Springs

SPRINGS
Springs are elastic bodies or resilient members which we used to or

absorb energy and to release it as and when required. The quality of a
spring is judged from the energy it can absorb example, in a watch the
spring is wound to absorb strain energy. This energy is released to run the
watch when the spring regains its original shape. A carriage spring is used
to absorb shocks. It is thus obvious that a spring , which is capable of
absorbing the greatest amount of energy for a given stress is known to be
the best one.
TYPES OF SPRINGS
1. Bending spring : The types of springs
which are subjected to bending only
and the resilience occurs due to this
are called bending springs . Examples
are Leaf spring, Laminated spring
2. Torsion springs : The types of spring

which are subjected to a torsion or
twisting only and the resilience occurs
due to this are called torsion springs.
Example : Helical Springs
TYPES OF HELICAL SPRINGS
This type of springs is made by a wire coiled into a
helix. It is a torsion spring. There are two types of
helical springs :
1. Close Coiled helical springs: In this type of
spring the wire is turned so closely that each
turn is nearly right angle to the axis of the
spring and the pitch distance between two
consecutive turn is small. The bending stress is
negligible as compared to the torsional stress.
2. Open Coiled helical springs : In this type of
spring, the wire is coiled in such a way, that
there is a large gap between two consecutive
turns compared to close coiled helical springs.
As a result of this the spring can take
compressive load also.
IMPORTANT TERMS IN COMPRESSION SPRING
1. Spring Index: It is defined as the ratio of
mean coil diameter to wire diameter.
Spring Index = D/d
2. Spring Rate Or Stiffness Or Spring constant (

k OR S): It is defined as load per unit axial
deflection or changes in load per unit of
deflection. It is also defined as force per unit
deflection of the spring. Unit is KN/m or
N/m.
𝐹
𝐾 =
δ
COMPARISON BETWEEN CLOSE COILED AND OPEN
COILED SPRING
CLOSED COIL SPRING OPEN COIL SPRING
1. Wire of the close coiled helical spring is 1. Wire of the open coiled helical spring is wound
wound tightly providing no gap between two not so tightly and thus sufficient space or gap
adjacent coils of the spring. exists between two adjacent coils.
2. Helix angle of this spring is usually 10° or 2. Helix angle of this spring is more than 10°.
below that. 3. Pitch of spring wire is comparatively larger as a
3. Pitch of spring wire is smaller due to small result of larger helix angle.
helix angle. 4. Open coiled springs are designed to undergo
4. Close coiled springs cannot undergo axial extension and compression; and deflect its
compression. It is designed to resist length accordingly under the action of axial
stretching and twisting. load.
5. This type of spring is commonly used in heavy 5. This type of spring is commonly used in low
duty applications such as: duty applications such as:
• Garage doors • Spring-operated ball point pen
• Vice-grip pliers • Bike shock absorber
• Self-closing door hinges • Certain cam-followers, valves, brakes and
• Bike or cycle stand spring clutches.
EXPRESSIONS FOR DEFLECTION, STIFFNESS, TORQUE AND
ENERGY STORED IN THE CLOSE COILED HELICAL SPRING
SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOAD
In order to derive a necessary formula which governs the behavior of springs, consider a closed coiled
spring subjected to an axial load W.
Let W = Axial load
R = Mean radius of coil
d = Diameter of spring wire
l = Total length of spring wire
n = number of active coils
θ = Angle of twist of cross section of the wire
C = Modulus of rigidity
δ = Deflection of spring due to axial load
τ = Maximum shear stress induced in the wire due to twisting moment
T = Twisting moment or Torque acting
S = Spring constant or Spring rate or Stiffness
We know load will cause a twisting moment , T = W R
Also we know that the length of the wire, l = Length of one coil x number of coils
=2πRn
PROBLEMS
1. In a close-coiled spring the diameter of each coil is to be 10 times that of wire
of the spring and the maximum shear stress is not to exceed 60N/mm2.
Maximum permissible deflection under a load of 400N is 10 cm. Taking the
shear modulus as 9 x 104 N/mm2, determine the diameter of the coil, number
of coils and energy stored in the coil..
2. In a close coiled spring, the diameter of each coil is 5mm and having 12
complete coils of 50 mm mean diameter is subjected to an axial load of 100 N.
Find the deflection of the spring and the maximum shearing stress in the
material. Modulus of rigidity is 80GPa.
3. A close-coiled helical spring of round steel wire 10 mm in diameter having 10
complete tums with a mean diameter of 120 mm is subjected to an axial load
of 200N. Determine{a) The deflection of the spring (b) Maximum shear stress
in the wire , and (c) Stiffness of the spring. Take Modulus of rigidity: 8 x 104
N/mm2.
PROBLEMS
4. A close-coil helical spring of 100 mm mean diameter is made up of 10mm
diameter rod and has 20 tums. The spring carries an axial load of 200N.
Determine the Shear stress. Take the value of modulus of rigidity as 8.4 x
104 N/mm2. Determine the deflection due to this load and stiffness of the
Spring.
5.
6.
PROBLEMS
7.
ANSWER FOR PROBLEMS
1. d = 13.03 mm D = 130.3 mm , R = 65.15 mm , n = 36.61= 37, E =20000Nmm
2. δ = 24 mm , τ = 101.86 N/mm2
3. δ = 34.56 mm , τ = 61.15 N/mm2 , K or s = 5.8 N/mm
4. δ = 38.10 mm , τ = 50.93 N/mm2 , K or s = 5.25 N/mm
5. d = 12.62 mm D = 126.2 mm
6. δ = 25 mm , τ = 88.42 N/mm2
7. d = 13.76 mm n = 6.14 = 7

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SPRINGS

Springs are elastic bodies or resilient members which we used to or

2. Torsion springs : The types of spring

2. Spring Rate Or Stiffness Or Spring constant (

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