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Lab 3

This lab document describes an experiment to verify Kirchoff's voltage law (KVL) using resistor circuits. The objectives are to strengthen understanding of KVL, identify closed loops, and calculate unknown voltages. The procedure involves building a simple series circuit and a multiple loop circuit. Voltages around loops will be measured and summed according to KVL. Calculations will verify that the algebraic sum of voltages in a closed loop equals zero. Students are asked to simulate the circuits in Multisim to obtain measurements and submit a lab report.

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ahmadzia.personal
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36 views

Lab 3

This lab document describes an experiment to verify Kirchoff's voltage law (KVL) using resistor circuits. The objectives are to strengthen understanding of KVL, identify closed loops, and calculate unknown voltages. The procedure involves building a simple series circuit and a multiple loop circuit. Voltages around loops will be measured and summed according to KVL. Calculations will verify that the algebraic sum of voltages in a closed loop equals zero. Students are asked to simulate the circuits in Multisim to obtain measurements and submit a lab report.

Uploaded by

ahmadzia.personal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Applied Physics Lab 03

Experiment N.3 To verify Kirchoff’s Voltage Law.


Apparatus:

• Resistors
• Multi-meter
• Jumper Wires
• Breadboard
• DC Supply

Objectives:
• Strengthening of Concepts of Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Identification of closed loops in a circuit
• Polarities of voltage drops or voltage rise
• Calculating unknown voltage using Kirchoff’s Voltage Law

Pre-Lab

Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (commonly abbreviated as KVL) states that:


“The Algebraic sum of voltage in a closed loop is zero.”
Equations developed using KVL can help find out an unknown voltage between any two points if all other voltages in a
loop are known.
In applying KVL, the referenced polarities of the voltages have to be taken into consideration for correct assignment of
algebraic signs to these voltages. This is done giving an arbitral direction to the current in the loop and then indicating
these voltage drops. The terminal, through which the current enters a source, is marked negative and the terminal,
through which it leaves is marked positive. For resistors, the terminal, through which current enters the resistor, is
marked positive and the terminal, through which the current leaves, is marked negative. This gives a theoretical form of
the equation for KVL.
In the lab, the terminal at which the red probe is connected is termed positive and the terminal, at which the black probe
is connected, is termed negative.

Procedure:
a) Simple Series Circuit:
• Take three resistors and construct a series circuit as shown below.

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Applied Physics Lab 03

• Identify points between which voltage can be measured.


• In the given drawing, these are 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 2-3, 2-4 and 3-4.
• The measured voltages are indicated as V12, V13, V14, V23, V24 and V34.
• The subscript of each voltage signifies that the first digit represents the point which is assumed to be positive
and the second point represents the point which is assumed negative with respect to the first point.
• The voltages between all of these points will be measured with red probe connected to first point in the
subscript and black probe connected to second point.
• The voltages may also be measured by interchanging the probe position between any two points.
• The voltages in this case are V21, V31, V41, V32, V42 and V43. It will be interesting to note that V21 = -V12, V31
= -V13 and so on.
• For measurement of above voltages, follow step 6.
• Measure and note all these voltages.
• There can be many equations for KVL within this loop, these are:
V41 + V12 + V23 + V34 = 0
V41 + V12 + V24 = 0
V41 + V13 + V34 = 0
V41 + V14 = 0
V42 + V23 + V34 = 0

b) Multiple Loop Circuit:


• Take four resistors and construct a multiple mesh loop circuit as shown below:

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Applied Physics Lab 03

• Identify closed loops. In the given circuit, there are three closed loops namely 4-1-2-4, 4- 2-3-4 and 4-1-2-3-4.
• The voltages in the first loop (while traversing the loop from point 4 in the clockwise direction, containing drops
across all elements) are V41, V12, and V24. Measure and note these values. Take the sum and verify KVL.
• The voltages in the second loop (while traversing the loop from point 4 in the clockwise direction, containing
drops across all elements) are V42, V23, and V34. Measure and note these values. Take the sum and verify KVL.
• The voltages in the third loop (while traversing the loop from point 4 in the clockwise direction, containing drops
across all elements) are V41, V12, V23 and V34.

Measurements and Calculations

a) Simple Series Circuit:


Measured Voltages:
V12= V13= V14= V23= V24= V34=
V21= V31= V41= V32= V42= V43=
Verification of equations:
V41 + V12 + V23 + V34 = + + + =
V41 + V12 + V24 = + + =
V41 + V13 + V34 = + + =

b) Multiple Loop Circuit:

Loop 1 (4-1-2-4)
V41= V12= V24=
V41 + V12 + V24= + + =

Loop 2 (4-2-3-4)
V42= V23= V34=
V42 + V23 + V34 = + + =

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Applied Physics Lab 03

Loop 3 (4-1-2-3-4)
V41= V=12 V23= V34=
V41 + V12 + V23 + V34 = + + + =

Objective
• Use Multisim to find the required measurements and submit your simulations
and calculations as a Lab Report.
1. Solve the following circuit using KVL. Put your registration number in place
of B1 and set B2 at registration number plus two volts. Use appropriate values
of resistors. Find all the unknowns.

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