EMBRYOLOGY Part1
EMBRYOLOGY Part1
EMBRYOLOGY Part1
Recommended
reading:
Head
Neck
Middle section
Tail
Head
It has a compact nucleus with only chromatic substance and is
surrounded by only a thin rim of cytoplasm.
Above the nucleus lies a cap-like structure called the acrosome, formed
by modification of the Golgi body and which secretes enzyme spermlysin
(hyaluronidase, corona-penetrating enzyme, aerosin.)
Neck
It is the smallest part and has a proximal and distal centriole.
The proximal centriole enters into the egg during fertilisation and starts the first
cleavage division of the egg, which has no centriole.
The distal centriole gives rise to axial filament which forms the tail
Middle section
It has 75-100 spirals of mitochondria surrounding axial filament in
the cytoplasm. It provides motility, and hence is called the
powerhouse of the sperm.
Tail
It is the longest part having axial filament surrounded by cytoplasm
and plasma membrane, but at the posterior end axial filament is naked.
head
neck acrosome
tail
nucleus
Spermatozoa of guinea
pig.
Acrosome
Spermatozoa in other organisms
OOCYTE MORPHOLOGY
Memrane complex:
plasma membrane
Zona pellucida
Ooplasm: yolk
mitochondria
cortical granules
The human ovum measures
approximately 0.12 mm in diameter Nucleus with nucleolus
Zona pellucada
Corona radiata
Zona pellucida
(ZP-1, -2, and -3)
Cortical granules
Oogenesis – oocyte
production - is maintained
within the ovarian follicles
Meiosis is a specialized type of cell devision that reduces the
chromosome number by half, creating four haploid cell, each
genetically distinct from the parent cell that gave rise to them
Telophase I
The chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell.
Cytokinesis usually occurs at the same time as telophase I,
forming two daughter cells.
Meiosis II
Cells move from meiosis I to meiosis II without copying their DNA.
Meiosis II is a shorter and simpler process than meiosis I
The cells that enter meiosis II are the ones made in meiosis I.
These cells are haploid—have just one chromosome from each
homologue pair—but their chromosomes still consist of two
sister chromatids.
In meiosis II, the sister chromatids separate, making haploid cells
with non-duplicated chromosomes.
• During prophase II, chromosomes condense and the nuclear
envelope breaks down. The centrosomes move apart, the
spindle forms between them, and the spindle microtubules
begin to capture chromosomes.
• In metaphase II, the chromosomes line up along the
metaphase plate.
• In anaphase II, the sister chromatids separate and are pulled
towards opposite poles of the cell.
• In telophase II, nuclear membranes form around each set of
chromosomes, and the chromosomes decondense.
• Cytokinesis splits the chromosome sets into new cells, forming
the final products of meiosis: four haploid cells in which each
chromosome has just one chromatid.
Meiosis
• trisomy of chromosome 21
Cortical granule
enzymes digest ZP
proteins so other sperm
can no longer bind.
After adhesion, the plasma membranes of the sperm and egg fuse
Fertilization
Meiosis II complete
Decondensation of male
chromosomes
Fusion of pronuclei
Zygote
Fertilized egg (zygote)
Fertilized egg
2 polar bodies
2 pronuclei
Day 1
0.1 mm
Abnormal zygotes
Fertilization
Fertilization
The main results of fertilization:
• Initiation of a cleavage