APPENDIX for

INTEGRATED
DESIGN PROJECT

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA

SECTION 1.0: REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

1.1 INDICATION OF CONCRETE CLASS AND NOMINAL COVER

1.1.1 Exposure classes

Source: Table 4.1, BS EN 1992-1-1:2004

1
1.1.2 Indicative Strength Classes for Durability
Source: Annex E (Informative) and Table 2.1, BS EN 1992-1-1:2004

Table 2.1 – Indicative Design Working Life

Design working Indicative Design Examples
life category Working Life (years)
1 10 Temporary structures
2 10 to 25 Replaceable structural parts e.g. gantry
3 15 to 30 Agriculture and similar structures
4 50 Building structures and other common structures
5 100 Monumental building structures, bridges and
other civil engineering structures.

2
1.1.3 Nominal Cover
Source: Table 4.4N, BS EN 1992-1-1:2004

Source: Book Design Manual, Institution of Structural Engineers, March 2000

3
1.1.4 Strength and Deformation Characteristics for Concrete
Source: Table 3.1, BS EN 1992-1-1:2004

4
1.2 CHARACTERISTIC VALUES FOR IMPOSED LOADS
Source: BS EN 1991-1-1:2002

5
6
1.3 FLEXURAL MEMBERS DESIGN

1.3.1 Equations and procedures for Flexural and Shear Design

Flexural Design
𝑀
𝐾=
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2
𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.363(𝛿 − 0.44) − 0.116(𝛿 − 0.44)2
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝛿= ≤ 1.0
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 [0.5 + √(0.25 − )]
1.134

𝑀
𝐴𝑠 =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧
(𝑑 − 𝑧)
𝑥=
0.4
(𝐾−𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 )𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2
𝐴′𝑠 = if d’/x ≤ 0.38 or
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 (𝑑−𝑑′)

(𝐾−𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 )𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2

𝐴′𝑠 = if d’/x > 0.38 where fsc = 700(1 – d’/x)
𝑓𝑠𝑐 (𝑑−𝑑′)

𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2

𝐴𝑠 = + 𝐴𝑠 ′
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧
𝑓
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 ( 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚) 𝑏𝑑 but not less than 0.0013 bd
𝑦𝑘

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐 = 0.04𝑏ℎ

Shear Design
1
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = (0.12 𝑘 (100𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 ) 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

𝐴𝑆𝐿
𝜌1 =
𝑏𝑤𝑑
200
𝑘 = 1 + √( )
𝑑
𝑓𝑐𝑘
⌊(0.36𝑏𝑤 𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘 (1 − ))⌋
250
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝐴𝑠𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.08𝑏𝑤 √𝑓𝑐𝑘
=( )
𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝐸𝑑
=
𝑠 0.78𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑑 cot 𝜃

7
Source: Book Design Manual, Institution of Structural Engineers, March 2000

8
Source: Book Design Manual, Institution of Structural Engineers, March 2000

9
Shear Resistance of Concrete

V Rd,c = v Rd,c b w d b w = minimum width of section (tension zone)

d = effective depth to the tension reinforcement
v Rd,c = design concrete shear stress

⅓
v Rd,c = 0.12k 100 A sl f ck ≥ v RD,C(min) =0.035k 1.5 f ck 0.5
bw d

A s = area of longitudinal tension reinforcement

k = 1 + √(200/d) (k ≤ 2.0)

10
be calculated as: V Rd,S = (A sw /s) f ywd z cot q
V Rd,S ≤ V Rd,max
nforcement 1. VEd < VRd,c Thus, shear reinforcement is not required except in beams where minimum
r reinforcement shear reinforcement must be provided. S = 0.75d (max spacing = 300mm).
ngth of shear reinf.2.= 0.87f
VEd >ykVRd,c Provided VRd,max > VEd
9d (without axial force) Thus, shear reinforcement to be provided using VRd,s.
oncrete compression strut and longitudinal axis.

k/250) fck bw z sin2 θcotθ

- fck/250) fck bw z [vw,max = 0.4 sin2θcotθ]

1.3.2 Effective Width of Flanges

Source: 5.3.2.1, BS EN 1992-1-1:2004

11
1.3.3 Moment and Shear Coefficient for Solid Slab
Source: 3.5.3.4 and 3.5.3.7, BS 8110: Part 1: 1997
Simply-supported slabs

When simply-supported slabs do not have adequate provision to resist torsion at the corners, and to
prevent the corners from lifting, the maximum moments per unit width are given by the following
equations:

𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2

𝑚𝑠𝑦 = 𝑠𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2

where n is the total ultimate load per unit area

lx is the length of shorter side
ly is the length of longer side
sx and sy are the moment coefficients from Table 3.13

Two-way Restrained Slab

When the slabs are provided with different edge conditions like fixed or continuous edges, the maximum
moments per unit width are given by:

𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2

𝑚𝑠𝑦 = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2

where n is the total ultimate load per unit area

lx is the length of shorter side
ly is the length of longer side
βsx and βsy are the moment coefficients from Table 3.14

The design shear forces of slab or loads on beams which supported the slabs can be evaluated using
the equations below:

𝑣𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽𝑣𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥

𝑣𝑠𝑦 = 𝛽𝑣𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥

where n is the total ultimate load per unit area

lx is the length of shorter side
βvx and βvy are the moment coefficients from Table 3.15

12
13
14
Source: Book Design Manual, Institution of Structural Engineers, March 2000

15
1.3.4 Deflection Check
Source: Table 7.4.2, BS EN 1992-1-1:2004

 = As1 / bd
 ’ = As2 / bd
s = 310 fyk As (required) / 500 As (provided)

Allowable deflection = allowable l/d = l/d (basic) × 310/s

16
Source: Reynold's Reinforced Concrete Designer's Handbook. 11 Edition

17
1.3.5 Control of Cracking Without Direct Calculation
Source: 7.3.3, BS EN 1992-1-1:2004

Maximum spacing of reinforcement

Cracking due to loading is minimized by ensuring that the maximum spacing between longitudinal
reinforcing bars in beam is limited to that given in Table 7.2N.

Table 7.2N: Maximum bar spacing for crack control

Steel stress Maximum bar spacing (mm)
(N/mm2)
wk = 0.4 mm wk = 0.3 mm
160 300 300
200 300 250
240 250 200
280 200 150
320 150 100
360 100 50

Maximum bar size

Table 7.3N: Maximum bar diameters for crack control

Steel stress Maximum bar size (mm)
(N/mm2)
wk = 0.4 mm wk = 0.3 mm
160 40 32
200 32 25
240 20 16
280 16 12
320 12 10
360 10 8
400 8 6
450 6 5

𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑔𝑘 +0.3𝑞𝑘 1
Steel stress can be taken as, 𝑓𝑠 = ×
1.15 (1.35𝑔𝑘 +1.5𝑞𝑘 ) 𝛿

Where:

f yk = characteristic reinforcement yield stress

 = ratio of redistributed moment to elastic moment

18
1.3.6 Stress-Strain Tabulation in Cross Section
Reynold's Reinforced Concrete Designer's Handbook. 11 Edition.

The theory of bending for reinforced concrete assumes that the concrete will crack in the regions of
tensile strain and that, after cracking all the tension is carried by the reinforcement. It also assumes
that place sections of a structural member remain plane after straining, so that across the section
there must be a linear distribution of strains.

Strain = Stress / Modulus of Elasticity

εy = { fy /  m } / Es

1.3.7 Torsion in beam

Source: 6.3, BS EN 1992-1-1:2004

Effective thickness of equivalent hollow section, tef = A/u

where A = area of section, u = perimeter of section

Area within centreline, Ak = (b-tef) (h-tef); h = depth of beam, b = width of beam

Perimeter length of centre line, u = 2 (b + h – 2tef)

𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑇𝐸𝑑
Additional torsional link required, = where cot Ɵ is taken as 2.5
𝑠 2𝐴𝑘 𝑓𝑦𝑑 cot Ɵ

𝑇𝐸𝑑 𝑢𝑘
Additional torsional longitudinal reinforcement required, 𝐴𝑠𝑙 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = cot Ɵ
2𝐴𝑘
where cot Ɵ is taken as 2.5

19
1.4 DESIGN OF COLUMNS
1.4.1 Slenderness Check
Source: 5.8.3.1 and 5.8.3.2, BS EN 1992-1-1:2004

Slenderness ratio

The slenderness ratio of a column bent about an axis is given by

λ = lo / i = lo / (I /A)1/2

where
lo = the effective length of the column
i = the radius of gyration about the axis considered
I = the second moment of area of the section about the axis
A = the cross-sectional area of the column

For columns in regular frames, an effective length can be determined in the following way:

Braced columns

 k1  k2 
lo = 0.5l 1 + 1 + 
 0.45 + k1  0.45 + k 2 

Unbraced columns


  k ..k   k   k 
lo = l . max  1 + 10. 1 2  ; 1 + 1  . 1 + 2 
  k1 + k 2   1 + k1   1 + k 2 
 
where
k1, k2 are the relative flexibilities of rotational restraints at ends 1 and 2 respectively
k is column stiffness / beam stiffness = (EI/l)column / 2(EI/l)beam
l is the clear height of compression member between end restraints at each end

Note: k = 0 is the theoretical limit for rigid rotational restraint, and k = ∞ represents the limit for no
restraint at all. Since fully rigid restraint is rare in practice, a minimum value of 0,1 is recommended for
k1 and k2.

Examples of effective length for isolated members with constant cross section are given as follow:

20
Slenderness Limit
The upper limit on the slenderness ratio of a single column which second order may be ignored is:
lim = 20 . A. B . C n
A = 1/(1 + 0.2eff) eff = effective creep ratio
B = (1 + 2)0.5  = Asfyd/(Acfcd)
C = 1.7 – rm rm = Mo1 /Mo2
n = NEd/(Acfcd)
NEd = the design ultimate axial load in the column
Mo1, Mo2 are the first order moments at the end of the column with ‫׀‬Mo2‫׀ ≤ ׀‬Mo1‫׀‬
fyd = the design yield strength of the reinforcement
fcd = the design compressive strength of concrete

If eff, , and rm are not known, A = 0.7, B = 1.1 and C = 0.7 may be used.

The following conditions apply to the value of C:

(a) If the end moments, Mo1 and, Mo2, give rise tension on the same side of the column, rm should
be taken as positive from which it follows that C ≤ 1.7.
(b) If the column is in a state of double curvature, then rm should be taken as negative from which
it follows that C > 1.7.
(c) For braced members in which the first order moment arise only from or predominantly due to
imperfections or transverse loading, rm should be taken as 1.0 (C = 0.7)
(d) For unbraced member in general, rm should be taken as 1.0 (C = 0.7)

If the actual slenderness ratio is less than the calculated value of λlim then the column can be treated as
short. Otherwise the column must be treated as slender and second order effects must be accounted
for in the design of the column.

Effective length, 𝒍𝒆
Source: 3.8.1.6, BS 8110: Part 1: 1997
𝑙𝑒 = β𝑙𝑜 ; where lo clear height between end restraints, β are given in Table 3.19 and Table 3.20.

21
1.4.2 Design Moments
Source: 5.8.3.8, BS EN 1992-1-1:2004

MEd = M0Ed + M2

where
M0Ed = The 1st. order moment including the effect of imperfection
M2 = The nominal 2nd. order moment.

For braced slender column:

MEd = Max{M02, M0E + M2, M01 + 0.5M2}

For unbraced slender column;

MEd = Max{M01 + M2, M01 + M2}

where
M01 = Min{│Mtop│, │Mbot│} + NEd.ei
M02 = Max{│Mtop│, │Mbot│} + NEd.ei

NEd = The ultimate axial load

ei = Max{lo/400, h/300, 20} units to be in mm
Mtop, Mbot = Moments at the top and bottom of the column
M0E = 0.6M02 + 0.4M01 ≥ 0.4M02
Mo1 and Mo2 should have the same sign if they give tension on the same side, otherwise opposite sign.

M2 = The nominal second order moment = NEd e2

where
e2 = The deflection = (1/r)lo/c
lo = The effective length
c = A factor depending on the curvature distribution, normally 2 ≈ 10
1/r = The curvature = Kr . K . 1/ro
Kr = axial load correction factor = (nu- n)/(nu-nbal) < 1

where, n = NEd/(Acfcd), nu = 1 + w, nbal = 0.4

w = Asfyd /(Acfcd)

K = creep correction factor = 1 + ef ≥ 1

where, f = effective creep ratio = jMoEqp /MoEd

= 0 if (  < 2, M/N > h, l < 75 )
 = 0.35 + fck/200 - 150 ( = slenderness ratio)
1/ro = yd/(0.45d) = (fyd/Es )/(0.45d)

Short column can be design ignoring second order effects and therefore the ultimate design moment,
MEd = M2

22
23
1.4.3 Reinforcement
Source: 9.5.2, BS EN 1992-1-1:2004

Longitudinal Reinforcement

The minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement required in column is given by

As,min = 0.10NEd/fyd or 0.002Ac whichever the greater.

The recommended minimum diameter of longitudinal reinforcement in columns is 12 mm. A minimum

of four bars required in a rectangular column and six bars in a circular column. The maximum area of
reinforcement should not exceed 4% outside lap locations. However, at laps 8% is permitted.

Transverse Reinforcement

The diameter of links should not be less than 6 mm or one-quarter of the diameter of the largest
longitudinal bar. The maximum spacing of links in columns should not exceed:
• 20 times the minimum diameter of the longitudinal bars
• the lesser dimension of the column
• 300 mm
At the distance within the larger dimension of the column above or below a beam or slab and near
lapped joints these spacing should be reduced by a factor of 0.6. Every longitudinal bar or bundle of
bars placed in a corner should be held by transverse reinforcement. No bar within compression zone
should be further than 150 mm from a restrained bar.

1.5 RETAINING WALL AND SHEAR WALL

1.5.1 Retaining Wall Design

Source: Design approach based on BS EN 1997-1:2004

1 1
Active earth pressure = 𝐾𝑎 𝑠 ℎ2 + 𝐾𝑎 wℎ ; Passive earth pressure = 𝐾𝑝 𝑠 ℎ2 + 2c√𝐾𝑝 ℎ
2 2

1−sin Ø ∅
Coef. of active earth pressure, Ka= ; Coef. of passive earth pressure, Kp= tan2 (45 + )
1+sinØ 2

Resistance to overturning: 0.9 Vk x  (1.1 HGk + 1.5 HQk) y

Resistance to sliding: 1.0  Vk  1.35 HGk + 1.5 HQk
Bearing pressure per m run = N/B  6M/B2

s, h, , , c = unit weight, depth, internal friction angle, friction coefficient and cohesion of backfill.
x, y = horizontal distances of Vk and vertical distances of Hk to point of interest, respectively.
Vk = permanent vertical action (weight of soil and wall)
Hk = horizontal action (permanent earth pressure HGk and variable surcharge HQk)
N = vertical action (Vk + w) M = Moment about the base centreline
B = width of base w = surcharge

1.5.2 Shear Wall Design

 I  I n Sn
Pn = P  n  + P.e.
 
 In 
 ( I S ) n n
2

Pn = lateral force distributed in each wall n (kN)

In = second moment of area of wall n (m4)
P = total lateral force on the building (kN)
e = eccentricity of the lateral force P about the centre of rigidity (m)
Sn = perpendicular distance between axis of wall n and center of rigidity (m)
n = numbering for shear wall (n = 1, 2, ….n)

24
1.6 FOUNDATION DESIGN

1.6.1 Pad Footing Design

Area of pad footing = N/ Permissible bearing pressure

Earth pressure = N / Area of pad footing

Punching shear at column perimeter,

1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5𝑈𝑑 [0.6 ( )] ( )
250 1.5

where Ud is perimeter of the column

Critical shear at 1.0d from the column face

1.6.2 Pilecap Design

Source: Reynold's Reinforced Concrete Designer's Handbook. 11 Edition

Depth of pile cap

Pile size (mm) 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 750

Cap depth (mm) 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1400 1800

𝑇
Area of reinforcement, 𝐴𝑠 =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘

T = Tension force
fyk = Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

Tension Force

25
26
1.7 DETAILING

Shear Reinforcement: Asw/s for stirrup diameter and spacing

Stirrup Stirrup spacing (mm)
diameter (mm) 85 90 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
8 1.183 1.118 1.006 0.805 0.671 0.575 0.503 0.447 0.402 0.366 0.335
10 1.847 1.744 1.57 1.256 1.047 0.897 0.785 0.698 0.628 0.571 0.523
12 2.659 2.511 2.26 1.808 1.507 1.291 1.13 1.004 0.904 0.822 0.753
16 4.729 4.467 4.02 3.216 2.68 2.297 2.01 1.787 1.608 1.462 1.34
Note: Asw is based on cross sectional area of two legs stirrup

27
28
SECTION 2.0: INFRASTRUCTURAL DESIGN
2.1 GRAVITY SEWERAGE RETICULATION DESIGN

2.1.1 Flow Rate Estimations

Source: Section 2.1.14, (National Water Services Commission, 2009a)

I) Average Flow
The volume of sewage that needs to be treated per day is based on an assumed contribution per
population equivalent of 225 litres from various types of premises where the contribution from each
premise type is defined in terms of a population equivalent. The recommended minimum population
equivalent values are given in Table B1.

Table B1 Recommended Population Equivalent (PE)

Source: (National Water Services Commission, 2009b)
No Type of premises /Establishment Population Equivalent (PE)
1. Residential 5 per house
2. Commercial : including offices, shopping complex, 3 per 100m² gross area
entertainment, recreational centers, restaurants, cafeteria,
theatres
3. Schools/Educational Institutions :
- Day schools/Institution 0.2 per student
- Fully residential 1 per student
- Partially residential 0.2 per non residential student
1 per residential student
4. Hospitals 4 per bed
5. Hotels with dining and laundry facilities 4 per room
6. Factories excluding process water 0.3 per staff
7. Market (wet type) 3 per staff
8 Market (dry type) 1 per staff
9. Petrol kiosks/Service stations 15 per toilet
10. Bus terminal 4 per bus bay
11. Taxi terminal 4 per taxi bay
12. Mosque/Church/Temple 0.2 per person
13. Stadium 0.2 per person
14. Swimming pool/Sport complex 0.5 per person
15. Public toilet 15 per toilet
16. Airport 0.2 per passenger
0.3 per employee
17. Laundry 10 per machine
18. Prison 1 per person
19. Golf course 20 per hole

II) Peak Flow

The flow used to determine the diameter and gradient of the pipeline is the peak flow. Peak flow is the
most severe flow that could occur on any day when considering daily flow fluctuations and infiltrations.
The peak flow is derived from the average flow by applying a peak factor for daily flow fluctuations. The
peak factor shall be estimated from the following formula:

Peak Factor = 4.7 (PE/1000)-0.11

where PE = assumed population equivalent

III) Infiltration
Infiltration is the amount of groundwater that enters sewers through damage in the network such as
cracked pipes, leaked joint seals and manhole walls, etc. There are many variables affecting infiltration
such as quality of workmanship, joint types, pipe materials, height of water table above pipeline, soil
type, etc. The peak factor above has included the contribution of infiltrations. The maximum allowable
infiltration rate shall be 50 litre / (mm diameter.km of sewer length.day).

29
2.1.2 Pipe Roughness
Source: Section 2.1.16, (National Water Services Commission, 2009a)

Conservative roughness values as given in Table 2.1 shall be referred to when determining sewer
discharge capacity.

2.1.3 Design of Gravity Sewer

Source: Section 2.1.17, (National Water Services Commission, 2009a)

Unless special arrangements have been agreed for the structural protection of pipes, the minimum
depth of soil cover over the sewer shall be 1.2 m. Sewers are not to be constructed under buildings.

The minimum size of public gravity sewers shall be 225 mm in diameter. The minimum size of domestic
connections to the public sewer shall be 150 mm in diameter. The maximum design velocity at peak
flow shall not be more than 4.0 m/s.

The design shall be based on the worst case scenario. The selection of the gravity sewer diameter and
gradient to cope with the peak flow shall be based on the following equations:

1. Colebrook-White Equation
 K 2.51v 
V = −2 2 gDS log  s + 
 3.7 D D 2 gDS 
 
where V = velocity (m/s)
S = hydraulic gradient (m/m)
v = kinematic viscosity of water (1.0  10-6 m2/s)
D = internal diameter (m)
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)
Ks = roughness coefficient (m)

Typical Ks values for various types of sewer pipes are presented in Table 2.2 below:

30
 2. Manning Equation
R 2/ 3 S1/ 2
V=
n
where V = velocity (m/s)
S = hydraulic gradient (m/m)
R = hydraulic radius
n = Manning coefficient

Typical n values for various types of sewer pipes are presented in Table 2.3 below:

3. Hazen-Williams Equation
V = 0.849CR0.63 S 0.54
where V = velocity (m/s)
S = hydraulic gradient (m/m)
R = hydraulic radius
C = Hazen-Williams coefficient

Typical C values for various types of sewer pipes are presented in Table 2.4 below:

31
2.2 WATER RETICULATION DESIGN

2.2.1 Application for Planning Permission

Source: Section B.1.2, (National Water Services Commission, 2018)

These are estimated based on the submitted Layout Plans, proposed types of physical developments
envisaged, and unit rates of demand by various types of premises as listed in Table B.1.

Table B1 Tabulation of Estimated Water Demand Rate for Planning of

External Water Reticulation System
Source: (National Water Services Commission, 2018)
No Type of premises / Buildings Average Daily Water Demand
(Litres)
1. Low cost terrace house / low cost flat 1100 / unit
2. Single storey terrace house / low cost house (less than 1300 / unit
RM25,000) / low medium & medium cost flats
3. Double storey terrace house / high cost flat / apartment 1500 / unit
/ town house
4. Semi detached house / cluster 2000 / unit
5. Bungalow / condominium 2000 / unit
6. Wet market 1500 / stall
7. Dry market 450 / stall
8. Shop house (single storey) / low cost shop 2000 / unit
9. Shop house (double storey) 3000 / unit
10. Shop house (three storey) 4100 / unit
11. Shop house (four storey) 4550 / unit
12. Light industrial workshop 1500 / unit
13. Semi detached / bungalow workshops 1500 / unit
14. Building for heavy industry* 65,000 / hectare
15. Building for medium industry* 50,000 / hectare
16. Building for light industry* 33,000 / hectare
17. Office / complex / commercial (domestic usage) 1000 / 100 square metre
18. Community centres or halls 1000 / 100 square metre
19. Hotel 1500 / room
20. Education institutions (other than school and 100 / student
kindergarten)
21. Day school / kindergarden 50 / student
22. Fully residential school/ institution of higher learning 250 / student
with hostels facilities
23. Hospital 1500 / bed
24. Mosque or other place of worship 50 / person
25. Prison 250 / person
26. Army camp 250 / person
27. Bus terminal 900 / service bay
28. Petrol kiosk (with car washing bay) 50,000 / unit
29. Petrol kiosk (without car washing bay) 10,000 / unit
30. Stadium 55 / person
31. Golf course 1000 / 100 square metre
32. Warehouse 1500 / unit
33. Restaurant 25 / square metre
34. Airport 25 / passenger
35. Others As per the estimated water demand
by the developer or owner
Note: -
* As classified under the Piawaian Perancangan Kawasan Perindustrian issued by the Jabatan
Perancangan Bandar dan Desa or its successor

32
2.2.2 Design Criteria for External Reticulation Networks and Supply Mains
Source: Section B.4.1, (National Water Services Commission, 2018)

C. Hydraulic Requirements
The design of an external reticulation system and supply mains shall comply with the following boundary
conditions, viz:
i. convey peak flows in external reticulation networks (i.e. 2.5 times the average daily demand
flow) and supply mains (i.e. 1.2 times the average daily demand flow) without incurring
head losses greater than 2m/1000m for gravity flow.
ii. convey a combination of average and fire flows without incurring head losses of greater
than 15 m/1000m within external reticulation networks.
iii. convey flows with a velocity of not less than 0.3 m/sec in order to reduce deposition of
sediments; if this condition cannot be met justifications for lower flow velocities and related
implication on maintenance to be submitted to Commission / Certifying Agency for
consideration.
iv. maximum flow velocities not to exceed 2.0 m/sec. However, flow velocities along pumping
mains located within a pump station (i.e. header system) may exceed this value.
v. the minimum pipe size in an external reticulation network system shall be 100mm.
vi. the following residual pressures shall be maintained within an external reticulation system:
o During peak flow conditions the minimum residual pressure at each node shall be
of such magnitude as to enable water to flow directly into a storage cistern located
up to 15 metres above a building platform level without the need for pumping. The
discharge residual pressure at the highest supply level (HSL) shall not be lower
than 7.5 metres. This shall be applicable to a development area where the source
of water is drawn directly from a supply main or from a service reservoir with the
hydraulic calculations based on the bottom water level (BWL).
o During combined average flow and fire flow conditions the minimum residual
pressure at each node shall be maintained at 7.5 meters above the building
platform level.
o All pipelines within an external reticulation system shall operate within a static
pressure not exceeding 30m at all flow conditions. Subject to the approval of the
Commission /Certifying Agency, pressure reducing valves shall be provided where
the static pressure exceeds 30m in a pipeline.
vii. the static pressure at any point along a supply mains shall not exceed 50 meters head.

Both the Hazen Williams and Colebrook White hydraulic formulae may be employed to assist in
determining the size of a pipeline. The friction factors, i.e. ‘C’ value, to be employed in the Hazen
William formulae are summarized in Table B.7.

2.2.3 Hazen William Equation

10.67Q1.85
Head loss, hf =
C1.85 D 4.87

where hf = head loss due to pipe friction (m/m)

Q = design flow (m³/s)
C = pipe coefficient
D = diameter of pipe (m)

33
2.3 DRAINAGE DESIGN AND SEDIMENT CONTROL

2.3.1 Stormwater Quantity Design Criteria

Source: Table 1.1, (Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia, 2011)

Table 1.1 : Quantity Design Storm ARIs

Note 1
Type of Development Minimum ARI (year) Note 2
Minor System Note 3 Major System Note 3
Residential, Bungalow and semi detached dwellings 5 50
Link house/apartment 10 100
Commercial and business center 10 100
Industry 10 100
Sport field, park and agricultural land 2 20
Infrastructure/utility 5 100
Institutional building/complex 10 100
Notes:
1. For mixed developments, the highest of the applicable storm ARIs from the Table shall be adopted.
2. In the case where designing to the higher ARI would be impractical, the selection of appropriate ARI should be adjusted to
optimise the cost to benefit ratio or social factors. If justified, a lower ARI might be adopted for the major system, with
consultation and approval from the Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID). Even if the stormwater system for the
existing developed condition is designed for a lower ARI storm, sufficient land should be reserved for higher ARI flow rates,
so that the system can be upgraded when the area is built up in the future.
3. All development projects shall be protected from both minor and major floods and, therefore, must have combination of
minor and major systems. Habitable floor levels of the buildings (platform levels) shall be set above the 100 year ARI flood
level based on the most recent data available. The drainage submission must show the minor and major system components
in their drawings and plans.

2.3.2 Time of Concentration & Runoff Coefficients

Source: Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 & Chart 2.A1, (Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia, 2011)

Table 2.2 Values of Horton’s

Roughness n* (QUDM, 2007)
Land Surface Horton’s
Roughness n*
Paved 0.015
Bare Soil 0.0275
Poorly Grassed 0.035
Averaged Grassed 0.045
Densely Grassed 0.060

34
Design Chart 2.A1: Nomograph for the Estimation of Overland Flow Time (to) for Sheet Flow (IEA, 1977)

Table 2.3: Values of Manning’s Roughness Coefficient (n) for Open Drains and Pipes
(Chow, 1959; DID, 2000 and French, 1985)
Drain/Pipe Manning Roughness n
Grassed Drain
Short Grass Cover (< 150 mm) 0.035
Tall Grass Cover (≥ 150 mm) 0.050
Lined Drain
Concrete
Smooth Finish 0.015
Rough Finish 0.018
Stone Pitching
Dressed Stone in Mortar 0.017
Random Stones in Mortar or Rubble Masonry 0.035
Rock Riprap 0.030
Brickwork 0.020
Pipe Material
Vitrified Clay 0.012
Spun Precast Concrete 0.013
Fibre Reinforced Cement 0.013
UPVC 0.011

Table 2.5: Recommended Runoff Coefficients for Various Landuses (DID, 1980; Chow et al., 1988;
QUDM, 2007 and Darwin Harbour, 2009)
Landuse Runoff Coefficient (C)
For Minor System For Major System
(≤10 yr ARI) (> 10 yr ARI)
Residential
Bungalow 0.65 0.70
Semi-detached Bungalow 0.70 0.75
Link and Terrace House 0.80 0.90
Flat and Apartment 0.80 0.85
Condominium 0.75 0.80
Commercial and Business Centres 0.90 0.95
Industrial 0.90 0.95
Sport Fields, Park and Agriculture 0.30 0.40
Open Spaces
Bare Soil (No Cover) 0.50 0.60
Grass Cover 0.40 0.50
Bush Cover 0.35 0.45
Forest Cover 0.30 0.40
Roads and Highways 0.95 0.95
Water Body (Pond)
Detention Pond (with outlet) 0.95 0.95
Retention Pond (no outlet) 0.00 0.00

35
2.3.3 Average Rainfall Intensity
Source: Equation 2.2, (Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia, 2011)
 𝑇ᵏ
Average rainfall intensity, 𝑖=
(𝑑 + 𝜃)ᶯ

where, i = average rainfall intensity (mm/hr)

T = average recurrence interval – ARI (0.5 ≤ T ≤12 mth and 2 ≤T ≤100 yr)
d = storm duration (hours), 0.0833 ≤ d ≤ 72
, k, θ and η = fitting constant dependent on the rain gauge location Table 2.B1

2.3.4 Peak Discharge Estimation: Rational Method

Source: Equation 2.3, (Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia, 2011)

𝐶𝑖𝐴
Peak flow, 𝑄=
360
where, Q = peak flow (m3/s)
C = runoff coefficient (Table 2.5)
i = average rainfall intensity (mm/hr)
A = drainage area (ha) (Note: 1 ha = 10000m2)
Peak flow, Q = VA
R 2/ 3 S1/ 2
Manning’s formula: velocity, V =
n
where V = velocity (m/s)
S = hydraulic gradient (m/m)
R = hydraulic radius
n = Manning coefficient (Table 2.3)

2.3.5 Sediment Trap and Sediment Basin

Source: Section 12.4.4.3 & 12.4.4.4, (Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia, 2011)

Table 12.15 Design Criteria of Sediment Traps for Sediment Control

Parameter Requirement
Runoff Quantity Design Up to 10-year ARI
Runoff Quality Design First 50mm rainfall over contributing (equivalent impervious) catchment
Overspill All flow up to 10-year ARI shall safely bypass the trap
Runoff Retention All flow up to runoff quality design flow shall be retained within basin.
Extended drawdown can be permitted by authority when deem necessary.
Flood Protection Ensure upstream/ downstream flooding condition not aggravated
Maximum Contributing Area 2 ha
Storage Volume Total storage: 125 m3/ha of contributing area
Permanent Pool: half of total storage
Basin Dimension Minimum length to width ratio: 2:1; Minimum depth of 1 m
Depths exceeding 2 m are not recommended. In unavoidable circumstances,
provide perimeter fencing for safety
Embankment Inside embankment: 2(H):1(V) or flatter; Outside embankment: 3(H):1(V) or
flatter; Maximum embankment height should not exceed 1.5m
Lining Materials Suitable size rocks or rip rap
Erosion Protection Outlet protection shall be provided for the emergency spillway

36
Orifice flow rate, Q (m3/s) = CoAo(2gHo)0.5

where
Co = Discharge coefficient (0.60);
Ao = X-sectional area of orifice (m2);
Ho = Effective head of the orifice measured from the centroid of the opening (m);
G = Gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2)

Broad Crested Weirs Emergency spillway discharge, Q(m3/s) = CSP BHp1.5

where
CSP = Spillway discharge coefficient (m0.5/s);
B = Spillway base width (m)
Hp = Effective head on the spillway weir crest (m)

37
2.3.6 IDF Curve and Constants
Source: Figure 2.2, Appendix 2.B, (Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia, 2011)

38
39
40
41
SECTION 3.0: SOIL PRESSURE AND PILE SPECIFICATION
3.1 Allowable Soil Pressure
Source: JKR Mackintosh Probe

Relationship between S.P.T. Mackintosh Probe (J.K.R. Probe) and Allowable Soil Pressure for Sand
N Relative density Allowable soil J.K.R. or Mackintosh
(Blow/ft.) pressure Blow/ft
(kPa)
0-4 Very Loose Not suitable 0 – 10
4 - 10 Loose 0 – 080 10 – 30
10 - 30 Medium 80 – 280 30 – 80
30 - 50 Dense 280 – 470 80 – 110
Over 50 Very Dense 470 110

Relationship between S.P.T. Mackintosh Probe (J.K.R. Probe) and Allowable Soil Pressure for Clay
N Relative density Unconfined J.K.R. or Mackintosh
(Blow/ft.) Compressive Strength Blow/ft
(kPa)
2 Very Soft 0 - 25 0 – 10
2-4 Soft 25 – 50 10 – 20
4-8 Medium (firm) 50 – 100 20 – 40
8 - 15 Stiff 100 – 200 40 – 70
15 - 30 Very Stiff 200 - 400 70 - 100
Over 30 Hard 400 100

3.2 Pile Specification

Notes:
Maximum and recommended axial working loads shown are theoretical structural capacities of piles.
Actual working capacities are dependent on soil conditions and other considerations, but shall not
exceed maximum axial working loads shown.

Reinforced Concrete Pile Specification

Source : Pre-cast Concrete Pile Product Catalogue, Eng Beng Group Sdn Bhd

42
Reinforced Concrete Pile Specification
Source : Spun Pile Product Catalogue, Eng Beng Group Sdn Bhd

43
 REFERENCES

British Standard Institution, B. (2002). BS EN 1991-1-1:2002 Eurocode 1: Actions on

structures—General actions—Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings, BSI London,
UK.

British Standard Institution, B. (2004). BS EN 1992-1-1:2004 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete

structures. General rules and rules for buildings, BSI London, UK.

British Standard Institution, B. (1997). BS8110 (1997). Code of Practice for Design and
Construction. Part 1, BSI London, UK.

British Standard Institution, (2004). BS EN 1997-1: 2004: Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design–

Part 1: General rules, BSI London, UK.

Book Design Manual, Institution of Structural Engineers, March 2000

JKR Mackintosh Probe

Reynold's Reinforced Concrete Designer's Handbook. 11 Edition

Product Catalogue, Eng Beng Group Sdn Bhd

Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia, (2011).

Malaysian Sewerage Industry Guidelines Volume III Sewer Networks and Pump Stations,
(2009a).

Malaysian Sewerage Industry Guidelines Volume IV Sewerage Treatment Plants, (2009b).

Uniform Technical Guidelines Water Reticulation and Plumbing, (2018).

44