SCIENCE 8

QUARTER 4 MODULE 2 WEEK 2

Cell Division
Let’s Understand

Every living thing undergoes reproduction. The nutrients taken by an individual will
provide energy for metabolic processes, for growth and development as well as
reproduction. The cellular level of reproduction, in the form of cell division provides
backdrop for the organismal level of reproduction.

The Cell Cycle

Cell Cycle is the series of events that takes place in

a cell leading to its division and duplication. The cell
cycle is divided into two phases: the interphase and the
M phase.
a. Interphase during this phase the cell does not
divide. It merely grows. The chromosomes replicate
itself because the DNA molecule contained in the
chromosomes produces an exact copy of itself. The interphase is divided into 3 sub phases:
G1 Phase (Gap1 Phase) - during this phase the cell grows, organelles and cytoplasmic
components replicate. And the duration of this phase is about 10 hours.
S Phase (Synthesis Phase) - the cell will enter the S phase for about 9 hours where the
DNA replication and chromosomes duplication takes place.
G2 Phase (Gap2 Phase) - the cell will enter the G2 phase and it will go for about 4 hours
where all enzymes needed in the process are produced.
b. M Phase (Mitotic Phase) - during this phase the cell actually divides and produces two
daughter cells for about 1 hour. The M phases is divided into 2 stages:
● Mitosis - Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase
Cytokinesis - the process in which the cells actually divide and separates.

Mitosis
Mitosis is a type of cell division in which
one type of cell divides to produce two new cells
that are genetically identical to itself. In mitosis,
the diploid parent cell produces two diploid(2n)
daughter cells which means (in case of humans)
a full set of 46 chromosomes are present. The
process of mitosis occurs in body cells also
known as somatic cells. It is very important in
the growth and repair of the cells in the body.

• Prophase - The chromosomes are

thicker and shorter because of repeated coiling. Each chromosome is made up of
two identical sister chromatids.

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 • Metaphase -The chromosomes are aligned at the center of the metaphase plate.
Spindle fibers are formed and each fiber binds to a protein called kinetochore.
• Anaphase - The paired centromeres of each chromosome separate towards the
opposite poles.
• Telophase- The chromosomes are now at the opposite poles of the spindle.
• Cytokinesis - or division of cytoplasm happens to form two separate daughter cells.

Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division used by multicellular organisms in the formation of
reproductive cells (gametes). In this process, the parent cell divides to form four daughter
cells, each with half the number of chromosomes called haploid (represented as n).
Meiosis is divided into two successive cell divisions. The first part is called Meiosis I, it
reduces the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid number thus called reductional
division stage. The second part, meiosis II is similar to mitosis, thus called equational
division. Both meiosis I and meiosis II are further divided into four stages.

Meiosis I
Stage 1: Prophase I – The chromosomes start to coil and the nuclear envelope
disintegrates. Homologous chromosomes pair up through the process called synapsis.
Exchange of genetic material may occur between homologous chromosomes when the
chromatid is broken crossing-over contributes to genetic variability
Stage 2: Metaphase I – The paired homologous chromosomes aligned at the metaphase
plate. The chromosomes in pairs are attached to the spindle fiber.
Stage 3: Anaphase I – Homologous chromosomes separate the chromosomes. It moves
toward opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibers.
Stage 4: Telophase I – Chromosomes reach opposite poles. The chromosomes move
toward opposite poles of the cell by the spindle fibers

Meiosis II
Stage 5: Prophase II – The nuclear membrane disintegrates. New spindle fibers are formed
around the chromosomes.

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Stage 6: Metaphase II – The chromosomes align at the metaphase plate and attached to
their centromeres to the spindle fibers.
Stage 7: Anaphase II – Each chromosome is divided into two sister chromatids. The
chromatids (now called chromosomes) move toward the opposite poles
Stage 8: Telophase II – Nuclear membrane is formed around each set of chromosomes.
Spindle fiber disintegrates and the cell undergoes cytokinesis.

Gametogenesis

In the human life cycle, the body of males and females have special sex organs that
produce sex cells. In males, formation of sperm cells called spermatogenesis occurs in the
testis, while in females, development of egg cells called oogenesis occurs in the ovary. The
process of meiosis is a part of both spermatogenesis and oogenesis to reduce the number of
chromosomes from diploid (2n=46) to haploid (n=23). This reduction in the number of
chromosomes is essential in order to maintain the chromosomes number. The 46
chromosomes found in the diploid cells of humans are therefore maintained from generation
to the next through the cycle of meiosis, fertilization and mitosis.

Let’s Analyze

Part A: Use the diagram of the cell cycle to answer the following questions.

1. What phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

2. What phase in the interphase does the cell
prepare for mitosis?
3. What phase in the interphase does the cell grow?
4. During what phase of the cell cycle does mitosis
and cytokinesis occur?
5. Arrange the following stages of the cell cycle in
order: G2, S, G1,M

PART B: Complete the Venn diagram below to compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.
Write their differences in the outer circle and their similarities in the center (where the circles
overlap). Choose your answer from the given items in the table.
Creates new cells End product is 2 Purpose is for Creates 2 diploid
daughter cells reproduction daughter cells

Purpose is for growth Results with the same Both undergo DNA Result with half
and maintenance number of replication number of
chromosomes as chromosomes as
parent cell parent cell

End product is 4 Creates a human cell Creates 4 haploid Creates a human cell
daughter cells with 23 chromosomes daughter cells with 46 chromosomes

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 MITOSIS MEIOSIS

BOTH

Let’s Try (Evaluation)

DIRECTION: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Write your answer
on your answer sheet.
1. It is a type of cell division wherein the cell divides into two exact copies of two
daughter cells.
A. Cell Cycle C. Mitosis
B. Meiosis D. Reproduction
2. What happens to the chromosome during metaphase in mitosis?
A. The chromosomes move in opposite poles of the spindle.
B. The chromosomes did not separate towards the opposite poles.
C. The chromosomes become thickened with the sister chromatids.
D. The chromosomes are aligned at the center of the metaphase plate.
3. When can we determine that the cell cycle is now ready to undergo mitotic cell
division?
A. from the gap 1 phase, synthesis phase and gap 2 phase
B. from the mitotic cell division, gap 1 phase, synthesis phase and gap 2
phase
C. from synthesis phase, gap 1 phase and gap 2 phase
D. from interphase and gap 2 phase ready to mitosis
4. Which stage of meiosis II does the nuclear membrane disintegrate?
A. Anaphase II C. Prophase II
B. Metaphase II D. Telophase II
5. What separates during anaphase II?
A. The cytoplasm C. Homologous chromosomes
B. Sister chromatids D. The spindle fiber

Let’s Create

Direction: Draw and label the different stages of mitosis and meiosis in a short bond paper.
Scoring Keys:
Content - 10 points
Correct sequence of Stages - 10 points
Visual Appeal - 10 points