Internal Assessment

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT
NAME- NEHIL SINGH
ROLL NUMBER – PSCI/2020/0107
If you look at the tag on your shirt, chances are, you would that it was made in a country other than
the one in which you sit right now. What’s more, before it reached your wardrobe, this shirt could
have very well been made with Chinese cotton sewed by Thai hands, shipped across the Pacific on a
French harbour. This International Exchange is just one example of globalization.
According to WHO, Globalization is defined as “the increased

interconnectedness and interdependence of peoples and countries. It is
generally understood to include two interrelated elements: the opening of
international borders to increasingly fast flows of goods, services, finance,
people and ideas; and the changes in institutions and policies at national and
international levels that facilitate or promote such flows”.
Nevertheless, Carnoy (1999) argues that “Globalization is not merely a matter of trade, investment,
or national economy, but a "new way of thinking about social space and time" and that this has
occurred primarily because the NICTs have redefined distance and time”. Another similar definition,
which puts more emphasis on the economic, by Gibson-Graham (1996) who defines globalization as
"a set of processes by which the world is rapidly being integrated into one economic space via
increased international trade, the internationalization of production and financial markets, the
internationalization of a commodity culture promoted by an increasingly networked global
telecommunication system".
Globalization later on is explained under three different views by different scholars, i.e., the Realist
view, the Marxist view, and the Liberal view.
REALIST VIEW: For Realist, globalisation is a reflection of great powers’ struggle for supremacy. As a
result, globalisation is just another context for struggle for hegemony, as for them the main actors
on the world stage are sovereign states. Realists believe in two core beliefs which shape their view
on globalization:
a) they place the state in the centre of international politics

b) they prioritise ‘high politics’ over ‘low politics’ i.e. preponderance of political and military
issues over social and environmental issues in inter-state dialogues,
Thus, for them, globalization is mainly seen as a process, which transforms the inter-state relations.
LIBERAL VIEW: Liberals are particularly interested in the revolution in technology and
communications represented by globalisation. For them, globalisation is seen as the end product of a
long running transformation of world politics, believing that globalization increasing
interconnectedness between economically and technologically moving societies, and bringing social
and political benefits. Liberals argue that states has no longer sealed units and as a result the world
looks more like a cobweb of relations, it marks an end of nation states which are the dominant
global actors, and also argue that globalisation will inevitably lead to the dissemination of global
political identity and then creation of a global civil society.
MARXIST VIEW: For the Marxist, globalisation is an uneven, hierarchical order between the rich and
the poor, and portray the essence of globalisation as the establishment of a global capitalist order.
According to them, globalization :
 deepens the existing world system

 weakening of the democratic accountability
 popular responsiveness due to increased activities of corporate power.
Neo-Marxists highlight inequalities in the global capitalist system, through which the hegemonic /
developed countries are exploiting the developing and under developed countries.
The perception of globalization largely depends on the personal stance and greatly determines how
the phenomenon is defined. The division is far more complicated as even among the proponents of
globalization, there is a variety of opinions in terms of evaluation. With this, globalization is
explained from the point of view of different globalists. As identified by David Held and Anthony
McGraw, there are broadly three types :
 The HYPERGLOBALISTS: Hyperglobalisers, such as K. Ohmae and R. Reich, argue that

economic globalisation is bringing about a denationalisation of economies through the
establishment of transnational networks of production, trade and finance, a borderless
economy in which national governments are relegated to little more than transmission belts
for global capital. Presenting the view that the world has entered a ‘truly global stage’,
legalising the dominance of “global capitalism”.
This approach would allow cultural hybridization through global interaction where there are
no cultural distinction or physical borders between the nation states. Focusing on the
economic dimension of globalisation covers both, the neoliberal and Marxist theorists.
Hyperglobalists conceive globalisation as a process, which has the internal logic and
predictable outcome, the global society based on a fully integrated market.
 The SCEPTICS: This group suggests that “globalization is largely a myth”, believing that the
extent of existing globalization is exaggerated and the increase of global trade has happened
only in major developed economies. The approach questions the effectiveness of trading
blocs and views the issue through historic perspective. They do not perceive globalization as
a novelty and do not observe any global changes. The sceptics have tended to see that
global economy as not globally inclusive. If the reference to World Trade is made, they
consider that mostly exchanges takes place at a regional level rather than global. Focusing
only on the economic dimension of globalization, arguing that intense trade and the
expansion of regional common markets (EU, NAFTA) are reducing global integration.
As we see, the sceptics argue that the global economy is inter- nationalised and triadic.
Expressing their doubts, in terms of impacts of globalization and its ubiquity, and in terms of
sustainability of unification influence which it produces, they consider the state to retain a
dominant role in these activities. Considering Africa as an example, the globalization have
pushed the prey to greater inequality and poverty while has progressed in the open global
economy, which some see as the solution to their problems.
 The TRANSFORMATIONALISTS: They assume that globalization plays an essential role in fast
economic, political and social changes that are restructuring world order and modern
societies. This approach represents intermediary, more balanced stance towards
globalization. They do agree with the hyperglobalists about an intensification of “Global
“interconnectedness”, and recognize the all pervasive nature of globalization process.
Defined by Held and McGrew, and including authors such as Rosenau or Giddens, are
considered more moderate in terms of emphasis of ubiquity and linearity of the
globalization process. Their approach is considered “multi-dimensional” as for them, the
indisputable fundamental changes in the organization of society that globalization brings are
the growing overall integration and acceleration of socioeconomic dynamics through
“compression” of space and time.
Transformationalists explain the contradictions of globalization by the inconsistency of
“global division of labour” in terms of centre periphery relationship. For them, with the
declining capacity of states and the reduced importance of territory, international, sub-
national and transnational groups and organizations are growing more important as state
authority and power wane. Individuals from the transition or developing nations are
represented in the ‘core’ of the global economy, whereas there is an increase in number of
disadvantaged in the periphery of industrial stages. On one hand, it promotes economic,
cultural and political integration, whereas on the other, it causes stratification distancing
‘First World’ from ‘Third World’.
To conclude, globalization have brought in new opportunities to developing and developed

countries. But, also has thrown up new challenges like growing inequality across and within nations,
volatility in financial market and environmental deteriorations. Scholars feel it important to revise
the alternative forms of globalization, forms that might retain some of the positive consequences of
capitalism, while transcending it as a socio-economic system. Main characteristics of an alternative
globalization are the equality for all nations, people and countries, as well as regulation of specific
arears of the world’s development with the help of strong democratic international institutions.
Globalization holds the promise of benefits for the people of the world. To make this a reality, we
must find a way to carefully manage the process. More attention is to be paid for reducing the
negative effects and enduring that the benefits are widely and fairly distributed.

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INTERNAL ASSESSMENT

NAME- NEHIL SINGH

ROLL NUMBER – PSCI/2020/0107

According to WHO, Globalization is defined as “the increased

a) they place the state in the centre of international politics

 deepens the existing world system

 The HYPERGLOBALISTS: Hyperglobalisers, such as K. Ohmae and R. Reich, argue that

To conclude, globalization have brought in new opportunities to developing and developed

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