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ISSN: 2230-9926 International Journal of Development Research

Vol. 09, Issue, 10, pp. 30295-30307, October, 2019

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

SOCIOECONOMIC PROFILE, OPERATION, COMMERCIALIZATION AND INCOME: A CASE STUDY OF

THE PAA IN THE CITY OF CAXIAS-MARANHÃO
*1Joabe Alves Carneiro and 2Adriana Estela Sanjuan Montebello
1Technologist in Logistics, Master in Agroecology and Rural Development, Federal University of São Carlos, São
Paulo, Brazil
2Economist, Professor Doctor of the Department of Agroindustrial Technology and Rural Socioeconomy –

DTAiSER of UFSCar, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Araras/SP

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

ArticleHistory:
Article History: The work had as a maing goal approaching the economic and social aspects of the Programa
Received xxxxxx,
Received 17 th
July,2019
2019 Aquisição de Alimentos – PAA (Food Acquisition Program) in the “Cocais” region in the State of
Received in
Received in revised
revised form
form Maranhãowith enphasis in the city of Caxias. As specific objectives, an analysis of the
xxxxxxxx,
23rd
August,2019
2019 socioeconomic profile of the families benefited with the PAA was done, then identifying who are
Accepted 08
Accepted xxxxxxxxx,
th
September,2019
2019 the supplier beneficiaries of the program; the operation of the purchase process and the
Published online
Published online 16
xxxxx,
th 2019 2019
October, commercialization channels have also been verified. The research tool used was a case study. The
data collection method was a form with open and closed questions, which were answered by the
Key Words: researcher. From the researched benefited, 70% are from the female gender and 30% of the male
gender, 50% have age between 36-49 years old, people with ages between 18-35 representing
Income generation in the rural midst and
local agriculture development. 25% and people above 50 years old also representing 25% of the researched sample. Of the 44
individuals that participated in this study, 43% were self-declared brown, 25% Afro-Brazilian and
28% self declared as of a “brunette color”. It was observed that 61% of the beneficiaries did not
complete the Elementary School. Those who received the social benefit called “Bolsa Família”
are 54% being 75% of the female gender. The medium value received was of R$ 182.33, the
minimum was of R$ 77.00 and the maximum was of R$ 436.00. Lastly, 14.4% of the
commercialization have been done in free fairs and simultaneous direct selling, 14% done the
commercialization through intermediaries, 35% by direct selling and 36.6% by free fairs.

Copyright © 2019, Joabe Alves Carneiro and Adriana Estela Sanjuan Montebello. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Citation: Joabe Alves Carneiro and Adriana Estela Sanjuan Montebello. 2019. “Socioeconomic profile, operation, commercialization and income: a
case study of the paa in the city of caxias-maranhão”, International Journal of Development Research, 09, (10), 30295-30307.

INTRODUCTION In this way this politic has been highlighted as one of the
Grisaand Schneider (2015) believe that the ideas that income alternatives for familiar farmers due to the planning
culminated in the creation of the PAA unleashed possibilities and the production scale during the year. For the
anefeverscence around the institutional markets from the point development of this study, the city of Caxias in the State of
of view of food food and nutrition security, being the school Maranhão was chosen. The city is among the biggest economic
feeding a central element. Still, the authors affirm that the centers in the State, beyond that, it is an important political,
PAA opened a “window of opportunities” and generated cultural and polulational center. Caxias has an important ally
learnings for the construction of new actions. Carneiro and for the development of the city, the River It apecuruthat had an
Montebello (2018) affirm that the PAA contributed for the rual important part in the beginning of the settlement of the city
development of the country, applying more than R$ 3.9 because it facilitated the penetration in the interior of the State.
billions from 2003 to 2017, and that this resource resulted in It was still in its shores that the first sugar Mills and cotton
the enlargement of the number of familiar farmers that fields that supplied the manufactures of Caxias/MA were
participate as supply beneficiaries of the Program. operated, besides this, the River worked as an access for the
development of the commerce in the State. (SILVA AND
*Corresponding author: Alves Carneiro, CONCEIÇÃO, 2011). The predominant soils in the city are
Technologist in Logistics, Master in Agroecology and Rural Development, plane with sandy texture or of moderate relief from wavy to
Federal University of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil wavy, this indicates the high potential for the development of
30296 Joabe Alves Carneiro et al. Socioeconomic profile, operation, commercialization and income: A case study of the paa in the city of caxias-maranhão

productive and sustainable agriculture, as long as it employ the margin of error of 10%, a 90% level of trust and the expected
adequate technologies (VALLADARES ET. AL. 2007). One proportion (p) of 50% were considered, being that the final
of the great is thmus for the development of the familiar number that was found, adjusted for finite populations, was of
agriculture of Caxias is in the land concentration. The data 38 farmers according to the methodology of Agrononik and
from the Censo Agropecuário (2017) revealed that the city Hirakata (2011).
disposes of an área of approximately 135,289 hectars, that are
distributed in 3,836 rural establishments, with94% having area
smaller than 100 hectars, those with area superior to 100
hectars represent about 5%, however 22,771 hectars are
distributed between the farmers with rural property up to 100
hectars that correspond to 16.8%. The main explanatory factor
for this result resides probably because of the cotton farming
economy of Maranhão in the 19th Century. The expansion of
this culture is associated to the enlargement of the large Figure 1. Formula of the sample calculation
estates, originated from the historical process of the donation
of sesmarias (the sixth part) and from slave work, both In total 44 forms were applied to the farmers, being 38 the
elementrs that were propelled from the accumulation of minimum level to be applied. In this way, the 6 (six) extra
commercial capital (TEIXERA, 2003). In this context the forms, in face of a finite population it increased the precision
present study has as a general objective approaching the degree about the data that was researched. In relation to the
economic and social aspects of the Programa Aquisição de intervalof trust, it was used a level of significance of 10%, that
Alimentos (Food Acquisition program) in the “Cocais” region is a level of significance with a good acceptability in scientific
in the State of Maranhão with enphasis in the city of Caxias. researches (Levy and Lemeshow 1980 Apud, Marotti et al.
The specific objectives are realizing an analysis of the 2008) All of the procedures that preceded the research were
socioeconomic profile of the beneficiated families with the done respecting the substantiated decision of the Council of
PAA program, identifying who are the supply beneficiaries of Ethics in Research (CEP). At the moment of the research, the
the program; verify the operation of the purchasing process participants signed the Free and Enlightened Term of Consent.
and the commercialization channels of the families that For the approach, initialy, there were set contacts with the City
participate in the program. As a hypothesis it is believed that Office of Agriculture, Rural Labor Syndicates and Community
the effects that are generated for the familiar farmers in the Leaders of each District and the objectives of the research
city of Caxias, with the implantation of the PAA facilitate the were explained as well as the verification of their agrément to
commercialization of the production, income generation in the take part. In the next stage the communities took knowledge of
rural midst, improvement in life quality, as well as the local the study through their community leaders, syndicate
development of agriculture and encouragement to the representatives and the City Hall, where they discurred about
permanence in the countryside. Beyond this introduction, the the subject to be approached and the formalization of the data
work is being organized in other four sections. In section two collection. The data collection must be performed directly in
the utilized methodological procedures are presented. In the source of information, that is, directly with the individual
section three the results of the research are discussed. In who the sample fell overm being a residence, a factory, a
section four the main final considerations of the work are company, agriculture, etc (FACHIN, 2001). In this way, the
commented. form was applied only to the individuals of the research
attending the recomendations by Fachin (2001). The talking
MATERIALS AND METHODS occurred personally and in an individual way, with duration
from 30 to 60 minutes, in their homes or rural establishments.
The study is going to use the tools of the qualitative and Pictures were also taken and short statements were recorded if
quantitative research by mean of a case study. The case study allowed. After doing all those stages of the research, the
is an empirical investigation that investigates a informations about this work are represented in form of texts
contemporaneous phenomenon in its real life context (YIN and in charts, graphics and maps.
2005).
Research Tools
Sample: The sample of the study refers to the supply
beneficiaries of thePrograma de Aquisição de Alimentos As a data collection method, for the effects of this study some
(PAA) of the city of Caxias in the State of Maranhão. “Forms” were prepared, which have a script os questions
According to Agrononik and Hirakata (2011), the size of the answered by the researcher, then, besides the face-to-face
sample depends on many factos such as: the variable that contact it is possible to obtain more complex and utile
interests the study, the kind of variable (quantitative or information (MARCONI; LAKATOS, 2003). One of the
qualitative), the existence or not of comparison among groups advantages of the form is the possibility of using almost the
(objective of study), the quantity of groups involved, the entire population segment: alphabetized, an alphabet,
power of the test, the level of significance and the size of the heterogeneous populations, etc (LAKATOS, 2003). The Form
effect. In the case of the existence of more than one interesting is fundamented in a series of ordained questions, successive
outcome, the size of the sample must be calculated for each and connected with the object of study. Thus, it can be
outcome. To get the quantity of forms to be applied the considered as a formal list, catalogue or inventory, destined to
expression. From (Figure 1) was used. To get to the finite data collection, resulting from observation or interrogatory.
population size of 82 farmers a search on the PAA plataform The filling is done by the investigator in measurement that he
was done. Data thatis connected to the Secretária de does the observations or receive the answers; it is his function
Informação e Gestão da Informação - SAGI (Secretary of to question and answer the Form while the information is
Information and Information Mananagement) of the MDS. A obtained. (FACHIN, 2001). In the elaboration of the Form,
30297 International Journal of Development Research, Vol. 09, Issue, 10, pp. 30295-30307, October, 2019

open and closed questions were used. The open questions are
those that allow the researched to discurr spontaneously about
what is being questioned and the answers can be with their
own language. The closed questions are those in which the
researched choses his answer in a group of cathegories that
were elaborated with the question (FACHIN, 2001). In this
way, it was possible to collect wide information, with plenty of
diverse opinions, also direct and objective.

Source: Elaborated by the authors (2019).

Figure 3. Map of the district division of Caxias

The equatorial weather is characterized by two seasons, one

rainy and other dry. In 2018 it was registered a minimum
temperature of 20°C and the maximal of 40°C, with annual
precipitations between 1.200 to 1.300 mm. The rainy season
normally initiates in December and goes on until April or May,
and concentrates above all from January to April. The dry
Source: Elaborated by the authors (2019). season starts in May or June and gos on until November
(September to November) and is characterized as being the
Figure 2. Map highlighting Caxias from the Northeast region and
from the State of Maranhão hottest (IMETRO – station 82467- CAXIAS 2018).
According to the IBGE, Maranhão presented in 2017 a
Characterization of the field of study household income of R$ 597, and in 2018 of R$
605,registering a variation of 0.4%. In the last two years, it
The city of Caxias was primitively anagregate of big tribes of presented the smallest household income of Brazil. The per
the native indigenous peoples of Timbiras and Gamelas that capita income is calculated as the reason between the total
lived preacefully with the French, but with the expulsion of the household incomes (in national terms) and the total os
French from Maranhão in 1615, the Portuguese reduced those inhabitants (BRASIL 2019). The PNUD (2013) highlights that
tribes to the subdued condition and sold their populations as the Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal–
slaves to the people of São Luis. The city is situated in the IDHM (Index of Human Development of the cities) of Caxias
mesoregion of the Eastern Maranhão and in the micro-region passed from 0.469 in 2000 to 0.624 in 2010. The city is in the
of Itapecuru, and belongs to theTerritório de Desenvolvimento rate of Desenvolvimento Humano Médio (IDHM between
dos Cocais (Cocals development territory).The territorial 0.600 and 0.699). The dimension that contributes the most fot
extension is of an area of 5,313.10 Km², with a population of the IDHM was the longevity, with index of 0,753, followed by
155,130 thousand inhabitants and is 365km away from the incom, with index of 0.595, and of education with index of
capital of Maranhão, São Luis. It presents a high demographic 0.543 (PNUD, 2013).
density of 30.95 inhabitants/km² and an urbanization rate of
76.27%, being the fifth most populated city. The urban According to the Farming Census of 2017, Caxias has a total
population is of 118,534 and rural of36,596 inhabitants. Figure land área of approximately 135,289,442 hectars, that are
2 illustrates the location of the city (IBGE, 2019). The urban distributed in 3,836 rural establishments, in which 80% belong
zone of the city is divided in: Central Zone, North Zone, South to individual producers, 23.38% of the establishments have
Zone, East Zone and West Zone, composed of 35 (thirty five) from 0.5 to 1ha, and 25.94% from 1 ha to less than 2 h and
neighborhoods, according to the City Law Number 1838/2009, 1.69% have from 200 to less than 500 ha (Chart 1). The land
and its rural zone divided in 3 (three) districts: 1st district, 2nd concentration in the city of Caxias is a historical question.
district and 3rd district. Prado JR (2011) also affirms that in the region of Caxias
practiced the monoculture of cotton that was responsible for
Caxias is among the biggest economic centers in the State of more than half of the production of Maranhão in the second
Maranhão thanks to its great development in the sectores of the half of the18th century. Because cotton was an activity of great
industry and an importante political, cultural and populational economic expression at that time, it used pleny of slave labor
center of the State. The city is strategicaly located and there ate not records about the quantity of slaves that
interconnected by the federal roads BR 135 and BR 316, worked in the monoculture. According to Lima (2006), the
connecting Caxias to the Northeast and North of the country, total population in the State of Maranhão in 1822 was of
rail roads that interconnect the productive centrst of the State 152,893 inhabitants, being 77,915 slaves, that is, 51%. Great
with the resto f the fcountry. It is part of an intermodal logistic transformations happenes in the productive systems in Caxias
group with connections among railroads, airports, ports and in the last two decades, to the point of promoting deep
waterways (Figure 3). alterations in the economy as well as in the urban and social
organizations themselves.
30298 Joabe Alves Carneiro et al. Socioeconomic profile, operation, commercialization and income: A case study of the paa in the city of caxias-maranhão

Chart 1. Rural establishments from the city of Caxias – Maranhão

Sizeofthe Establishment Number of Establishments % Areaofthe Establishment %
Total (tab)
More than 0 to less than 0,1 ha 44 1,15 2 0,0015
From 0,1 to less than 0,2 ha 27 0,70 4 0,0030
From 0,2 to less than 0,5 ha 378 9,85 130 0,0961
From 0,5 to less than 1 ha 897 23,38 655 0,4841
From 1 to less than 2 ha 995 25,94 1288 0,9520
From 2 to less than 3 ha 373 9,72 793 0,5862
From 3 to less than 4 há 134 3,49 424 0,3134
From 4 to less than 5 ha 63 1,64 265 0,1959
From 5 to less than 10há 180 4,69 1105 0,8168
From 10 to less than 20há 176 4,59 2378 1,7577
From 20 to less than 50 ha 229 5,97 6715 4,9634
From 50 to less than 100há 145 3,78 9012 6,6613
From 100 to less than 200 ha 94 2,45 12359 9,1353
From 200 to less than 500 ha 65 1,69 18024 13,3226
From 500 to less than 1.000 ha 14 0,36 9197 6,7980
From 1.000 to less than 2.500 ha 13 0,34 19305 14,2695
From 2.500 to less than 10.000 ha 8 0,21 X x
From 10.000 ha to more 1 0,03 X x
Producer without area - - -
Source: IBGE (2018).

For example the extrativism, an economic activity of the city The AF in Caxias has an important relevance in the economy,
that concentrated in the exploration of the babaçu coconut, it because besides generating occupation in the field, it is also
lost strenght in the last decades. Dourado and Boclin (2008) responsible for guaranteeing good part of the food that get to
affirm that the economic lost of babaçu is related to the the Free Fairs. Therefore, the AF is a segment of extreme
extinction of the forests and occupation of the spaces by importance for the income to the people of Caxias, being the
pasture or agricultural projects, by the difficulties not yeat strengthen of this segment, the key to reduce hunger and
overcame from the babaço exploration in a way to make it a povery, because it allows that the small producer gave access
competitive product. In this way, the agriculture and livestock, to land, water, markets, technology and credits.(Organização
slowly leave the characteristics of extensive and survival das Nações Unidas para a Alimentação e Agricultura - FAO,
activities and acquire a gait and quality of agrobusiness. Other 2012). The representative of FAO in Brazil affirms that the
cycle of monoculture that stated to dawn, starting in the decade “familiar agriculture is an influent tool to guarantee the food
of 1980 in many cities, among then Caxias, that is located in safety of the population worldwide and of the future
the Eastern mesoregion of Maranhão. National companies generations” (FAO, 2012). In 2010, 16.2 millions of Brazilians
turned to the cultivation of eucalyptus focused in the lived in extreme poverty and 46.7% lived in rural areas, the
production of celulose and wood extraction of the native wood higher quantitative of Brazilians in the extreme poverty
for the production of vegetable coal were installed (PAULA situation in the Northeast region: 9.61 millions of people
ANDRADE, 1995 and GASPAR, 2010). To Botelho, (59.1% of the extremely poor of the country). Of the total of
Almeida; Ferreira (2012), some problems were provoked by the extremely poor in the Northeast, more than the half
the introduction of the agrobusiness in the East of Maranhão, (52.5%) were in the rural areas (Falcão and Costa, 2014). The
such as: extreme poverty grew in the entire country during the crisis
from 2014 to 2017 with more intensity in the Northeast region.
“The Strong clue of land grabbing. In this way the Facing these facts, the importance of the AF desserves special
resulting consequence of this territorial expansion was attention for the treatment of this public above-mentioned with
given due to the change in the daily life activities of the public politics that generate positive results. It is highlighted
rural workers that before this took from the field the that the AF is a generator of richess and food. There are
sustaining of their families and produced food, now they thousands of families that depend on and live of the familiar
see themselves forced to work in the big companies” agriculture (Zyger, 2017).
(BOTELHO, ALMEIDA; FERREIRA 2012).
RESULTS
Even in face of these historical facts that have been muffling
the development of the small rural producer, 24% of the
population of Caxies live in the rural zone and has potential to This item of results presents the socioeconomic profile of the
promote the familiar agriculture (AF), whereas it is presente in beneficiaries of the PAA by mean of the following variables:
the three administrative districts of the city. The IBGE gender and age, characteristics of the beneficiary about their
Agropecuary Census (O CensoAgropecuário do IBGE) of color/ethnicity; local of the household; experience as familiar
2017 learned that in the city, the numbr of establishments with farmer; schooling level; land condition; social benefits; family
áreas up to 4 tax modules represent more than 95%. This fact, labor that is employed in the rural establishment; current
according to the Law Number 11.326/2006,has characteristics occupation; and familiar income per person in the house.
where the familiar agriculture can be practiced, taking into
consideration the pre-requirements of the size of the área, that Gender and Age of the PAA-Caxias beneficiaries: Of the
establishes that the AF practice to areas with the maximum beneficiaries that were researched, 70% are female. The
sixe of 4 tax modules. According to the chart of basic indexes operations in which the direct beneficiarie were men accounts
of the Sistema Nacional de Cadastro Rural (National System for 30% of the operations (Figure 4). The big percentual of
of Rural Register), the tax module in Caxias is fixed in 55 women participating in the PAA can be explained by the
hectars (BRASIL/INCRA, 2010). creation of diverse politics turned to their empowerment.
30299 International Journal of Development Research, Vol. 09, Issue, 10, pp. 30295-30307, October, 2019

relation to the total of contracts with women. Previously to

2011, even with the absence of the Resolution Number 44, of
August the 16th of 2011 that promotes the access of women to
the Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos, once it already
presented a good performance, initiating with 39.61% of their
participation (in 2009) and reaching 85.38% in 2017. In
relation to Brazil, in the Figure 6, it is observed a shy
participation of the women until 2011. With respect relatioship
to Brazil, in Figure 6, there is shy participion of womem until
2011. From 2012, the evolution is constant, reaching 71% in
2017.

Source: Field research (2019).

Figure 4. Gender of the beneficiaries (%) of the PAA in the city of
Caxias/MA between the months of November of 2018
and January 2019

As an example of this, there is the Programa Nacional de

Reforma Agrária –PNRA (National Program of Land Reform)
by Incra that since 2003, expanded the rights of women to the
land. Since then, the index of women who are titulars of the
lands increased from 24.1% in 2003 to 55.8% in 2007. The Source: Data from Conab (2018).
total of women that are heads of families in relation to the total Figure5. Percentualof contracts with women in the PAA in relation to the
of beneficiaries passed from 13.6% to 23% in the same period. total of contracts in Maranhão between 2009 and 2017
In the year of 2008, through the Interministerial Ordinance
Number 2, it was created the Programa de Organização
Produtiva de Mulheres Rurais (Rural Women’s Productive
Organization Program). Among the objectives were the
viabilization of the women’s access to public politics and of
support to the production and commercializationin order to
promote the economic authonomy of the women and ensure
their protagonism in the rural economy (MDA/BRASIL,
2018). With the acknowledgement by the MDA of the
importance of women’s contribution in the field, for the
production of healthy food, for the food security and
sovereinty and for the rural sustainable and solidary
Source: Data from Conab (2018).
development of the country. In the year of 2011, it was
launched the Resolution Number 44 that ensured the quotas for Figure 6. Percentualof contracts with women in the PAA in relation to the
women’s attendance, being 40% in the modality Purchase with total of contracts (Brazil)
Simultaneous Donation and Local Direct Purchase and 30% in
the modality CPR – Stock. Therefore, this action resulte in the
increase of the number of women in the condition of
responsible for the rural establishment. According to the
CensoAgropecuário of 2006, they represented 12.6%, in the
Census of 2017; the women represented 18.64% being the
increase probable propelled by public politics turned to the
women (IBGE/BRASIL, 2019).

The women in the field assume an important role, which is not

only in the act of doing domestic tasks, but also in the
strengthening of the labor and of the family income in measure
that they do both rural and domestic tasks. The action of
women in the áreas of small animals breeding, vegetable
planting, production and benification of fruits, milk, fish and
Source: Field Research (2019).
handicraft products, etc, in the so called productive backyards,
generate income and self sustaining for the families (Filipak, Figure 7. Representation by age range among the researched beneficiaries
2017). The Strong actuation of the women resulted in the from the PAA in Caxias/MA between the months of November of 2018
and January of 2019
participation of public politics, as an example of this, the PAA.
As shown to Figures 5 and 6, the consolidation and In relation with the age of the PAA beneficiaries in the city of
valorization of the female labor have been ensuring their Caxias, the Figure 7 shows that 50% of the researched are
socioeconomic inclusion, decreasing in that way the between 36-49 years old, those whose ages are between 18-35
invisibility of the women’s role in the rural midst. The data years old represent 25% and the people over 50 years old also
from Figure 5 demonstrate the development of Maranhão in represent 25%.
30300 Joabe Alves Carneiro et al. Socioeconomic profile, operation, commercialization and income: A case study of the paa in the city of caxias-maranhão

Source: Field research (2019).

Source: Field research (2019).
Figure 10. Characteristics of the beneficiary about color/ethnicity
Figure 8. Age range among the female gender from the city of in the city of Caxias/MA between the months of November of
Caxias/MA between the months of November of 2018 and 2018 and January of 2019
January of 2019
The answer had the following alternatives: white, black,
indigenous, others. According to the Figure 10, the researched
self attributed a color to himself or herself. Of the 44
individuals participating in the study, it was verified that 43%
self declared brown, 25% black and 28% self declared
themselves as of “a brunette color”.

The place of inhabitation and the experience as a farmer

In the research, it was verified that 90% of the researched live

in the same rural zone of the city and 10% in the urban zone.
However, with the farming and livestocking activities
happening in an establishment in the rural zone. About the
experiences as familiar farmers, 100% of the male gender
declared always have been working in farming. In the female
gender, all of the women researched self-declared always
Source: Field research (2019).
working in farming and as housewives, in their domestic duties
Figure 9. Age range among the male gender in the city of and taking care of the children.
Caxias/MA between the months of November of 2018 and
January of 2019 Schoolingofthe PAA Caxias beneficiaries

In the Figure 8, it is shown the age range of the female gender

or the researched, being 45% with ages between 36-49 years
old. In Figure 9, it is presented the male age range of the
researched, being 62% with ages between 36-49 years old. In
this way, the low participation of the genders with ages
between 18-35 years old can indicate, in a subjetive way, the
absence of public politics turned to insert these individuals in
the agriculture. To do so, the question of gender and their age
ranges were noto deepen in this item, because they are not
partof the central objective of the research.

Characteristics of the beneficiary about their

color/ethnicity: The racial classification, currently employed
by the IBGE, distinguishes the varieties through the
characteristic of the “skin color”, that can be white, black, .
Source: Field research (2019).
yellow and brown (OSORIO, 2003). There are basicly three
methods of racial identification that can be applied: self- Figure 11. Schooling of the beneficiaries of the PAA in
attribution, hetero-attribution and genetic analysis. In the Caxias/MA
classificatory system from IBGE, the methods of self and
herero-attribution are simultaneously applied. (Petruccelli, The schooling levelis too low among the PAA beneficiaries,
Saboia 2013). To better understand the originof the analyzed more than a half of its beneficiaries (61%) did not complete
data, the question made to the farmers in the part of elementar school. It is observed in Figure 11 that 5% of the
Socioeconomic Profile in relation to the color was the beneficiaries have technical education in the farming area and
following: “How do you consider yourself?”. 2% have higher education in other areas.
30301 International Journal of Development Research, Vol. 09, Issue, 10, pp. 30295-30307, October, 2019

Land condition in Caxias medium value received by each beneficiarie was of R$ 182.33,
the minimum was of R$ 77.00 and the maximum was of R$
436.00. The beneficiaries affimed that they used the received
resources to acquire medication, food, school supplies, paying
the electric energy bills and others.

The average familiar income in Caxias

According to the IBGE Census (2010), about 67% of the

population in Caxias has the nominal income bellow a
minimum salary. The State of Maranhão, according to IBGE
(2017), presented in the year of 2017 a familiar income of
R$597, and in 2018, of R$605. Therefore, the low income of
the city puts it in a vulnerability situation, with elevated
indexes of people in extreme poverty or poor. According to the
Source: Field research (2019). data made available by the Programa das Nações Unidas para
o Desenvolvimento - Brazil and Internacional (PNUD, 2010)
Figure 12. Land condition of the PAA beneficiaries Caxias/MA the data showed that the per capita income in the city of Caxias
was ofR$ 324.90 in 2010.
Among the PA beneficiaries in the city of Caxias, it was
verified that 34% of the researched were fit was squatters. It 60
also brings the attention the the expressivity of those that their 48%
50
land condition were other 23%. Besides that 20% belong to
40
rural settlements, according to Figure 12. According to the 30%
data gathered by INCRA, Caxias counts with 16 rural 30 21% 18%
settlements, in which 2,233 families of farmers are settled 20 13%
8%
(BRASIL/INCRA, 2019). According to reports of the 10 30% 2%
beneficiaries that participate in the PAA, it was perceived the 0
inexistence of a certain place to develop rural activities, they Renda até
Renda ½ Renda 1 a 2a3
utilize land borrowed from owners and squatters, which in ½ salário
a 1salário 2 salários salários
some cases are relatives, or farmers, and live the insecurity of mínimo
cannot plan their production and organize their planting área
with infrastructure: irrigation, fences and implementation of
48 18 30 4
permanent cultures, being restricted to short cycles. 21 8 13 2
Source: Field research (2019).
Beneficiaries of the Programa Bolsa Família in Caxias
Figure 14. Familiar income of the research beneficiaries
The Programa Bolsa Família is the transference of income for before the PAA
the vulnerable population in the Federal Scope, which
implementation articulates health, educational and social The Figures 14 and 15 present the income of the studied
assistance politics and conjugates efforts of states and cities. families. It was perceived that 48% of the group of individuals
that participated in the research had incomes up to half a
minimum salary before becoming participants of the PAA.
While the percentual of those who received a minimum salary
and half than two minimum salaries were 46%. However, it
can be affirmed that according to the field research, the per
capita income, before the PAA, fit 52% of the interviewd with
half salary to three minimum salaries. After the PAA, 100% of
the researched fit with the incomes from half a salary to three
minimum salaries.

80% 48% 59%

60% 18% 30% 32%
40%
20% 0% 4%9%
0%
Renda Renda
ANTES DO 2a3
½a 1a2
PAA salário
1salári salário
DEPOIS DO
s
o s
PAA
ANTES DO PAA 48% 18% 30% 4%
Source: Field research (2019). DEPOIS DO PAA 0% 59% 32% 9%
Figure 13. Social benefit (Programa BolsaFamília) in Caxias/MA
Source: Field research (2019).
According to the field research, 54% receive the Bolsa Figure 15. Familiar income of the researched beneficiaries of
Familia. Of this group, the female gender predominates (75% PAA in Caxias after the PAA
of the Bolsa Família beneficiaries) according to Figure 13. The
30302 Joabe Alves Carneiro et al. Socioeconomic profile, operation, commercialization and income: A case study of the paa in the city of caxias-maranhão

Purchase operation and income inside the PAA in the city The PAA in the city, although presente an evolution in the
of Caxias participation of the supplying beneficiaries, still can be
perfected. One of the problems that was observed in the field
Since the launching of the PAA in 2003, the first signed research corresponds to delas in the receiving of the payment
contracts with the program in the city of Caxias happened in after the delivery of the products as seen in Chart 3.
the year of 2011.In this occasion, three projects were approved
with resources from the Ministério de Desenvolvimento Social It has been perceived as well the lack of knowledgment of the
(Ministry of Social Development). The modality was Compras operation of the program by the part of the producers, and the
com Doação Simultânea –CDS (Purchase with Simultaneous absence of capacitation refering to the burocratic process of
Donation), serving in this ocasion to three Rural Producers the program and the continuous rural technical assistance. For
Associations and the released amount was of R$ 160,760.80 the improvement of the program, the path would be
and 43 supplying beneficiaries were attended. The Chart 2 capatication of the titular beneficiaries, besides this, looking
presents the participation time of the PAA beneficiaries and forward to capacitate other members of the familiar nucleous,
the frequence of signed contracts. as an example, the sons and daughters of the farmers,
considering that the research data showed that 61% of the
Chart 2. Time participating in the PAA and frequency of beneficiaries have incomplete Elementary School. Entertaining
contracted the capacitation in workshops about the program, it could aid
in the clarification and proportionate a better understanding.
Total number of Participation time in Frequency of Percentual Beyond this, the knowledgement by the farmers and members
benefited the PAA contracted (%)
of the familiar nucleous would allow a more eficiente planning
15 1 to 2 years Every year 34,09
13 2 to 3 years Every year 29,55 in the execution of the production and commercialization
16 3 to 4 years Every year 36,36 activities. The research found a lack of involvement of the
Source: Field research, (2019) Syndicate of Rural Workers of the city. About 81% of the
interviewed affirmed to be necessary more actions by the
Chart 3. Punctuality of payments of PAA reported by the Syndicate that could improve or ease the access to the PAA.
researched farmers
It was also observed that 52% of the beneficiaries reported that
Number of farmers Sometimes late Recurrently late On time
the Syndicate should act with more frequence with the
44 18,18 % 27,27% 54,55%
communities to identify the families that actually are rural
Source: Field research (2019).
producers that fit the Law Number 11.326 of July 24th of 2006
that establishes the guidelines to the National Politics of
It is highlighted that between the interviewed producers, the Familiar Agriculture and Rural Familiar Entrepeneurships. For
signed contrats are individual and not by means of connections the PAA beneficiaries a more effective action of the
with entities. Therefore, it is noted that 34.09% of the farmers Syndicates in the rural communities would ease the
are recent to the program. They had their contracts signed to identification of the farmers that are the public of the PAA,
provide to the PAA in 2016-2017, putting in discussion the sccording to what the producers said:
lack os mechanism of the local public powers in searching
public politics that generate income and ocupation in the rural “When the people that are not farmers have the DAP in
midst. Considering that the PAA was launched in 2003 and the their hands, they can have access to the PAA and to the
first hirings in Caxias happened in 2011, that is, after 8 years. PRONAF. About the PAA, they take the opportunity out
of us, who work sunrise-to-sunrise to produce something
The research found that 61% of the farmers took knowledge of to sell to the PAA aindsustain our families. Usually, as I
the PAA through the Secretary of Agriculture of the city,15% hear about, they buy products in the fair or at Ceasa in
by the neighboors, 10% by the Programa Brasilsem Miséria Teresina and sell as if they had produced it. That is bad for
(Program Brazil Without Misery), 11% by associations and us, producers.The presence of the Syndicate in the
3% through the technical assistance service. Of the total of communities is important to avoid this problem, because it
researched, all affirm participating in the meetings promoted is the orgain that representes us and we pay monthly the
by the City Hall explaining how is the purchase process tuition” (Rural producer Benefitiated of the PAA, city of
through the PAA. Among the difficulties pointed in relation to Caxias, 2018). “The Syndicate of Rural Workers has the
the processing of the program, 10% pointed to difficulties with role of representing and defending our rights and not only
the documents to legalize the participation in the program, that distributing the DAP to everyone. It is necessary to act
is, faced a discomfort to acquire the Aptitude Declaration to more frequently in the field for the strengthening of
the PRONAF. familiar agriculture. It is necessary oversee the DAPs that
they issue to verify if the person lives where he says he
To receive the payment of the products, the researched farmers lives and produces what he says he produces.” (Rural
affirmed that it was individual, by mean of a bankcard proper producer Benefitiated of the PAA, city of Caxias, 2018).
to receive the PAA resources. The farmer himself exclusively
does the food transport in the rural communities to the While the commercialization of the production have always
headquarters of the Secretary of Agriculture in which is the been a neck to the farmers, in the case of Caxias, the difficulty
food bank, in 100% of the cases. But, the farmers have is since the bad rodas, what makes difficult the access of the
organized in groups so the transportation cost becomes farmers to the headquarters of the city in which the fairs
smaller. It has also been observed that the farmers need to pass happen, until the low prices payd for the product, even smaller
through a long distance to make their deliveries, considering than in the local market. The study also highlights two
that the city has many problems with infrastructure, such as the moments of the researched group of individuals, the first is the
condition of the rural rodas and bridges in precary condition. form of commercialization of the products before the PAA that
30303 International Journal of Development Research, Vol. 09, Issue, 10, pp. 30295-30307, October, 2019

is, how the farmers used to sell their products, and the secon, town. In this case, the sell happens door-to-door. The
would be after the researched group of farmers passed to researched producers report that the disadvantages of selling in
participate in the PAA. the neighboor communities and in the town is by the fact that
many times they could not sell all of the product, having some
losses like wasting time, the value of transportation and
misplaced products. The forms of transportation are cars
(stockings), motorcycles and bicycles. A really common action
that also happens in the rural zone of Caxias, in which the
middlemen (in the case of the intermediaries) buy the
agriculture and livestock products from the producers and sells
them back to the retail business or straight to the consumer
with a margin of profit. According to the reports from the
farmers, the prices are low, but usually they pay at sight and
also, if they do not sell they lose the production of the land,
this when tey cannot sell the productio by other channels of
commercialization.

Source: Field research (2019).

Figure 16. Forms of commercialization by the producers before

the participation in PAA, Caxias/ MA

The Figure 16 points that 2% of the dupplying farmers of the

PAA already accessed institutional markets before taking part
of the PAA, in this case, they sold to thePrograma Nacional
de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE). Furthermore, it is noted that
before the PAA, 14% of the production were commercialized
by free fair and simultaneous direct sell, 14% by
intermediaries, 34% by direct sale and 36% by free fairs. In the
case of the PNAE, this commercialization channel is not much
used by the universe of the researched. The Programa
Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) offers school Source: Field research (2019).
feeding and food and nutrition actions to students of every
stage of public elementar school, remembering that at least Figure 17. Forms of commercialization by the producers after the
participation in PAA, Caxias/ MA
30% of the total of these resources must be spent in the
purchase of products coming from familiar agriculture and/or a
After entering the PAA, as shown in Figure 17, the sales at the
familiar ruralentrepeneur (FNDE, 2019).
free fairs lost strength, with the participation of 31% (before,
as shown in Figure 16 it was 36%), the direct sale also retreats
It was also found by the current study that 36% used to
from 35% (before the PAA) to 24% (Figure 16). However, the
commercialize the agriculture and livestock products in free
sales to intermediates remainedes table in 14%. A significant
fairs in the city of Caxias. The free fairs are economic
raise is observed in the case of PNAE that raised from 2%
activities that occupy public spaces constituted of activities
(before the PAA) to 17%. The figure 15 also highlights that,
that generate income, that provide numerous families and are
after the PAA, 14% of the farmers practice 3 selling channels
capable of promoting the proliferation of other commerces
(direct sale, free fairs and PAA).
(SILVA et al. 2014). In the city of Caxias, the fair is one of the
most solid organizations. The operation happens every day of Difficulties found to commercialize the products through
the week since 5 a.m. until 1 p.m. It is rooted in the culture and the PAA
the economy of the city. The farmers commercialize in the
fair: piglets, chicken, ducks, vegetables and fruits, a diversity They were identified through the commercialization, mainly
of flours, gums (or tapioca flour), foliages, fruits coming from relative to the Sanitary Adequation, the Food Receiving and
extractivism (as vinegar tree, pequi and bacuri), rapadura and Distribution Central and the Transport.
other products. The population participates actively in the
purchase of products from the fair. Thus, in a way, the farmers
 Sanitary adequation: The producers faced
already acted in the commercialization of some of their
considerable obstacles about fulfilling the sanitary
products by mean of other channels, being by meand of
regulation, because the sanitary regulations instituted by
sellings to the PNAE, or direct sale (door-to-door and in their
the Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa)
own residences), free dfairs or intermediaries.
are not easy of access for the small rural producers. It
was perceived that 100% of the farmers that are
In the case of the direct sale it occured in two ways: in the first
beneficiated by the PAA did not get the necessary
the consumers come to the residence of the farmers to effect
requirements to provide meat from chicken, free-range
the purchase, in the other the produces organizes the
chickens, or eggs, sweets or jams, cheese, manioc flour,
production in transport boxes and visits possible buyers in his
cassava gum, cakes, native and exotic fruit pulps,
own community or in neighboorcommunties and even in the
among others.
30304 Joabe Alves Carneiro et al. Socioeconomic profile, operation, commercialization and income: A case study of the paa in the city of caxias-maranhão

 Food Receiving and Distribution Central: other grat restaurants and others. It is observed the constant effort of the
neck observed in the city. It was noticed the absence of supplying farmers of the PAA, in a way of searching
a Food Receiving and Distribution Central of the PAA. alternatives to guarantee a higher productivity and a better
According to the researched, the delivery worked in an quality to overcome the obstacles that are imposed to their
improvised shed without the minimum packaging activity, such as weather variations, problems with
structure for the perishable products. This situation is infrastructure, commercialization and others.
contrary to the demands of the MDS, that defines the
characteristic Food Receiving and Distribution Central:
The local of delivering food must have the necessary
structure for the reception and packaging of the food.
The environment must be clean and the structure
compatible with the kinds of food that are being
received, it may be necessary to dispose of cooling and
freezing equipments (MDS/MANUAL OPERATIVO
DO PAA, 2014).

 Transport: In relation to the transport, 100% of the

farmers need logistic support of the City Hall to
transport the food to the Food Receiving and
Distribution Central of the PAA.
The supplying farmers may count on the logistic
support of the City Hall for the transportof the food to Source: Field research (2019).
the Food Receiving and Distribution Central of the
PAA, in the case that they do not dispose of their own Figure 18. Soil preparation for the planting of watermelon
and beans
conditions for the displacement of the production
(MDS/MANUAL OPERATIVO DO PAA, 2014)

Thus, 22.7% of the beneficiaries affirmed that they had

difficulties in the commercialization through the PAA. The
mains discomfort that was informed was related to the means
of transportation used to deliver the production in the
Secretary of Agriculture.
“We take our productions to Caxias in stocking cars, it is
really bad because sometimes the producers get hurt. And
when we get there the receiving fiscal does not want to
receive, then we lose everything. Other bad thing is that
we lose and entire day of work, because we leave home
early to get to the stocking car and it only comes back in
the afternoon, then we have to stay there waiting for the
time to come back... …” (Rural producer Benefitiated of Source: Field research (2019).
the PAA, city of Caxias, 2018). “The City Hall could
provide transport to pick up our products here at the farm. Figure 19. Planting of watermelon in the blooming phase
Then the people will eat our production. They would eat a (prevision on commercialization by the PAA)
fresh product... Here in Caxias we have many bad roads,
even when we want to hire a car we cannot find one,
because the owner does not want to come and when he
comes it is too expensive, because we sell too little.
”(Rural producer Benefitiated of the PAA, city of Caxias,
2018).

Incomes

According to Valnier (2011) in the study about income

improvement of the farmers that are beneficiaries of the PAA,
the author highlighted the life improvement, not only of the
familiar farmers that participate in the program, but also of all
those from the place and region in which they are inserted. In
the same way, such scenario happened in the city of Caxias in
Maranhão. The PAA showed itself as important for the
improvement of the life quality of familiar farmers, because it
values the agriculture products, motivates the production with Source: Field research (2019).
fair payments and the enlargement of the participation of
familiar agriculture in the market, mainly for those farmers Figure 20. Planting of manioc in which the producer is expecting
the 2019 budget to comercialize to the PAA
that cannot sell their products in supermarkets, fairs,
30305 International Journal of Development Research, Vol. 09, Issue, 10, pp. 30295-30307, October, 2019

“With the selling of my production I could build a

masonry house, because they lived in a house of mud, I
also bought a motorcycle that facilitates to take my
products to the Secretaria de Agricultura (Agriculture
Secretary), this program helped a lot, I hope it does not
end” (Rural Producer Beneficiated of the PAA, city of
Caxias, 2018). “The few I got to sell to the PAA was
enought to pay the bills, it improved a lot. We have more
pleasure working by knowing that we will have return
later, sometimes we plant the things just to eat, and the
rest that remais we give to the animals, and then we give
to the people that do not have [what to eat]” (Rural
producer Benefitiated of the PAA, city of Caxias, 2018)“

With the encouragement of producing to cell to the PAA it

improved a lot the life here at the farm, besides producing to
Source: Field research (2019). sell and having some return to pay the bills, we take partof the
production to eat, before we did not have the custom of eating
Figura 21. Okra planting close to harvest vegetables, now we produce to sell and to eat.” (Rural
producer Benefitiated of the PAA, cityof Caxias, 2018). “The
The Figures 18 to 21 show images of the soil preparation and best thing in this program is that we produce already knowing
the assembling og the economic irrigation kit, watermelon, to whom we are going to sell, then this iencourages us to work.
okra and manioc tree planting, being all of the products Before we produced and took a part to eat and the rest was
provided by the PAA. In the city of Caxias, despite the rotting in the farm. It was not even worth to harvest and take to
importance, the PAA presentes a small coverave. Even so, the the fairs, because there the price of our products is worthless.
program has been reaching its goals, promoting the income The people prefer buying products that came from outside and
generation and the price support to the familiar farmers. full of poison. Other good thing of the program is the price that
Considering this, in analysis of the PAA in Brazil, Souza- is payd that is fair for our work, this gives us value. We feel
Esquerdo and Bergamasco (2015) affirm that: important by knowing that our products also reach the schools
and other entities that recieve the products of the PAA” (Rural
Despite the small coverage of the PAA front to the producer Benefitiated of the PAA, city of Caxias, 2018). “Com
unvierse of Brazilian familiar farmers, the PAA have been a renda da venda de meus produtos, eu comprei um kit de
reaching its objectives every year, promoting income irrigação, com ele eu posso produzir o ano todo, ou seja, tanto
generation, price support to the familiar farmers and no período das chuvas, sem necessidade de usar o kit de
contributing fot the food and nutritional safety to the irrigação, como no período seco que não chove. Então assim
urban and rural populations. In this way, the PAA todo tempo tenho produto para vender tanto para o PAA como
consolidates itself as a program of public politics turned to nas feiras e para comunidade” (Rural producer Benefitiated of
the family farmer, guaranteeing at the same time, access to the PAA, cityof Caxias, 2018). “With the PAA I started to pay
quality food for a population in a food insecurity situation my bills on schedule, the feeding improved a lot, because there
(SOUZA-ESQUERDO; BERGAMASCO, 2015). were some things that I did not produce, but now I do, like
lettuce, okra and other things. Also, I don’t purchase many
According to the farmers of the research sample, 100% of things outside; we feed from what we produce for the PAA”
them affirm that they had improvements in their familiar (Rural producer Benefitiated of the PAA, city of Caxias,
income with the selling of the production to the PAA, 82% 2018).
evaluated that the prices received by the PAA are above the
prices practiced by the local market, only 7% considered that The main change that occurred after the participation in the
the prices are equal to the prices practiced in the market and program was the increase of the income, reported by 100% of
1% affirm that some product are better payd in the local the researched. A similar result was observed by Schmitt et al.
market. Besides that, about the prices that are payd for the (2014) by analysing the implantation process of the PAA in the
products, 95.5% of the answers affirmed that they received fair contexto of rural settlements in many Brazilian states, where
prices for the products and 4.5% think that the prices should be they found that the monetary gains originated from the
better, because the investment for the production is expensive. commercialization of agriculture and livestock products were
With the inclusion of the income originated from the PAA, superior in the cases of the families that accessed the program.
77% applied part of the resourse in the improvement of the In Itapetininga-SP, Camargo et al. (2013) in what relates to the
housing conditions as: simple reforms, construction of new family incomes, found a sensitive improvement with the
houses, construction of bathrooms, kitchens, among other participation in the PAA, highlighting that in many cases, the
improvements. According to the beneficiaries, the program resources from the PAA are the main source of rural income of
provoked a positive change about the income generation and the families. In Figure 22 are measured theagricultural
woke the beneficiaries for other markets, being one of them activities, highlighting the cultures that generated most
the Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar–PNAE financial gains for the researched inside the PAA. Through the
(National Program of School Feeding). Besides that, the field research was possible to analyse that the small farmers
farmesr punctuated some gains with the implementation of the supplied beans in greater quantities (25%). They appeared
PAA in the city. Such declarations reinforce the importance of satisfied, because before the program a great part of the
the program in the income generation and development of the product was lost in the field because it presented low prices.
local rural. In this way, the beneficiaries affirm that: With the selling to the PAA, the beans were valued. In every
30306 Joabe Alves Carneiro et al. Socioeconomic profile, operation, commercialization and income: A case study of the paa in the city of caxias-maranhão

establishment that was visited it was observed that the farmers have University education, 2% have completed the Elementary
themselves decided to cultivate beans by tradition, besides the school, 5 % have incomplete High school, 2% were
work being done by the members of the family. The other two alphabetized and 7% declared they have completed the High
highlighted cultures are corn (16%) and manioc tree (11%). school. The predominant land condition are the squatters with
Corn became an option of great economic value to the 34%. The beneficiaries that receive Bolsa Família are 54%,
producers thanks to a grood price and also by the significant being of the female gender 75%. The medium value is of R$
demand for the product in natura through the PAA. 182.33, the minimum of R$ 77.00, and the maximum of R$
436.00. In relation to the participation time of the farmers in
Both the beans, corn and manioc tree are products traditionaly PAA that was verified that it is concentrated between 1 to 4
cultivated in the region. According to the benericiaries they do years. Besides that, it refers to the punctuality of the payment,
not present many plagues and illnesses, they are easy to in which 54% of the researched reported to always pay in time.
cultivate and do not require too muck technique, and it rains The commercialization channels of the producers were the
enough in the region to develop the production. Researches PNAE, the direct sale (door-to-door and in the own residence),
have been showing that the PAA has been impacting the free fairs or the intermediaries before the PAA.
reality of the farmers with the application of the resources that
are received, then, the researched were questioned about the With the entry of the farmers in the PAA, the sales in free fairs
income that was obtained with the program and invested in the lost the strenght, from 36% to 31%, the direct sale from 35%
property. to 24%, the sale to the intemediaries remained stable with
14%, the PNAE raised from 2% to 17% and 14% of the
Chart 4. Quantity of beneficiaries by king of investment with the farmers that practice the 3 channels of selling (direct sale, free
income from the PAA fairs and PAA).It also have been concluded that the barriers in
the commercialization envolve the questionof sanitary
Total Benefits by adequation, the question of distribution and receiving the food
Income obtained with PAA
Quant.of kind of %
invested in the property
Benef. investment as well as the question of the production transport of the small
Infrastructure of the producer. The city of Caxias strill represents a small coverage
44 34 77,27 given to the great search for it. Besideds that, the program
house/comfort
Productiveinsfrastructure
44 12 27,27 generated income and sustainability of prices to the familiar
(buildings); farmers. From the researched sample, 100% affirm that had
Acquisition of machinery and
equipments
44 1 2,27 improvements in their incomes with the sales to the PAA, 82%
Acquisitionofautomobils 44 1 2,27 think that the prices are above the values practiced in the local
Animal acquisition 44 3 6,82 market, 7% think that they are the same as those practiced in
Graduation course 44 0 - the market and 1% affirm that in some products the local
Investment in agriculture 44 29 65,91
Family expenses 44 44 100,00 market pays better. While the prices payd, 95.5% consider as
Acquisition of household goods fair, 4.5% think that the prices should improve. The activities
44 3 6,82
(durable) with more financial income inside the PAA were beans (25%),
corn (16% and manioc tree (11%). Therefore, it is concluded
Chart 4 presents the main occurrencies in which finds that that the PAA was directed to comply exclusively with the
77.27% decided to invest in the comfort of the household and Family agriculture, and the program has shown positive results
65.91% in the agricultural investment. about fomenting the rural development, the social and
productive inclusion, and the valorization of work and the
Considerations acknowledgement of the importance of the familiar farmers.
However, it is necessary to work in the continuous
The present work demonstrated the depiction of the PAA in improvement of the operational processes, avoiding then the
the city of Caxias, Maranhão. This research is important discomfort to the farmers that are related to the
because it was possible to verify that Caxias is one of the cities commercialization, transport, punctualities in payment,
of the Northeast, which have been accessing the PAA the documents, technical assistance, and capacitation among
most, and that it showed itself to the State as a great income others. For further studies are suggested deeper analysis in the
receptor and life improvement agente in the lives of the small importance of the women in the practice of rural activitires,
farmers.In addition, the city of Caxias fits as one of the main this is due to the importance of them in the fortification of the
cities to access the Program. Between the research results, it familiar agriulture. Beyond this, they assume an important role
can be identified that the researched participants of the in the contribution to the family income. As shown in figures
program are 70% of the female gender and 30% male. The age 17 and 18, the female labor have been guaranteeing
range of the PAA beneficiatires in the city of Caxias between socioeconomic inclusion, decreasing then the invisibility of the
36-49 years old if 50%, those which ages are between 18-35 role of women in the rural midst. Other study should be
represent 25% and people above 50 years old also represent verifying how the farmers can attract other forms of
25%. The age range of the female gender between 36-49 socioeconomic sustainability that ensure and complemente the
concentrates 45% of the researched women, while in the male activities done through public politics. Besides that, other
gender, 62% present ages between 36-49 years old. In studies about the discussion of the furute of politics and
addition, the biggest part self-declared as of brown ethnicity programs for familiar agriculture are important and
(43% of the participants of the research). Of the 44 participants complemente the presente work.
of the study, 90% live in the rural zone, 10% in the urban zone
and 100% of the researched have experience as farmers and REFERENCES
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