2017 Transmission Annual Planning Report
2017 Transmission Annual Planning Report
2017 Transmission Annual Planning Report
TRANSMISSION
ANNUAL PLANNING
REPORT
June 2017
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Anyone proposing to use the information in this document should independently verify and check
the accuracy, completeness, reliability and suitability of the information in this document, and the
reports and other information relied on by ElectraNet in preparing it.
This document contains certain predictions, estimates and statements that reflect various
assumptions concerning, amongst other things, economic growth scenarios, demand forecasts
and developments within the National Electricity Market. These assumptions may or may not
prove to be accurate. The document also contains statements about ElectraNet’s future plans.
Those plans may change from time to time and should be confirmed with ElectraNet before any
decision is made or action is taken based on this document.
Reasonable endeavours have been used to ensure that the information contained in this report is
accurate at the time of writing. However, ElectraNet gives no warranty and accepts no liability for
any loss or damage incurred in reliance on this information.
Page 2 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 11
1.1 ELECTRANET’S ROLE IN SUPPLYING ELECTRICITY ..................................................................... 11
1.2 NETWORK PLANNING APPROACH AND REPORTING..................................................................... 12
1.3 TRANSMISSION PLANNING RESPONSIBILITIES AND RULE REQUIREMENTS .................................... 12
1.4 FEEDBACK ON THIS REPORT .................................................................................................... 14
Page 3 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................ 83
Page 5 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Figures
Figure 1-1: Role of ElectraNet in the electricity supply chain ........................................................11
Figure 2-3: Maximum, average, and minimum electricity demands on the SA transmission network
for the past six years ....................................................................................................................18
Figure 2-4: South Australian system wide load duration curves for 2009-10 and 2016-17 (to 8
June)............................................................................................................................................19
Figure 3-1: Energy generation patterns have changed significantly in recent years .....................21
Figure 3-2: Renewable energy from wind and solar rooftop PV systems has increased significantly
over the last five years .................................................................................................................21
Figure 3-4: Proposed Dalrymple connection site for a 30 MW, 8 MWh battery energy storage
system .........................................................................................................................................25
Figure 6-1: Current and possible South Australian future transmission connection hubs .............53
Figure 8-1: Assumptions and sensitivities considered in ElectraNet’s planning process, including
potential future step load increases, generator retirements, and renewable generator connections
....................................................................................................................................................58
Figure 8-2: Proposed projects to address emerging challenges to the secure and stable operation
of the power system .....................................................................................................................60
Figure 8-5: Projects that may be required if potential spot loads connect .....................................75
Figure 8-6: Projects that are proposed to manage the impact of declining minimum demand ......77
Figure A-1: ElectraNet's approach to the Regulatory Investment Test for Transmission (RIT-T)
process ……………………………………………………………………………………...88
Figure C-2: Eastern Hills transmission network and supply region …………………………….......94
Figure C-3: Mid North transmission network and supply region ……………………………………95
Page 6 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Figure C-5: South East transmission network and supply region …………………………………..97
Figure C-6: Eyre Peninsula transmission network and supply region ………………………………98
Figure C-7: Upper North transmission network and supply region ………………………………….99
Tables
Table 1: High level summary of planning outcomes .....................................................................10
Table 4-1: Potential economic dispatch limitations identified in the 2016 NTNDP ........................29
Table 5-1: 2016-17 summer temperature data compared with long term trends ...........................41
Table 5-3: Recorded demands more than 100% of 10% POE demand forecast in summer
2016-17 .......................................................................................................................................43
Table 5-4: Recorded demands less than 85% of 10% POE demand forecast in summer 2016-17
....................................................................................................................................................43
Table 6-1: System conditions considered in the assessment of the ability of the South Australian
transmission system to accommodate additional generation ........................................................47
Table 6-2: Indication of available capacity to connect generation and load in 2018-19.................50
Table 6-3: Proposed new connection points for generators and customers .................................52
Table 7-1: Projects completed between 1 May 2016 and 31 May 2017 ........................................54
Table 8-3: Options considered for a new high capacity interconnector .........................................62
Table 8-4: Options considered for Eyre Peninsula 132 kV line replacement ................................66
Table 8-5: Options considered for a new Gawler East connection point .......................................68
Page 7 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Table E-1: Circuit breaker ratings and system fault levels ………………………………………….105
Table F-1: Planned projects for which ElectraNet seeks or has sought proposal for network
support solutions .....................................................................................................113
Table G-1: Committed, pending and proposed and potential augmentation projects ..................115
Table G-2: Committed pending and proposed security and compliance projects ………………..118
Table G-3: Committed, pending and proposed asset replacement projects ……………………..122
Page 8 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Executive Summary
South Australia’s transmission network plays a major role in the State’s electricity supply, in an
environment of unprecedented change.
South Australia is at the forefront of energy transformation with world-leading levels of intermittent
renewable energy compared to demand.
In 2016-17, a number of significant events impacted the supply of electricity to large numbers of
South Australian customers, including a state-wide system black event in September 2016. These
events have highlighted the importance of system security and reliability as we transition to a
lower carbon emissions future.
On 9 June 2017, the Independent Review into the Future Security of the National Electricity
Market (the Finkel Review) released its final report and blueprint designed to ensure the optimal
functioning of Australia’s electricity system in the future1.
Within this context, ElectraNet’s annual planning process has sought to pre-empt network
obstacles or opportunities, and ensure plans are in place to accommodate them.
This South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report summarises the outcomes of this
planning process, including information on the current capacity, connection opportunities, and
emerging limitations of South Australia’s electricity transmission network. It covers a ten-year
planning period and describes the current network, demand projections, emerging network
limitations or constraints, and information on completed, committed, pending and proposed
transmission network developments.
This report includes ElectraNet’s response to the emerging challenges facing South Australia’s
electricity transmission network. This includes initiatives for conducting a Regulatory Investment
Test for Transmission (RIT-T) to investigate the technical and economic feasibility of a new
transmission interconnector between South Australia and the Eastern States and non-network
alternatives, pursuing a grid-scale battery energy storage project to support higher levels of
intermittent renewable energy, and working with the Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO)
to address the changing requirements for system strength and frequency control to manage
system security.
Our network planning considers a wide range of potential future scenarios and developments.
This report is designed to inform stakeholders and help potential users of electricity and
generators to identify and assess opportunities in the NEM. It also helps AEMO to prepare the
National Transmission Network Development Plan, which outlines the strategic and long-term
development of the national transmission system under a range of market development
scenarios.
In March 2017, ElectraNet submitted a Revenue Proposal to the Australian Energy Regulator
(AER) for the 2018-19 to 2022-23 period that addresses future network investment requirements.2
These requirements are consistent with the key planning outcomes in this report, as summarised
in Table 1.
We invite feedback on any aspect of this report, from our demand projections and emerging
network limitations to proposed solutions, the planning scenarios considered and the presentation
of information in this report. Your feedback will help us to serve you better and ensure we can
provide a reliable and high quality electricity supply to customers at the lowest long-run cost.
1. Introduction
ElectraNet specialises in electricity transmission, providing energy and infrastructure
solutions across Australia. We power people’s lives by delivering safe, affordable and
reliable solutions to power homes, businesses and, ultimately, the economy.
Our network transports power generated from local and interstate sources over long
distances to metropolitan and regional areas of demand (load centres).
ElectraNet’s direct customers include power generators, the State’s electricity distributor
SA Power Networks, and large industry (Figure 1-1). The services we provide also
impact the cost and reliability of electricity for customers connected to SA Power
Networks’ distribution network.
Each year, ElectraNet reviews the capability of its transmission network and regulated
connection points to meet ongoing electricity demand, forecast under a variety of
operating scenarios. ElectraNet works with SA Power Networks, which is responsible for
distributing electricity throughout South Australia, to complete the review. ElectraNet’s
planning and forecasting processes align with the applicable regulatory requirements
(Appendix A).
This report presents the outcomes of the annual planning review and forecasting to help
you understand the network’s current capacity and how we think this may change in the
future. The report covers a 10-year planning period (1 July 2017 to 30 June 2027) and
identifies potential network capability limitations and possible solution options.
The report does not define a single specific future development plan for the South
Australian transmission system, rather it is intended to form part of a consultation
process to ensure efficient and economical development of the transmission network
can meet forecast electricity demand over the planning period. Decisions to invest in the
South Australian transmission system will only be made at the time they become
needed.
ElectraNet is the principal TNSP and the jurisdictional planning body for South Australia
under clause 11.28.2 of the National Electricity Rules (Rules). As such, ElectraNet has
specific obligations (Chapter 5 of the Rules) with regard to network connection, network
planning and establishing or modifying a connection point, including technical obligations
that apply to all registered participants. In addition to the Rules, ElectraNet complies with
the South Australian Electricity Transmission Code (ETC) that sets out reliability
planning standards for each connection point on the transmission network.
comply with the technical and reliability standards contained in the Rules and
jurisdictional instruments such as the ETC
plan, develop and operate the network so there is no need to shed load under
normal and foreseeable operating conditions to achieve the quality and reliability
standards within the Rules
conduct joint planning with distribution network service providers (DNSPs) and
other TNSPs whose networks can impact the South Australian transmission
network. That includes SA Power Networks, APA (Murraylink operator and part-
owner) and the Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO, in their role as
Victorian transmission network planner). We also participate in inter-regional
system tests associated with new or augmented interconnections
provide information to registered participants and interested parties on projected
network limitations and the required timeframes for action
develop recommendations to address projected network limitations through joint
planning with DNSPs and consultation with registered participants and interested
parties. Solutions may include network upgrades or non-network options, such as
local generation and demand side management initiatives.
ElectraNet’s annual planning review analyses the expected future capability of the South
Australian transmission network over a 10-year period, taking into account relevant
forecast loads, future generation, market network service, demand side and
transmission developments.
In accordance with clause 5.12.1(b) of the Rules, ElectraNet’s annual planning review:
incorporates forecast demand, as submitted by SA Power Networks and direct
connect customers or as modified by ElectraNet in accordance with clause 5.11.1
of the Rules
includes a review of the adequacy of existing connection points and relevant parts
of the transmission system and planning proposals for future connection points
takes into account AEMO’s most recent National Transmission Network
Development Plan (NTNDP) and power system frequency risk review
considers the potential for augmentations, or non-network alternatives to
augmentations, that are likely to provide a net economic benefit to all those who
produce, consume and transport electricity in the market.
Clause 5.12.2 of the Rules sets out the detailed requirements for ElectraNet’s
Transmission Annual Planning Report. A summary of these requirements and the
sections within the report that satisfy them is provided in Appendix B.
While every endeavour has been made to provide accurate information in this report,
transmission system planning is subject to uncertainty, including changes to demand
forecasts and generator behaviour as well as changes in government policies.
2.1 Overview
The South Australian transmission system connects the major load centres with various
sources of generation (Figure 2-1). Most base and intermediate conventional generators
are located in the Adelaide metropolitan area, while peaking power stations are spread
throughout the State. The network has been developed with a high capacity 275 kV main
grid that links the generators and interconnectors to major load centres (e.g. Adelaide),
and to lower capacity 132 kV regional transmission systems that supply regional load
centres. Power flows on the main grid often influence flows on the regional networks.
Sometimes, limits on the regional networks can restrict the flow of power on the main
grid.
The Main 275 kV Grid including interconnectors (Figure 2-2) is a meshed 275 kV
network that extends from the Cultana substation near Whyalla to the South East
substation near Mount Gambier. The Main Grid overlays regional networks (Figure 2-1)
that cover seven regions: Metropolitan, Eastern Hills, Mid North, Riverland, South East,
Eyre Peninsula and Upper North. A number of these regional systems include radial
transmission lines. Detailed regional network maps and associated information are
provided in Appendix C.
The Main Grid also includes two interconnectors that connect South Australia to the
Victorian region of the National Electricity Market (NEM): the Heywood HVAC
interconnector (est. 1989) in the state’s South East and the Murraylink HVDC
interconnector (est. 2002) in the Riverland. South Australian generation has typically
been supplemented by imported energy from Victoria since these interconnectors were
established, especially at times of high demand.
The combined maximum transfer capability for import into South Australia from Victoria
under system normal operating conditions is currently 820 MW.3 The combined
maximum transfer capability for export from South Australia to Victoria under existing
system normal operating conditions is 650 MW.4 Since the Heywood interconnector
3 Consisting of 600 MW import through Heywood interconnector and 220 MW import through Murraylink
interconnector.
4 Consisting of 500 MW export through Heywood interconnector and 150 MW export through Murraylink
interconnector (constrained by typical voltage limits in the Riverland).
Chapter 2 The South Australian transmission system Page 16 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
upgrade was completed in mid-2016 (section 7.2.1), the combined limit is being further
increased as capacity is released in stages by AEMO.
Inter-regional transfer into and out of South Australia can be constrained to lower levels
due to prior network outages, thermal limitations, and power system stability constraints.
Actual transfer also depends on the market dispatch of scheduled generation, and the
operation of non-scheduled generation.
South Australia has world leading levels of intermittent renewable energy penetration
compared to demand. Since 2000, about 1700 MW of wind generation has been
connected to the transmission network and about 700 MW of rooftop solar photovoltaic
(PV) generation has been installed since 2009. Total renewable generation, including
wind and solar was about 42% of the region’s electricity supply in 2015-16.5
Significant wind generation coupled with low system demand can result in low levels of
conventional generating units connected to the system. The implications of this changing
generation mix are explored in Chapter 3.
Wind is an intermittent energy source that, without significant energy storage, cannot
currently be dispatched to match the load at any given instant, unlike conventional
energy generation. It is important to consider the availability of wind generated power,
especially during maximum demand periods. This helps to ensure that the supply-
demand balance can be reliably achieved. AEMO has assessed that there is an 85%
probability that wind output is typically at least 9.4% of installed capacity in South
Australia during high demand periods over summer and this assumption is used in
planning studies.6
The addition of significant domestic roof-top solar photovoltaic (PV) generation in South
Australia since 2009 has also had the impact of reducing electricity demand from the
transmission network, especially on sunny days. The average and minimum demand
from the network has been gradually decreasing over the last five years, with slight
increases in 2015-16.
Maximum demand has fluctuated due to the wide variation in heatwave conditions
across different summers, but does not appear to display a consistent increasing or
decreasing trend, whereas average and minimum demands can be considered to
display a slowly declining trend (Figure 2-3). AEMO has assessed that roof-top solar PV
generation output during high demand periods over each of the last five summers has
varied between 0 and 7.4% of installed capacity, with an average contribution at such
times of 4.9% of installed capacity.
5 South Australian Renewable Energy Report, AEMO, December 2016, p. 3. Available at aemo.com.au.
6 Ibid , p. 17. .
Chapter 2 The South Australian transmission system Page 17 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
3500
3000
SA System Demand (MW)
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17
(to 8 June)
Year
Figure 2-3: Maximum, average, and minimum electricity demands on the SA transmission network
for the past six years
Note that the period from 28 September to 14 October 2016, when system demands were significantly
impacted by the system black event and subsequent restoration, has been excluded in the determination of
the average and minimum demands for 2016-17.
The South Australian load profile is very ‘peaky’ in nature with relatively low energy
content (Figure 2 4). This means that even though demand can exceed 3000 MW on hot
summer days, demands between 1000 and 2000 MW are most common throughout the
year. It is important to consider the peaky nature of demand if network augmentation to
meet high demand is being considered. Given that very high demands only occur for a
small fraction of the year, network augmentations can often be deferred or avoided by
implementing non-network solutions, such as demand-side management and local
generation support.
3200
3000
2800
2600
2400
2200
2000
System Demand (MW)
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0%
Duration of year
2009-10 2016-17 (to 8 June)
Figure 2-4: South Australian system wide load duration curves for 2009-10 and 2016-17 (to 8 June)
Note the very small percentage of time that relatively high demands (above 2,500 MW) are present on the
South Australian transmission network. Maximum demands have remained at a similar level, whereas
average and minimum demands have reduced substantially from 2009-10 to 2016-17.
Interconnector transfer capacity has increased since the upgrade to the Heywood
interconnector was completed in mid-2016. The combined maximum transfer capacity
between South Australia and Victoria under system normal operating conditions is now
about 820 MW for imports to South Australia, and 650 MW for exports. Interconnected
network tests continue to determine the timing of released transfer capability between
the two states. Details of the combined and individual transfer capacities for Heywood
and Murraylink interconnectors are provided in Appendix D.
3. A system in transition
South Australia’s transmission network plays a major role in the State’s electricity
supply, in an environment of unprecedented change.
The Finkel report and blueprint recognises the need to guide the transition of the market
from a system of centralised, synchronous generation to a more distributed, low-
emissions, flexible electricity system driven by new technologies and changing customer
preferences.8
South Australia has limited interconnection to the rest of the NEM, so has greater
exposure to the system security challenges posed by high levels of renewable
generation, unlike other parts of the world such as Denmark, which have greater
interconnection to other networks.10
For these reasons, the challenges of energy transformation are nowhere more evident
or pressing than in South Australia today.
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016-17
(forecast)
Figure 3-1: Energy generation patterns have changed significantly in recent years
Source: AEMO’s 2016 South Australian Historical Market Information Report, and AEMO’s 2016 South
Australian Generation Forecasts report
Figure 3-2: Renewable energy from wind and solar rooftop PV systems has increased significantly
over the last five years
Source: AEMO’s 2016 South Australian Historical Market Information Report, and AEMO’s 2016 South
Australian Generation Forecasts report
These events are an important reminder about the value of system security and
reliability to customers.
The projects related to these initiatives are discussed further in this Transmission Annual
Planning Report.
This Transmission Annual Planning Report has been prepared at a time of significant
change in the NEM.
In addition to the Finkel Review, a range of other reviews, inquiries, and Rule changes
are currently underway by state and national bodies into the implications of the recent
extreme weather event of 28 September 2016, and wider system security issues facing
the NEM.
These include:
a number of Parliamentary inquiries, including the Senate Select Committee
Inquiry into the Resilience of Electricity Infrastructure in a Warming World and SA
Legislative Council Select Committee Inquiry into the State-Wide electricity
blackout of Wednesday, 28 September 2016 and subsequent power outages
the AEMC’s Review of the System Black Event in South Australia on
28 September 2016, which will be considering the need for any changes to the
regulatory frameworks to address any systemic issues that contributed to the
system black event
the AEMC review of various Rule changes and its System Security Market
Frameworks Review, which is considering the regulatory frameworks that affect
system security in the NEM
ElectraNet continues to participate in these reviews and inquiries, and we will ensure
that our transmission plans remain consistent with their outcomes.
These measures were introduced pending longer-term solutions expected to flow from
current reviews, such as the System Security Market Frameworks Review and
associated Rule changes being progressed by the AEMC. Options being considered
include new technical standards for generators, provision of new services by network
businesses such as ElectraNet, the procurement of additional control services by
AEMO, and the potential establishment of new markets for services such as inertia.
We have commenced a RIT-T process to explore the technical and economic feasibility
of a new interconnector between South Australia and the Eastern States and alternative
non-network options.
12 Reports published by AEMO under this program are available from aemo.com.au/Electricity/National-Electricity-
Market-NEM/Security-and-reliability/FPSSP-Reports-and-Analysis.
13 Government of South Australia, Our Energy Plan, available at http://ourenergyplan.sa.gov.au/.
14 Refer to Energy security target – Further information, retrieved from http://www.escosa.sa.gov.au/news/energy-
news/jun2017-en-est-furtherinfo on 19 June 2017.
Chapter 3 A system in transition Page 23 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
ElectraNet has identified four credible network options in consultation with the relevant
Jurisdictional Planning Bodies (Figure 3-3). These involve constructing a new
interconnector between South Australia and the eastern states, together with a range of
potential non-network solutions. The options will be analysed further in the next stage of
the RIT-T process. This analysis will take into account the South Australian
government’s energy plan, released on 14 March 2017.
1,000 MW –
2,000 MW
1,000 MW –
2,000 MW
300 MW –
1,200 MW
300 MW –
650 MW
15 Available at electranet.com.au.
Chapter 3 A system in transition Page 24 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
This project involves installing a 30 MW 8 MWh battery energy storage system (BESS)
connected at Dalrymple (Figure 3-4). The project will provide both regulated and non-
regulated services.
The BESS is intended to provide regulated services to improve reliability of supply for
customers at Dalrymple and provide fast frequency response that can address rate of
change of frequency (RoCoF) concerns.
ElectraNet intends to lease the operation of the battery to AGL, who will use it to provide
non-regulated, competitive market services.
The need for such projects has also been identified in reviews such as the Finkel
Review and AEMO’s Future Power System Security work program, and by the COAG
Energy Council.
We believe that utility scale energy storage can play an effective role in addressing
emerging system security concerns resulting from the high penetration of non-
synchronous renewable generation and, thereby, be a key enabler of renewable energy
on an interconnected power system.
Figure 3-4: Proposed Dalrymple connection site for a 30 MW, 8 MWh battery energy storage system
In recent years, the dispatch of thermal synchronous generators in South Australia has
reduced significantly due to the combined impacts of ongoing wind generation
developments, the uptake of embedded solar PV, and the slowing of demand growth.
This reduced dispatch has significant implications for South Australian system
strength.16
Each of these possible sources of instability carries the risk of a cascading failure
resulting in significant system impacts.
AEMO’s 2016 NTNDP indicated that there may be an NSCAS gap in South Australia
related to system strength, but that detailed studies would be required to confirm that
preliminary finding.
ElectraNet is working closely with AEMO to understand the potential impact of low
system strength on power system performance, with a focus on the ability of wind farms
to ride through system disturbances and return to full power output.
ElectraNet also continues to investigate the impact of low system strength on selected
protection systems, to identify whether the performance of protection systems could be
affected. We will continue to discuss the findings with AEMO and work towards
implementing any necessary mitigation strategies.
ElectraNet supports AEMO’s detailed studies to confirm whether there is an NSCAS gap
relating to system strength in South Australia. AEMO has indicated that the study results
are expected to be available in 2017. Should an NSCAS gap be identified we will
consider appropriate measures, which could include contracting large synchronous
generators to remain in service when needed, or installing synchronous condensers, to
maintain a required level of system strength.
16 System strength refers to the ability of a power system to maintain a stable voltage and frequency under all
operating conditions. It is typically expressed in terms of a short circuit ratio (SCR) at generator connection points,
which is defined as the fault level of the system (in MVA) divided by the rated output of the relevant generator;
however, this approach does not fully account for potential interactions between different generators that are
connected nearby.
Chapter 3 A system in transition Page 26 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
In August 2016, ElectraNet commenced a RIT-T to address the need for improved
voltage control in the northern South Australia region following the closure of Northern
Power Station. A PSCR was prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Rules,
as the first stage of the consultation process in relation to application of the RIT-T.
Our findings based on the new demand information provided by customers showed that
voltage control in the northern South Australian region meets the requirements of the
Rules. This means that the identified need for this RIT-T no longer exists.
For this reason, ElectraNet announced the cancellation of the RIT-T on 24 March 2017,
as the continuation of the process was no longer required.
3.5.5 Frequency control following separation of South Australia from the NEM
AEMO has identified that uncontrolled generator trips could occur if an unplanned
outage of the Heywood interconnector occurred at a time when generation from South
Australian wind farms exceeded South Australian demand. To address this risk, AEMO
and ElectraNet are working together to implement a coordinated Over Frequency
Generation Shedding (OFGS) scheme, to trip excess generation in a controlled way to
restore the balance between supply and demand and allow the South Australian
frequency to recover to within the frequency operating standards.
The OFGS scheme will operate by tripping South Australian wind farms in a pre-
determined sequence starting at 51.0 Hz, with those that make the smallest contribution
to system inertia tripped earliest in the sequence.
As part of AEMO’s final report into the South Australian black system event on
28 September 2016, AEMO found that there are significant difficulties in forming a stable
island in South Australia if the sudden loss of multiple generators in South Australia
results in an unplanned outage of the Heywood interconnector along with a large deficit
of South Australian supply compared to demand. In such situations, it would be
preferable to avoid islanding if at all possible.
As a result, the report included a recommendation for AEMO to work with ElectraNet to
investigate the feasibility of developing a Special Protection Scheme (SPS). The SPS
will be designed to operate in response to sudden excessive flows on the Heywood
interconnector, to initiate load shedding quickly enough to prevent separation.
ElectraNet and AEMO are currently consulting together on the design of such an SPS
(section 8.9.2).
In December 2016, AEMO published its latest NTNDP which included the following
important observations on the future direction for transmission networks:
the NEM is moving into a new era for transmission planning:
‒ transmission networks designed for transporting energy from coal
generation centres will need to transform to support large-scale renewable
generation development in new areas
‒ transmission networks will increasingly be needed for system support
services, such as frequency and voltage support, to maintain a reliable and
secure supply.
high level modelling suggests positive net benefits for potential interconnection
developments, including a new interconnector linking South Australia with either
New South Wales or Victoria from 2021.
AEMO observed that local network and non-network options, such as synchronous
condensers or similar technologies, are also needed as part of the solution to maintain a
reliable and secure supply by providing local system strength and resilience to frequency
changes.
17 AEMO. 2016 National Transmission Network Development Plan. Available from aemo.com.au.
Chapter 4 National transmission network developments and review of South Australian network constraints Page 28 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
The NTNDP focuses on the ability of the national transmission network to reliably
support major power transfers between generation and demand centres in the NEM. As
a result, the 2016 NTNDP did not consider augmentations that may arise from:
planning standards that differ from the planning standards and criteria defined in
the NTNDP
ongoing local transmission needs to meet localised peak demand outside of the
10% Probability of Exceedance (POE) regional maximum demand
the appearance of new or contract load that are outside the available forecasts.
The 2016 NTNDP classifies emerging network limitations into one of two categories:
reliability or economic dispatch limitations. There are no emerging reliability limitations
identified in South Australia.
Five potential economic dispatch limitations were identified on the South Australian
transmission network (Table 4-1). AEMO identified that these limitations will occur
mainly at times of high wind or solar generation.18 The 2015 NTNDP had identified the
same five potential economic dispatch limitations in South Australia.
Table 4-1: Potential economic dispatch limitations identified in the 2016 NTNDP
ElectraNet’s analysis indicates that these limitations (Table 4-1) are occurring now, or
are expected to occur in the near future. The occurrence and impact of the forecast
congestion will increase as new wind farms continue to be connected in the NSA zone.
Further, forecast increases in gas prices across the east coast of Australia (including in
South Australia) will reduce the level of gas power generation in South Australia.
This will increase flows into South Australia across the Heywood and Murraylink
interconnectors. Addressing these limitations may deliver market benefits unrelated to
the level of wind generation. ElectraNet will continue to engage with AEMO and explore
the appropriate network developments to efficiently address network congestion.
AEMO uses constraint equations to manage system security and market pricing. A
constraint binds on dispatch when it alters the level of power from either a generator or
an interconnector from what it would have been if there was no constraint. Generators
(and interconnectors) can be either constrained on (above the level that would otherwise
be set by the market) or constrained down (below the level that would otherwise be set
by the market).
AEMO publishes the marginal value of a constraint when it binds. The marginal value
indicates its impact on market prices, but this measure is only an approximation and can
be misleading in some instances. At times, constraints that have a relatively small
impact can report large marginal values due to interactions between the network
limitation, price at the time and the bids of generators affected by the constraint.
ElectraNet has assessed the top binding network constraints that impacted transmission
network and interconnector flows during the 2016 calendar year (Table 4-2). Constraints
selected for assessment were in the top ten by impact on marginal value or by binding
duration in 2016. Some constraints have been grouped as they manage the same
network limit or operating condition. For example, two constraints might both manage
the overload of the same network element for different contingency events.
Many of the constraints (Table 4-2) are managing limitations and contingencies outside
of South Australia. Most of those are in Victoria and come under AEMO's oversight as
the Victorian jurisdictional transmission planner.
Chapter 4 National transmission network developments and review of South Australian network constraints Page 30 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Where constraints are closely related to one another, they have been grouped together. Note that constraints used to manage frequency control ancillary
services have not been included.
Chapter 4 National transmission network developments and review of South Australian network constraints Page 31 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Chapter 4 National transmission network developments and review of South Australian network constraints Page 32 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Chapter 4 National transmission network developments and review of South Australian network constraints Page 33 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Chapter 4 National transmission network developments and review of South Australian network constraints Page 34 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
A range of factors can impact on the efficient development and operation of the
transmission network, such as the connection of significant new loads, a change in the
nature of the generation fleet, or higher gas prices. Such developments may lead to
network constraints that are efficient to address with network augmentation projects (or
non-network alternatives) that provide a net market benefit.
Other projects may be warranted if either the least-cost generator expansion changes or
actual generator investment decisions do not follow the NTNDP generator expansion
forecasts. The specific projects that will provide net market benefits are often uncertain
until actual generator investment decisions are made or there is sufficient information
available to proceed with a RIT-T. Project timings have not been proposed or presented
because of this uncertainty.
The potential projects (Table 4-3, Table 4-4), whilst high level, have been identified
through constraint and planning analysis. ElectraNet expects that these projects would
reduce network congestion in the future and hence may deliver sufficient benefits to
customers to warrant development. These projects may also lead to minor
improvements in network reliability.
Chapter 4 National transmission network developments and review of South Australian network constraints Page 35 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Project name Drivers/value of potential Description of potential project Capacity/benefit Lead time Cost ($M)
project provided
New Interconnector Increased wholesale market ElectraNet proposed four interconnector 300 MW to 1-2 years RIT-T 500 to
between South competition to put downward options in the South Australian Energy 2,000 MW capacity 3-5 years 2,500
Australia and the pressure on electricity prices in Transformation Project Specification increase detailed design
Eastern States South Australia, improved Consultation Report that was published in and delivery
system security, supporting November 2016
development of renewable The net market benefit of those options,
generation and reduced along with non-interconnector options and
transmission losses the impact of the SA Government’s Energy
Plan, are currently being evaluated
Upper South East Increased generation injection at String vacant 275 kV circuit between 400-600 MW 1-2 years RIT-T 40 to 60
network Tailem Bend or Tepko, or Tailem Bend and Tungkillo and install increase in line 2 years delivery
augmentation market driven requirement for dynamic reactive support at Tailem Bend section capacity
increased interconnector As part of the assessment that is being
capacity in either direction done for the South Australian Energy
Transformation RIT-T, ElectraNet is
evaluating the net market benefit of
stringing this vacant circuit
Chapter 4 National transmission network developments and review of South Australian network constraints Page 36 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Project name Drivers/value of Description of potential Capacity/benefit Lead time Cost ($M)
potential project project provided
Davenport– Increase in renewable Rebuild Davenport–Brinkworth– 1200+ MW capacity 1-2 years RIT-T 300–600
Brinkworth–Para generation and loads Para 275 kV as a high capacity increase 5 years easement
275 kV through the Mid North AC double circuit line with twin acquisition, detailed
and Eyre Peninsula conductors design and delivery
Tie Davenport to Increased renewable Tie Davenport to Robertstown Capacity increase 1-2 years RIT-T 10–20
Robertstown 275 kV generation on the Mid 275 kV at Belalie depending on location 2 years detailed
at Belalie Substation North network of generation design and delivery
Tie Robertstown to Increased renewable Tie Robertstown to Para 275 kV Capacity increase 1-2 years 3-6
Para 275 kV at generation on the mid- at Tungkillo depending on location
Tungkillo Substation north network of generation
Strengthen Mid Increase in renewable Various line uprating and Capacity increase 2–3 years <5 (total)
North 275 kV generation in the Mid application of dynamic line depending on location
network North or Eyre ratings depending on generator of generation and local
Peninsula developments. network capability
Reconfigure Mid Increased renewable Various potential reconfiguration Capacity increase Dependent on location Dependent on
North 132 kV generation on the Mid options depending on generator depending on location of generation and load location of
network North network and load developments of generation and load generation and load
Chapter 4 National transmission network developments and review of South Australian network constraints Page 37 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
This will depend on future generator connection locations. The limitations that could bind
as a result of such additional renewable generation connections are highlighted in Table
4-5. Where possible, references to other sections of this report are provided that contain
information regarding projects or initiatives that would resolve or mitigate the forecast
limitations.
Chapter 4 National transmission network developments and review of South Australian network constraints Page 38 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Congestion in Victoria frequently impacts the transfer capability of the Heywood and
Murraylink interconnectors. This will occur more often as South Australian network
limitations are addressed and as renewable generation increases in South Australia. The
most significant limitations in Victoria that will affect the ability of South Australian plant
to export power are expected to be:
220 kV limitations in country Victoria (impacts Murraylink)
330 kV limitations on exports from Victoria to NSW (impacts Murraylink and the
Heywood Interconnector)
South Morang 500/330 kV transformer limitations in Victoria (impacts the
Heywood Interconnector)
transient stability limitations on export from Victoria to South Australia (impacts the
Heywood Interconnector).
Chapter 4 National transmission network developments and review of South Australian network constraints Page 39 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Temperatures over the summer are a key driver of maximum demand for electricity.
Consecutive days of high temperatures, such as those that make up a typical summer
heat wave, can drive state-wide demands to levels of more than double the average.
The holiday period that begins at Christmas time and extends until Australia Day
reduces the impact of high temperatures on demand, as do other calendar effects such
as weekends and public holidays. For state-wide electricity demand to reach high levels,
metropolitan Adelaide needs to experience high temperatures during summer, generally
on weekdays outside of the holiday period.
Individual connection points, however, may experience isolated heat events, driving high
localised demands independent of state-wide demand levels. This is especially possible
in holiday regions, or in regions where local industry has a seasonal demand (for
example, vintage in wine regions).
Table 5-1: 2016-17 summer temperature data compared with long term trends
*Mean days for long term trend data, actual days for 2016-17 data
23 These values include demand supplied by non-scheduled generation and embedded generation connected to the
distribution network, but exclude demand provided by rooftop solar PV generation.
24 The measured maximum demand preceded a short period of load shedding to manage the balance between supply
and demand, in the absence of which the demand could have been higher.
Chapter 5 Summer (2016-17) demand review and forecasts Page 41 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Despite the warmer than average temperatures across most of South Australia, the
temperature index did not reach 38 at any time during the summer (Figure 5 1). The
highest value of the temperature demand index was 37.8 °C; however, as this occurred
on Saturday 7 January, State demand did not exceed 2,700 MW. The three next highest
values of the temperature index occurred from Wednesday 8 February to Friday
10 February, with South Australia recording its maximum demand for the summer on
Thursday, 9 February 2017.
Given the above, ElectraNet expects that the maximum State demand recorded during
the 2016-17 summer is likely to be slightly below the 10% POE maximum demand level.
40
35
Daily Temperature Index
30
25
20
15
26-Jan-17
01-Dec-16
08-Dec-16
15-Dec-16
22-Dec-16
29-Dec-16
05-Jan-17
12-Jan-17
19-Jan-17
02-Mar-17
09-Mar-17
16-Mar-17
23-Mar-17
30-Mar-17
02-Feb-17
09-Feb-17
16-Feb-17
23-Feb-17
25 For calculation of the temperature demand index, ElectraNet has calculated the previous day’s average temperature
using the average of the 24 hourly temperature readings.
26 Analysis of data from over 100 years found that this threshold was exceeded 19 times over a ten-week period from
20 December to the end of February. Half of this period includes the summer holiday period and weekends. Hence,
over the last 100 years, it can be assumed there have been 9–10 weather events above this threshold at times that
are expected to result in 10% POE demand conditions. As high demand is primarily driven by extreme temperature
conditions during non-holiday periods, a temperature index above 38 on a working day is considered an appropriate
indicator of 10% POE demand conditions.
Chapter 5 Summer (2016-17) demand review and forecasts Page 42 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
As the need for transmission reinforcement is often localised, ElectraNet and SA Power
Networks review each connection point on the transmission system. During summer
2016-17, most connection points recorded maximum demands that were between 85%
and 100% of their forecast 10% POE maximum demand.
Thirteen bulk connection points exceeded 100% of ElectraNet’s 10% POE connection
point demand forecasts (Table 5-3), but all were still within the network capability. Six
connection points failed to reach 85% of their 10% POE forecast (Table 5-4).
ElectraNet and SA Power Networks’ 2017 review of connection point forecasts will
consider the measured maximum demands from summer 2016-17.
Table 5-3: Recorded demands more than 100% of 10% POE demand forecast in summer 2016-17
Connection ElectraNet 10% POE AEMO 10% Actual Date and time of
point demand forecast POE forecast Maximum maximum demand
(MW) (MW) (MW) (Market time)
Leigh Creek 1.0 1.0 1.2 9 February 20:30
South
Blanche 31.8 33.8 35.6 8 February 17:30
Wudinna 13.7 15.0 14.9 8 February 19:00
Baroota 7.6 7.9 8.2 9 February 19:00
Hummocks 13.0 14.6 13.7 8 February 19:00
Yadnarie 7.8 9.3 8.2 8 February 19:00
Neuroodla 0.9 1.0 0.9 9 February 19:30
Kanmantoo 1.5 1.6 1.6 8 February 19:00
Brinkworth 4.5 4.8 4.6 10 February 19:00
Templers 29.2 31.0 30.0 8 February 19:00
Waterloo 8.3 10.2 8.5 9 February 19:00
Western Suburbs 415.1 442.3 420.8 9 February 18:30
Eastern Suburbs 715.5 722.1 718.0 9 February 17:00
Table 5-4: Recorded demands less than 85% of 10% POE demand forecast in summer 2016-17
Connection ElectraNet 10% POE AEMO 10% Actual Date and time of
point demand forecast POE forecast Maximum maximum demand
(MW) (MW) (MW) (Market time)
Snuggery Rural 16.2 14.8 13.3 7January 17:30
Keith 24.5 24.8 19.3 5 January 19:00
Mt Gunson 0.2 0.2 0.127 18 January 14:00
Port Pirie System 70.7 67.9 51.6 8 February 19:30
Stony Point 0.2 0.2 0.124 19 January 21:00
Penola West 8.8 7.0 5.5 1 March 19:00
27 Actual maximum is within the margin of error of the 10% POE demand forecast
Chapter 5 Summer (2016-17) demand review and forecasts Page 43 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
ElectraNet considers that our customers are best placed to understand their needs.
Given this, and in accordance with Rules clause 5.11.1, ElectraNet annually receives
10-year demand forecasts from SA Power Networks, and collaborates with AEMO to
receive forecasts from direct connect customers. ElectraNet and SA Power Networks
work together to determine and agree on any adjustments required to account for
embedded generators and major customer loads connected directly to the distribution
network.
In June 2016, AEMO published a minimum demand forecast for South Australia as part
of the 2016 National Electricity Forecasting Report (NEFR).29 ElectraNet has used that
forecast to determine future needs for improved voltage control at times of minimum
demand in South Australia.
AEMO published an annual state-wide demand forecast for South Australia as part of
the NEFR. In 2016, AEMO forecast that:
State-wide demand would decline at an average rate of 1% per annum across the
forecast period, due to continuing high growth in rooftop solar PV – a rate higher
than typical in other regions – and also due to a projected decline in business
sector consumption
average demands to continue to reduce over the forecast period
In contrast, minimum demand on the South Australian transmission network to
reduce rapidly, indicating that demand centres will actually provide net injection of
generation into the South Australian transmission system from about 2026-27
AEMO’s 2016 NEFR 10% POE neutral growth forecasts for South Australian maximum,
average30 and minimum demand are presented in Figure 5-2, along with the previous
three years and current year of estimated actual maximum, average and minimum
demands.
AEMO’s 2017 NEFR had not yet been published at the time of writing this Transmission
Annual Planning Report.
3500
3000
2500
2000
MW
1500
1000
500
-500
In July 2016, AEMO published updated connection point forecasts for South Australia.
These forecasts, along with information on AEMO’s methodology for connection point
forecasting can be found on AEMO’s website.31
ElectraNet compares its forecasts (as published in the 2017 Connection Point Forecasts
Report)32 against AEMO’s forecasts. At an aggregate level, AEMO’s and ElectraNet’s
connection point forecasts are both reconciled to AEMO’s State-level forecast from the
2016 NEFR during their development. Thus the connection point forecasts inherently
reconcile to one another.
When individual connection point forecasts are considered there are some differences
between the two forecasts, but neither forecast is consistently higher or lower than the
other. The difference between the ElectraNet and AEMO connection point forecasts has
no impact on network limitations or development plans within the next ten years.
ElectraNet uses both the AEMO State-wide forecasts and its own connection point
forecasts depending on the needs of a particular planning study.
6. Connection opportunities
Electricity supply in the South Australian region comes from local generation as well as
the Heywood and Murraylink interconnectors.
AEMO projects that all NEM regions will meet the reliability standard set in the Rules
over the next two years, based on the generation and storage expected to be available.
However, AEMO notes that South Australia is considered most at risk of breaching the
reliability standard, and that to meet the standard:
All existing conventional generation must be available and operating
Pelican Point Power Station must return to full service
the new battery storage and diesel generation to be contracted by the South
Australian Government (as part of its Energy Plan) must be available as
planned.33
In this section we outline connection opportunities for generators (section 6.1) and
customers (section 6.2) and discuss the factors that influence them, followed by a
summary of the opportunities (section 6.3). We also identify proposed new connection
points (section 6.4), and current and potential transmission connection hubs
(section 6.5).
ElectraNet has conducted a high level assessment of the ability of existing transmission
network nodes and connection points to accommodate new generator connections. This
study considered a range of demand, generation, and interconnector operating
conditions to determine the indicative maximum generation capacity that could be
connected without breaching existing line and transformer thermal ratings, under system
normal and single credible contingency conditions.
However, it may be noted this assessment is limited to a few operating conditions and
does not attempt to define the amount and value of constraints that may be experienced
in terms of energy lost by connecting generation at any particular location. Such
detailed market impact assessment should be carried out by the parties seeking
connection to the network.
Almost any point in the proximity of the Main Grid 275 kV transmission system should be
suitable for a new generator to connect. In particular, several 275 kV substations in the
Mid North represent strategic locations close to fuel resources, including wind. However,
there is a risk of clustering and potential issues with system security and potential
constraints that proponents need to be mindful of. The sites that are electrically
favourable for connecting generation are located along the 275 kV backbone from Port
Augusta (near Davenport and Cultana) to the South East (near Penola and Mount
Gambier). It is also important to note that connection of generation anywhere from
Tungkillo through to Tailem Bend and South East will directly have an impact on the
ability to import real power from Victoria and the rest of the NEM.
In the metropolitan region, population density limits the ability to economically extend the
network. Also existing fault levels (Appendix E) are approaching the plant capability
limits of both ElectraNet’s and SA Power Networks’ assets, particularly in the vicinity of
Torrens Island, LeFevre, Kilburn, Northfield, Magill and within the Adelaide central
business district (CBD). Therefore, while the existing Metropolitan 275/66 kV system
otherwise has capacity to accept new generation connections, this could accelerate the
need for major augmentation and/or replacement of existing transmission and
distribution assets to address fault level issues.
The ability to accommodate additional generation was assessed for a range of operating
conditions (Table 6-1). At each location, the output of a new notional generator was
gradually increased, while interconnector import was decreased, or export was
increased as needed to maintain the supply-demand balance. The impact of existing run
back schemes was considered in the assessment (where practicable).
Table 6-1: System conditions considered in the assessment of the ability of the South Australian
transmission system to accommodate additional generation
At each location, and for each system condition, simulations were stopped when a
voltage limitation or a thermal overload was observed on a line or transformer. This was
done for all system elements in-service, and again with single credible contingencies
considered.
There are several factors that may impact the ability of ElectraNet's transmission
network to accommodate significant amounts of new generation in the future:
The main works for the Heywood interconnector upgrade were completed in
July 2016, and 600 MW in available transfer capacity has been released so far. 34
Almost any point in the proximity of the Main Grid 275 kV transmission system should be
suitable for a new large load to connect. However, any substantial load connections may
require deep network augmentation to provide a reliable supply arrangement. In this
context there is already an under-voltage load shedding scheme applied to load at the
northern end of the transmission system to allow for secure operation. Any further load
connections in this area would obviously exacerbate any under-voltage issues and
would therefore be incorporated into this scheme.
In other regions, ElectraNet has assessed the ability of existing connection points to
accommodate the connection of new large loads (section 6.3). The values listed
represent the additional load that could be connected to the connection point's high
voltage bus, in addition to the forecast 2018–19 10% POE load. The maximum amount
of increased demand at a given connection point that could be accommodated across a
range of relevant system conditions (including system normal and credible single
contingencies) has been determined by comparing network voltage levels to the relevant
voltage criteria, for example:
275 kV and 132 kV voltage levels to remain above 95% of nominal during system
normal conditions
275 kV and 132 kV voltage levels to remain above 90% of nominal after a single
credible contingency event
the total load at the connection point must remain at least 5% below the level at
which voltage collapse occurs (identified as the ‘knee point’ on the relevant curve
of voltage versus power transfer).
The thermal capacity of the transmission network was also applied as a limit to the
amount of additional demand that could be supplied at each connection point.
Table 6-2: Indication of available capacity to connect generation and load in 2018-19
A new connection point is proposed by SA Power Networks in the Mid North to meet
localised growing demand (Table 6-3).
Table 6-3: Proposed new connection points for generators and customers
ElectraNet endeavours to develop connections for new generators and loads to provide
a cost effective, low long term constraint risk solution to the customer. Where a number
of generators and/or loads are developed in close proximity, it is important to provide
efficient connections wherever possible. This approach minimises network constraints
for the customer, maximises network utilisation, reduces connection costs, and facilitates
efficient and sustainable long-term transmission network development.
Using this approach, wind farm developments in the Mid North are connected to balance
the loading on the parallel 275 kV lines between Port Augusta and Adelaide is as far as
possible. This reduces the likelihood of generation constraints and limitations to power
transfer capability in the corridors if power transfer requirements increase in the future.
ElectraNet has identified twelve potential connection hubs in the South Australian
transmission network (Figure 6-1).
Figure 6-1: Current and possible South Australian future transmission connection hubs
ElectraNet has completed several significant projects to remove network limitations and
address asset condition (Table 7-1).
Table 7-1: Projects completed between 1 May 2016 and 31 May 2017
37 A market notice was issued on 5/08/2016 releasing a transfer limit of 600 MW. The next increment of 650 MW is on
hold pending review of frequency changes impacts.
38 Series compensation reduces the “electrical distance” of a transmission line, thereby increasing the maximum
possible power transfer over the line.
39 Following installation of the series compensation by this date, testing will be undertaken and be followed by the
gradual release of additional interconnector capacity by AEMO.
Chapter 7 Completed, committed and pending projects Page 54 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Committed projects are projects where the RIT-T has been completed (where required),
and the ElectraNet Board has given approval. ElectraNet is currently undertaking several
committed projects which are expected to be completed in the near future (Table 7-2).
The following section provides additional detail for our only current major committed
project (greater than $5 million expenditure at a single site): the Tailem Bend Substation
Upgrade (section 7.2.1).
Estimated project costs quoted in this chapter are presented in 2017 dollar values. Cost
estimates are provided as a range to reflect the variability of expected project costs. The
estimated range for proposed projects is typically wider than for committed and pending
projects, due to uncertainties about project scope, contingencies and risk in the early
stages of a project.
The Heywood Interconnector Upgrade project has increased the capacity of the
interconnector from a nominal 460 MW to 600 MW, with the target capacity of 650 MW
anticipated to be released by the end of 2017. This will result in a greater reliance on the
performance of the substations that connect South Australia to the National Electricity
Market via the Heywood Interconnector.
Tailem Bend substation has a 275 kV section that is not laid out in a ‘circuit breaker and
a half’ topology and the existing topology significantly constrains the interconnector
under certain conditions.
The planned layout will minimise the impact of these constraints on NEM participants
and improve the quality, reliability and security of supply of prescribed transmission
services. A similar upgrade was completed at South East substation in December 2015.
ElectraNet does not currently have any pending projects, meaning projects which have
passed the RIT-T but are not yet fully committed.
This development plan has been based on forecast demand (section 5.2) and diversity
factors have been applied as appropriate in each case for planning the Main Grid and
regional corridors. In the analysis, Main Grid and regional meshed networks are planned
to meet 10% POE demands with wind farm outputs set to 9.4% of their installed
capacities, which reflects the 85% confidence interval for South Australian wind farm
output during the top 10% of summer demand periods (refer to section 2.2).
A central planning scenario has been developed and evaluated as part of ElectraNet’s
planning process. A number of sensitivities have also been applied, to represent
different assumptions about the future development of demand and generation in South
Australia. The scenario together with the sensitivities is intended to represent a range of
credible potential futures.
The planning scenario and sensitivity assumptions have been characterised (Table 8-1)
and the potential new loads and generation connections over the next ten years are
graphically represented in Figure 8-1.
Figure 8-1: Assumptions and sensitivities considered in ElectraNet’s planning process, including
potential future step load increases, generator retirements, and renewable generator connections
Analysis of the planning scenario and sensitivities led to a range of high level outcomes
or project recommendations (Table 8-2). Detailed outcomes, or potential projects
required to support the sensitivities, are covered in sections 8.3 to 8.9.
South Australia has world leading penetration levels of intermittent renewable energy
generation sources. The non-synchronous nature of the renewable generation,
combined with a decreased dispatch of synchronous generation, poses unique
challenges for the secure and stable operation of the power system.
ElectraNet envisages that all of these projects will have a material impact on inter-
regional transfer.
Figure 8-2: Proposed projects to address emerging challenges to the secure and stable operation of
the power system
Scope of work: Install a nominal 30 MW, 8 MWh battery energy storage system at
Dalrymple along with associated site establishment, high voltage
switchgear, secondary systems and telecommunications
equipment
The identified need for this project is a proof of concept demonstration that utility scale
battery storage can support the integration of renewable energy.
The ESCRI-SA project will capture both regulated and non-regulated benefits.
The regulated cost component is less than $6 million, which is exceeded by the
associated customer benefits.
Timing: Uncertain
As required by the Rules, the RIT-T is directed at meeting an identified need, which in
this case is defined as:
facilitating greater competition in the wholesale electricity market, to lower
dispatch costs and consequently wholesale electricity prices, particularly in South
Australia (‘market need’)
Chapter 8 Transmission Network Development Plan Page 61 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Options that were highlighted in the PSCR include new interconnectors between South
Australia and the Eastern States, supported by measures within the South Australian
system to address the needs for system strength and inertia. The RIT-T is also
considering alternative solutions that do not involve an interconnector, such as demand
response, generation options, battery storage and other solutions.
Both the timing and scope of this project are subject to further analysis and are uncertain
at this point in time.
Scope of work: Upgrade existing protection devices and install six synchronous
condensers at selected locations across the 275 kV transmission
network
Timing: Uncertain
AEMO has identified that the operation of large high voltage power systems such as
South Australia at low fault levels can result in the conditions of the power system being
unstable due to factors such as:41
manufacturers’ design limits on power electronic interfaced devices such as wind
turbines and SVCs. Operation of these devices outside their minimum design
limits could give rise to generating systems’ instability and consequent
disconnection from the grid
protection systems which rely on measurement of current (excluding differential
protection) or current and voltage during a fault to achieve two basic requirements
– selectivity (that is, to operate only for conditions for which the system has been
installed) and sensitivity (that is, to be sufficiently sensitive to faults on the
equipment it is protecting)
inability to control voltage during normal system and market operations such as
switching of transmission lines or transformers, switching reactive plant
(capacitors and reactors), transformer tap changing, and routine variations in load
or generation.
AEMO plans to further investigate this issue and publish a report in 2017 in relation to
this requirement, and will collaborate with ElectraNet to confirm the existence, size, and
trigger date of the NSCAS gap.42, 43
The requirement for the project is to maintain minimum fault levels in South Australia for
foreseeable operating conditions above a level that is sufficient to ensure that:
power electronic interfaced devices such as wind turbines and static Var
compensators can remain stable
synchronous machines can remain stable and provide the fault current required for
the operation of other plant
protection systems can adequately function
voltage can be maintained during normal system and market operations including
switching transformers, transmission lines and reactive plant, transformer tap
changing, and routine variations in load or generation.
Both the timing and the scope of this project, and therefore the transmission
requirements, are uncertain at this point in time.
Confirmation of the existence, size, and trigger date of a potential NSCAS gap, or other
requirement for ElectraNet to address a system strength requirement in the South
Australian region, will determine the need and timing for this project.
Over the 10-year planning period, only one connection point – Port Lincoln – requires
action to ensure that the Category 3 reliability standard continues to be met (section
8.4.1). This action is not driven by an increase in demand, but rather by the expiry of the
existing network support arrangement.
In addition, one new connection point is proposed, at Gawler East (8.4.2), subject to
local land development activity and advice from SA Power Networks regarding required
timing. The locations of these projects are shown in Figure 8-3.
ElectraNet does not envisage that these projects will have any material impact on inter-
regional transfer.
Scope of work: Build new double circuit 132 kV or 275 kV lines from Cultana to
Yadnarie and from Yadnarie to Port Lincoln
The existing network support arrangement that enables the category 3 ETC reliability
requirements to be met at Port Lincoln substation expires in December 2018. ElectraNet
has also assessed that significant components of the Whyalla to Yadnarie and the
Yadnarie to Port Lincoln 132 kV lines require replacement in the 2018-19 to 2022-23
period.
ElectraNet has developed five potential options to meet this need (Table 8-4). Option 1
would directly address the identified need by replacing the relevant line components and
establishing a new network support agreement, whereas the other options would provide
additional capacity, reliability and market benefits.
ElectraNet has included Option 1 in the capital program in our 2018-19 to 2022-23
revenue proposal to the AER. The revenue proposal also includes a contingent project
to provide the additional revenue that will be needed if the RIT-T demonstrates that any
of the other options is more economical.
Table 8-4: Options considered for Eyre Peninsula 132 kV line replacement
Scope of work: Cut into the Para to Roseworthy 132 kV line and create a 132 kV
connection point for a new 132/66/11 1x25 MVA transformer
substation
The new Gawler East 132 kV connection point is planned to support “greenfields”
residential development in the area. The development site allows for up to 2,450
allotments and a commercial centre with an ultimate residential demand estimated at
22 MVA and 2.5 MVA of commercial load. There are also future plans to develop the
adjacent greenfields region (Concordia), with more than double the potential ultimate
demand increase. Residential development commenced at Gawler East in 2014, with an
anticipated requirement for the new 132/11 kV zone substation by the end of 2022.
SA Power Networks have advised that they plan to work with ElectraNet to commence a
Regulatory Investment Test for Distribution (RIT-D) assessment by issuing a Non-
Network Options Report (NNOR) at a future date.
The preferred option will be determined by the outcome of the RIT-D assessment (Table
8-5).
Table 8-5: Options considered for a new Gawler East connection point
Over the next year, we plan to complete projects that form part of our 2014-15 to
2017-18 Network Capability Incentive Parameter Action Plan (NCIPAP, sections 8.5.1
and 8.5.2). We have also proposed a full range of market benefit driven projects, up to
the maximum allowance for NCIPAP projects, and one further market benefit project for
the 2018-19 to 2022-23 regulatory control period (sections 8.5.3 to 8.5.9). The locations
of these projects are illustrated in Figure 8-4.
Scope of work: Uprate the Robertstown to North West Bend No. 2 132 kV line and
the North West Bend to Monash No. 2 132 kV line from 80 °C
design clearances to 100 °C design clearances
This project is in ElectraNet’s NCIPAP for the 2014-15 to 2017-18 period. It will increase
the transfer capacity of selected Riverland 132 kV lines that connect to the Murraylink
interconnector, enabling increased power export to Victoria under high Riverland
demand by about 24 MW. It will also increase the capability of South Australian wind
farms to export power under high wind generation conditions at all times of the year.
This will be achieved by increasing the design operating temperatures of the selected
lines, from 80°C design clearances to 100°C design clearances.
Scope of work: Uprate the Waterloo East to Robertstown 132 kV line from 80°C
design clearances to 100°C design clearances
This project is in ElectraNet’s NCIPAP for the 2014-15 to 2017-18 period. Increasing the
transfer capacity of this line will reduce congestion on the Murraylink interconnector,
enabling increased power export to Victoria under high Riverland demand by about
37 MW. It will also increase the capability of South Australian wind farms to export power
under high wind generation conditions at all times of the year. This will be achieved by
increasing the design operating temperatures of the selected lines, from 80°C design
clearances to 100°C design clearances.
8.5.3 Apply dynamic ratings to transmission lines between South East and Tungkillo
Scope of work: Apply dynamic ratings to the Tailem Bend to Tungkillo, Tailem
Bend to Cherry Gardens, South East to Tailem Bend No. 1, and
South East to Tailem Bend No. 2 275 kV lines and to the Tailem
Bend to Mobilong 132 kV line
This project is in ElectraNet’s proposed NCIPAP for the 2018-19 to 2022-23 period.
Increasing the dynamic rating of these lines will reduce congestion on the Heywood
interconnector, enabling increased power transfers to and from Victoria by about 31 MW.
This is the average improvement expected from improving the ratings of the Tailem
Bend to Tungkillo 275 kV line summer ratings by 47 MW and the spring/autumn ratings
by 15 MW, up to the 650 MW Heywood interconnector limit.
ElectraNet envisages that this project will impact inter-regional transfer, by increasing
the thermal transfer capacity across the Heywood interconnector.
8.5.4 Remove plant rating limits from the Robertstown to Davenport 275 kV lines
Scope of work: Remove and replace plant that are rated lower than the design
capability of the conductors on the 275 kV lines between
Robertstown and Davenport, to release further transfer capacity
This project is in ElectraNet’s proposed NCIPAP for the 2018-19 to 2022-23 period.
Increasing the rating of this line will alleviate forecast congestion between the northern
region of SA, where AEMO has identified that 1,400 MW of renewable generation may
connect by 2020-21, and the Adelaide metropolitan region.
This will increase the capability of the Davenport to Robertstown 275 kV lines by at least
115 MVA under summer ratings, and by more under spring/autumn and winter ratings.
ElectraNet envisages that this project will impact intra-regional transfer, but not
inter-regional transfer.
8.5.5 Install an additional 100 Mvar 275 kV capacitor bank at South East
Scope of work: Install an additional 100 Mvar 275 kV switched capacitor at South
East substation
This project is in ElectraNet’s proposed NCIPAP for the 2018-19 to 2022-23 period.
Installing this capacitor will alleviate forecast congestion on the Heywood interconnector
due to voltage stability limits.
This will increase the ‘firmness’ of Heywood interconnector’s notional 650 MW capability,
providing increased availability of the full capability.
ElectraNet envisages that this project will impact inter-regional transfer, by enabling
voltage stability to be maintained at increased transfer levels across the Heywood
interconnector.
Scope of work: Install modular power flow control elements to relieve congestion
on the Waterloo to Templers 132 kV line, and uprate the parallel
Robertstown to Tungkillo and Robertstown to Para 275 kV lines as
well as the Templers to Roseworthy 132 kV line
This project is in ElectraNet’s proposed NCIPAP for the 2018-19 to 2022-23 period.
Uprating the relevant 275 kV and 132 kV lines and installing the modular power flow
control elements on the Waterloo to Templers 132 kV line will reduce forecast
congestion between the Adelaide metropolitan region and the northern region of SA,
where AEMO has identified that 1,400 MW of renewable generation may connect by
2020-21.
This will increase the transfer capacity between the northern region of SA and the
Adelaide metropolitan region by about 17 MW. During network conditions that have high
flows on the 132 kV lines relative to the 275 kV lines, the dynamic line impedance
devices are expected to alleviate constraints by more than 17 MW.
ElectraNet envisages that this project will impact intra-regional transfer, but not
inter-regional transfer.
Scope of work: Install a single 275 kV circuit breaker and associated equipment
(including isolators, current transformer and protection) between
the 275 kV buses at Robertstown
This project will reduce the costs to end-use customers under outage conditions, by
reducing the constraints that are currently unavoidable due to the existing 275 kV circuit
breaker arrangement at Robertstown.
ElectraNet envisages that this project will impact inter-regional transfer, by alleviating
constraints on Murraylink interconnector during planned outages at Robertstown
substation.
8.5.8 Connect the Tailem Bend to Cherry Gardens 275 kV line at Tungkillo
This project is in ElectraNet’s proposed NCIPAP for the 2018-19 to 2022-23 period.
Tying in the Tailem Bend to Cherry Gardens 275 kV line is expected to alleviate voltage
limitations on the Heywood interconnector, allowing the 650 MW operational limit to be
available more often.
At times when voltage limits restrict flows on the Heywood interconnector, this project
will increase the interconnector’s transfer capability by 10 MW.
8.5.9 Apply short term overload ratings to the Robertstown 275/132 kV transformers
This project is in ElectraNet’s proposed NCIPAP for the 2018-19 to 2022-23 period.
Uprating the Robertstown 275/132 kV transformers will reduce forecast congestion
between the Riverland and the northern region of SA, where AEMO has identified that
1,400 MW of renewable generation may connect by 2020-21.
This will increase the ratings of the Robertstown transformers by 48 MVA, alleviating
forecast constraints on Murraylink interconnector.
ElectraNet envisages that this project will impact inter regional transfer, by improving the
export capability of Murraylink interconnector.
We have assessed the ability of the network to deliver maximum demand without
overload with all system elements in service, and allowing for any one item of plant to be
out of service.
Scope of work: Uprate or rebuild the Davenport to Leigh Creek 132 kV line and
establish associated substation assets (including reactive support).
Timing: Uncertain
The existing Davenport to Leigh Creek 132 kV transmission line was designed with a
thermal rating of 49 °C (120 °F), which has been shown to be inadequate for Australian
summer conditions. Most circuits designed and built to this standard have been uprated
or replaced. However, the Davenport to Leigh Creek 132 kV line continues to have an
adequate rating for the small load it currently supplies at Neuroodla, the Leigh Creek
coal mine and Leigh Creek Township, so uprating or replacement has not yet been
necessary.
Aerial laser survey data has revealed that, assuming the structures are mechanically
capable, the connection of a 35 MW load at Leigh Creek would require some 300 of the
total 600 spans in the existing 240 km line to be uprated to meet minimum ground
clearance requirements.
Any step load increase causing the line to exceed its thermal limit of 10 MVA would
require the line to be significantly uprated or rebuilt.
Both the timing and scope of this project are uncertain at this point in time.
Figure 8-5: Projects that may be required if potential spot loads connect
Scope of work: Rebuild the Davenport to Pimba 132 kV line and establish
associated substation assets (including reactive support).
Timing: Uncertain
The existing Davenport to Pimba 132 kV transmission line was designed with a thermal
rating of 49 °C (120 °F), which has been shown to be inadequate for Australian summer
conditions. The line has a rating of 76 MVA, as it was uprated to allow this level of
loading during the 1980s to support the initial development of Olympic Dam. That uprate
work involved lifting the lowest spans using insulated cross-arms. This uprating
represents the mechanical limit for the structures involved.
Any step load increase causing the line to exceed its thermal limit of 76 MVA would
require the line to be rebuilt.
Both the timing and scope of this project are uncertain at this point in time.
For many years, minimum demands on South Australia’s electricity transmission network
typically occurred at roughly 4 AM in the morning during periods of mild weather, such
as during April and Spring. More recently, the increasing penetration of rooftop solar PV
has seen periods in the middle of the day record even lower demand levels, typically on
mild, sunny weekends or public holidays. AEMO forecasts the level of minimum demand
in South Australia to continue to decrease over the forecast period (section 5.2.1).
Low demands drawn from the transmission level can correlate closely with a decreased
dispatch of large synchronous generators, the impacts of which are considered in
section 8.3.
Our analysis has shown that high main grid voltage levels are expected to occur at such
times of extremely low demand. Investment is needed to prevent voltage levels from
exceeding equipment ratings during system normal conditions or after an unplanned
outage of any single line, transformer, or other network element.
As a result, we have determined that four projects will be needed over the 10-year
planning period to manage the impact of declining minimum demand (Figure 8-6, details
in sections 8.7.1 to 8.7.4).
Figure 8-6: Projects that are proposed to manage the impact of declining minimum demand
Studies have shown that steady-state voltage levels on the South Australian
transmission system may breach 110% at times of low demand from 2018-19, following
a single contingency event of an in-service generator or significant item of reactive
control plant. This can be addressed by installing an additional 50 Mvar 275 kV reactor
in 2018 to limit high voltage levels on the transmission network at times of low system
demand.
Studies indicate that installing this reactor at Templers West will optimise the benefit.
As this planned reactor in combination with the other reactors planned at Blyth West and
Para (sections 8.7.2 and 0) target a similar identified need and the total cost exceeds $6
million, the RIT-T will be applied to the proposed series of investments to the RIT-T. A
more detailed options analysis, including consideration of network support options, is
planned to be done as part of the RIT-T for this project.
ElectraNet does not envisage that this project will have any material impact on inter-
regional transfer.
Studies have shown that steady-state voltage levels on the South Australian
transmission system may breach 110% at times of low demand from 2021–22, following
a single contingency event of an in-service generator or significant item of reactive
control plant. This can be addressed by installing an additional 50 Mvar 275 kV reactor
in 2021 to limit high voltage levels on the transmission network at times of low system
demand.
Studies indicate that installing this reactor at Blyth West, along with the reactor proposed
for Templers West in 2018 (section 8.7.1) will optimise the benefit. A more detailed
options analysis, including consideration of network support options, is planned to be
done as part of the RIT-T for the Templers West reactor project.
ElectraNet does not envisage that this project will have any material impact on inter-
regional transfer.
Studies have shown that steady-state voltage levels on the South Australian
transmission system may again breach 110% at times of low demand from 2023–24,
Chapter 8 Transmission Network Development Plan Page 78 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Studies indicate that installing this reactor at Para, along with the reactors proposed for
Templers West in 2018 (section 8.7.1) and Blyth West in 2021 (section 8.7.2) will
optimise the benefit. A more detailed options analysis, including consideration of network
support options, is planned to be done as part of the RIT-T for the Templers West
reactor project.
ElectraNet does not envisage that this project will have any material impact on inter-
regional transfer.
8.7.4 Install an additional 50 Mvar 275 kV switched reactor in the Mid North
Scope of work: Install an additional switched 50 Mvar 275 kV reactor in the Mid
North
AEMO’s 2016 NEFR forecast that minimum demand supplied by SA’s transmission
network may drop to below zero from summer 2027-28 (that is, continued rooftop solar
PV installations would reach a level that will more than offset consumer demand).
ElectraNet’s studies show that steady-state voltage levels on the South Australian
transmission system may again breach 110% at such times of low demand, following a
single contingency event of an in-service generator or significant item of reactive control
plant. This can be addressed by installing an additional 50 Mvar 275 kV reactor before
August 2027, to limit high voltage levels on the transmission network at times of low
system demand.
Studies indicate that installing this reactor at a suitable location in the Mid North, along
with the reactors proposed for Templers West in 2018 (section 8.7.1), Blyth West in
2021 (section 8.7.2), and Para (section 0) will optimise the benefit.
ElectraNet does not envisage that this project will have any material impact on inter-
regional transfer.
For safety reasons, transmission system maximum fault levels should not exceed the
fault rating of the bus or any equipment in that part of the system at any time for any
plausible network configuration. It is also important that the fault level at a substation
does not exceed the fault rating of the earth grid to prevent excessive earth potential
rise.
Based on the 2016 NTNDP least cost generation expansion plan, there will be minimal
new conventional generation built in South Australia within the next ten years.
Substation fault levels were assessed (Appendix E) to ensure they will remain within
design and equipment limits.
Effective 6 April 2017, the AEMC implemented a new rule to establish a framework for
the consideration and management of power system frequency risks arising from non-
credible contingency events.45
AEMO is yet to undertake the first power system frequency review. However, ElectraNet
and AEMO have previously collaborated to develop an Over Frequency Generation
Shedding Scheme (section 8.9.1), and have commenced collaboration to design a
special protection scheme to protect the South Australian electricity system against the
risks of certain non-credible events (section 8.9.2).
Timing: 2017
AEMO has identified that uncontrolled generator trips could happen if an unplanned
outage of the Heywood interconnector occurred at a time when generation from South
Australian wind farms exceeded South Australian demand. To address this risk, AEMO
and ElectraNet are working together to implement a coordinated OFGS scheme, to trip
excess generation in a controlled order to restore the balance between supply and
demand and allow the South Australian frequency to recover to within the frequency
operating standards.
The OFGS scheme will operate by tripping South Australian wind farms in a pre-
determined sequence starting at 51.0 Hz, with those that make the smallest contribution
to system inertia tripped earliest in the sequence.
8.9.2 Protect against system islanding for the non-credible loss of multiple generators
As part of AEMO’s final report into the South Australian black system event on 28
September 201646, AEMO found that because of the difficulties in forming a stable island
in South Australia, it would be preferable to avoid islanding if at all possible.
46 March 2017 AEMO report – Black System South Australia 28 September 2016, available from aemo.com.au
Chapter 8 Transmission Network Development Plan Page 81 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
ElectraNet and AEMO are currently consulting together on the design of such an SPS.
The SPS is proposed to be developed in a staged approach:
Stage 1: Develop an interim special protection scheme to mitigate risks to the South
Australian system by implementing very rapid load shedding to:
help quickly restore the balance between supply and demand following
the loss of multiple generators in South Australia
reduce the risk separation of South Australia from the rest of the NEM.
This interim scheme is proposed to be implemented in a short time frame and
the approach will simply trip pre-identified loads, largely using existing
detection devices to deliver a practical scheme in the short time frame.
AEMO has the responsibility of national transmission planner conferred on it under the national
electricity law. The South Australian Energy Minister has also requested AEMO perform certain
additional functions in the South Australian jurisdiction.
Among its other functions, AEMO is required to provide information regarding the South
Australian power system that includes:
performance assessments of connection points between transmission and distribution
systems
any areas of current or future congestion on the transmission network
generation dispatch scenarios
historical fuel use for electricity generation and an assessment of fuel availability to
support future electricity production
estimated greenhouse gas emissions associated with electricity supply options
existing and potential future electricity supply options
the forecast balance between supply and demand and whether that balance falls within the
national guidelines for reliability
the historical and forecast future demand for electricity based on both seasonal peak
usage and aggregate energy usage.
AEMO provides the above information in a collection of advisory reports for South Australia, which
are released during each year (available on AEMO’s South Australian Advisory Functions47
webpage), and in the NTNDP which is published annually in December.
The Essential Services Commission Act 2002, together with the Electricity Act 1996 and
regulations, establishes the Essential Services Commission of South Australia with regulatory
powers in relation to regulated industries.
Those powers include the ability to make codes, rules and guidelines, and to undertake
performance monitoring. This legislation is intended to support competitive markets in the
electricity supply industry, and provide regulatory oversight of the monopoly transmission and
distribution network sectors of the industry.
47 Available at aemo.com.au.
Appendix A Transmission Planning Framework Page 84 of 134
SOUTH AUSTRALIAN TRANSMISSION ANNUAL PLANNING REPORT
June 2017
the establishment of the Technical Regulator, under Part 2 of the Electricity Act 1996,
which has responsibility for specified technical and safety matters in relation to the
electricity supply industry.
The principal functions and powers of the Essential Services Commission in relation to the
electricity supply industry include:
administering the licensing regime for electricity entities (generation, transmission,
distribution, system control and off-grid suppliers), including the issuing and ongoing
monitoring of those licences
monitoring and reporting on the performance of licensed entities with regulatory obligations
imposed under Acts of Parliament, the licences they hold, industry codes, rules and
guidelines issued by the Essential Services Commission
making industry codes regulating the behaviour of licensed entities
enforcing compliance with licensees’ regulatory obligations, including undertaking
enforcement action as appropriate.
The Rules prescribe a TNSP’s obligations with regard to network connection, network planning,
network pricing and establishing or making modifications to connection points. In addition, the
Rules detail the technical obligations that apply to all registered participants.
ElectraNet must plan and operate its transmission network in accordance with the mandated
reliability and security standards set out in the Rules.
Clause S5.1.2.1 Credible contingency events of the Rules sets out the following mandatory
requirements on TNSPs:
Network Service Providers must plan, maintain and operate their transmission and distribution
networks to allow the transfer of power from generating units to Customers with all facilities or
equipment associated with the power system in service and may be required by a Registered
Participant under a connection agreement to continue to allow the transfer of power with certain
facilities or plant associated with the power system out of service, whether or not accompanied by
the occurrence of certain faults (called credible contingency events).
In practical terms, this obligation requires the non-radial portions of the power system to be
planned with a system normal network (N) being able to withstand a single credible contingency
(N-1) without compromising the integrity of the network.
Chapter 4 of the Rules outlines system security requirements. This includes the requirement that
even during planned outages, the transmission system must have sufficient redundancy or, if this
is not inherent in the network, automatic control systems in place to return the network to a secure
operating state following a credible contingency event.
ElectraNet is the principal TNSP and the Jurisdictional Planning Body for South Australia under
clause 11.28.2 of the Rules. Chapter 5 of the Rules deals with a TNSP’s obligations with regard to
network connection, network planning and establishing or modifying a connection point, including
technical obligations that apply to all Registered Participants. In addition to the Rules, ElectraNet
is also required to comply with the South Australian Electricity Transmission Code (ETC) as
discussed earlier in Appendix A.
ElectraNet’s main planning and development responsibilities with regard to the South Australian
transmission network are to:
ensure that the network is planned, designed, constructed, operated and maintained with
the safety of the public and workers as the paramount consideration
ensure that the network is operated with sufficient capability to provide the minimum level
of transmission network services required by customers
ensure that the network complies with technical and reliability standards contained in the
Rules and jurisdictional instruments such as the ETC
ensure that the network is planned, developed and operated such that there will be no
requirements to shed load to achieve the Rules quality and reliability standards under
normal and foreseeable operating conditions
conduct joint planning with DNSPs and other TNSPs whose networks are connected to the
transmission network. That is, SA Power Networks, APA (Murraylink operator and
part-owner) and AEMO
provide information to registered participants and interested parties on projected network
limitations and the required timeframes for action
develop recommendations to address projected network limitations through joint planning
with DNSPs and consultation with registered participants and interested parties. Solutions
may include network upgrades or non-network options, such as local generation and
demand side management initiatives.
ElectraNet has conducted an annual planning review by analysing the expected future operation
of the South Australian transmission network over a 10-year period, taking into account relevant
forecast loads and future generation, market network service, demand side and transmission
developments.
In accordance with clause 5.12.1(b) of the Rules, ElectraNet’s annual planning review:
incorporates forecast demand, as submitted by SA Power Networks and direct connect
customers or modified by ElectraNet in accordance with clause 5.11.1 of the Rules
includes a review of the adequacy of existing connection points and relevant parts of the
transmission system and planning proposals for future connection points
takes into account AEMO’s most recent NTNDP
The results of ElectraNet’s annual planning review are published in this 2017 Transmission
Annual Planning Report as required by clause 5.12.2(a) of the Rules. Clause 5.12.2(c) states the
information that must be presented within the Transmission Annual Planning Report. Clause
5.12.2(c) is reproduced within the Compliance Checklist that appears at Appendix A, which
demonstrates ElectraNet’s assessment of compliance with the requirements of the Rules.
Investments in transmission network infrastructure are subject to the requirements of the RIT-T.
The RIT-T is an economic cost benefit analysis which is used to assess and rank alternative
electricity investment options.
ElectraNet applies the RIT-T, as promulgated by the Australian Energy Regulator in accordance
with clauses 5.15 and 5.16 of the Rules and with the AER’s regulatory investment test for
transmission (RIT-T) and application guidelines.48 The RIT-T is designed to deliver solutions to
identified network limitations that maximise the present value of net economic benefits to all those
who produce, consume and transport electricity in the NEM. Solutions to network limitations may
include both network and non-network options.
Clause 5.16.3(a) of the Rules requires ElectraNet apply the RIT-T to all transmission investments
with the exception of:
urgent or unforeseen network issues that would otherwise put at risk the reliability of the
transmission network
investments where the estimated capital cost of the most expensive feasible option is less
than $6 million
replacement and maintenance projects where the estimated capital cost of the
augmentation component (if there is one) is less than $6 million
network reconfigurations that have an estimated capital cost of less than $6 million, or
otherwise, are likely to have no material impact on network users
connection assets
negotiated transmission service investments
protected event Emergency Frequency Control Scheme investment that is also not
intended to augment the transmission network.
The RIT-T assesses the costs and market benefits of transmission investments with the solution
delivering the highest benefit on a net present value basis being deemed to pass the test.49
48 Available at https://www.aer.gov.au/networks-pipelines/guidelines-schemes-models-reviews/regulatory-investment-
test-for-transmission-rit-t-and-application-guidelines-2010.
49 Where the investment is undertaken for a reliability corrective action, a preferred option may have a negative net
economic benefit (that is, a net economic cost).
Appendix A Transmission Planning Framework Page 87 of 134
SOUTH AUSTRALIAN TRANSMISSION ANNUAL PLANNING REPORT
June 2017
Registered participants and interested parties have an opportunity and are encouraged to be
involved during the RIT-T consultation process. In particular, proponents are invited to submit
details of potential non-network options such as generation, market network services and demand
side management initiatives that are technically and economically feasible and that reliably satisfy
the identified network limitation. Details of proposed non-network solutions can be submitted to
[email protected]. All RIT-T reports published by ElectraNet and non confidential
submissions received during the consultation process are available from electranet.com.au.
provides a summary of the process followed by ElectraNet when undertaking the RIT-T.
Figure A-1: ElectraNet's approach to the Regulatory Investment Test for Transmission (RIT-T) process
The ETC sets minimum standards for transmission system redundancy and restoration times at
each transmission load connection point and requirements relating to planning, developing and
operating the South Australian transmission system. The Essential Services Commission of South
Australia (ESCOSA) is the body responsible for the ETC.
ESCOSA most recently amended the reliability standards contained in the ETC to be effective
from 1 July 2018 (Table A-1).50
Load category 1 2 3 4 5
Generally applies to… Small loads, Significant Medium-sized Medium-sized Adelaide
country radials, country radials loads with non- loads and large central
direct connect firm backup loads business
customers district (CBD)
Transmission line capacity
'N' capacity 100% of agreed maximum demand (AMD)
'N-1' capacity Nil 100% of AMD
'N-1' continuous capability Nil 100% of AMD for loss of single
transmission line or network
support arrangement
Restoration time to 'N' 2 days 1 hour 12 hours (or 4 4 hours for
standard after outage (as hours if 176 MW
soon as practicable – best grouped with
endeavours) category 5
connection
point)
Restoration time to 'N-1' N/A As soon as practicable - best endeavours
standard after outage
Transformer capacity
'N' capacity 100% of AMD
'N-1' capacity Nil 100% of AMD
'N-1' continuous capability None stated 100% of AMD Nil 100% of AMD for loss of single
for loss of transformer or network support
single arrangement
transformer or
network
support
arrangement
Restoration time to 'N' 8 days 1 hour 12 hours (or 4 4 hours for
standard after outage (as hours if 176 MW
soon as practicable – best grouped with
endeavours) category 5
connection
point)
Restoration time to 'N-1' N/A As soon as practicable – best endeavours
standard after outage
Spare transformer Sufficient spares of each type to meet standards in the event of a failure
requirement
Allowed period to comply N/A 12 months
with required contingency
standard following a
change in forecast AMD
that causes the specific
reliability standard to be
breached
Note: the provision of 'N' and 'N-1' equivalent capacity, as described by the ETC, includes the capacity that
is provided by in-place network support arrangements through distribution system capability, generator
capability, load interruptability, or any combination of these services.
C1 Metropolitan region
The 275 kV transmission Metropolitan region includes connection points that service the Adelaide
central business district (CBD) and metropolitan residential, commercial and industrial loads
(Figure C-1). Over 80% of the South Australian population is contained within and serviced by the
metropolitan transmission region. As the Adelaide metropolitan region has expanded, the 66 kV
network has been progressively developed to accommodate the demand for electricity. The
development of the interconnected 66 kV network has required sources of 275/66 kV injection to
be established at strategic locations to meet the demand, and to provide an acceptable level of
supply reliability.
The Eastern Hills 132 kV transmission system (Figure C-2) supplies six major load centres and
electricity to five SA Power Networks connection point substations as well as seven SA Water
pumping stations. The Eastern Hills derives its supply from the Main Grid 275 kV network via
three 275/132 kV substations. The Eastern Hills network has been developed progressively since
1954, and has subsequently been overlaid by the 275 kV Main Grid transmission network. The
Eastern Hills 132 kV system runs in parallel with the main 275 kV system that forms part of
Heywood interconnection. As a consequence, power flows in the Eastern Hills are determined by
flows on the Heywood interconnector as well as loads supplied within the region.
The Mid North 132 kV sub-transmission system network (Figure C-3) supplies five major load
centres as well as the Barossa Valley and Yorke Peninsula regions. It is supplied from the Main
Grid 275 kV system via five 275/132 kV substations. It is also connected to the 132 kV Eastern
Hills sub-transmission system at Para, and the 132 kV Riverland sub-transmission system at
Robertstown. The Mid North system has been developed progressively since 1952 and now
operates in parallel with the Main Grid system that connects the major sources of generation in
the Mid North region with the Adelaide metropolitan load centre. As a consequence, power flows
in the Mid North are not only determined by the loads that must be supplied within the region, but
also by flows on the Murraylink interconnector and flows on the Main Grid between Davenport and
the Metropolitan region.
C4 Riverland region
The Riverland 132 kV transmission system (Figure C-4) comprises a network that supplies six
major load centres, numerous SA Water pumping stations and SA Power Networks' connection
point substations. It derives its electricity supply from the Main Grid through two 275/132 kV
transformers located at the Robertstown substation and from the Murraylink interconnector. The
Riverland system has been progressively developed since 1953 and comprises two 132 kV
circuits that essentially connect the Robertstown and Berri substations via a number of
intermediate connection points. The system is a connection point for the Murraylink interconnector
that connects South Australia to Victoria. As a consequence, power flows in the Riverland sub-
transmission system are determined by both the loads supplied within the region and flows on this
interconnector.
The South East region (Figure C-5) contains a mixture of electrical loads including agricultural;
light and heavy industrial; rural; urban; and commercial. The South East 132 kV transmission
system supplies ten major load centres and it derives its supply from the Main Grid via 275/132
kV substations located at Tailem Bend and South East. The network was extended to Tailem
Bend in 1976 and a 275/132 kV substation was established there to feed into South East. Gas
turbine generating plant was installed at Snuggery in 1980 and a 132/33 kV substation
constructed at Blanche in 1981. The South East network was further augmented in 1989 when the
275/132 kV South East substation was established just north of Mount Gambier and connected to
the Kincraig Mount Gambier 132 kV line. The South East substation was also connected to the
Victorian transmission system at Heywood 500/275 kV substation.
The Eyre Peninsula (Figure C-6) contains a mixture of electrical loads including agricultural; light
and heavy industrial; rural; urban and commercial. The Eyre Peninsula 132 kV transmission
network is characterised by long radial lines and is supplied from the Main Grid via the 275/132
kV Cultana substation. The major industrial centre of Whyalla is supplied from Cultana by 132 kV
lines, which are operated in parallel. The 275 kV network in Eyre Peninsula was extended from
Port Augusta to Cultana in 1993. From 2014, the 132 kV lines that formerly connected Whyalla to
Davenport have been reconfigured so that Whyalla and Middleback are now connected directly to
Cultana at 132 kV.
The Upper North 132kV sub-transmission network (Figure C-7) supplies major mining loads and a
mix of agricultural, industrial, rural, urban and commercial loads. Its supply comes from the Main
Grid via a 275/132 kV Davenport substation (near Port Augusta), which also supplies the region’s
major commercial centre. The Upper North sub-transmission network comprises two radial 132 kV
lines that run from Davenport to Leigh Creek and Woomera respectively. These lines supply a
number of intermediate sites along their routes and provide connection to several regional
communities. A 275 kV connection point was provided at Davenport in 1998 to facilitate
expansion of mining operations at Olympic Dam and there are now two privately owned lines in
the region: the Olympic Dam to Pimba 132 kV line and the Davenport to Olympic Dam 275 kV
line.
The interconnector transfer capability will change once the full upgraded capacity of the Heywood
interconnector has been released, which will occur after the completion of interconnected network
tests. The combined maximum transfer capability between South Australia and Victoria under
system normal operating conditions will then increase to 870 MW across the Heywood and
Murraylink interconnectors.
D1 Heywood interconnector
The new upgraded Heywood interconnector comprises a double circuit 275 kV transmission line
from South East substation in South Australia to Heywood substation in Victoria, where three
275/500 kV transformers make the connection to the Victorian 500 kV transmission system.
Heywood interconnector transfer capacity is principally limited by thermal and voltage stability
related constraints. There are also small signal oscillatory constraints on the South Australian
network.
These limitations may result in constrained power flows from time to time.
The import capability of the interconnector is defined by three types of equations (for system
normal operating conditions).
This equation is determined by AEMO and is based on plant and equipment rating
parameters provided by ElectraNet as the asset owner.
The South East region 275 kV and 132 kV networks operate in parallel. Generation
installed in the South East 132 kV transmission system tends to displace import on the
Heywood interconnector. In accordance with the Rules, Schedule S5.2.5.12, generation is
allowed to connect to existing networks and displace interconnection flows into a region
but by no more than on a one-for-one basis.
The import capability of the Heywood interconnector due to long term and short term
voltage stability constraints under system normal operating conditions has been revised to
take into account all recently completed projects in South Australia and Victoria.
ElectraNet has developed one set of long term steady state voltage limit equations and
one set of short term voltage stability limit equations to cover the majority of network
operating conditions, using the largest output of a single generating unit as a term in the
equations. Limit equations are based on system load indices of Np = 1.4 and Nq = 3.0.
The SA system normal equations are included in Section D1.2 of this Transmission Annual
Planning Report.
The oscillatory stability import and export limit in South Australia under various system
operating conditions depends on the number of thermal plants online in South Australia
with Power System Stabilisers installed.
System studies assessed the minimum number of conventional generators required online
to maintain SA import and export capability up to 870 MW and 810 MW. Results confirmed
that at least three independent conventional generators with their Power System Stabiliser
in service are required to be online at all times in order to ensure that maximum
interconnector capability is available.
The import and export capability of the Heywood interconnector due to long term voltage stability
under system normal operating conditions has been updated to take account of all recently
completed projects in South Australia, as well as the Heywood interconnector upgrade project.
These updated South Australian system normal import and export equations, which will apply
after the full capacity of the upgraded Heywood interconnector has been released, are shown
below.
Long term voltage stability transfer capability based on SA largest generation loss
contingency
SA import transfer capability [MW] = C1*SESA DEM + C2*LAD + C3*LB1 + C4*CAN + C5*LB2 +
C6*LB3 + C7*SNUG + C8*SALGEN + CONST
Where:
SESA DEM = total South-East Region demand in MW (Keith, Kincraig, Snuggery,
Blanche, Mt Gambier, Penola West)
C1 = 2.03
Lad = Ladbroke Grove Power Station output in MW
C2 = -0.52
LB1 = Lake Bonney Wind Farm Stage 1 output in MW
C3 = -0.65
Can = Canunda Wind Farm output in MW
C4 = -0.74
LB2 = Lake Bonney Wind Farm Stage 2 output in MW
C5 = -0.79
LB3 = Lake Bonney Wind Farm Stage 3 output in MW
C6 = -0.79
Snug = Snuggery Power Station output in MW
C7 = -1.24
SALGEN = South Australia’s largest single in-service generator in MW (largest
potential generation loss under a single credible contingency)
C8 = -1.25
Const = 917
Short term voltage stability transfer capability based on SA largest generation loss
contingency
SA import transfer capability [MW] = C1*SESA DEM + C2*LAD + C3*LB1 + C4*CAN + C5*LB2 +
C6*LB3 + C7*SNUG + C8*SALGEN + CONST
Where:
SESA DEM = total South East Region demand in MW (Keith, Kincraig, Snuggery,
Blanche, Mt Gambier, Penola West)
C1 = 2.13
Lad = Ladbroke Grove Power Station output in MW
C2 = -0.17
LB1 = Lake Bonney Wind Farm Stage 1 output in MW
C3 = -0.38
Can = Canunda Wind Farm output in MW
C4 = -1.30
LB2 = Lake Bonney Wind Farm Stage 2 output in MW
C5 = -0.75
LB3 = Lake Bonney Wind Farm Stage 3 output in MW
C6 = -0.75
Snug = Snuggery Power Station output in MW
C7 = -0.52
SALGEN = South Australia’s largest single in-service generator in MW (largest
potential generation loss under a single credible contingency)
C8 = -1.50
Const = 927
Long term voltage stability transfer capability based on the South East – Tailem Bend
275 kV line contingency
SA import transfer capability [MW] = C1*SESA DEM + C2*LAD + C3*LB1 + C4*CAN + C5*LB2 +
C6*LB3 + C7*SNUG + CONST
Where:
SESA DEM = total South East Region demand in MW (Keith, Kincraig, Snuggery,
Blanche, Mt Gambier, Penola West)
C1 = 1.27
Lad = Ladbroke Grove Power Station output in MW
C2 = -0.65
LB1 = Lake Bonney Wind Farm Stage 1 output in MW
C3 = -0.88
Can = Canunda Wind Farm output in MW
C4 = -0.85
LB2 = Lake Bonney Wind Farm Stage 2 output in MW
C5 = -0.92
LB3 = Lake Bonney Wind Farm Stage 3 output in MW
C6 = -0.92
Snug = Snuggery Power Station output in MW
C7 = -1.58
Const = 720
Short term voltage stability transfer capability based on the South East – Tailem Bend
275 kV line contingency
SA import transfer capability [MW] = C1*SESA DEM + C2*LAD + C3*LB1 + C4*CAN + C5*LB2 +
C6*LB3 + C7*SNUG + CONST
Where:
SESA DEM = total South East Region demand in MW (Keith, Kincraig, Snuggery,
Blanche, Mt Gambier, Penola West)
C1 = 1.71
Lad = Ladbroke Grove Power Station output in MW
C2 = -0.33
LB1 = Lake Bonney Wind Farm Stage 1 output in MW
C3 = -0.84
Can = Canunda Wind Farm output in MW
C4 = -0.96
LB2 = Lake Bonney Wind Farm Stage 2 output in MW
C5 = -1.01
LB3 = Lake Bonney Wind Farm Stage 3 output in MW
C6 = -1.01
Snug = Snuggery Power Station output in MW
C7 = -1.38
Const = 680
Short term voltage stability transfer capability based on the South East – Tailem Bend
275 kV line contingency
SA import transfer capability [MW] = C1*SESA DEM + C2*LAD + C3*LB1 + C4*CAN + C5*LB2 +
C6*LB3 + C7*SNUG + CONST
Where:
SESA DEM = total South East Region demand in MW (Keith, Kincraig, Snuggery,
Blanche, Mt Gambier, Penola West)
C1 = -1.37
Lad = Ladbroke Grove Power Station output in MW
C2 = 1.11
LB1 = Lake Bonney Wind Farm Stage 1 output in MW
C3 = 0.81
Can = Canunda Wind Farm output in MW
C4 = 0.78
LB2 = Lake Bonney Wind Farm Stage 2 output in MW
C5 = 0.72
LB3 = Lake Bonney Wind Farm Stage 3 output in MW
C6 = 0.72
Snug = Snuggery Power Station output in MW
C7 = 1.74
Const = 782
D2 Murraylink interconnector
The Murraylink HVDC interconnector connects the Victorian Red Cliffs 220 kV substation to the
ElectraNet 132 kV transmission system at Monash substation near Berri. The interconnector is
designed to transfer 220 MW at the receiving end (Monash or Red Cliffs). Two 132 kV circuits on
separate structures connect Monash to Robertstown substation via North West Bend substation.
Power flows throughout the Mid North 132 kV transmission system are also influenced by
Murraylink interconnector transfers.
Network limit equations that describe limitations in the Riverland region of South Australia include
the Murraylink interconnector flow term, assuming system normal conditions.
The equations also assume the Murraylink ‘run-back’ control is operational to prevent any
unacceptable overloading of ElectraNet plant and equipment.
The import capability of the interconnector is 220 MW for system normal summer operating
conditions. However, it should be noted that the capability of Murraylink interconnector to inject
power into South Australia is also highly influenced by the ability of the Victorian transmission
system to supply Murraylink. Under high load conditions in Victoria this factor limits the amount of
real power that can be supplied into South Australia by Murraylink.
Generation installed in the Riverland 132 kV transmission system and in the eastern region of the
Mid North 132 kV transmission system can potentially displace import on the Murraylink
interconnector. In accordance with the Rules Schedule S5.2.5.12, generation is allowed to
connect to networks and displace interconnection flows, but by no more than on a one-for-one
basis.
The export capability of the interconnector under system normal operating conditions is defined by
a thermal limit transfer capability equation. This equation is determined by AEMO and is based on
plant and equipment ratings and parameters provided by ElectraNet.
Due to the complex interaction between load and generation in the different electrical sub-regions
within South Australia, it is possible for the constraint on export from South Australia to Victoria
via Murraylink to be located in the Mid North region.
There are no voltage or other stability limitations which govern the Murraylink interconnector
transfer capability into South Australia.
The results are purely indicative and cannot be used for the purposes of substation design, line
design, equipment uprating or any other investment related decision making purposes. Fault
levels may be higher than shown at some locations, predominantly due to the impact of
embedded generation. Interested parties needing to consider the impacts of their proposals on
fault levels should consult ElectraNet and the distribution network service provider, SA Power
Networks, for more detailed information.
The following assumptions were made when calculating maximum fault levels:
solid fault condition (i.e. no fault impedance modelled)
all wind farms are online
embedded generation at Starfish Hill, Angaston, Lonsdale, Port Stanvac, Whyalla,
Canunda and KCA is online
system normal network configuration – all network elements are in service.
The following assumptions were made when calculating minimum fault levels:
solid fault condition (i.e. no fault impedance modelled)
depending on the type of wind farm, their contribution has been either assumed to be zero,
or limited to their active power rating
embedded generation is offline
system normal network configuration – all network elements are in service (this means that
fault levels could be lower under network element outage conditions).
Angas Creek 132 31.5 4.9 4.6 3.5 3.7 2.7 3.0
Angas Creek 33 13.1 5.3 6.6 4.7 6.0 4.4 5.7
Ardrossan West 132 21.9 2.6 2.6 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.5
Ardrossan West 33 17.5 4.5 3.4 3.2 2.8 3.0 2.7
Baroota 132 4.4 3.4 3.1 2.3 2.4 1.9 2.1
Baroota 33 17.5 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.6
Belalie 275 31.5 5.7 4.0 2.2 2.2 1.5 1.7
Berri 132 10.9 2.7 3.1 1.8 2.1 1.6 1.9
Berri 66 21.9 4.3 5.5 3.1 3.8 2.8 3.4
Appendix E Fault Levels and Circuit Breaker Ratings Page 105 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Appendix E Fault Levels and Circuit Breaker Ratings Page 106 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Appendix E Fault Levels and Circuit Breaker Ratings Page 107 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Appendix E Fault Levels and Circuit Breaker Ratings Page 108 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Appendix E Fault Levels and Circuit Breaker Ratings Page 109 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Appendix E Fault Levels and Circuit Breaker Ratings Page 110 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Appendix E Fault Levels and Circuit Breaker Ratings Page 111 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
ElectraNet’s network support solutions framework facilitates a timely, efficient, and transparent
transmission planning process. It defines ElectraNet’s commitment to develop and maintain
reliable and cost efficient solutions to address network limitations or constraints. The merits of
network support solutions, either stand-alone or combined with network solutions, are considered
equally.
ElectraNet seeks proposals from non-network solution providers for potentially viable non network
options, and considers the merits of all proposals received. This includes detailed assessment of
technical feasibility, timelines, and efficiency. If a network support solution option is shown to be
the most cost effective technically viable solution, then a network support agreement is negotiated
with the proponent.
Options that are able to be delivered in time to meet the identified network need are ranked from
lowest to highest NPV in terms of cost per megawatt. The options can be considered individually
or combined with other options. A network support solution is deemed economically feasible if the
NPV cost of demand reduction (single or combined) is less than the NPV of the alternative
network solution.
For a market benefit-driven project, the option must also yield a positive net market benefit.
For projects that require application of the RIT-T, the option must satisfy the RIT-T as the
preferred option.
Recently completed, in-progress, and planned consultations for forecast limitations on which
ElectraNet has sought or seeks proposals for network support solutions are outlined in Table F-1.
Table F-1: Planned projects for which ElectraNet seeks or has sought proposal for network support solutions
The proposed solutions are subject to variation and change due to customer activity, network
developments and refined analysis. Due to uncertainties in the timing and number of customer
connections within the state, the timing and scope of projects are indicative only.
ElectraNet also has a range of committed, pending and proposed projects that relate to the
maintenance of ElectraNet’s security and compliance obligations Table G2, including the security
and compliance projects already covered in section 7.2.
There are many significant asset replacement projects (>$3M at a single site) proposed, which
are planned based on asset condition Table 0, including the projects already covered in chapter 8.
Currently there are no economically feasible non-network solutions that could resolve the
limitations presented.
ElectraNet has assessed detailed asset condition and replacement requirements for the 2018-19
to 2022-23 regulatory control period. Summary entries for line, substation and protection system
unit asset replacements are provided. These summaries relate to types of projects that we have
included in our 2018-19 to 2022-23 revenue proposal, which we submitted to the AER in March
2017.
Contingent projects that that we have included in out 2018-19 to 2022-23 revenue proposal are
listed in Table G-4.
Appendix G Committed, Pending, Proposed and Potential Projects Page 114 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Appendix G Committed, Pending, Proposed and Potential Projects Page 115 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Appendix G Committed, Pending, Proposed and Potential Projects Page 116 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Appendix G Committed, Pending, Proposed and Potential Projects Page 117 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Appendix G Committed, Pending, Proposed and Potential Projects Page 118 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Appendix G Committed, Pending, Proposed and Potential Projects Page 119 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Appendix G Committed, Pending, Proposed and Potential Projects Page 120 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Appendix G Committed, Pending, Proposed and Potential Projects Page 121 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Appendix G Committed, Pending, Proposed and Potential Projects Page 122 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Appendix G Committed, Pending, Proposed and Potential Projects Page 123 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Appendix G Committed, Pending, Proposed and Potential Projects Page 124 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Appendix G Committed, Pending, Proposed and Potential Projects Page 125 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Appendix G Committed, Pending, Proposed and Potential Projects Page 126 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Appendix G Committed, Pending, Proposed and Potential Projects Page 127 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Appendix G Committed, Pending, Proposed and Potential Projects Page 128 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Insufficient system strength Confirmation by AEMO of the existence of a Network Support and Section 8.3.3 40-70
Install synchronous condensers specifically Control Ancillary Services (NSCAS) gap relating to system strength, or
designed to contribute strongly to fault currents at other requirement for ElectraNet to address a system strength
a central location or locations requirement, in the South Australian region.
Successful completion of the RIT-T (or equivalent economic evaluation)
including an assessment of credible options showing a transmission
investment is justified.
South Australian Energy Transformation Successful completion of the RIT-T for the South Australian Energy Section 8.3.2 200-50057
Options currently being considered are described Transformation with the identification of a preferred option or options:
in the South Australian Energy Transformation demonstrating positive net market benefits and/or
PSCR, published in November 2016 addressing a reliability corrective action.
Upper North region eastern 132 kV line Customer commitment for additional load to connect to the transmission Section 8.6.1 60
upgrade network causing the Davenport to Leigh Creek 132kV line to exceed its
Rebuild the Davenport to Leigh Creek 132 kV line thermal limit of 10 MVA.
Successful completion of the RIT-T including an assessment of credible
options showing a new connection point and line upgrade is justified.
55 In addition, the following two trigger conditions are proposed to apply to each of the projects listed:
Determination (if applicable) by the AER under clause 5.16.6 of the Rules that the proposed investment satisfies the RIT-T
ElectraNet board commitment to proceed with the project subject to the AER amending the revenue determination pursuant to the Rules.
56 The differential cost over the alternative partial replacement option listed in Table G-1 at about $80 million would be around $120 million, for which funding would be sought
should the contingent project be triggered.
57 This represents an estimate of the South Australian portion of the cost of a new interconnector.
Appendix G Committed, Pending, Proposed and Potential Projects Page 129 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Appendix G Committed, Pending, Proposed and Potential Projects Page 130 of 134
South Australian Transmission Annual Planning Report
June 2017
Abbreviations
AC Alternating current
ADE Adelaide zone as outlined in the NTNDP.
AEMO Australian Energy Market Operator
AER Australian Energy Regulator
AMD Agreed maximum demand
ARENA Australian Renewable Energy Agency
CBD Central business district
DNSP Distribution network service provider
ESCOSA Essential Services Commission of South Australia
ESCRI-SA Energy Storage for Commercial Renewable Integration – South Australia
ESD Energy storage device
ESOO Electricity statement of opportunities, published by AEMO
ETC Electricity Transmission Code (South Australia)
FCAS Frequency control ancillary service
HVAC High voltage alternating current
HVDC High voltage direct current
km Kilometres
kV Kilovolts
MVA Megavolt-ampere (a unit of apparent power)
Mvar Megavolt-ampere reactive (a unit of reactive power)
MW Megawatt (a unit of active power)
NCIPAP Network Capability Incentive Parameter Action Plan
NEFR National Electricity Forecast Report, published by AEMO
NEM National Electricity Market
NNOR Non Network Options Report (part of the RIT-D)
NPV Net present value
NSA Northern South Australia zone as identified in the NTNDP
NSCAS Network support and control ancillary service
NTNDP National Transmission Network Development Plan.
PACR Project Assessment Conclusions Report (part of the RIT-T)
PADR Project Assessment Draft Report (part of the RIT-T)
POE Probability of exceedance
PSCR Project Specification Consultation Report (part of the RIT-T)
PV Photovoltaic
RET Renewable energy target
RIT-D Regulatory investment test for distribution
AC Alternating current
RIT-T Regulatory investment test for transmission
RoCoF Rate of change of frequency
Rules National Electricity Rules
SESA South East South Australia region as identified in the NTNDP
SVC Static Var compensator
TNSP Transmission Network Service Provider
UFLS Under-frequency Load Shedding. The primary control measure used to maintain viable
frequency operation following a system separation event.
Var Volt-ampere reactive (a unit of reactive power: one million Var equal one Mvar)
Glossary of Terms
Term Description
10% POE 10% probability of exceedance. This is used to indicate a value that is
expected to be exceeded once in every 10 years
90% POE 90% probability of exceedance. This is used to indicate a value that is
expected to be exceeded nine times in every 10 years
Base scenario A planning scenario developed and evaluated as part of ElectraNet's
planning process. This scenario informs ElectraNet’s business plan. See also
SA Mining Growth scenario and SA Renewable Generation Expansion
scenario
Constraint A limitation on the capability of a network, load or a generating unit that
prevents it from either transferring, consuming or generating the level of
electrical power which would otherwise be available if the limitation was
removed
Dynamic rating A thermal rating for equipment that is variable, based on prevailing conditions
such as: ambient temperature, actual plant loading, wind speed and
direction, solar irradiation, and thermal mass of plant
Eastern Hills Region One of ElectraNet’s seven regional networks in South Australia. See
Appendix B for details
Eyre Peninsula Region One of ElectraNet’s seven regional networks in South Australia. See
Appendix B for details
Frequency control Contingency FCAS helps to stabilise system frequency from the first few
ancillary service (FCAS) seconds after a separation event, while regulation FCAS raise and lower
services help AEMO control system frequency over the longer term
Jurisdictional Planning ElectraNet is the Jurisdictional Planning Body for South Australia under
Body clause 11.28.2 of the Rules. This means that ElectraNet has specific
obligations with regard to network connection, network planning and
establishing or modifying a connection point
Main Grid ElectraNet's Main Grid is a meshed 275 kV network that is connected to two
interconnectors and seven regional networks in South Australia
Maximum demand The highest amount of electricity drawn from the network within a given time
period
Metropolitan Region One of ElectraNet’s seven regional networks in South Australia. See
Appendix B for details
Mid North Region One of ElectraNet’s seven regional networks in South Australia. See
Appendix B for details
N System normal network, with all network elements in-service
N-1 One network element out-of-service, with all other network elements in-
service
National Electricity Rules The Rules prescribe the obligations of national electricity market participants,
(Rules) including a TNSP’s obligations regarding network connection, network
planning, network pricing and establishing or making modifications to
connection points
Net present value (NPV) Net present value, usually expressed as cost per megawatt, is used to help
assess the economic feasibility of network and non-network solutions to
network limitations
Term Description
Nominal voltage levels The design voltage level, nominated for a particular location on the power
system, such that power lines and circuits that are electrically connected
other than through transformers have the same nominal voltage. In
ElectraNet’s transmission system the nominal voltage level is typically
275 kV, 132 kV, or 66 kV
Non-network options Non-network options, generally refers to options which address a network
that don’t include network infrastructure, such as generation, market network
services and demand-side management initiatives
Over voltage A system condition in which actual voltage levels at one or more locations
exceeds 110% of the nominal voltage
Over-frequency generator A control scheme that coordinates tripping of generators when the system
shedding (OFGS) frequency increases due to supply exceeding demand
Peaking power plant A power plant that only generally runs during periods of very high wholesale
electricity prices, which typically correlate with times of very high electricity
demand
Reactive power margin The reactive power margin at a given location is the amount of additional
reactive power that could be drawn that location without initiating voltage
collapse
Registered participants As defined in the Rules
Riverland Region One of ElectraNet’s seven regional networks in South Australia. See
Appendix B for details
Rules The National Electricity Rules which prescribe the obligations of national
electricity market participants, including a TNSP’s obligations regarding
network connection, network planning, network pricing and establishing or
making modifications to connection points
SA Mining Growth A planning scenario developed and evaluated as part of ElectraNet's
scenario planning process. This scenario considers a number of potential mining
loads, incorporating general information from connection enquiries that is
generalised for long-term planning
SA Renewable A planning scenario developed and evaluated as part of ElectraNet's
Generation Expansion planning process. This scenario represents an extreme yet possible expansion
scenario of SA wind generation
South East Region One of ElectraNet’s seven regional networks in South Australia. See
Appendix B for details
Thermal ratings The maximum amount of electrical power that a piece of equipment can
accommodate without overheating
Transfer limit The maximum permitted power transfer through a transmission or distribution
network
Under frequency load The primary control measure used to maintain viable frequency operation
shedding (UFLS) following a system separation event
Upper North Region One of ElectraNet’s seven regional networks in South Australia. See
Appendix B for details
Voltage collapse An uncontrolled decay in voltage due to reactive power losses and loads
exceeding reactive power sources, culminating in a sudden and precipitous
collapse of voltage. Voltage collapse is associated with cascading network
outages due to the mal-operation of protection equipment at low voltage
levels, leading to widespread load loss