ATBU, Journal of Science, Technology & Education (JOSTE); Vol.

4 (2), September, 2016 ISSN: 2277-0011

Table 3.1: Nigeria Electricity Generation, Consumption, Transmission losses and Capacity Utilization (2000 – 2013), GWh
Year Generation Industry Residential Commercial Losses % Lost % Utilized Total Consumption
2000 14727 1866 4431 2346 5618 38.1 58.7 8643
2001 15462 1914 4608 2439 5986 38.7 58.0 8961
2002 21545 1764 7715 3298 8086 37.5 59.3 12777
2003 20184 1565 7669 3538 6740 33.4 63.3 12772
2004 24275 1959 9557 4410 7545 31.1 65.6 15926
2005 23539 2119 10302 4754 5580 23.7 73.0 17175
2006 23110 3198 7832 4077 7181 31.1 65.4 15107
2007 22978 4128 10091 5252 2650 11.5 84.7 19471
2008 21110 3502 10240 4574 1989 9.4 86.8 18316
2009 19777 3109 10163 4639 1160 5.9 90.6 17911
2010 26121 3249 11962 5449 4497 17.2 79.1 20660
2011 27034 2581 13568 6180 2581 9.5 82.6 22329
2012 28706 3983 14549 6627 2485 8.7 87.6 25159
2013 28961 3899 13458 6130 4443 15.3 81.1 23487

35000

30000

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Generation Losses Total Consumption

Figure 3.1: Nigeria Electricity Generation, Total Consumption and Total Losses

Then the forecasting of historical data was losses follow a downward trend up to 2017 when it is
carried out to obtain projected values for the future predicted to hit the zero loss level. Transmission losses
using stochastic/extrapolation method as shown in account for the gap between electricity generated and
Figure 3.2 below. Figure 3.2 is the projected values of quantity consumed. The trend shows that higher values
total annual generation, transmission losses and of transmission losses results in lower consumption of
consumption from 2000 to 2030. Total transmission electricity from 2000 to 2007 and lower values of

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 ATBU, Journal of Science, Technology & Education (JOSTE); Vol. 4 (2), September, 2016 ISSN: 2277-0011

transmission losses results in higher values of electricity consumption between 2007 and 2013.
Actual Generation Actual Losses Trendline (G)
Trendline (L) Actual Consumption Trendline {C}
45000

40000

35000

30000

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
Figure 3.2: Forecasted Values for Generation, Consumption and Total Losses (GWh)

The actual values gave a trend line equation that v. Limited funds for development of projects
has a negative slope, the trend line is used to forecast vi. High technical and non-technical loss
the future trend of transmission losses. It is expected vii. Limited training opportunities
that Nigerians be able to consume up to 99% of viii. Frequent vandalism of transmission
electricity sent out of the national grid by 2017. However, infrastructures
the accuracy of this forecast was calculated and mean These issues make it more difficult to mathematically
absolute percentage error of 42.14% was obtained, this predict the trend of losses in the transmission grid but
is due to wide variation in yearly values of transmission one thing that is certain is that economic development in
losses. Nigeria is strongly linked to the quantity and quality of
The implication of this is that despite the improved electricity available for consumption. For Nigeria to
technical and management efforts of the Transmission develop its gross domestic product, transmission losses
Company of Nigeria (TCN) towards the reduction in must be reduced to the barest minimum so that there
transmission losses, Nigeria cannot achieve zero loss can be maximum utilization of electricity by the
level in 2017 because according to (Labo, 2010), consumers.
electricity transmission losses in the country are
majorly due to the following factors: Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) Recent
i. Radial Lines with no redundancies Challenges
ii. Obsolete substation equipment Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) was
iii. Overloaded transmission lines and sub-stations incorporated in November 2005. The company emerged
iv. Inadequate coverage of infrastructure from the defunct National Electric Power Authority

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 ATBU, Journal of Science, Technology & Education (JOSTE); Vol. 4 (2), September, 2016 ISSN: 2277-0011

(NEPA) as a product of the merger of the Transmission as shown in Figure 3.3. There are about 150 on-going
and Operations sectors in 2004. TCN is independent but projects for the expansion of facilities including
report to Ministry of Power. Its licensed activities transmission lines, substations, transformers, switch
include: electricity transmission, system operation and gears etc. In February, 2016, TCN successfully evacuated
electricity trading. In 2012, the evacuation capacity of highest generation of 5074 MW, translating to 109,700
TCN was about 2500 MW. The whole country is already MWh with a target of 6000 MW by the end of 2016 and
mapped in terms of strategic transmission line network 20,000 MW by 2021 (TCN, Newsletter, Issue No. 5, 2016).

Figure 3.3: Proposed Super-Grid transmission Network (Source: (Nnaji, 2011))

Some of the most recent problems confronting from the TCN website (TCN, Transmission Company of
the company are depicted in Table 3.2 below as adapted Nigeria):

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 ATBU, Journal of Science, Technology & Education (JOSTE); Vol. 4 (2), September, 2016 ISSN: 2277-0011

Table 3.2: Recent challenges in TCN

Low voltage at Kebbi Axis Installation of Automatic Voltage Expected to result in immediate marginal voltage
Regulator on power transformers improvement. Voltage control is currently by manual tap
at Birnin Kebbi Transmission changing which does not sufficiently take care of frequent
Station(T.S.) variation of grid voltage profile in Birnin Kebbi
Capacity Limitation at Power House Load re-arrangement in Kaduna. Present loading arrangement indicates that transformers in
(Kaduna Town) 195MVA is too low for Transmission Station to fully utilize the station are not evenly loaded. 60MVA T2A =86% peak
the 400MW 132MW available capacity at the load, 60MVA T3 = peak 68%, 30MVA T1B =57% Peak Load
Substation and 15MVAT2B= Peak Load 34%
Faulty Metering Infrastructure Status review of metering Bids for the procurement of new grid meters submitted and
CTs/VTs infrastructures in Kaduna to replace evaluation of bids in progress.
defective metering facility
Incomplete transmission substation Reinforcement of 1x40MVA and 1 x The 40MVA Mobile substation is on ground at Zaria T.S and
in Zaria/Samaru 60 MVA 132/33KV Zaria T.S with provision has been made for its installation in 2016 budget.
additional 40MVA mobile substation
Uncompleted 132KV Makeri-Pankshin Completion of construction of To be completed in second quarter of 2016
line and 132/33 KV substation in 132KVMakeri/Pankshin 132kv lines.
Pankshin which was started a decade
ago
Capacity limitation on Reconductory of Alaoji/ Owerri Contract has been awarded for the reconductoring of line 1.
Alaoji/Owerri/Ahoada/Yenego132KV 132kV Line. Opening of Letter of Credit is in progress. Line 2 to be
line. The 132KV DC leg is aged and awarded.
pegged to 120MW.Transformer
T@40MVA at Ahoada is already
overloaded
Capacity limitation Aba/Itu 132KV SC Reconductory of Aba/ Itu line Procurement of more length of conductor to complete the
line. The line is very old and project.
therefore limited to 54MW to aviod
snap. Full Power evacuation is
constrained
Burnt earthing transformer at Afam Replacement of burnt earthing Replacement of faulty earthing transformer completed and
Rivers IPP 1X60MVA, 132/33KV T/S. transformer at Afam Rivers IPP and restored to service.
clean up the two 33KV feeders at
Afam.
330KV Transmission line from Gombe Re-erect tower or improvise link the Erection of the fallen tower has been awarded. Payment of
to Maiduguri through Damaturu line to existing 132KV Line from Biu 15% advance in progress.
designed to improve service delivery to Maiduguri to feed Maiduguri
to Maiduguri through Damaturu
330kV Circuit Breaker 3114 damaged TCN to replace damaged 330KV CB Procurement of 30Nos 330KV switch gears from Original
beyond economic repair on 13 April, with new one. Meanwhile the Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) is in progress.
2013 and requires replacement available Tie Circuit Breaker is used.

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 ATBU, Journal of Science, Technology & Education (JOSTE); Vol. 4 (2), September, 2016 ISSN: 2277-0011

TCN has successfully restored the Maiduguri- One hundred and twenty-six approved TCN projects
Danboa transmission line supplying electricity to worth about USD1.5 billion are underway to strengthen
distribution load centers in Maiduguri and the suburbs. the transmission network and a further 118 NIPP projects
Nigerians living in the North-Eastern part of the country have been approved. In addition, various external funding
are going through very turbulent times due to activities sources have been made available to finance new
of insurgents. Aside the horrific, unending sporadic projects within the transmission sector. However, much
shootings which have left residents bewildered, funding has yet to be accessed as the number of
destruction of power installations by the group has also bankable projects is low. When completed, these projects
added incessant power outage to the unfortunate could increase grid-wheeling capacity to about 7,200 MW
situation (TCN, Newsletter, Issue No. 1, 2016). and the length of the network to 21,000 km (APT, 2015).
In July 2014, Damboa 132kV substation was attacked and
burnt down by the insurgents cutting off conductors in- SMART GRID APPROACH
between 6 No transmission towers. Although repairs A smart grid refers to electric grid
were carried out on the affected towers, Damboa modernization using improved communication, sensing
substation remained out of service. and control systems to achieve an efficient electricity
Despite these challenges, some of the most recent delivery system. The electric power grid is the backbone
achievements of TCN across the country include (TCN, of the energy supply system and it is critical to the
Newsletter, Issue No. 1, 2016) : functioning of other allied infrastructure. Several
i. Restoration of power supply to Borno state in factors interact with the service life and optimum
the north-east of the country functionality of the grid to impede safe, reliable, and
ii. Installation of Wave Trap on R2A and R1W at efficient operation. Traditional measurement and
Olorunsogo gas station monitoring approaches is a constraint on the ability of
iii. Commissioning of 150MVA 330/132kV utility company to make more effective investments in
Transformer at Ugwuaji transmission station grid infrastructure and generation resources and
iv. Re-strapping of New Haven-Onitsha 330kV and restrict the ability of consumers to make better-
Ugwuaji 330kV line CTs from 800/1A to informed decisions about their energy needs and
1600/1A. consumption. Distinct from those factors is the
v. Replacement of 1No 132kV exploded CT 27 on vulnerability of the grid to other physical threats such as
Alaoji /Aba 132kV Transmission Line at Alaoji targeted physical attacks (NGA, 2014).
transmission station. The growth of the transmission grid can
vi. Re-stringing of Delta/Benin 132KV Line 1 & 2 improve reliability, connect lower-cost power to
from T161-T163. ` customers, and ensure efficient integration of renewable
vii. Completion of Lokoja 330/132/33kV energy resources. Larger balancing areas, multiple
transmission station transmission pathways between resource and load, and
viii. Repair and restringing of collapsed Benin-Delta shorter scheduling windows can all help the grid function
132kV Transmission line tower 512 more efficiently. Increased communication capabilities
ix. Re-energizing of Okpai/Onitsha 330kV line and automation on the local distribution grid will ensure
after anchoring vandalized Tower 62 that utilities are able to quickly respond to outages and
redirect power away from affected lines and make the

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