To Study The Effect of PH On Seed Germination

JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA,
XYZ
BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
To Study The Effect Of pH

On Seed Germination
Name:- ---------------------
Class :- XII – A(Science)
Roll.No.:-
Session :- 2020-21
Certificate
This is to certify that this “Biology
Investigatory Project on the topic
“To Study The Effect Of pH On Seed
Germination” has been successfully
completed by …………………. of class
XII – SCIENCE under the guidance of
Mr./Mrs………………… in particular
fulfillment of the curriculum of
Central Board of Secondary Education
{CBSE} leading to the award of
annual examination of the year
2022-23.
Teacher-in-Charge Principal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not
have been possible without the kind support and help of
many individuals.
I would like to thank my principal Mr./Mrs…………. and

school for providing me with facilities required to do my
project.
I am highly indebted to my Chemistry teacher………………..

for invaluable guidance which has sustained my efforts in all
the stages of this project work. I would also like to thank my
parents for their continuous support and encouragement.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my fellow classmates

and the laboratory assistant in developing the project and to
the people who have willingly helped me out with their
abilities
INDEX
SR. CONTENT PAGE
NO NO.
01 CERTIFICATE 02
02 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 03
03 AIM 05
04 INTRODUCTION 06
05 PURPOSE 08
06 HYPOTHESIS 09
07 EXPERIMENT DESIGN 10
08 MATERIALS 11
09 PROCEDURES 12
10 RESULTS 13
11 CONCLUSION 15
12 BIBLIOGRAPHY 16
To Study The Effect
Of pH On Seed
Germination
INTRODUCTION
Have you ever put a plant by heater and the plant died or you put a
plant in the garage in winter and it never sprouted? Have you ever
wondered which temperature a plant grows best in?
This experiment is to find out in which plants grow best.
This report contains information on Seed Germination, Seed
Dormancy, Root (botany) and Stems and Leaves.
Seed Germination
Germination dose not take place unless the seed is in a good

environment the main keys for growing a plant are adequate water
and oxygen and also sunlight. Different kinds of plant germinate at
different temperatures. Some plants require more sunlight to
germinate then others. During germination, water diffuses though the
seed coats into the embryo, which has been almost completely dry
during the period of dormancy. With the absorption of oxygen by the
seed, energy is made available for growth. From the time of
germination until the plant is completely independent of food stored
in the seed, the plant is known as a seedling.
Seed Dormancy
Seed Dormancy is when a seed has fallen form the parent plant
before they are able to germinate. Lack of viability of seed is often
confused with seed dormancy. Many seeds require a so-called
resting period after the have fallen from there parent plant. In some
plants, chemical changes take place during the resting period that
make the seed ready for germination. Still other seeds have
extremely tough seed coats that must soften or decay before water
and oxygen can enter the seed to take part in the growth of the
embryo, or before the growing embryo is capable of bursting
through the seed coat.
Root (botany)
The first root of the plant, known as the radicle, elongates during
germination of the seed and forms the primary root. Roots that branch
from the primary root are called secondary roots. In many plants the
primary root is known as a taproot because it is much larger than
secondary roots and penetrates deeper into the soil. Some plants
having taproots cannot be transplanted easily, for breaking the taproot
may result in the loss of most of the root system and cause the death
of the plant.
Stems and Leaves
Stems usually are above ground, grow upward, and bear leaves,
which are attached in a regular pattern at nodes along the stem. The
portions of the stem between nodes are called internodes. Growing
plants give rise to new leaves, which surround and protect the stem
tip, before they expand. Stems are more variable in external
appearance and internal structure than roots, but they also consist of
three tissue systems and have several features in common. Leaves are
the primary photosynthetic organs of most plants. They usually are
flattened blades that consist, internally, mostly of parenchyma tissue
called the mesophyll, which is made up of loosely arranged cells with
spaces between them. The spaces are filled with air, from which the
cells absorb carbon dioxide and into they expel oxygen. The leaf
blade is connected to the stem though a narrowed portion called the
petiole, or stalk, which consists mostly of vascular tissue.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of
temperature on the germination percentage of Mung beans. The
information gained from this experiment could help farmers or anyone
who wants to grow a garden decide what temperature the soil should be
before they plant their seeds to get the best germination.
HYPOTHESIS
My hypothesis is that the plant with the soil temperature normal will
sprout faster then the plant with the soil temperature higher and lower.
My hypothesis was that Mung beans would germinate best in 21°C

temperature. I thought 32°C would be too hot and would have a lower
percent of germination and 10°C would be too cold and would have a
lower percentage of germination. I base my hypothesis on Encarta 2000,
which says extreme cold, or heat will make the plant not be able to
germinate. I also based it on my mom as a plant grower she said that
when she put plants next to a heater they needed more water more
often then the other plants in the house and if the plant did not have the
extra water they would start to die.
EXPERIMENT DESIGN
The constants in this study were:
 The quality of the seeds
 The type of seeds(Mung bean)
 The type of plastic cups
 The size of cup
 The size of seeds
 The type of paper towels
 The size of paper towels
 The length of germination time
 The amount of light the seeds are germinated at (dark)
 The amount of seeds in each group
 The amount of water in each group
The manipulated variable was the temperature that the seeds

were germinated at.
The responding variable was the percentage of the seeds
that germinated.
To measure the responding variable I counted how many
sprouted out of the 100 in each group.
MATERIALS
QUANTITY ITEM DESCRIPTION
300 mung bean seeds

3 paper towels
3 plastic cups
3 pieces of plastic wrap same size

as paper towels
1 100 ml graduated cylinder
1 heat pad
1 refrigerator
3 small boxes
11
PROCEDURES
1. Obtain materials.
2. Tear off three paper towels and cut three pieces of plastic
wrap large enough to fit over the paper towels and cover them.
3. Place 100 seeds in the middle of each paper towel.
4. Place a piece of plastic wrap over each one.
5. Roll the paper towel up so that the seeds are a little above the
middle.
6. Wrap a rubber band around the towel slightly under the seeds
tighlty.
7. Turn the heating pad on medium and put the medium metal
pan on top.
8. Place 100 milliliters of water in each of the three cups.
9. Place a roll in each cup.
10. Place 1 cup in the fridge, 1 cup on the pan and 1 cup out at
room temperature.
11. Put the boxes over the top of each cup.
12. Check the cups each day, but wait 4 days to check them.
13. When you count carefully take the rubber band off of the
paper towel.
14. Carefully unroll the paper towels so that you can see and
count through the plastic.
15. Count every seed that has a sprout.
16. Record the data on a data sheet as you count.
17. With a calculator average the percents out.
18. Repeat all steps 3 more times except this one.
12
RESULTS
The original purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of
temperature on the germination percentage of Mung beans.
The results of the experiment were that 52% of the seeds in 32°C
germinated. Of the seeds in 21°C there were 43% that germinated. Out
of all the seeds in 10°C none of them germinated.
See my table and graph.
In this graph you can see the different trials for each degree. For ten
degrees you see that every trial had
zero that germinated. For twenty-one degrees in the first trial sixty-one
percent, then thirty-six percent
for the second trial and thirty-two percent for the third trial.
13
In this graph you can see the average of the three trials for each
degree. Ten degrees had zero percent
average. For twenty-one degrees forty-three percent germinated. Finally for
thirty- two degrees fifty-two
percent germinated.
14
CONCLUSION
My hypothesis was that Mung beans would germinate best in

21°C temperature. I thought 32°C would be too hot and would
have a lower percentage of germination and 10°C would be too
cold and would have a lower percentage of germination.
The results indicate that this hypothesis should be rejected

because the beans in 32°C had the best germination which
was 52% germinated.
Because of the results of this experiment, I wonder what would

have happened if I would have used more temperatures.
If I were to conduct this project again I would use different

kinds of seeds. I would also do 5 trials instead of just 3.
15
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
www.yahoo.com
www.wikipedia.org
NCERT Class 12th biology Book
NCERT Class 12th Lab Manual
https://www.youtube.com/@ALLINVESTIGATORYPROJECTS
https://t.me/allinvestigatoryprojects
16
ALL INVESTIGATORY PROJECTS
17

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JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA,

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

To Study The Effect Of pH

I would like to thank my principal Mr./Mrs…………. and

I am highly indebted to my Chemistry teacher………………..

My thanks and appreciations also go to my fellow classmates

Germination dose not take place unless the seed is in a good

Stems and Leaves

My hypothesis was that Mung beans would germinate best in 21°C

The manipulated variable was the temperature that the seeds

QUANTITY ITEM DESCRIPTION

300 mung bean seeds

3 pieces of plastic wrap same size

1 100 ml graduated cylinder

See my table and graph.

My hypothesis was that Mung beans would germinate best in

The results indicate that this hypothesis should be rejected

Because of the results of this experiment, I wonder what would

If I were to conduct this project again I would use different

NCERT Class 12th biology Book

NCERT Class 12th Lab Manual

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