Pendahuluan Parasitologi
Pendahuluan Parasitologi
Pendahuluan Parasitologi
to Parasitology
apt. Putu Indra Cyntia Dewi, S.Farm., M.Med.Sci
Parasitology
•Parasitology: the area of biology
concerned with the phenomenon of
dependence of one living organism on
another.
• Parasites: organism that is entirely
dependent on another organism,
referred to as its host, for all or part of
its life cycle and metabolic
requirements.
• Parasite and Parasitism are terms
that define a way of life.
Parasitism - a way of life
• Symbiosis: “Any two organisms living in
close association, commonly one living
in or on the body of the other, are
symbiotic, as contrasted with free living.”
Protozoa Arthropods
Helminths
➢ Definitive host: the host in which sexual reproduction of the parasite takes place or in which the most highly
developed form of a parasite occurs. When the most mature form is not obvious, the definitive host is the
mammalian host.
➢Intermediate host: The host which alternates with the definitive host and in which the larval or asexual stages of
a parasite are found. Some parasites require two intermediate hosts for completion of their life cycle
➢Paratenic host: A host in which larval stage of a parasite survives but does not develop further. It is often not a
necessary part of the life cycle.
➢Reservoir host: an animal harboring the same stage of the parasite like in human. Reservoir hosts represent a
potential source of infection to man.
➢ Vector “usually an arthropod”: transmits parasites (or other pathogens) from infected organisms to other hosts.
A host which harbors the parasite and serves as an important source of infection to other susceptible hosts.
Epidemiologically, reservoir host are important in the control of parasitic disease.
Habitat
The habitat is where the parasite lives and
multiplies in the body of the definitive or
intermediate host, like:
▪ Small intestine
▪ Large intestine
▪ Blood vessels
▪ Organs; liver, lung, heart, brain, etc
▪ Muscles
▪ Lymphatics
▪ Reticuloendothelial system
▪ Cells as red blood cells
Sources of
parasitic
infections
• Water
• Soil
• Raw vegetables & fruits
• Animals
• Fish
• Vector [Arthropods]
• Blood
Sources of parasitic infections
Contaminated soil and water;
Soil polluted with human excreta acts as a source
of infection with
- Ascaris lumbricoides,
- Trichuris trichiura,
- Ancylostoma duodenale,
- Necator americanus and
- Strongyloides stercoralis
Before acquiring infectivity for man, eggs of these
parasites undergo certain development in the soil.
→ These are known as soil transmitted helminths
Sources of parasitic infections
• Water polluted
with human excreta may contain viable cysts of
• Entamoeba histolytica,
• Giardia lamblia,
• Balantidium coli,
eggs of
- Taenia solium,
- Hymenolepis nana,
and the infective cercarial stage of
- Schistosoma haematobium,
- S. mansoni
- S. japonicurn.
Sources of parasitic infections
Freshwater fishes
constitute the source of Diphylobothrium latum
and Clonorchis sinensis.
Iatrogenic infection
Allergic manifestations
The normal secretions and excretions of the growing
larvae of some helminthes and the products liberated
from dead parasites may give rise to various allergic
manifestations
e.g,
• Schistosomes cause cercarial dermatitis and
eosinophilia
• D. medinensis and T. spiralis infections cause urticaria
and eosinophillia,
• rupture of hydatid cyst may precipitate anaphylaxis.
Neoplasia
• Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis
viverrini have been associated with
cholangiocarcinoma
• S. haematobiumn with vesical carcinoma
• E. histolytica with sigmoid granuloma /
amoeboma.
Secondary Infection
• Strongyloidiasis, trichinosis and
ascariasis, the migrating larvae may carry
bacteria and viruses from the intestine to
the blood and tissues leading to
secondary infection.
• Leismaniasis→ Pasca Kala Azar