% in 2030. Although the biomass is considered as renewable source, it is envisioned that its
consumption will be reduced since conservation of LULUCF absorptions is of great importance, as well as
due to the adverse air quality consequences of biomass consumption. The biomass stove will be replaced
mainly by clean heat pumps which are considered as renewable technology, too.
heating and cooling and transport sector
%
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60 55.1 55.8
51.8 53.5
55 50.5
48.2 48.7
50 46.1
43.2 42.7 42.0 41.8 42.6 43.4 42.5 43.4
45
36.3
35.3
34.4
33.8
33.4
40
33.1
32.0
31.7
31.1
35
26.9
26.6
25.9
25.7
25.4
25.3
24.5
30
25 28.3 29.8
25.3 26.8
20 23.7
22.0
15 20.1
7.8 8.5 7.7 18.2
6.2 6.6 6.3 16.4
10 5.5
5
0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
RES-E RES-T RES-H&C
Dimension energy efficiency

The energy consumption projections for 2050 are based on the guiding principle of prioritizing energy
efficiency (“taking utmost account of cost-efficient energy efficiency measures in shaping energy policy and
making relevant investment decisions” 1).
The anticipated energy consumption projections indicate a targeted reduction of 5% in primary energy
consumption by 2030 compared to 2019 (as depicted in Figure 64), reaching an absolute value of 31,448
ktoe. Similarly, final energy consumption is expected to experience a slight decrease of 2% (as shown in
Figure 22), achieving an absolute value of 23,140 ktoe in 2030. The long-term plan aims for a substantial
reduction of 15% in primary energy consumption by 2050 relative to the 2019 level, accompanied by a more
pronounced drop of 28% in final energy consumption.
Compared to the reference 2030 projections established by the Primes model, Romania’s energy efficiency
goal by 2030 is to achieve a remarkable 46% reduction in primary energy consumption and a corresponding
45% reduction in final energy consumption (Figure 64 and Figure 22). By 2050, Romania aims to lower its
primary energy consumption by 52%, while the final energy consumption is projected to decrease further by
59% compared to the 2030 Primes model projections. These targets reflect a dedicated commitment to
sustainability and a greener future.
1https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-first-
principle_en#:~:text=The%20%E2%80%9Cenergy%20efficiency%20first%20principle,and%20making%20relevant%20investment%20
decisions.
20 | P a g e
Figure 5. Estimated primary energy consumption Figure 6. Estimated final energy consumption
trajectory trajectory
Primary energy consumption Final energy consumption
-46% -48% -52%

Mtoe Mtoe -45% -52% -59%
58.7
42.2
60.0 45.0
55.0
40.0
50.0
35.0
45.0 -5% -15% -2% -28%
40.0 30.0
34.3
25.3
33.2
32.4
32.2
23.7
23.5
31.4
23.2
23.1
31.0
35.0
30.8
25.0
21.9
29.0
28.1
20.3
30.0
18.4
17.2
20.0
25.0
20.0 15.0
15.0
10.0
10.0
5.0
5.0
0.0 0.0
Primes 2019 2020 2021 Primes 2019 2020 2021
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
2030 2030
projections projections
Dimension energy security

Romania has conducted a comprehensive assessment to align its objectives with the goals of energy security.
This assessment encompasses a wide range of initiatives, decisions, ongoing progress, and projections
aimed at enhancing energy security. Key focus areas include increasing domestic energy supply and
diversifying fuel imports.
Electricity Generation: Romania places a high priority on domestic energy supply. In the electricity generation
sector, the aim is to diversify energy sources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The target for 2030 is
to achieve an installed capacity of 30.4 GW, with approximately 76% originating from renewable sources
(Figure 18). The plan also includes the construction of new nuclear and natural gas-powered facilities while
maintaining electricity imports below 5%.
Natural Gas Supply: Romania is actively improving its natural gas transmission network, including
interconnections, to diversify supplies and reduce dependence on Russia. This involves participation in
various projects, such as BRUA, Eastring, ROHU – Second phase, and CESEC, to connect with future gas
infrastructure projects.
Romania seeks to reduce its import dependence on crude oil, solid fossil fuels, and natural gas by 2030
through electrification, decommissioning coal power plants, and diversifying supply sources to achieve
reduced respective import share targets, all while emphasizing the importance of diversification of the sources
for import, especially for natural gas.
Romania is actively promoting demand response consumption to address energy demand fluctuations
effectively. Additionally, the country is working on energy storage solutions, particularly power battery storage
with a target of at least 240 MW or 480 MWh by 2025. The use of batteries and hydrogen technology is
expected to enhance grid stability and support the integration of renewable energy sources.
Dimension internal energy market
Romania's comprehensive approach to its internal energy market under the Energy Union Strategy includes
a focus on electricity interconnectivity, aiming to achieve the 2030 target of 15% interconnectivity through the
expansion of cross-border capacity and increased installed capacity, alongside efforts to address price
differentials. Key projects and modernization initiatives are outlined for both electricity and gas transmission
infrastructure, with a strong emphasis on the completion of Projects of Common Interest. The country's plans
extend to market integration, enabling non-discriminatory participation of renewable energy, demand
response, and storage, while actively promoting self-generation and new technologies. Romania prioritizes
flexibility in its energy system, with a focus on energy storage, particularly batteries, and aims to enhance the
competitiveness of the retail energy sector, protect energy consumers, and address energy poverty. The
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overarching objective is to create a more resilient, sustainable, and interconnected energy landscape in
Romania.
Dimension Research, Inovation and Competitivnes
The National Strategy for Research, Innovation, and Smart Specialization 2022- 2027 articulates Romania’s
Vision 2030, built on four (interconnected) pillars (corresponding to the strategy’s four general objectives),
each with its own (indicators and) targets (Figure 14) 2. If considering overall innovation performance (as
mirrored in the EIS), Romania’s goal is to become a moderate innovator (i.e., have an innovation performance
between 70% and 100% of the EU average).
Table 1. Romania’s National Strategy for Research, Innovation, and Smart Specialization 2022-2027 - main targets
Target
Pillar / Indicator
I. Romania develops, concentrates, and connects excellency to the scientific frontier and to societal challenges
• Number of doctorate graduates in relation to the number of graduates from
10% increase
higher education
0.12 annual growth
• Researchers per one thousand employed persons
(from 2.0 currently to 3.2 in 2030)
• Number of "leader" researchers (as defined in the ‘EU framework for
20% increase
research careers’) working in Romania in 2030
Proportional increase
• Number of WoS indexed articles in relation to the number of researchers
• Research productivity (articles/researchers)
Increase from 0.85 to 1
• Quality of knowledge production
o Articles in top 10% most cited articles Increase from 7% to 10%
(current EU average: 12%)
o Articles in top 1% most cited articles Increase from 04% to 0.6%
o Number of triadic patents (as compared to 2021) 50% increase
II. There is a large mobilization of enterprises towards innovation
• EIS performance Achieving the status of Moderate Innovator
Increase from 2.9% to 6%
• Share of enterprises introducing new innovative products on the market
(EU average in 2018: 13%)
More than 7%
(from 3.5% collaboration with universities
• Share of innovative enterprises collaborating with research organizations
and 1,5% collaboration with institutes in
2018)
• Number of public-private co-publications per one million inhabitants
(current EU average: 95)
• Employment in innovative enterprises
(EU average in 2018: 11.8%)
III. Innovation ecosystems associated with smart specializations support advancement in global value-added chains
• Growth rates of employment, value added, and exports in ecosystems Twice as high - compared to the national
associated with smart specialization areas and benefiting from major projects average
IV. Internationalization and European and international cooperation
Double - compared to funding drawn from
Horizon 2020
• Funding drawn from the Horizon Europe Program
(about 500 mill. euros between 2022 and
2027)
• Number of international scientific co-publications per one million Increase from 284 to 600
inhabitants (current EU average: 1172)
• Public financing allocated to joint programs and European partnerships
(including inter-regional investments in EU projects) – as percentage from the Minimum 5%
national public financing for R&D
• Bilateral collaborations are complementary to these interventions and contribute to networking capacity building
III. Overview table with key objectives, policies and measures of the plan
The proposed policies and measures are designed to align with the established national targets and
objectives, and will additionally contribute to achieving the EU goals. Table 11 provides an overview of how
each policy or measure contributes to the various dimensions.
2
Claudia, O. and Mihaela, H., 2022. Fostering Innovation in Romania. Insights from the Smart Specialization Strategies. Studies in
Business & Economics, 17(2).
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Table 2. Interactions between the policies and measures
Efficienc
Decarbo
Security
nization
Internal
Energy
energy
R&I&C
y
PAM 1 Phasing out coal TPP √ √ √ √ √
PAM 2 Introduction of green hydrogen into the energy system √ √ √ √ √

PAM 3 Development of new CCGT capacities √ √ √ √ √
PAM 4 Promotion of high-efficiency cogeneration capacities √ √ √ √ √
PAM 5 Employing CCUS technologies √ √ √
PAM 6 Implementation of the Kigali amendment in the Product uses as substitutes of ODS √ √
PAM 7 Improvement of the industrial processes √
PAM 8 Setting an obligation for CO2 injecting and storing for the oil & gas industry √ √
PAM 9 Reduction of emissions from enteric fermentation √

PAM 10 Increasing agricultural residues management √
PAM 11 Reduction of methane emission level from manure management and biogas production √ √
PAM 12 Increasing the agrisolar production √ √ √ √ √

PAM 13 Establishing integrated management of forest fires √
PAM 14 PV systems in agriculture √
PAM 15 Renewal of the agricultural machinery and equipment √ √ √
PAM 16 Establishment of agricultural associations √
PAM 17 Reduction of municipal waste per capita √
PAM 18 Increased recycling and biodegradable waste selection for composting √ √
PAM 19 Improved incineration / co-incineration √ √ √ √ √

PAM 20 Landfill gas flaring √ √ √ √ √
PAM 21 Improved wastewater treatment √ √
PAM 22 Increase of the domestic generation capacity from PV power plants √ √ √ √ √
PAM 23 Increase of the domestic generation capacity from wind √ √ √ √ √

PAM 24 Small hydro power plant √ √ √ √ √
PAM 25 Rooftop PP √ √ √ √ √
PAM 26 Installation of solar thermal collectors in the residential sector √ √ √ √ √
PAM 27 Increase of the domestic generation capacity from Biomass and biogas CHP and PP √ √ √ √ √
PAM 28 Development of market for more advance biofuels √ √ √ √
PAM 29 Improve energy performance of public buildings at central level √ √ √ √
PAM 30 Improve energy performance of public buildings at local level √ √ √ √
PAM 31 Renovation of residential buildings √ √ √ √

PAM 32 Renovation of commercial buildings √ √ √ √
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PAM 33 Rehabilitation of public lighting √ √ √

PAM 34 Development of energy services/market, ESCO √ √ √
PAM 35 Green procurement √ √ √
PAM 36 Energy audit and energy management √ √ √
PAM 37 Increased share of heat pumps √ √ √
PAM 38 Increased use of efficient technologies in the residential sector √ √ √
PAM 39 Replacement of conventional fuels with RES in manufacturing industries √ √ √
PAM 40 Increase technology efficiency in the industrial sector √ √ √

PAM 41 Increased share of alternative fueled cars √ √ √
PAM 42 Increased share of alternative fueled buses and trains √ √ √
PAM 43 Modernization of urban public transport √ √ √
PAM 44 Extension of the subway in Bucharest √ √ √
PAM 45 Increased share of alternative fueled trucks √ √ √
PAM 46 Modernization of railway, subway, naval and air transport √ √ √
PAM 47 Alternative mobility √ √ √
PAM 48 Support for the expansion and modernization of the electricity √ √ √

distribution network
PAM 49 Increased use of nuclear energy √ √ √
PAM 50 Black Sea Corridor (TYNDP ID 138) √ √ √
PAM 51 Mid-Continental East corridor (TYNDP ID 144) √ √ √
PAM 52 HU-RO (TYNDP ID 259) √ √ √
PAM 53 North CSE Corridor (TYNDP ID 341) √ √ √
PAM 54 Georgia-Romania Black Sea interconnection cable project (TYNDP ID 1105) √ √ √
PAM 55 Increasing the interconnectivity between the eastern areas and the remaining of the
√ √ √
interconnected power system.
PAM 56 Integrating the output generated by powerplants in other areas (South, South-West, etc.) √ √ √
PAM 57 400kV OHL Suceava-Bălți √ √ √
PAM 58 Refurbishment and modernization of the existing substations √ √ √
PAM 59 Increasing the Natural Gas in Central-Eastern and South-Eastern Europe √ √ √
PAM 60 Daily withdrawal capacity increase in Bilciurești underground gas storage system (UGS) √ √ √
PAM 61 Electric energy storage capacities √ √ √
PAM 62 Development and use of fully-fledged national social assistance information system √ √ √
PAM 63 Ensuring implementation of just transition process √ √ √ √

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1.2 Overview of current policy situation

I. National and Union energy system and policy context of the national plan
Romania's energy landscape stands at the intersection of tradition and transformation, reflecting both its
historical reliance on conventional energy sources and its commitment to transitioning toward a sustainable,
low-carbon future. As an active member of the European Union (EU), Romania aligns its energy system and
policies with the overarching European energy framework, while also addressing its unique national energy
challenges and opportunities.
Romania's Energy Mix: Romania's energy matrix is characterized by diversity, incorporating a mix of fossil
fuels, renewables, and nuclear energy. Historically, Romania heavily depended on fossil fuels, particularly
coal and natural gas, to meet its energy demands. The country's extensive coal reserves played a crucial role
in ensuring energy security. Additionally, natural gas served as a vital energy source for both electricity
generation and heating purposes, offering a cleaner alternative to coal.
In recent times, driven by EU directives and a growing emphasis on sustainability, Romania has embarked
on a path to diversify its energy sources. Renewable energy has emerged as a key player in this
transformation. The country has witnessed substantial growth in wind and solar energy production. Romania's
geographical advantages, particularly the consistent and robust winds in regions like Dobrogea, have
attracted investments and led to the development of significant wind energy projects. Likewise, abundant
sunshine across the country has spurred the proliferation of solar photovoltaic installations on rooftops, solar
farms, and commercial facilities.
Amid this transition, the Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant has maintained its significance. Equipped with two
operational reactors, both of Canadian design, the nuclear plant contributes substantially to Romania's
electricity generation capacity. Nuclear energy is recognized for its low carbon emissions and reliability, further
enhancing Romania's energy diversity.
This evolving energy mix underscores Romania's commitment to transitioning toward cleaner and more
sustainable energy sources. This transition aligns not only with EU directives but also with global efforts to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change. Romania's multifaceted energy portfolio
reflects a pragmatic approach, striving to balance the nation's energy needs with environmental responsibility
and the imperative of energy security.
EU Policy Context: Romania's energy ambitions are indivisibly linked with the EU's broader energy and
climate policy objectives. The European Green Deal, a cornerstone of EU policy, commits the European Union
to achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. This ambitious goal necessitates a profound transformation of the
energy sector across member states.
Romania aligns itself with various EU directives and regulations encapsulated within the Clean Energy for All
Europeans Package. These directives and regulations set the stage for the gradual transition to a cleaner,
more sustainable energy system. Notable components of this package include the Renewable Energy
Directive, which sets ambitious renewable energy targets for member states, and the Energy Efficiency
Directive, emphasizing energy savings measures across sectors.
The Romanian National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP): In line with EU regulations, Romania has
developed its National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP). This strategic document serves as a blueprint for
aligning national energy and climate priorities with EU objectives, ensuring that Romania contributes to the
EU's collective climate and energy goals while addressing its specific national challenges. Romania's NECP
is structured along the following lines:
Renewable Energy Expansion: Romania is committed to a substantial increase in the share of renewable
energy sources within its energy mix. This commitment extends to various renewable sources, including wind
and solar power, biomass, and hydropower. Wind and solar energy projects are expected to proliferate,
harnessing the nation's natural resources to generate clean electricity. The country's wind potential, especially
in regions like Dobrogea, is a focal point for wind energy development. Biomass and hydropower are also part
of the strategy, aiming to further diversify the renewable energy portfolio.
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Fostering Energy Efficiency: The plan outlines a range of initiatives designed to enhance energy efficiency
across sectors. These measures include the retrofitting of buildings for improved energy performance and the
modernization of industrial processes to minimize energy consumption. The goal is to optimize energy use,
reduce waste, and lower energy costs for businesses and households.
Emissions Reduction: Romania is committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions across various sectors
of its economy. This includes the industrial, transportation, and residential sectors. Efforts are focused on
adopting cleaner technologies and practices, thereby mitigating the environmental impact of economic
activities.
Just Transition: Recognizing the potential social and economic consequences of the energy transition,
Romania's NECP emphasizes the importance of a "just transition." This entails supporting communities and
workers affected by the shift to cleaner energy sources. Measures may include reskilling programs, job
creation in renewable energy sectors, and social safety nets.
Infrastructure Development: Investment in energy infrastructure is a top priority in Romania's NECP. This
encompasses enhancements to the energy grid, interconnection projects to improve regional and cross-
border energy flows, and the development of electric vehicle charging networks. The aim is to ensure a robust
and reliable energy system capable of accommodating the increased capacity of renewable energy sources
and facilitating the transition to electric mobility.
These comprehensive strategies and initiatives underscore Romania's commitment to aligning with EU
objectives for a sustainable and low-carbon energy future. Romania's NECP addresses not only the technical
aspects of renewable energy integration and emissions reduction but also the social and economic
dimensions, ensuring that the transition benefits both the environment and its citizens.
In conclusion, Romania's energy system and policy context are integral components of the broader European
energy landscape. The Romanian NECP reflects the country's commitment to aligning with EU climate and
energy goals while addressing its unique challenges and opportunities. Romania's journey toward a
sustainable energy future not only supports its national interests but also contributes significantly to the EU's
collective mission of combatting climate change and securing a clean, secure, and prosperous energy future
for all Europeans.
In the table below the most relevant Romanian laws and government emergency ordinances in the energy
and climate field are presented.
Table 3. Most relevant Romanian laws and government emergency ordinances for the energy and climate field
Title of the Law / Emergency Law / GEO Number and Date of
Regulatory scope
Government Ordinance Adoption
LAW on establishing social protection No. 226/2021 from September 16, To protect vulnerable consumers from the
measures for the vulnerable energy 2021 increase in energy prices by granting subsidies
consumers for heating the homes, for energy consumption,
Amended 10 times with laws and for purchasing products and services for the
GEOs improvement of the energy performance of
buildings or for connection to the energy
network. Under the Law, vulnerable consumers
are defined as single people or families who,
due to illness, age, insufficient income or
isolation from energy sources, would benefit
from social protection measures and additional
services ensuring their minimum energy needs.
The Law establishes further criteria for inclusion
in the category of vulnerable energy
consumers. An estimated 500,000 households
will receive up to RON 500 (EUR 100) per
month to pay bills during the cold season.
Financial measures foreseen by this law
consist of granting of aid intended to ensure the
needs of minimal energy, more precisely: a) aid
for heating the home; b) aid for energy
consumption to cover part of the household's
energy consumption throughout the year; c) aid
for purchase, within a home, of energy-efficient
equipment necessary for lighting, cooling,
heating and providing hot water for
consumption in the home, to replace household
appliances with efficient ones, as well as for the
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use of means of communication that require
energy consumption; d) aid for the purchase of
products and services in order to increase the
energy performance of buildings, or for
connecting to energy sources.
Non-financial measures foreseen by this law
consist of access and connection facilities to
energy sources available necessary to ensure
minimum energy needs, including the
prohibition of disconnection from energy
sources for certain categories of vulnerable
consumers, as well as transparent and
accessible advice and information to the
population regarding energy sources, costs and
access procedures to them.
GOVERNMENT EMERGENCY No. 27/2022 from March 18, 2022 Considering the situation determined by the
ORDINANCE regarding the measures price increase on the international electricity
applicable to final customers in the Approved with modifications with the and natural gas markets, as well as the effects
electricity and natural gas market in Law no. 206/2022 caused by these increases, it is necessary to
the period April 1, 2022 - March 31, institute temporary measures, so that the
2023, as well as for the modification Amended 11 times between 2022- electricity and natural gas prices paid by
and completion of some normative 2023 with laws and GEOs customers final not to aggravate the level of
acts in the field of energy energy poverty, but also taking into account the
fact that during the state of alert economic
operators faced problems determined by the
existence of restrictions, the interruption of
activity, the decrease in turnover, all these
measures led to a blockage of these economic
activities at the national level, which encumbers
the possibility of bearing the additional costs
determined by the price increase on the energy
markets. Therefore, this Ordinance establishes:
cap for the price of electricity for households
and certain other categories, consumption
ceiling (kWh/month) based on which benefits
will apply and monetary compensation for the
households’ consumption of electricity and
natural gas.
GOVERNMENT EMERGENCY No. 186/2022 from December 28, Considering the need to mitigate the direct
ORDINANCE regarding some 2022 economic effects of the increase in energy
implementing measures of the prices, taking into account the provisions of
Regulation (EU) 2022/1854 regarding Approved with modifications with the Council Regulation (EU) 2022/1854 regarding
an emergency intervention to address Law no. 119/2023 an emergency intervention to address the
the problem of high energy prices problem of high energy prices, which establish
Amended twice in 2023 the obligation of member states to adopt and
publish by December 31, 2022 , the measures
to implement the temporary solidarity
contribution on the surplus profits generated by
Union companies and permanent
establishments that carry out activities in the oil,
natural gas, coal and refinery sectors.
LAW on Electricity and Natural Gas No. 123/2012 from July 10, 2012 This law establishes the regulatory framework
for activities within the electricity and thermal
Amended 46 times with laws and energy sector produced through cogeneration.
GEOs The objectives of these activities include
ensuring sustainable economic development,
diversification of energy resources, fostering
competitive electricity markets, providing non-
discriminatory access to electricity networks,
enhancing transparency in pricing, creating fuel
safety reserves, facilitating interconnections
with neighboring energy systems, improving
market competitiveness, promoting renewable
energy sources, and upholding environmental
protection, security, and safety standards.
LAW on the establishing of the No. 220/2008 from October 27, 2008 This law establishes a legal framework to
system for the promotion of energy expand renewable energy use by attracting
production from renewable energy Amended 18 times with laws and investments in these resources that will
sources GEOs enhance energy security, foster local and
regional sustainable development and
employment, reduce pollution, ensure
possibilities for co-financing. The provisions of
this law regulate the guarantees of origin,
administrative procedures related to renewable
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energy projects, set grid connection rules, and
establish sustainability criteria for biofuels and
bioliquids. Additionally, the law introduces a
system to promote electricity generated from
renewable sources. This Law stimulated the
development of the electricity production sector
from renewable energy sources until 2016, but
it cannot be invoked as legislation likely to lead
to new investments in this sector
law on the integration of hydrogen Law no. 237/2023 from June 2023 Hydrogen Law establishes obligations on fuel
from renewable and low-carbon suppliers to provide fuels from renewable
sources in the industry and transport sources and sets minimum percentages of
sectors (Hydrogen Law) hydrogen from renewable sources in fuel used
in Romania.
The priority of the Hydrogen Law is to increase
the country’s energy production capacity and to
strengthen Romania’s energy security, thus
achieving the targets set by Romania’s National
Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR) for
regulating the hydrogen market in Romania.
According to the Hydrogen Law, the fuel
suppliers must ensure until 2030 that the energy
value from the amount of non-biological
renewable fuels supplied to the market in
Romania and used in the transport sector
during one year is at least equal to 5% of the
energy content of all fuels supplied for
consumption or market use in Romania.
The Hydrogen Law is aligned with both the
National Hydrogen Strategy and the European
strategies for hydrogen development and
REPowerEU.
GOVERNMENT EMERGENCY No. 108/2022 from June 30, 2022 This emergency ordinance outlines a
ORDINANCE on the decarbonization comprehensive framework for the gradual
of the energy sector Amended 5 times with laws and removal of electricity production from lignite and
GEOs coal sources in the energy mix. It establishes
timelines for shutting down and conserving
energy facilities using these materials. The
ordinance encompasses measures for the
controlled reduction of coal and lignite-based
electricity capacities, responsible
decommissioning, closure and securing of
related extraction sites, ecological restoration of
closed plants and mining areas, and the
facilitation of workforce transition and local
economic support. Notably, the ordinance
prohibits the commissioning of new electricity
capacities based on lignite or coal, except for
those with pre-existing licenses/permits issued
prior to its enactment.
Law 334/2022 on phase out of coal Law 334/2022 sets a clear coal exit date,
TPP includes power plant closure benchmarks,
introduces social protection measures,
establishes governmental and advisory bodies
to manage the implementation process and sets
sanctions for non-compliance with the calendar.
GOVERNMENT EMERGENCY No. 64/2011 Provides the institutional set-up and procedures
ORDINANCE on carbon capture for authorization, monitoring, and control of the
storage Approved with modifications with the granting exploration and storage permits for
Law no. 114/2013 CO2 geological storage sites, which are issued
by National Agency for Mineral Resources as
competent authority both for CO2 geological
storage and for hydrocarbon operations. The
subject matter is further elaborated in the
following bylaw:
 Procedure for granting the exploration
permit for CO2 geological storage, issued
in 2015 by ANRM
 Procedure for granting the CO2 geological
storage permit issued through Decision
16/2017 of the ANRM President
 Guideline for preparing the documentation
by operators/owners: Notification
regarding the abandonment of offshore
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wells and disaffecting the facilities issued
in December 2018 by the Regulatory
Authority for Offshore Petroleum
Operation in the Black Sea
LAW on Energy Efficiency No 121/2014 from July 18, 2014 The purpose of this law is to create the legal
framework for the development and application
Amended 8 times with laws and of the national policy in the field of energy
GEOs efficiency in order to achieve the national
objective of increasing energy efficiency. Policy
measures in the field of energy efficiency are
applied to the entire chain: primary resources,
production, distribution, supply, transport and
final consumption. The national indicative
contribution regarding energy efficiency for the
year 2030 shall be established in the integrated
national plan in the field of energy and climate
change 2021 - 2030.
Ministry of Energy, i.e. the Energy Efficiency
Department, an organizational structure within
the ministry at the level of the central public
authority, is mandated to develop and approve
the primary and secondary policies and
legislation in the field of energy efficiency.
Law Green Public Procurement No. 69/2016 The law defines green public procurement as
being “the process by which contracting
authorities use environmental protection criteria
to improve the quality of performances and
optimize costs with short-, medium-, and long-
term public procurement
Law on the energy performance of No. 372/2005 The law establishes minimum energy
buildings performance requirements for building
renovation, minimum performance
requirements for buildings with almost zero
energy consumption.
GOVERNMENT EMERGENCY No. 195/2005 from December 22, This piece of legislation addresses the
ORDINANCE on environment 2005 environmental protection, which is of major
protection public interest, based on the principles and
Approved with modifications with the strategic elements that lead to sustainable
Law no. 265/2006 development.
The environment represents the set of
Amended 29 times with laws and conditions and natural elements of the Earth:
GEOs air, water, soil, subsoil, characteristic aspects of
the landscape, all atmospheric layers, all
organic and inorganic matter, as well as living
beings, natural systems in interaction, including
the listed elements previously, including some
material and spiritual values, quality of life and
conditions that can influence human well-being
and health.
Environmental protection is the obligation and
responsibility of central and local public
administration authorities, as well as of all
natural and legal persons. Central and local
public administration authorities provide funds
in their own budgets to fulfill the obligations
resulting from the implementation of legislation
in the field of environment and for
environmental protection programs and
collaborate with central and territorial public
authorities for environmental protection in order
to achieve them.
GOVERNMENT EMERGENCY GEO 163/2022 from 6 December The Ordinance transposes the provisions of Art.
ORDINANCE for supplementing the 2022 2-31, Art. 37 and Annex II, Annex III and
legal framework on the promotion of Annexes V-IX of Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of
the use of energy from renewable the European Parliament and of the Council of
sources and for amending and 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use
supplementing certain regulatory of energy from renewable sources and is
acts, primarily aimed at regulating the needs of both
citizens and the private sector by aligning
national policies with European policies and by
accessing European funds for future
investments in the renewable energy production
sector.
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GOVERNMENT EMERGENCY No. 92/2021 from August 19, 2021 In this piece of legislation, the Directive (EU)
ORDINANCE on waste regime 2018/851 amending Directive 2008/98/EC on
Approved with modifications with the waste, is transposed. The objective is to
Law no. 17/2023 regulate the efficient management of waste and
promote prevention and reduction of waste
Amended 5 times with laws and generation, and if appropriate measures are not
GEOs legally established it may lead to damage to the
public interest, human health, as well as the
interests and objectives the environmental
policy regarding the conservation, protection
and improvement of the quality of the
environment. The specific objectives of this
emergency ordinance is to ensure a high level
of protection of the environment and the health
of the population by establishing measures:
 prevention and reduction of waste
generation and their efficient
management;
 reduction of the adverse effects
determined by the generation and
management of waste;
 reducing the general effects determined by
the use of resources and increasing the
efficiency of their use, as essential
elements for ensuring the transition to a
circular economy and guaranteeing long-
term competitiveness; and
 regarding the transport and traceability of
waste.
II. Current energy and climate policies and measures relating to the five dimensions of the Energy
Union
Dimension 1: Decarbonization
Renewable Energy Development: Romania has promoted the development of renewable energy sources,
such as wind, solar, and hydropower, to reduce carbon emissions. Feed-in tariffs, green certificates, and
competitive auctions have incentivized renewable energy projects.
Carbon Pricing: Romania participates in the EU ETS, which puts a price on carbon emissions from large
industrial installations, aligning with the EU's decarbonization efforts.
Dimension 2: Energy efficiency
Energy Efficiency Programs: Romania has introduced energy efficiency programs and initiatives
aimed at reducing energy consumption in various sectors, including industry, transportation, and
buildings. These efforts align with the EU's energy efficiency objectives.
Energy Performance of Buildings: Romania has implemented measures to improve the energy
performance of buildings, including stricter energy efficiency standards for new constructions and
renovations.
Dimension 3: Security of energy supply
Diversification of Energy Sources: Romania has been working to diversify its energy sources by
increasing the share of renewable energy and enhancing energy efficiency. This diversification
contributes to energy security by reducing dependence on a single energy source.
Natural Gas Infrastructure: Romania has invested in expanding its natural gas infrastructure,
including pipelines and interconnections with neighboring countries. This enhances energy security
by facilitating the supply of natural gas from multiple sources.
Dimension 4: Internal Energy Market
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Market Liberalization: Romania has implemented measures to liberalize its energy market, allowing
for greater competition and choice for consumers. This aligns with the EU's goal of creating a well-
functioning internal energy market.
Integration with Regional Markets: Romania has integrated its electricity and gas markets with
neighbouring countries, contributing to a more interconnected European energy market.
In addition to the most relevant Romanian laws and government emergency ordinances in the ANNEX I of
the NECP the existing policy that are implemented are presented. These policies and measures are already
reported in the Annex IX of the NECP progress report.
As one of the most important section for the realization of the NECP is now to deal with the energy poverty.
Having this in mind, in this section attention is given to the energy poverty.
1. ROMANIA - Present policy and planning documents and legal framework on energy poverty
and vulnerable energy consumers
Information on policy and planning documents
The 2021-2030 NECP is the most relevant policy and planning document still in force that deals with the
subject matter. It notes that on the one hand, the progress of Romania in the combating of energy poverty
and outlines, on the other hand, the need to recover the lagging behind the EU average. The national objective
in this regard is thus to reduce the energy poverty rate and to ensure the protection of the vulnerable consumer
in order to safeguard human rights, considering that the EU average rate for 2015 was achieved.
The trans-sectoral policies and measures in the 2021-2030 NECP foresee:
• Regulating and defining the vulnerable consumer and means for their financing, which prior to
the adoption of the present NECP was already done through the Government Emergency
Ordinance No. 1/2020 regarding certain fiscal-budgetary measures and amending and
supplementing certain legislative acts, and ANRE’s Order No. 235/2019 approving the Regulation
for supply of electricity to final consumers;
• The Ministry of the Economy, Energy and the Business Environment to collaborate with the
Ministry of Labour and Social Protection to prepare the national action plan for energy poverty
cases, which would define the critical situations and the consumers who cannot be disconnected
in such situations, and specifies the recovery of related costs by operators under a specific
procedure approved under a Government decision on a proposal from ANRE;
• Providing for non-financial support for vulnerable low-income consumers by providing for the
possibility of payment rescheduling (staggered payment of the electricity bill);
• Implementing the National Social Assistance Computer System;
• Granting aids for home heating for all the four heating systems: heat, natural gas, electricity and
wood, coal and oil fuels, to vulnerable consumers;
• Subsidies for heat without differentiating consumers under vulnerability criteria, which are applied
directly to the electricity price; and
• Granting aids to reduce energy poverty that consist of social benefits granted from the State
budget through the budget of the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection and the family
maintenance allowance, and aids to secure the minimum income guaranteed for families and
single persons under poverty.
Information on the present primary and secondary legislation most relevant for the energy poverty
and vulnerable energy consumers
Following the adoption of the present NECP, the following legal acts addressing directly or being relevant for
the vulnerable energy consumers have been adopted and implemented:
1. LAW on establishing social protection measures for the vulnerable energy consumers
• Adopted on: September 7, 2021
• Entered into force on: November 1, 2021
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• Main objective: To protect vulnerable consumers from the increase in energy prices by granting
subsidies for heating the homes, for energy consumption, for purchasing products and services
for the improvement of the energy performance of buildings or for connection to the energy
network. Under the Law, vulnerable consumers are defined as single people or families who, due
to illness, age, insufficient income or isolation from energy sources, would benefit from social
protection measures and additional services ensuring their minimum energy needs. The Law
establishes further criteria for inclusion in the category of vulnerable energy consumers. An
estimated 500,000 households will receive up to RON 500 (EUR 100) per month to pay bills
during the cold season. Key features of the system are:
o The financial measures foreseen by this law consist of granting of aid intended to ensure
the needs of minimal energy, more precisely: a) aid for heating the home; b) aid for energy
consumption to cover part of the household's energy consumption throughout the year;
c) aid for purchase, within a home, of energy-efficient equipment necessary for lighting,
cooling, heating and providing hot water for consumption in the home, to replace
household appliances with efficient ones, as well as for the use of means of
communication that require energy consumption; d) aid for the purchase of products and
services in order to increase the energy performance of buildings, or for connecting to
energy sources.
o A maximum monthly average income for the beneficiaries of the assistance: RON
1386 (EUR 277) per person within a family and RON 1445 (EUR 410) for a single person.
o The establishment of the level of assistance by percentage compensation applied to a
differentiated reference value depending on the heating system. Such compensation is
between 10% and 100% depending on income. The grant will be settled directly in the
invoice price.
o Non-financial measures foreseen by this law consist of access and connection facilities
to energy sources available necessary to ensure minimum energy needs, including the
prohibition of disconnection from energy sources for certain categories of vulnerable
consumers, as well as transparent and accessible advice and information to the
population regarding energy sources, costs and access procedures to them.
o The Law foresees the minimum consumption limit to be established by order joint of
the President of the National Energy Regulatory Authority and the Minister of Labour and
Social Protection.
2. GOVERNMENT EMERGENCY ORDINANCE no. 27/2022 regarding the measures applicable to final
customers in the electricity and natural gas market in the period April 1, 2022 - March 31, 2023,
as well as for the modification and completion of some normative acts in the field of energy
• Adopted on: March 18, 2022
• Approved with modifications with the Law no. 206/2022
• Amended: 11 times between 2022-2023
• Main objective / content: Considering the situation determined by the price increase on the
international electricity and natural gas markets, as well as the effects caused by these increases,
it is necessary to institute temporary measures, so that the electricity and natural gas prices paid
by customers final not to aggravate the level of energy poverty, but also taking into account the
fact that during the state of alert economic operators faced problems determined by the existence
of restrictions, the interruption of activity, the decrease in turnover, all these measures led to a
blockage of these economic activities at the national level, which encumbers the possibility of
bearing the additional costs determined by the price increase on the energy markets. Therefore,
this Ordinance establishes: cap for the price of electricity for households and certain other
categories, consumption ceiling (kWh/month) based on which benefits will apply and monetary
compensation for the households’ consumption of electricity and natural gas.
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3. GOVERNMENT EMERGENCY ORDINANCE no. 186/2022 regarding some implementing measures

of the Regulation (EU) 2022/1854 regarding an emergency intervention to address the problem of
high energy prices
• Adopted on: December 28, 2022
• Approved with modifications with the Law no. 119/2023
• Amended: twice in 2023
Main objective / content: Considering the need to mitigate the direct economic effects of the increase in energy
prices, taking into account the provisions of Council Regulation (EU) 2022/1854 regarding an emergency
intervention to address the problem of high energy prices, which establish the obligation of member states to
adopt and publish by December 31, 2022 , the measures to implement the temporary solidarity contribution
on the surplus profits generated by Union companies and permanent establishments that carry out activities
in the oil, natural gas, coal and refinery sectors.
Dimension 5: research, innovation and competitiveness
Research and Innovation Funding: Romania has allocated funding for research and innovation in
clean energy technologies, participating in EU research programs aimed at advancing energy
innovation.
However, despite these efforts, recent data, such as the Summary Innovation Index from the
European Innovation Scoreboard 2023 and the EU Regional Competitiveness Index 2.0 in 2022,
presents a challenging picture for Romania.
Namely, the Summary Innovation Index places Romania the last among the EU countries (Figure 7) 3. It is
similar with the EU Regional competitiveness index 2.0 where all NUT 2 regions performance is on the bottom
of the list, except for the Bucureşti-Ilfov region that is close to EU average 4.
Figure 7. Performance of EU Member States’ innovation systems
In order to address low innovation potential of the country and to increase competitiveness of Romanian
economy in 2022 the Government adopted the National Research, Innovation and Smart Specialization
Strategy (NRIS3) developed by the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization (MRID). This Ministry,
among other activities also. have the role for:
• Development of policies related to the research, innovation and smart specialization in Romania,
• Coordination of the national funding programs associated with CDI
3 European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, Hollanders, H., European Innovation
Scoreboard 2023, Publications Office of the European Union, 2023, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/119961
4 https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/assets/regional-competitiveness/index.html#/
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• Development of the legal framework associated with these processes

• Intermediate body for implementation of the Operational Program for Smart Growth, Digitization
and Financial Instruments 2022-2027.
NRIS3 is strongly correlated with the National Strategy for Sustainable Development of Romania 2030,
contributing directly to the target regarding "Strengthening scientific research, modernizing the technological
capacities of the industrial sectors; encouraging innovations and significantly increasing the number of
employees in research and development and increasing public and private spending on research and
development'. Furthermore, through the Specific Objective - Connecting research and innovation activities
with societal challenges - Strategic Research Agenda, NRIS3 supports the contribution of science and
research to addressing the challenges of sustainable development, the content of this agenda representing a
contextualization of these challenges for Romania.
Competitiveness in Renewable Energy: Romania has taken steps to enhance the competitiveness of its
renewable energy sector, ensuring that it can compete effectively within the broader European energy
landscape.
Action needed: To be checked and amended with the specific policies and measures.
III. Key issues of cross-border relevance

Several significant cross-border concerns must be considered as Romania strives to attain its energy and
climate objectives, recognizing the necessity of collaborative efforts with neighboring countries within the
broader EU context. These critical cross-border issues encompass:
Energy Market Integration: Ensuring the harmonization of energy markets and regulations with neighboring
countries is crucial for promoting efficient cross-border energy trade and enhancing energy security. Romania
should cooperate on market coupling, regulatory alignment, and infrastructure development to facilitate the
free flow of electricity and natural gas across borders.
Interconnection Projects: Investing in cross-border energy infrastructure, such as electricity interconnectors
and gas pipelines, is vital for increasing energy resilience and enabling the integration of renewable energy
sources. Collaborative efforts with neighboring countries are needed to accelerate the development of these
projects.
Renewable Energy Trade: Facilitating the trade of renewable energy, particularly excess electricity
generated from wind, solar, and hydropower, can benefit both Romania and its neighbors. Bilateral
agreements and regional initiatives can promote the exchange of clean energy, contributing to
decarbonization efforts.
Energy Efficiency Cooperation: Collaborative efforts with neighboring countries in energy efficiency
measures can help reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Sharing best practices,
technologies, and policy frameworks can enhance regional sustainability.
Grid Resilience: Coordinating grid operations and planning with neighboring countries is essential for
ensuring the reliable and resilient transmission of electricity. This becomes especially crucial as renewable
energy capacity grows and cross-border electricity flows increase.
Emission Reduction Targets: Aligning emission reduction targets with neighboring countries and EU-wide
objectives is essential for effective climate action. Consistency in emissions reduction efforts can prevent
"carbon leakage" and maintain a level playing field for businesses.
Cross-Border Environmental Impact: Ensuring that energy projects and policies do not have adverse cross-
border environmental impacts is critical. This includes evaluating the effects of infrastructure development
and emissions on neighboring ecosystems and populations.
Cross-Border Data Sharing: Collaborating with neighboring countries on data sharing related to energy
consumption, emissions, and renewable energy potential can improve the accuracy of assessments and the
effectiveness of policy measures.
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Security of Supply: Coordinating with neighboring countries on energy security measures, such as
emergency response plans and crisis management, is essential to address potential supply disruptions
collectively.
Just Transition in Border Regions: Ensuring a just transition for communities and workers in border regions
affected by energy-related changes is crucial. Cross-border cooperation can help identify and implement
strategies to support affected populations.
Incorporating these cross-border considerations into the Romanian NECP can enhance regional energy
security, contribute to the EU's energy and climate objectives, and promote sustainable and collaborative
approaches to addressing shared challenges.
IV. Administrative structure of implementing national energy and climate policies

The administrative framework responsible for executing national energy and climate policies is composed of
ministries and various institutions, each assigned specific roles related to the implementation of existing
strategies and plans, as well as those in development within the energy and climate change domains.
In the context of implementing the NECP, the principal stakeholders include:
• Ministry of Energy
• Ministry of Environment, Water and Forests
• Ministry of Economy, Entrepreneurship, and Tourism
• Ministry of Finance
• Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure
• Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
• Ministry of Development, Public Works and Administra tion
• Ministry of Investments and European Projects
• Ministry of Labour and Social Protection
• Ministry of Education
• Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization
• The National Energy Regulatory Authority
• Key energy companies such as Transelectrica, Transgaz, and OPCOM
Additionally, there is a provision for involving other entities to be designated through legislative acts and
ministerial orders. These entities are mandated to undertake specific responsibilities as part of the broader
efforts to execute the NECP and contribute to its success.
1.3 Consultations and involvement of national and Union

entities and their outcome
I. Involvement of the national parliament
In the public consultation process for the previous NECP, the Chamber of Deputies of the Romanian
Parliament provided recommendations with an aim to enhance Romania's energy and climate planning,
including:
• Align electricity forecasts with official energy strategies.
• Match renewable energy targets with EU funding for grid enhancement.
• Identify European funding sources and develop investment plans for national transmission systems.
• Strengthen cybersecurity for digital innovations in energy systems.
• Implement congestion management in line with EU regulations.
• Regularly update the INECP with technology trends, costs, and funding sources.
• Incorporate ANRE orders and decisions while adhering to legislation.
• Develop energy storage capacities and backup systems.
• Ensure production-consumption balancing without compromising safety.
• Create action plans for INECP implementation, including coal region transition and energy efficiency.
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In the first process of revision, the comments from different intitusion were received and addressed in the
NECP. The following institutions provided comments:
1. Institute of national statistics
2. ANRE
3. Ministry of Environment, Water and Forests
4. Transelectrica
5. Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure
6. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
7. Ministry of Labour and Social Protection
8. Ministry of Development, Public Works and Administra tion
9. Ministry of Investments and European Projects
10. Ministry of energy
II. Involvement of local and regional authorities

The Ministry of Energy ensures the involvement of local and regional authorities by including them in the
NECP inter-institutional working group, participating in all stages of elaboration and review.
III. Consultations of stakeholders, including the social partners, and engagement of civil society
and the general public
IV. Consultations of other Member States

To be finalized after completion of the overall process.
V. Iterative process with the Commission

To be finalized after:
• submission of the first draft,
• review of the Commission,
• consultation and revision ( possible involvement of stakeholders)
• submission of the revised version
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1.4 Regional cooperation in preparing the plan

I. Elements subject to joint or coordinated planning with other Member States
1 Decarbonisation
• Renewable Energy Integration: Member States collaborate on the integration of renewable
energy sources into the European grid. This involves setting collective targets for renewable
energy capacity, sharing best practices, and planning cross-border renewable energy projects.
Romania would need to coordinate its renewable energy deployment with neighboring countries
to ensure a seamless flow of clean energy across borders.
• Emissions Reduction Targets: EU Member States work together to set and achieve emissions
reduction targets. They align their efforts to ensure that the collective EU target for greenhouse
gas reductions is met. Romania must coordinate its national emissions reduction strategies with
those of other Member States to contribute effectively to the EU's climate goals.
• Carbon Pricing and Trading: The EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is a cornerstone of
decarbonization efforts. Member States coordinate their approaches to carbon pricing, emissions
allowances, and the allocation of permits. Romania participates in this common market for carbon,
which encourages emissions reductions across borders.
• Just Transition: Planning for a just transition in coal-dependent regions involves cooperation
between Member States. Romania, like other countries, works with the EU to secure funding and
support for affected communities and workers as it transitions away from coal and other high-
emission industries.
• Long-Term Climate Strategies: EU Member States are required to develop long-term climate
strategies. These strategies outline the path to achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. Romania's
strategy aligns with those of other Member States and contributes to the EU's overall climate
objectives.
2 Energy efficiency
• Energy Efficiency: Coordinated planning involves sharing experiences and strategies to improve
energy efficiency across sectors. Member States cooperate to develop policies, programs, and
initiatives aimed at reducing energy consumption and emissions. Romania collaborates on
energy efficiency measures with a focus on cross-border opportunities.
3 Security of supply
• Interconnection Projects: The development of cross-border electricity and gas interconnectors
is a crucial element of coordinated planning. These projects aim to improve energy security,
facilitate the exchange of electricity and natural gas, and enhance the integration of renewable
energy. Romania participates in regional initiatives to plan and implement such interconnection
projects.
4 Internal energy market
• Energy Market Integration: Member States work towards a fully integrated European energy
market. This includes coordinated planning for electricity and gas markets, regulatory alignment,
and cross-border trade facilitation. Romania participates in regional electricity and gas markets
and interconnections to strengthen energy market cooperation.
5 Research, innovation and competitiveness
• Research and Innovation: EU Member States jointly fund research and innovation projects
related to decarbonization. Romania participates in Horizon Europe and other EU research
programs to promote technological advancements and solutions that support decarbonization
goals.
37 | P a g e
Coordinated planning on these elements is essential to ensure that Romania, along with other EU countries,
meets its decarbonization targets, contributes to the EU's climate objectives, and fosters a collaborative
approach to addressing the global challenge of climate change.
II. Explanation of how regional cooperation is considered in the plan

The quintessential importance of regional cooperation in the wake of the ongoing War in Ukraine, the threat
of increased volatility in the Natural Gas and Electricity markets and the fast-paced transition to Net-Zero, is
clearly discernible. In that spirit, within the process of drafting the Integrated National Energy and Climate
Plan, the need for maintaining a consolidated and unified approach to setting the targets and policy proposals
within each of the five pillars of the NECP has been addressed.
The topic of regional cooperation has been central within the preparatory (drafting) phase of the NECP, the
relevant regional and international projects’ aims and targets – which fall under the lines of this NECP have
been considered. Policies and legislation with EU-wide impact have also had a strong position in drafting the
National Climate and Energy targets.
As an active participant in multiple projects and/or initiatives intended to strengthen the EU’s security of supply,
RES deployment, the regional market integration and etc., Romania has been able to both contribute and also
learn from its surrounding neighbours and EU partners. In that spirit, numerous specific policies, and
measures throughout the NECP have been drafted – to reflect the aspiration and dedication of the Romanian
government to maintain and contribute to the regional and EU-wide development. Subsequently, the existing
regional cooperation in the relevant areas has been emphasized within the NECP and their foreseen impacts
and purposes have been detailed.
In that context, within the domain of the Energy Efficiency dimension – the participation and work contribution
to and of the Energy Saving Policies under Article 7 of the Energy Efficiency Directive (ENSMOV) project has
been underlined.
In the domain of the Energy Security dimension – the expected benefits as well as the contribution of the
Romanian side to the implementation of the BRUA and Eastring projects as well as the work conducted within
the Central and South-Eastern Europe Connection Initiative (CESEC) are referenced, among other important
regional cooperation examples.
With relevance to the Energy Infrastructure dimension – the presently listed projects within ENTSO-E’s Ten-
Year Network Development Plan 2022 (TYNDP 2022) as well as relevant Projects of Common Interest (PCI’s)
from the European Commission’s Fifth List of PCI’s, which impact the grid infrastructure development in
Romania have been referenced. In addition to that, project specific measures and ambitions, stemming from
these investment clusters have been included as Policies and Measures within the domain of this dimension.
Lastly, the totality of all aspirations set within this NECP unequivocally voice out support In the pursuit and
the maintaining of long-lasting fruitful relationships with relevant stakeholders from the region and beyond.
The sustenance of high-level regional cooperation between all concerned institutions within the Romanian
system and the regional partners is crucial in fulfilling the set targets and general ambition of this NECP.
38 | P a g e
2. NATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND

TARGETS
2.1 Dimension decarbonisation
2.1.1. GHG emissions and removals
I. The elements set out in point (a)(1) of Article 4
The economy wide GHG emission reduction target for Romania is 78% in 2030 compared to the reference of
1990 (Figure 8). The indicative trajectory shows that by 2019, Romania already has achieved a reference
point of 79% of the total GHG reduction target and 94% will be achieved in 2025. In 2050, the goal is to reach
around 100% emission reduction, compared to 1990 level.
Figure 8. Indicative targets and trajectory for GHG emissions reduction
kt CO2-eq
240,000 -78%
222,050
220,000
200,000
180,000
160,000
140,000
120,000 115,092
100%
100,000
85,463
80,000
59,879
60,000 49,598
39,908
40,000
21,073
20,000 11,126
3,120
0
1990 2005 2019 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
II. Where applicable, other national objectives and targets consistent with the Paris Agreement
and the existing long-term strategies. Where applicable for the contribution to the overall Union
commitment of reducing the GHG emissions, other objectives and targets, including sector
targets and adaptation goals, if available
In order to achieve the target for GHG emissions reduction, sectoral objectives are set for 2030 relative to
1990 level (Figure 9):
• Energy sector – 87% GHG emission reduction (mainly through the gradual decommissioning of
coal and lignite fired power plants and building RES capacities)
• Transport sector – no more than 41% GHG emission increase (mainly by increasing the share of
hybrid, plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles)
• Buildings sector - 2% GHG emission reduction (mainly by improving the buildings performance
and increasing the share of heat pumps and solar thermal collectors)
• Industry sector – 77% GHG emission reduction (mainly achieved by reduction of usage of fossil
fuels, and their replacement with electricity and RES and improvement of the efficiency of the
technologies)
• Agriculture – 47% GHG emission reduction (by appropriate Livestock diet and feed management)
• LULUCF – 17% GHG removals increase (mainly through appropriate forest fires management)
• Waste – 30% GHG emissions reduction (by proper reduction, reusage and recycling of the waste)
39 | P a g e
Figure 9. Sectoral objectives for 2030 and 2050 relative to 1990 level
-87%
101,554
-77%
1990
84,146 2030
2050
-99%
-89% -47%
+41% 35,923
-49%
-2% 19,559 18,989 18,195 -30%
17,516
12,841 12,451 -82% 9,320 9,141 9,442 +17%
2,251 5,087 3,579
1,122 2,046 1,386 -73%
-78%
+14%
-27,647
-32,412 -31,478
Energy Transport Buildings Industry Agriculture LULUCF Waste
sector sector sector sector sector sector
2.1.2. Renewable energy

I. The elements set out in point (a)(2) of Article 4
The results from this NECP show that Romanian’s objective for the proportion of renewable energy in gross
final consumption of energy by 2030 could reach 36% (as depicted in Figure 10), which is above the EU
commission target set for Romania (34%). According to the indicative trajectory, it is anticipated that by 2025,
Romania could reach 32%. The highest contribution for reaching this objective, is attributed to the increased
capacities for electricity generation from wind and solar energy, as well as the heat pumps for heating and
cooling (Figure 11). The biomass will remain to have dominant role, but it share will decrease from 54% in
2022, to 39% in 2030.
trajectory
26,820
26,079
26,070
25,985
25,978
25,859
25,706
25,325
25,266
28,000 50
25,134
25,117
24,761
26,000
45
24,000
22,000 40
35.5 36.2
20,000 34.7
33.1 33.9 35 EU commission recommended
32.3
31.4
18,000
29.5
30.6 target for Romania target 34%
30
16,000
24.3 24.5
ktoe
14,000 23.6 25 %
12,000
20
10,000 9,052 9,265 9,406
8,566 8,796
7,960 8,313
8,000 7,465 7,697 15
6,101 6,061 6,329
6,000 10
4,000
5
2,000
0 0
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
Gross final energy consumption Total RES RES share in gross final energy consumption
40 | P a g e
Figure 11. Consumption of RES and share of RES by fuel, with an indicative trajectory
ktoe
9,500 9,406
9,265
9,052
9,000 8,796
8,566
8,500 8,313 16%
15%
7,960 14%
8,000 7,697 13%
13%
7,465 12%
7,500
12% 12%
11% 9% 10%
7,000 10% 7% 8%
6,500 5% 6%
6,000 16% 16% 16% 15% 15% 15%

18% 17% 17%
5,500
5,000
4,500
4,000
3,500
48% 46% 44% 42% 41% 39%
3,000 54% 52% 50%
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500 12% 12% 12% 13% 13%
9% 11%
8% 9%
0
2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
Biogas Wind Hydro Hydrogen Biomass Heat pumps

Ethanol Solar Geothermal Municipal Solid Waste Biodiesel
II. Estimated trajectories for the sectoral share of renewable energy in final energy consumption
from 2021 to 2030 in the electricity, heating and cooling, and transport sector
The estimated trajectories for the share of RES in the transport sector show that it will reach 29.8% in 2030,
which will be obtained mainly by increasing the use of electricity in this sector (Figure 12). The RES share in
the electricity sector will also increase by 2030, reaching a point of 55.8% in 2030, as a result of the
construction of new RES (mainly wind and solar) capacities for electricity generation. On the other hand, due
to the decreased use of biomass, especially in the rural areas, which will be replaced by cleaner technologies,
the RES share in the heating and cooling sector will slightly increase throughout the whole analyzed period,
reaching 36.3% in 2030. Although the biomass is considered as renewable source, it is envisioned that its
consumption will be reduced since conservation of LULUCF absorptions is of great importance, as well as
due to the adverse air quality consequences of biomass consumption. The biomass stove will be replaced
mainly by clean heat pumps which are considered as renewable technology, too.
heating and cooling and transport sector
%
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60 55.1 55.8
51.8 53.5
55 50.5
48.2 48.7
50 46.1
43.2 42.7 42.0 41.8 42.6 43.4 42.5 43.4
45
36.3
35.3
34.4
33.8
33.4
40
33.1
32.0
31.7
31.1
35
26.9
26.6
25.9
25.7
25.4
25.3
24.5
30
25 28.3 29.8
25.3 26.8
20 23.7
22.0
15 20.1
7.8 8.5 7.7 18.2
6.2 6.6 6.3 16.4
10 5.5
5
0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
RES-E RES-T RES-H&C

41 | P a g e
III. Estimated trajectories by renewable energy technology that the Member State projects to use
to achieve the overall and sectoral trajectories for renewable energy from 2021 to 2030,
including expected total gross final energy consumption per technology and sector in Mtoe and
total planned installed capacity (divided by new capacity and repowering) per technology and
sector in MW
As previously stated, in order to reach the objective for the RES share in the electricity sector, the major
component are the construction of new solar and wind capacities (Figure 13 and Figure 14). Therefore, it is
assumed, that the share of electricity generated from hydro power plants in the gross final energy consumption
will be reduced from around 64% in 2020, to 35% in 2030. On the other hand, wind will have the highest share
of around 37%, followed by solar with around 24% share in the gross final energy consumption. This can be
achieved by constructing a total of around 30.5 GW of solar power plants (both land and rooftop) and 16 GW
of wind power plants in 2050.
Figure 13. Estimated trajectory by RES technology in gross final energy consumption, electricity sector
ktoe
7,158
6,965
7,500
6,760
6,533
6,303
7,000 6,073
5,845
6,500
5,639
5,531
6,000
5,274
4,971
5,500
5,000
4,500
3,997
4,000 3,841
3,619
3,382
23.5%
3,500
37.1% 22.1%
3,183
36.0% 20.9%
2,816 2,959 34.8% 19.7%
3,000 2,601
18.1%
16.4%
2,399
14.0%
2,156 2,241
12.2%
2,500
37.4%
9.9%
6.5%
6.9%
34.9%
33.3%
33.4%
2,000
31.8%
28.9%
29.6%
27.0%
1,500
1,000
35.1%
38.6%
36.4%
62.1%
41.0%
63.9%
48.1%
45.9%
42.6%
55.9%
51.6%
500
0
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
Hydro Wind Solar Biomass Biogass Final energy consumption of electricity
Figure 14. Trajectory of the installed capacity from RES for electricity production, by technology
GW %
85 100
PV
80 95
87.8 Wind
86.7 90
75 84.4 Biomass
85
70 79.5 Biomass CHP
76.2 80
65 62.7 Biogas
75
Biogas CHP
60 68.0 57.5 70
55.1 Hydro
55 65
60.2 50.3 Hydrogen CHP
49.9 60
50 54.4 RES share
54.3
55
45 42.5 Total installed capacity
40.1 50
40 30.5
45
+106% 26.8
35 31.8 40
30.4 21.5
30 35
24.0 23.2 30
25 14.9
20.7 20.6
20 18.6 25
16.3 8.3
16.0 20
15 13.1 14.9
11.3 11.2 11.2 4.3
9.4 15
10 1.4 1.4 1.4 7.6
3.0 3.0 3.0 5.0 10
5 7.3 7.5 5
6.7 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.9 7.0 7.2
0 0.3 0.5 0
2019 2020 2021 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Note: after 2035 the natural gas power plants will run on hydrogen which lead to additional “RES” capacities. With this the total RES
share in 2050 will be 95%. Remaining 5% are nuclear.
In order to reach the trajectory for the RES share in the heating and cooling sector for 2030 it is necessary to
replace the biomass with clean technologies (Figure 15). As explained, While biomass is categorized as a
renewable source, there is a plan to decrease its usage. This reduction is driven by the need to preserve Land
Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) absorptions, and also to address the negative air quality
effects associated with biomass consumption. The intention is to primarily replace biomass share in the gross
42 | P a g e
final energy consumption from 97% in 2020 to 64% in 2030. On the other hand, the share of heat pumps,
which are also recognized as a renewable technology, will reach 25% in 2030.
Figure 15. Estimated trajectory by RES technology in gross final energy consumption, heating and cooling sector
14,955
ktoe
13,979
13,974
13,944
13,877
13,825
13,805
13,803
13,763
13,654
13,640
15,000
14,000
13,000
12,000
11,000
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
4,351 4,379 4,421 4,630 4,663 4,694 4,760 4,852 4,961
5,000
3,661
20.2%
21.4%
22.5%
23.5%
24.4%
25.1%
16.1%
15.2%
14.2%
3,455
4,000
1.6%
1.8%
1.9%
75.9% 1.9%
97.0% 2.6%
2.0%
2.3%
2.5%
2.3%
2.5%
97.0% 2.6%
3,000
83.1%
81.7%
80.3%
74.3%
72.6%
70.3%
67.4%
64.3%
2,000
1,000
0
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
Pure biogas Solar thermal Solid biofuels (biomass) Heat pumps Final energy consumption adjusted
Geothermal Municipal waste renewable Derived heat Hydrogen
The target for the RES share in the transport sector in 2030 will mainly be achieved by the electrification of
this sector, so that the renewable electricity will have a share of more than 70% in 2030 (Figure 16).
Additionally, the compliant biofuels will also have a significant role, with a share of 19% in 2030.
Figure 16. Estimated trajectory by RES technology in final energy consumption, transport sector
ktoe
7,144
7,092
7,007
6,905
7,500
6,803
6,766
6,713
6,572
6,437
6,431
7,000
6,368
6,500
6,000
6,070
6,067
6,051
6,022
6,004
5,999
5,973
5,973
5,944
5,500
5,000
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,132
2,010
2,500
1,877
1,745
1,610
1,476
2,000
1,319
19%
20%
1,173
22%
1,042
24%
11%
1,500
26%
11%
11%
29%
12%
55% 32%
12%
12%
50% 36%
1,000
41%
547
13%
522
14%
62%
63%
63%
62%
14%
61%
59%
500
91%
93%
44%
8%
7%
0
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
Renewable electricity in road transport Compliant biofuels Final energy consumption in transport
Renewable electricity in rail transport Other renewable energies
Renewable electricity in all other transport modes Final energy consumption in transport ajdusted
Note: According to the provisions of Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on
the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, final energy consumption in transport presented in Figure 16 includes the
electricity consumption in the transport sector, which is also included in Figure 13. depicting gross final energy in electricity. Adjusted
consumption is calculated according to Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018
on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and Share tool of EUROSTAT)
43 | P a g e
IV. Estimated trajectories on bioenergy demand, disaggregated between heat, electricity and
transport, and on biomass supply by feedstocks and origin (distinguishing between domestic
production and imports). For forest biomass, an assessment of its source and impact on the
LULUCF sink.
The estimated trajectory on bioenergy demand shows that the biomass will remain the main fuel used (Figure
11). The consumption in 2030 of the biomass will remain at a similar level as in 2021, so its share will remain
around 90% throughout the analyzed period. On the other hand, the projections for the sinks of the forestry
sector are pretty conservative (Figure 12). It is assumed that the sinks will remain at a similar level as the
recorded sinks in 2019-2020, according to the Romanian NIR from 2022. It should be noted that the sinks
represented in Figure 12 for the period 2019-2021 are according to the Romanian NIR from 2023 in which a
revision of the sinks was made for the whole period up to 2021. However, we remain of the opinion that the
lower risk data should be taken, and that absorptions from this sector should not be less than 24,342 ktCO2-
eq in 2030.
Figure 17. Estimated trajectory on bioenergy demand, Figure 18. Estimated trajectory on sinks in forestry
disaggregated by fuels sector from LULUCF
4,499
4,479
4,471
ktoe
4,449
4,412
4,366
9% 3% 4,299
4,308
4,226
4,500
4,099
3% 1%
3% 1%
3% 1%
3% 1%
3% 1%
3% 1%
3% 1%
4,039
4,007
0
1%
3% 1%
7%
7%
3% 1%
7%
2% 0%
7%
2% 0%
7%
7%
4,000 -2,000
7%
7%
7%
10%
-4,000
8%
3,500 -6,000
-8,000
3,000 -10,000
-12,000
2,500
-14,000
-16,000
90%
90%
89%
89%
89%
2,000
89%
89%
88%
89%
-18,000
89%
89%
88%
-20,000
1,500
-22,000
1,000 -24,000
-24,342
-24,342
-24,342
-24,342
-24,342
-24,342
-24,342
-24,342
-24,342
-26,000
500 -28,000
-30,000
-29,131
-29,531
-30,061
0 -32,000
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
ktCO2
Biogas Ethanol Biodiesel Biomass 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
When analysing by sectors, as expected, most of the bioenergy demand is used for heating and cooling due
to the use of biomass (Figure 13). The objective is to reduce the share of this sector by 2030 to 78%, while
increasing the share of the electricity sector due to the electricity generation from biomass and biogas.
Figure 19. Estimated trajectory on bioenergy demand, disaggregated between heat and electricity
4,499
4,479
4,471
ktoe
4,449
4,412
4,366
4,308
4,299
4,226
4,500
4,099
4,039
4,007
4,000
3,500
3,000
80%
81%
80%
81%
79%
79%
78%
78%
83%
78%
2,500
84%
85%
2,000
1,500
1,000
10%
12% 10%
12% 10%
12% 10%
9%
10% 10%
9%
10%
9%
5% 12%
500
4% 12%
4% 10%
13%
11%
11%
10%
9%
0
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
Heating and cooling Transport Electricity

44 | P a g e
V. Where applicable, other national trajectories and objectives, including those that are long term
or sectoral (e.g., share of renewable energy in district heating, renewable energy use in
buildings, renewable energy produced by cities, renewable energy communities and
renewables self-consumers, energy recovered from sludge acquired through the treatment of
wastewater)
In Romania, district heating production from various sources showed distinct trends. Heat pump usage and
solar thermal energy is projected to have significant growth, indicating a substantial contribution to district
heating needs. In contrast, biomass-based district heating using solid biofuels remained relatively stable, with
a gradual decrease. These trends reflect a shift towards more sustainable and renewable sources for district
heating in Romania. The objective for the share of RES in the district heating is to reach 8.5% in 2030 (Figure
14).
Figure 20. Estimated trajectory on share of RES in district heating
ktoe
1,457
%
1,441
1,439
1,422
1,402
1,381
1,500 9.0
1,359
1,338
1,332
1,400 8.5
1,277
8.5
7.7
7.6
8.0
1,300
8.1
7.5
7.7
1,200
7.6
1,256
7.0
1,188
1,100 6.5
6.8
6.5
1,000 6.0
6.1
6.0
900 5.5
5.8
5.0
5.4
800
4.5
700
4.0
600 3.5
500 3.0
400 2.5
2.0
300
1.5
200
123
117
112
108
1.0
96
95
92
89
83
77
77
72
100
76%
80%
0.5
82%
80%
80%
89%
81%
89%
81%
81%
86%
81%
8%
7%
6%
8%
8%
7%
7%
6%
6%
5%
2%
6%
18%
15%
14%
13%
13%
16%
12%
12%
11%
6%
5%
4%
0 0.0
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
Biomass Geothermal Share of RES
Biogas Heat consumption
2.2 Dimension energy efficiency

I. The elements set out in point (b) of Article 4
The energy consumption projections for 2050 are based on the guiding principle of prioritizing energy
efficiency (“taking utmost account of cost-efficient energy efficiency measures in shaping energy policy and
making relevant investment decisions” 1).
The anticipated energy consumption projections indicate a targeted reduction of 5% in primary energy
consumption by 2030 compared to 2019 (as depicted in Figure 64), reaching an absolute value of 31,448
ktoe. Similarly, final energy consumption is expected to experience a slight decrease of 2% (as shown in
Figure 22), achieving an absolute value of 23,140 ktoe in 2030. The long-term plan aims for a substantial
reduction of 15% in primary energy consumption by 2050 relative to the 2019 level, accompanied by a more
pronounced drop of 28% in final energy consumption.
Compared to the reference 2030 projections established by the Primes model, Romania’s energy efficiency
goal by 2030 is to achieve a remarkable 46% reduction in primary energy consumption and a corresponding
45% reduction in final energy consumption (Figure 64 and Figure 22). By 2050, Romania aims to lower its
primary energy consumption by 52%, while the final energy consumption is projected to decrease further by
59% compared to the 2030 Primes model projections. These targets reflect a dedicated commitment to
sustainability and a greener future.
1https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-first-
principle_en#:~:text=The%20%E2%80%9Cenergy%20efficiency%20first%20principle,and%20making%20relevant%20investment%20
decisions.
45 | P a g e
Figure 21. Estimated primary energy consumption Figure 22. Estimated final energy consumption
trajectory trajectory
Primary energy consumption Final energy consumption
-46% -48% -52%

Mtoe Mtoe -45% -52% -59%
58.7
42.2
60.0 45.0
55.0
40.0
50.0
35.0
45.0 -5% -15% -2% -28%
40.0 30.0
34.3
25.3
33.2
32.4
32.2
23.7
23.5
31.4
23.2
23.1
31.0
35.0
30.8
25.0
21.9
29.0
28.1
20.3
30.0
18.4
17.2
20.0
25.0
20.0 15.0
15.0
10.0
10.0
5.0
5.0
0.0 0.0
Primes 2019 2020 2021 Primes 2019 2020 2021
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
2030 2030
projections projections
II. The cumulative amount of end-use energy savings to be achieved over the period 2021-2030
under point (b) of Article 7(1) on the energy saving obligations pursuant to Directive 2012/27/EU
The projected annual energy saving over the period 2021 – 2030 are outlined in Table 4. By 2030, the
cumulative energy savings are estimated to reach 10116.5 ktoe.
Table 4. Annual and cumulative end-use energy savings
Year Annual energy savings (ktoe) TOTAL
2021 115 115.0
2022 115 115 230.0
2023 115 115 160.9 390.9
2024 115 115 160.9 183.9 574.8
2025 115 115 160.9 183.9 183.9 758.7
2026 115 115 160.9 183.9 183.9 183.9 942.6
2027 115 115 160.9 183.9 183.9 183.9 316.1 1258.6
2028 115 115 160.9 183.9 183.9 183.9 316.1 345.0 1603.7
2029 115 115 160.9 183.9 183.9 183.9 316.1 345.0 345.0 1948.6
2030 115 115 160.9 183.9 183.9 183.9 316.1 345.0 345.0 345.0 2293.6
TOTAL cumulative energy efficiency (ktoe) 10116.5
Source: Ministry of energyThe indicative milestones for 2030, 2040 and 2050, the domestically established
measurable progress indicators, an evidence-based estimate of expected energy savings and wider benefits,
and their contributions to the Union's energy efficiency targets as included in the roadmaps set out in the long-
term renovation strategies for the national stock of residential and non-residential buildings, both public and
private, in accordance with Article 2a of Directive 2010/31/EU
Table 5 outlines the indicative milestones targeting the building sector. Following the recommended scenario
in the National Long-term Renovation Strategy (LTRS) approved with the Governmental decision no.
1034/2022, the annual renovation rates are projected to increase gradually from 0.69% to 3.39% between
2021 and 2030, further ascending to 3.79% in the period 2031-2040 and eventually reaching 4.33% in the
period 2041-2050. These progressive renovation rates are expected to yield a 9% reduction of final
consumption in 2030 (0.83 Mtoe), and a cumulative 24% GHG emission reduction in 2021- 2030, and a 65%
reduction of final consumption in 2050 (6.14Mtoe), and an 80% cumulative GHG emission reduction in 2021-
2050.
Table 5. Indicative milestones to decarbonize the building stock by 2050

46 | P a g e
Milestones 2030 2040 2050

Savings 0.83 Mtoe (9%) 3.32 Mtoe 6.14 Mtoe (65%)
Total consumption 8.69 Mtoe 6.20 Mtoe 3.38 Mtoe
Annual renovation rate gradual increase 3.79% 4.33%
from 0.69% to 3.39% (77% of the total floor area of the building
stock will be renovated or rebuilt)
Increase in NZEB buildings 1% 4% 23%
Decrease in worst performing 19% 23% 26%
buildings
CO2 reduction 24% 50% 80%
Total CO2 emissions 7.50 Mton 4.93 Mton 1.99 Mton
Source: EU Commission Staff Working Document - Analysis of the national long-term renovation strategies (2022). 1, and National long-
term renovation strategy 2
III. Where applicable, other national objectives, including long-term targets or strategies and
sectoral targets, and national objectives in areas such as energy efficiency in the transport
sector and with regard to heating and cooling
The long-term projections of the final energy consumption by sector (depicted in Figure 23) illustrate that
policies and initiatives aimed at improving building energy efficiency and promoting the use of more efficient
technologies will significantly impact the household sector. This will lead to a decrease in its share of the final
energy consumption from 33% in 2019 to 30% by 2030, further dropping to 16% by 2050. In contrast, the
industrial sector's share is projected to rise, reaching 30% by 2030 and 43% by 2050. While the share of the
transport sector's consumption in the overall final energy consumption undergoes a slight change, decreasing
from 28% in 2019 to 26% by 2030 and 2050, the actual consumption in absolute terms is anticipated to
decrease by around 8% by 2030 and nearly 32% by 2050.
Figure 23. Final energy consumption by sector
Mtoe
30
-2% -14% -28%
25.3
25 23.7 23.5 23.2 23.1
21.9
27%
20.3
20 28% 27% 27% 30% 18.4
33% 17.2
37%
15 27% 41%
28% 28% 26% 43%
26%
26%
7% 25%
10 8% 8% 10%
11% 25%
11% 26%
12%
5 34% 35% 12%
33% 34% 30% 12%
27%
23% 20% 16%
2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2%
0
2019 2020 2021 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Industry sector Households

Transport sector Agriculture & forestry
Commercial & public services Not elsewhere specified (other)
1 https://energy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-12/SWD-Analysis-of-2020-LTRS.PDF
2 https://energy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-04/ro_2020_ltrs_en_version_0.pdf
47 | P a g e
2.3 Dimension energy security

I. The elements set out in point (c) of Article 4
In order to set and synchronize the country's goals related to this aspect, a comprehensive assessment was
conducted, encompassing diverse initiatives, decisions, ongoing progress, as well as the projections that
promote the distinct aims of energy security. This mainly include the increase of the domestic energy supply,
as well as the diversification of the import of different fuels.
II. National objectives with regard to increasing: the diversification of energy sources and supply
from third countries for the purpose of increasing the resilience of regional and national energy
systems
Romania views energy supply from domestic sources as the most important objective for ensuring national
energy security. Regarding electricity generation, the goal is to maintain diverse energy sources, while
simultaneously lowering greenhouse gas emissions through the expansion of renewable energy sources
(RES). As depicted in Figure 24, the target for 2030 is to achieve an installed capacity of 30.4 GW, marking
a 47% increase from 2019. Of this projected capacity in 2030, roughly 76% will originate from renewable
sources, ensuring the utilization of domestic resources for electricity generation.
Figure 24. Indicative objective for the installed capacity for electricity generation
GW %
85 100
80 95
86.7 87.8 90
75 84.4 PV
85
70 79.5 PV rooftop
76.2 80 Wind regular
65 62.7 75 Wind auto
60 68.0 57.5 70 Biomass
55 14.0 65 Biomass CHP
60.2
50.3 60
50 13.9 Biogas
54.4 54.3
55 Biogas CHP
45 12.5
40.1 50 Hydro
40 16.5 +203%
+47% 12.9 45 Nuclear
35 9.9 40 Natural Gas
30.4 9.0
30 35 Natural Gas CHP
7.3 5.0
25 24.0 14.3 30 Coal Lignite
20.7 20.6 1.0 12.1 13.6
18.6 3.8 8.6 25 Coal Sub bituminous CHP
20 1.4 1.4
3.0 3.0 1.4 4.8 7.2 Coal Lignite CHP
0.8 1.0 1.4 1.7 20
15 3.0 0.1
6.7 6.6 15 Residual Fuel Oil CHP
6.6 6.7 6.9 7.0 7.2 7.3 7.5
10 1.4 1.4 Hydrogen CHP
10
3.2 3.2 1.4 1.4 1.9 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3
5 2.9 2.9 5 RES share
4.8 4.8 0.6 4.4 3.4
3.1 2.6 0.5 0.9
0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.9 0
2019 2020 2021 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Furthermore, by 2030 the objective of Romania is to construct new SMR on nuclear energy with installed
capacity of 462 MW. Additionally, the goal is by 2030 to construct 2.6 GW natural-gas powered CCGT and
947 MW of natural-gas powered CHP.
The objective is to maintain electricity imports at their current level of below 5% in 2030.
Regarding the supply of natural gas, Romania's vision focuses primarily on advancing of the natural gas
transmission network, including the interconnections, by being part of the BRUA project, the Eastring project,
ROHU – Second phase project and Central and South-Eastern Europe Connection Initiative (CESEC). All of
these projects will aid Romania’s efforts in diversifying natural gas supplies and reducing energy dependence
on Russia, by providing connectivity with future gas infrastructure projects such as TAP, Central European
gas hubs, and prospective gas transportation from Black Sea deposits.
III. Where applicable, national objectives with regard to reducing energy import dependency from
third countries, for the purpose of increasing the resilience of regional and national energy
systems
As stated in chapter 4.4 (Figure 66), among the highest energy import dependance of Romania is for crude
oil, natural gas and solid fossil fuels. Therefore, Figure 25 shows the gross inland consumption, as well as the
net import for these fuels.
48 | P a g e
The current (2021) import share of crude oil is 68%, and the objective is to reduce this import dependance of
crude oil to 54% in 2030. This objective can be achieved due to the reduced need for crude oil, mainly as a
result of the electrification of the transport and the industry. The assumption for 2030 is that the domestic
primary production of crude oil will be at a similar level as for 2021. Regarding the countries from which crude
oil is imported, as shown in Figure 68, in 2021 73% of the import is from Kazakhstan and the Russian
Federation, so therefore the goal is to diversify the countries from which the crude oil is imported.
The goal for the share of import of solid fossil fuels for 2030 is to be 0%. This is a result of the decommissioning
of the coal power plants, so that there will be no need for import. The net import share in 2021 is 23%.
Due to the construction of new natural gas fired capacities, the net import share in 2030 is assumed to be no
more than 26%. It should be mention that the assumption took into consuderation that the domestic primary
production of natural gas in 2030 will be at a similar level as in 2021. Due to this significant import dependance
in 2030, it is important to note that the goal of Romania is to diversify the sources of supply, having also in
mind that in 2021 more than 75% of the imported quantity of natural gas was made from the Russian
Federation.
Figure 25. Import dependency of crude oil, solid fossil fuels and natural gas (historical and projections for 2030)
Gross inland Consumption Net import Net import share
Mtoe % Mtoe % Mtoe %

12 100 12 100 12 100
11 90 11 90 11 90
10 10 10
73%
71%
80 80 80
68%
68%
68%
67%
9 9 9
65%
64%
8.1 70 70 70
58%
8 8 8
57%
7.6
56%
54%
7 60 7 60 7 60
5.7 5.7 5.9 50 50 50

11.9
6 6 6
11.6
5.3 5.4 5.0

11.3
11.2
11.1
10.8
10.4
4.9
10.4
10.3
10.2
10.0
5 5 5
9.9
9.9
9.8
9.7
40 40 40
9.7
9.5
3.5 4.0
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.0
8.9
26%
8.7
8.7
23%
8.3
23%
23%
22%
22%
4 4 4 22%
21%
7.7
19%
7.5
30 30 30
18%
18%
7.1
18%
6.8
6.8
17%
17%
16%
17%
6.7
6.5
3 3 3
13%
13%
12%
12%
5.4
5.2
5.1
10%
20 20 20
2 2 2
3.7
5%
2.7
2%
10 10 10
2.5
0%
2.3
2.3
2.1
1 1 1
1.6
2012 1.2
2018 1.2
2016 1.2
2013 1.2
2011 1.1
2019 1.1
2013 1.0
2016 1.0
2015 1.0
2017 1.0
2014 1.0
2021 0.9
2017 0.9
2018 0.9
2020 0.8
0 0 0 0 0 0
2030
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2030
2011
2012
2014
2015
2019
2020
2021
2030
Solid fossil fuels Crude oil Natural gas
IV. National objectives with regard to increasing the flexibility of the national energy system, in
particular by means of deploying domestic energy sources, demand response and energy
storage
Romania outlines goals aimed at encouraging demand response consumption to effectively address
fluctuations in energy demand, as well as objectives related to energy storage. Romania was actively
exploring the use of batteries for the storage of electricity, primarily in the context of renewable energy
integration and grid stability. The objective is to have at least 240 MW or 480 MWh of power battery storage
by 2025. The progress and utilization of the technical and economic potential of RES within the energy system
hinge on the advancement of storage capabilities and the technology for incorporating hydrogen in the form
of synthesis gas derived from RES, as well as its application in industrial processes.
2.4 Dimension internal energy market

2.4.1. Electricity interconnectivity
I. The level of electricity interconnectivity that the Member State aims for in 2030 in consideration
of the electricity interconnection target for 2030 of at least 15%, with a strategy with the level
from 2021 onwards defined in close cooperation with affected Member States, taking into
account the 2020 interconnection target of 10% and the following indicators of the urgency of
action:
The primary objective of Romania is to increase the interconnectivity level in order to achieve the 2030
goal of 15%. In accordance with Art. 15 para. (2) and 16 para. (8) of Regulation (EU) 2019/943, the minimum
49 | P a g e
capacity available for cross-border trade to be ensured on the RO – HU border and RO-BG border, based on
a linear trajectory, provided in the Planul de Dezvoltare a RET perioada 2022- 2031. In addition, in the
annexes of this plan there is a table for the period up to 2030.
Maximum monthly NTC values [MW] 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
HU->RO 800 980 1160 1340 1520
BG->RO 700 1110 1470 1830 2190
The Cross-border capacity represents one of the factors used to compute the interconnectivity level. Another
crucial factor is the installed capacity within Romania. Based on the conducted analyses, the anticipated
electricity production capacity for 2030 is estimated to be approximately 30.4 GW. When the cross-border
capacity is divided by the projected installed capacity, the interconnectivity level is obtained and it is of roughly
21%, surpassing the established target of 15% for 2030 (Figure 26). This implies that the expansion of
installed capacity should run in parallel with the augmentation of cross-border capacity.
Figure 26. Interconnectivity level of Romania up to 2030
MW %
22.5
45,000 24
22.1
21.4
21.2
20.5
20.5
22
40,000
20
17.5
35,000
16.3
18
29,549 30,409
14.7
30,000 27,904 16 Romania

13.5
26,189
24,536 23,961 24,791 14 target 15%
11.7
25,000 22,731
20,690 20,578 21,341 12
20,000 18,559
10
7.5
15,000 8
6
10,000
5,590 5,780 5,920 6,060 6,500 4
4,290 4,910
5,000 3,130 3,710
1,550 2,400 2,500 2
0 0
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
Export Installed capacities Interconnectivity level
(1) Price differential in the wholesale market exceeding an indicative threshold of EUR 2/MWh between
Member States, regions or bidding zones;
Based on the hourly day-ahead prices as reported by ENTSO – E the price differential was calculated for the
period 2020-2021. It was found that in 2021 the price between Romania and Bulgaria and Hungary exceed 2
EUR/MWh, which is not the case in 2020.
50 | P a g e
Border Unit 2020 2021
Romania - Hungary EUR/MWh 0.79 2.96

Romania - Bulgaria EUR/MWh 0.98 2.48
2.4.2. Energy transmission infrastructure

I. Key electricity and gas transmission infrastructure projects, and, where relevant, modernisation
projects, that are necessary for the achievement of objectives and targets under the five
dimensions of the Energy Union Strategy
To meet the 15% interconnection target set for 2030 as outlined in Communication No. 718/2017 regarding
the consolidation of European energy networks, the primary means of achievement for Romania will be
through the execution of Projects of Common Interest and the completion of other projects specified in the
RET Development Plan.
Romania is an integral part of priority corridor number 3 within the "Electricity Interconnections in Central
Eastern and South Eastern Europe ('NSI East Electricity')" initiative, which focuses on enhancing electricity
interconnections and internal lines in both north-south and east-west directions. These efforts aim to facilitate
the completion of the internal energy market and foster the integration of renewable energy production. This
initiative has been acknowledged and supported within the fifth European list of Projects of Common Interest
(PCI), ratified by Regulation (EU) No. 564/2022. Where applicable, main infrastructure projects envisaged
other than Projects of Common Interest (PCIs). In the fourth and fifth PCI list the following projects are
approved:
• Black Sea Corridor (TYNDP ID 138)

• Mid-Continental East corridor (TYNDP ID 144)
• Smart Grid CARMEN Project
Regarding the natural gas network the following projects are approved:
• Increasing the Natural Gas in Central-Eastern and South-Eastern Europe

• Daily withdrawal capacity increase in Bilciurești underground gas storage system (UGS)
More details about each measure are provided in the Chapter 3.4. The main objective of Romania, in order
to active the interconnectivity level, and to diversified the supply of natural gas is to realized these projects.
II. Where applicable, main infrastructure projects envisaged other than Projects of Common
Interest (PCIs)
To fulfill the obligation, every two years, Transelectrica prepares a comprehensive RET Development Plan
that outlines the grid's growth and evolution over the next ten years. This plan is subject to approval by the
regulatory authority ANRE. Transelectrica conducts prospective analyses of RET in both the short and long
terms, covering the next 5 and 10 years, respectively. This biennial planning cycle aligns with it commitment
to participate in the European association of TSOs, ENTSO-E, and contribute to the biennial European Ten
Ten Years Network Development Plan (TYNDP). The latest network development plan of Translectrica covers
the period 2022-2031.Under the new plan there are a lot of measures that are envisage related to:
• Refurbishment/modernization
• Safe supply
• Integration of production from new plants
• Increasing the interconnection capacity and integrating RES production
Тhe implementation of the proposed measures will greatly improve the security of supply. More details about
the measure are provided in the Chapter 3.4
51 | P a g e
2.4.3. Market integration

I. National objectives related to other aspects of the internal energy market such as increasing
system flexibility, in particular related to the promotion of competitively determined electricity
prices in line with relevant sectoral law, market integration and coupling, aimed at increasing
the tradeable capacity of existing interconnectors, smart grids, aggregation, demand response,
storage, distributed generation, mechanisms for dispatching, re-dispatching and curtailment,
and real-time price signals, including a timeframe for when the objectives shall be met
Aiming at achieving the priority objective of integration in the internal market, Romania will continue the
process of integration of the day-ahead and intra-day electricity markets under the pan-European Single Day-
Ahead Coupling - SDAC and the Single Intra-Day Coupling - SIDC, having regard to the methodology of
implicit allocation of the cross-border flow-based capacities applicable to the CORE region (implementation
term: according to the roadmaps of the projects implementing the provisions of relevant EU regulations), to
which it belongs, and without opting out the early implementation of the NTC-based single coupling of
electricity markets.
At the regional level, one of Romania's key strategic initiatives was to secure its integration into the single
day-ahead and intra-day market coupling systems, specifically SDAC and SIDC, during its period as a
Member State. Romania successfully completed the day-ahead market coupling with Bulgaria. Nowever,
Romania maintained its commitment to cooperation with the Energy Community contracting parties, especially
concerning their accession to SDAC and SIDC. Still, the advancement of this collaboration remained
contingent on the evolution of market mechanism determination within the Balkan region.
II. Where applicable, national objectives related to the non-discriminatory participation of

renewable energy, demand response and storage, including via aggregation, in all energy
markets, including a timeframe for when the objectives are to be met
From 2020 onward, the day-ahead and intra-day markets are organised such as to ensure that all market
participants can have access to the market individually or by aggregation. Final consumers may thus
participate in organised electricity markets either directly or by aggregation if they have power above 500 kW
approved in the connection certificate. If they have such approved power up to 500 kW inclusive, final
consumers may participate in organised electricity markets excluding aggregation
III. Where applicable, national objectives with regard to ensuring that consumers participate in the
energy system and benefit from self-generation and new technologies, including smart meters;
The electricity self-generation in Romania show notable rise in numbers, particularly in the years 2022 and
2023. The overall installed capacity of these prosumers is expected to surpass 1.1 GW by the end of 2023.
This remarkable increase highlights the enthusiasm and commitment of individuals and businesses in
Romania to take control of their energy consumption and reduce their carbon footprint.
The primary objective moving forward is to sustain this momentum by further encouraging the adoption of
prosumer technologies and increasing the installed capacity of these decentralized energy producers. The
ambitious aim is to reach a substantial milestone by 2030, with a target of 2.5 GW. This transition to a more
distributed energy system empowers consumers to reduce their energy costs and generate clean, sustainable
power.
IV. National objectives with regard to ensuring electricity system adequacy, as well as for the
flexibility of the energy system with regard to renewable energy production, including a
timeframe for when the objectives are to be met
In Romania's vision for the energy system by 2030 and after, energy storage in batteries plays a pivotal role
in enhancing system flexibility. With the ability to offer primary, secondary, and tertiary regulation services,
battery storage proves to be a reliable asset for system balance. The advantage lies in its adaptability to the
52 | P a g e
consumption curve, with the added benefit of not being subject to natural factors. This strategic investment
serves the dual purpose of supporting the electricity network's flexibility and facilitating the integration of
additional renewable energy capacity.
To achieve this enhanced flexibility, Romania's government, as outlined in the National Recovery and
Resilience Plan, has set a specific target of installing 240 MW of battery storage capacity by 2025, with
potential for storage of 480 MWh. Adequate funding has been allocated to support these objectives,
underscoring the commitment to strengthening the nation's energy infrastructure and ensuring a more resilient
and sustainable energy future. More details about this easures are provided in Chapter 3.4.3
Plants operating on natural gas play a vital role in enhancing the flexibility of the energy system. These
technologies are characterized by their ability to swiftly respond to changes in electricity demand.
Furthermore, natural gas-powered plants can act as a dependable backup to intermittent renewable energy
sources, ensuring a consistent power supply even when renewable generation is low. The main objective of
Romania is to commission new natural gas power plants that will increase the flexibility of the system and
replace the electricity generated by coal. At the same time this new technology has a possibility to run on
hydrogen after 2035.
V. Where applicable, national objectives to protect energy consumers and improve the
competitiveness of the retail energy sector
Romania has implemented all the legislative provisions entitling final consumers to choose/change their
supplier without additional costs with prior notice of 21 calendar days. At the same time, suppliers are
prohibited from withdrawing from the supply contracts.
As regards the treatment of complaints, the regulatory authority has implemented a series of legislative acts
(e.g. performance standard for supply of electricity and natural gas) regarding the management of relevant
conflicts arising at the pre-contractual stage and during the implementation of contracts
2.4.4. Energy poverty

I. Where applicable, national objectives with regard to energy poverty, including a timeframe for
when the objectives are to be met
The ability of people to secure energy for heating their home reflects the level of energy poverty in the country,
but also reflects the development of energy market in the country. For this purpose, the indicator “Population
unable to keep home adequately warm by poverty status” was used. According to this indicator, in 2022
15.2% 1 of the population in Romania is unable to keep their homes adequately warm (have difficulties paying
their electricity bills, cannot heat their homes properly or do not have access to affordable sources of energy
supply). At EU 28 level, the situation is better, 9.3% of the population are unable to keep their homes
adequately warm. The implementation of the program for vulnerable consumers, as well as the
implementation of energy efficiency measures, are expected to significantly improve this indicator.
2.5 Dimension research, innovation and competitiveness

I. National objectives and funding targets for public and, where available, private research and
innovation relating to the Energy Union, including, where appropriate, a timeframe for when the
objectives are to be met
The EU’s goal of the twin (green and digital) transition brings innovation (in its broadest sense) in the spotlight,
while the EU Cohesion Policy (aiming to remedy the disparities between countries and regions) heavily relies
1 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-eurostat-news/w/DDN-20230911-1
53 | P a g e
on the smart specialization strategy as main methodology for reinforcing national and regional innovation eco-
systems.
The Energy Union is a set of policies and initiatives by the European Union (EU) to ensure secure, sustainable,
competitive and affordable energy for its citizens. It is based on five mutually supportive dimensions: energy
security, solidarity and trust; the internal energy market; energy efficiency; decarbonisation of the economy;
and research, innovation and competitiveness. 1
The EU has made significant progress in recent years in achieving the goals of the Energy Union. For
example, the EU has reduced its greenhouse gas emissions by 22% since 1990, and the share of renewable
energy in the EU's energy mix has increased to 22% 2. However, there is still much work to be done. The
transition to a low-carbon economy is expensive and will require significant investment. There is also a need
to develop new technologies to replace fossil fuels, and to improve energy efficiency across the EU. The main
goals of the Energy Union are to:
• Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels.
• Increase energy efficiency by at least 32.5% by 2030.
• Increase the share of renewable energy to at least 32% of EU energy consumption by 2030.
• Guarantee at least 15% electricity inter-connection levels between neighbouring Member States.
Recently, Romania has made notable progress in aligning its energy sector with the goals set forth by the
European Union's Energy Union initiative 34
• Renewable Energy Expansion: Romania has been working towards increasing the share of
renewable energy sources in its energy mix. This includes investments in wind, solar, hydroelectric,
and biomass energy. The country has taken measures to encourage renewable energy production
through various support mechanisms, such as feed-in tariffs and green certificates. These efforts
contribute to the EU's target of achieving a higher percentage of renewables in the overall energy
consumption.
• Energy Efficiency Improvements: Romania has been focusing on enhancing energy efficiency across
various sectors. This involves implementing energy-efficient technologies, improving building
standards, and promoting energy-saving practices in industries. By reducing energy consumption
while maintaining or even improving productivity, Romania contributes to the broader EU objective of
optimizing energy use.
• Decarbonization Efforts: To align with the Energy Union's commitment to reducing greenhouse gas
emissions, Romania has been taking steps to transition to a low-carbon economy. This includes
phasing out coal-fired power plants and investing in cleaner technologies. The country's efforts in this
regard are essential for achieving the EU's overall climate targets.
• Interconnection and Infrastructure Development: Romania has been actively participating in the
development of cross-border energy infrastructure, such as gas and electricity interconnections.
These interconnections enhance energy security, improve market integration, and enable the efficient
sharing of energy resources among EU member states. By collaborating on regional energy projects,
Romania contributes to the Energy Union's goal of creating a unified energy market.
• Diversification of Energy Sources: Ensuring a diverse mix of energy sources is crucial for energy
security. Romania has been exploring opportunities to diversify its energy sources, including importing
natural gas from various routes and investing in domestic energy resources. This approach reduces
dependency on a single energy supplier and aligns with the Energy Union's principle of diversification.
• Policy and Regulatory Reforms: Romania has been working on updating its energy policies and
regulations to align with the EU's energy and climate goals. This involves setting ambitious targets,
establishing frameworks for clean energy deployment, and promoting investor confidence in the
energy sector. Such policy adjustments create a conducive environment for sustainable energy
development.
• Research and Innovation: Romania has been promoting research and innovation in the energy sector.
Research initiatives focusing on advanced energy technologies, smart grids, energy storage, and
digitalization play a crucial role in advancing the Energy Union's goals and enhancing the overall
1 https://www3.eurelectric.org/the-five-dimensions-of-the-energy-union/overview-and-key-findings/
2 https://energycentral.com/c/ec/exclusive-interview-eu-vice-president-maros-%C5%A1ef%C4%8Dovi%C4%8D-
energy-union-deepest
3 staff_working_document_assessment_necp_romania_en_0.pdf (europa.eu)
4 necp_factsheet_ro_final_0.pdf (europa.eu)
54 | P a g e
energy landscape. For example, Romania has set up a number of research and development centers
in the energy sector, such as the National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry
and Electrometallurgy (INCETE). The government is also providing financial incentives for businesses
to invest in renewable energy and energy efficiency projects.
Romania is also working to improve its energy infrastructure. This includes upgrading its electricity grid and
building new interconnectors with neighboring countries. These investments will help Romania to better
integrate into the European energy market and to import and export energy more easily.
The European Innovation Agenda states that ”Innovation is essential to drive Europe’s competitiveness and
to ensure the health and well-being of its citizens. Innovation shapes markets, transforms economies,
stimulates step changes in the quality of public services and is indispensable to achieve the overarching
objectives of the twin green and digital transition.” 1 .
Each year, the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS) assesses and compares the research and innovation
performance of the EU Member States. By identifying the relative strengths and weaknesses of those systems
EIS aids the EU countries in determining the intervention areas and initiatives needed to enhance their
innovation performance.
According to latest data from the European Innovation Scoreboard 2023 released on 6th of July 2023 Romania
is part of the group of “Emerging Innovators”, but on the bottom of the list from all EU countries (Figure 27) 2.
The performance of the Romanian Summary innovation index is at 33.1% of the EU average. In addition, the
performance is increasing at a rate lower than that of the EU (8.5%- points) which mean that the country’s
performance gap to the EU is becoming larger.
According to the EIS 2023 Romania country profile the biggest weaknesses of the country can be found in
following sub-indicators:
• Population with tertiary education (number of persons in age 25-34 with some form of post-
secondary education)
• Business process innovators (Number of Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) who
introduced at least one business process innovation either new to the enterprise or new to their
market)
• Innovative SMEs collaborating with others (Number of Small and medium-sized enterprises
(SMEs) with innovation cooperation activities including all enterprises that had any co-operation
agreements on innovation activities with other enterprises or institutions in the three years of the
survey period)
• Job-to-job mobility of HRST (Job-to-job mobility of Human Resources in Science & Technology.
It is defined as the movement of individuals between one job and another from one year to the
next. It does not include inflows into the labour market from a situation of unemployment or
inactivity.)
• Employment in innovative enterprises (Number of employed persons in innovative enterprises
(‘Enterprises that have either introduced an innovation or have any kind of innovation activity
(including enterprises with abandoned/suspended or on-going innovation activities).
1 European Commission. (2022). A New European Innovation Agenda. Communication from the commission to the
European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions.
Brussels. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52022DC0332
2 European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, Hollanders, H., European Innovation
Scoreboard 2023, Publications Office of the European Union, 2023, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/119961
55 | P a g e
Figure 27. Performance of EU Member States’ innovation systems
However, there are few sub-indicators where performances are on the relatively well position compared to
EU average:
• Broadband penetration (Number of enterprises with a maximum contracted download speed of
the fastest fixed internet connection of at least 100 Mb/s)
• Medium and high-tech goods exports (Exports of medium and high technology products as a
share of total product exports. Value of medium and high-tech exports, in national currency and
current prices, including exports of the following SITC Rev.3 products: 266, 267, 512, 513, 525,
533, 54, 553, 554, 562, 57, 58, 591, 593, 597, 598, 629, 653, 671, 672, 679, 71, 72, 731, 733,
737, 74, 751, 752, 759, 76, 77, 78, 79, 812, 87, 88 and 891)
• Knowledge-intensive services exports (Exports of knowledge-intensive services is defined as the
sum of credits in EBOPS 2011 (Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification) items:
SC1 (Sea transport); SC2 (Air transport); SC3A (Space transport); SF (Insurance and pension
services); SG (Financial services); SH (Charges for the use of intellectual property); SI
(Telecommunications, computer, and information services); SJ (Other business services); SK1
(Audio-visual and related services))
• Trademark applications per billion GDP (Number of trademark applications applied for at EUIPO)
• Most cited publications (Scientific publications among the top-10% most cited publications
worldwide as percentage of total scientific publications of the country)
In order to improve innovation potential of the country, Romanian government in 2022 adopted the National
Strategy for Research, Innovation and Smart Specialization 2022-2027 (NRIS3) prepared by the Ministry for
Research, Innovation and Digitalization (MRID) 1. The strategy is based on 4 main pillars:
Pillar 1: Excellence in research and innovation. This pillar aims to strengthen the research and innovation
capacities of Romania, by investing in human capital, research infrastructure, and knowledge transfer.
Pillar 2: Entrepreneurial ecosystem. This pillar aims to strengthen the entrepreneurial ecosystem in Romania,
by supporting start-ups and SMEs, and by creating an environment that is conducive to innovation.
Pillar 3: Smart specialization. This pillar aims to identify and support the development of emerging
technologies and sectors with high growth potential.
1Ministry for Research, Innovation and Digitalization (MCID). Romanian Government. (2022). National Strategy for
Research, Innovation and Smart Specialization 2022-2027. https://www.research.gov.ro/uploads/comunicate/2022/strategia-na-
ional-de-cercetareinovare-i-specializare-inteligent-2022-2027.pdf
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Pillar 4: International cooperation. This pillar aims to promote international cooperation in research and
innovation, by facilitating partnerships between Romanian and international actors.
The strategy is expected to contribute to the economic development of Romania, by creating jobs, increasing
productivity, and improving the quality of life. It is also expected to help Romania to address the challenges
of the 21st century, such as climate change and the digital transformation.
Majority part of the national objectives and targets related to the dimensions: research, innovation and
competitiveness are coming from the National Strategy for Research, Innovation and Smart Specialization
2022-2027 and are presented in the text bellow.
II. National objectives and funding targets for public and, where available, private research and
innovation relating to the Energy Union, including, where appropriate, a timeframe for when the
objectives are to be met
The National Strategy for Research, Innovation, and Smart Specialization 2022- 2027 articulates Romania’s
Vision 2030, built on four (interconnected) pillars (corresponding to the strategy’s four general objectives),
each with its own (indicators and) targets (Figure 14) 1. If considering overall innovation performance (as
mirrored in the EIS), Romania’s goal is to become a moderate innovator (i.e., have an innovation performance
between 70% and 100% of the EU average).
Table 6. Romania’s National Strategy for Research, Innovation, and Smart Specialization 2022-2027 - main targets
Target
Pillar / Indicator
V. Romania develops, concentrates, and connects excellency to the scientific frontier and to societal challenges
• Number of doctorate graduates in relation to the number of graduates from
10% increase
higher education
0.12 annual growth
• Researchers per one thousand employed persons
(from 2.0 currently to 3.2 in 2030)
• Number of "leader" researchers (as defined in the ‘EU framework for
20% increase
research careers’) working in Romania in 2030
Proportional increase
• Number of WoS indexed articles in relation to the number of researchers
• Research productivity (articles/researchers)
• Quality of knowledge production
o Articles in top 10% most cited articles Increase from 7% to 10%
(current EU average: 12%)
o Articles in top 1% most cited articles Increase from 04% to 0.6%
o Number of triadic patents (as compared to 2021) 50% increase
VI. There is a large mobilization of enterprises towards innovation
• EIS performance Achieving the status of Moderate Innovator
• Share of enterprises introducing new innovative products on the market
(EU average in 2018: 13%)
More than 7%
(from 3.5% collaboration with universities
• Share of innovative enterprises collaborating with research organizations
and 1,5% collaboration with institutes in
2018)
• Number of public-private co-publications per one million inhabitants
(current EU average: 95)
• Employment in innovative enterprises
(EU average in 2018: 11.8%)
VII. Innovation ecosystems associated with smart specializations support advancement in global value-added chains
• Growth rates of employment, value added, and exports in ecosystems Twice as high - compared to the national
associated with smart specialization areas and benefiting from major projects average
VIII. Internationalization and European and international cooperation
Double - compared to funding drawn from
Horizon 2020
• Funding drawn from the Horizon Europe Program
(about 500 mill. euros between 2022 and
2027)
• Number of international scientific co-publications per one million Increase from 284 to 600
inhabitants (current EU average: 1172)
• Public financing allocated to joint programs and European partnerships
(including inter-regional investments in EU projects) – as percentage from the Minimum 5%
national public financing for R&D
1
Claudia, O. and Mihaela, H., 2022. Fostering Innovation in Romania. Insights from the Smart Specialization Strategies. Studies in
Business & Economics, 17(2).
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• Bilateral collaborations are complementary to these interventions and contribute to networking capacity building
Strengthening research activities depends significantly on attracting additional public and private investment
in R&D activities.
Romania spends less, in per capita terms (EUR 17.6, Figure 28) but also as a % of GDP (0.12%), in research
and development (R&D), according to Eurostat data. Romania ranks last in the European Union related to
this indicator.
Related to gross domestic expenditure in R&D, Romania is also on the bottom of the list among EU countries
(Figure 29, Figure 30).
Figure 28. Government budget allocation for R&D, 2022
EUR/person
873
833
900
759
800
662
700
600
529
518
500
441
434
433
392
400
305
264
263
300
214
196
189
168
151
151
200 149
127
114
78
77
100
71
70
69
62
50
27
18
0
Germany
Hungary
Italy
Norway
Slovakia
Slovenia
Croatia
Finland
Sweden
Greece
Latvia
Iceland
Austria
EU 27
Ireland
Estonia
Czechia
France
Cyprus
Portugal
Malta
Poland
Bulgaria
Romania
Switzerland
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Spain
Lithuania
Denmark
Belgium
Source: EUROSTAT, data on government budget allocations for R&D (GBARD), Statistics | Eurostat (europa.eu) , team analyses
Figure 29. Gross domestic expenditure on R&D for 2011 and 2021
3.62
3.8
3.6
3.35
3.22
3.19
3.19
3.4 2011 2021

3.13
2.99
3.2
2.94
2.81
2.81
2.81
3.0
2.67
2.8
2.41
2.40
2.6
2.31
2.26
2.25
2.21
2.19
2.4
2.17
2.14
2.02
2.00
2.2
1.94
% of GDP
1.88
2.0
1.75
1.68
1.65
1.62
1.8
1.55
1.54
1.48
1.46
1.45
1.44
1.43
1.42
1.6
1.33
1.24
1.20
1.4
1.18
1.11
1.06
1.02
1.2
0.93
0.90
0.87
1.0
0.77
0.75
0.74
0.72
0.69
0.68
0.67
0.65
0.64
0.8
0.53
0.47
0.47
0.45
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Germany
Hungary
Italy
Norway
Slovakia
Iceland
Slovenia
Finland
Sweden
Estonia
Czechia
Greece
Croatia
Latvia
Portugal
Austria
EU 27
Ireland
France
Cyprus
Malta
Bulgaria
Romania
Netherlands
Spain
Luxembourg
Poland
Lithuania
Denmark
Belgium
Source: EUROSTAT, GERD by sector of performance, Statistics | Eurostat (europa.eu), team analyses
Figure 30. Gross domestic expenditure on R&D for the period 1996 - 2020
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0.70
0.67
0.65
0.60
0.57
0.55
0.55
0.50 0.51 0.50 0.50
0.50 0.49 0.48 0.48
0.46 0.47 0.46 0.47 0.47
0.44 0.45
0.45
0.40 0.40 0.41
0.40 0.39 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.38
0.37
% 0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
Source: EUROSTAT, GERD by sector of performance, Statistics | Eurostat (europa.eu), team analyses
However, Romania within the NSRIS3 as a strategic option set very optimistic goal to increase R&D public
spending to reach 1% of GDP by 2027.
The National Strategy for Research, Innovation, and Smart Specialization 2022- 2027 has been developed in
line with European and national policies and strategies. The Strategy is strongly correlated with the National
Strategy for Sustainable Development of Romania 2030. It is consistent with the national legislation in force
for scientific research, technological development and innovation, it responds to the general priorities of the
Government, the favourable condition "Good governance of the national or regional strategy of smart
specialization” and the provisions of the Romania's National Recovery and Resilience Plan.
III. Where available, national 2050 objectives related to the promotion of clean energy technologies
and, where appropriate, national objectives, including long-term targets (2050) for deployment
of low-carbon technologies, including for decarbonising energy and carbon-intensive industrial
sectors and, where applicable, for related carbon transport and storage infrastructure
Romania set very optimistic goal to increase R&D public spending to reach 1% of GDP by 2027. This includes
investment in research, development and innovation, in human capital, and investment in the transfer of
knowledge and technologies and the development of knowledge and innovation-based technologies through
various programs.
In the recently adopted National Strategy for Research, Innovation, and Smart Specialization 2022- 2027, 2
(two) of the 7 (seven) identified thematic priority areas are directly linked to low-carbon targets, energy
efficiency and adaptation to climate change:
3. Energy and mobility
3.1. Green mobility
It includes electric and hybrid vehicles, including hydrogen-based, for all types of transport, as well
as: components of propulsion systems and their auxiliaries; storage systems and energy
management for them; sharing and integrating these vehicles into smart cities; interoperability and
intermodality solutions in transport.
3.2 Modern energy generation technologies with low or zero emissions
Energy conversion technologies and systems from renewable energy sources (hydraulic, wind, solar,
biomass, geothermal), energy recovery of hydrogen, use of nuclear energy, low-emission energy
recovery of coal and natural gas.
3.3. Digitalization in energy
Digital solutions for the monitoring and control of energy systems, integrated between the levels of
the sector (production, transport, distribution, use) will facilitate the implementation of measures to
59 | P a g e
increase energy efficiency, increase the flexibility of the system, prioritize the consumption of clean
energy and optimize the consumption of users. Digitization allows the implementation of Smart Grids-
type functions at the level of electricity transport and distribution, but also at the level of users.
3.4. Energy storage
Energy storage is the main means by which the increase in the share of renewable energy sources
is ensured. There are several major elements driving the development of technologies in the area of
energy storage: efforts to decarbonize economic sectors, digitization and decentralization - where
end consumers become active "actors" ("pro-sumers"). Storage systems can be chemical, with
gravitational potential, with electric potential, at high temperature, with latent heat and kinetic type.
6. Environment and eco-technologies

6.1 Technologies for environmental management, monitoring and depollution
It includes technologies for monitoring the environment (including through sensor networks and
satellite data), as well as those designed to improve the quality of air, water, soil and complex
biological systems and to enable rapid and effective management of contamination situations.
6.2 Technologies for the circular economy
It includes technologies for waste management (such as those for optimized collection and selection,
water filtration, biological reprocessing, waste-to-energy recovery, pyrolysis, etc.) and the set of
solutions that contribute to reducing waste and increasing the degree of recycling in the value chains
associated with electronic products, batteries, packaging, plastic materials, textile products,
constructions, food, etc.
In order to achieve all above mentioned targets within the priority areas of smart specialization strategy, in
addition to public research funding from the Romanian budget and private sector investment, European
cohesion funds in 2021-2027, including those under the Recovery and Resilience Plan (RRP) and the Just
Transition Fund (JTF), will play an important role in promoting research, development, innovation and
competitiveness by 2030.
In addition, the Climate Change Fund should also play an important role in the future, which will be used, inter
alia, to finance R&D and demonstration projects in the field of energy to explore the use of hydrogen and
technologies for the production and use of electricity from RES, aimed at reducing emissions and adapting to
climate change, including participation in the initiatives of the European Strategic Energy Technology Plan
(SET-Plan) and the European Technology Platforms. Furthermore, the EU Innovation Fund, LIFE and Horizon
Europe programs will also be available in the programming period up to 2027 to support innovation in low-
carbon technologies, and funding to boost research and innovation in green technologies.
IV. Where applicable, national objectives with regard to competitiveness

Since 2010, the EU Regional Competitiveness Index (RCI) has been measuring the major factors of
competitiveness for all the NUTS-2 level regions across the European Union 1. The Index measures, with a
rich set of indicators, the ability of a region to offer an attractive environment for firms and residents to live
and work. Figure 31 and Figure 32represent the position of NUT 2 regions of Romania in correlation to other
EU regions. It can be noticed that except the region of Bucureşti-Ilfov who is close to EU average, all other
regions are fare bellow EU average.
1 https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/assets/regional-competitiveness/index.html#/
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Figure 31. EU Regional Competitiveness index 2.0. (2022 edition)
Figure 32. Romania’s NUT 2 regions position on Regional Competitiveness Index 2.0 (2022 edition)
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The National Strategy for Research, Innovation, and Smart Specialization 2022- 2027 directly address low
level of competitiveness of Romania. Together with developed Regional Smart Specialization Strategies
(developed by the respective Regional Development Agencies), these documents set the vision and path
towards increasing competitiveness of the Romania’s economy. Adopted objectives and goals should be able
to drive economic competitiveness and social development, as well as the twin - green and digital – transition
of the country.
The development processes of S3s was in line with the European Commission’s guidelines and
recommendations. Bottom-up approach, with substantial participation and involvement of stakeholders, was
used in the entrepreneurial discovery process for identification of priority specialization areas and sub-areas.
The smart specialization areas of national priority are focused on the areas that could drive other sectors of
the economy and society and for which the national dimension of collaboration is crucial. Next table presents
Romania’s smart specialization areas that arise after S3 development process.
Table 7. Romania’s S3 Smart Specialization Areas (Source: Romania’s National and Regional Strategies for Smart
Specialization)
Regional level
Country level
Bioeconomy (technologies for blue economy; improvement of Nord-Vest: Food; Cosmetics and food supplements; Health;
seeds and breeds; technologies for eco-agriculture, New materials; Advanced production technologies; ICT
agroecology, and forestry; agriculture 4.0; safe and Centru: Automotive and mechatronics industry; Aeronautical
sustainable food for healthy diet) industry; Agri - food sector; Forestry, wood processing and
Digital economy and space technologies (microelectronic furniture industry; Light industry; IT sector and creative
devices and systems for smart products; networks of the industries; Health; Sustainable built environment; Tourism
future, communications, and IoT; technologies for spatial Nord-Est: Agri-food & wood industry; Energy; Environment;
economy; XR technologies; AI systems; cybersecurity; Textile; ICT; Health; Tourism
traceability technologies; robots and cognitive agents) Sud-Est: Engineering and shipping; Clothing industry; Agri-
Energy and mobility (green mobility; modern technologies for food and biotechnology; Aquaculture and fishing; Tourism;
low/zero emission energy generation; digitalization of energy; Information and communication technology
energy storage) Bucuresti-Ilfov: Information and communication technology
Advanced manufacturing (manufacturing technologies for (ICT); Cultural and creative industries; Intelligent systems and
aeronautics; digitalization and robotization of manufacturing; components (electronics, optoelectronics, mechatronics,
advanced manufacturing technologies) microelectronics, etc.); Advanced materials; New foods and
Advanced (functional) materials (optoelectronics; smart food safety; Health
composite materials; recyclable materials and technologies Sud-Vest Oltenia: Transport systems; Industrial and
for materials recycling; materials for electronic, electric, materials engineering; Agri-food; Health and wellness; ICT
photonic, magnetic, and sensoristic applications; and digitalization; Creative industries
biocompatible materials; materials for energy) Vest: Agriculture and food industry; Energy efficiency and
Environment and eco-technologies (technologies for sustainable buildings; Manufacturing and manufacturing
environmental monitoring and management, and pollution industry; Cultural and creative industries; ICT and automotive;
control) Health and quality of life
Health – prevention, diagnosis, and advanced treatment
(precision surgery; new generation nuclear technologies for
diagnosis and treatment; longevity medicine; early diagnosis;
technologies for the autonomous life; e-health; personalized
and genomic medicine; technologies for wearables)
In order to update the smart specialization priorities, in 2025 and 2027 new cycles of entrepreneurial discovery
process will be conducted. This process will be based on the evaluation of existing fields and subfields,
doubled by the identification of new fields with specialization potential (starting from the Qualitative Periodic
Reports on the dynamics of the CDI ecosystem).
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3. POLICIES AND MEASURES

3.1 Dimension decarbonisation
I. Policies and measures to achieve the target set under Regulation (EU) 2018/842 as referred
in point 2.1.1 and policies and measures to comply with Regulation (EU) 2018/841, covering
all key emitting sectors and sectors for the enhancement of removals, with an outlook to the
long-term vision and goal to become a low emission economy and achieving a balance between
emissions and removals in accordance with the Paris Agreement
PAM 1 Phasing out coal TPP

Main objective: Phasing out lignite coal and lignite-powered thermal power plant
Description: The LTS foresees phasing out of all lignite coal and lignite-powered thermal power plants, with an objective for
decarbonization and promoting renewable energy. This measure considers that TPPs with a net installed capacity of 4920 MW, will
be decommissioned by 2032.
Timeframe Type Sector Gases Scope
2022 – 2050 Technical Energy supply CO2, CH4, N2O National
• Long Term Strategy of Romania
• Recovery and resilience plan for Romania
Relevant planning documents, legal and
• OUG 108/2022
regulatory acts
• Law 334/2022 on phase out of coal TPP
• Just Transition Plan which includes Just Transition Territorial Plans
Bottom-up modeling and Vo ovaa ver optimization using the LEAP-RO model.
Methodology
IPCC Methodology
It is envisaged that by 2032:
• 1,425 MW (31.12.2025)
Assumptions
• 1,140 MW (31.12.2026)
will be decommissioned.
Status of implementation Under implementation
Closed capacities:
• 1,695 MW on 31.12.2021
• 660 MW on 31.12.2022
Legislative changes:
• the Government Emergency Ordinance no. 108/2022 on the
decarbonization of the energy sector,
• Law no. 334/29.11.2022 on the approval of Government Emergency
Ordinance no. 108/30.06.2022 on the decarbonisation of the energy
sector,
• Government Emergency Ordinance no. 175/2022 amending the Law
no. 334/29.11.2022,
- Steps taken • Government Decision no. 1573/2022 on the approval of the
postponement of the closure of certain lignite-fired energy capacities
and related mining operations,
• Government Decision no. 264/2023 on repealing Government Decision
No 1.573/2022 approving the postponement of the closure of certain
lignite-fired energy capacities and related mining operations,
• Government Emergency Ordinance no. 14/2023 amending
Government Emergency Ordinance no. 108/2022,
• Government Emergency Ordinance no. 19/29.03.2023 amending
Government Emergency Ordinance no. 108/2022.
• The definitive withdrawal from operation of the Power Unit no. 3 - 330
MW from the Rovinari Thermal Power Plant, starting with 01.06.2023
and the mothballing of Power Unit no. 7 - 330 MW from the Turceni
Thermal Power Plant in the period 01.06.2023 - 31.12.2025.
- Steps envisaged • Continuation of the phase-out
Value in the last
Indicative trajectory Target value
Indicators reporting year
2021-2022 2025 2032
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Additional phased-out
Progress 2355 3780 4920
capacity (MW)
Emissions reduction (Gg CO2-eq)
Primary energy savings
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Source of finance /
• Government of Romania
Implementing entity
• Ministry of Investments and European Project
• Private investors
Monitoring entity
Relation with other dimensions
PAM 2 Introduction of green hydrogen into the energy system

Main objective: Decarbonisation of the energy system
Description: All natural gas-powered plants (CCGT, CHP) will be 100% ready for renewable gases (green hydrogen) by 2036
• Law on the integration of hydrogen from renewable and low-carbon
sources in the industry and transport sectors (Hydrogen Law) 237/2023
Relevant planning documents, legal and • Emergency Ordinance nr. 53/2019 on the approval of the Multi-Annual
regulatory acts Investment Financing Program for the modernization, rehabilitation,
refurbishment and extension or establishment of centralized heat
supply systems of localities and for amending and supplementing the
Law on Community Public Utilities Services no. 51/2006
• Hydrogen strategy – in progress
Bottom-up modeling and least-cost optimization using the LEAP-RO model. IPCC
Methodology
Methodology
Assumptions 100% green hydrogen CCGT and CHP by 2036
Status of implementation Planned

- Steps taken Preparation of Hydrogen Strategy and Action Plan for 2023-2030
- Steps envisaged • Replacement of technologies
Value in the last
2020-2021 2025 2030
Additional installed capacity
Progress 860 2615
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Source of finance Public private partnership
Implementing entity • Ministry of Environment, Water and Forests
Monitoring entity
*note: new CCGT on natural gas should be hydrogen ready

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PAM 3 Development of new CCGT capacities
Main objective: Advancing the technologies used for energy production, thus lowering the GHG emissions
Description: The aim of the measure is development of new CCGT to be along with the objective of decarbonization of the energy
sector by switching from the coal-based capacities to gas-fired and RES capacities
Relevant planning documents, legal and • Recovery and resilience plan for Romania
regulatory acts • GEO 108/2022 and
• Just Transition Plan which includes Just Transition Territorial Plans
Methodology
Methodology
It is envisaged that by 2040 additional capacity of:
• 430 MW (Iernut) starting from 01.01.2024
Assumptions • at least 860 MW (Mintia) with a possibility to 1700 MW by 2026
• 1,325 MW (Isalnita & Turceni) starting from 01.07.2026.
will be constructed.
Status of implementation Planned
- Steps taken •
- Steps envisaged • Construction of power plants
Value in the last
2020-2021 2025 2030
Progress 430 at least 2615
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget 65 M€ (Lernut); 425 M€ (Mintia)
Finance
Source of finance Private-public partnership (Modernization Fund)
Implementing entity
• Ministry of Investments and European Projects
Monitoring entity

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PAM 4 Promotion of high-efficiency cogeneration capacities
Main objective: Promotion of high-efficiency cogeneration capacities with installation of new CHPs.
Description: Cogeneration units will contribute to enhance energy supply security, particularly at the local level, thereby mitigating
the risk of power and heat supply disruptions. Another potential benefit of cogeneration production lies in its reduced fuel demand
compared to alternative technologies, which can positively impact the reduction of reliance on imports.
Efforts are underway to bolster high-efficiency cogeneration capabilities and integrate renewable energy sources into heat production
for centralized heating systems.
• Emergency Ordinance nr. 53/2019 on the approval of the Multi-Annual
Relevant planning documents, legal and Investment Financing Program for the modernization, rehabilitation,
regulatory acts refurbishment and extension or establishment of centralized heat
• Law no. 325/2006 on the public heat energy supply service
Methodology
Methodology

• 80 MW (Rompetrol Navodari) starting from 01.08.2023
• 52 MW (CTE Constanta) starting from 01.01.2025
• 295 MW (CTE Craiova CEO) starting from 01.01.2026
Assumptions • 70 MW (others) starting from 01.07.2026.
• 50 MW (CTE Grozavesti) starting from 01.01.2025
• 200 MW (CTE Sud Vitan) starting from 01.01.2026
• 200 MW (CTE Progresu) starting from 01.01.2027
- Steps taken •
- Steps envisaged • Construction of power plants
Value in the last
2020-2021 2025 2030
Progress 192 1102
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Source of finance Private-public partnership
• Ministry of energy
Monitoring entity

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PAM 5 Employing CCUS technologies
Main objective: Promotion of Carbon capture, storage and utilization for vast emission reduction
Description: By employing the CCUS technologies in the Mineral industry in which Cement production is included (as defined in 8
NC), at least 50% of the emissions will be captured by 2050.
Technical,
2022 – 2050 Industry CO2, CH4, N2O National
regulatory
Relevant planning documents, legal and • GEO no. 64 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide (Official
regulatory acts Gazette of Romania no. 461 on 30 June 2011)
Methodology Bottom-up modeling using the LEAP-RO model and IPCC Methodology
Assumptions By 2050, 50% of the emissions captured in the Mineral industry

- Steps taken •
- Steps envisaged •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Emissions reduction (Gg CO2-eq) 2,583 kt (2050)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Source of finance Private, donors through commercial EE loans, EE fund
• National Agency for Mineral Resources
• Ministry of Energy of Romania
Implementing entity
• ANRE
Monitoring entity
Relation with other dimensions Decarbonisation

67 | P a g e
PAM 6 Implementation of the Kigali amendment in the Product uses as substitutes of ODS
Main objective: Implementation of the Kigali amendment of the Montreal protocol in the Product uses as substitutes of ozone
depleting substances
Description: The implementation of the Kigali amendment to the Montreal protocol will reduce the emissions from the Product uses
as substitutes of ozone depleting substances by approximately 7 times in 2050, compared to 2019.As a result of the Product uses as
substitutes of ozone depleting substances, F-gases are included in this sector, which will be drastically reduced. As a result, in 2050,
more than 96% of the GHG emissions in the Industry sector will be CO2 emissions.
Regulatory,
technical
regulatory acts • Law no. 30/2020 (Official Gazette. no. 275/2 Apr. 2020) on adoption of
Montreal Protocol Amendment on substances that deplete the ozone
layer (Kigali Amendment, 2016)
Methodology Bottom-up modeling using the LEAP-RO model. IPCC Methodology
Assumptions

- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2020 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
not more than Not more than
1510 1090
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Source of finance Private investors
• Ministry of Energy of Romania
Implementing entity
Monitoring entity

68 | P a g e
PAM 7 Improvement of the industrial processes
Main objective: Alignment of activity data and EF in industrial sector according to BR and NC in different industry categories
Description:
Technical,
regulatory
Relevant planning documents, legal and • Long Term Strategy of Romania
regulatory acts • Recovery and resilience plan for Romania
• In the cement production, the activity data in 2040 will be in accordance

with NC 8 (approx. 8,600kt clinker production), while the process EF
level (calculated on the basis of CaO and MgO content originating from
carbonates) will be lowered from 0.52 to 0.49 tCO2/t clinker, according
to NC 8.
• The lime production will follow the production index growth trend (in
accordance with the data CNSP) and the EF will be in accordance with
the BR 4.
• The glass production will follow the production index growth trend (in
Assumptions accordance with the data from CNSP) and the EF will be in accordance
with BR 4.
• The level of production and emission in the ceramics industry and in all
the other industries employing non-metallic minerals will be in
accordance with BR 4.
• The annual growth rate of soda ash production will be 1.8%, in
accordance with BR 4.
• The EF in the steel production will lower from1.01 tCO2/t to 0.3 tCO2/t
in 2030, as a result of employing electric arc furnace (EAF) and DRI-
EAF technologies.
- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Implementing entity
Monitoring entity

69 | P a g e
PAM 8 Setting an obligation for CO2 injecting and storing for the oil & gas industry
Main objective Established commitment for injecting and storing for the oil & gas industry
Description: According to Net Zero Industry Act (Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on
establishing a framework of measures for strengthening Europe’s net-zero technology products manufacturing ecosystem (Net Zero
Industry Act) - COM(2023) 161, 16.03.2023), 2030 commitments for CO2 injecting and storing for the oil & gas industry are imposed.
Technical,
regulatory
Assumptions

- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Implementing entity
Monitoring entity

70 | P a g e
PAM 9 Reduction of emissions from enteric fermentation
Main objective: Decrease level of CH4 emission from enteric fermentation
Description: Reduction of emissions from enteric fermentation by introducing a proper diet. Based on this assumption, the emission
factor for enteric fermentation will be reduced by 10% in 2030 and by 30% in 2050 compared to 2050.
Education, AFLOU-
2022 – 2050 CH4 National
Technical Livestock
• Common Agricultural Policy of Romania
regulatory acts
Methodology Bottom up modeling using LEAP-RO model, IPCC methodology
• Increased number of highly productive dairy cows under intensive

Assumptions farming,
• Introduced modified TMR and nutrition management.
• Expected to be on organized in farms with more than 50 heads
- Steps taken •
• focus on enhancing animal nutrition and feeding practices to enhance

- Steps envisaged the competitiveness of the animal breeding sector, improve product
safety and quality, and reduce environmental impact
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Source of finance Private sector, IPARD programme
Implementing entity National Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety Authority
Monitoring entity Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

71 | P a g e
PAM 10 Increasing agricultural residues management
Main objective: Advanced utilization of residues in order to obtain circular bioeconomy without field burning residues, thus achieve
zero emission.
Description: Reduction of climate damaging and yield decreasing crop fires by incentivizing farmers to save agricultural residues
and potentially use crop stubble as an energy source or in livestock feeding instead. Improve agricultural residue management as an
important C storage, initiating research projects and measuring technology to keep a side-specific balance given that crop residues
also generate N2O.
Regulatory, AFOLU-
2022 – 2050 CO2, CH4, N2O National
Financial Agriculture
regulatory acts
Assumptions Starting from 2030, no agricultural residues will be burned on the field

- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Implementing entity Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

72 | P a g e
PAM 11 Reduction of methane emission level from manure management and biogas production
Main objective: Reduction of CH4 emission level from manure management and biogas production
Description: To reduce emissions from farming, it is necessary that the manure is stored and used properly on farmland. In order
to make this happen, farmers need to be given advice to utilize and purchase the right technology. Giving financial support for
technology that helps manage manure in a way that is suitable for the environment.
AFOLU-
2022 – 2050 Technical CH4 National
Livestock
regulatory acts
By capturing and using the methane emission of manure for producing biogas,
Assumptions the manure management emission level will be reduced by 40% in 2050
compared to 2030 and 5% of the energy demand in agriculture will be fulfilled.
- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Implementing entity National Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety Authority

73 | P a g e
PAM 12 Increasing the agrisolar production
Main objective: Increase in the share of solar energy for agricultural purposes
Description: This measure brings together farming and producing clean energy. To achieve this goal, solar panels are installed
above and in between farmland in a way that allows for both energy generation and profitable agriculture. This situation is a win for
everyone involved. It helps the environment and makes sure there is enough of what we need. It also helps farmers by giving them
more ways to grow financialy, and it helps make farms and rural areas stronger in the long run.
2022 – 2050 Technical AFOLU, Energy CO2, CH4, N2O National
regulatory acts
• LAW on the establishing of the system for the promotion of energy
production from renewable energy sources
In terms of energy use in Agriculture, the share of solar energy will be increased
Assumptions
to 15% in 2050, while diesel consumption will be reduced to zero.
- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
Implementing entity
Ministry of energy
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
Monitoring entity
Ministry of energy

74 | P a g e
PAM 13 Establishing integrated management of forest fires
Main objective: Reducing the average annual burned area
Description: Forest fires are already detected as a very significant problem of forest loss and source of GHG emissions. This measure
includes the protection of the forest area by preventing the forest fires and the damages resulting from forest fires.
2022 – 2050 Technical AFLOU-Forestry CO2, CH4, N2O National
• The 2030 National Forest Strategy
Relevant planning documents, legal and • Common Agricultural Policy of Romania
regulatory acts • Long Term Strategy of Romania
The annual average forest burned area by 2050 will be equal to the average forest
Assumptions
burned area during 2010-2019
- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Source of finance Forest enterprises
Implementing entity Ministry of Environment, Waters and Forests
Monitoring entity Ministry of Environment, Waters and Forests

75 | P a g e
PAM 14 PV systems in agriculture
Main objective: Increase the share of RES and reduce GHG emission coming from the agriculture sector.
Description: The installation of a photovoltaic system for irrigation, serving as a mitigation practice by replacing diesel with electric
pumps and incorporating photovoltaic technology, is suitable for both existing and new on-farm irrigation systems. This measures
also includes floating solar power projects on irrigation chanals as well as agrivoltaic.
Education,
AFOLU-
2022 – 2050 Technical , CO2 National
Land/Agriculture
financial
regulatory acts
Assumptions

• The National Agency for Land Improvement of Romania is set to apply
for European funds for a floating solar park on a network of irrigation
canals east of Bucharest (Gălățui-Călărași area). The government
plans to complete the 20 MW project by the end of 2025.
- Steps taken • InterNET Ltd, launched the first two agrivoltaics systems in Romania in
June 2023
• Danish company Eurowind Energy is developing an agrivoltaic project
in Romania, a 70 MW photovoltaic park that will combine solar energy
with agriculture. To be complited by 2024
- Steps envisaged • To promote the photovoltaic irrigation, agrivoltaic as mitigation measure
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Monitoring entity Ministry of Economy, Entrepreneurship, and Tourism

76 | P a g e
PAM 15 Renewal of the agricultural machinery and equipment
Main objective: Modernisation of the agricultural machinery and equipment
Description: To implement various promotional and support schemes that will enable farmers to modernize the agricultural machinery
AFOLU-
2022 – 2050 Technical, financial CO2, CH4, N2O National
Agriculture
regulatory acts
Assumptions

- Steps taken •
- Steps envisaged • Enlarge the number of new agricultural machines
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance

77 | P a g e
PAM 16 Establishment of agricultural associations
Main objective: Reorganization of agricultural land in the form of agricultural associations
Description: Formation of new agricultural associations.
Technical, AFOLU-
regulatory Agriculture
• National Strategy for Agriculture in Romania – Horizon 2035
• Romania’s Agri-Food and Rural Development Strategy
Relevant planning documents, legal and • Common Agricultural Policy of Romania
• Agricultural Cooperatives Law no. 566 of 22 December 2004
Methodology
Assumptions

- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance

78 | P a g e
PAM 17 Reduction of municipal waste per capita
Main objective: Minimization of waste generation
Description: To reduce the municipal waste generation in line with the Romanian Overview of national waste prevention programmes
in Europe - Country Profile 2021 by EEA
Education,
2022 – 2050 regulatory, Waste CO2, CH4, N2O National
information
• National Waste Management Plan
regulatory acts
• GEO no. 92/2021 on the waste regime repealed the Law no.211/2011
on the waste regime.
By 2030, it is assumed that household waste per capita will be reduced by 10 %

Assumptions compared to 2017 (i.e. reduce MSW from the 228 kg per capita recorded in 2017
to 204 kg per capita by 2030).
- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Source of finance End-users
Implementing entity
• Municipalities (Public municipal enterprises for waste management)

Monitoring entity • State Environmental Inspectorate
• Authorized Inspectors of Environment (Municipalities)

79 | P a g e
PAM 18 Increased recycling and biodegradable waste selection for composting
Main objective: Recycle – converting the waste materials to raw materials and compost.
Description: Intensification of recycling as a transformation method of waste materials like paper, glass, metal, plastic, etc., into
primary materials and converting organic food and garden waste into compost for use as fertilizers.
Technical,
2022 – 2050 Waste CO2, CH4, N2O National
regulatory
regulatory acts
Recycling rates:
• Wood – 25% in 2025, 30% in 2030 (as in Zero Waste Europe-Policy
briefing document) and 50% in 2050
• Paper and textile – 80% in 2050
Assumptions • Food and garden waste – 50% in 2030 and 60% in 2050. The reduced
amount of food and garden waste will be used in the composting
process. Additionally, the emissions factors for composting will be
reduced to 3kt CH4/tonne and 0.24 kt N2O/tonne in 2050, which is in
accordance to the GHG Emission Factors Review – ESA
- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance Local self-government through Public Utilities, Public Private Partnership, EU
Source of finance
funds
Implementing entity


80 | P a g e
PAM 19 Improved incineration / co-incineration
Main objective: Improvement of incineration processes
Description: Improvement of the incineration process to address the expected increase waste incineration
2022 – 2050 Technical Waste CO2, CH4, N2O National
regulatory acts
• GEO no. 92/2021 on the waste regime repealed the Law no.211/2011
on the waste regime.
The volume of municipal waste incinerated / co-incinerated will increase to 500kt

Assumptions in 2030 and to 900kt in 2050 (similar as in 8NC), with the option of this waste
being used for energy recovery in recovery facilities and/or in cement plants.
- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Source of finance
funds
Implementing entity

Monitoring entity • Authorized Inspectors of Environment (Municipalities)
• State Environmental Inspectorate

81 | P a g e
PAM 20 Landfill gas flaring
Main objective: Environmental protection and meeting the highest European standards
Description: Rehabilitation of the existing landfills and illegal (“wild”) dumpsites with very high, high and medium risk in the waste
management regions, as well as opening of regional landfills. The rehabilitation includes covering on the existing non-compliant
landfills, supplemented by gas extraction and flaring.
2022 – 2050 Technical Waste CO2, CH4 Regional
regulatory acts
60% of the emissions from the non-recycled waste plus the historical emissions
Assumptions
will be used for flaring in 2050.
- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Source of finance
funds
Implementing entity

82 | P a g e
PAM 21 Improved wastewater treatment
Main objective: Improved collection and treatment of domestic wastewater
Description: Enhanced wastewater collection in rural areas through increased sewage networks connection, and increased
connections to wastewater treatment facilities across rural and urban areas.
2022 – 2050 Technical Waste CO2, CH4, N2O National
regulatory acts
• Water Law no. 107/1996 amended and supplemented by the Law no.
122/2020 from July 13, 2020.
It is envisaged that:
• 90% of the rural population will be connected to the sewage network by
2050.
• By 2030, all urban areas will be connected to wastewater treatment
plants.
Assumptions
• 5% of the rural areas will be connected to wastewater treatment plants
by 2025 and 70% by 2050.
• The sludge resulting from the wastewater treatment will be used in
agriculture or will be dried and used as energy source in the cement
industry will be constructed.
- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Source of finance
funds
• Ministry of Investment and European Projects
Implementing entity
• Municipalities (Public enterprises for water supply and sewage
services)
Monitoring entity Ministry of Environment, Water and Forests
II. Where relevant, regional cooperation in this area

In accordance with Article 5(4)-(7) of Regulation 2018/842/EU, Romania could transfer part of the annual
emission allocation in the sectors outside the scope of ETS. Such transfers may be achieved under bidding
procedures, by relying on market intermediaries acting as agents or under bilateral agreements
III. Without prejudice to the applicability of State aid rules, financing measures, including Union
support and the use of Union funds, in this area at national level, where applicable
83 | P a g e

I. Policies and measures to achieve the national contribution to the 2030 Union target for
renewable energy and trajectories as referred to in point (a)(2) Article 4, and, where applicable
or available, the elements referred to in point 2.1.2 of this Annex, including sector- and
technology- specific measures
PAM 22 Increase of the domestic generation capacity from PV power plants

Main objective: Increase of the domestic generation capacity from PV power plants
Description: Construction of PV plants
regulatory acts • LAW on the establishing of the system for the promotion of energy
Methodology
Methodology

• 600MW each year from 2023 to 2025,
Assumptions • 700 MW each year from 2026 to 2030,
• 525 MW each year from 2031 to 2050
- Steps taken •
- Steps envisaged • Construction of PV PP
Value in the last
2020-2021 2025 2030
Total installed capacity
Progress 2800 5800
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Source of finance Private, incentives through central government budget
• ANRE
Implementing entity
Monitoring entity

84 | P a g e
PAM 23 Increase of the domestic generation capacity from wind
Main objective: Increase of the domestic generation capacity from wind
Description: Construction of wind power plants
Methodology
Methodology

• 550MW each year from 2023 to 2025,
• 600 MW each year from 2026 to 2030,
Assumptions
- Steps taken •
- Steps envisaged • Construction of wind power plants
Value in the last
2020-2021 2025 2030
Total installed capacity
Progress 5030 7630
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
• ANRE
Implementing entity
Monitoring entity

85 | P a g e
PAM 24 Small hydro power plant
Main objective: Increase of the domestic generation capacity from renewable energy sources
Description: Construction of new small hydro power plants taking into account environmental and social impacts
Relevant planning documents, legal and • Law on the establishing of the system for the promotion of energy
regulatory acts production from renewable energy sources
• Water Law no. 107/1996 amended and supplemented by the Law no.
122/2020 from July 13, 2020.
Methodology
Methodology
• 65 MW (AHE Bumbesti Livezeni) starting from 01.01.2024
• 12 MW (AHE Pascani Sirt) starting from 01.01.2025
• 55 MW (AHE Cornetu – Avrig (Caineni and Lotrioara)) starting from
01.01.2027
Assumptions • 55 MW (AHE Surduc Siriu) starting from 01.01.2027
• 38 MW (AHE Siret Cosmesti - Movileni) starting from 01.01.2027
• 35 MW (AHE Rastolita) starting from 01.01.2028
• 15 MW (AHE Cerna Belareca) starting from 01.01.2028 –
• 29 MW (AHE Izbiceni Dunare, Islaz) starting from 01.01.2030
- Steps taken •
- Steps envisaged • Construction of SHPPs
Value in the last
2020-2021 2025 2030
Additional installed capacity 77
Progress 304
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Monitoring entity
II. Where relevant, specific measures for regional cooperation, as well as, as an option, the
estimated excess production of energy from renewable sources which could be transferred to
other Member States in order to achieve the national contribution and trajectories referred to in
point 2.1.2
The statistical transfer mechanism provides for the excess RES produced in an EU Member State to be
transferred to other Member States. This mechanism enables more flexibility, in view of achieving the shares
established at Member State level, by providing them with an instrument to develop the RES potential in a
mutually advantageous manner. In this way, countries with high RES potential may support other Member
States in achieving their individual targets. This method of cooperation among Member States was introduced
with the adoption of Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and
the continuation of this mechanism is provided in the “Clean Energy Package” as a legislative package.
86 | P a g e
In this context, the instruments provided by this cooperation mechanism (statistical transfer or co-financing of
RES production projects by two or more Member States) may constitute an opportunity to increase the
installed RES capacity in Romania provided that the respective static transfer is not achieved to the detriment
of the achievement of the national RES targets and with a negative impact on the operation of the NES under
conditions of safety.
III. Specific measures on financial support, where applicable, including Union support and the use
of Union funds, for the promotion of the production and use of energy from renewable sources
in electricity, heating and cooling, and transport
The implementation of a substantial portion of these measures will rely on the utilization of the Recovery and
Resilience Fund allocated for Romania. It plays a key role in supporting the ambitious programs and projects.
IV. Where applicable, the assessment of the support for electricity from renewable sources that
member States are to carry out pursuant to Article 6(4) of Directive (EU) 2018/2001,
The assessment under Article 6(4) of the RED II is essential for Romania to ensure that the support
mechanisms and subsidies for renewable electricity align with the EU's state aid rules and contribute to the
country's renewable energy targets. According to the National Recovery and Resilience Plan, Romania is
seeking to encourage growth in renewable electricity production through a competitive financing scheme
(contract of difference mechanizam). This initiative is designed to enhance the bankability of renewable
projects and promote a diversified energy market, making it an attractive prospect for various market actors.
The proposed competitive stimulation program aims to minimize costs and promote energy production from
renewable sources through an open, competitive framework, primarily targeting small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) while remaining accessible to larger investors. With these mechanisms aligned with
financing guidelines, with this scheme around 950 MW from photovoltaic and wind are envisage to be
installed. This capacity is expected to generate approximately 1700 GWh per year, constituting roughly 3% of
the nation's annual energy consumption, which stands at approximately 55 TWh.
At the same time as it is shown in PAM 25, through Green house photovoltaic program, PV rooftops are
supported.
V. Specific measures to introduce one or more contact points, streamline administrative

procedures, provide information and training, and facilitate the uptake of power purchase
agreements Summary of the policies and measures under the enabling framework Member
States have to put in place pursuant to Article 21(6) and Article 22(5) of Directive (EU)
2018/2001 to promote and facilitate the development of self-consumption and renewable
energy communities.
PAM 25 Rooftop PP
Main objective: Increase of the domestic generation capacity from renewable energy sources
Description: Construction of rooftop power plants, on private as well as public buildings, either prosumers or systems from which the
overall produced electricity will be used for own purposes or will be stored. One of the possibilities for increasing the installed capacity
of solar roof-top systems is through renewable energy communities
Household,
Technical,
2022 – 2050 commercial and CO2, CH4, N2O National
regulatory
industry sector
• National Long Term Renovation Strategy
regulatory acts
• Law for energy performance of buildings 372/2005
• Law on Energy Efficiency
Methodology
Methodology
87 | P a g e
New PV auto & rooftop PP:
• 100MW each year from 2023 to 2029
Assumptions
• 800MW each year from 2030 to 2050 (solar strategy EU)
• Green house photovoltaic program - Order no. 1063 of April 26, 2023
for the approval of the Financing Guide for the Program on the
installation of photovoltaic panel systems for electricity production, in
- Steps taken order to cover the consumption needs and deliver the surplus to the
national grid - published on 03.05.2023. Support for installation of PV
on the roof up to 4000 EUR. In 2023, 500 mill. EUR are allocated under
the program.
- Steps envisaged • Construction of rooftop PP
Value in the last
2020-2021 2025 2030
Progress At least 1500 At least 2500
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Source of finance Private, donors, subsidies from national and local budget, EE fund
• Environment Fund Administration
Implementing entity
Monitoring entity
PAM 26 Installation of solar thermal collectors in the residential sector

Main objective: Reduction of the energy costs and improvement of the efficiency
Description: Hot water electric heaters are one of the biggest energy consumers with a major impact on bills. On the other hand, the
reduced investment cost for purchasing and installation of solar thermal collectors is of great importance because it can drop
consumer bills for hot water. Also, these systems serve for energy savings and can satisfy at least 50% at annual level, depending
on the hot water needs. Furthermore, solar thermal collectors can be used in combination with electricity and district heating systems.
Households and
2022 – 2050 Technical commercial CO2, CH4, N2O National
sector
• Law on Energy efficiency
• Law for energy performance of buildings 372/2005
The share of solar thermal collectors:

Assumptions • Urban - 2030, 28% and 2050, 54%
• Rural – 2030, 16% and 2050, 33%
- Steps taken •
88 | P a g e
Value in the last

2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Source of finance Private, EE fund, incentives from the central government budget, donors
Implementing entity
• End-users
Monitoring entity

89 | P a g e
VI. Assessment of the necessity to build new infrastructure for district heating and cooling
produced from renewable sources
PAM 27 Increase of the domestic generation capacity from Biomass and biogas CHP and PP
Main objective: Increase of the domestic generation capacity from Biomass and biogas CHP and PP
Description: Construction of new biomass and biogas CHP and PP. Beside increasing the RES share with this CHPs, they should
also contribute in increasing the flexibility of the electricity system and ensuring the security of supply. It is envisioned that waste
biomass will be used, taking into account the sustainability of the biomass at national level.
• Emergency Ordinance nr. 53/2019 on the approval of the Multi-Annual
regulatory acts
Investment Financing Program for the modernization, rehabilitation,
refurbishment and extension or establishment of centralized heat
• Law no. 325/2006 on the public heat energy supply service
Methodology
Methodology
• New biomass CHP – 10 MW each year by 2050
Assumptions • New biogas CHP – 5 MW each year by 2050
• New biogas PP – 5 MW each year by 2050
• Supporting investments for the modernization/rehabilitation of the smart
- Steps taken district heating network, under Key Programme 5: "High efficiency
cogeneration and modernization of district heating networks
- Steps envisaged • Construction of biomass and biogas power plants
Value in the last
2020-2021 2025 2030
Totall installed capacity
Progress 330
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Monitoring entity
VII. Where applicable, specific measures on the promotion of the use of energy from biomass,
especially for new biomass mobilisation taking into account:
— biomass availability, including sustainable biomass: both domestic potential and imports from third
countries
90 | P a g e
PAM 28 Development of market for more advance biofuels
Main objective: Increase the domestic production of advance biofuels
Description: RES share in the transport sector will be achieved only if advance biofuels are used . Having in mind the obligation
under RED II directive of using advance biofuels and the sustainability criteria that should be fulfilled, Romanian authorities should
collaborate with the companies in order to increase the domestic production.
regulatory acts
Assumptions At least 3.5% advance biofuels by 2030

- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020-2021 2025 2030
Totall installed capacity
Progress 330
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Implementing entity
Monitoring entity
— other biomass uses by other sectors (agriculture and forest-based sectors); as well as measures for
the sustainability of biomass production and use
Measures PAM 13 contribute to the sustainability of biomass production.
VIII. Where applicable, regional cooperation in this area:

Within the domain of regional cooperation, Romania has been the beneficiary of the Renewable Energy,
Energy Efficiency, Energy Security Program in Romania. Sponsored by the EEA Financial Mechanism
and the Norwegian financial mechanism. The program’s main objectives are to contribute to the Program
area(s)’ Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency, Energy Security and to the objective Less carbon intensive
energy and increased security of supply. And shall contribute to the Program area(s) Renewable Energy,
Energy Efficiency, Energy Security and to the objective Less carbon intensive energy and increased security
of supply 1.
1 https://eeagrants.org/news/programme-agreement-signed-energy-programme-romania
91 | P a g e
3.1.3 . Other elements of the dimension

I. Where applicable, national policies and measures affecting the EU ETS and assessment of the
complementarity and impacts on the EU ETS
Measures under Chapter 3.1.1, 3.1.2, as well as measures related to energy efficiency and fuel switch in the
industry sector affecting the EU ETS.
II. Policies and measures to achieve other national targets, where applicable
Not applicable.
III. Policies and measures to achieve low emission mobility (including electrification of transport)
Please see the measures that are related with the electrification of the transport sector and are part from
Energy efficiency dimension.
IV. Where applicable, national policies, timelines and measures planned to phase out energy
subsidies, in particular for fossil fuels
Please see the chapter 4.6.IV
92 | P a g e
3.2 Dimension energy efficiency

I. Energy efficiency obligation schemes and alternative policy measures under Articles 7a and 7b
and Article 20(6) of Directive 2012/27/EU and to be prepared in accordance with Annex III to
this Regulation
Romania decided to have alternative policy and measures in order to fulfil its obligation under Article 7.
Measure that contribute to achieving this goal are PAM 4 PAM 22PAM 23PAM 25PAM 27PAM 29PAM
30PAM 31PAM 32PAM 36PAM 37PAM 40PAM 41PAM 47PAM 61,
II. Long-term renovation strategy to support the renovation of the national stock of residential and
non-residential buildings, both public and private, including policies, measures and actions to
stimulate cost-effective deep renovation and policies and actions to target the worst performing
segments of the national building stock, in accordance with Article 2a of Directive 2010/31/EU
PAM 29 Improve energy performance of public buildings at central level

Main objective: Retrofitting of existing public buildings to meet the objectives of the EE Directive and the Energy Efficiency Law
Description: This measure focuses on the renovation of existing public buildings under the central government's jurisdiction,
encompassing activities such as the replacement of windows, insulation etc. As a part of this initiative, it will facilitate the issuance of
energy performance certificates for these buildings. This certificate serves as a prerequisite for authorizing the implementation of the
renovation projects, ensuring compliance with energy efficiency standards before renovation can commence.
Central
Technical,
2022 – 2050 government CO2, CH4, N2O National
regulatory
buildings
Relevant planning documents, legal and • Law on energy efficiency
Annual renovation rate of 3% of the existing central government buildings

Assumptions
(National long term renovation strategy)
- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Source of finance Central government budget, donors
• Ministry of Development, Public Works and Administration
Implementing entity
• Local self-government
• Municipal public enterprises
• Donors and financial institutions
Monitoring entity

93 | P a g e
PAM 30 Improve energy performance of public buildings at local level
Main objective: Retrofitting of existing public buildings to meet the objectives of the EE Directive and the Energy Efficiency Law
Description: This measure specifically addresses the renovation of existing public buildings within the jurisdiction of the local self-
government, encompassing activities such as the replacement of windows, insulation etc. As a key component of this initiative, it will
streamline the process for issuing energy performance certificates for these buildings. These certificates serves as a mandatory
requirement before the renovation projects is finished, ensuring that the buildings meet established energy efficiency standards. This
promotes more sustainable and energy-efficient infrastructure and streamlines the authorization process.
Local self-
Technical,
2022 – 2050 government CO2, CH4, N2O National
regulatory
buildings
Assumptions Annual renovation rate of 3% of the existing local self-government buildings

- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Source of finance Local self-government budget, donors
Implementing entity
• Municipal public enterprises
Monitoring entity

94 | P a g e
PAM 31 Renovation of residential buildings
Main objective: To meet the requirements under the Energy Efficiency Law
Description: This measure relates to the renovation of residential buildings, which may involve activities such as the replacement
of windows, insulation etc. These renovation efforts can be initiated by the building owners themselves and/or supported by
commercial banks and funds. As a significant aspect of this initiative, it aims to facilitate the issuance of energy performance
certificates for these buildings. This certificate is mandatory requirement before renovation projects is finished, ensuring compliance
with established energy efficiency standards.
Technical,
2022 – 2050 Households CO2, CH4, N2O National
regulatory
The renovation rate, as outlined in National Long Term Strategy scenario 2, aligns
with the parameters defined in the WAM scenario of the NECP. This rate serves
Assumptions as a key benchmark for the scale of building renovation projects, reflecting a
strategic approach to achieving energy efficiency and sustainability goals in the
residential sector.
- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Implementing entity • Ministry of Development, Public Works and Administration
• Households
Monitoring entity

95 | P a g e
PAM 32 Renovation of commercial buildings
Main objective: Retrofitting of existing commercial buildings to meet the objectives of the EE Directive and the Energy Efficiency Law
Description: This measure relates to the renovation of existing commercial buildings, which may involve activities such as the
replacement of windows, insulation etc. These renovation efforts can be initiated by the building owners themselves and/or supported
by commercial banks and funds. As a significant aspect of this initiative, it aims to facilitate the issuance of energy performance
certificates for these buildings. This certificate is mandatory requirement before renovation projects is finished, ensuring compliance
with established energy efficiency standards.
Technical, Commercial
regulatory sector
The renovation rate, as outlined in National Long Term Strategy scenario 2, aligns
with the parameters defined in the WAM scenario of the NECP. This rate serves
Assumptions as a key benchmark for the scale of building renovation projects, reflecting a
strategic approach to achieving energy efficiency and sustainability goals in the
residential sector.
- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Implementing entity • Ministry of Investments and European Projects
• Commercial building owners
Monitoring entity

96 | P a g e
III. Description of policy and measures to promote energy services in the public sector and
measures to remove regulatory and non-regulatory barriers that impede the uptake of energy
performance contracting and other energy efficiency service models
PAM 33 Rehabilitation of public lighting

Main objective: Reduce the costs and increase the quality of street lighting
Description: The cost of street lighting, including electricity and maintenance, can have a huge impact on the budget of the
municipalities. In addition, having in mind that a lot of manufactories work on daily bases on the improvement of the light bulbs, new
opportunities are being opened for the municipalities. The inefficient light bulbs should be replaced, purchasing new ones that comply
with the criteria of belonging to the highest EE class possible (CFL and LED lamps).
Local self-
2022 – 2050 Technical CO2, CH4, N2O National
government
• Law on energy efficiency
regulatory acts
Assumptions Improvement rate of 100% of street lighting by 2040.

• Street lighting at some location replaced
- Steps taken • Promotional activities for the implementation of public-private
partnership (PPP) taken
• Continuing the promotional activities for the implementation of public-
- Steps envisaged
private partnership
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Source of finance Central and local government budget, ESCO
Monitoring entity

97 | P a g e
PAM 34 Development of energy services/market, ESCO
Main objective:
Description: The Energy Service Companies (ESCO) is one of the mechanisms through which the implementation of energy
efficiency projects in Romania can be increased.
Technical,
2022 – 2050 Energy CO2, CH4, N2O National
regulatory
Assumptions

- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Monitoring entity
Relation with other dimensions Decarbonization, Energy security

98 | P a g e
IV. Other planned policies, measures and programmes to achieve the indicative national energy
efficiency contributions for 2030 as well as other objectives referred to in point 2.2 (for example
measures to promote the exemplary role of public buildings and energy-efficient public
procurement, measures to promote energy audits and energy management systems,
consumer information and training measures, and other measures to promote energy
efficiency)
PAM 35 Green procurement

Main objective: Application of energy efficiency criteria (“greening”) in public procurement procedures
Description: Not all new technologies have the highest energy efficiency standard, so the best one should be found. The public
sector has a big problem with the selection of the most efficient technology because the price is the criteria that participates with
highest share in the final decision. Green public procurement can help the public sector to save money in the long term. This is
because environmentally friendly products and services can be more energy-efficient and cost-effective over their lifecycle. In addition,
green public procurement can help reduce waste disposal costs and avoid the cost of environmental damage. The public sector has
a responsibility to lead by example and promote sustainable practices. Green public procurement can help demonstrate the
commitment of public sector organizations to sustainability and can inspire other organizations to follow suit.
Article 9 of the EE Law stipulates that Central and local administration authorities, as well as all other public authorities or entities that
apply the Law on Public Procurements and/or the KEEF, shall purchase only products, services, and buildings with high energy-
efficiency performance. When tendering service contracts with significant energy content, authorities and bodies referred to above
shall assess the possibility of concluding long- term energy performance contracts that provide long-term energy savings. The above-
mentioned principle shall also apply to private legal persons in the event of contracting procurements of works, supplies or services
financed and or subsidized at least fifty percent (50%) by public funds or through KEEF financial support.
Regulatory,
2022 – 2050 Public bodies CO2, CH4, N2O National
technical
regulatory acts
• Law no. 69/2016 on Green Public Procurement
• Green Procurement Action Plan
Increased rate of advanced energy efficiency technology due to public

Assumptions
procurement by 7%
- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Source of finance Central and local government budget
Implementing entity • National agency of Public Procurement
Monitoring entity
Relation with other dimensions Decarbonization, Energy security, Research, innovation and competitiveness
99 | P a g e
PAM 36 Energy audit and energy management
Main objective: Reduce the consumption in the industry sector
Description: Romania has been actively promoting energy audit and energy management practices as part of its efforts to improve
energy efficiency, reduce energy consumption, and meet energy efficiency targets. Large companies are required to conduct regular
energy audits. These audits aim to identify energy-saving opportunities, improve energy efficiency, and reduce energy consumption.
Energy audits may be conducted by internal teams or external energy consultants. As part of the energy management system ISO
50001 standard can be implemented. ISO 50001 provides a framework for organizations to establish, implement, maintain, and
improve an energy management system to continually improve energy performance.
Regulatory, Buildings and
technical Industry
regulatory acts
Assumptions

- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Implementing entity
Monitoring entity
100 | P a g e
PAM 37 Increased share of heat pumps
Main objective: More efficient use of electricity
Description: Replacement of energy production sources based on biomass, coal, lignite, oil, needed for heating / cooling processes
with heat pumps, until reaching a 25% share of heat pumps in the useful energy demand for heating / cooling in 2050.
Households and
2022 – 2050 Regulatory, policy commercial CO2, CH4, N2O National
sector
regulatory acts
It is assumed that inefficient heating devices will be gradually replaced with heat
Assumptions
pumps. The share of heat pumps in useful heat demand in 2050 is 25%.

- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Source of finance Private, EE fund, incentives from the central and local government budget, donors
• End-users
Monitoring entity

101 | P a g e
PAM 38 Increased use of efficient technologies in the residential sector
Main objective: Improved energy savings in residential sector by utilization of efficient technologies
Description: The adoption of more advanced technologies can play a pivotal role in achieving energy efficiency goals. This adoption
not only leads to energy savings but also serves to mitigate outdoor and indoor air pollution, boost the utilization of renewable energy
sources, and enhance overall living comfort. To successfully meet energy efficiency targets, it is essential to prioritize the promotion
and adoption of efficient technologies on the demand side.
Households and
2022 – 2050 Regulatory, policy commercial CO2, CH4, N2O National
sector
regulatory acts
Assumptions

- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2020 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
• End-users
Monitoring entity

102 | P a g e
PAM 39 Replacement of conventional fuels with RES in manufacturing industries
Main objective:
Description: Replacement of fossil fuels (such as coal and oil), reduction of the use natural gas and their replacement by electricity,
hydrogen, energy-reach waste, RES (including biomass), and heat (including heat produced by autoproducers and waste heat from
thermal processes), in compliance with the rules regarding environmental protection
Technical,
regulatory
Assumptions

- Steps taken •
- Steps envisaged • Replacement of inefficient technologies
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance

Implementing entity • Ministry of Energy
Monitoring entity

103 | P a g e
PAM 40 Increase technology efficiency in the industrial sector
Main objective:
Description: The efficiency of the technologies will be increased according to the state-of-the-art of the Primes model and to the best
available technologies from each industrial sector
2022 – 2050 Technical Industry CO2, CH4, N2O National
Assumptions

- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Implementing entity
Monitoring entity

104 | P a g e
PAM 41 Increased share of alternative fueled cars

Main objective: Increased share of alternative fueled cars
Description: There is significant need of promoting and use of alternative fuelled cars to reduce GHG emissions in order to obtain
more sustainable transport and to achieve the goals set in the European Green Deal, Green Agenda, and Paris Agreement.
Moreover, as a result of an additional e-charging stations’ deployment, it is estimated that in by 2050 65% of the passenger cars in
Romania will be electric and 20% Hydrogen, while the remaining 13% will be divided between PHEV and 2% Gasoline cars.
Technical,
2022 – 2050 Transport CO2, CH4, N2O National
information
It is envisaged that by 2050 the share by fuel in cars will be:

• Gasoline – 2%
• Hybrid – 0%
• Plug-in hybrid – 13%
Assumptions
• Electric – 65%
• Diesel – 0%
• Hydrogen – 20%
• LPG – 0%
- Steps taken •
- Steps envisaged • Change of car fleet
Value in the last
2020-2021 2025 2030
Share of alternative cars
Progress
(Electric and hydrogen)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Implementing entity
Monitoring entity
105 | P a g e
PAM 42 Increased share of alternative fueled buses and trains
Main objective: Increased share of alternative fuelled buses
Description: There is significant need of promoting and use of alternative fuelled buses and trains to reduce GHG emissions in order
to obtain more sustainable transport and to achieve the goals set in the European Green Deal, Green Agenda, and Paris Agreement.
Technical,
information
Relevant planning documents, legal and • National Integrated Urban Development Strategy for Resilient, Green,
regulatory acts Inclusive and Competitive Cities 2022-2035 (Romania's Urban Policy)
It is envisaged that by 2050 the share by fuel in buses will be:

• Hybrid – 0%
• Diesel – 0%
Assumptions
• Rest (gasoline, LPG, CNG) – 0%
It is envisaged that by 2030 the number of alternative trains will be:electric
• Electric - 988
• Hydrogen - 12

- Steps taken •
- Steps envisaged • Change of bus fleet
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Share of alternative
busses (Electric and
Progress
hydrogen)
Number of alternative trains
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Implementing entity
Monitoring entity
106 | P a g e
PAM 43 Modernization of urban public transport
Main objective: Modernization of urban public transport
Description: Urban transport as a major source of emissions, mainly caused by the significant increase in the number of registered
vehicles, opens a potential for modernization of public transport with new vehicle fleet.
2022 – 2050 Technical Transport CO2, CH4, N2O National
• Law no.155/2023 on sustainable urban mobility
• Law no. 104/2011 on ambient air quality
Assumptions

- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
• National network of energy managers
• Local public authorities
Implementing entity
Monitoring entity

107 | P a g e
PAM 44 Extension of the subway in Bucharest
Main objective: Improve the public transport.
Description: Development of the underground transport network in the municipalities of Bucharest and Cluj-Napoca
regulatory acts • Investment Plan for the development of the national transport
infrastructure over the period 2020 - 2030
Assumptions 12.7 km new metro lines in 2026

- Steps taken •
- Steps envisaged • Building network for subway extension
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget 356.9 M€
Finance
Source of finance EE fund, incentives from the central and local government budget, donors
Implementing entity
Monitoring entity

108 | P a g e
PAM 45 Increased share of alternative fueled trucks
Main objective: Increased share of alternative fuelled trucks
Description: There is significant need of promoting and use of alternative fuelled trucks to reduce GHG emissions in order to obtain
more sustainable transport and to achieve the goals set in the European Green Deal, Green Agenda, and Paris Agreement. It is
estimated that in by 2050 62% of the HGV & LCV in Romania will be electric, 35% Hydrogen and 3& Hybrid.
Technical,
information
It is envisaged that by 2050 the share by fuel in HGV & LCV will be:
• Diesel – 0%
• Gasoline – 0%
Assumptions
• Hybrid – 3%
- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Share of alternative trucks
Progress (Electric and hydrogen)

Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Monitoring entity

109 | P a g e
PAM 46 Modernization of railway, subway, naval and air transport
Main objective: Modernization of railway, naval and air transport
Description: Construction of new/upgraded operational railway infrastructure. Introduction of new electric trains in railway transport,
new fleets in naval transport and new aircrafts.
• Investment Plan for the development of the national transport
infrastructure over the period 2020 - 2030
• Romania's General Transport Master Plan and Rail System
regulatory acts
Assumptions 2851 km of railway in 2026

- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
21.9 M€ (railway), 7.8 M€ (subway), 4.3 M€ (naval), 2.9 M€ (air) in the period
Budget
Finance 2020-2030
Source of finance EE fund, incentives from the central and local government budget, donors
Implementing entity
Monitoring entity

110 | P a g e
PAM 47 Alternative mobility
Main objective: Reduction of the local air pollution
Description: This measure encompasses a range of initiatives, such as organizing campaigns, offering subsidies, and establishing
systems to encourage the use of new or rented bicycles, electric scooters, car sharing, ride-sharing and mobility as a service. It also
aims to promote walking as a viable means of transportation within the city. Additionally, this measure involves the introduction of
parking policies designed to curtail the reliance on cars in urban areas. Particularly in smaller towns, where many residents often use
cars for short trips, these strategies are expected to foster a shift toward greater utilization of bicycles, electric scooters, and walking.
This shift can help alleviate traffic congestion, reduce emissions, and enhance the overall sustainability and livability of these
communities.
Regulatory,
2022 – 2050 technical, Transport CO2, CH4, N2O National
information
• Law no.155/2023 on sustainable urban mobility
• Law no. 104/2011 on ambient air quality
Assumptions

- Steps taken •
• Continue the implementation of the campaigns and subsidies for buying
- Steps envisaged new bicycles and renting bicycles
• Continue the construction of new bicycles tracks
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress Length of cycle paths (km)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Implementing entity
Monitoring entity
V. Where applicable, a description of policies and measures to promote the role of local renewable
energy communities in contributing to the implementation of policies and measures in points i,
ii, iii and iv
Please refer to Section 3.1.2
111 | P a g e
VI. Description of measures to develop measures to utilise energy efficiency potentials of gas and
electricity infrastructure
PAM 48 Support for the expansion and modernization of the electricity distribution network
Main objective: The objective of the investment is to extend and modernize electricity distribution networks in order to reduce losses
in the network and ensure the safety and continuity of distribution services.
Description: The reduction of electricity losses is important for Romania as it directly impacts energy efficiency and cost-
effectiveness, benefiting both consumers and utilities. By minimizing losses, Romania can enhance the sustainability of its energy
sector, lower electricity bills, and ensure a more reliable and resilient power grid to meet the country's increasing energy needs and
integrate more power plants on renewable energy sources.
2022 – 2031 Technical Energy CO2, CH4, N2O National
• Emergency Ordinance 60/2022
Relevant planning documents, legal and • Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of
regulatory acts 13 October 2003 establishing a system for trading greenhouse gas
emission quotas within the Union and amending Directive 96/61/EC
Methodology - Bottom-up modeling using the LEAP-RO model. IPCC Methodology
Assumptions Energy saving of about 131 GWh
Status of implementation
- Steps taken • Grid Development Plan;
Value in the last
Indicators: reporting year
2020-2021 / 2030
Progress Energy savings (GWh) / 131
Emissions reduction (Gg CO2-eq) /
Other /
(ktoe)
Budget (M€) 1103 mill. EUR (modernization fund)
Finance
Source of finance State funds, European funds, [Other] international funding and private investors
• Electricity distribution companies
Implementing entity
• ANRE;
• Ministry of energy;
Monitoring entity ANRE
Relation with other dimensions Decarbonization, Energy security,
VII. Regional cooperation in this area, where applicable

Romania’s regulatory energy agency ANRE has been part as a beneficiary, of the Enhancing the
Implementation and Monitoring and Verification practices of Energy Saving Policies under Article 7 of the
Energy Efficiency Directive (ENSMOV) project for the period 2019 - 2023.The ENSMOV project seeks to
provide support to Member States and stakeholders for the implementation of energy efficiency policies. It is
intended to help member states monitor, revise, improve and implement the energy efficiency policies by
developing the existing resources (projects), with focus on the practical and strategic aspects arising from
Article 7 of the Energy Efficiency Directive (EED0). This project has been funded by the European Commission
under the Horizon 2020 Program. ANRE has participated in the project alongside beneficiaries from Austria,
Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, and
the UK 2.
2 Project's webpage: https://ensmov.eu/about-ensmov/

112 | P a g e
VIII. Financing measures, including Union support and the use of Union funds, in this area at the
national level
The tables contain information on the budget and funding sources, if available, for each of the proposed
policies and measures

I. Policies and measures related to the elements set out in point 2.3
PAM 49 Increased use of nuclear energy

Main objective: Increased use of nuclear energy by construction of additional capacities (CANDU and SMR) and repowering the
existing CANDU
Description: In total, 2.8 MW & 462 MW (3.262MW) of nuclear energy will be fully available in 2032-2036 and 2038-2050.
Methodology
Methodology
• U3 (CANDU) – 700 MW in Q4 2030
• U4 (CANDU) – 700 MW in Q4 2031
Assumptions • SMR - 462 MW in Q4 2029
Furthermore, it is envisaged that:
• U1 during 2027-2029
• U2 during 2036-2038
will be repowered.
Operating units
- Steps taken • U1 (CANDU) – 700 MW
• U2 (CANDU) – 700 MW
- Steps envisaged • Construction of nuclear plants

Value in the last
2020-2021 2025 2030
Progress 1400 1400 2562
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget M€
Finance
Monitoring entity

113 | P a g e
II. Regional cooperation in this area

Since 2017 Romania has been part of the BRUA project, alongside Austria, Bulgaria, and Hungary. One of
the main goals of the projects has been the development of the national gas transmission system on
Romanian territory, along the corridor Bulgaria-Romania-Hungary-Austria (referred to as BRUA Phase 1 and
2) 3 additionally, the projects focus on Romanian territory has been the enhancement of the bi-directional gas
transmission along the corridor Bulgaria-Romania-Hungary-Austria (this is referred to as Phase 3 of the BRUA
project) and the development of the Southern Gas transmission corridor – which is intended to enable taking
of Natural Gas from the Black Sea (Black Sea – Podisor).
Romania is also part of the Eastring project, which was started in 2018, and is joined by Hungary, Bulgaria,
and Slovakia – as the project proposer. The project’s main aim is to secure Natural gas supply to the entirety
of the Balkan countries demand and to provide supply routes for western gas providers/shippers, to supply
the region and Türkiye from established European centers (ex. Gaspool and Baumgarten). Additionally,
another aim of the project is to establish a new pipeline corridor and offer a cost-effective transmission route
between Western EU hubs and the Balkans/Türkiye, for future (to-come) Natural gas imports to Europe, from
established and/or alternative sources from the Middle East, the Black Sea, Caspian sea and etc. 4
In 2020 Romania joined Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine and Slovenia in signing the ROHU – Second
phase project. The main objective within this project is to increase the gas transmission capacity at the
Romania-Hungary border, allowing natural gas flows from the Black Sea to the whole of Central-Eastern
Europe. The targeted capacity is 4.4 bcm/yr. 5
Romania has also taken part in the high – level dialogue established within the Central and South-Eastern
Europe Connection Initiative (CESEC) which are aimed at increasing furthermore the regional cooperation
between the member states and fulfilling European strategic objectives. Moreover, Romania partakes in
planning future natural gas infrastructure projects within the framework of the “Vertical Corridor” initiative,
alongside Bulgaria, Hungary and Greece 6.
III. Where applicable, financing measures in this area at national level, including Union support
and the use of Union funds
3 https://projects.3seas.eu/projects/brua-development-on-the-territory-of-romania-of-the-national-gas-
transmission-system-along-the-corridor-bulgaria-romania-hungary-austria-(brua-phase-1-and-2)-and-
enhancement-of-the-bidirectional-gas-transmission-corridor-bulgaria-romania-hungary-austria-(brua-
phase-3)-and-the-development-on-the-territory-of-romania-of-the-southern-gas-transmission-corridor-
for-taking-over-gas-from-the-black-sea-shore-(black-sea-podisor)
4 https://projects.3seas.eu/projects/eastring
5 https://projects.3seas.eu/projects/rohu-second-phase
6 https://www.mae.ro/en/node/2160
114 | P a g e

3.4.1. Electricity infrastructure
I. Policies and measures to achieve the targeted level of interconnectivity as set out in point (d)
of Article 4
PAM 50 Black Sea Corridor (TYNDP ID 138)

Main objective: Improve the interconnectivity between Romania and Bulgaria;
Description: This is a project aimed at improving the transmission grid interconnectivity between Romania and Bulgaria, thus
furthering the European Union’s strategic priorities for the trans-European energy infrastructure. The project will help with the transfer
of generation from the Western coast of the Black Sea to supply the demand and in storage centres in Central and South-Eastern
Europe. The foreseen investments under this project are the construction of three 400 kV OHL.
2022 – 2024 Technical Energy / Transnational
• Romanian electricity transmission grid (RET) development plan, 2022
Relevant planning documents, legal and – 2031;
regulatory acts • Fourth European Projects of Common Interest (EU – PCI) list;
• ENTSO – E Ten Year Network Development Plan (TYNDP), 2022
Methodology -
The cross-border transfer capacity of electricity between Romania and Bulgaria is

Assumptions expected to be increased by 600 MW in each direction (Romania → Bulgaria ||
Bulgaria → Romania).
Four separate investments clustered within project (Invest. ID: 275, Invest. ID
273, Invest. ID 715 and Invest. ID 800). All Under implementation
• With regards to Invest. ID 275: Under construction;
- Steps taken
• With regards to Invest. ID 800: Completed;
• With regards to Invest. ID 275: To be commissioned in 2024;
- Steps envisaged
• With regards to Invest. ID 800: /;
Value in the last
2020-2021 / 2024
Progress /
Other /
(ktoe)
• With regards to Invest. ID 275:
o CAPEX – 76.04, OPEX – 0.41/per year;
Budget (M€)
Finance o CAPEX – 15.02, OPEX – 0.15/per year;
o CAPEX – 63, OPEX – 0.8/per year;
• Total project costs:
o CAPEX – 204.38, OPEX – 1.61;
• Transelectrica;
Implementing entity • Romanian Energy Regulatory Authority (ANRE);
• Private investors and developers;
Monitoring entity ENTSO - E

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PAM 51 Mid-Continental East corridor (TYNDP ID 144)
Main objective: Improve the interconnectivity between Romania and Serbia;
Description: The main aim is increasing the transmission capacity along the East-West corridor in the South-Eastern and Central
Europe, to contribute to the market integration in the region and enhancing the integration of large renewable sources in the Banat
region, located in the close proximity of the Serbia-Romania and Hungary-Romania borders.
Relevant planning documents, legal and – 2031;
regulatory acts • Fourth European Projects of Common Interest (EU – PCI) list;
Methodology -
The cross-border transfer capacity of electricity between Romania and Serbia and
between Romania and Hungary is expected to be increased by 617 MW in the
Assumptions direction Hungary-Romania, 335 MW in the direction Romania-Hungary, 844 MW
in the direction Romania → Serbia and 600 MW in the direction Serbia →
Romania.
Six separate investments clustered within project (Invest. ID: 238, Invest. ID 269,
Status of implementation Invest. ID 270, Invest. ID 701, Invest. ID 705 and Invest. ID 1827, ID according
to ENTSO-E).
• With regards to Invest. ID 238: Completed;
• With regards to Invest. ID 270: In permitting;
- Steps taken
• With regards to Invest. ID 1827: In permitting;
- Steps envisaged
Value in the last
2020-2021 / 2029
Progress /
Other /
(ktoe)
Budget (M€)
o CAPEX – 18.02, OPEX – 0.18;
• With regards to invest. ID 1827:
o CAPEX – 50.39, OPEX – 0.38;
o CAPEX – 213.65, OPEX – 1.39;
• Transelectrica;

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PAM 52 HU-RO (TYNDP ID 259)
Main objective: Improve the interconnectivity between Romania and Hungary;
Description: This is a project aimed at improving the transmission grid interconnectivity between Romania and Hungary, thus
furthering the European Union’s strategic priorities for the trans-European energy infrastructure.
– 2031;
regulatory acts
Methodology -
The cross-border transfer capacity of electricity between Romania and Hungary

Assumptions is expected to be increased by 1117 MW in the direction Romania → Hungary
and 685 MW in the direction Hungary → Romania.
Six separate investments clustered within project (Invest. ID: 1205, Invest. ID
Status of implementation 1832, Invest. ID 1833, Invest. ID 1834, Invest. ID 1835 and Invest. ID 1836, ID
according to ENTSO-E).
• With regards to Invest. ID 1205: Planned, but not yet permitting;
- Steps taken
• With regards to Invest. ID 1205: To be commissioned in Q4 2030;
- Steps envisaged
Value in the last
2020-2021 / 2029
Progress /
Other /
(ktoe)
Budget (M€)
o CAPEX – 124.37, OPEX – 1.244;
• Transelectrica;

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PAM 53 North CSE Corridor (TYNDP ID 341)
Main objective: Improve the interconnectivity between Romania and Serbia;
Description: The project is aimed at enhancing the market integration in the region, thus allowing the lower difference in marginal
energy costs. Additionally, the project is intended to allow the connection of larger RES capacities and impact the security of supply
in the region by increasing the available balancing capacity available for cross-balancing.
– 2031;
regulatory acts
Methodology -
The cross-border transfer capacity of electricity between Romania and Serbia is

Assumptions expected to be increased by 680 MW in the direction Romania → Serbia and 720
MW in the direction Serbia → Romania.
Six separate investments clustered within project (Invest. ID: 1536, Invest. ID
1537 and Invest. ID 1538, ID according to ENTSO-E).
- Steps taken • With regards to Invest. ID 1537: Planned, but not yet permitting;
- Steps envisaged • With regards to Invest. ID 1537: To be commissioned in Q3 2028;
Value in the last
2020-2021 / 2029
Progress /
Other /
(ktoe)
Budget (M€)
Finance • With regards to Invest. ID 1538:
o CAPEX – 84, OPEX – 0.84;
• Transelectrica;

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PAM 54 Georgia-Romania Black Sea interconnection cable project (TYNDP ID 1105)
Main objective: Improve the interconnectivity between Romania and Georgia;
Description: The aim is to assist Energy Security of EU and Caucasus region, support the development of RES projects and increase
the transit opportunities between the two regions.
– 2031;
regulatory acts
Methodology -
The cross-border transfer capacity of electricity between Romania and Serbia and
Assumptions between Romania and Hungary is expected to be increased by 1000 MW in the
direction Romania → Georgia and 1000 MW in the direction Georgia → Romania.
Status of implementation One investment within this project (Invest. ID: 1782, ID according to ENTSO-E).
- Steps taken • With regards to Invest. ID 1782: Under consideration;
- Steps envisaged • With regards to Invest. ID 1782: To be commissioned in Q4 2029;
Value in the last
2020-2021 / 2029
Progress /
Other /
(ktoe)
Budget (M€)
Finance • Total project costs:
• Transelectrica;

119 | P a g e
PAM 55 Increasing the interconnectivity between the eastern areas and the remaining of the interconnected power system.
Main objective: Increase the interconnectivity between Dobrogea, Moldova and the remaining of the power system and integrate
the power generated from RES and other sources in the eastern region.
Description: The aim of this measure is to support the build-out and refurbishment of grid transmission equipment in the east regions
(Dobrogea and Moldova especially) in order to increase the capacity of interconnection between the East regions and the rest of the
Country.
2022 – 2031 Technical Energy / National
Relevant planning documents, legal and • Romanian electricity transmission grid (RET) development plan, 2022
regulatory acts – 2031;
Methodology -
The overall state of the electricity transmission system will be improved,

operational and maintenance security of multiple regions around the Country will
be improved and the grid will be further developed and modernized. The eastern
Assumptions
region (especially Dobrogea and Moldova) will be better connected to the rest of
the interconnected power system in the Country. Greater RES buildout will be
enabled and supported in the Eastern region.
- Steps taken • Included in the Grid Development Plan 2022 - 2031
• The foreseen individual projects within the Grid Development Plan
2022 – 2031, which are aimed at the modernization and/or building of
- Steps envisaged
new substations and lines need to be implemented within the foreseen
period – as stated in the Grid Development Plan 2022 – 2031;
Value in the last
2020-2021 / 2031
Progress /
Other /
(ktoe)
Budget (M€)
Finance
• Transelectrica;

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PAM 56 Integrating the output generated by powerplants in other areas (South, South-West, etc.)
Main objective: Increase the interconnectivity between other areas of the country and integrate the power generated from RES and
other sources .
Description:
Methodology -
Other region (South, South-West) will be better connected to the rest of the
Assumptions interconnected power system in the Country. Greater RES buildout will be
enabled and supported in these regions
• Included in the Grid Development Plan 2022 – 2031;
- Steps taken 2022 – 2031, which are aimed at the modernization and/or building of
new substations and lines need to be implemented within the foreseen
period – as stated in the Grid Development Plan 2022 – 2031;.
- Steps envisaged
Value in the last
2020-2021 / 2031
Progress /
Other /
(ktoe)
Budget (M€)
Finance
• Transelectrica;

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PAM 57 400kV OHL Suceava-Bălți
Main objective: Increase the interconnectivity between Romania and Republic of Moldova .
Description: This is a new 400kV OHL aimed at improving the transmission grid interconnectivity between Romania and Republic
of Moldova,
Methodology -
The cross-border transfer capacity of electricity between Romania and Republic

Assumptions of Moldova is expected to be increased by 350 MW in the direction Romania →
Moldova and 350 MW in the direction Moldova → Romania.
- Steps taken • Included in the Grid Development Plan 2022 – 2031;
Value in the last
2020-2021 / 2030
Progress /
Other /
(ktoe)
Budget (M€)
Finance
• Government of the Republic of Romania
• Transelectrica;
Monitoring entity NRA(ANRE)

Romania cooperates with Republic of Moldova to build a new 400kV interconnection line between Suceava
and Bălți. The aim of this project is to further strengthen the interconnectivity between Romania and Republic
of Moldova.
Romania is part of the Black Sea corridor project (TYNDP ID: 138), the aim of this project is to further strengthen
the interconnectivity between Romania and Bulgaria, with the construction of several (three) 400 kV high
voltage transmission system lines (Overhead lines (OHL)). 7
Romania is also part of the Mid-Continental East Corridor interconnectivity project (TYNDP ID: 144), which
aims at strengthening the interconnectivity between Romania and Serbia and Hungary by building two new
400 kV OHL’s and the upgrade/completion of several 220 kV OHL’s and substations. 8 Romania’s
interconnectivity with Serbia, is also supported under the North CSE Corridor project (TYNDP ID: 341). The aim
of this project is to enhance the market integration in the region, allowing the lower difference in marginal
energy costs, allow the connection of huge capacities of renewable sources that have applied for connection
in the observed area and increase the security of supply in the region by increasing the available balancing
7 https://tyndp2022-project-platform.azurewebsites.net/projectsheets/transmission/138
122 | P a g e
capacity across the mentioned border. The investments under this project will also advance further the
development of the East – to – West corridor. 9
In addition to the forementioned initiatives and projects, Romania is also part of the HU – RO project (TYNDP
ID: 259).The aim of this project is to strengthen the interconnectivity between Hungary and Romania, through
the investment in a new 120 km single circuit 400 kV OHL between Romania and Hungary. As part of this
project, several additional internal investments in grid development on the Romanian side are planned. 10
Lastly, Romania has been part of the Georgia-Romania Black Sea interconnection cable project (TYNDP
ID: 1105), which is intended to connect the Georgian power system to the Synchronous grid of continental
Europe as well as impact the energy security in both the Caucasus region and in Continental Europe, stimulate
the RES buildout and increase trade and transit opportunities between the regions in mind. 11
123 | P a g e

I. Policies and measures related to the elements set out in point 2.4.2, including, where
applicable, specific measures to enable the delivery of Projects of Common Interest (PCI) or
and other key infrastructure projects
PAM 58 Refurbishment and modernization of the existing substations

Main objective: Improve the domestic electricity transmission grid infrastructure.
Description: The aim of this measure is the refurbishment and/or building new substations where needed, because of which the
overall state of the electricity transmission grid will be modernized and more capable of sustaining a rapid development of RES
projects’ build-out in the Country.
– 2031;
regulatory acts
Methodology -
The overall state of the electricity transmission system will be improved,

Assumptions operational and maintenance security of multiple regions around the Country will
be improved and the grid will be further developed and modernized.
- Steps taken • Included in the Grid Development Plan 2022 - 2031
2022 – 2031, which are aimed at the modernization and/or building of
- Steps envisaged
new substations need to be implemented within the foreseen period –
as stated in the Grid Development Plan 2022 – 2031;
Value in the last
2020-2021 / 2031
Progress /
Other /
(ktoe)
Budget (M€)
Finance
• Transelectrica;

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PAM 59 Increasing the Natural Gas in Central-Eastern and South-Eastern Europe
Main objective: Three main objectives have been set: (i) The increase and improvement of the operational independence by building
its own compression unit and connecting the gas storage to a high-pressure gas transport network. (ii) Enhancing the regional and
national security of supply and (iii) increasing flexibility of the storage – particularly by increasing withdrawal capacity during peak
demand periods., by approximately 75% (up to 3.5 mcm) in the first stage and an additional 43% (up to 5 mcm) in a second stage.
Description: The revamping and expansion of an existing gas storage facility of 300 million cubic meters (mcm), in Targu Mures,
that is located in Central Romania, to a facility with storage capacity of 400 mcm in the first stage and expected total of 600 mcm
storage capacity in the second stage.
Relevant planning documents, legal and • European Union List of projects of common interest of 2021 (fifth list)
regulatory acts → Project belongs to Cluster 6.20 (Project ID in PCI: 6.20.4);
Methodology -
• First stage → Increase the existing storage capacity by 100 mcm, to

a total of 400 mcm;
Assumptions
• Second stage → Increase the existing storage capacity by an
additional 200 mcm, to a total of 600 mcm;
- Steps taken • Investment requests have been submitted thus far, for this PCI;
• Revamping of the equipment in the [Natural] Gas storage facility in
Targu Mares;
- Steps envisaged
• Taking steps and beginning work to increase Gas storage capacity at
projected levels, within the corresponding phases;
Value in the last
Storage flexibility (%); Indicative trajectory Target value
Storage capacity (mcm);
2020-2021 / 12/2026
Progress /
Other /
(ktoe)
Budget (M€)
Finance
• Transelectrica;
Monitoring entity European Union. ACER and ENTSO - G

125 | P a g e
PAM 60 Daily withdrawal capacity increase in Bilciurești underground gas storage system (UGS)
Main objective: Modernizing the infrastructure of the [Underground] Natural Gas storage system in Bilciurești and increasing the
daily withdrawal capacity.
Description: Development of new infrastructure facilities that will be able to take on and support the additional flow. Four new
[storage] wells are expected to drill within the framework of this investment. Additionally, 39 of the existing wells are expected to be
modernized. The expansion units are expected to be optimized and modernized, and a new pipeline is expected between Bilciurești
UGS and Bautimanu Compressor Unit. investments are planned for the modernization of the M3 cooling system and the digitalization
of natural gas storage process at Bilciurești UGS.
Relevant planning documents, legal and • European Union List of projects of common interest of 2021 (fifth list)
regulatory acts → Project belongs to Cluster 6.20 (Project ID in PCI: 6.20.7);
Methodology -
• The project aims to increase the daily delivery capacity of Natural Gas
Assumptions in Bilciurești UGS from 14 million Scm/day to 20 million m3/day - and
an increase in storage capacity of 108 million Scm/cycle
- Steps taken • Investment requests have been submitted thus far, for this PCI;
• Systematization of intake/discharge (exhaust) manifolds,
injection/withdrawal of gas;
• Modernization of 3 TEG dehydration units;
• Modernization of metering panel at Bautimanu;
- Steps envisaged
• Drilling and equipping 4 new well.
• Modernization of the gas;
• Revamping of the equipment in the [Natural] Gas storage facility in
Targu Mares;
Value in the last
Storage flexibility (%); Indicative trajectory Target value
Storage capacity (mcm);
2020-2021 / 12/2026
Progress
Other /
(ktoe)
Budget (M€)
Finance
Transelectrica;
Monitoring entity European Union. ACER and ENTSO - G

Romania actively engages in regional cooperation with neighboring countries in the field of natural gas
infrastructure PCI project. By collaborating with neighboring nations and promoting PCI projects, Romania
seeks to diversify its energy sources.
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3.4.3. Market integration

I. Policies and measures related to the elements set out in point 2.4.3
Please see the 2.4.3
II. Measures to increase the flexibility of the energy system with regard to renewable energy
production such as smart grids, aggregation, demand response, storage, distributed
generation, mechanisms for dispatching, re-dispatching and curtailment, real-time price
signals, including the roll-out of intraday market coupling and cross-border balancing markets.
PAM 61 Electric energy storage capacities

Main objective: Increase the flexibility of the electricity system.
Description: Energy storage in batteries offers essential system-balancing services, including primary, secondary, and tertiary
regulation, thanks to its flexibility in production and consumption alignment with demand, and its independence from natural factors.
Methodology
• Achieving a minimum total electricity storage capacity of 240 MW

Assumptions (equivalent to 480 MWh) by December 31, 2025, will be carried out
through a project selection process with criteria designed to align with
the technical guidelines for (2021 / C58 / 01)
- Steps taken • Government of Romania has launched a public call
- Steps envisaged • Constuction of the storage capacities
Value in the last
2020-2021 2025
Progress Storage capacities (MW) 240 MW
Other /
(ktoe)
Budget (M€)
Finance 103.48 mill. EUR, (79.6 mill., EUR from the National Recovery and Resilience
Source of finance
Plan, rest from the budget)
Transelectrica;
Monitoring entity European Union.
III. Where applicable, measures to ensure the non-discriminatory participation of renewable

energy, demand response and storage, including via aggregation, in all energy markets
Please see the Chapter 2.4.3 and PAM 60
IV. Policies and measures to protect consumers, especially vulnerable and, where applicable,
energy poor consumers, and to improve the competitiveness and contestability of the retail
energy market
Please see the Chapter 3.4.4
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V. Description of measures to enable and develop demand response, including those addressing
tariffs to support dynamic pricing
In Romania, the introduction of smart meters and dynamic price electricity contracts represents a significant
leap forward in the modernization of the country's energy infrastructure. Smart meters, equipped with
advanced technology, allow for real-time monitoring and management of electricity consumption in homes
and businesses. These devices provide consumers with precise information about their energy usage,
enabling them to make more informed decisions and optimize their electricity consumption patterns. This not
only empowers consumers to take greater control over their energy costs but also supports more efficient use
of electricity. ANRE is following the implementation of the plan for replacement of old with smart meters.
Dynamic price electricity contracts, often associated with smart meters, introduce a flexible pricing structure
that varies throughout the day. These contracts encourage consumers to shift their energy-intensive activities
to periods when electricity demand is lower, typically during off-peak hours. By doing so, consumers can
benefit from lower electricity prices, reducing their energy bills and contributing to the overall stability of the
electrical grid. This dynamic pricing model aligns consumption with supply, making it more economically and
environmentally sustainable. As Romania continues to invest in these technologies, it is expected that smart
meters and dynamic price electricity contracts will play a pivotal role in promoting energy efficiency, reducing
carbon emissions, and enhancing the resilience of the country's energy infrastructure.
VI. Regional cooperation in this area

Romania was part of the Interim Coupling Project (ICP - DE-AT-PL-4M MC) along with Germany, Austria,
Poland, Romania, Czechia, Hungary, and Slovakia. The aim of the project was to further develop the regional
integration of the day-ahead organized electricity markets, with the introduction of Net Transmission Capacity
(NTC-based) implicit capacity allocation, on six borders (PL-DE, PL-CZ, PL-SK, CZ-DE, CZ-AT, HU-AT). With
this the Multi-Regional Coupling project was coupled with the 4M MC Countries (Hungary, Czech Republic,
Romania and Slovakia) – thus their (4M MC) Countries’ day-ahead markets were integrated in the Pan-
European day-ahead power market. The project was successfully completed in 2021 12,13.
Following the success of the Interim Coupling Project, Romania later became part of the Core Flow-Based
Market Coupling Project. The project’s main goal was to the development and implementation of a flow-
based day-ahead market coupling across the whole Core capacity calculation region (Core CCR) 14. The
project was concluded in June 2022, with the successful go-live on the 8th of June 15.
Between 2019 – 2021, Romania was part of an NTC-based project of day-ahead market coupling between
Romania and Bulgaria. The project was purposed to achieve the development and implementation of a flow-
based day-ahead market coupling throughout the Core region (Austria, Belgium, Croatia, the Czech Republic,
France, Germany, Hungary, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia) under
the single day-ahead market coupling (SDAC) project. The BG - RO border was included in the SDAC coupling
on 27th of October 2021 – thus, the southeast European region was fully integrated (looped in) in the Single
day - ahead coupling 16,17.
12 https://arhiva.anre.ro/en/press/press/press-release-request-to-initiate-the-interim-project-for-a-ntc-based-
market-coupling
13 The 2021 - 2030 Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan
14 chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.jao.eu/sites/default/files/2022-
06/Core%20FB%20MC%20Successful%20Go-live.pdf
15 https://www.jao.eu/core-fb-mc
16 https://www.epexspot.com/en/news/closing-loop-inclusion-bulgarian-romanian-border-single-day-ahead-
coupling-sdac
128 | P a g e
Romania participated in the SIDC project. The aim of the project was the integration of the borders pertaining
to the integration of the bidding zones in Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania,
and Slovenia in the already coupled area (consisting of: Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Finland,
France, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, The Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Sweden, and Spain) 18. Romania's
OPCOM is part of the operational contractual framework for cooperation of TSO's and DEMO's
pertaining to the creation, development, and operation of the Single Intra-Day Coupling (SIDC)
project. OPCOM participates directly in the SIDC creation and operation activities, including in the
performance of joint activities, participation in the development process (ex. the development of the coupling
infrastructure, XBID), implementation 19.
Romania’s TSO – Transelectrica participates in the Platform for the International Coordination of
Automated Frequency Restoration and Stable System Operation (PICASSO), which is aimed at
establishing a European platform for the exchange of balancing energy from automatic frequency restoration
reserves (aFRR), in line with Article 21 of EC Regulation (EU) 2017/2195 of 23rd November 2017, which
establishes a guideline on electricity balancing (EB GL). The go-live of the aFRR platform i.e., Transelectrica
is expected to connect to the aFRR platform in the first quarter (Q1) of 2024 20,21.
Transelectrica is a member of the Manual Activated Reserves Initiative (MARI) project. The project is
aimed at creating, developing, and maintaining a European mFRR platform. The go-live of the mFRR platform
in Romania is expected in the second quarter (Q2) of 2024 22,23.
Transelectrica started operational participation in the International Grid Control Cooperation (IGCC)
project. The aim of the IGCC is to avoid counter-acting activations of aFRR balancing energy through the
process known as imbalance netting 24,25.
18 https://www.energy-community.org/dam/jcr:31b14753-d1dc-4dc8-84f2-37bea7f4342a/ECRB112019_ACER.pdf
20 https://www.entsoe.eu/network_codes/eb/picasso/
21 https://www.entsoe.eu/documents/nc/Implementation/picasso/PICASSO_7th_Accession_roadmap_ext.pdf
22 https://www.entsoe.eu/network_codes/eb/mari/
23 https://www.entsoe.eu/documents/nc/NC%20EB/2023/MARI_Accession_roadmap_April_2023.pdf
24 https://www.entsoe.eu/network_codes/eb/imbalance-netting/
25 https://www.entsoe.eu/documents/nc/NC%20EB/2022/20220106_Press_release_Transelectrica_go-live_v1.0.pdf
129 | P a g e
3.4.4. Energy poverty
I. Where applicable, policies and measures to achieve the objectives set out in point 2.4.4
PAM 62 Development and use of fully-fledged national social assistance information system
Main objective: Fair and efficient granting of energy subsidies
Description: The information system will be primarily used by the local public administration authorities in the process of granting
legally prescribed benefits to the eligible categories, among which are the vulnerable energy consumers. The system will ensure the
automated processing of data on the applicants and verification of the eligibility criteria for the categories of vulnerable consumers.
Eventually, the subsidy will be granted only to vulnerable consumers who have been identified as such by the responsible authorities,
thus overcoming the current problem with the insufficient capacities among the local public administration, as well as significantly
reduce, if not completely reduce the corruption.
2022 – 2050 Technical Households CO2, CH4, N2O National
Relevant planning documents, legal and • Special bylaw on administering and use of the information system
regulatory acts
Methodology
Assumptions
- Steps taken •
Value in the last
2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget €
Finance
Source of finance Central government budget
• Ministry of Labor and Social Protection
Implementing entity
Monitoring entity
PAM 63 Ensuring implementation of just transition process

Main objective: Reducing the adverse socio-economic impacts as result of closing the coal energy industry
Description: Implementation of this measure will target the mono-industrial regions as Valea Jiului is, but also other regions
dependent on the coal industry or on other energy intensive sectors. The phase out process will certainly have negative impacts such
as increased number of unemployed persons and increased poverty among the citizens in these areas. Therefore, measures should
be defined and implemented to ensure just transition process.
2022 – 2050 Legal Households CO2, CH4, N2O Local
• Special law on just transition process to be drafted, adopted and
Relevant planning documents, legal and implemented, which will contain concrete measures to minimize the
regulatory acts adverse effects in certain regions
Methodology
Assumptions
- Steps taken •
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Value in the last

2020 – 2021 2025 2030
Progress
(MW)
Other
(ktoe)
Budget €
Finance
Source of finance Central government budget
Implementing entity • Ministry of Economy Entrepreneurship and Tourism
• Ministry of Labor and Social Protection
Monitoring entity

131 | P a g e

I. Policies and measures related to the elements set out in point 2.5
Romania has made significant progress in research and innovation in recent years. In 2021, the country's
gross expenditure on research and development (GERD) was 1.1% of GDP, up from 0.9% in 2016 (it is still
lower than the EU average of 2.2% of GDP). The number of researchers per 1,000 inhabitants also increased,
from 1.3 in 2016 to 1.5 in 2021.
These investments in research and innovation are paying off. Romania has seen a significant increase in its
number of patent applications in recent years. In 2021, the country filed 2,300 patent applications, up from
1,700 in 2016. 26
Romania's improved research and innovation performance is helping to boost its competitiveness. In the 2022
Global Competitiveness Index, Romania ranked 48th out of 140 countries, up from 53rd in 2016. 27
The Romanian government is committed to further investing in research and innovation. The National Strategy
for Research, Development and Innovation 2021-2030 sets a target of increasing GERD to 2% of GDP by
2030. From this estimation, public investment in research and development from 0,17% of GDP in 2018 should
be increased to 1 % of GDP in 2030. In addition, increasing private investment in research, development and
innovation is a priority; Romania aims to reach the level of 1% of GDP by 2027 for R&D expenses of the
business environment.
The government is also taking steps to improve the commercialization of research results. According to the
Mr. Adrian Curaj, head of Romania’s Executive Agency for Financing Higher Education, Research,
Development and Innovation (UEFISCDI), “the proposed changes will help set Romania on a path to tripling
its participation in Horizon Europe, compared to its performance in the predecessor programme Horizon 2020.
The ongoing reforms should allow researchers in Romania to get at least €1 billion out of the EU’s research
flagship scheme by 2027” . Projects applied from the domestic R&D and higher education institutions related
to the smart energy systems should be one of the priorities areas within the Horizon programme with aim for
accelerating the Romania’s journey towards a modern, digital energy ecosystem.
The government's investments in research and innovation are essential for Romania's future economic
growth. By investing in research and innovation, Romania can become a more competitive economy and
create new jobs.
Despite having some challenges such as still low levels of investment in research and development, brain
drain, weak innovation system, Romania has made significant progress in research and innovation in recent
years. With continued investment and reforms, the country can become a more competitive economy and
create new jobs.
Smart specialization is supported at the national level especially through the POCIDIF program (Smart
Growth, Digitalisation and Financial Instruments Programme), and at the regional level through the regional
operational programs (POR). SNCISI (National Strategy for Research, Innovation and Smart Specialization)
and RIS3 (Regional Innovation Strategies 3) represent the strategic milestones for the development and
implementation of these programs.
Both at the regional and national level, innovation actors will be encouraged to access funds from other
national (PNCDI IV, PNRR, POEO 2022-2027, POTJ) and international programs (Horizon Europe Program,
Interregional and Cross-border Cooperation Programs, Erasmus+, Invest EU, Innovation Fund - Ministry of
Energy, etc.) with aim to pave the way to a more efficient and effective energy sector.
Several public institutions are involved in the governance of research and innovation (R&I) area in Romania 28:
- R&I policy formulation, implementation, monitoring and assessment is under the responsibility of the
Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitisation (MCID). The Ministry is advised by a number of
26 Romania's Patent Landscape: Grants, Applications & Trends (ttconsultants.com)

27 Romania Competitiveness Index - 2023 Data - 2024 Forecast - 2007-2022 Historical (tradingeconomics.com)
28 https://ec.europa.eu/research-and-
innovation/sites/default/files/rio/report/PSF_background_report_final_23Nov_2021.pdf
132 | P a g e
consultative bodies, involving representatives from the science, technology and industrial
communities.
- Scientific research at the university level is under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education.
- The Executive Agency for Higher Education and R&D&I Funding (UEFISCDI), the Romanian
Space Agency (ROSA) and the Institute of Atomic Physics (IFA) coordinate (administratively)
some specific programmes and sub-programmes of the National R&D&I Plan.
- Other ministries play a role in the Romanian R&I system. The Ministry of Economy is responsible
for designing and implementing entrepreneurship policies. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Energy, and the Ministry of Defence manage
their own R&D Plans. The Ministry of Investment and European Projects is in charge of the
management of the European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF).
- At the regional level, the Regional Development Agencies (RDAs) are the executive bodies that
implement R&I policy, but have a limited role in policy design and elaboration.
Key national documents relating to the dimension of “Research, Innovation and Competitiveness”, which are
considered in the preparation of the Romania’s NECP 2021-2030, are:
- National Strategy for Research, Innovation and Smart Specialization 2022-2027 (NRIS3)
prepared by the Ministry for Research, Innovation and Digitalization (MRID) 29.
The Government of Romania is committed in creating suitable conditions to foster investment in Research,
Development and Innovation, which is the key for the advance in science, for finding solutions to societal
challenges, for the development and use of technologies with an impact on the quality of life, increasing
productivity and competitiveness, creating sustainable jobs. Significant focus of the research activities on
climate, energy, and mobility should lead towards decarbonization, security of energy supply, energy
efficiency, integration of renewable energies, and other related energy and climate issues.
- Romania’s Sustainable Development Strategy 2030 30
The strategy looks at the recent history of Sustainable Development as a concept from an international,
European, and national perspective. Gives a short introduction for each of the 17 Sustainable Development
Goals, the aim of each specific goal for Romania, and the current situation regarding implementing Romania’s
previous Sustainable Development Strategy adopted by the Government in November 2008. Finally, the
strategy describes the decision to be taken to establish the operational framework for implementing and
monitoring this Strategy’s goals and targets. The aim is to ensure consistent government action and increase
the active participation of all relevant stakeholders including citizen initiatives, thus uniting Sustainable
Development’s three pillars to transform our society into a more sustainable one.
- National Plan for the Implementation of the National Strategy for Research, Development and
Innovation 2021-2030 (PNIRDI 2021-2030) 31
This plan outlines the specific actions that will be taken to implement the NRSDI 2021-2030. It includes
measures to increase funding for research and innovation, to improve the skills and training of researchers,
and to promote the commercialization of research results.
- Smart Growth, Digitalisation and Financial Instruments Programme (POCIDIF) 32
POCIDIF is one of the Operational Programmes (OP) of Romania for the 2021-2027 programming period. It
is financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and has a budget of EUR 2.143 billion. This
29 Ministry for Research, Innovation and Digitalization (MCID). Romanian Government. (2022). National Strategy for
Research, Innovation and Smart Specialization 2022-2027.
https://www.research.gov.ro/uploads/comunicate/2022/strategia-na-ional-de-cercetareinovare-i-specializare-inteligent-
2022-2027.pdf
30 http://dezvoltaredurabila.gov.ro/web/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Romanias-Sustainable-Development-Strategy-
2030.pdf
31chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://energy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-
06/ro_final_necp_main_en_0.pdf
32 https://mfe.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/9cf5726fa7062a9b0ca4fc8443ff0bf9.pdf
133 | P a g e
program aims to support Romania's transition to a smart, green and inclusive economy. It will do this by
investing in:
- Research and innovation
- Digitalization
- SMEs and entrepreneurship
- Human capital
- Social inclusion and poverty reduction
- Environmental protection
The POCIDIF is expected to contribute to the achievement of Romania's national strategic objectives, such
as the Sustainable Development Goals and the National Recovery and Resilience Plan. It is also expected to
create jobs and boost economic growth. Some of the key priorities of the POCIDIF are:
- Research and innovation: The POCIDIF will support research and innovation projects in a wide range
of areas, including new technologies, digitalization, and environmental protection.
- Digitalization: The POCIDIF will support the digitalization of businesses, public administration, and
education.
- SMEs and entrepreneurship: The POCIDIF will support the development of SMEs and
entrepreneurship, including the creation of start-ups.
- Human capital: The POCIDIF will support the upskilling and reskilling of workers, in order to meet the
needs of the labor market.
- Social inclusion and poverty reduction: The POCIDIF will support the social inclusion and poverty
reduction, including the development of social services and the promotion of active inclusion.
- Environmental protection: The POCIDIF will support the protection of the environment, including the
development of green infrastructure and the improvement of energy efficiency.
- Sustainable Development Program 2021-2027 (approved by EU) 33

Romania's Sustainable Development Program 2021-2027 (NECP) is a strategic document that sets out the
country's priorities for sustainable development in the next seven years. The NECP is aligned with the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are a set of 17 goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015.
The NECP has four main objectives:
- Sustainable economic development: The NECP aims to promote economic growth that is sustainable
and inclusive. This will be done by investing in infrastructure, education, and research and
development.
- Environmental protection: The NECP aims to protect the environment and mitigate climate change.
This will be done by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving energy efficiency, and promoting
sustainable agriculture.
- Social inclusion: The NECP aims to reduce poverty and social exclusion. This will be done by
investing in education, healthcare, and social protection.
- Good governance: The NECP aims to improve governance and public administration. This will be
done by strengthening institutions and promoting transparency and accountability.
In addition, this program can and should influence the educational sector with strengthening the education for
sustainable development with main focus on development of climate changes literacy among youth (now
children – tomorrow main consumers). “A country’s competitiveness starts not on the factory floor or in the
engineering lab. It starts in the classroom.”34 Effective energy sector can significantly increase Romanian
competitiveness, therefore focus on building awareness and literacy among youth about the importance of
efficient use of energy resources should be one of the priorities of the Government of Romania.
- Just Transition Programme (approved by EU) 35
Romania's Just Transition Programme is a €2.14 billion plan that will help the country to transition to a climate-
neutral economy. The JTP will focus on six regions that are most affected by the transition: Dolj, Galaţi, Gorj,
33 https://mfe.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/ccd9ae994ca747e93c52ec9c97fc4c39.pdf
34 Lee Iacocca (American automobile executive Ford Motor Company and Chrysler Corporation)
35 https://mfe.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/21e46881d6b62fc6f6941423d889a14e.pdf
134 | P a g e
Hunedoara, Mureş, and Prahova. These regions are all heavily reliant on coal mining or other carbon-intensive
industries. The JTP is expected to create around 100,000 jobs and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by
10 million tonnes per year. It is also expected to contribute to the achievement of Romania's national strategic
objectives, such as the Sustainable Development Goals and the National Recovery and Resilience Plan. The
JTP is a key part of Romania's commitment to achieving climate neutrality by 2050. It is a necessary
investment to ensure that the transition is fair and just for everyone.
Here are some of the key components of Romania's JTP:
- Renewable energy: The JTP will support the development of renewable energy projects, such as
solar and wind farms. This will help to reduce Romania's reliance on fossil fuels and to create new
jobs in the clean energy sector.
- Energy efficiency: The JTP will support the improvement of energy efficiency in buildings, industry,
and transport. This will help to reduce Romania's energy consumption and to save money.
- Green jobs: The JTP will support the creation of green jobs in the renewable energy sector, energy
efficiency sector, and other sectors that are helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
- Upskilling and reskilling: The JTP will support the upskilling and reskilling of workers who are
affected by the transition. This will help them to find new jobs in the clean energy sector or other
sectors.
- Social programs: The JTP will support social programs to support those who are affected by the
transition. This could include programs to provide income support, job training, and healthcare.
- National Plan for the Implementation of the National Strategy for Research, Development and
Innovation 2021-2030 (PNIRDI 2021-2030) 36
This plan outlines the specific actions that will be taken to implement the NRSDI 2021-2030. It includes
measures to increase funding for research and innovation, to improve the skills and training of researchers,
and to promote the commercialization of research results.
- National Action Plan for the Implementation of the Paris Agreement (NAP) 37
This plan sets out the actions that Romania will take to implement the Paris Agreement on climate change. It
includes measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, to increase the use of renewable energy, and to
improve energy efficiency.
II. Where applicable, cooperation with other Member States in this area, including, where
appropriate, information on how the SET Plan objectives and policies are being translated to a
national context
Romania is collaborating with other member states in a number of ways to enhance innovation, research, and
competitiveness. These collaborations include participating in the EU's research and innovation program
Horizon Europe, receiving funding from the European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF), signing
bilateral agreements with other countries, and being a member of international organizations such as the
European Commission, the European Space Agency, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development. Romania is also collaborating through initiatives such as the European Innovation Council
(EIC), the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT), and the European Research Council (ERC).
These collaborations are helping Romania to improve its research and innovation performance and create a
more competitive economy.
Some specific examples of how these collaborations are working:
- Romania received around €1.2 billion in funding from Horizon Europe in 2021. This funding is being
used to support a number of research and innovation projects in areas such as renewable energy,
digitalization, and healthcare.
- Romania has received ESIF funding to support a number of projects in the areas of research,
innovation, and competitiveness. These projects have helped to create jobs, improve skills, and
boost economic growth.
36 chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://energy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-
06/ro_final_necp_main_en_0.pdf
37 NAP-progress-publication-2020.pdf (unfccc.int)
135 | P a g e
- Romania has signed bilateral agreements with other countries on research and innovation. These
agreements have helped to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and expertise, and they have
helped to promote Romania's participation in international research and innovation projects.
- Romania is a member of a number of international organizations that promote research and
innovation. These organizations provide Romania with access to resources and expertise, and they
help to promote Romania's participation in international research and innovation projects.
Furthermore, the following European institutes and councils promote innovation and research culture in
Romania.
- The European Innovation Council (EIC): The EIC is a public-private partnership that supports
innovative businesses. Romania is a partner in the EIC, and it has received funding from the EIC to
support a number of innovative businesses.
- The European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT): The EIT is a network of knowledge and
innovation hubs that supports the development of new technologies and businesses. Romania is a
partner in the EIT, and it is home to a number of EIT Knowledge and Innovation Centers.
- The European Research Council (ERC): The ERC is a funding agency that supports excellent
research across all fields of science. Romania is a partner in the ERC, and it has received funding
from the ERC to support a number of research projects.
Research, development, and innovation (R&D&I) are essential for the economic growth and competitiveness
of any country. Romania is committed to investing in R&D&I, and there are a number of financing measures
and available financing instruments available to support R&D&I activities in Romania. These measures
include EU funding programs, such as Horizon Europe, the European Structural and Investment Funds
(ESIF), and the European Innovation Council (EIC), as well as national funding programs, such as the National
Research and Development Program, the National Innovation Program, and the Start-Up Romania Program.
These programs provide funding for research and innovation projects in all areas of science and technology,
with a focus on areas that are important to Romania's economic development, such as climate change,
energy, and the environment, health, food, and bioeconomy, digitalization, industry, and space, security and
defense, and inclusive and sustainable growth.
Some of the financing measures in this area at national level are listed below:
- Horizon Europe: Horizon Europe is the EU's research and innovation program for the period 2021-
2027. It is the largest research and innovation program in the world, with a budget of €95.5 billion.
Horizon Europe supports research and innovation projects in all areas of science and technology,
with a focus on the following:
o Climate change, energy, and the environment;
o Health, food, and bioeconomy;
o Digitalization, industry, and space;
o Security and defense; and
o Inclusive and sustainable growth.
- European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF): The ESIF are a set of funds that are used to
support investment in research, innovation, and competitiveness in the EU. Romania is a recipient
of ESIF funding, and it has used this funding to support a number of projects in these areas.
- Erasmus+ programme 2021-2027 priorities:
o Environment and fight against climate change topics
 developing knowledge strategies and methods in the green sector
 green curriculum development
 drawing up sustainable development plans for organisations
 promoting environmentally responsible consumption habits
 the potential of culture in promoting sustainable development
 rural development, e.g., sustainable agriculture, resource management, soil
protection etc.
- European Innovation Council (EIC): The EIC is a public-private partnership that supports innovative
businesses. The EIC provides grants, loans, and equity investments to businesses that are
developing new technologies or products.
136 | P a g e
- European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT): The EIT is a network of knowledge and
innovation hubs that supports the development of new technologies and businesses. The EIT has a
number of hubs in Romania, and it provides support to businesses, researchers, and students.
- European Research Council (ERC): The ERC is a funding agency that supports excellent research
across all fields of science. The ERC provides grants to researchers who are conducting cutting-
edge research.
In addition to these EU funding programs, there are also a number of national funding programs in Romania
that support research, development, and innovation. These programs are typically funded by the Romanian
government, but they may also receive funding from other sources, such as businesses, foundations, and
individuals.:
- The National Research and Development Program: This program is funded by the Romanian
government and it supports research and development projects in all areas of science and
technology.
- The National Innovation Program: This program is funded by the Romanian government and it
supports innovation projects in the business sector.
- The Start-Up Romania Program: This program is funded by the Romanian government and it
provides support to start-up businesses that are developing innovative products and services.
- The Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness Program: This program is funded by the Romanian
government and it provides support to businesses that are looking to improve their competitiveness.
- The Research and Development Tax Credit: This program provides tax breaks to businesses that
invest in research and development.
At the end, it is up to Romanian universities, research and science institutes and other innovation actors to
attract as much as possible project applications and funds (EU and other donors driven programs – e.g. Green
Climate Fund) towards green transition.
.
137 | P a g e
SECTION B: ANALYTICAL BASIS
4. CURRENT SITUATION AND

PROJECTIONS WITH EXISTING
POLICIES AND MEASURES
4.1 Projected evolution of main exogenous factors influencing
energy system and GHG emission developments
I. Macroeconomic forecasts (GDP and population growth)

One of the main assumptions used for energy demand and GHG emission projections used in all scenarios
is the GDP growth. For the projections of the GDP, the data from the National Commission for Strategy and
Prognosis of Romania are used. The average GDP growth in the period 2022-2050 is assumed to be 2.3%,
with the dynamic presented in Figure 33.
Figure 33. GDP growth (%) - historical and projected values up to 2050
7.32
5.90
4.70
4.66
4.53
4.47
Average growth
4.19
4.04
3.85
3.77
3.70
3.61
3.54
3.50
3.09
2.96
2.95
2.81
2.67
2.52
2.37
2.22
2.12
2.04
2.02
2.30
1.92
1.91
1.82
1.72
1.12
1.11
1.11
1.08
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.05
1.04
1.01
2020 -3.75
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
Source: The National Commission for Strategy and Prognosis
The population is the other major assumption and Figure 34 shows the population evolution, which was
employed in the scenarios, based on the data provided by the National Commission for Strategy and
Prognosis of Romania. The population is expected to decline by 16% in 2050 compared to 2022 (Figure 35).
138 | P a g e
Figure 34. Population in Romania – historical and projected values
Mil.
-16%
20.29
22
20.20
20.10
20.02
19.95
19.88
19.76
19.64
19.53
19.43
19.30
19.10
19.00
18.90
18.80
18.70
18.60
18.50
18.40
18.30
20
18.20
18.06
17.95
17.83
17.72
17.60
17.49
17.38
17.26
17.15
17.00
16.91
16.80
16.69
16.57
16.46
16.35
18
16.24
16.13
16.03
15.93
16
14
12
10
0
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
Source: The National Commission for Strategy and Prognosis
II. Sectoral changes expected to impact the energy system and GHG emissions
In this section the specific parameters and assumptions for sectoral changes that impact the energy system
and GHG emissions are explained.
Residential and Services sector

For the household sector, there are many more factors that are crucial for accurate energy consumption
projections in addition to the population and GDP. One of the factors is the average number of people living
in each home, which is in the range 2.7 in 2010 to 2.6 in 2050 (Figure 35). The number of households is also
determined based on the population and the average number of people living in each one, declining to around
6127 thousand households in 2050 (mainly due to population decrease). According to Figure 35, the
households are divided into urban and rural, and for each of them there are three groups: detached, semi-
detached houses and apartments.
Figure 35. Number of households, person per households and split of households by type
Distribution by type of dwelling
Persons per
household
8000 2.8
7500 2.6
7000
73%
2.4
71%
71%
71%
71%
71%
71%
71%
70%
6500
2.2
6000
2.0
54%
54%
Thousand households
54%
54%
54%
54%
54%
54%
5500
54%
54%
59%
59%
59%
59%
59%
59%
1.8
59%
59%
59%
59%
59%
5000
59%
59%
59%
59%
59%
59%
59%
59%
59%
U - Detached houses U - Semi-deatched houses U - Apartments

59%
59%
59%
59%
59%
1.6
59%
59%
4500
59%
59%
59%
59%
4000 1.4
3500 1.2
3000 1.0
2500
0.8
2000
46%
46%
46%
46%
46%
46%
46%
46%
46%
46%
0.6
41%
41%
41%
41%
41%
41%
41%
41%
41%
41%
41%
41%
41%
1500
41%
41%
41%
41%
41%
41%
41%
41%
41%
41%
41%
41%
41%
41%
41%
41%
41%
41%
1000 0.4
97%
97%
98%
98%
98%
98%
98%
98%
98%
500 0.2
0 0.0
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
Number of households Urban 2%

Persons per household Rural
R - Detached houses R - Semi-deatched houses R - Apartments
Source: Eurostat – Average number of persons per household, INS – The structure of households by the dwelling's tenure status
Note: Number of households is calculated using the data on usually resident population from INS and average number of persons per household form
Eurostat
The number of heating and cooling degree days is a key factor in the estimation of the useful energy demand
in both the residential and commercial sectors. The model is calibrated using the heating and cooling degree
days for the years 2010 to 2020, while the average number of degree days in that period is utilized for the
years after 2020 (Figure 36).
139 | P a g e
Figure 36. Heating and cooling degree days
3.200
3.000
2.800
2.600
2.400
2.200
2.000
1.800
1.600
1.400
1.200
1.000
800
600
400
200
0
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Heating degree days Cooling degree days
Source: EUROSTAT (2010-2020), LEAP Romania (2021-2050)
Industry and Industrial Processes and Product Use

For the Industry sector, the most important parameter is the production index growth per industry type (Figure
37). The data for the production index growth is determined by calculating the correlation of the GDP with the
corresponding production index growth of the specific industry. All the data are also in accordance with the
data obtained from the National Commission for Strategy and Prognosis of Romania.
Figure 37. Industry production index growth
%
0.25
Iron and Steel Transport equipment Wood and wood products
0.20 Other industry Machinery Construction
Chemical and Petrochemical Mining Textile
0.15 Non Ferrous Metals Food and Tobacco
Non Metallic Minerals Paper Pulp and Printing
0.10
0.05
0.00
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
-0.05
-0.10
-0.15
-0.20
-0.25
Source: The National Commission for Strategy and Prognosis, project team analyses
On one hand, the production index growth is used in order to project the useful energy demand in each
industry type. On the other hand, the same values are used for the projection of the activity data in the
Industrial processes and product use sector. Additionally, for the Product uses as substitutes of ozone
depleting substances, the implementation of the Kigali amendment of the Montreal protocol is assumed.
Transport
For the road transport sector, the main parameters through which the energy demand can be determined are
the passenger per km and the tonnes of freight per km. These parameters calculated based on the number
of vehicles, number of kilometres per vehicle [km per vehicle] and number of passengers or goods per vehicle.
The fuel economy of the vehicles taken into consideration is also factored when determining the energy
demand for road transport sector. The evolution of the number of registered cars during 2010-2019 is
presented in Figure 38.
140 | P a g e
Figure 38. Number of passenger cars projected from the model and real data from TEMPO
6,975
7,000
6,562
6,500
6,128
6,000
5,500 5,237
4,953 3,668 Gasoline
5,000 4,748
4,537 3,595
4,500 4,320 4,248 4,320 Diesel
3,540
4,000 Electric
Thousand
3,197 LPG
3,500 3,115
3,058 CNG
3,000 2,982
2,991 2,894 2,893 TEMPO real data
2,500
2,000
3,265
1,500 2,940
2,570
1,000 1,832 2,029
1,425 1,552 1,685
1,328 1,354
500
0 0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Source: LEAP-RO model, National Institute of Statistics, team analysis
Additionally, for the road transport, the number of busses and the number of heavy goods vehicles are also
used in the model. Figure 39 and Figure 40 show the modelling output per fuel type and the real data from
the National statistics Institute. The number of both types of vehicles is increasing, but the increase in the
number of HGV is more dramatic, which are almost doubled in the analysed period.
Figure 39. Number of passenger road transport vehicles projected from the model and real data from TEMPO
55 53
52
49 50 Diesel
50 47
45 46 Gasoline
45 42 43
41 Electricity
40 LPG
35 CNG
Thousand
30 Tempo real data

52 53
25 47 49 50
43 44 46
20 41 42
15
10
5
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Figure 40. Number of Heavy Goods Vehicles (HGV) projected from the model and real data from TEMPO
1,200 1,170
1,100 1,046 Diesel
1,000 953 Gasoline
900 844 840 TEMPO real data
817
800 720 712 737
700 667
Thousand
1,049
600 921
823
500 680 709 708
400 522 574 571 598
300
200
100 145 145 141 139 137 135 133 130 125 121
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
141 | P a g e
The second parameter which is very important for calculating the passenger kilometres is the average km per
vehicle. For this purpose, data from EUROSTAT/TEMPO were used, as presented in Figure 40. Here it can
be noticed that the average passenger kilometres of the busses are very high (and higher when compared to
all other types of vehicles), which may lead to the need for further research this data. Data for the period 2010-
2015 used in the graph come from estimates based on censuses road traffic performed once every five years.
Figure 41. Average km per vehicle type
90,000
HGV
80,000 9,819 9,439 9,140 8,907
5,834 5,391
Motorcycles
6,601 6,232
70,000 6,719 6,463 Cars
7,483 7,024
12,620 12,324 12,137 11,672 11,201
60,000 10,713 Buses
Average km
6,594 6,035 5,511 5,068 4,687

7,174
50,000 7,450 7,453 7,465 7,440
7,062 7,368
40,000
63,608 64,477
30,000 61,349 62,375
42,972 43,490 44,355 44,622 43,382

20,000 41,344
10,000
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Source: EUROSTAT (Motor vehicle movements on national and foreign territory), National Institute of Statistics, team analysis
Note: After carrying out the census, the data are recalculated, thus updating the data obtained by estimation with the data obtained from
the road traffic census for the base year (2015) and recalculating the data for previous years.
Table 8 presents the average number of passengers for the busses, motorcycles, cars and the average tonnes
of goods per HDV. The data for the busses and HDV are derived from the National statistics Institute's data
for passenger/tonne kilometres and total number of kilometres. For cars and motorcycles the data from the
JRS TIMES EU model - data for Romania are used. The fuel consumption of each type of vehicle is derived
from the calibration of the model.
Table 8. Occupancy and fuel consumption by vehicle type
Occupancy/goods Fuel consumption

Vehicle Fuel Passenger/t l/100 km
Passenger road transport vehicles CNG/Biogas
Diesel 9.36 33
Gasoline 9.36 34
LPG 9.36 37
Motorcycles Gasoline 1.10 4
Cars CNG 1.98 8.4
Diesel 1.98 6.9
Gasoline 1.98 7.6
LPG 1.98 8.4
HDTs Diesel 3.10 33
Gasoline 3.10 25
142 | P a g e
Agriculture and LULUCF

The major drivers of GHG emissions in the Agriculture is the livestock population. The assumption, presented
in Table 9 are based on the 2010-2021 historical data for Livestock in the BR 4 and on the sectoral investment
plans.
Table 9. Livestock population projections
Female - 0.5%
Buffalo
Other types of buffalo - 0.5%
Dairy goats + 1.1%
Goats
Other types of goats + 0.4%
Horses Horses - 1.1%
Mules and Asses Mules and Donkeys + 0.2%
Adult for eggs + 0.7%
Poultry
For meat + 0.7%
Rabbit Rabbit + 0.5%
Slaughter calves younger than 1 year + 1.1%
Breeding cattle younger than 1 year + 0.65%
Breeding cattle between 1 and 2 years - 0.04%
Slaughter cattle between 1 and 2 years + 2.63%
Cattle Breeding bulls older than 2 years + 1.1%
Heifers for breeding older than 2 years - 0.4%
Slaughter male and female cattle older than 2 years + 0.13%
For work + 0.27%
Dairy cow + 1.1%
Under 20 kg + 1.85%
Between 20 and 50 kg + 1.85%
Pigs Fattening + 1.85%
Boars + 0.5%
Breeding sows + 1.6%
Dairy sheep + 1.2%
Sheep Rams for breeding + 1.2%
Other types of sheep + 1.2%
Source: Based on the 2010-2021 historical data for Livestock in the BR 4 and on the sectoral investment plans
Additionally, the following assumptions are assumed in the scenarios for the Agriculture and the LULUCF
sectors:
• Introduction of a proper diet of the Livestock, that will lead to reduced GHG emissions
• No longer burning of agricultural residues in the fields starting in 2030 in the WAM scenario, and 2050
in the WEM scenario
• Reduction of the emission factor of FSN_N in synthetic fertilizer will be reduced by 20% in 2050 in
the WAM scenario, and by 10% in 2050 in the WEM scenarios
• In order to reduce the emissions from the manure management, CH4 recovery is envisioned. The
amount of CH4 emissions that will be recovered will be used as biogas fulfilling of 5% of the energy
demand in Agriculture by 2050 in the WAM scenario. At the same time, methane capture will lead to
manure management emission reduction: 40% in 2050 compared to 2020 in the WAM scenario and
20% in the WEM scenario.
143 | P a g e
• In terms of energy use in the Agriculture, the share of solar energy will increase in both scenarios to
15% in 2050, while diesel consumption will reduce to zero.
• Regarding LULUCF, it is assumed that the annual average forest burned area by 2050 will be equal
to the average forest burned area during 2010-2019 in both scenarios.
Waste
Regarding the Waste sector the same key drivers as for the Energy sector, i.e. GDP and population are used.
For achieving the LTS goals for the waste sector, the following policies and measures, based on the EU Waste
Framework Directive of the Waste, will be implemented:
• Residual waste - 10% of the municipal waste will be landfilled by 2035

• Reduce – minimize the amount of waste produced. By 2030, it is assumed that household waste per
capita will be reduced by 10% compared to 2017 (i.e. reduce Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) from the
228 kg per capita recorded in 2017 to 204 kg per capita by 2030). This assumption is consistent with
the Romanian Overview of national waste prevention programmes in Europe - Country Profile 2021
by EEA 1
• Reuse – reuse, repair and repurpose the products in order to avoid disposal. 2020 EU circular
economy action plan aims to halve the quantity of municipal waste not recycled or prepared for reuse
by 2030, while all EU Member States must recycle or prepare for reuse at least 60% of their municipal
waste by 2030.
• Recycle – converting the waste materials to raw materials (such as paper, glass, metal, plastic etc.)
and compost, which is a way of recycling organic food and garden waste, which are then used as
fertilizers. In this regard, the following minimum requirements for material recovery are envisioned:
o Wood – 25% in 2025, 30% in 2030 (as in Zero Waste Europe-Policy briefing document 2) and
50% in 2050
o Paper and textile – 80% in 2050 (this is in agreement with the Zero Waste Europe-Policy
briefing document and the EU Strategy for Sustainable and Circular Textiles)
o Food and garden waste – 50% in 2030 and 60% in 2050. Food and garden waste will be
used in the composting process. Additionally, the emissions factors for composting will be
reduced to 3kt CH4/tonne and 0.24 kt N2O/tonne in 2050, which is in accordance to the GHG
Emission Factors Review – ESA 3.
• Recover energy – converting the non-recycled waste into usable energy. Although the amount of
waste going to landfills will be significantly reduced, there will still be a significant amount of emissions
produced by the accumulated waste. Therefore, it is important to further reduce these emissions by
using two techniques:
o Energy production – it is assumed that, in 2030, 30% of the emissions from the non-recycled
waste plus the historical emissions will be used for electricity production, this share increasing
to 60% in 2050, in the WAM scenario. For the WEM scenario, these percentages are 20% in
2030 and 40% in 2050.
o Flaring – a share of the non-recycled waste plus the historical emissions, excluding the waste
used for energy production, will be flared. These shares will be 40% in 2030 and 60% in 2050
in the WAM scenario. For the WEM scenario, the shares will be 35% in 2030 and 50% in
2050.
1 https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/waste/waste-prevention/countries/romania-waste-prevention-country-profile-2021/view and
https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/waste/waste-prevention/countries
2
https://zerowasteeurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/zero_waste_europe_policy-briefing_achieving-the-eu%E2%80%99s-waste-
targets.pdf
3
https://www.esauk.org/application/files/9616/4268/9204/Appendix_2_ESA_EF_Review_Final.pdf
144 | P a g e
• Incineration / co-incineration – The annual volume of incinerated / co-incinerated waste will increase
to 500kt in 2030 and to 900kt in 2050 in both scenarios. Optionally, this waste may be used for energy
recovery in recovery facilities and/or in cement factories.
For the Wastewater treatment, it is assumed that:
• 55% of the rural population will be connected to sewage systems by 2050 according to the WEM
scenario, and 90% according to the WAM scenario.
• All sewage systems in urban areas will be connected to wastewater treatment plants by 2030. 5% of
rural areas connected to sewage systems will be connected to wastewater treatment plants by 2030
and 70% by 2050.
•
III. Global energy trends, international fossil fuel prices, EU ETS carbon price
One of the key references for price comparisons and forecasts is the annual World Energy Outlook produced
by the IEA. According to this report and considering a net-zero emissions scenario by 2050, it is projected
that the prices of natural gas, crude oil, and coal in the EU will see a significant decrease compared to their
2021 levels (Figure 42). However, concurrently, the price of CO2 emissions is expected to rise to
approximately 250 EUR/t (Figure 43).
Figure 42 Fossil fuel prices by scenario
Source : World Energy Outlook 2022
Figure 43 CO2 prices for electricity, industry and energy production in selected regions by scenario
Source : World Energy Outlook 2022

145 | P a g e
IV. Technology cost developments

The production cost of RES technologies globally is anticipated to decline, particularly the cost of solar power
plants. The investment costs for each technology included in the LEAP Romania model energy planning are
presented on Figure 44. The most expensive technology in this regard is nuclear power plants, whereas PV
has the lowest investment expenses. However, the production costs of certain technologies depend more on
national factors than only investment costs, such as wind and solar irradiation, local natural gas and lignite
supply, biogas output, and biomass potential. Figure 45 illustrates the Romanian production costs per
technology under the WAM scenario obtained from the model. This cost is calculated by dividing the total
production cost of each technology, by the total production of the corresponding technology. Among the lowest
production costs are hydroelectric power plants and natural gas CHP power plants, whilst nuclear power
plants will be the most costly in 2050. The highest drop in the production cost is for the PV, wind and biogas
power plants.
Figure 44. Investment costs per technology (‘000 EUR/MW)
‘000 EUR/MW
6,000 PV rooftop
Wind regular
5,500
Wind auto
5,000 Biomass
4,500 Biogas
4,000 Hydro
Nuclear
3,500
Natural Gas
3,000 Coal Lignite
2,500 Coal Sub bituminous CHP
Coal Lignite CHP
2,000
Residual Fuel Oil CHP
1,500 Natural Gas CHP
1,000 Biomass CHP
500 Biogas CHP
Hydrogen CHP
0
PV
2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Source: LEAP-RO model
Figure 45. Production cost per technology (EUR/MWh)

EUR/MWh
130
PV
120
PV rooftop
110 Wind regular
100 Wind auto
90 Biomass
80 Biogas
Hydro
70
Nuclear
60 Natural Gas
50 Coal Lignite
40 Coal Sub bituminous CHP
30 Coal Lignite CHP
Residual Fuel Oil CHP
20
Natural Gas CHP
10
Biomass CHP
0 Biogas CHP
2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Hydrogen CHP
Source: LEAP-RO model

146 | P a g e
4.2 Dimension Decarbonisation

I. Trends in current GHG emissions and removals in the EU ETS, effort sharing and LULUCF
sectors and different energy sectors
The GHG emission and removals that Romania reports to UNFCCC in the National Inventory Report are
divided into the following main sectors: Energy (including Transport), Industrial Processes and Product Use
(IPPU), Agriculture, Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) and Waste. The Inventory is
prepared in line with the 2006 IPCC GHG Inventory Guidelines, and each sector comprises individual
categories and subcategories identified as sources (or sinks) of emissions. According to the National Inventory
Report of Romania, the total GHG emissions and removals (net emissions, including the LULUCF sector)
were 66.15 Mt CO2-eq in 2021 (), which represents a reduction of 77% compared to the emission level in
1989.
The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals that Romania reports to the UNFCCC within its National
Inventory Report are categorized into the following primary sectors: Energy (including Transport), Industrial
Processes and Product Use (IPPU), Agriculture, Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF), and
Waste. This Inventory adheres to the 2006 IPCC GHG Inventory Guidelines, with each sector encompassing
distinct categories and subcategories identified as sources or sinks of emissions.
As stated in Romania's National Inventory Report submitted in 2023, the total GHG emissions and removals
(net emissions, including the LULUCF sector) amounted to 66.15 Mt CO2-eq in 2021 (as depicted in Figure
46). Notably, this signifies a substantial reduction of 77% compared to the emission levels documented in
1989.
Figure 46. GHG emissions and removals (net-emissions) by sector (in kt CO2-eq), 1989-2021
-77.0%
288,016
228,533
181,337
164,348
161,463
157,620
154,194
152,520
150,375
134,874
76.6%
121,992
121,376
118,477
119,248
119,850
117,833
117,377
116,089
112,096
109,316
81.0%
95,363
99,863
90,782
89,434
71,029
78,753
67,826
67,010
66,802
67,540
62,749
66,145
61,629
84.5%
87.8%
86.6%
86.0%
87.8%
88.3%
87.9%
89.7%
87.7%
86.8%
86.3%
88.3%
86.6%
90.8%
90.9%
88.6%
91.2%
90.0%
102.9%
98.9%
92.8%
98.9%
113.4%
118.7%
120.8%
104.6%
119.1%
114.6%
116.3%
123.9%
119.7%
15.6%
15.2% 13.9%
12.5%
-7.7% 13.6%
-16.0% 16.0%
-18.6% 15.5%
-20.9% 16.7%
-19.7% 15.6%
-20.9% 16.3%
-18.7% 14.9%
17.8%
17.9%
19.0%
-20.1% 14.6%
-28.4% 17.9%
-27.8% 17.3%
-26.8% 17.1%
-26.9% 17.2%
-24.7% 16.3%
-29.1% 17.5%
-31.5% 20.1%
-27.5% 17.5%
27.5%
-30.2% 17.7%
28.5%
29.0%
-30.1% 18.1%
28.3%
30.0%
28.0%
30.8%
27.9%
-50.8% 23.5%
-41.6% 20.1%
-44.0% 19.8%
-28.0%
-27.8%
-39.3%
-12.5%
-67.9%
-71.4%
-74.5%
-75.3%
-81.8%
-74.5%
-76.4%
-83.8%
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Energy Industrial Processes and Product Use Agriculture LULUCF Waste
Source: Romania’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1989 – 2021 submitted to UNFCCC (National Inventory Report - NIR and Common
Reporting Format – CRF tables, submitted in April 2023)
If the removals from the LULUCF sector are not accounted for, then the aggregate greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions in 2021 were 115.40 Mt CO2-eq indicating a substantial reduction of 63% compared to 1989 levels
(as illustrated in Figure 47). The largest share of emissions originated from the Energy sector (throughout the
period 1989-2021), accounting for around 67% of the total emissions in 2021, followed by Agriculture, with
nearly 17%, while the Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) sector and the Waste sector contributed
around 11% and 5%, respectively (as depicted in Figure 47).
147 | P a g e
The GHG emissions trend reflected the economic development of the country. During the period from 1989
to 2000, Romania's transition from a centralized economy to a free-market structure, coupled with the
reorganization of all economic sectors, the closure of inefficient industries, and the commencement of
operations of the first two units at the Cernavoda nuclear power plant, collectively led to a substantial reduction
of over 50% in GHG emissions. In the subsequent period between 2000 and 2008, the GHG emissions slightly
increased and eventually stabilized due to economic revitalization. Another drop in GHG emissions occurred
from 2009 to 2012, attributed to the global financial and economic crisis. From 2013 onward, GHG emission
levels remained relatively constant.
In the Energy sector, the primary sources of emissions are the energy industries (electricity and/or heat
production plants) and transport, each contributing roughly 25% to the total emissions in 2021 (as depicted in
Figure 48 Figure 48). For comparison, in 1989, the manufacturing and construction sector ranked second in
contributing to the overall GHG emission levels. Notably, the transport sector exhibited the most pronounced
increase in emission share over the analysed period, from 5% in 1989 to 25% in 2021. Meanwhile, between
2010 and 2021, the energy sector's GHG emissions recorded a reduction of approximately 13%.
Figure 47. GHG emissions by sector (in kt CO2-eq), 1989-2021
-62.8%
310,278
257,137
210,408
194,857
191,736
188,742
185,153
184,394
181,845
71.1%
168,185
155,931
153,863
152,898
152,350
152,122
151,327
150,290
147,999
145,982
142,238
72.0%
132,871
131,294
130,693
126,670
119,237
118,722
118,359
118,215
117,100
115,763
115,403
115,310
112,036
72.8%
74.1%
72.9%
71.8%
72.6%
73.6%
72.7%
72.0%
68.6%
67.9%
68.0%
67.4%
69.7%
70.4%
71.0%
69.5%
70.1%
69.2%
71.0%
70.6%
71.5%
69.8%
67.6%
68.0%
68.5%
69.4%
67.9%
66.8%
66.6%
67.4%
65.9%
14.5%
13.5% 12.4%
10.8%
10.1%
12.6%
13.8%
13.1%
13.8%
13.0%
13.5%
12.5%
12.2%
14.0%
13.6%
13.0%
13.5%
13.9%
13.7%
16.4%
16.6%
13.6%
16.6%
14.0%
13.6%
16.0%
17.0%
13.9%
16.2%
16.3%
13.5%
15.6%
15.8%
15.3%
13.7%
14.2%
13.7%
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Energy Industrial Processes and Product Use Agriculture Waste
Figure 48. GHG emissions in Energy sector, by category (in kt CO2-eq)

-65% -13%
220,558
35.9%
102,067
94,323
93,452
88,407
29.9%
82,344
80,950
80,546
80,479
79,562
77,744
77,371
76,910
73,801
40.3%
41.8% 38.6%
5.0% 39.5% 35.8% 33.9% 31.8% 24.6%
35.9% 36.1% 34.0% 28.8% 25.1%
6.8%
17.1% 19.4% 17.2% 19.8% 18.9%
17.0% 17.5% 18.0% 17.6% 16.4% 16.4% 16.1% 17.2%
4.7%
12.3% 25.4%
16.1% 15.2% 16.3% 18.3% 19.3% 19.7% 21.6% 22.3% 22.9% 24.4% 24.9%
11.2%
16.5% 12.0% 11.2% 11.9% 13.0% 12.7% 13.3% 13.8% 14.0% 14.8% 15.4% 16.4% 17.4%
12.5% 10.1% 9.2% 8.9% 9.5% 9.2% 9.1% 8.8% 8.3% 7.9% 8.5% 8.3% 7.7%
1989 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Energy industries Transport Other Fugitive emissions from oil and natural gas
Manufacturing industries and construction Other sectors Fugitive emissions from solid fuels
148 | P a g e
Analysing the breakdown of emissions based on gas types, it becomes evident that CO2 emissions constituted
the largest share, with approximately 67% in the year 2021, succeeded by CH4 emissions with 22% and N2O
emissions with roughly 9%. The remaining greenhouse gases (HFCs, PFCs, SF6) collectively contributed to
around 2% of the total greenhouse gas emissions (Figure 49).
Figure 49. GHG emissions by gas (% share in total)
310,278
67.4%
151,327
132,871 130,693
126,670
118,722 118,215 117,100 115,310 118,359 119,237 115,763 115,403
112,036
67.3%
68.0% 69.8% 69.7%
66.9% 66.9% 66.6% 66.5% 67.3% 67.3% 66.4% 66.1% 66.9%
23.9%
24.4% 23.5% 21.8% 22.2% 23.0%

22.3% 24.0% 23.9% 24.0% 23.8% 22.8% 23.5% 22.3%
7.5%
1.3% 8.1% 7.7% 7.6% 7.2% 8.1% 8.1% 8.2% 8.3% 8.5% 9.0% 8.9% 8.7% 9.1%
1989 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
CO2 CH4 N2O HFCs PFCs SF6
Romania joined the EU and its ETS in 2007, and since then, the total allocated allowances have decreased
significantly (i.e., 73%), from 74.3 million t CO2-eq in 2007 to 20.4 million t CO2-eq in 2022 (Figure 50). The
freely allocated allowances have declined, ranging from 74.3 million t CO2-eq in 2007 to 14.3 million t CO2-eq
in 2022. Additionally, allowances that were auctioned or sold varied, with the lowest value being 0.6 million t
CO2-eq in 2012 and the highest value reaching 46.6 million t CO2-eq in 2018. In 2022, the auctioned/sold
allowances amounted to 6.1 million t CO2-eq.
Figure 50. Allocation of the emission reduction allowances (Mt CO2-eq)
-73%
76.2
75.0
74.8
74.3
74.2
73.9
72.8
80
71.8
67.9
66.7
70
55.6
60
27.5
52.1
51.8
21.3
40.4
47.2
29.8
50
19.0
21.3
30.0
40
75.6
75.0
74.8
74.3
73.9
71.8
30.7
9.4 14.6 24.0
30
6.1 14.3 20.4
46.6
45.3
20
36.9
33.8
33.1
30.5
25.6
10
16.6
0
0.6
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Freely allocated allowances

Allowances auctioned or sold (EUAs and EUAAs)
Total allocated allowances (EUA or EUAA)
Source: EEA, European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) data from European Union Transaction Log (EUTL), (database from
July, 2023)
149 | P a g e
Analyzing the verified emissions reported on the EUTL between 2007 and 2022 reveals a 53% reduction
(Figure 51). Emissions decreased from 69.6 million t CO2-eq in 2007 to 28.7 million t CO2-eq in 2022. The
total surrendered units exhibit a similar trend, dropping from 69.8 million t CO2-eq in 2007 to 27.6 million t
CO2-eq in 2022, representing a decrease of approximately 61%.
Figure 51. EU-ETS data for Romania (Mt CO2-eq)
80 74.3
Mt CO2-eq
70
69.6
60
50
40
30 27.6
20
20.4
10
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Total allocated allowances (EUA or EUAA)
Verified emissions
Total surrendered units
Source: EEA, European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) data from European Union Transaction Log (EUTL), (database from
July 2023)
II. Projections of sectoral developments with existing national and Union policies and measures
at least until 2040 (including for the year 2030)
Based on the current measures in place, Romania is projected to achieve a substantial reduction in its net
emissions, with a decrease of 76% by the year 2030, compared to the levels recorded in 1990 (as illustrated
in Figure 52). Specifically, its emissions, excluding Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF)
considerations, are anticipated to drop by 66% (Figure 53). Most of these emission reductions are expected
to materialize between 2030 and 2040, a period during which net emissions are forecasted to decline by 83%
relative to the 1990 levels or by 72% solely in terms of emissions (excluding LULUCF effects). Looking ahead
to 2050, the envisaged reduction from the existing measures will reach 85% for net emissions and 74% for
emissions only, with LULUCF sinks excluded from the calculation. The energy sector is projected to exert the
most significant influence on emission levels, although measures targeting the industrial and buildings sectors
will also play a noteworthy role in reducing emissions.
Figure 52. Decarbonization pathways until 2050 by sectors – with existing measures
History WEM
kt CO2-eq
300,000
-85%
228,533
250,000
200,000 105,886
117,833
150,000 12,432 -76%
-83%
11,387
59,388 66,145
100,000 28,327 62,534
54,337 50,567 39,486 36,659 34,415
85,915 12,585 17,429 3,571
11,388 19,557 13,705 12,098 3,646 3,745
18,353 18,547 18,983 18,955 18,593
50,000 38,947 18,351
27,306 22,976 20,042 18,891 17,793 16,577 15,470
34,651 21,111 19,169 20,166 20,405 20,721 20,897 21,156 21,423
0
-28,604 -33,494 -32,724 -32,412 -32,136 -31,891 -31,673 -31,478
-49,258
-50,000
1990 2005 2021 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Energy system Buildings Agriculture Waste Net emissions

Transport Industry LULUCF Other
150 | P a g e
Figure 53. Decarbonization pathways until 2050 without LULUCF by sectors – with existing measures
History WEM
kt CO2-eq
300,000
-74%
257,137
250,000
200,000 105,886
-66%
-72%
151,327
150,000 12,432
11,387
59,388 115,403
100,000 28,327 95,258
86,748 82,703
85,915 12,585 17,429 71,377
11,388 19,557 13,705 12,098 68,331 65,893
18,353 3,571 3,646 3,745
18,547 18,983 18,955
50,000 18,593 18,351
38,947
27,306 22,976 20,042 18,891 17,793 16,577 15,470
34,651
21,111 19,169 20,166 20,405 20,721 20,897 21,156 21,423
0
1990 2005 2021 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Energy system Buildings Agriculture Other

Transport Industry Waste

I. Current share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption and in different sectors
(heating and cooling, electricity and transport) as well as per technology in each of these
sectors
The gross final energy consumption from RES in the period 2004-2021 is constantly increasing, so that in
2021 it is more than 40% increased when compared to the 2004 level (as presented in Figure 54). However,
there are fluctuations in the gross final energy consumption, which has a decreasing trend in the period up to
2015, after which there is a slight increasing trend, reaching a maximum value in 2021. Part of the reasons
for the increased value of the gross final energy consumption in 2021 is because the 2021 heating degree
days are by 12% higher than the 2020 value and 6% higher than the 10-years average heating degree days
value. This suggests that 2021 was an unusually cold year. This leads to reduction of the RES share in the
gross final energy consumption in 2021, although an increasing trend is observed in the overall analyzed
period.
Figure 54. RES share in gross final energy consumption, 2004-2021
26,820
26,492
26,436
26,182
26,166
25,803
28,000 34
25,117
24,964
24,761
24,685
24,416
24,401
24,046
23,785
23,707
32
23,437
23,352
23,261
26,000
30
24,000
28
22,000 25.0
24.8 24.8 24.5 24.5 26
23.9 23.9 24.3
20,000 23.6
22.8 22.8 24
22.2 21.7
18,000 22
20.2
16,000 20
18.2
17.6 17.1
16.8 18
ktoe
14,000 %
16
12,000 14
10,000 12
8,000 10
5,954 6,037 5,960 6,101 6,061 6,329
5,491 5,570 5,578 5,779 5,809 8
6,000 5,287 5,253 5,309
4,444 4,600 4,529 4,695 2,190
1,491 1,672 1,793 2,051 2,162 2,150 2,142 2,155 2,154 2,117 6
1,431 1,439 1,571
4,000 1,313 1,359 1,376 1,404
4
2,000 3,821 3,780 3,967 3,504 3,688 3,551 3,531 3,410 3,509 3,557 3,470 3,496 3,455 3,661
3,092 3,202 3,119 3,253 2
0 40 40 34 38 35 33 33 234 210 234 198 237 295 338 336 451 522 547 0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Gross final energy consumption RES H&C Total RES adjusted

RES electricity RES transport RES share in gross final energy consumption
When analyzing the RES share in the gross final energy consumption by sectors, the highest percentage is
in the electricity sector (Figure 55) in which the RES consumption has increased by around 66% in the period
2004-2021. This is a result of the increased electricity production mainly from wind, but also solar and other
RES, as presented in Figure 56. At the same time there is also an increase in the final energy consumption
151 | P a g e
of electricity, which contributes the RES share in the gross final energy consumption of electricity to reach
42.5% in 2021, while in 2004 it was 28.4%.
Figure 55. Share of RES in gross final energy consumption of electricity and final energy consumption of Heating
and cooling and transport sector, 2004-2021
%
45 43.2 42.7 42.6 43.4
42.0 41.8 42.5
41.7
40 37.5
35 33.6
30.9 30.4 31.1
30 28.4 28.8 28.1 28.1 28.1
26.9
26.7
26.6
26.2
27.2
25.9
25.7
25.7
25.4
26.4
25.3
24.5
24.3
25 23.2
19.5
17.9
17.6
17.3
20
15
10 7.8 8.5
7.7
6.2 6.6 6.3
5.5 5.0 5.4 5.5
4.7
5
1.8 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.4
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
RES-E RES-T RES-H&C
Figure 56. Share by technology in RES consumption of electricity and gross final electricity consumption, 2004-
2021
5,274
5,248
5,220
5,200
5,167
5,145
5,123
5,123
5,500
5,090
5,075
5,024
5,017
4,994
4,971
4,860
4,859
4,768
4,756
5,000
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
ktoe
2,500
2,197 2,188 2,182 2,194 2,193 2,156 2,241
2,081
7.8% 7.2% 7.3% 6.9% 7.0% 6.9% 6.5%
2,000 1,823 6.7%
26.0%
28.9%
1,704
25.2%
26.5%
25.7%
26.0%
27.0%
24.6%
1,609
20.9%
1,440 1,466 1,473 1,524 13.4%

1,500 1,352 1,398 1,409 6.9%
1,000
100.0%
100.0%
97.7%
92.0%
99.9%
99.8%
85.5%
100.0%
99.8%
65.6%
65.3%
64.5%
64.6%
64.6%
62.1%
66.6%
76.0%
63.9%
500
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Hydro Wind Solar Solid biofuels All other renewables Final energy consumption of electricity
In the transport sector, there is a drastic increase of the final energy consumption by around 57% in the period
2004-2021 (Figure 57). Due to the EU regulations, starting from 2011 the compliant biofuels have a significant
role in the RES consumption in the transport sector reaching 91% in 2021. All of these contributes the RES
share in the gross final energy consumption in the transport sector to reach 8.5% in 2020 and 7.7% in 2021
(due to the again increased final energy consumption in this sector for 2021) from 1.8% in 2004.
Figure 57. Share by technology in RES consumption of transport and final consumption in the transport sector,
2004-2021
6,766
6,506
7,000
6,431
6,254
6,109
6,500
5,726
6,000
5,325
5,276
5,256
5,163
5,070
5,500
4,906
4,874
4,729
5,000
4,389
4,314
4,226
4,070
4,500
4,000
ktoe
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
549
519
511
401
397
353
292
281
281
262
246
500
91%
93%
92%
65%78
60%76
61%71
59%65
63%64
65%65
60%64
88%
88%
87%
84%
85%
87%
85%
84%
11%
11%
12%
14%
12%
15%
14%
12%
8%
8%
7%
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Renewable electricity in road transport Renewable electricity in all other transport modes Other renewable energies Final energy consumption in transport
Renewable electricity in rail transport Compliant biofuels Total RES adjusted
152 | P a g e
In the heating and cooling sector, the major contributor to the RES consumption is the biomass (Figure 58).
Between 2004 and 2010, the RES share rose in tandem with the growth in biomass consumption. However,
in the last ten years, both the final energy consumption for heating and cooling, as well as the consumption
of biomass, have been nearly stable. As a result, the percentage of renewable energy sources remained
almost constant in the period 2011-2020, with an increase in 2021. The greater value of the gross final energy
consumption for heating and cooling in 2021 is due, in part, to the more heating degree days that year, as
previously explained.
Figure 58. Share by technology in RES consumption of heating and cooling and final energy consumption of
Heating and cooling, 2004-2021
17,858
17,833
17,740
16,714
16,493
18,000
17,000
14,955
14,569
14,417
16,000
14,324
14,299
13,642
13,640
13,582
13,557
13,383
15,000
13,206
13,172
13,061
14,000
13,000
12,000
11,000
10,000
ktoe
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
3,821 3,780 3,967 3,688
4,000 3,504 3,551 3,531 3,410 3,509 3,557 3,470 3,496 3,455 3,661
3,092 3,202 3,119 3,253
3,000
98.5%
98.9%
98.8%
97.9%
97.0%
97.7%
96.9%
97.7%
97.2%
96.7%
96.8%
97.1%
97.0%
97.0%
98.8%
2,000
98.9%
98.5%
97.5%
1,000
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Pure biogas Solar thermal Solid biofuels (biomass) Final energy consumption
Geothermal Municipal waste renewable Derived heat
I. Indicative projections of development with existing policies for the year 2030 (with an outlook
to the year 2040)
By implementing the existing policies and measures it is expected that the RES share in gross final energy
consumption will increase to 34% in 2030 and 56% in 2050 (Figure 59). There are two reasons for this
increase in the RES share. On one hand, with the introduction of energy efficiency measures, the gross final
energy consumption will be reduced by around 8% in 2050, when compared to 2020. At the same time, the
RES consumption will be increased, so that biomass, wind, PV and hydro have the most significant role in
2030. In 2050 the hydrogen will make a major contribution, reaching a share of almost 30% of the RES final
energy consumption in 2050, by its use for electricity generation.
Figure 59. Indicative projections of RES share in gross final energy consumption up to 2050
28,000 85
25,680 26,100 25,631
26,000 80
24,761 24,883
23,692 75
24,000 22,761
70
22,000
65
20,000 60
56
18,000 52 55
50
16,000 50
45
ktoe
14,000 %
12,517 12,409 12,648 40
36
12,000 34 8.5% 8.4% 8.0%
32 35
10,000 9,124 17.8% 16.4% 30
8,877 21.2%
24 8,100 11.8%
8,000 12.0% 25
9.1% 29.5%
25.5% 27.1%
33.1% 20
6,000 38.1%
49.1% 10.7% 11.6% 12.0% 15
4,000 15.7%
15.8% 11.8% 13.5% 14.0% 10
16.8% 14.9%
2,000 5
16.8% 19.2% 18.3% 17.8% 16.4%
12.1%
0 0
2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Biogas Wind Hydro Hydrogen Biomass Heat pumps RES share

Ethanol Solar Geothermal Municipal Solid Waste Biodiesel Gross final energy consumption ajdusted
153 | P a g e
When analyzing by sectors, the RES share in the electricity will reach 58.8% in 2030 and 83.2% in 2050
(Figure 60). The major contributor to this increase is the electricity production from solar and wind in 2030 and
additionally from hydrogen in 2050. The RES share in the transport sector will be 26.6% in 2030 and 43.2%
in 2050, owing mainly to the increased use of electricity in the road transport sector. In the heating and cooling
sector, the RES share is 32.7% in 2030 and 34.7% in 2050. This share is achievable by replacing the biomass
with heat pumps for space heating and cooling and using more solar thermal collectors mainly for water
heating on one hand, and on the other hand by implementing energy efficiency policies and measures that
will significantly reduce the final energy consumption in this sector.
Figure 60. Indicative projections of share of RES in final energy consumption in different sectors (electricity,
transport and heating and cooling) as well as share by technology in RES consumption in WEM by 2050
% ktoe
8,100
82.4 82.8 83.2
7,818
85 8,500
7,570
80 8,000
7,150
75 7,500
6,658
70 7,000 6,736
62.9 6,476
5,817
65 6,500 6,237
58.8
60
5,274
6,000
20.8%
19.5%
19.1%
4,971
55 50.9 5,500
50 5,000
43.4
43.2
4,496
21.9%
21.8%
39.4
45 4,500
20.3%
3,915
35.4
40 4,000
26.5%
32.8
32.7
31.5
23.9%
35 3,500
2,959
25.3
30 3,000
34.7
33.2
33.0
16.4%
30.8%
34.1%
36.7%
2,241
31.2
2,156
38.9%
25 2,500
18.1
38.1%
6.5%
6.9%
26.6
33.3%
20 2,000
28.9%
27.0%
15 1,500
8.5
10 1,000
22.6%
22.2%
31.9%
35.8%
62.1%
63.9%
45.9%
21.5%
5 500
0 0
2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2020 2021 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
RES-E RES-T RES-H&C Hydro Solar Biomass Final energy consumption of electricity
Wind Hydrogen Biogass
14,955
ktoe ktoe
14,007
9,012
13,716
13,640
9,500 15,000
8,635
8,309
14,955
9,000
12,653
14,000
7,849
8,500
11,527
13,000
13,640
8,000
6,169 7,231
13,267
12,000
12,647
6,766
7,500
10,240
6,623
6,495
6,482
6,471
6,431
6,406
7,000 11,000
11,581
6,109
9,148
6,500
10,000
10,462
6,000
9,000
5,500
9,201
5,000 8,000
8,132
3,891
4,500 7,000
3,406
4,000
6,000
10%
2,943
3,500
6%
12%
4,413 4,491
2,446
5,000
3,000 4,147
6%
3,661
14%
16.8%
3,455 3,804
23.8%
1,922
4,000 3,396
25.9%
2,500
2.0%
97.0% 2.6%
6%
3,170
17%
28.0%
97.0% 2.6%
2.2%
57.5% 30.6%
3.0%
2,000
7%
51.0% 32.1%
3,000
1,201
3.6%
22%
84%
3.6%
1,500
82%
6.6%
8%
79.6%
71.1%
2,000
79%
66.7%
62.2%
36%
547
76%
522
1,000
12%
70%
500 1,000
52%
91%
93%
8%
7%
0 0
2020 2021 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
2020 2021 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Renewable electricity in road transport Other renewable energies Pure biogas Municipal waste renewable Heat pumps
Renewable electricity in rail transport Final energy consumption in transport ajdusted Geothermal Solid biofuels (biomass) Final energy consumption adjusted
Renewable electricity in all other transport modes Final energy consumption in transport Solar thermal Derived heat Final energy consumption
Compliant biofuels
154 | P a g e
4.3 Dimension Energy efficiency

I. Current primary and final energy consumption in the economy and per sector (including
industry, residential, service and transport)
The primary energy consumption in Romania in the period 2011-2021 reveals several trends, although the
total primary consumption is has been quite stable (Figure 61). First, the primary consumption of solid fossil
fuels (mainly coal) has decreased by more than half, and the consumption of natural gas has decreased by
around 10%. On the other hand, the primary consumption of other RES (except biomass – primary solid
biofuels) has increased by more than 70% in the analyzed period, due to the increased electricity generation
from RES. Additionally, the increased activity in the transport sector contributed to the increase of primary
consumption of oil and oil products by more than 20%.
Figure 61. Primary energy consumption by fuels, 2011-2021
Mtoe
40 -4%
35.8 35.0
35 33.5 33.6 34.3
31.9 31.8 33.2 32.2
31.9 31.6
8.1 5.0 4.0
7.6 5.4 4.9 3.5
30 5.7 5.7 5.9 5.3
25 10.5
8.6 8.4 9.6 9.7 9.9 9.6
8.0 8.0 8.6 8.8
20
15 9.9 9.7 9.9

11.1 10.8 9.8 9.3 8.9 9.0 9.7 9.3
10
3.6 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.6
3.5 3.7 3.6
5 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.8
1.6 1.5
3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9
0
-5
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Solid fossil fuels Oil and petroleum products Primary solid biofuels Non-renewable waste Electricity
Peat Natural gas Other RES Nuclear heat
For the energy efficiency sector, it is important to note that while the primary energy consumption remained
stable, the final energy consumption has increased by around 12% in the same period (Figure 62). This shows
that the efficiency in the energy sector has increased from around 63% in 2011 to 74% in 2021. Regarding
the specific fuels, only the final consumption of heat and solid fossil fuels has decreased in the analyzed
period. On the other hand, the highest increase in the final energy consumption is for the other RES (excluding
biomass) for more than 120% in the period 2011-2021 and for the oil and other oil products for around 30%.
Figure 62. Final energy consumption by fuels, 2011-2021
Mtoe +12%
26 25.3
23.4 23.7 23.5 0.7
24 22.6 22.6 23.0
21.9 0.6 0.7 0.6
0.8 0.8 21.6 21.5 21.6 0.6
22 0.7
0.7 0.7 0.8
20 8.4
6.5 6.7 7.6 7.9 8.3 7.9
18 6.4 7.1
6.6 6.8
16
14
6.6
12 6.1 6.0 5.7 5.6 5.8 5.6 5.8
5.5 5.3 5.2
10
8 3.6
3.4 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4
6
1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0
4
2 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.8 4.0
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Solid fossil fuels Peat Natural gas Other RES Heat

Blast furnace gas Oil and petroleum products Primary solid biofuels Non-renewable waste Electricity
155 | P a g e
The previous conclusion about the transport sector, can be confirmed from Figure 63. Namely, the final energy
consumption in the transport sector has increased by more than 30%, so its share has increased from 23%
in 2011 to 27% in 2021. The share of the industry sector has decreased from 31% in 2011 to 27% in 2021.
The share of the final energy consumption in the households and the commercial and public services sector
is pretty stable in the analyzed period, with an increase in the absolute values for 2021, mainly due to the
higher heating demand.
Figure 63. Final energy consumption by sectors, 2011-2021
Mtoe
26 25.3
24 23.4 23.7 23.5

22.6 22.6 23.0
21.6 21.6 21.9
22 21.5 27%
20 28% 28% 27%

28% Industry sector
31% 30% 29%
29% 30% 30% Transport sector
18
Commercial & public services
16
27% Households
14 27% 28% 28% Agriculture & forestry
23% 27%
23% 24% 25% 26%
12 25% Not elsewhere specified (other)
7%
10 8% 8% 8% 8%
8% 8% 8% 8%
8% 8%
8
6
35%
35% 36% 36% 34% 34% 34% 33% 33% 34%
4 35%
2
2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2%
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
II. Current potential for the application of high-efficiency cogeneration and efficient district heating
and cooling
The potential for implementing high-efficiency cogeneration, as well as efficient district heating and cooling
systems, has been a subject of detailed evaluation in Romania. A comprehensive assessment of this potential
was documented in the Report on the assessment of the national potential for the application of high-efficiency
cogeneration and efficient district heating and cooling. This report was jointly prepared by the Ministry of
Public Works, Development and Administration and the Ministry of the Economy, Energy and the Business
Environment. The problem is that the report is outdated, as it dates back to 2015. Nowadays, there are
numerous modern tools that, when combined with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), offer a fresh
perspective on the district heating system through mapping. This approach is highly user-friendly for
policymakers and facilitates better decision-making.
According to the report from 2015 the potential for district heating in 2030 is around 1900 ktoe.
III. Projections considering existing energy efficiency policies, measures and programmes as
described in point 1.2.(ii) for primary and final energy consumption for each sector at least until
2040 (including for the year 2030)
The projections considering the existing energy efficiency policies and measures show that the primary energy
consumption will decrease by 4% in 2030 compared to 2019 (Figure 64). At the same time, the final energy
consumption will remain at almost the same level (Figure 66). In the long-term plan, the primary energy
consumption should be decreased by 17% in 2050, relative to 2011 level, while the final energy consumption
will decrease by 10%. The existing policies and measures related to improving the energy performance of the
building and the usage of more efficient technologies, will be highly evident in the households sector, whose
share in the final energy consumption will be reduced to 30% in 2030 and 18% in 2050. On the other hand,
the share of the industry and the transport sector are expected to increase if only the existing policies and
measures are implemented, reaching 37% and 32% in 2050, respectively.
156 | P a g e
Figure 64 Projections of primary energy consumption Figure 65. Projections of final energy consumption by
– WEM sectors – WEM
Mtoe Mtoe
40 40
-17% Industry sector Households
35.8 Transport sector Agriculture & forestry
35 34.3 35
33.2 Commercial & public services Not elsewhere specified (other)
31.9 32.2 31.8 32.0
31.4 31.3 -4%
30.2 29.8
30 30
-10%
25.3
25 25 23.7 23.5 23.4 23.4
22.6 23.0 22.3 -1%
21.6 21.1
27% 20.3
20 20 28% 27% 27% 30%
31% 32%
30% 34%
35%
37%
15 15 27%
28% 28% 26% 26%
23% 25% 28%
29%
10 7% 31%
10 8% 8% 8% 10% 32%
8% 11%
11%
11%
35% 11%
5 5 35% 33% 34% 34% 11%
34% 30% 27% 23% 20% 18%
0 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2%
0
2011 2015 2019 2020 2021 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2011 2015 2019 2020 2021 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
IV. Cost-optimal levels of minimum energy performance requirements resulting from national
calculations, in accordance with Article 5 of Directive 2010/31/EU
In the analyses conducted as part of the NECP under the building renovation, the Scenario 2 from the National
Long-Term Renovation Strategy was used. In this strategy it is written that for the purpose of analysing and
identifying cost-effective renovation measures and packages, reference buildings considered to be
representative of the existing national building stock were selected on the basis of statistical sampling. The
selection took into account the most common architectural characteristics, types and climatic zones in
Romania. The analysis under the Long-Term Renovation Strategy are conducted in accordance with the
methodology framework for calculating cost-optimal levels of minimum energy performance requirements for
buildings and building elements, established at EU level. In addition it is written that the methodology and cost
comparisons correspond to those defined in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 244/2012 of 16
January 2012 supplementing Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the
energy performance of buildings by establishing a comparative methodology framework for calculating cost-
optimal levels of minimum energy performance requirements for buildings and building elements, and the
guidelines accompanying the Regulation.
157 | P a g e

I. Current energy mix, domestic energy resources, import dependency, including relevant risks
Romania's domestic primary production is rather diverse, with natural gas accounting for the majority (32%–
33%) of the total (Figure 66). Solid fossil fuels, crude oil, primary solid biofuels, and nuclear heat all have
about identical shares in 2021, which contributes for diversifying the energy resources. In the analyzed
historical period it is evident that the highest decrease in the domestic production is in the solid fossil fuels,
with production falling by more than half by 2021 compared to 2011. Additionally, throughout the studied time,
there was a 22% and 14% decrease in the production of crude oil and natural gas, respectively. On the other
hand, although wind and solar photovoltaic primary production climbed dramatically during the same time
period, their overall shares of the energy mix are 2% and 1% in 2021, respectively. All of these factors together
caused the total primary production to decrease by more than 16% between 2011 and 2021.
In parallel to the decrease in domestic primary production, there is an increase in the net import of more than
40% in the period 2011-2021. This import is dominantly based on the quantity of crude oil import, which
accounts for around 63% of the net import in 2021. The highest share of export of fuels, has the motor gasoline
which is maintained at a similar level throughout the entire period.
Figure 66. Current energy mix by domestic resources and imports, 2011-2021
ktoe
-16.4%
30,000
27,493 27,197
25,808 26,273 26,374
24,737 25,489 25,058
25,000 24,530
Domestic primary production
24% 23% 18% 17% 18% 22,361 22,971

17% 18% 16% 16%
12% 13%
20,000 15% 14% 13% 14%
14% 14% 15% 14% 14%
0% 0% 14% 14%
1% 0% 1% 0% 0% 1%
1% 1% 1%
15,000
33% 33% 33% 31% 34% 34% 34% 32%
32% 32% 33%
10,000
5% 6% 5% 6% 5% 6% 5% 6% 7%
5% 4% 2% 2% 2% 2% 3% 2% 1%
5,000 13% 14% 14% 14% 13% 14% 14% 14% 14% 15% 16%
1%
11% 11% 11% 11% 11% 11% 11% 11% 12% 13% 12%
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Solid fossil fuels Natural gas Primary solid biofuels Peat Bitumen
Crude oil Hydro Other renewable Motor gasoline Other oil products
Natural gas liquids Wind Non-renewable waste Kerosene-type jet fuel (excluding biofuel portion) Electricity
Additives and oxygenates Solar photovoltaic Nuclear heat Gas oil and diesel oil (excluding biofuel portion)
ktoe +43.7%
14,000 10,065 10,864
12,000 1,078 939
8,164 9,096
7,560 7,862 6,970 7,819 766
886
10,000 1,077 1,028 990
1,222 5,276 5,326
5,845
953 6,814
Net import
8,000 1,042 982 8,657

5,374 7,063
6,000 5,078 8,263
7,452 7,716
5,238 6,675 6,546
4,000
2,268
2,464 2,297 1,610
2,000 2,147 1,041
848 1,165 1,175 941 1,196 110
562 255 465 161
0
-1,711 -1,492 -1,624 -1,714 -1,745 -2,075 -1,894 -2,142 -2,200 -1,852 -1,629
-2,000 -650 -398 -184
-464 -131 -308
-4,000
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Source: EUROSTAT energy balances, project team analysis
In the latter three years of the studied period, the overall import dependency has increased, reaching 32% in
2021, while in 2011 this percentage was 21% (Figure 67). As previously mentioned, this import is mainly
increased due to the import of crude oil. Additional study of the countries from where the import is made is
considered in order to evaluate the risk associated with this import. In 2021, around 46% of the crude oil is
imported in Romania from Kazakhstan, 27% from Russian Federation and 11% from Iraq (Figure 68).
Regarding the import of natural gas, around 78% is from the Russian Federation and around 18% from
Bulgaria (Figure 69).
158 | P a g e
Figure 67. Import dependence, 2011-2021
Mtoe %
32
42 32
30
40 30
38 28
35.8 28
36 35.0
34.3
33.5 33.6 33.2
34 26
31.9 31.6 31.9 31.8 32.2
32 24
22 24
30 23
21 22
28 22
26 20
18
24 18
17 17
22
16
20
18 14
16 12
14
10
12 10.9
10.1 8
10 9.1
7.6 7.9 7.8 8.2
8 7.0 6
5.8 5.3 5.3
6
4
4
2
2
0 0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Primary energy consumption Net import Import share
Source: EUROSTAT energy balances, project team analysis
Figure 68. Countries from which crude oil is imported in Romania - 2021
Ukraine
Tunisia Moldova, Republic of
Azerbaijan
4% 1%
4% 0%
Turkmenistan
7%
Iraq 11%
46% Kazakhstan
27%
Russian Federation
Figure 69. Countries from which natural gas is imported in Romania - 2021
Hungary Greece
4% 0%
Bulgaria
18%
78%
Russian Federation
As motor gaseline has the highest share of the export of fuels, Figure 70 shows the countries to which
Romania exports motor gaseline in 2021. It can be noted that the export is very diverse and includes many
countries, such as Giblartar with 17% share, Bulgaria – 15%, Tunisia 12%, Moldova 11% and Georgia 10%.
159 | P a g e
Figure 70. Countries to which motor gasoline is exported from Romania - 2021
Other Gibraltar
17% 17%
Lebanon
3%
Azerbaijan 3%
Italy 4% 15% Bulgaria
Cyprus 4%
4%
Türkiye
12%
10%
Tunisia
Georgia
11%
Moldova, Republic of
II. Projections of development with existing policies and measures at least until 2040 (including
for the year 2030)
Figure 64 clearly shows that the primary consumption in Romania will decrease. The transition away from
coal-fired power plants is underway, but it's important to note that this shift will involve the integration of natural
gas and domestically generated renewable energy sources. Additionally, the transportation and industrial
sectors are set to go through electrification, which will have a positive impact on the country's energy
landscape. As a result of these efforts, Romania anticipates a reduction in its dependence on imported
petroleum products. Therefore, the nation is not expected to increase its imports, which is a promising
development for its energy sustainability and security.
160 | P a g e

4.5.1. Electricity interconnectivity
I. Current interconnection level and main interconnectors
The percentage value of 7% representing the interconnection capacity, as outlined in the Country
Report of Romania for the European Semester of 2017, was computed by a panel of experts
established by the European Commission. This calculation was based on the electricity
interconnection targets (interconnection target group) and utilized data provided by CNTEE
Transelectrica SA from the Winter outlook 2016-2017 half-year adequacy report. The 7% figure
was derived by dividing the import NTC value of 1.4 GW by the Net Generation Capacity (NGC)
value of 20.23 GW, both of which were considered for January 11, 2017, at 19:00 CET.
In 2020, this indicator experienced a growth to approximately 10-11%. According to ANRE this can
be attributed to two primary factors. Firstly, there was an update to the installed capacities in the
energy system, specifically incorporating groups with commercial exploitation licenses, as required
by ANRE. Secondly, the increase in NTC values at the border with Bulgaria, elevating them from
250-300 MW to 900 MW, resulted from the resolution of internal congestion within the ESO-EAD
transmission network.
Romania's government approved an action plan in June 2021, which encompasses cross-border
initiatives. As of January 1, 2022, the installed capacity in the power system reached 18,569 MW.
For January 2022, the cross-border trade capacity available at Romania's interface had average
monthly values of around 2500 MW for exports and 3000 MW for imports (increasing each year
Table 10). Consequently, the resulting level of interconnection stands at approximately 13.5% when
examining the report from the export capacity perspective, and about 16% for the import capacity.
Over recent years, the degree of interconnection has risen in tandem with the growth in available
capacity for cross-border trade (increasing from approximately 1500 MW in 2015 to over 2500 MW
in 2022) and the decrease in installed capacity in generating units at the power system level.
Table 10. Maximum monthly NTC values (MW)

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
RO export 1650 1700 1700 1550 1550 2400
RO import 2100 2150 2450 2200 2450 2700
RO->HU 700 700 700 600 650 700
HU->RO 700 700 700 700 800 700
RO->RS 600 700 700 600 600 600
RS->RO 800 800 800 800 800 800
RO->BG 250 250 250 300 250 900
BG->RO 400 300 300 400 350 800
RO->UA 100 50 50 50 50 200
UA->RO 200 350 650 300 500 400
Source: Transelectrica, Planul de Dezvoltare a RET perioada 2022- 2031 Transport-detalii - Transelectrica
Concerning the attainment of the 15% interconnection goal set for the year 2030, the primary aim
is for this target to be accomplished predominantly by executing the PCIs (Projects of Common
Interest). Similarly, the objective is to achieve this goal by carrying out the additional renewable
energy projects.
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Chapter 3.4 outlines the roster of investment projects related to interconnection, detailing the
individual contributions of each project toward achieving the overarching goal of elevating the
interconnection level to 15% of the total installed capacity by 2030.
According to the RET Development Plan for the period 2022-2031 the total length of the electricity
interconnection lines sum up 489.04 km in the total grid. The current interconnections are listed in
Table 11 and presented on Figure 71.
Table 11. Interconnection lines linking the national electricity transmission system to the system of neighboring
countries
Order no. Border OEL interconnection

1 Bulgaria 400 kV Țânțăreni – Kozlodui OPL
2 Bulgaria 400 kV Stupina – Varna OPL
3 Bulgaria 400 kV Rahman – Dobrudja OPL
4 Serbia 400 kV Iron Gates – Djerdap OPL
5 Serbia 400 kV Reșița – Pancevo OPL
6 Serbia 110 kV Jimbolia – Kikinda OPL
7 Serbia 110 kV Gura Văii – Sip OPL
8 Serbia 110 kV Ostrovu Mare – Kusjak OPL
9 Hungary 400 kV Arad – Sandorfalva OPL
10 Hungary 400 kV Nadab – Bekescsaba OPL
11 Ukraine 400 kV Roșiori – Mukachevo OPL
12 Ukraine 110 kV Siret - Porubnoe
13 The Republic of Moldova 400 kV Isaccea – Vucănești OPL
14 The Republic of Moldova 110 kV Stânca – Costești OPL
15 The Republic of Moldova 110 kV Cioara – Huși OPL
16 The Republic of Moldova 110 kV Țuțora – Ungheni OPL
17 The Republic of Moldova 110 kV Falciu – Gotești OPL
Source: Transelectrica, Planul de Dezvoltare a RET perioada 2022- 2031 Transport-detalii - Transelectrica
Figure 71. Current situation of the electricity transmission grid in Romania
Source: Transelectrica, Transport-detalii - Transelectrica

162 | P a g e
II. Projections of interconnector expansion requirements (including for the year 2030)
The projects related to interconnector expansion are in details given in chapter 3 (PAM xx-xx).
Here a summary list is presented:
Black Sea Corridor (TYNDP ID 138)

Commission year: 2024
This project allows transfer of generation from Western cost

of the Black Sea towards consumption and storage centers in
Central Europe and South-Eastern Europe. It consists of one
400kV double circuit OHL Cernavoda-Stalpu with in/out
connection of one circuit in Gura Ialomitei, one 400 kV double
circuit OHL Smardan-Gutinas in Romania and also the new
400 kV OHL Dobrujda-Burgas in Bulgaria.
Mid-Continental East corridor (TYNDP ID 144)

The main aim of this project is increasing the transmission
capacity along the East-West corridor in the South-Eastern
and Central Europe, simultaneously contributing to the market
integration in the region of interest and enhancing the
integration of large renewable sources in the Banat region.
The project consists of one double circuit 400 kV
interconnection line between Serbia and Romania and
reinforcement of the network along the western border in
Romania: one new simple circuit 400 kV line from Portile de
Fier to Resita and upgrade from 220 kV double circuit to 400
kV double circuit of the axis between Resita and Arad,
including upgrade to 400 kV of three substations along this
path: Resita, Timisoara, Sacalaz.
HU-RO (TYNDP ID 259)
400 kV interconnection line between Hungary and Romania.

In Romania, the following internal investments are necessary
associated to this project:
- new 400/220 kV transformer in substation
Rosiorireconductoring 220 kV OH line Urechesti-Tg.
Jiu-Paroseni- Baru Mare-Hasdat
North CSE Corridor (TYNDP ID 341)

This project includes a segment of the new significant corridor
in the East-to-West direction, boasting the massive cross-
border impact on the boundary between Serbia and Romania.
It will enhance the market integration in the region, allowing
the lower difference in marginal energy costs, connection of
huge capacities of RES that have applied for connection in the
observed area and affect the security of supply in the
aforementioned region by increasing the available balancing
capacity. This project will consist of three investments. The
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investments of this project are SS 400/110 Belgrade 50, OHL

400 kV SS Belgrade 50 - WPP Cibuk and doubling existing
OHL 400 kV Portile de Fier (RO) - Djerdap 1 (RS).
Georgia-Romania Black Sea interconnection cable project (TYNDP ID 1105)
Georgia-Romania Black Sea submarine interconnection
project will connect Georgian power system (and South
Caucasus region) to Synchronous grid of Continental Europe.
It will assist energy security of EU and Caucasus region,
support development of RES, increase transit opportunities
and trade options between EU and South Caucasus region.
Based on preliminary data, the project consists of:
construction of double-circuit 500 kV between existing 500 kV
SS Jvari and new 500 kV SS Anaklia, two-pole 500 kV DC
submarine cable Anaklia-Constanta, construction of 500/500
kV DC converter station with installed capacity of 2x500 MW
at Anaklia substation.
Romania-Moldova
The Project will improve the energy security for Moldova by

accelerating the ongoing integration with ENTSO-E and
facilitate the development of regional integration as Moldova
will introduce a new route for electricity exchange.
Source: https://tyndp2022-project-platform.azurewebsites.net/projectsheets/transmission; https://www.ebrd.com/work-with-

us/projects/esia/moldova-romania-power-interconnection-phase-ii.html

I. Key characteristics of the existing transmission infrastructure for electricity and gas
According to the latest version of ANRE annual report (2022), the electricity transmission grid (ETG) consists
of overhead power lines (OPL) with rated voltage of 750 kV, 400 kV, 220 kV and 110 kV and power stations
with voltage above 400 kV/220 kV, summing up 8,904.62 km of total length of the electricity transmission grid
and interconnection lines summing up 489.04 km in total.
As per the most recent annual report of ANRE (2022), the electricity transmission grid (ETG) is composed of
overhead power lines (OPL) with designated voltages of 750 kV, 400 kV, 220 kV, and 110 kV. Additionally,
there are power stations operating at voltages 400 kV/220 kV contributing to a total length of 8,904.62 km for
the electricity transmission grid, along with interconnection lines that amount to a total of 489.04 km.
Out of the entire length of the OPL, 83% became operational from 1960 to 1979, and 14% became operational
from 1980 to 1999 (Figure 72). Only 3% of the OPL are commission after 2000. Тhe level of utilization of the
transmission lines (calculated as a percentage between duration of the operating period and standard lifetime,
48 years) shows that the lines constructed in the period 1960-1979 are 4% over the standard lifetime of usage
while the lines constructed in the period 1980-1999 are at the level of 78% of its standard lifetime. These lines
need to be kept at an optimal operational state through the implementation of suitable maintenance programs.
164 | P a g e
Figure 72. The LEA distribution by voltage levels, length and commissioning periods
8,807
72 207
2% 2% 2
6% 3% (1%) (2%)
1,238
(14%)
22%
72%
97% 100%
7,290
(83%)
73%
22%
110 kV 220 kV 400 kV 750 kV 2022
2020-2019 2000-2019 1980-1999 1960-1979
Source: ANRE annual report 2022
Unlike the transmission lines, the condition of the substations is significantly better and only 26% of them are
older than 2000 (Figure 73). Тhe level of utilization of the substations (calculated as a percentage between
duration of the operating period and standard lifetime, 24 years) shows that almost all substations
commissioned before 2000 are over the standard lifetime of usage.
Figure 73. The number and installed power in substations (MVA)
3 22 32 82 1 2 9 25 1 31 8 36,507
2 5,601
5 (15%)
9 21
3 11 4,173
(11%)
8
2
6
11 3
19
18 4 22,237
42 (61%)
16
7
1
2 2
5 11 4,496
1 2 (12%)
1
500 400 250 200 100 63 40 25 20 16 10 2022
1960-1979 1980-1999 2000-2019 2020-2019
Source: ANRE annual report 2022
Natural gas transmission infrastructure
According to the latest version of ANRE annual report (2022), natural gas transmission system is
accomplished via main pipelines and supply connections, spanning a total length of 13,978 km. These
pipelines have diameters ranging from 25 mm to 1200 mm. Moreover, the associated facilities, equipment,
and machinery are in place, designed to function at pressures ranging between 6 bar and 63 bar. This
infrastructure serves the purpose of receiving extracted natural gas from production areas, underground
storage facilities, and imports, facilitating its conveyance. The goal is to ultimately deliver this gas to end-
users within both domestic and international natural gas markets. Notably, SNTGN Transgaz SA operates an
international transit pipeline that operates under a pressure of 54 bar.
The main components of the National Natural Gas Transport System (NTS) are:
165 | P a g e
• 13,978 km of main pipelines and natural gas supply connections, of which 183.5 km are
transit pipelines, and 481 km are related to the BRUA main;
• 1,148 gas measurement control stations / 1,254 measurement directions;
• 10 physical interconnection points with adjacent transport systems
• 6 physical entry/exit points connected to storage warehouses;
• 2 measuring stations located on the transit pipeline
• 59 valve control stations/technological nodes (SCV, NT);
• 6 gas measuring stations for import/export;
• 8 gas compression stations (GCS);
• 1,057 cathodic protection stations (CPS);
• 1,054 gas odorization stations (GOS).
ANRE in the annual report of 2022 presents that more that 55% of the natural gas transmission
network is older than 40 years, while just 9% is up to 10 years old (Figure 74). The situation with
the other components of the transmission network is much better and they are between 10 and 20
years old (Table 12).
Figure 74. Length of the transmission network by year of commission

7,717
2,178
1,456 1,377
886
364
≥ 40 years between 30 between 20 between 10 between 5 ≤ 5 years

and 40 years and 30 years and 20 years and 10 years
166 | P a g e
Table 12. Components of the transmission network by year of commission
Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of gas
measurement directions gas import/export gas cathodic valve control compression
related to measurement odorization measurement protection stations (SCV- stations (SCG)
regulation stations stations (SOG) regulation stations stations (SPC) NT)
(SRM) (SMG)
≥ 40 years 155 18 1 5 11 0
between 30 and 59 25 0 4 0 0
40 years
between 20 and 396 271 3 14 3 0
30 years
between 10 and 530 430 0 926 14 0
20 years
between 5 and 52 214 1 71 24 0
10 years
≤ 5 years 62 96 1 37 7 8
TOTAL 1.254 1.054 6 1.057 59 8
As of December 31, 2022, the 28 licensed natural gas distribution operators, authorized by ANRE, possessed
a collective network of natural gas distribution pipelines and interconnected links spanning a total length of
58,594 km. Among these, polyethylene networks constituted the predominant share at 68.15%, having notably
experienced significant expansion over the past two decades.
Hence, out of the entire 58,594 km network, a significant portion exceeding 29% comprises networks
established within the last decade, while approximately 35% fall within the age bracket of 10 to 20 years.
Conversely, over 27% consists of pipes and connections that have been in service for 20 to 30 years, while
merely around 8% are aged beyond 30 years. Comparatively, in just one year period (2021-2022) the national
natural gas distribution grid extended by 2,496 km, reflecting a growth rate of 4.45% when compared to 2021.
II. Projections of network expansion requirements at least until 2040 (including for the year 2030)
The project for expansion of the network are provided in the Chapter 2.
167 | P a g e
4.5.3. Electricity and gas markets, energy prices

I. Current situation of electricity and gas markets, including energy prices
In accordance with Law no. 123/2012, as of January 1, 2021, the regulated tariffs that applied to residential
customers have been eliminated. Consequently, electricity supply prices for households are no longer set by
ANRE; instead, they are determined freely, influenced by market demand and supply dynamics.
Simultaneously, starting from January 1, 2021, ANRE retains its regulatory authority concerning the approval
of prices and tariffs in the electricity sector. This authority pertains exclusively to regulated tariffs for network
services, which encompass transport service tariffs, system service tariffs, distribution service tariffs, and
reactive electricity prices.
Before the electricity market was liberalized, which occurred on December 31, 2020, among the total
8,924,187 consumption sites belonging to residential customers, 34% of them had entered into contracts for
electricity supply under a competitive framework. Until December 31, 2022, subsequent to the electricity
market liberalization, an analysis of data provided by electricity suppliers reveals that 61% of the entire count
of consumption sites owned by residential customers have entered into contracts for electricity supply in a
competitive framework.
As of January 1, 2022, in accordance with the provisions of Law no. 123/2012, the universal service is
exclusively guaranteed to residential customers and is offered by electricity suppliers who have entered into
competitive market contracts with these residential customers. The provision of universal service is governed
by a standardized contract framework established and approved by ANRE.
Electricity suppliers are mandated to publicize their universal service offerings and to engage in electricity
supply contracts if they receive requests from eligible customers seeking universal service. The pricing for
customers receiving universal service is determined by each supplier, guided by competitive criteria. It is
essential that this pricing remains reasonable, competitive, easily comparable, transparent, and non-
discriminatory.
Due to the electricity market liberalization in Romania, there has been a notable surge in electricity prices for
residential customers. In the second half of 2022, the electricity price for households in Romania is
approximately 20% higher than the EU average, a situation that contrasted with the period prior to 2020
(Figure 85). Additionally, the electricity prices for non-household consumers in 2022 also surpass the EU
average, as shown in (Figure 86).
Figure 75. Trend in electricity prices for household Figure 76. Trend in electricity prices for non-
consumers - bi-annual data Consumption from 2 500 household consumers - bi-annual data Consumption
kWh to 4 999 kWh - band DC from 2 000 MWh to 19 999 MWh - band ID
341.1
376.2
350 400
EUR/MWh
EUR/MWh
284.0
+20% 350
300
294.1
-32%
252.5
236.9
236.2
300 +58%
220.3
250
216.8
216.8
214.9
213.1
213.2
210.0
208.9
208.6
208.7
208.3
238.0
206.9
205.1
250
210.3
200
160.2
153.6
145.9
144.9
142.1
200
159.5
135.8
153.9
133.3
131.9
131.7
130.3
128.9
126.0
123.3
119.8
134.3
150
132.0
131.5
129.5
128.2
127.3
126.3
121.7
121.2
120.4
120.2
119.8
119.0
118.8
113.4
112.4
150
109.4
107.8
96.6
92.7
91.8
88.6
86.8
86.5
100
84.8
81.9
100
50 50
0 0
2015-S1
2015-S2
2016-S1
2016-S2
2017-S1
2017-S2
2018-S1
2018-S2
2019-S1
2019-S2
2020-S1
2020-S2
2021-S1
2021-S2
2022-S1
2022-S2
2015-S1
2015-S2
2016-S1
2016-S2
2017-S1
2017-S2
2018-S1
2018-S2
2019-S1
2019-S2
2020-S1
2020-S2
2021-S1
2021-S2
2022-S1
2022-S2
EU 27 Romania
In the first half of 2022, up to June 23, 2022, the providers acting as suppliers of last resort were appointed
by ANRE. This selection was conducted from the pool of existing suppliers in the energy market, employing
competitive procedures as outlined in ANRE Order no. 188/2020. In accordance with the stipulations outlined
in the order, ANRE has designated a total of 6 suppliers of last resort for the year 2021. In March 2022, Tinmar
168 | P a g e
Energy SA, citing developments in the energy market, legislative uncertainties, and flawed implementation of
enacted laws, which collectively made it impossible to fulfill the obligations associated with the status of
supplier of last resort, formally requested to have this status revoked.
The situation with the electricity is mirrored to the natural gas price too (Figure 77 and Figure 78).
Figure 77. Trend in natural gas prices for household Figure 78. Trend in natural gas prices for non-
consumers - bi-annual data 20 GJ to 199 GJ - band D2 household consumers - bi-annual data Consumption
from 10 000 GJ to 99 999 GJ - band I3
175.9
150 180
EUR/MWh
EUR/MWh
126.5
140
160
130
113.7
120 +11%
140
110 +90%
-50%
100 120
86.1
99.5
90
78.2
92.5
100
72.5
72.2
71.1
69.5
80
67.6
67.5
67.2
67.0
64.3
64.2
63.8
76.4
62.7
61.5
61.1
70
80
60 47.5
52.0
49.6
50 60
44.2
35.4
34.7
41.1
34.0
33.2
33.2
39.8
32.4
32.3
32.1
32.0
38.3
31.7
37.7
37.7
37.5
31.1
37.2
37.2
30.8
37.0
36.6
36.5
30.3
36.4
36.0
35.9
35.7
40
34.5
34.4
33.5
33.3
32.4
30.8
30.4
30.4
29.1
28.8
40
30
20
20
10
0 0
2015-S1
2015-S2
2016-S1
2016-S2
2017-S1
2017-S2
2018-S1
2018-S2
2019-S1
2019-S2
2020-S1
2020-S2
2021-S1
2021-S2
2022-S1
2022-S2
2015-S1
2015-S2
2016-S1
2016-S2
2017-S1
2017-S2
2018-S1
2018-S2
2019-S1
2019-S2
2020-S1
2020-S2
2021-S1
2021-S2
2022-S1
2022-S2
EU 27 Romania
II. Projections of development with existing policies and measures at least until 2040 (including
for the year 2030)
Assuming that the costs associated with the transmission and distribution network remain consistent with
present pricing, the forecasts for electricity prices in the WEM scenario indicate a gradual uptick in prices up
to the year 2030. This upward trend can be attributed primarily to the investments made in new natural gas
power plants. Nevertheless, beyond the year 2030, significant alterations in pricing are not anticipated. The
electricity prices are expected to stabilize, reflecting a period of relative price constancy.
169 | P a g e

I. Current situation of the low-carbon-technologies sector and, to the extent possible, its position
on the global market (that analysis is to be carried out at Union or global level)
The low-carbon-technologies sector in Romania is still in its early stages of development, but it has the
potential to grow significantly in the coming years. Romania has a number of strengths in this sector, such as
a skilled workforce with a strong background in science and engineering, a favorable investment climate, and
a strategic location in Central Europe. However, the sector also faces some challenges, such as a lack of
investment, a lack of coordination between different stakeholders, and a lack of awareness of the benefits of
low-carbon technologies. Despite these challenges, the low-carbon-technologies sector in Romania is
expected to grow significantly in the coming years, driven by the increasing demand for low-carbon products
and services, the availability of funding from the EU and other international organizations, and the commitment
of the Romanian government to promoting low-carbon technologies.
In terms of its position on the global market, Romania is still a relatively small player in the low-carbon-
technologies sector. However, the country has the potential to become a more significant player in the years
to come, due to the factors mentioned above, as well as the country's strategic location and its access to a
large market.
As examples of low-carbon technologies that are being developed in Romania: solar energy, wind energy,
hydropower, geothermal energy, and energy efficiency are present and being used. These are just some of
the low-carbon technologies that are being developed in Romania.
- Solar energy: Romania has a lot of potential for solar energy, with an average of 2,000 hours of
sunshine per year. The country has over 20 of solar energy projects being developed 45
- Wind energy: Romania also has a lot of potential for wind energy, with an average wind speed of 5-
7 m/s. In 2021, wind energy generated about 16% of Romania’s electricity. As of 2021, the installed
capacity of onshore wind energy in Romania was 3,013 MW. The share of wind and other
renewables in Romania’s electricity generation mix is expected to rise by 35% by 2030. In January
2023, Vestas announced the closing of a turbine deal with DTEK Renewable International Moldova
Eolian for the Ruginosa wind project with 600 MW capacity in Romania 6
- Hydropower: Romania has a number of rivers, which makes it a good location for hydropower
projects. The country has a total installed hydropower capacity of more than 6,500 MW, which
accounts for around 20% of its electricity generation. 7
- Geothermal energy: Romania has a number of geothermal resources, which can be used to
generate electricity and heat homes and businesses. The country has a total installed geothermal
heating capacity of 150 MW, which produced heat is used is district heating.
- Energy efficiency: There are a number of energy efficiency projects being developed in Romania,
which aim to reduce the country's energy consumption. These projects include the installation of
energy-efficient appliances and lighting, the insulation of buildings, and the use of renewable energy
sources.
The low-carbon-technologies sector in Romania has the potential to create jobs, boost economic growth, and
improve the country's environmental performance. The government and the private sector need to work
together to ensure that the sector realizes its full potential.
II. Current level of public and, where available, private research and innovation spending on low-
carbon-technologies, current number of patents, and current number of researchers
In the realm of research and innovation spending focused on low-carbon technologies, the current landscape
showcases a dynamic interplay between public and private sectors. Public research funding, often channeled
through governmental initiatives and international collaborations, serves as a foundational pillar for fostering
advancements in sustainable technologies. Countries worldwide are allocating substantial resources to
support projects aimed at reducing carbon emissions and mitigating climate change. Concurrently, private
entities, driven by a growing recognition of the economic and environmental benefits of low-carbon solutions,
are also investing significantly in research and development efforts. This dual-pronged approach reflects a
4 Photon Energy connects two new solar power plants to the Romanian grid | Romania Insider (romania-insider.com)
5 20 Biggest Solar Projects in Romania - SolarFeeds Magazine
6 Romania Wind Energy Market Trends (mordorintelligence.com)
7 https://www.statista.com/statistics/864411/total-hydropower-capacity-in-romania/
170 | P a g e
collective commitment to addressing global environmental challenges. Pertaining to the intellectual property
landscape, the number of patents related to low-carbon technologies has witnessed a steady rise in recent
years. Innovators are actively seeking patent protection for novel clean energy solutions, carbon capture
technologies, and sustainable materials, reflecting the increasing urgency to transition to greener alternatives.
In tandem with patent filings, the number of researchers dedicated to exploring low-carbon technologies has
been on the upswing. This surge in research personnel signifies a growing expertise and interest in
sustainable innovation across academia, research institutions, and industrial settings, signifying a
collaborative effort to pioneer a more sustainable future.
In Romania, the current landscape of research and innovation spending on low-carbon technologies is
characterized by a combination of public and private investment. According to data from the Romanian
Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization, the country has made significant strides in increasing its
research and development (R&D) expenditures, with a particular emphasis on sustainable technologies even
though data shows this is not the case. The level of research and innovation spending in Romania is low,
compared to other countries in the EU. However, there is a growing interest in low-carbon technologies, and
the government is committed to increasing investment in this area. The number of patents granted in Romania
is also relatively low, but there is a growing number of startups and SMEs developing low-carbon technologies.
The number of researchers in Romania is also low, but there is a strong focus on training and education in
this area.
Private R&D spending in Romania is relatively low, compared to other countries in the EU. In 2020, the
average for the EU was 1.24% of GDP. In 2020, Romania granted 1,248 patents. Of these, 488 were granted
to domestic applicants, and 760 were granted to foreign applicants and as for number of researchers,
according to the 2021 Romanian R&D Scorecard8 , there were a total of 122,198 researchers in Romania in
2020. Of these, 93,062 (76.1%) worked in the public sector and 29,136 (23.9%) worked in the private sector.,
Romanian companies are progressively recognizing the strategic value of investing in low-carbon
technologies. Businesses spanning energy, manufacturing, and transportation sectors are channeling
resources into research and development of cleaner alternatives. While comprehensive private sector
spending data is not always readily available, the country's increasing participation in international
sustainability projects signifies a positive trend.
According to the 2023 EU Innovation Scoreboard Romania shows a weak performance on Climate change
related indicators with below average share of material resources coming from recycled waste materials, a
below average reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, and a below average score on environmental
innovation. Private investment in low-carbon technologies is relatively low in Romania. This is due to a number
of factors, including the lack of a clear policy framework, the lack of access to finance, and the lack of
awareness of the benefits of low-carbon technologies.
There is also a lack of coordination between different stakeholders in the low-carbon-technologies sector.
This makes it difficult to develop and implement policies and strategies that promote the sector.
Combining this with the lack of awareness of the benefits of low-carbon technologies among businesses and
consumers. This makes it difficult to create demand for low-carbon products and services.
The low-carbon-technologies sector in Romania is facing a number of challenges, including:
• Low level of investment: Private investment in low-carbon technologies is relatively low in

Romania. This is due to a number of factors, including the lack of a clear policy framework, the
lack of access to finance, and the lack of awareness of the benefits of low-carbon technologies.
• Lack of coordination: There is a lack of coordination between different stakeholders in the low-
carbon-technologies sector. This makes it difficult to develop and implement policies and
strategies that promote the sector.
8 chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://ec.europa.eu/research-and-
innovation/sites/default/files/rio/report/PSF_background_report_final_23Nov_2021.pdf
171 | P a g e
• Lack of awareness: There is a lack of awareness of the benefits of low-carbon technologies

among businesses and consumers. This makes it difficult to create demand for low-carbon
products and services.
The low-carbon-technologies sector in Romania has the potential to create jobs, boost economic growth, and
improve the country's environmental performance. The government and the private sector need to work
together to ensure that the sector realizes its full potential. In conclusion, Romania's research and innovation
landscape reflects a notable commitment to advancing low-carbon technologies. Public and private
investments, coupled with an increasing number of researchers and patent activities, collectively underscore
the nation's dedication to sustainable innovation and its role in addressing global environmental challenges.
III. Breakdown of current price elements that make up the main three price components (energy,
network, taxes/levies)
Within the intricate fabric of energy economics, a comprehensive understanding of the components that
constitute pricing is essential for both informed decision-making and strategic planning. These fundamental
components, illuminate the nuanced interplay between market dynamics, infrastructure expenses, and
regulatory frameworks that collectively shape the pricing structure within the energy sector. Through this
exploration, a clearer comprehension of the intricate pricing emerges, offering stakeholders a foundation upon
which to navigate the complex landscape of energy economics.
The electricity price in Romania is made up of three main components: energy, network, and taxes/levies.
The energy price component includes the cost of the electricity generated, as well as the cost of transporting
and distributing the electricity to consumers. The network price component includes the cost of maintaining
and operating the electricity transmission and distribution networks. The taxes/levies component includes the
cost of various taxes and levies, such as the value-added tax (VAT), the excise duty, and the renewable
energy surcharge.
According to a recent study by the Romanian Energy Regulatory Authority, the energy price component
accounts for around 60% of the average electricity bill, the network price component accounts for around
25%, and the taxes/levies component accounts for around 15%. The specific breakdown of the price
components can vary depending on the supplier and the region.
The government of Romania has taken a number of steps to reduce the cost of electricity for consumers.
These steps include:
• Subsidizing the cost of electricity for low-income households.

• Introducing a renewable energy surcharge, which is used to fund the development of renewable
energy projects.
• Introducing a green certificate system, which allows businesses to offset their carbon emissions
by investing in renewable energy projects.
The government is also working to improve the efficiency of the electricity transmission and distribution
networks, which will help to reduce the cost of electricity for consumers.
• Energy: The energy price component includes the cost of the electricity generated, as well as the
cost of transporting and distributing the electricity to consumers. The energy price component is
the largest component of the electricity bill, accounting for around 60% of the total price.
• Network: The network price component includes the cost of maintaining and operating the
electricity transmission and distribution networks. The network price component is the second
largest component of the electricity bill, accounting for around 25% of the total price.
• Taxes/levies: The taxes/levies component includes the cost of various taxes and levies, such as
the value-added tax (VAT), the excise duty, and the renewable energy surcharge. The
taxes/levies component is the smallest component of the electricity bill, accounting for around
15% of the total price.
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The specific breakdown of the price components can vary depending on the supplier and the region. However,
the general breakdown outlined above is representative of the average electricity bill in Romania.
Here are some additional details about each of the price components:
• Energy: The cost of the electricity generated is determined by a number of factors, including the
type of fuel used, the efficiency of the power plant, and the market price of electricity. The cost of
transporting and distributing the electricity is also determined by a number of factors, including
the distance that the electricity has to travel and the capacity of the transmission and distribution
networks.
• Network: The cost of maintaining and operating the electricity transmission and distribution
networks is determined by a number of factors, including the age and condition of the networks,
the number of customers served, and the cost of labor and materials.
• Taxes/levies: The cost of various taxes and levies is determined by the government. The specific
taxes and levies that are applied to electricity can vary depending on the country.
The government of Romania has taken a number of steps to reduce the cost of electricity for consumers.
These steps include:
• Subsidizing the cost of electricity for low-income households.

• Introducing a renewable energy surcharge, which is used to fund the development of renewable
energy projects.
• Introducing a green certificate system, which allows businesses to offset their carbon emissions
by investing in renewable energy projects.
The government is also working to improve the efficiency of the electricity transmission and distribution
networks, which will help to reduce the cost of electricity for consumers.
Electricity
Figure 79 illustrates the complete pricing structure of electricity supplied to typical household and non-
household consumers. The final electricity price for customers encompasses:
• Energy and supply costs (consisted of the costs of generation, aggregation, balancing energy,
customer services, after-sales management, and other supply costs).
• Network costs, encompassing transmission and distribution network charges.
• Various taxes, fees, levies, and additional charges, which, in the context of Romania, include Value
Added Tax (VAT), renewable taxes, and environmental taxes.
Figure 79. Breakdown electricity prices by components for household and non-household consumers
350 340 334.6
EUR/MWh
EUR/MWh
Household consumers Non - household consumers

Consumption from 2 500 kWh to 4 999 kWh - band DC
320 Consumption from 2 000 MWh to 19 999 MWh - band ID
300
300
280
260
250 237.2 240
220 236.6
200 200
180
156.3 160
150 139.0 144.7 171.5
132.7 140 131.1
123.4 115.4
71.0 120 110.2
58.6 61.2 94.3
100 48.5 56.9 100 85.4 71.9
80 55.8 57.5 26.2
36.9 45.3
41.8 42.6 42.6 60
50 41.6 40.9 22.2
46.1 40 21.5 22.7 53.3
22.1 21.1
19.8 21.2 22.2 23.1 24.9 17.6 18.4 20.9
20 13.6 15.0
12.5 1.0 12.7 1.0 15.4 1.0 16.8 1.0 16.7 1.1 18.5 1.1 12.3 12.4 14.8 0.5 16.3 0.5 15.6 0.5 18.0 0.5
0 0
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Energy and supply Network costs Value added tax (VAT) Renewable taxes Environmental taxes
Source: Eurostat (Annual data on share for transmission and distribution in the network cost for gas and electricity)
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Most of the network costs for the household consumers, approximately 85% to 86%, are allocated to the
distribution network, as depicted in Figure 81. The remaining 14% to 15% pertain to the transmission network.
In the case of non-household consumers, the proportion of distribution network costs increased from around
17% in 2017 to roughly 28% to 31% within the 2018-2021 timeframe. Simultaneously, the share of
transmission network costs decreased from 83% in 2017 to about 69% to 72% between 2018 and 2021.
Figure 80. Share of transmission and distribution in the network costs for electricity
100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
100% 100.0%
90% 14.8% 15.0% 15.1% 15.1% 14.4% 13.9% 90.0% 16.7%
30.9% 29.4% 27.7% 27.8%
80% 80.0%
70% 70.0%
60% 60.0%
50% 50.0%
40% 85.2% 85.0% 84.9% 84.9% 85.6% 86.1% 40.0% 83.3%
69.1% 70.6% 72.3% 72.2%
30% 30.0%
20% 20.0%
10% 10.0%
0% 0.0%
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Network transmission costs Network distribution costs
Source: Eurostat (Annual data on electricity prices components for household and non-household consumers),
Note: Data for 2022 are not available for non-household consumers
Natural gas
The composition of price constituents for natural gas follows the same structure observed in electricity (as
shown in Figure 81) for the period 2017 and 2022. As per the Eurostat definition, the energy and supply
expenses encompass the commodity price for natural gas paid by the supplier or the cost of natural gas at
the point of entry into the transmission system, including, if applicable, additional expenses borne by end-
users like storage costs and costs relating to the sale of natural gas to final customers.
Figure 81. Breakdown of gas prices by components for household and non-household consumers
140 140 135.0
EUR/MWh
EUR/MWh

130 Consumption from 20 GJ to 199 GJ - band D2 130 Consumption from 10 000 GJ to 99 999 GJ - band I3
120 120
110 110
100 100
90 83.3 90
80 80 105.0
70 70
60 60
50 61.2 50
37.3 36.9 39.1
40 33.3 34.2 40
30.2 32.1 30.1 32.0 32.3
30 30
19.7 20.4 23.5 23.3 25.3 7.9
20 16.8 19.2 20 17.1 19.1 19.6
8.8
10 8.6 8.3 8.3 7.8 7.8 10 8.2 7.8 7.6 7.0 7.0 21.4
13.3 0.6 6.1 0.7
0 4.8 5.3 5.5 5.1 6.0 0 4.8 5.1 6.0 5.1 0.7
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Energy and supply Network costs Value added tax (VAT) Other
Source: Eurostat (Annual data on gas prices components for household and non-household consumers)
In the case of household consumers, the proportion of expenditure within the total network costs for gas
allocated to the transmission network decreased from 22% to 17% between 2017 and 2021, while the
distribution network costs rose from 78% to almost 83%, as illustrated in Figure 82. A comparable trend is
evident among non-household consumers, with network transmission costs declining from nearly 33% in 2017
to 26.5% in 2021, while network distribution costs increased from approximately 67% to 73.5% from 2017 to
2021.
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Figure 82. Share of transmission and distribution in the network costs for natural gas
100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
100% 100.0%
90% 22.4% 20.1% 19.6% 17.4% 17.6% 90.0%
32.7% 30.2% 29.5% 26.5% 26.5%
80% 80.0%
70% 70.0%
60% 60.0%
50% 50.0%
40% 77.6% 79.9% 80.4% 82.6% 82.4% 40.0%
67.3% 69.8% 70.5% 73.5% 73.5%
30% 30.0%
20% 20.0%
10% 10.0%
0% 0.0%
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Network transmission costs Network distribution costs
Source: Eurostat (Annual data on electricity prices components for household and non-household consumers),
Note: Data for 2022 are not available
IV. Description of energy subsidies, including for fossil fuels

According to this 2022 Report on Energy Subsidies in the EU, from the commission to the European
Parliament and the Council, the energy subsidies in Romania increased in the period 2015-2020, reaching
about 0.75% of the GDP in 2020. Additionally, most of the subsidies are still for fossil fuels, but a significant
part of the subsidies are for RES.
Figure 83. Subsidies for different energy sources, as percentage of GDP in 2015 and 2020, and in billion euros in
2020
Source: 2022 Report on Energy Subsidies in the EU, from the commission to the European Parliament and the Council 9
According to the Law no. 226 / 2021 on the establishment of social protection measures for vulnerable energy
consumer, the financial social protection measures consist of aid to meet minimum energy needs and are:
a) aid for heating the dwelling;
b) aid for energy consumption to cover part of the household's energy consumption throughout the year;
c) aid for the purchase within a dwelling of energy-efficient equipment necessary for lighting, cooling,
heating and providing hot drinking water, for replacing technically and morally outdated household
9https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-
content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52022DC0642#:~:text=Energy%20subsidies%20as%20a%20percentage,most%20Member%20States%20as%20well
175 | P a g e
appliances with energy-efficient household appliances, and for the use of energy-intensive means of
communication;
d) aid for the purchase of products and services to increase the energy performance of buildings or to
connect to energy sources.
The subsidies for heating for vulnerable consumers are for four types of heating systems (centralized heating
energy; natural gas; electricity; solid and/or petroleum fuels). The annual data for the number of beneficiaries
and the total budged that is paid as aid for heating for vulnerable consumers is presented in Figure 62. As
shown, there is a change in the trend after 2021, which is mainly due to the fact that the Law 226/2021 applied
from 1st of November 2021, the date from which Emergency Ordinance 70/2011 on social protection
measures during the cold season was repealed.
Figure 84. Number of beneficiaries and funds received as home heating aid
No. of beneficiaries
1,300,000
1,217,116
1,200,000
1,100,000 20% 1,044,746 1,027,950 -27%
1,000,000
20% 882,745
900,000 26% 4%
23% 775,485 10%
800,000
700,000 23% 17%
600,000 26% 569,581
22%
500,000 15% 456,842 473,325
20% 16% 5% 4%
400,000 86%
57% 20%
300,000 57% 263,979 240,344
47% 59% 17% 202,018
200,000 16% 91%
63% 20% 17% 13%
63% 17%
100,000 61% 65% 69%
0 0% 0% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1%
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Million lei
Thermal energy supplied in a centralized system Natural gas Wood, coal or petroleum fuels Electricity
900 859
2%
5%
800
700
600 +134%
531
500 3% 1%
400 367 368 93%
27% 23%
300
227 96%
28% 198
200 33% 22%
22% 149
36% 18% 122
36% 77 61
100 49% 34% 49
40% 35% 17%
40% 40% 45% 43%
36% 33% 15% 49% 31% 12% 54%
0% 0% 43% 0% 0%
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
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5. ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS OF
PLANNED POLICIES AND
MEASURES WITH EXISTING
POLICIES AND MEASURES
5.1 Impacts of planned policies and measures described in
section 3 on energy system and GHG emissions and
removals, including comparison to projections with
existing policies and measures (as described in section 4).
I. Projections of the development of the energy system and GHG emissions and removals as well
as, where relevant of emissions of air pollutants in accordance with Directive (EU) 2016/2284
under the planned policies and measures at least until ten years after the period covered by
the plan (including for the last year of the period covered by the plan), including relevant Union
policies and measures.
When including all of the sectors in which there are GHG emissions and removals, the difference between
the WEM and WAM scenarios in 2030 is 9% (Figure 85). However, by implementing additional measures the
difference between the scenarios is more than 90% in 2050. The removals considered for both scenarios from
the LULUCF sector for the whole analyzed period are the same. Consequently, the difference in both
scenarios when analyzing only the GHG emissions is 5% in 2030 and 47% in 2050.
Figure 85. Difference between net GHG emissions in Figure 86. Difference between GHG emissions in WEM
WEM and WAM scenario (including LULUCF) and WAM scenario (excluding LULUCF)
kt CO2-eq kt CO2-eq
65,000 100,000
62,534 95,000 95,258
60,000
90,000
85,000 92,604 -5% 86,748
55,000 59,879 54,337 82,010 82,703
-9% 80,000
50,000 49,598 50,567
75,000
72,043 71,377
45,000 70,000 68,331
65,000 65,893
40,000 39,908 39,486 60,000
36,659 55,000
35,000 34,415 52,963
50,000 -47%
30,000 45,000
42,798
25,000 40,000
35,000 34,599
20,000 21,073
-91% 30,000
25,000
15,000
20,000
10,000 11,126
15,000
10,000
5,000
3,120 5,000
0 0
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
WAM WEM
Additional measures in the Transport sector must be implemented in order to achieve this more ambitious
goal, as defined in the WAM scenario (Figure 94 and Figure 95). Furthermore, the Industry sector has also
significant role in the additional emission mitigation, followed by measures implemented in the Agriculture,
Energy System, Buildings and Waste.
177 | P a g e
Figure 87. GHG emissions and removals (and net- Figure 88. Difference between GHG emissions in WEM
emissions) by sectors in WAM and WAM scenario by sectors
History
kt CO2-eq
228,533
260,000 0 -464 -864 -985
-741 -1,510 -2,261
-239 -306 -1,031 -2,624
240,000 -2,000 -814 -626
-483
0
220,000 -4,000 -2,655 -1,416 -5,086
0
200,000 105,886
-6,000 -4,739
-1,076 -9,901
180,000 -8,000 -1,210
-1,877 -13,660
160,000 117,833 -10,000
0
-16,100
140,000
12,432
-12,000 -10,660
-1,621
11,387
120,000 59,388 66,145 -14,000 -2,604
100,000 28,327 59,879 -16,000

12,585
49,598 -2,269 -2,105
85,915 16,966
80,000 19,557 39,907 -18,000
0
11,388 12,841
17,612 11,112
21,072 -18,414
60,000 13,411 17,516
13,897
-20,000 -4,201 -2,685
38,947
10,519
9,141 9,054
11,125
40,000 27,306 7,320
4,933 3,120 -22,000
22,737 19,559 2,251
17,680 15,189
34,651 12,376 9,442 -2,730
20,000 21,111 19,169 19,352 -24,000 -6,028
18,989 18,844 18,628 18,425 18,195
0
0 -26,000 -25,533
-28,604
-31,478
-31,891
-31,673
-32,136
-32,412
-32,724
-33,494
-49,258
-20,000 -28,000
-3,228
-40,000 -30,000
0
-60,000 -32,000 -31,295
1990
2005
2019
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
kt CO2-eq 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Energy system Buildings Agriculture Waste Net emissions

Transport Industry LULUCF Other
If the LULUCF sector is taken into account, the GHG intensity varies by 9% in 2030 and 91% in 2050 between
the two scenarios, which corresponds to the difference in GHG emissions since the anticipated GDP is the
same for both scenarios (Figure 89). Similarly, the difference in the GHG intensity in both scenarios is 5% in
2030 and 47% in 2050 if the LULUCF sector is not included (Figure 90).
Figure 89. Difference between the GHG intensity in Figure 90. Difference between the GHG intensity in
WEM and WAM scenario (including LULUCF) WEM and WAM scenario (excluding LULUCF)
g CO2-eq//EUR GDP g CO2-eq//EUR GDP
338 589
340 338 600
589
320
550
300
280 500
267
260 450
240
255 400 406
220
200 195 350 395
180 178 312
300 295
160 160
262
140 250
127 229
120 206
114 200
100 100 187
171
89 150 153
80 -47%
61 117
60 100
-91% 90
40
30 50
20
8
0 0
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
WAM WEM
When analyzing by sectors, due to the increased electricity generation from renewable sources (mainly wind
and PV), there is a slight difference in the GHG intensity of domestic power and heat generation between the
two scenarios (Figure 91). However, these differences are minimal in 2030, as well as in 2050, when this
sector is almost completely decarbonized in both scenarios.
Figure 91. Difference between GHG intensity of domestic power and heat generation
t CO2-eq/MWh
0.17
0.16
0.16
0.15 0.16
0.14
0.13 WAM WEM
0.12
0.11 0.11
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
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In line with the previous discussion, the Transport sector has the biggest difference in terms of GHG intensity,
with an increase of 82% in 2050, which means that much more drastic measures are implemented in the
WAM scenario in order to decarbonize this sector (Figure 92). Following behind are the sectors: industry, with
a difference of 56% in 2050; residential, with a difference of 54%; and commercial, with a difference of 30%.
However, it should be emphasized once more that the differences in 2030 are minimal for all of the sectors.
Figure 92. Difference between GHG intensity by sectors
t CO2-eq/toe
3.5
Transport sector t CO2-eq/toe
1.6
Industry sector
1.5
3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1.4
2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 1.3
1.3
1.2 1.5 1.2
2.5 2.9 2.4
1.0 1.1
1.0
2.0 0.9
1.8 -82% 0.8 0.8 0.8
1.5 -56%
0.6 0.6
1.0 1.1
0.4 0.4
0.5 0.5 0.2
0.0 0.0
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
t CO2-eq/toe
1.2
Commercial sector t CO2-eq/toe
1.6
Residential sector
1.1
1.1 1.4
1.0 1.0
1.1 0.9 1.2
0.9
0.8 0.8 1.0
0.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
0.7 0.9
0.6 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.8 -54%
0.5
-30% 0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.4 0.5
0.2
0.2
0.0 0.0
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
WAM WEM
Regarding the RES share in the gross final energy consumption, the WEM and WAM scenarios differ slightly
in 2030, i.e. the share should be at least 34% (Figure 96), which is in line with the EU commission target set
for Romania. However, the difference in 2050 is much higher. In the scenario with existing measures, the
RES share will reach 56% in 2050, while with additional measures it will reach 86%. Generally, this difference,
as show in Figure 97, in mainly due to two reasons. First, the hydrogen consumption is much higher in the
WAM scenario, which in turn requires higher wind and solar capacity for its production. Second, there is a
decreased consumption of biomass in the WAM scenario, as well as, drastic increase in the heat pumps used
for heating and cooling.
Figure 93. RES share in gross final energy consumption – Comparison between WAM and WEM scenarios
EU commission recommended
target for Romania target 34%
%
90 86
85
80 76
75
70
65
65
60
55
56
50 52
50
45 41
40 36
35 32
36
30 34
32
24
25
20
15
10 WAM WEM
5
0
2021 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
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Figure 94. RES energy consumption – difference between WAM and WEM scenarios
ktoe
6,500 5,837
6,000
18%
5,500
5,000 4,532
4,500 16%
41%
4,000
3,500 3,082
8% 42%
3,000 0%
2,500 45%
1%
2,000
4%
1,500 1,220
8%
1,000 52%
29%
479 0% 29%
500 213 0% 0% 8% 30%
7% 55% 44%
92% 0% 35%
0 0% -6% -1%
0% -4% -4%
-500
-1,000
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Biogas Wind Hydro Hydrogen Biomass Heat pumps

Ethanol Solar Geothermal Municipal Solid Waste Biodiesel
When analyzing by sectors, there is no major difference between RES share in the gross final electricity
consumption throughout the whole analyzed period up to 2050. The increased RES share in this sector, in
the WAM scenario, is mainly due to the increased use of wind and solar, as well as, hydrogen for electricity
generation.
Figure 95: RES share in gross final electricity Figure 96. RES electricity – difference between WAM
consumption – Comparison between WAM and WEM and WEM scenarios
scenarios
% ktoe
85 82 83 83 3,500 3,419
80 11.1%
80 80
75 78
3,000
70
2,695
65 63
59 2,500 11.0%
60
55 51 59
56
57.8%
50 2,000
45 49 1,812
15.6%
58.5%
40
35 1,500
30
63.5%
25 1,000
20
621
31.0%
15
1.7% 26.7%
500
79.6%
10
13.4%
5 83
15.0%
6.5%
0
0.0%
0 0
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
WAM WEM Hydro Solar Biomass

Wind Hydrogen Biogass
In order to increase the RES share in gross final consumption in the heating and cooling sector in the period
after 2025, there is a need for drastic additional measures, as shown in the WAM scenario (Figure 97 and
Figure 98). These measures mainly include replacing the biomass with heat pumps, central heating and solar
thermal capacity in the whole period, as well as the use of hydrogen in this sector in the period after 2030. By
implementing this additional measures, the RES share in this sector can be increased from 33% in 2030 to
36%, or from 35% in 2050 to 76%.
180 | P a g e
Figure 97: RES share in gross final consumption in Figure 98. RES energy consumption in H&C sector –
H&C sector – Comparison between WAM and WEM difference between WAM and WEM scenarios
scenarios
% ktoe
80 5,000 4,560
76 4,511
75 72
4,500
70
34.6%
65 4,000
43.9%
60
3,500
55 51
50 3,000
43
28.8%
45 2,500 2,330
40 36
36.7%
48.0%
35 33 2,000
35
30 33 33 33 33 1,500 1,354
32
40.1% 49.8%
32.3%
25
1,000
39.9%
13.8%
20
15 500 217 222
6.2%
4.3%
76.3%
90.9%
11.7%
10
0
5
0 -500
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
WAM WEM Pure biogas Municipal waste renewable Heat pumps

Geothermal Solid biofuels (biomass) Hydrogen
Solar thermal Derived heat
The situation for the RES share in the transport sector for 2030 is similar in both scenarios. i.e., it is 27% in
the WEM scenario and 30% in the WAM scenario (Figure 99 and Figure 100). The difference is due to
increased use of electricity in the rail transport and the use of compliant biofuels. However, in order to
significantly increase the RES share in the transport sector in the following period, additional measures are
needed for electrification of the road transport, which will contribute the RES share to reach 95% in 2050 in
the WAM scenario.
Figure 99: RES share in final consumption in Figure 100. RES energy consumption in transport
transport sector – Comparison between WAM and sector – difference between WAM and WEM scenarios
WEM scenarios
ktoe
7,040
%
95
95 7,500
90 87 7,000
85
6,500
5,500
80
5%
74 6,000
75
70 5,500
4,208
65 5,000
5%
60 4,500
54
55 4,000
50
4%
3,500
45
83%
40 43 3,000
2,120
35 39 2,500
83%
30 35
30 2,000
31
84%
6%
25 22 1,500
27
20
1,000
79%
275
15 18
48
500
13%
10
166%
-35%
-4%
0
-5%
5
-6%
-5%
-5%
0 -500
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
WAM WEM Renewable electricity in road transport Compliant biofuels

Renewable electricity in rail transport Other renewable energies
Renewable electricity in all other transport modes
181 | P a g e
There is a slight difference in the primary energy consumption between both scenarios, although the
consumption by fuels is very different (Figure 101, Figure 102 and Figure 103). The more intensive
electrification in the WAM scenario requires more primary consumption of renewable sources, but on the other
hand in the WEM scenario instead of RES, more crude oil is used (for oil products consumption in the country,
but also for export).
Figure 101. Primary Energy Consumption – Comparison between WEM and WAM scenarios
Mtoe
40
35.8
34.3
35 32.2
31.9
30.4 30.7 30.1
30 29.0
27.9 27.2
30.2 30.4 30.6 -2%
25 29.0
27.3 26.6
20
WEM WAM
15
10
0
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Figure 102. Primary energy consumption by fuels – Figure 103. Difference in Primary energy consumption
WAM scenario by fuels –between WEM and WAM scenarios
Mtoe Mtoe
30.2
32 30.4 30.6 14
2.0 0.5 29.0
30 0.7 12 0.2
0.4 27.3
28 0.3 26.6 0.2 2.8
5.5 4.1 10 0.0
6.8 2.8 0.1 0.5
26 1.4 0.2 2.7
9.2 8 0.2
24 2.7 4.4
2.7
22 6.9 6 3.9
3.9 6.8 6.8 6.8 0.2
20 4 3.9
3.0 0.2 4.2
18 0.1 0.1 4.3 4.8
2.3 2 3.4
3.2 2.3 2.2
16 4.4 0.0 0.2 1.1
1.9 0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0
14 10.4 2.2
9.5 8.9 -2.8
12 2.7 -2 0.0 -5.1
0.0 -0.1 0.0 -6.4
10 -4 -0.2 -7.7
0.0 -9.1
0.0 -0.3 0.0 -10.4
8 12.4 -6
3.2 10.9 -0.3 -1.0 0.0
6 4.3 3.9 9.4 -0.2
-8 0.0 -1.0 -0.1
4 -0.2
1.6 2.7 4.0 0.0 -1.5
-10
2 -0.1 -0.3 0.0 -2.0
0 0.7 0.2 0.0 -0.3 0.0 -0.5 0.0 -0.1 0.2 -12 -0.6
-1.6 -0.1 -0.5
-2 -14 -0.7
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Solid fossil fuels Nuclear Natural gas Other RES Alcohol

Crude Oil Oil and petroleum products Primary solid biofuels Hydropower Electricity
The total difference in the final energy consumption in both scenarios reaches 15% in 2050, while in 2030 it
is only 1% (Figure 74). However, there is a difference in the fuels used, i.e., in the WAM scenario there is a
reduced need for oil and petroleum products, as well as, natural gas, but on the other hand increased use of
electricity and other RES (which mainly refers to hydrogen and solar energy) (Figure 105 and Figure 106).
182 | P a g e
Figure 104. Final Energy Consumption – Comparison between WEM and WAM scenarios
Mtoe
26 25.3
23.5 23.4 23.4 23.0
24 22.6 22.3
21.6 21.1
22 20.3
23.2 23.1
20 21.9
-15%
18 20.3
16 18.4
17.2
14
12 WEM WAM
10
8
6
4
2
0
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Figure 105. Final energy consumption by fuels –WAM Figure 106. Difference in Final energy consumption by
scenario fuels –between WEM and WAM scenarios
Mtoe Mtoe
26 25.3 5
0.7
24 23.7 23.5 4
23.2 23.1
22.6 0.7 0.6
21.6 0.9 0.8 21.9
22 0.8 3 3.6
0.8 0.6
20.3 2.8
20 8.4 0.4 2
6.2 18.4 2.0
8.3 7.9 6.7 4.8
18 6.5 3.1 0.3 1 1.2
17.2 0.0
6.8 1.7 1.2
0.7 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.0
16 0 0.2 0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3
3.6 2.7 1.8 -0.1 -0.4 0.0 -0.6 0.0
14 4.5 1.4 -1 -0.2 0.0 0.0 -0.2
5.2 -2.0
5.5 1.8 -0.3
6.6
12 6.1 5.6 5.8 2.4 -2 -3.5
5.3 4.0 -0.4
2.9 -0.1 -0.1 -4.7
10 3.2 -3 -1.1 -5.4
3.5 2.4
3.8 1.5 1.1 1.1
8 3.6 1.2 -4 -0.7
3.4 3.4 3.4 0.7 1.3
3.3
0.2 1.3 -0.2 -0.3
6 0.5 -5 -2.0
1.2 -1.0
1.7 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.0 8.1
4 7.1 7.6 -6 -0.4
5.5 6.4 -0.2 -1.4
2 3.9 4.0 4.8 -7 -2.8
3.7 3.7 3.8
-0.5
-0.3
0 -8 -3.1
2011 2015 2019 2020 2021 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Solid fossil fuels Peat Natural gas Other RES Heat

Blast furnace gas Oil and petroleum products Primary solid biofuels Non-renewable waste Electricity
The energy efficiency first principle is implemented when developing the two scenarios. This contributes to
the reduced final energy consumption, which, when comparing the two scenarios is mostly notable in the
Transport sector (Figure 109 and Figure 110). This is achieved by the higher degree of electrification of this
sector, which also means that there will be more efficient vehicles in the WAM scenario, which can be
achieved only by lowering the lifetime of the vehicles. The increased use of more efficient technologies in the
Household sector, such as the heat pumps, will contribute the difference in the final energy consumption of
this sector in both scenarios to be 27%. The difference in the other sectors is not so high, which means that
in both scenarios the most efficient technologies are assumed.
183 | P a g e
Figure 107. Final energy consumption by sectors – Figure 108. Difference in Final energy consumption by
WAM scenario sectors–between WEM and WAM scenarios
Mtoe Mtoe
-24%
26 25.3 0.2
23.7 23.5 0.0 1% 0% 0% 0%
24 23.2 23.1 53% 5% 33% 4%
22.6 -2% 20%
21.9 -0.2 9% 12%
22 21.6 27% -0.2 61%
-0.4 13% -0.3 28%
20.3 23%
20 28% 27% 27% 30% -0.6
31% 18.4 4% 68%
18 30% 33% -0.8 26%
17.2
-1.0 9% 69% 65%
37%
16 -1.1
27% -1.2
41%
14 28% 28% 26% -1.4 3%
26% 43%
23% 25%
12 26% -1.6 23%
7% -1.8
10 25% 6%
8% 8% 8% 10% 3%
8% 11% -2.0 4%
25% -2.0
8 11% -2.2
26%
12% 23%
6 -2.4
35% 12% 27%
35% 34% 33% 34% 34% -2.6
4 30% 12% 5%
27% -2.8
23% -2.8
2 20%
16% -3.0 5%
2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2%
0 -3.2 -3.1
2011 2015 2019 2020 2021 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Industry sector Commercial & public services Agriculture & forestry

Transport sector Households Not elsewhere specified (other)
The highest share in the final non-energy consumption in both scenarios have the bitumen and the natural
gas (Figure 109 and Figure 110). However, their consumption in the WEM scenario is more than double,
when compared to the WAM scenario.
Figure 109. Final non-energy consumption by fuels – Figure 110. Difference in Final non-energy
WAM scenario consumption by fuels – between WEM and WAM
scenarios
Mtoe
0.9
0.90 0.9 0.00
0.8 -0.1 0.0
0.85 0.8 -0.05 0.0 -0.1
0.8 0.0 -0.2
0.80 0.8 -0.10 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.2
0.75 -0.15 0.0 0.0 -0.3
-0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.4
0.4 -0.20 -0.2
0.70 0.4
0.4 -0.25 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.65 0.3 0.0 0.0
0.3 -0.2
0.60 0.3 -0.30 -0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
-0.35
0.55 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.40 0.0 0.0 -0.3
0.50 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.45 -0.4
0.45 0.0 0.0 0.0
-0.50 -0.4
0.40
-0.55 0.0 0.0
0.35
-0.60 -0.6
0.30 -0.65 -0.5
0.25 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 -0.70
0.20 0.0 0.0
-0.75 -0.7
0.15 -0.80
0.10 -0.85
0.05 -0.90 0.0 0.0
0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.95 -0.9
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Mtoe
Natural Gas Kerosene Diesel Naphtha Bitumen Coke oven coke White spirit
The difference in the primary and final energy intensity in both scenarios is in accordance with the results for
the primary and final energy consumption, since the same GDP projections are assumed in both scenarios
(Figure 111 and Figure 112).
Figure 111: Primary energy intensity of the overall Figure 112. Final energy intensity of the overall
economy economy
0.13 0.13
0.12 0.12
0.11 0.11
0.10 0.10
0.09 0.09
0.08 0.08
kgoe/EUR
kgoe/EUR
0.07 0.07
0.06 0.06
0.05 0.05
0.04 0.04
0.03 0.03
0.02 0.02
0.01 0.01
0.00 0.00
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
WEM WAM
184 | P a g e
As also discussed previously, the higher rate of electrification of all sectors in the WAM scenario, contributes
to increased electricity generation (Figure 113 and Figure 114). This additional electricity in the WAM scenario
is mainly produced from renewable sources (PV and wind), but additional support from nuclear power plants,
as well as, hydrogen CHP is also needed in order to reach the required level of electrification. This additional
hydrogen CHP capacity is also going to be used for heat generation, which is the major difference with the
WEM scenario, in which hydrogen is not used (Figure 115 and Figure 116). It should be noted that in certain
time periods due to the required electricity generation from the CHP, there may be excess heat produced.
Figure 113: Electricity generation by technology – Figure 114. Difference in Electricity generation by
WAM scenario technology – between WEM and WAM scenarios
TWh +130% TWh
150 145.4 85
140 80
133.6
75
130
120.6 40.1 70
120
35.2 65
110 60
102.4 28.3
100 55
50.7
19.6 50
90
81.4 36.5
34.0 45 42.2
80
10.9 29.8 40
21.4 23.0
70
63.1 35 32.0
17.4 18.7
60 5.7 30
17.7
11.5 16.7 17.0 17.4
50 25 13.6
16.3 18.5 12.4
40 20 8.4
15.8 27.2 5.8 3.2
15 1.4 0.7 0.0
30 27.0 27.0 27.0
15.6 0.0 1.1
11.7 10 10.9 11.0
20 10.9
5 10.9
10.5 0.0 0.0
8.8 13.5 10.1 9.8 9.0 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.0 4.4
10 0 0.5
0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.4
3.9 5.8 5.8
3.4 5.8 5.8 5.8 4.4
0 -5
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
PV Biomass Biogas Hydro Natural Gas Coal Lignite Coal Lignite CHP Hydrogen CHP
Wind Biomass CHP Biogas CHP Nuclear Natural Gas CHP Coal Sub bituminous CHP Residual Fuel Oil CHP
Figure 115: Heat generation by technology and Figure 116. Heat generation by technology and
consumption – WAM scenario consumption – WEM scenario
ktoe ktoe
1,798.4
1,800 1,500
139.1
1,700 1,400
1,600 1,321.4
1,300
1,500 1,238.5
1,440.1 1,209.0 1,210.9
1,200 1,186.6
1,400 1,153.8
1,322.8 120.5
1,297.3 1,100
1,300 1,235.1
74.2 97.3 150.6 150.6 150.6
1,200 1,153.8 1,000 150.6
51.0 150.6
961.6
1,100 49.1 150.6 150.6 900 299.8
150.6
1,000
800
900 299.8
930.9 700
800
700 600
0.0
600 879.3 500 961.6 961.6 961.6
961.6 895.6 932.5
961.6 651.9
500 400
651.9
400
0.0 300
659.3
300
200
200 359.6
0.0 0.0 100 2.0
100 15.0 2.0
0.0 0.0 137.1
0.0 0.0 58.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0 0
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Biomass Biogas Natural Gas Coal Lignite Coal Lignite CHP Residual Fuel Oil CHP Geothermal Heat consumption
Biomass CHP Biogas CHP Natural Gas CHP Coal Sub bituminous CHP Residual Fuel Oil Diesel Hydrogen
185 | P a g e
II. Assessment of policy interactions (between existing policies and measures and planned
policies and measures within a policy dimension and between existing policies and measures
and planned policies and measures of different dimensions) at least until the last year of the
period covered by the plan, in particular to establish a robust understanding of the impact of
energy efficiency / energy savings policies on the sizing of the energy system and to reduce
the risk of stranded investment in energy supply
Figure 104 illustrates that the attainment of the targets is contingent upon the full implementation of all policies
and measures. Executing the scenario with additional policies and measures would lead to a 15% reduction
in the final energy consumption compared to the scenario with existing policies and measures. It is crucial to
emphasize that the updated version of the NECP adheres to the fundamental principles of energy efficiency.
In fact, abiding by these principles not only helps mitigate the risk of increased expenditures but also holds
the potential for substantial cost savings.
III. Assessment of interactions between existing policies and measures and planned policies and
measures, and between those policies and measures and Union climate and energy policy
measures
The proposed policies and measures are designed to align with the established national targets and
objectives, and will additionally contribute to achieving the EU goals. Table 11 provides an overview of how
each policy or measure contributes to the various dimensions.
Table 13. Interactions between the policies and measures
Efficienc
Decarbo
Security
nization
Internal
Energy
energy
R&I&C
y
PAM 1 Phasing out coal TPP √ √ √ √ √
PAM 2 Introduction of green hydrogen into the energy system √ √ √ √ √
PAM 3 Development of new CCGT capacities √ √ √ √ √
PAM 4 Promotion of high-efficiency cogeneration capacities √ √ √ √ √
PAM 5 Employing CCUS technologies √ √ √
PAM 6 Implementation of the Kigali amendment in the Product uses as substitutes of ODS √ √
PAM 7 Improvement of the industrial processes √
PAM 8 Setting an obligation for CO2 injecting and storing for the oil & gas industry √ √
PAM 9 Reduction of emissions from enteric fermentation √

PAM 10 Increasing agricultural residues management √
PAM 11 Reduction of methane emission level from manure management and biogas production √ √
PAM 12 Increasing the agrisolar production √ √ √ √ √

PAM 13 Establishing integrated management of forest fires √
PAM 14 PV systems in agriculture √
PAM 15 Renewal of the agricultural machinery and equipment √ √ √
PAM 16 Establishment of agricultural associations √
PAM 17 Reduction of municipal waste per capita √
PAM 18 Increased recycling and biodegradable waste selection for composting √ √
PAM 19 Improved incineration / co-incineration √ √ √ √ √

PAM 20 Landfill gas flaring √ √ √ √ √
186 | P a g e
PAM 21 Improved wastewater treatment √ √
PAM 22 Increase of the domestic generation capacity from PV power plants √ √ √ √ √
PAM 23 Increase of the domestic generation capacity from wind √ √ √ √ √

PAM 24 Small hydro power plant √ √ √ √ √
PAM 25 Rooftop PP √ √ √ √ √
PAM 26 Installation of solar thermal collectors in the residential sector √ √ √ √ √
PAM 27 Increase of the domestic generation capacity from Biomass and biogas CHP and PP √ √ √ √ √
PAM 28 Development of market for more advance biofuels √ √ √ √
PAM 29 Improve energy performance of public buildings at central level √ √ √ √
PAM 30 Improve energy performance of public buildings at local level √ √ √ √
PAM 31 Renovation of residential buildings √ √ √ √

PAM 32 Renovation of commercial buildings √ √ √ √
PAM 33 Rehabilitation of public lighting √ √ √

PAM 34 Development of energy services/market, ESCO √ √ √
PAM 35 Green procurement √ √ √
PAM 36 Energy audit and energy management √ √ √

PAM 37 Increased share of heat pumps √ √ √
PAM 38 Increased use of efficient technologies in the residential sector √ √ √
PAM 39 Replacement of conventional fuels with RES in manufacturing industries √ √ √
PAM 40 Increase technology efficiency in the industrial sector √ √ √

PAM 41 Increased share of alternative fueled cars √ √ √
PAM 42 Increased share of alternative fueled buses and trains √ √ √
PAM 43 Modernization of urban public transport √ √ √
PAM 44 Extension of the subway in Bucharest √ √ √
PAM 45 Increased share of alternative fueled trucks √ √ √
PAM 46 Modernization of railway, subway, naval and air transport √ √ √
PAM 47 Alternative mobility √ √ √
PAM 48 Support for the expansion and modernization of the electricity √ √ √

distribution network
PAM 49 Increased use of nuclear energy √ √ √
PAM 50 Black Sea Corridor (TYNDP ID 138) √ √ √
PAM 51 Mid-Continental East corridor (TYNDP ID 144) √ √ √
PAM 52 HU-RO (TYNDP ID 259) √ √ √
PAM 53 North CSE Corridor (TYNDP ID 341) √ √ √
PAM 54 Georgia-Romania Black Sea interconnection cable project (TYNDP ID 1105) √ √ √
PAM 55 Increasing the interconnectivity between the eastern areas and the remaining of the
√ √ √
interconnected power system.
187 | P a g e
PAM 56 Integrating the output generated by powerplants in other areas (South, South-West, etc.) √ √ √
PAM 57 400kV OHL Suceava-Bălți √ √ √
PAM 58 Refurbishment and modernization of the existing substations √ √ √
PAM 59 Increasing the Natural Gas in Central-Eastern and South-Eastern Europe √ √ √
PAM 60 Daily withdrawal capacity increase in Bilciurești underground gas storage system (UGS) √ √ √
PAM 61 Electric energy storage capacities √ √ √
PAM 62 Development and use of fully-fledged national social assistance information system √ √ √
PAM 63 Ensuring implementation of just transition process √ √ √ √
5.2 Macroeconomic and, to the extent feasible, the health,

environmental, employment and education, skills and
social impacts, including just transition aspects (in terms
of costs and benefits as well as cost-effectiveness) of the
planned policies and measures described in section 3 at
least until the last year of the period covered by the plan,
including comparison to projections with existing policies
and measures
One of the social benefits of the decarbonization process of the society is the creation of green jobs. In the
LTS, calculations on the number of green jobs which will be created as a result of its implementation are made
according to the methodology presented in the paper “Jobs Impact of Green Energy”, published by Jaden Kim
and Adil Mohommad in May 2022 as International Monetary Fund working paper , which is based on scientific
research from a number of authors. By applying the cited methodology, more than 100,000 new green
employment will be created by the year 2050 with the realization just on some of the proposed policy and
measures (Figure 117). Most newly generated green jobs will be direct jobs and will be due to the
manufacturing, construction, installation, operation and maintenance of the green technologies. The greening
of the economy will also be facilitated through indirect jobs that do not require specialized green knowledge
or duties. For instance, new jobs will be created when materials employed for green technologies
manufacturing are produced, when these products are handled, and when they are sold.
Figure 117. Number of green jobs
188 | P a g e
ktoe
105,000
101,008
100,000
95,000
89,882
90,000
28,644
85,000
80,000
25,301
76,614
75,000
70,000
20,954
65,000
24,518
59,201
60,000
22,005
55,000
15,253
50,000
19,368
45,000
40,927
40,000 15,906
35,000 9,272
30,000 27,485
12,268
47,846
25,000 5,443
42,576
36,291
20,000
9,022
28,043
15,000
19,386
10,000
13,019
5,000
0
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
CIM O&M Indirect

189 | P a g e
5.3 Overview of investment needs

I. Existing investment flows and forward investment assumptions with regard to the planned
The overall investments in the energy sector, which require the most extensive and costly interventions, reach
approximately 2,132 billion euros (Figure 118, Figure 119). Among these investments, a substantial portion
is for a comprehensive overhaul of the transportation sector, whereas achieving decarbonization in the
electricity generation sector represents one of the more cost-effective sectors. To provide context, the total
cumulative investments in this sector for the whole period 2023-2050 align with the investment levels expected
in the industrial sector during the 2026-2030 timeframe.
Figure 118: Investments needed in the electricity Figure 119. Investments needed in the energy demand
generation sector
Bill. EUR Bill EUR
18 17.7 63 bill EUR 420 2069 bill. EUR
401.8
17 400 392.5
1.6 379.3 384.9
380
16
360 345.6
15
3.0 340
14
320
13 300
12.3
12 280
11 2.3 3.8 260
296.6 307.0
240
10 9.4 9.4
8.9 220 312.4 334.4
9
1.4 1.4 200
1.5 302.9
8 3.5 180 166.0
7 160
2.6 2.6
6 2.7 140
5.1
5 120
1.3 8.4 100
4 2.8 151.1
4.1 4.1 80 33.6 40.0
3 3.8
2.0 60
2 45.0
1.9 40
62.3 32.0 54.5
1 20
0.9 21.6 24.4
11.6 10.6
0 0
2023-2025 2026-2030 2031-2035 2036-2040 2041-2045 2046-2050 2023-2025 2026-2030 2031-2035 2036-2040 2041-2045 2046-2050
Tranport Buildings Industry Agriculture

PV Wind regular Biogas Nuclear Natural Gas CHP Biogas CHP
PV rooftop Wind auto Hydro Natural Gas Biomass CHP Hydrogen CHP
II. Sector or market risk factors or barriers in the national or regional context
The implementation of policies and measures typically involves multiple institutions, making it crucial to
enhance cooperation between these entities and increase their capacities to achieve the established targets
and objectives. This collaborative approach is also instrumental in expediting and simplifying processes and
procedures for investors.
Apart from enhancing institutional capacities and fostering cooperation among them, it's imperative to secure
substantial funding for realization of the proposed policies and measures. Furthermore, specific policies and
measures necessitate revisions in legal and regulatory frameworks, so it is necessary much better
collaboration among political parties. In the realm of energy efficiency, particularly critical measures include
obligation schemes, alongside initiatives like electrifying the transportation sector and introducing hydrogen,
particularly for heavy-duty vehicles.
Ensuring security of supply primarily hinges on the construction of new interconnection infrastructure for
electricity, natural gas, and oil. Such infrastructure can significantly contribute to diversifying supply routes
and reducing dependence on imports from the Russian Federation. Additionally, a potential risk arises if the
decommissioning of existing coal-fired power plants doesn't align with the simultaneous commissioning of
new wind, solar, and natural gas facilities, which will transit to hydrogen-based operations after 2036.
190 | P a g e
III. Analysis of additional public finance support or resources to fill identified gaps identified under
point ii.
A substantial portion of the funds for the realization of the policy and measures originates from private
investors, underscoring the critical need to establish conducive conditions that facilitate easier, seamless, and
timely investments.
5.4 Impacts of planned policies and measures described in

section 3 on other Member States and regional
cooperation at least until the last year of the period
covered by the plan, including comparison to projections
with existing policies and measures
I. Impacts on the energy system in neighbouring and other Member States in the region to the
extent possible
Due to the modernization efforts in Romania's energy system and the phased-out utilization of coal, along
with a reduction in the reliance on natural gas for electricity generation, which is set to be completely phased
out by 2036 as outlined in the document, there arises a pressing need to construct a substantial number of
solar and wind power facilities. Considering the current low interconnectivity level in Romania, approximately
at 11%, failure to enhance this aspect could have repercussions on pricing. Excess electricity might remain
constrained within Romania's borders, unless hydrogen production becomes a viable option. On the other
hand, in periods of demand surpassing supply due to inadequate interconnectivity, electricity importation
would not be feasible. These dynamics have the potential to significantly impact electricity rates in Romania,
notwithstanding the broader anticipation that Romania won't heavily depend on imports. Consequently, as
articulated in both the measures and objectives, a substantial elevation of the interconnectivity level is
imperative.
II. Impacts on energy prices, utilities and energy market integration

Taking into account the modeling characteristics of the WAM scenario, which include higher rate of
electricifation of all sectors, which leads to an increase in electricity consumption, and therefore greater need
for electricity generation, the investment flow into power plants and electricity grids will surpass the estimates
for the WEM scenario. This will lead to an average electricity price difference of 5 EUR/MWh after 2030 (Figure
120).
Figure 120: Difference in electricity production price between WAM and WEM sceanrion
EUR/MWh
8
0
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
-1
191 | P a g e
III. Where relevant, impacts on regional cooperation

This document underscores the significance of regional collaboration, especially in construction of new
interconnectivity lines as well as fostering collaboration with other countries in aligning policies on EN level
that can contribute to achieving the targets and objectives. This collaboration serves not only to draw insights
from their implemented policies and measures but also to facilitate advancements in Research and Innovation
for the development and implementation of cutting-edge technologies.
192 | P a g e
ANNEX I
Table 14. Policies and measures already implemented and reported in Annex IX of NECP progress report
PaM Name of PaM or

Relevant Union Short description
number group of PaMs
dimension(s) affected
1 Decarbonisation: GHG GD no. 739/2016 The National Climate Change and Low Carbon Green Growth
emissions and removals approving the National Strategy for period 2016 – 2030 (National CC/LCGG Strategy)
Climate Change and and the National Action Plan 2016 - 2020, as programmatic
Low Carbon Green documents for the period 2016 - 2020 – 2030, including the
Growth Strategy for roadmap for 2050, establish the Romania’s operational actions
period 2016 – 2030 for GHG emissions mitigation and climate change adaptation.
and the National Action The main objective of the National CC/LCGG Strategy is to
Plan for reduce the GHG emissions from economic activities in
implementation of the alignment with EU targets and to adapt to the effects of climate
National Climate variability and change, both current and future.
Change and Low
Carbon Green Growth
Strategy for period
2016 – 2020
2 Decarbonisation: GHG GD no. 877/2018 Defines the national framework for implementing 2030 Agenda
emissions and removals aproving Romania’s for Sustainable Development and promotes the development of
Sustainable Romania by focusing on three dimensions – economic, social
Development Strategy and environmental. Details on strategic objectives, as well as
2030 actions forseen per each sector, are presented in PaMs Report
(chapter 3.1 Information on WEM projection scenario)
3 Decarbonisation: GHG Law no. 278/2013 on Setting permit conditions for IPPC installations, in accordance
emissions and removals industrial emissions, with BAT Conclusions.
including Decisions
establishing best
available techniques
(BAT) conclusions
under Directive
2010/75/EU
4 Decarbonisation: GHG GD no. 780/2006 "Reduction of GHG emissions from ETS installation, within the
emissions and removals establishing the period 2007-2030.
scheme for The national emissions reduction commitment is part of the
greenhouse gas EU's commitment to reduce GHG emissions related to ETS
emission allowance sector (for 2021-2030 period: 43.9 % lower than in 2005)."
trading, with with
subsequent
amendments (including
GD no. 393/2020)
5 Decarbonisation: GHG Regulation (EU) Establishes the Romania's GHG emission limit for 2030,
emissions and removals 2018/842 on binding compared to 2005 level and the annual emission allocations at
annual greenhouse national level till 2030.
gas emission
reductions by Member
States from 2021 to
2030 contributing to
climate action to meet
commitments under
the Paris Agreement
6 Decarbonisation: GHG Law no. 220/2008 on Establishes system for promoting electricity produced from
emissions and removals establishing the renewable energy sources (wind, solar, aerothermal,
promotion system for geothermal, hydrothermal and ocean energy, hydropower,
the production of biomass, landfill gas, sewage treatment plant gas and
energy from renewable biogases). The national indicative contribution for 2030 is
energy sources, established through PNIESC 2021-2030.
amended by Law no.
139/2010 and GEO no.
163/2022
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7 Energy Law no. 121/2014 on The Law establishes the legal framework and policy measures
efficiency;Decarbonisation: energy efficiency, with for energy efficiency for the whole chain (primary resources,
GHG emissions and further amendments manufacturing, distribution, supply, transport and final
removals consumption) for meeting the strategic objective of the National
Energy Policy to improve energy efficiency. The national
indicative contribution regarding energy efficiency for 2030 is
established through PNIESC 2021-2030.
8 Energy GD 1076/2021 for The Plan, defining Romania's role and contribution to achieve
efficiency;Decarbonisation: approval of the 2021- the EU's objectives on climate change, integrates the objectives
GHG emissions and 2030 Integrated and directions established by relevant energy and climate
removals National Energy and change strategies and by programmatic documents initiated by
Climate Plan (PNIESC) other ministries / authorities. Details on measures forseen per
each sector are presented in PaMs Report (chapter 3.1
Information on WEM projection scenario)
9 Energy GD no. 203/2019 NAPEE IV proposes significant measures to improve energy

efficiency;Decarbonisation: approving the Fourth efficiency for the energy supply system and final energy
GHG emissions and National Action Plan consumer, taking as reference NAPEE III, and establishes the
removals for Energy Efficiency energy savings expected to be achieved by 2020. Details on
(NAPEE 2017 - 2020) measures forseen per each sector are presented in PaMs
Report (chapter 3.1 Information on WEM projection scenario)
10 Energy Romania's National The PNRR ensures an optimal balance between EU priorities
efficiency;Decarbonisation: Recovery and and Romania's development needs, in the context of recovery
GHG emissions and Resilience Plan after the COVID-19 crisis, and containing interventions
removals (PNRR) designed to support the implementation of the PNIESC 2021-
2030. Details on measures forseen per each sector are
presented in PaMs Report (chapter 3.1 Information on WEM
projection scenario)
11 Energy National programs for National programmes for local and regional development
efficiency;Decarbonisation: local and regional aiming to improve the transport sector (infrastructure, vehicles,
GHG emissions and development non-motorized transport), the buildings sector (extending the
removals connectivity to the natural gas transport system, “Photovoltaic
Green House”) and the waste sector (wastewater management
systems).
12 Decarbonisation: GHG National Energy The national strategic investments presented by the Strategy
emissions and removals Strategy for 2019 - are the following:
2030 period, with the - Completion of groups 3 and 4 from NPP Cernavoda, with an
perspective of 2050 installed capacity of 720 MW each (one group to be put into
operation by 2030); by investment implementation, an
additional energy input in the energy system of about 11 TWh,
as well as an increase in installed capacity by 1,440 MW, shall
be ensured;
- New 600 MW group on lignite, with supercritical parameters,
to enter in production after 2020; the group will be provided
starting with 2035 with technology of capture, transport and
geological storage of CO2 (CSC) ;
- Construction of the Tarnița-Lăpuștești Pumped Hydropower
Plant, with a capacity of 1000 MW that could balance the
electric power system for durations between 4-6 hours;
- Construction of the Turnu Măgurele-Nicopole Hydrotechnical
Complex of approx. 2,200 GWh / year, by the Danube river
arrangemet on the sector downstream of the Portile de Fier I
and II, until immediately downstream of the confluence with the
Olt River, within the cooperation between the governments of
Romania, Bulgaria and Serbia.
13 Decarbonisation: GHG GEO no. 64/2011 on Reduction of CO2 emissions using CCS Technologies
emissions and removals the geological storage
of carbon dioxide,
approved by Law no.
114/2013
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14 Energy GD no. 1090/2013 for Ecodesign requirements for ventilators, air conditioning
efficiency;Decarbonisation: establishing measures appliances and ventilators, water pumps
GHG emissions and to apply Commision
removals Regulations (EU) no.
327/2011, no.
206/2012 and no.
547/2012,
implementing Directive
2009/125/EC
establishing a
framework for the
setting of ecodesign
requirements for
energy-related
products
15 Energy GD no. 219/2007 on Promoting and developing high-efficiency cogeneration, based
efficiency;Decarbonisation: the promotion of on the useful thermal energy demand and on saving primary
GHG emissions and cogeneration based on energy on the energy market, in order to increase energy
removals useful heat demand, efficiency and to improve the safety of energy supply;
amended by GD no. establishes the support schemes and guarantees of origin for
846/2015 electricity produced in high-efficiency cogeneration
16 Energy GEO no. 53/2019 for The 2019-2027 District Heating Program, which updates the
efficiency;Decarbonisation: the approval of the “Heating 2006 – 2020 heat and comfort” Program, finances new
GHG emissions and multiannual program investment projects and undergoing projects for modernization,
removals for financing rehabilitation, renovation and expansion of district heating
investments for the systems by rehabilitating the heating production units, primary
modernization, heating transport network, heating points or thermal modules in
rehabilitation, the building and hot water/heating distribution networks.
refurbishment and
extension of the district
heating system
17 Internal energy market Law no. 123/2012 on Law no 123/2012 establishes the frame of the settlements for
electricity and natural the unfolding of the activities in electricity and natural gas
gas sectors. Law no. 123/2012 contains the working principle of
electricity market and natural gas market, access to the
electricity and natural gases network, the realization method of
adapters contracts, the method of certifying the operators that
function in transportation network, etc.
Also, the law promotes the electricity produced from RES and
high cogeneration through support schemes in accordance with
EU legislation.
18 Energy GD no. 57/2011 Optimizing the production processes, reducing the impact on
efficiency;Decarbonisation: establishing measures the environment and efficient resource use.
GHG emissions and to apply the Regulation
removals (EC) no. 1221/2009 on
the voluntary
participation of
organizations in a
Community eco-
management and audit
scheme (EMAS)
19 Energy Modernization of the This PaM includes a set of additional measures included in
efficiency;Decarbonisation: industrial sector planned Operational Programmes 2021-2027, focused on
GHG emissions and improving energy efficiency at the level of industrial consumers.
removals Also, the EU Package of proposals "Fit for 55" was considered,
focusing on increasing the share of energy from renewable
sources in final energy consumption of industrial sector. Details
on measures forseen are presented in PaMs Report (chapter
3.2 Information on WAM projection scenario, 3.2.1 Energy
sector - Energy consumption)
20 Energy Modernization of the This PaM includes a set of additional measures included in
efficiency;Decarbonisation: energy sector to cover planned Operational Programmes 2021-2027, focused on
GHG emissions and the demand for improving energy efficiency and increasing the share of
removals electrical and thermal renewable energy. Also, he EU Package of proposals "Fit for
power 55" was considered, focusing on increasing the share of energy
from renewable sources and implementation of energy
efficiency measures for reduction of primary and final energy
consumption. Details on measures forseen are presented in
PaMs Report (chapter 3.2 Information on WAM projection
scenario, 3.2.1 Energy sector - Energy supply)
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21 Decarbonisation: GHG GD no. 666/2016 for GTMP, that analyses the major objectives of national transport
emissions and removals aproving the General sector, is a planning strategic instrument for major investments
Transport Master Plan (projects and actions)
(GTMP)
22 Decarbonisation: GHG GD no. 1312/2021 for The Program updates the GTMP implementation strategy and
emissions and removals the approval of the specifies the needs for the development of transport
Investment Program infrastructure in Romania
for the Development of
Transport
Infrastructure for the
period 2021-2030
23 Decarbonisation: GHG GD no. 985/2020 for The strategy details the transport general strategy for the
emissions and removals the approval of the railway sector, presented by the GTMP
Railway Infrastructure
Development Strategy
2021-2025
24 Decarbonisation: GHG GD no. 1302/2021 for The program includes measures to increase railway freight
emissions and removals the approval of the traffic and the number of railway passengers
Action Program for the
development of railway
infrastructure and the
modal transfer to the
railway of passenger
and freight transport
flows
25 Decarbonisation: GHG GEO no. 40/2011 on Promotion of non-polluting and energy efficient road transport
emissions and removals the promotion of non- vehicles, and improving the contribution of the transport sector
polluting and energy- to the environment, climate and energy policies.
efficient road transport For the purchase of road transport vehicles, contracting
vehicles, amended by authorities (that are under an obligation to apply the
GEO no. 9/2013 procurement procedures provided by GEO 34/2006) and
operators (who fulfill public service obligations) shall consider
the energy and environment impact throughout their life, at least
by setting technical specifications for energy and environmental
performance or using of the impacts (energy consumption, CO2
emissions, emissions of NOx, NMHC and particulate matter) as
rating factors in the award criterion.
26 Decarbonisation: GHG GEO no. 71/2021 Promoting of non-polluting road transport vehicles, energy-
emissions and removals regarding the efficient vehicles and improving the contribution of the transport
promotion of non- sector to the EU environmental, climate and energy policies.
polluting road transport Replaces GEO no. 40/2011.
vehicles, supporting
the low-emission
mobility, repealing the
GEO no. 40/2011 and
Law no. 37/2018
regarding the
promotion of ecological
transport
27 Decarbonisation: GHG GEO no. 80/2018 Reducing GHG emissions generated by the use of gasoline and
emissions and removals relating to the quality of diesel during the life cycle in order to reduce their negative
petrol and diesel fuels effects on public health and the environment.
and introducing a In order to achieve the target, suppliers have the following
mechanism to monitor obligations regarding fuels marketed to the final consumer:
and reduce - diesel: biofuel content of at least 6,5% of the total volume
greenhouse gas traded in a calendar year;
emissions, with
subsequent
amendment (Law no.
311/2018)
28 Decarbonisation: GHG Regulation (EU) Update of EU CO2 standards for trucks according to EU
emissions and removals 2019/1242 setting CO2 regulation
emission performance
standards for new
heavy-duty vehicles
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29 Decarbonisation: GHG GD no. 116/2020 for Establishes CO2 emissions performance requirements for new
emissions and removals establishing measures passenger cars and for light commercial vehicles in order to
to apply Regulation contribute to achieving the Union's target of reducing its GHG
(EU) 2018/956 on the emissions in 2020-2030 period.
monitoring and
reporting of CO2
emissions from and
fuel consumption of
new heavy-duty
vehicles and
Regulation (EU)
2019/631setting CO2
emission performance
standards for new
passenger cars and for
new light commercial
vehicles
30 Decarbonisation: GHG GD no. 53/2012 for Establishes the legal and institutional framework for direct
emissions and removals establishing measures implementation of Regulation (EC) no. 1222/2009
to apply Regulation
(EC) no. 1222/2009 on
the labelling of tyres
with respect to fuel
efficiency and other
essential parameters
31 Decarbonisation: GHG GD no. 1417/2022 for Establishes the legal and institutional framework for direct
emissions and removals establishing of application of Regulation (EU) 2020/740 on the labelling of tyres
measures for
application of
Regulation (EU)
2020/740 on the
labeling of tyres with
respect to fuel
efficiency and other
parameters, amending
Regulation (EU)
2017/1.369 and
repealing Regulation
(EC) no. 1222/2009
32 Decarbonisation: GHG GO no. 15/2002 Establishes the value of passage tolls and concession fees for
emissions and removals concerning the recovering construction, operation and maintenance costs.
application of use and
passage toll for
national road network
in Romania, with
subsequent
amendments (including
Law no. 241/2022)
33 Decarbonisation: GHG Regulation (EC) no. Establishes the limit values for stages Euro 5 and Euro 6 in
emissions and removals 715/2007 on type order to reach the EU objectives on air quality.
approval of motor
vehicles with respect to
emissions from light
passenger and
commercial vehicles
(Euro 5 and Euro 6),
with subsequent
amendments
34 Decarbonisation: GHG Law no. 155/2005 Foreign railway transport operators and international groups,
emissions and removals amending GEO no. holding a license in an EU member state, have the right to
12/1998 regarding access, under reasonable terms, the Romanian railway
Romanian railway infrastructure, for the purpose of using any type of goods
transport and the railway transportation services.
reorganization of the
Romanian National
Railway Company
35 Decarbonisation: GHG Law no. 34/2017 on Establishes minimum requirements for the development of
emissions and removals deployment of alternative fuel infrastructure, including recharging points for
alternative fuels electric vehicles and refueling points for compressed natural
infrastructure gas, liquefied natural gas and hydrogen, to be implemented
through national policy frameworks, and common technical
specifications for recharging and refueling points, as well as
user information requirements.
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36 Decarbonisation: GHG Modernization of the This PaM includes a set of additional measures included in
emissions and removals transport system planned Operational Programmes 2021-2027, focused on the
development of the transport infrastructure for assuring the
connectivity at the national level and between EU countries,
increasing the efficiency of Romanian railways, developing the
green public transport and improving the efficiency of vehicles
fleet. Also, the EU Package of proposals "Fit for 55" was
considered, focusing on increasing the share of energy from
renewable sources in final energy consumption of transport
sector. Details on measures forseen are presented in PaMs
Report (chapter 3.2 Information on WAM projection scenario,
3.2.1 Energy sector - Transport)
37 Decarbonisation: GHG Law no. 372/2005 Promoting measures to increase the energy performance of
emissions and removals regarding the energy buildings, considering the exterior climate conditions and the
performance of location, the interior comfort requirements, at optimal level
buildings, with related costs and energy performance requirements
subsequent
amendments
38 Decarbonisation: GHG GD no. 55/2011 Ecodesign requirements applicable to energy-related products,
emissions and removals establishing ecodesign including specific constraints on solid fuel, gas and liquid fuel
requirements for boilers and stoves: standards on CO, PM and NOx emissions
energy-related and energy efficiency as is established by Commission
products, including EU Regulation (EU) No 813/2013, Commission Regulation (EU)
Regulation related to 2015/1188, Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/1189,
ecodesign Regulation (EU) 2015/1185
requirements for space
heaters, domestic local
space heaters, solid
fuel boilers, solid fuel
local space heaters
39 Decarbonisation: GHG GD no. 217/2012 Requirements on the labelling and energy efficiency of
emissions and removals establishing the household refrigerating appliances, with regard to their
requirements for the placement on the market
identication by labelling
and standard product
information of the
consumption of energy
and other resources by
energy-related
products, amending
GD no. 1039/2003.
40 Decarbonisation: GHG GD no. Requirements on the labeling and energy efficiency of certain
emissions and removals 917/2012 establishing consumer goods (household dishwashers/washing machines,
measures to apply household refrigerating appliances, TV sets, air conditioning
Regulations (EU) no. installations)
1059/2010, no.
1060/2010, no.
1061/2010, no.
1062/2010 and no.
626/2011,
supplementing
Directive 2010/30/EU
41 Decarbonisation: GHG GD no. 1490/2009 Ecodesign requirements for: electrical and electronic household
emissions and removals establishing measures and office appliances, signal conversion units, lamps for
for the implementation household use, fluorescent lamps, external supply sources.
of the Regulations
(EU) no. 1275/2008,
no. 107/2009, no.
244/2009, no.
245/2009 and no.
278/2009,
2005/32/EC.
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42 Decarbonisation: GHG GD no. 580/2011 Ecodesign requirements for: electric engines, circulator pumps,
emissions and removals establishing measures TV sets, household refrigerating appliances
for the implementation
of the Regulations
(EC) no. 640/2009, no.
641/2009, no.
642/2009 and no.
643/2009,
2009/125/EC with
regard to ecodesign
requirements for
energy-related
products, amending
GD no. 1039/2003
regarding labelling and
energy efficiency
requirements for
household refrigerating
appliances
43 Decarbonisation: GHG Strategy to stimulate The draft strategy, in line with the requirements of Article 4 of
emissions and removals investments in Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency, establishes the key
renovating residential successive stages for renovating the national building
and commercial patrimony
buildings, both public
and private, existing at
national level (April
2014, updated in 2017)
44 Decarbonisation: GHG GD no. 1034/2020 for The National Long-term Renovation Strategy promotes the
emissions and removals approval of National renovation of the national residential and non residential
Long-term Renovation building stock, public and private, into a highly efficient and
Strategy to support the decarbonized buiding till 2050, facilitating the cost-effective
renovation of the transformation of existing buildings into buildings with almost
national residential and zero energy consumption.
non residential building The strategy includes a roadmap with measurable measures
stock, public and and progress indicators established at national level, which
private, into a highly includes indicative milestones for 2030, 2040 and 2050 and
efficient and specifies their contribution to meet the EU's energy efficiency
decarbonized buiding targets.
stock by 2030
emissions and removals residential sector planned Operational Programmes 2021-2027 and support
schemes to increase the connection rate to centralized thermal
energy supply systems, to promote the use of renewable
energy sources and to equip residential buildings with high
energy performance equipment. Also, the EU Package of
proposals "Fit for 55" was considered, focusing on increasing
the share of energy from renewable sources in final energy
consumption of residential sector. Details on measures forseen
are presented in PaMs Report (chapter 3.2 Information on
WAM projection scenario, 3.2.1 Energy sector - Energy
consumption)
emissions and removals services sector planned Operational Programmes 2021-2027 and support
schemes to promote the use of renewable energy sources.
Also, the EU Package of proposals "Fit for 55" was considered,
focusing on increasing the share of energy from renewable
sources in final energy consumption of service sector and
implementation of energy efficiency measures for reduction of
final energy consumption, through renovation of buildings
owned by public bodies. Details on measures forseen are
presented in PaMs Report (chapter 3.2 Information on WAM
projection scenario, 3.2.1 Energy sector - Energy consumption)
47 Decarbonisation: GHG Modernization of the Support schemes to promote the use of renewable energy
emissions and removals agricultural sector sources (solar panels, heat pumps).
48 Decarbonisation: GHG Directive 40/2006/EC MAC Directive provides the gradual replacement of air-
emissions and removals (MAC Directive) on conditioning systems using HFC-134a. It also limit the
emissions from air possibility of retrofitting motor vehicles with air conditioning
conditioning systems systems designed to contain fluorinated greenhouse gases with
of the motor vehicles a global warming potential higher than 150 and prohibit the
charging of the air conditioning systems with such gases.
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49 Decarbonisation: GHG Regulation (EU) no. Regulation lays down rules on the containment, use, recovery
emissions and removals 517/2014 related and destruction of F gases and prohibits the sale of certain
fluorinated greenhouse products containing F-gases. Also, sets an annual limit on the
gases overall climate impact of HFC which will be phased out between
2015 and 2030.Annual limit for HCF quantities placed on the
market in 2030 represent 21% of 2009-2012 levels.
50 Decarbonisation: GHG The Amendament of The Kigali Amendment sets emission limits for substances in
emissions and removals the Montreal Protocol category F (HFCs and HCFCs) by 2045. Each Party shall also
on substances that establish and implement a licensing system for the import and
deplete the ozone export of new, used, recycled and recovered controlled
layer, adopted in substances.
Kigali, on the XXVIII at
Conference of Parties
51 Decarbonisation: GHG National Enables the development of a coherent action plan regarding
emissions and removals Competitiveness the implementation and evaluation of public policies that is
Strategy 2021-2027 coordinates at the level of the institution, with the aim of
increasing Romania's economic competitiveness, mainly
targeting economic fiels, research and development, education,
labour market, public institution, and regulation. The objectives
of the strategy aim at the industrial modernization of
enterprioses, including by supporting the mechanisms of the
circular economy and the collaborative economy and supporting
the digital transformation process (Industry 4.0) to increase the
degree of competitiveness of enterprises.
52 Decarbonisation: GHG Strategy for Circular The general objective of the National Strategy on Circular
emissions and removals Economy 2030 Economy in Romania is to provide the framework to guide the
country in its efforts to transition to Circular economy through
the implementation of the Action Plan. The success indicator of
this transition is the decoupling of economic development from
the use of natural resources and environmental degradation.
The overall objective of the strategy is closely linked to the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the UN 2030
Agenda and the global climate goals, as well as the new EU
goals of the Circular Economy Action Plan (PAEC), in line with
the principles and actions promoted within the EU Green Deal.
53 Decarbonisation: GHG Water Law no. Preserving, developing and protecting water resources, defense
emissions and removals 107/1996 against flooding, gradual reduction of underground water
pollution and prevention of subsequent pollution, preserving
and protecting aqueous ecosystems.
The Water Law no. 107/1996 sets up the obligation and
establishes the legal framework for the development of water
branch management plans that are intended to:
- prevent deterioration, improve and restore the surface of water
bodies, achieve good chemical and ecological status and
reduce pollution from discharges and emissions of hazardous
substances;
- protect, enhance and restore the state of underground water,
prevent their pollution or damage and ensure the balance
between consumption and recharge.
54 Decarbonisation: GHG National Rural PNDR 2014-2020 adresses the following strategic priorities:
emissions and removals Development - Restructuring and increasing the viability of agricultural
Programme 2014-2020 holdings;
(PNDR 2014-2020) - Sustainable management of natural resources and combating
the climate change;
55 Decarbonisation: GHG Order no. The order includes the technical, organizational and economic-
emissions and removals 226/235/2003 for the financial measures necessary for the improvement of the
approval of the meadows must be included in the framework of pastoral
Strategy regarding the arrangements drawn up for each pasture.
organization of the
activity of improvement
and exploitation of
meadows at the
national level, in the
medium and long term
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56 Decarbonisation: GHG GD no. 964/2000 on Approves the Action Plan for water protection against the
emissions and removals the approval of the pollution with nitrates from agricultural sources
Action Plan for water
protection against
pollution with nitrates
of agricultural origin
57 Decarbonisation: GHG Order no. "Establishes the concentration of heavy metals in soil to which
emissions and removals 344/708/2004 sludge is applied, concentration of the heavy metals in sludge,
approving the technical the maximum annual concentration of heavy metals which may
rules on environment be introduced into cultivated soils and the criteria for evaluation
protection, particularly of soil suitability in sludge application.
soil protection, when Promoting the use of sewage sludge on agricultural land reduce
using sludge in the level of applied synthetic fertilisers."
agriculture
58 Decarbonisation: GHG GD no. 1261/2007 Established the institutional framework for the direct
emissions and removals establishing measure implementation of Regulation (EC) no. 2003/2003 relating to
for implementation of fertilisers, and determines and sanctions misdemeanors against
the Regulation (EC) the fertilizers regulations
no. 2003/2003 relating
to fertilisers
59 Decarbonisation: GHG GEO no. 3/2015 Approves payment schemes, as support and guarantee
emissions and removals approving payment mechanisms for farmers and economic operators, namely direct
schemes applicable in payment schemes and national transitional aid, applicable in
agriculture within the agriculture within the period 2015-2020. The direct payment
period 2015-2020, with schemes are: single area payment scheme; redistributive
subsequent payment; payment for benefic agricultural practices for climate
amendments and environment; payment for young farmers; coupled support
scheme; simplified scheme for small farmers.
The transitional national aids are granted for vegetable and
livestock areas within the annual budgets allocated to the
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.
60 Decarbonisation: GHG The new Common CAP is a key tool for supporting resilience in the farming sector
emissions and removals Agricultural Policy and rural areas, providing food security and enabling the
(2023-2027) transition to sustainability. All farmers receiving CAP income
support must comply with a set of statutory management
requirements and basic standards for environment and climate
GAECs, called ‘conditionality’. These conditions were
considerably strengthened compared to the 2014-2022 CAP,
among others by including upgraded ‘greening’ requirements.
61 Decarbonisation: GHG GD no. 1571/2022 CAP Plans support a wide range of interventions addressing
emissions and removals establishing the the specific needs of Member States and their territories.
general framework for Designed in line with a new result- and performance-oriented
the implementation of approach, they aim to deliver tangible results in relation to EU-
interventions related to level CAP specific objectives, while contributing to the
the plant and animal European Green Deal.
husbandry sectors For the first time, each CAP Plan defines a strategy covering all
within the Strategic the main CAP funded instruments: direct payments, support for
CAP Plan 2023-2027, rural development and interventions specific to certain market
financing from the sectors. Romania’s Plan is aligned with the EU’s environmental
European Agricultural and climate ambitions and aims at mitigating and adapting to
Guarantee Fund and climate change, sustainable development, efficient
the state budget. management of natural resources (water, soil, air) and
conservation of biodiversity and landscapes.
62 Decarbonisation: GHG Order 352/636/54/2015 The rules regarding eco-conditionality within the schemes and
emissions and removals for the approval of the support measures for farmers in Romania.
rules regarding eco-
conditionality within the
schemes and support
measures for farmers
in Romania, with
subsequent
amendments.
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63 Decarbonisation: GHG Order no. 269/2020 of With the Order no. 269/2020 of the Ministry of the Environment,
emissions and removals the Ministry of the Waters and Forests were approuved the general guide
Environment, Waters applicable to the stages of the environmental impact
and Forests through assessment procedure, the guide for environmental impact
which the general assessment in a cross-border context and other specific
guide applicable to the guidelines for different fields and categories of projects such as
stages of the the guide for facilities for the intensive breading of farm animals,
environmental impact including meat poultry, egg-laying poultry, pigs and sows.
assessment
procedure, the guide
for environmental
impact assessment in
a cross-border context
and other specific
guidelines for different
fields and categories of
projects were
approved
64 Decarbonisation: GHG WD 13341/2022 EU The EU commitment to the Global Methane Pledge rests on a
emissions and removals Methane Action Plan - long-term policy goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
EEAS towards climate neutrality by 2050, which will require further
deep CH4 emission reductions building on a solid abatement
record over the last decades. In WAM scenario is expected to
improving the feed quality for livestock, increase methane
recovery from anaerobic fermentation of manure, modern
methods of fertilizer application, according with EU Methan
Action Plan.
65 Decarbonisation: GHG National Rural It is a non-reimbursable EU financial instrument to support rural

emissions and Development development and unlock rural economy and life. It contributes
removals;Energy efficiency Programme 2014-2022 to the implementation of rural development priorities to meet
(PNDR 2014-2022) national strategic objectives and EU CAP objectives. A large
number of measures and sub-measures included in the PNDR
have an implicit potential to support GHG reduction and
adaptation actions in LULUCF.
66 Decarbonisation: GHG Government Decision Promoting the transfer of knowledge and advisory services on
emissions and removals no. 739/2016 for the climate change issues between farmer; Investment support for
approval of the farm modernization; Promoting good agricultural practice;
Romania's national Promoting carbon sequestration in agriculture.
strategy regarding
climate change and
economic growth
based on low carbon
emissions (NSCCE)
67 Decarbonisation: GHG Joint Order no. Increasing the cropland and grassland quality throug is SOC
emissions and removals 352/636/54/2015 on increases in mineral soils; Reduction of GHG emission levels.
cross-compliance in
support schemes and
measures for farmers
in Romania
68 Decarbonisation: GHG National Support The important activities provided for in the "National Support
emissions and removals Program in the Wine Program for Vineyards and Wine Producers for the period
Sector 2019-2023", in the context of climate change, refer to the
conversion of varieties, including grafting, relocation of
vineyards, replanting as a result of mandatory deforestation,
phytosanitary or sanitary products , as well as the
modernization of vineyards
69 Decarbonisation: GHG GD on the It focuses on improving the management of grazing land and
emissions and removals organisation, conserving its total area as of 1 January 2007, although without
management and use land conversion restrictions.
of permanent pasture
land in support of the
implementation of
GEO 34/2013, in
accordance with
Regulation 1234/2007
EC
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70 Decarbonisation: GHG Romania's National The strategy supports the development of Romania on three
emissions and removals Strategy for main pillars, namely economic, social and environmental. The
Sustainable strategy aims to strengthen Romania's capacity to adapt and
Development 2030 resilience to combat the dangers of climate change and natural
(GD 754/2022; GD disasters by integrating measures to mitigate and adapt to
877/2018) climate change and natural disasters in both national strategies
and policies and in planning and increasing the level of climate
change education and awareness.
71 Decarbonisation: GHG EU Farm to Consumer Is one of the key actions in the European Green Deal, helping
emissions and removals Strategy to achieving EU climate neutrality by 2050, a strategy that takes
into account the evolution of the current EU food system
towards a sustainable model.
72 Decarbonisation: GHG EU Biodiversity It is the cornerstone of biodiversity protection in the EU. The
emissions and removals Strategy for 2030 main actions to be taken by 2030 include: (i) the creation of
protected areas covering at least 30% of the EU's land and sea
area, extending the coverage of existing Natura 2000 areas; (ii)
restoring degraded ecosystems across the EU by 2030 through
a number of specific commitments and measures, including a
50% reduction in pesticide use and associated risk by 2030 and
the planting of 3 billion trees across the EU; (iii) allocating EUR
20 billion per year to protect and promote biodiversity through
EU funds and by mobilizing national and private sources of
funding; (iv) creating an ambitious global biodiversity
framework.
73 Decarbonisation: GHG Government Decision Following the EU's accession to the Paris Agreement and with
emissions and removals no. 1076/2021 for the the publication of the Energy Union Strategy, the Union
approval of the assumed an important role in combating climate change,
National Integrated through the 5 main dimensions: energy security,
Plan in the field of decarbonization, energy efficiency, the internal energy market
energy and climate and research, innovation and competitiveness.
change 2021-2030
74 Research, innovation and Decision No. The strategy foresees the concept of bioeconomy through
competitiveness 933/2022, National seeds and genotypes improvement as well as advanced
Strategy of 20 July technologies, which contributes to the development of the forest
2022 for research, sector, agroforestry, hunting management, and cropland
innovation and smart ecology.
specialization 2022,
2027
75 Decarbonisation: GHG Decision no. 195/2022 It is designed as an aid scheme regarding investments
emissions and removals for the approval of the promoting energy production from less exploited renewable
State Aid Scheme sources, such as biomass, biogas, and geothermal energy, and
regarding the support acquisitions in high-efficiency cogeneration energy-producing
of investments installations. In principle, the goal is targeted towards a more
intended to promote efficient economy regarding resources. Moreover, it stresses
the production of the achievement of EU objectives regarding the use of energy
energy from less from renewable sources, the increase in production, the share
exploited renewable of energy from renewable sources, and the reduction of carbon
sources, namely emissions in the atmosphere.
biomass, biogas,
geothermal energy,
and the State Aid
Scheme regarding the
support of investments
in high-efficiency
cogeneration
76 Decarbonisation: GHG Law no. 254 of July 20, The land fund law is updated with the possibility of placing
emissions and removals 2022 for the investment objects on quality class III, IV, and V agricultural
amendment and lands. The specific investment has to be the production of
completion of the Land electric energy from renewable sources: production capacity of
Fund Law no. 18/1991 solar energy, wind energy, energy from biomass, bioliquids, and
and other normative biogas on agricultural land located outside the village with a
acts maximum area of 50 ha.
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77 Decarbonisation: GHG Law no. 248 of July 20, The amendment and completion of the Electricity and Natural
emissions and removals 2022 regarding the Gas Law no. 123/2012 encourages the production of electrical
approval of the energy from renewable sources. It guarantees that the
Government's produced energy is received into the national grid. Participation
Emergency Ordinance in energy sector activities of local energy communities is
no. 143/2021 for the ensured. At the same time, prosumers are exempted from the
amendment and obligation to purchase annual and quarterly green certificates
completion of the provided in Law no. 220/2008 for electricity produced from
Electricity and Natural renewable sources and used at the place of production for their
Gas Law no. 123/2012, own final consumption. At the same time, the same producers
as well as for the can conclude directly negotiated contracts only with the final
modification of some consumer suppliers for the sale of green certificates issued for
normative acts the electricity produced and delivered.
78 Decarbonisation: GHG Decision No. 1.172 of The strategy will provide the necessary tools for implementing
emissions and removals September 21, 2022 decisions regarding efficient resource use and cascading use of
for the approval of the wood, dependence on primary resources, and harmful
National Strategy for emissions, simultaneously changing the economic model and
Forests 2030 creating the premises for increasing the number of new jobs.
Moreover, it foresees the establishment of a more accurate
data about wood and forests, increasing the use of wood and
enhancing ecosystem services, supporting initiatives on cross-
sectoral coordination and capacity building between actors in
the forest sector, regulating timber control through a chain of
custody instrument (SUMAL).
79 Decarbonisation: GHG National Recovery and The plan tackles forestry in Part 2 - Forests and biodiversity
emissions and removals Resilience Plan protection with investments towards afforestation and
(PNRR), 2021-2026 reforestation, enhancing and establishing new tree nurseries,
updated management plans for strictly protected habitats; forest
restoration and species conservation as well as watershed
protection. It also supports the implementation of other national
policies such as PNIESC 2021-2030 and National forest
strategy 2030.
80 Decarbonisation: GHG Law no. 211/2011 Establishes requirements for preventing and reducing the
emissions and removals regarding waste adverse impact of the generation and management of waste.
management, with Starting with 2012, the public local authorities shall assure the
subsequent separate collection for at least paper, metal, plastic and glass.
amendments Also, till 2020, the produces and the local public authorities
shall achieve a preparation level for reuse and recycling (at
least 50% of the total waste mass - paper, metal, plastic, glass
from municipal waste) and a preparation level for reuse,
recycling and other recovery operation (at least 70% of the non
hazardous waste mass from construction and demolition
activities).
81 Decarbonisation: GHG GEO no. 92/2021 The GEO establishes measures to prevent and reduce the
emissions and removals regarding waste generation of waste, to reduce the adverse effects determined
management, by the generation and management of waste and to reduce the
approved by Law no. general effects determined by the use of resources and to
17/2023 increase the efficiency of their use, for ensuring the transition to
a circular economy and guaranteeing long-term
competitiveness. Repeals Law no. 211/2011 regarding waste
management
82 Decarbonisation: GHG GD no. 942/2017 Includes clear and coherent measures to achieve the objectives
emissions and removals approving the National of preparation for reuse and recycling of waste
Waste Management
Plan
83 Decarbonisation: GHG Law no. 249/2015 Establishes the measures intended to prevent the production of
emissions and removals regarding the method packaging waste, the reuse of packaging, recycling and other
of managing packaging forms of recovery of packaging waste and, consequently, the
and packaging waste, reduction of the final disposal of such waste
with subsequent
amendments
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84 Decarbonisation: GHG GEO no. 5/2015 Establish measures to protect the environment and public
emissions and removals regarding waste from health by preventing or reducing the negative effects of the
electric and electronic generation and management of waste electrical and electronic
equipment equipment, by reducing the overall effects of the use of
resources and by improving the efficiency of the use of these
resources,
85 Decarbonisation: GHG GD no. 349/2005 on Establishes the national targets concerning the reduction of the
emissions and removals landfill of waste, quantities of biodegradable waste landfilled, comparing to the
amended and year 1995, in line with transition period. Also, establishes the
supplemented by GD compliance calendar for the existing landfills (41 non-compliant
no. 201/2007 and GD municipal landfills in operation between 2013-2017, shall stop
no. 1292/2010 operating by 2017).
86 Decarbonisation: GHG GEO no. 2/2021 on The GEO, repealing the GD no. 349/2005, establishes the
emissions and removals landfill of waste legal framework for carrying out the activity of waste storage, by
progressively reducing the disposal by storage of waste that
can be recycled or recovered and introduces measures to
prevent and reduce negative effects on the environment and
population health
87 Decarbonisation: GHG Law no. 181/2020 Establishes the legal framework for carrying out non -hazardous
emissions and removals regarding the compostable waste management activities, by recycling/reuse
management of the anaerobic compost/digestion option, in order to protect
compostable non- human health and the environment.
hazardous waste
88 Decarbonisation: GHG GD no. 188/2002 for "Establishes the requirements concerning the collection
emissions and removals the approval of certain systems, treatment and discharge of waste water, in line with
norms concerning the the transition periods:
conditions of - collection of urban waste water - compliance to be ensured by
discharging the waste December 31st 2013 (agglomerations with more than 10,000
water into aquatic inhabitants), respectively by December 31st 2018
environment, with (agglomerations with less than 10,000 inhabitants);
subsequent - treatment and discharge of urban waste waters – compliance
amendments to be ensured by December 31st 2015 (agglomerations with
more than 10.000 inhabitants), respectively by December 31st
2018 (agglomerations with less than 10.000 inhabitants)."
89 Decarbonisation: GHG Improving solid waste This PaM includes a set of additional measures included in
emissions and removals management planned Operational Programmes 2021-2027, focused on
improving solid waste management, through efficient waste
management in order to accelerate the transition to the circular
economy. Details on measures forseen are presented in PaMs
Report (chapter 3.2 Information on WAM projection scenario,
3.2.5 Waste sector)
90 Decarbonisation: GHG Combustion in Energy Reduction of GHG emissions in Energy Industry and
emissions and Industry and Manufacturing and Construction Industry sectors
removals;Energy Manufacturing and
efficiency;Internal energy Construction Industry
market sectors WEM ( with
existing measures)
91 Decarbonisation: GHG Transport WEM ( with Reduction of GHG emissions in Transport sector
emissions and existing measures)
removals;Energy efficiency
92 Decarbonisation: GHG Other sectors Reduction of GHG emissions in Other sectors
emissions and (services, residential,
removals;Energy efficiency agriculture)
93 Decarbonisation: GHG Industrial Processes Reduction of GHG emissions in Industrial Processes and
emissions and removals and Product Use Product Use sector
sector
94 Decarbonisation: GHG Agriculture Reduction of GHG emissions in Agriculture sector
emissions and removals
95 Decarbonisation: GHG LULUCF WEM (with Reduction of GHG emissions in LULUCF sector
emissions and removals existing measures)
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96 Decarbonisation: GHG Waste WEM (with Reduction of GHG emissions in Waste sector
emissions and existing measures)
removals;Energy efficiency
97 Energy Combustion in Energy Reduction of GHG emissions in Energy Industry and
efficiency;Decarbonisation: Industry and Manufacturing and Construction Industry sectors
GHG emissions and Manufacturing and
removals Construction Industry
sectors WAM ( with
additional measures)
98 Decarbonisation: GHG Transport WAM (with Reduction of GHG emissions in Transport sector
emissions and removals additional measures)
99 Decarbonisation: GHG Other sectors Reduction of GHG emissions in Other sectors

emissions and removals (services, residential,
agriculture)
100 Decarbonisation: GHG Industrial Processes Reduction of GHG emissions in Industrial Processes and
emissions and removals and Product Use Product Use sector
sector

102 Decarbonisation: GHG LULUCF WAM (with Reduction of GHG emissions in LULUCF sector
emissions and additional measures)
removals;Research,
innovation and
competitiveness
103 Decarbonisation: GHG Waste WAM (with Reduction of GHG emissions in Waste sector
emissions and removals additional measures)
ANNEX II
Implementation of the Directive 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
Of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide
Main features and requirements in the Directive 2009/31/EC on the geological storage of
carbon dioxide
The purpose of the Directive 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council Of 23 April
2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide (hereinafter: CCS Directive) is to establish a legal
framework for the environmentally safe geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) to contribute to
the fight against climate change, thus preventing, and, where this is not possible, eliminating as far
as possible negative effects and any risk to the environment and human health.
According to the CCS Directive, carbon capture consists of the capture of CO2 from industrial
installations, its transport to a storage site and its injection into a suitable underground geological
formation for the purposes of permanent storage. However, Carbon capture and storage should not
serve as an incentive to increase the share of fossil fuel power plants and should not lead to a
reduction of efforts to support energy saving policies, renewable energies and other safe and
sustainable low carbon technologies, both in research and financial terms.
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According to the CCS Directive, EU Member States are entitled to determine the areas within their
territory from which storage sites may be selected. The selection of the appropriate storage site is
crucial to ensure that the stored CO2 will be completely and permanently contained. Member States
should, in selecting storage sites, take account of their geological characteristics, for example
seismicity, in the most objective and effective way possible. A site should therefore only be selected
as a storage site, if there is no significant risk of leakage, and if in any case no significant
environmental or health impacts are likely to occur. The storage of CO2 in the water column should
not be permitted.
The selection of the site shall be result of the exploration activity based on the permit. Permits shall
be granted on the basis of objective, published and non-discriminatory criteria. In order to protect
and encourage exploration investments, exploration permits should be granted for a limited volume
area and for a limited time during which the holder of the permit should have the sole right to explore
the potential CO2 storage complex. If no activities are carried out within a reasonable time, the
exploration permit shall be withdrawn and can be granted to other entities. Storage sites must be
operated on the basis of a storage permit. The storage permit should be the core instrument to
ensure that the substantial requirements of this Directive are met and that geological storage
therefore takes place in an environmentally safe way. In the granting of the storage permit, priority
should be given to the holder of the exploration permit over competitors, as the former will generally
have made substantial investments.
National legislation and regulation on exploration and geological storage of carbon dioxide
The CCS Directive in Romania has been transposed through Law 114/2013 on approval of Government
Emergency Ordinance 64/2011, given to the fact that GEO 64/2011 that was in effect prior to adoption of
the law only provided a minimal institutional set-up and it was lacking procedures such as authorization,
monitoring, and control. In that respect, the Law 114/2013, together with specific procedures for granting
exploration and storage permits for CO2 geological storage sites issued by National Agency for Mineral
Resources (ANRM) as competent authority both for CO2 geological storage and for hydrocarbon operations,
provides the general legal framework for safe geological storage of carbon dioxide.
The Law 114/2013 shall be implemented by the following sub laws and procedures issued subsequently:
I. Procedure for granting the exploration permit for CO2 geological storage, issued in 2015 by ANRM
as a competent authority for CCS operations, set up a dedicated service for CO2 geological storage in
2013, which coordinates the elaboration of procedures for granting exploration and storage permits.
According to this Procedure operators may ask for ANRM an opportunity analysis for underground CO2
storage in a selected perimeter. In case the analysis is favourable, ANRM issues a selection of offers for
that perimeter. Alternatively, the agency can issue a list of opportune perimeters and call for exploration
offers. The selection of offers is based on a set of criteria established by ANRM, with the most favorable
bidder further negotiating for supplemental exploration works and a plan for environmental restoration.
Once the final documents are agreed upon, ANRM issues the exploration permit and puts it up for 30
days for public consultations. The final exploration permit is issued by ANRM for the duration of works
proposed in the offer, with a 2-year possible extension for additional works, if needed for evaluating the
capacity of the storage complex.
•
II. Procedure for granting the CO2 geological storage permit issued through Decision 16/2017 of the
ANRM President. According to this Procedure, the holder of an exploration license can directly obtain the
storage permit if it submits the application during the validity of the exploration license and provided it has
met all exploration obligations (at a minimum, technical documentation on the planned storage site and
its spatial delimitation). The owner of a petroleum agreement can also directly obtain a CO2 storage
permit if it submits the application before the end of the agreement, provided all the conditions specified
in it were fulfilled. In case there is neither exploration license holder nor eligible owner of a petroleum
agreement, ANRM can grant storage permits competitively, by means of a bidding process. This process
is detailed in ANRM Procedure 16/2017, but no bidding process has taken place or been published to
date. ANRM is obliged to notify the European Commission within 30 days of the tender completion by
sending the request for storage permit, accompanied by all the related documents. In up to four months,
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the European Commission shall issue a non-binding opinion. ANRM takes this non-binding opinion into
consideration, modifies the draft storage permit if necessary, and initiates public consultation (lasting for
30 days). In 15 days from the end of public consultation, ANRM may include public proposals in the draft
storage permit.
•
III. Guideline for preparing the documentation by operators/owners: Notification regarding the
abandonment of offshore wells and disaffecting the facilities issued in December 2018 by ACROPO
(Regulatory Authority for Offshore Petroleum Operation in the Black Sea). ACROPO was established in
2016 with the task of regulating and monitoring the safety of offshore petroleum operations, as well as to
counsel ANRM on granting future of offshore petroleum licences in the Black Sea. The Guidelines are
mandatory for operators, owners, and subcontractors with activities in the Black Sea who must document
any substantial changes brought to an offshore facility, as well as moving away from a fixed facility. Such
operations bring an opportunity to reuse depleted offshore hydrocarbon wells in different ways, including
CO2 injection and storage.
National Institutional framework
In Romania, the central public authorities have sole legal competence for framing and implementing policies
on geological storage of CO2.
• ANRM is under the direct coordination of the Romanian Government. Given the similarities and notable
experience in standardizing the oil and gas extraction activities, ANRM stands as the main implementing
authority for capture and geological storage of CO2, being responsible for issuing exploration and storage
licenses, developing specific procedures, registering the granted storage permits, approving responsibility
transfer and verifying compliance with the legal requirements during operation, closure, and post-closure
periods. As a rule, ANRM also coordinates the assessment of the storage sites and the available storage
capacity. According to the reasoning document for GEO 64/2011, ANRM’s attributions and competencies
shall be enlarged. However, to this date the CO2 geological service is still underdeveloped, with no more
than two persons running the office.
• ANRE is mandated to issue transport licences for CO2 while ensuring transparent and non-discriminatory
access to the CO2 transport networks. To this date, no standing order has been the subject of public
consultation or approval.
• Local authorities (City Hall, County Council) play an essential role, conducive to the issuance of building
permits for transport pipelines or any plans for site construction under their jurisdiction.
• The Ministry of Environment, Waters and Forests has a rather supervisory role, with no substantial
attributions.
• The National Guard on Environment (NGE) is responsible for monitoring sites through routine and
impromptu inspections.
• The National Environmental Protection Agency (ANPM) approves the monitoring plans proposed by
operators.
• The Ministry of Energy develops and implements the National Energy Strategy or any other strategic or
programmatic document related to the energy sector.
• The Ministry of Economy’s role is underdetermined for CCS/CCU projects, although back in 2010, the
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Business Environment was the main authority responsible for the
GETICA CCS pilot project, and should have drafted and approved the support schemes for CCS
technologies.
Conclusions and next steps
Following the transposition of the CCS Directive and subsequent legislative acts, no new central institution
was set up for the implementation of the geological storage of CO2 in Romania. The legislation in force and
the existing governance structure appears very fragmented. For every phase of the process, several hurdles
must be overcome. Due to the novelty of the capture technology and lack of experience at institution level,
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various challenges are expected for the environmental impact assessment, which is critical to the issuance of
the building permits.
In case of leakage and non-compliance with the existing standards, ANRM is the empowered institution that
can impose measures to the detriment of the Ministry of Environment, Waters and Forests. The National
Environmental Guard (NEG) is in charge of routine investigation, whereas the ANRM will take any necessary
measures following these investigations. The division of responsibilities between the National Environmental
Guard and the ANRM is an unusual institutional arrangement and may affect the effectiveness of intervention
in the case of harm caused to the environment or human health by storage projects.
Law 255/2010 on expropriation for public utility purposes should be amended to include CCS projects as
projects of public utility, which would reduce the bureaucratic burden of the terms and procedures for obtaining
required approvals. The provisions of this law do not apply to the environmental permitting procedures.
So far, no exploration permit for CO2 storage has been issued, although the secondary legislation for granting
exploration permits and storage permits has been established.
It should be noted that CCS and CCU are notably absent from Romania’s national energy strategy and
National Energy and Climate Plan 2021-2030. Two carbon capture and utilization projects were proposed as
part of Romania’s Recovery and Resilience Plan, involving the injection of hydrogen into gas turbines,
capturing CO2 released from combustion, and transporting it to local greenhouses for use. The rationale
behind these projects, proposed as hydrogen demonstrators, is unclear, and indeed they have been criticized
for lack of transparency in establishing the implementing consortium.
Neither GEO 64/2011, nor Law 114/2013 contain any provisions for offshore storage projects. Such terms are
not even mentioned in the content of the legislation. Most likely though, in practice, distinct regulations will
have to be put in place for offshore projects.
Romania does not yet have specific regulations and standards for CO2 wells or for the reuse of oil wells.
Romanian regulatory acts only establish the conditions for temporary and permanent abandonment of wells,
the lifting of abandonment and the transfer of assets between hydrocarbon license holders.
Technical projects for conservation and abandonment (including technical ones for lifting the
abandonment/conservation of wells) drawn up by the holder, plus the approvals/agreements issued by the
ANRM do not contain data about the geological resources and oil reserves within the commercial deposit.
The transfer of rights is permitted only for hydrocarbon operations so far. The title holder of any oil agreement
may transfer its acquired rights and obligations to another operator with the explicit approval of ANRM.
According to GEO 64/2011, the development works of CO2 transport and storage are of national interest,
which may help reduce the permitting timeframe; however, care must be taken in “fast-forwarding” projects of
national interest and bypassing public engagement phases. An understanding of the legal framework related
to full chain CCS technologies should be continuously enhanced through knowledge transfer workshops and
conferences at international, EU and national level, including requirements for public consultation and public
awareness. The aims of CCS knowledge-sharing and communication strategy are developing an appropriate
legal framework through institutional capacity-building, and raising public awareness on to the role of CCS in
mitigating climate change.
The opportunities for public participation in decision-making on CCS are weak and unsatisfactory. There is
no dedicated public body in Romania responsible for dealing with public engagement in CCS projects, and
the opportunities for participation of local communities and non-governmental organisations are rather limited.
Institutional capacity needs to be improved for the permitting process, with key local authorities and agencies
to be involved from the early stages of the process. The environmental authorities must decide upon the
divided or integrated approach of the CCS components. For a coherent approach, the establishment of small
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inter-ministerial working groups, and the elaboration of action plans assigning responsibilities at ministerial
level would be considered as advisable.

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INTEGRATED NATIONAL

ENERGY AND CLIMATE

SECTION A: NATIONAL PLAN

1. OVERVIEW AND PROCESS FOR

II. Strategy relating to the five dimensions of the Energy Union

RES-E RES-T RES-H&C

Dimension energy efficiency

Primary energy consumption Final energy consumption

-46% -48% -52%

Dimension energy security

PAM 2 Introduction of green hydrogen into the energy system √ √ √ √ √

PAM 5 Employing CCUS technologies √ √ √

PAM 7 Improvement of the industrial processes √

PAM 9 Reduction of emissions from enteric fermentation √

PAM 12 Increasing the agrisolar production √ √ √ √ √

PAM 18 Increased recycling and biodegradable waste selection for composting √ √

PAM 19 Improved incineration / co-incineration √ √ √ √ √

PAM 22 Increase of the domestic generation capacity from PV power plants √ √ √ √ √

PAM 23 Increase of the domestic generation capacity from wind √ √ √ √ √

PAM 26 Installation of solar thermal collectors in the residential sector √ √ √ √ √

PAM 28 Development of market for more advance biofuels √ √ √ √

PAM 29 Improve energy performance of public buildings at central level √ √ √ √

PAM 30 Improve energy performance of public buildings at local level √ √ √ √

PAM 31 Renovation of residential buildings √ √ √ √

PAM 33 Rehabilitation of public lighting √ √ √

PAM 38 Increased use of efficient technologies in the residential sector √ √ √

PAM 39 Replacement of conventional fuels with RES in manufacturing industries √ √ √

PAM 40 Increase technology efficiency in the industrial sector √ √ √

PAM 48 Support for the expansion and modernization of the electricity √ √ √

PAM 54 Georgia-Romania Black Sea interconnection cable project (TYNDP ID 1105) √ √ √

PAM 57 400kV OHL Suceava-Bălți √ √ √

PAM 58 Refurbishment and modernization of the existing substations √ √ √

PAM 59 Increasing the Natural Gas in Central-Eastern and South-Eastern Europe √ √ √

PAM 61 Electric energy storage capacities √ √ √

PAM 63 Ensuring implementation of just transition process √ √ √ √

1.2 Overview of current policy situation

3. GOVERNMENT EMERGENCY ORDINANCE no. 186/2022 regarding some implementing measures

• Development of the legal framework associated with these processes

III. Key issues of cross-border relevance

IV. Administrative structure of implementing national energy and climate policies

1.3 Consultations and involvement of national and Union

II. Involvement of local and regional authorities

IV. Consultations of other Member States

V. Iterative process with the Commission

1.4 Regional cooperation in preparing the plan

II. Explanation of how regional cooperation is considered in the plan

2. NATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND

2.1.2. Renewable energy

6,000 16% 16% 16% 15% 15% 15%

Biogas Wind Hydro Hydrogen Biomass Heat pumps

RES-E RES-T RES-H&C

Hydro Wind Solar Biomass Biogass Final energy consumption of electricity

Heating and cooling Transport Electricity

2.2 Dimension energy efficiency

Primary energy consumption Final energy consumption

-46% -48% -52%

Table 5. Indicative milestones to decarbonize the building stock by 2050

Milestones 2030 2040 2050