VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI – 590 018, KARNATAKA, INDIA

Summer Internship-I Report

On

“Smart System Design using Python Programming and

Android Application”
10-10-2022 to 29-10-2022
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN

INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
PROF.ATEEQ AHMED

Submitted By

NAME USN
HARSHVARDHAN K 1KN21IS010

KNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi and Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
 KNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi and Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Hegde Nagar-kogilu Road, Thirumenahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru-560064

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Summer Internship-I, work entitled “Smart System Design using
Python Programming and Android Application” carried out by HARSHVARDHAN K,
bearing USN 1KN21IS010, a bonafide student of KNS Institute of Technology,
Bengaluru, during the year 2021 – 2022. It is certified that all corrections/ suggestions
indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the
departmental library.

The Internship report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements
in respect of Summer Internship-I prescribed for the said Degree.

……………………………...... ……………………………......

SIGNATURE OF GUIDE SIGNATURE OF HOD

PROF.ATEEQ DR. SURESH
AHMED KUMAR
(HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF ISE)
(DEPARTMENT OF ISE) (KNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompanies the successful completion of any
task would be incomplete without mentioning the people who made it possible. With deep
gratitude, I acknowledge all those guidance and encouragement, which served as bacon of
light and crowned our efforts with success. I thank each one of them for their valuable
support.

I am indebted to the Chairman of our college Mr. Abdul Rahman Sharief, his
constant support, motivation and encouragement to excel in academics.

I express my sincere thanks to Dr. S.M Prakash, Principal, KNS Institute of

Technology, Bangalore, for providing necessary facilities and motivation to carry out
internship work successfully.

I express heartfelt gratitude and humble thanks to Dr Suresh Kumar, HOD ISE,
KNS Institute of Technology, for the constant encouragement, inspiration and help to
carry out internship work successfully

I am very much appreciated to my external guide Mr. Kotresh Mundrugi, Director

supervisor at Indian Tech-Keys who has given me very in-time valuable instructions and
put me in contact with experts in the field, with extensive guidance regarding many practical
issues. He gave me in-time instructions/support on my work and helped to develop my
skills/knowledge during internship.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards my internal guide PROF.ATEEQ

AHMED for providing encouragement and inspiration throughout the Internship.

I am thankful to all the teaching and non-teaching staff members of Electronics &
Communication Engineering Department for their help and needed support rendered
throughout the Internship.

HARSHVARDHAN K
1KN21IS010
 ABSTRACT

This Report presents the experience and skills gained during my Summer Internship
undertaken at K N S Institute of Technology by Indian Tech Keys.This Internship was based
on Smart system design using Python Programming and Android Application.

The home automation system is implemented for decades but due to the costing
and budgeting of the project, it remains a niche product for high-end consumers. The
Intelligent Home Automation System, security is one of the major factors that does not
implement the home automation system. During this period, I acquired practical
knowledge and skills in using engineering software, majorly PYTHON and developed an
app for kids using MIT App Inventor.

This report discusses the skills gained and experience gathered during the period
of internship, justifying the relevance of the scheme in equipping students with needed
technical competence to thrive in the real world. The process of associating references is
a primary content for any programming language, and from a python perspective, this
has been very flexibly implemented in python.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page No.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 01
1.1 Internship .............................................................................................................01
1.2 Outcomes of Internship ...................................................................................... 02
1.2.1 Benefits of hiring an intern ........................................................................ 02
1.3 Internship Objectives ..........................................................................................03

CHAPTER 2 COMPANY PROFILE 04

2.1 Company services .........................................................................................................04
2.2 Vision and Mission ...................................................................................................... 05
2.2.1 Vision ................................................................................................... 05
2.2.2 Mission................................................................................................. 05
2.3 About the Guide……………………………………………………….……,… 06

CHAPTER 3 PYTHON 07
3.1 History................................................................................................................ 07
3.2 Python features….................................................................................................................. 07
3.3 Python Releases ..................................................................................................08
3.4 Programming examples ......................................................................................09
3.5 Applications… .................................................................................................... 11

CHAPTER 4 APP DEVELOPMENT 12

4.1 MIT App Inventor ............................................................................................... 12
4.1.1 Login and signup page using MIT ............................................................. 12
4.1.2 Python projects…....................................................................................... 14

CHAPTER 5 HOME AUTOMATION 15

5.1 Home automation applications ............................................................................15
5.1.1 Objectives… ...............................................................................................16
5.2 Robotic control ........................................................................................................................17
5.2.1 Robotic control applications… ................................................................................ 18
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 19
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Name Page No.

3.1 Hello world program 09
3.2 Calculator program 10
3.3 Speech to text Program 10
3.4 Text to speech program 11
3.5 Registration program 11
3.6 Python applications 12
4.1 Design of login and signup page 14
4.2 Coding of login and signup page 14
4.3 Login page 15
4.4 Signup page 15
5.1 Demonstration 16
5.2 Home automation Schematic 17
5.3 Home automation schematic 18
5.4 Robotic Control schematic 18
 Smart System Design using Python Programming and Android Application
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
This report is a short description of our two-week internship carried out as a component of the BE
programme. The internship was carried out within our college by Indian Tech-Keys. Since we
were interested in programming and smart system designing, the project was concentrated on
Python, App development, IoT and Home automations.

At the beginning of the internship we formulated several learning goals, which we

wanted to achieve:

❖
To understand Python language and App development process
❖
To see if this kind of work is a possibility for my future career.
❖
To better use and understand my academic knowledge in a practical environment
❖
To see what skills and knowledge I need to work in a professional environment.
❖
To enhance my communication skills
❖
To build a network

This Internship report contains my activities that have contributed to achieve a

number of stated goals. In the following chapter a description of the organization Indian
Tech-Keys and their activities is given. After this a reflection on my functioning, and the
learning goals achieved during the internship are described. Finally, I give a conclusion on
the internship experience according to my learning goals.

1.1 INTERNSHIP
An internship is a professional learning experience that offers meaningful,
practical work related to a student’s field of study or career interest. An internship gives a
student the opportunity for career exploration and development, and to learn new skills. It
offers the employer the opportunity to bring new ideas and energy into the workplace,
develop talent and potentially build a pipeline for future full-time employees.

❖
A quality internship Consists of a part-time or full-time work schedule that includes
no more than 25% clerical or administrative duties.
❖
Provides a clear job/project description for the work experience.
❖
Orients the student to the organization, its culture and proposed work assignments.

Dept. of ISE 1 KNSIT

 Smart System Design Using Python and Android Application
❖
Helps the student develop and achieve learning goals.
❖
❖
Offers regular feedback to the student intern.

1.2 OUTCOMES OF INTERNSHIP

❖
To gain real work experience and provide meaningful assistance to the company.
They don’t want to be gophers!
❖
To have a mentor who provides guidance, feedback, receptiveness and models
professionalism.
❖
To gain experience and skills in a particular field.
❖
To develop professional contacts.
❖
To gain exposure to upper management.

❖
To receive an orientation to the company for which they are interning. This introduces
the student to the company’s mission and goals and provides them with information
about company rules, regulations and procedures. It also introduces the intern to
fellow employees who they can go to in the future with questions.

1.2.1 Benefits of hiring an Intern:

❖
Ease workload of regular employees
❖
Enable employees to focus on higher level tasks
❖
Meet short-term staffing needs
❖
Complete “Priority C” tasks/projects
❖
Utilize a cost effective employment strategy
❖
Obtain access to highly motivated students who can fill staffing needs
❖
Complete finite projects
❖
Develop a pipeline of future employees
❖
Prepare tomorrow’s workforce
❖
Inject enthusiasm and fresh ideas into your organization
❖
Provide practical learning opportunities to students
❖
Take advantage of students’ tech and social media savvy

Dept. of ISE 2 KNSIT

Smart System Design Using Python and Android Application

1.3 INTERNSHIP OBJECTIVES

❖
Internships are generally thought of to be reserved for college students looking to gain
experience in a particular field. However, a wide array of people can benefit from
Training Internships in order to receive real world experience and develop their skills
❖
An objective for this position should emphasize the skills you already possess in the
area and your interest in learning more.
❖
Internships are utilized in a number of different career fields, including architecture,
engineering, healthcare, economics, advertising and many more.
❖
Some internship is used to allow individuals to perform scientific research while
others are specifically designed to allow people to gain first-hand experience working.

❖
Utilizing internships is a great way to build your resume and develop skills that can be
emphasized in your resume for future jobs. When you are applying for a Training
Internship, make sure to highlight any special skills or talents that can make you stand
apart from the rest of the applicants so that you have an improved chance of landing
the position.

Dept. of ISE 3 KNSIT

Smart System Design Using Python and Android Application

CHAPTER 2
COMPANY PROFILE

Indian Tech Keys is an Indian startup that provides services like; Printed Circuit
Board (PCBs) design and fabrication, 3-D printing services, Embedded product
development, industry interaction programs, hands-on sessions or workshops, E-store
supply and innovation labs. It is headquartered in Baiyappanahalli extension road, near
swami vivekananda road metro, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560038.

There are two major departments or wings in the company: R&D(Research and
Development) in the field of industrial automation and smart city products and also has
Service Sector (SS) in which the team is involved in providing the technical support for
small scale industries along with educational institutions and different universities in
Karnataka.

2.1 COMPANY SERVICES

❖
PCB Design and Fabrications

PCB Design and fabrication is one of the ways that we help our clients to get to
market faster as our engineering team has significant real world experience in designing.

❖
Industrial Automation

We are provider of hardware and software solutions for the embedded real-time
systems market. Some of our services include integrated hardware and software solutions,
tool and products.

❖
Industry Interaction Programs

We offer skill development programs for Corporate employees and education

institutions. These programs are most preferred activity for mutual benefit and growth of
industries as well institutions.

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Smart System Design Using Python and Android Application

2.2 VISION AND MISSION

2.2.1 VISION

Indian Tech Keys mainly focuses on providing hands-on experience to students of

graduation and post-graduation cadre. The company’s motive is to bridge the gap between
student community and current technologies by conducting workshops on recent
technological advancements like that of PCB, ARM, Arduino, Robotics, Copters and
Android tools.

2.2.2 MISSION

Indian Tech-Keys assures its clients of their satisfaction by addressing their needs
and requirements in a timely manner.

❖ Able to offer you one – stop service with small, medium to mass production with
competitive engineering, quality and OTD assurance that customized all your request.
Also, the company offers their customers best pricing in the market.

❖ Capable to deliver / export the products across the country.

❖ Our staff are capable of exploring updated technologies in the market to provide our
customers to their needs / requirements.

❖ We provide High end PCB’s, wire harness for Aerospace, Defense, Automobiles and
Industrial applications.

❖ Indian Tech-Keys also provides Reverse engineering services on PCBs to our clients.

2.3 ABOUT THE MENTOR

Kotresh Mundrugi, Dedicated Entrepreneur, Indian Tech-Keys

Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

Active Director at Indian Tech-Keys. leading the business with motivation of becoming
successful business person. Having good knowledge about PCB, Embedded system. An android
app development, Industrial Automation and IoT. Worked as Software Engineer at Cap Gemini
and developed many software related to IBM BPM tool. Also have experience of 6months as
R&D engineer at RS Components and Controls PVT Ltd.

Dept. of ISE 5 KNSIT

Smart System Design Using Python and Android Application

Dedicated Entrepreneur accomplished in concept development, feasibility analysis

and securing the funding necessary for successful business growth. Motivated business
professional bringing a 3-year career in small business ownership. Business development
and social media expert who quickly masters new concepts and technologies to drive
successful businesses. Skilled PCB Designer with experience in the RS Components and
Controls-India industry.
Education

R.V College of Engineering, Bangalore

Bachelor of Engineering- B.E Telecommunication Engineering

Skills

❖
Microsoft Office
❖
C (Programming Language)
❖
C++
❖
Matlab
❖
Programming
❖
HTML
❖
Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Design
❖
Embedded Systems

Dept. of ISE 6 KNSIT

Smart System Design Using Python and Android Application

CHAPTER 3

PYTHON
Python is a general purpose, dynamic, high level and interpreted programming
language. It supports Object Oriented programming approach to develop applications. It is
simple and easy to learn and provides lots of high-level data structures. Python is easy to
learn yet powerful and versatile scripting language which makes it attractive for
Application Development. Python's syntax and dynamic typing with its interpreted nature,
makes it an ideal language for scripting and rapid application development. Python
supports multiple programming pattern, including object oriented, imperative and
functional or procedural programming styles intended to work on special area such as web
programming. That is why it is known as multipurpose because it can be used with web,
enterprise, 3D CAD etc.

3.1 HISTORY

Python was developed in 1980 by Guido van Rossum at the National Research
Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science in the Netherlands as a successor of
ABC language capable of exception handling and interfacing. Python features a dynamic
type system and automatic memory management. It supports multiple programming
paradigms, including object -oriented, imperative functional and procedural, and has a
large and comprehensive standard library.

Van Rossum picked the name python for the new language from a TV show
st
Monty Python’s Flying Circus. In December 1989 the creator developed developed the 1
Python interpreter as a hobby and then on 16 October 2000, Python 2.0 was released with
many new features.

3.2 PYTHON FEATURES

Python's features include –
❖
Easy-to-learn − Python has few keywords, simple structure, and a clearly defined
syntax. This allows the student to pick up the language quickly.
❖
Easy-to-read − Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the eyes.
❖
Easy-to-maintain − Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.

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 Smart System Design Using Python and Android Application

❖
A broad standard library − Python's bulk of the library is very portable and cross-

platform compatible on UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh.

❖
Interactive Mode − Python has support for an interactive mode which allows
interactive testing and debugging of snippets of code.
Portable − Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and has the same
interface on all platforms.
❖
Extendable −You can add low-level modules to the Python interpreter. These
modules
❖
enable programmers to add to or customize their tools to be more efficient.
❖
❖
Databases − Python provides interfaces to all major commercial databases.

❖
GUI Programming − Python supports GUI applications that can be created and
ported to many system calls, libraries and windows systems, such as Windows MFC,
Macintosh, and X Window system of Unix.

❖
Scalable − Python provides a better structure and support for large programs than
shell scripting. Apart from the above-mentioned features, Python has a big list of good
features, few are listed below –
❖
It supports functional and structured programming methods as well as OOP.
❖
It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to byte-code for building
large
❖
applications.
❖
IT provides very high-level dynamic data types and supports dynamic type checking.
❖
IT supports automatic garbage collection.
❖
It can be easily integrated with C, C++, COM, ActiveX, CORBA, and Java.
3.3 Python Releases
❖
Python 1.0 – January 1994
❖
❖
Python 1.5– December 31,1997
❖
Python 1.6 – September 5, 2000
❖
❖
Python 2.0 – October 16, 2000
❖
Python 2.1 – April 17, 2001
❖
Python 2.2 – December 21, 2001
❖
Python 2.3 – July 29, 2003
❖
❖
Python 2.4 – November 30, 2004
Dept. of ISE 8 KNSIT
Smart System Design Using Python and Android Application
❖
Python 3.1 – June 27, 2009
❖
Python 3.2 – February 20, 2011
❖
Python 3.3 – September 29,2012
❖
Python 3.4 – March 16, 2014
❖
Python 3.5 – September 13, 2015
❖
Python 3.6 – December 23, 2016

3.4 Programming examples

i ) Hello world program

Fig 3.1 Hello world program

Dept. of ISE 9 KNSIT

Smart System Design Using Python and Android Application

ii ) calculator program

Fig 3.2 Calculator program

iii )Program for Speech to Text:

Fig 3.3 Speech to text program

Dept. of ISE 10 KNSIT

Smart System Design Using Python and Android Application

iv) Program for Text to Speech:

Fig 3.4 Text to speech program

v) Registration program

Fig 3.5 Registration program

Dept. of ISE 11 KNSIT

Smart System Design Using Python and Android Application

3.5 Applications
1. Web Development
2. Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence
3. Data Science
4. Game Development
5. Scientific and Numeric
6. Audio and Video based Applications
7. Software Development
8. CAD Application
9. Business Applications
10. Desktop GUI Applications

Fig 3.6 Python Applications

Dept. of ISE 12 KNSIT

Smart System Design Using Python and Android Application

CHAPTER 4
APP DEVELOPMENT

Mobile application development is the process of making software for

smartphones, tablets and digital assistants, most commonly for the Android and iOS
operating systems. The software can be preinstalled on the device, downloaded from a
mobile app store or accessed through a mobile web browser.

Mobile app development is rapidly growing. From retail, telecommunications and

e-commerce to insurance, healthcare and government, organizations across industries
must meet user expectations for real-time, convenient ways to conduct transactions and
access information. Today, mobile devices—and the mobile applications that unlock their
value— are the most popular way for people and businesses to connect to the internet. To
stay relevant, responsive and successful, organizations need to develop the mobile
applications that their customers, partners and employee’s demand.

4.1 MIT APP INVENTOR

App Inventor is a cloud-based tool, by which you can build android applications
using web browser. This website offers all the support you’ll need to learn how to build
your own apps.

4.1.1 Login and Signup page using MIT:

Procedure for login and signup:

❖
Start a new project
❖
Name the project
❖
Choose things for user interface like buttons, and functionalities like sensors and GPS.
❖
Connect app inventor to your phone for live testing.

Dept. of ISE 13 KNSIT

Smart System Design Using Python and Android Application

Fig 4.1 Design of login and signup page

Fig 4.2 Coding of login and signup page

Dept. of ISE 14 KNSIT

Smart System Design Using Python and Android Application

4.1.2 Python Projects

Fig 4.3 Login page Fig 4.4 Signup page

Dept. of ISE 15 KNSIT

Smart System Design Using Python and Android Application

CHAPTER 5
HOME AUTOMATION

Home automation is building automation for a home, called a smart home or smart
house. A home automation system will monitor and/or control home attributes such as
lighting, climate, entertainment systems, and appliances. It may also include home
security such as access control and alarm systems. When connected with the Internet,
home devices are an important constituent of the Internet of Things ("IoT").

A home automation system typically connects controlled devices to a central smart

home hub (sometimes called a "gateway"). The user interface for control of the system
uses either wall-mounted terminals, tablet or desktop computers, a mobile phone
application, or a Web.

Fig 5.1 Demonstration

5.1 HOME AUTOMATION APPLICATIONS

Houses have evolved throughout history, from caves with fire to warm and illuminate
even torches and candles and finally the arrival of electricity, which has allowed to increase
home comfort. Later, electronics arrived allowing the use of the appliances,

Dept. of ISE 16 KNSIT

Smart System Design Using Python and Android Application

being able to perform programming routines and regulation processes such as hot and
cold washing or video recording.

It was from the 1970’s that integrated systems were used commercially and
developed into the domestic aspect of urban houses, this is when home automation
manages to integrate the two necessary systems, electrical and electronic, in pursuit of the
integral communication of house devices.

It was in the United States where the first devices of building automation appeared,
based on the X-10 protocol. This is a communication protocol for the remote control of
electrical devices, using the pre-existing electrical line to transmit control signals within
home automation equipment by radio frequency pulses which represent digital
information. History of automation applications comprises different stages, beginning
with the first protocols oriented to remote control and following with the great protocols
of self-regulation, considered the real home automation revolution.

Fig: 5.2 Home automation schematic

5.1.1 OBJECTIVES

The main objective of this project is to design and develop a prototype of a home
automation controllable from an Android mobile application. Application must be able to
perceive and act and to have various types of operation in order to obtain the purpose for
which this technology was invented: maximizing user’s comfort offering an easy way to
personalize home.

The steps that should be taken to achieve the expected result are the following:

Dept. of ISE 17 KNSIT

 Smart System Design Using Python and Android Application

❖
Determine the scope of the application and delimit the points that each mode of
operation must deal with.
❖
Select the components and software.
❖
Electronic design.
❖
Program the board.
❖
Program the mobile application.
❖
Build the house model.
❖
Place and weld the components in the model.
❖
Test and debug the application.

Fig: 5.3 Home automation schematic

5.2 ROBOTIC CONTROL

Robotic control is the system that contributes to the movement of robots. This
involves the mechanical aspects and programmable systems that makes it possible to
control robots.

Fig 5.4 Home automation schematic

Dept. of ISE 18 KNSIT
Smart System Design Using Python and Android Application

Robotics could be controlled in various ways, which includes using manual

control, wireless control, semi-autonomous (which is a mix of fully automatic and
wireless control), and fully autonomous (which is when it uses artificial intelligence to
move on its own, but there could be options to make it manually controlled). In the
present day, as technological advancements progress, robots and their methods of control
continue to develop and advance. Here, with the help of Python programming and MIT
app inventor we have developed an app which can control the robot.

5.2.1 ROBOTIC CONTROL

❖
Automobiles, including PEM fuel cells
❖
Aerospace

❖
Industrial control of machines and processes

❖
Biomedical uses, including robotic surgery and drug discovery and development

❖
Electronics and communication networks

Dept. of ISE 19 KNSIT

Smart System Design Using Python and Android Application

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION
Finally, I would like to conclude this internship was a useful experience. I have
gained new knowledge, skills. We achieved several of our learning goals. I got insight
into professional practices. Related to our study i learnt more about Python, App
development and IOT.

A modern home contains varieties of electronic equipment and systems like: TV,
Hi-fi equipment, central heating systems, fire alarm systems, security alarm systems,
lighting systems etc. Enabling these devices to communicate is the first step towards the
long-predicted smart home, but this requires communication standards to follow which
was acquired in this internship.

The internship was also good to find out what my strengths and weaknesses are.
This helped me to define what skills and knowledge I have to improve in coming time. I
can confidently assert that the knowledge I gained through this internship is sufficient to
contribute towards my future endeavor. At last, two main things that I’ve learned the
importance of our time-management skills and self-motivation.

Dept. of ISE 20 KNSIT

Smart System Design Using Python and Android Application

REFERENCES

[1] General Python FAQ — Python 3.9.2 documentation docs.python.org. Archived from
the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2021.Python 0.9.1part 01/21 alt
sources archives. Archived from the original on 11 August 2021. Retrieved 11 August
2021.

[2] MobiOne Developer 1.0 M4: Create App Store-ready Mobile Web Applications,
Experience True Device Behavior on Windows". PR Web. Retrieved 31 May 2021.

[i] Nowotarski et al., "Increasing Allowance Rates by Selectively Targeting Patent Class"
IPwatchdog, April 6, 2011

[3] Lewis, Geoffrey G. E. "Home automation." IEE Review 35, no. 1 (1989): 24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ir:19890009.

[4] Home Automation & Wiring (1 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/TAB Electronics.
1999-03-31. ISBN 978-0-07-024674-4.

[5] Rye, Dave (October 1999). "My Life at X10". AV and Automation Industry
eMagazine. AV and Automation Industry eMagazine. Archived from the original on
September 30, 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2014.

[6] T. Maria Jenifer, T. S. Vasumathi Priyadharshini, Raja Lavanya S. Raj Pandian,

“Mobile Robot Temperature Monitoring System Controlled by Android Application via
Bluetooth”, IJACTE 2013.

[7] Content Development Team Robo India https://roboindia.com

[8] www.google.com

[9] www.python.org

[10] www.w3school.com

[11] www.wikipedia.com

Dept. of ISE 21 KNSIT

CERTIFICATION