MODULE 6

ORGANIZATION IN ARCHITECTURE

Learning Objectives:

At the end of this module, students should be able:

1. Explain the different kinds of architectural design.

2. Enumerate the different kinds of architectural design from Egyptian period up the present period.
3. Discuss the history of Philippine architecture.

Introduction:

Architecture - is define as the art and science of designing and erecting buildings. If we will look
around us today, we would notice a wide variety of styles of architecture. Such variety has always existed.
Modern houses and buildings and dwellings of only one generation ago. A building is measured by the
standards of its own period rather than ours. Let us look into the evolution of the various types of buildings
throughout history.

Pre-Competency Checklist: (Formative/Diagnostic Assessment)

Answer the following question for at least 3-5 sentences as you respond in every query.

1. What artistic standard must a building be measured.

2. What kinds of activities are closely connected to architecture?

Learning Resource:

1. Discussion of PowerPoint Presentation through Google classroom

2. Sanchez, Custodiosa, Loreto V. Jao and Paz Abad. INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMANITIES.
3. Ballo, Guido. THE CRITICAL EYE. A New Approach to Art Appreciation.
4. Calsado, Tony. ARCHITECTURE.
5. Horst, Louise. MODERN DANCE FORMS.
6. Dudley, L. and Austin, Faricy. THE HUMANITIES.
7. Ortis, Ma. Aurora R. Teresita Erestain, A. Guillermo, and M. Montano. ART: PERCEPTION AND
APPRECIATION.
8. https://www.slideshare.net/janril/art-appreciation-creativity-imagination-and-expression
9. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJZVuu-L2wk
10. https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Art/A_World_Perspective_of_Art_Appreciation_(Gustlin_an
d_Gustlin)/01%3A_A_World_Perspective_of_Art_Appreciation/1.01%3A_What_Is_Art_Appreciation
#:~:text=Art%20appreciation%20centers%20on%20the,and%20a%20sense%20of%20beauty.
11. https://www.educationworld.in/the-importance-of-art-appreciation/

Explore: (Task/Activity)

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE (4000-2280 B.C.E.)

The Egyptian architecture which dates back 4,000 to 2,280 B.C

is characterized by enormous pyramidal structures.

Art in Ancient Egypt continued strangely unchanged through the

various phases of foreign influence from the Assyria, Persia, Greece and
Rome

The religious rites of the Egyptian were traditional, virtually

unchangeable, and mysterious, and these trials are reproduced in the architecture, both of tombs and temples.
 Egyptian monumental architecture, which is essentially a columnar and trabeated style, is expressed
mainly in pyramids and in temples.

COFFIN OF PARAOH

MESOPTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE (6TH CENTURY B.C.E.)

Mesopotamian Architecture is evident in its palaces and temples.

The Mesopotamian architecture is characterized by a brisk tower called
“ziggurat” built at successive level having the form of a pyramid. Because
of the use of brick however, Assyrians developed the arch and its multiple,
the canopy. In Mesopotamia, Ziggurat, the temple of Babylon, built by
Nebuchadnezzar (6th century B.C.E.), the stones were colored white black,
blue, yellow, silver, and gold from bottom to top. The effect may have been
Garish, but at the base, it was striking.

ZIGGURAT TOWER OF BABEL

GREEK ARCHITECTURE (1100 BC- 100 B.C.E.)

As was the Egyptian temple, Greek architecture in its most

characteristic form is found in the temple, a low building of post and lintel
construction. In this type of construction, two upright pieces or posts are
surrounded by a horizontal piece, the lintel, long enough to reach from one to
the other.

This is the simplest and earliest types of construction, and is more

commonly used than other.

Post-and-lintel construction is well adapted to wood because. Wooden beams are strong and are able
to uphold the weight of a roof; at the same time, they are long, so that a large building may be erected.

DORIC CORINTHIAN

IONIC COLUMN
 Is taller and slenderer than the Doric. It has a base; the capital is ornamental with scrolls on each
side. Unlike in the Doric order, the freeze is continuous instead of being divided. The architecture below the
freeze is stepped; that is, it is divided horizontally into three parts, each being slightly.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE (1000 B.C.E.-C.E. 4000)

The Romans adopted the columnar and trabeated style

of the Greeks and developed also the arch and vault from the
beginnings made by the Etruscans (the early inhabitants of west-
central Italy). The combined use of column, beam, and arch is
the keynote of the Roman style in the earliest stages. The
Romans developed the stone arch of the Etruscans. Above all,
the use of concrete allowed the romans to build vaults of a
magnitude never equaled till the introduction of steel for buildings
in the 19th century. The art of buttressing was developed in the
course of early engineering works, which frequently required the
retaining of masses of earth.

BRICKS THE CEMENT AND CONCRETE ROMAN COLISSEUM

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE (C.E. 200-1453)

Byzantine takes its name from Byzantium, later called Constantinople, and now called Istanbul.
Byzantine architecture is characterized by a great central dome which had always been a traditional feature in
the East. The grouping of small domes or semi-domes round the large central dome was effective. One of the
characteristic features of Byzantine church was that the forms of the vaults and domes were visible externally,
undisguised by any timbered roof, thus in the Byzantine style, the exterior closely corresponds the interior.

HAGIA – SOPIA SAINT SAVA CATHEDRAL ALEXANDER NEVSKI CATHEDRAL

WESTERN ARCHITECTURE IN THE MIDDLE AGES (C.E. 400-1500)

The western styles follow the general type of the Roman Basilica, a long rectangular building. In early
churches, the building was one simple rectangle with an Apse.
 SANTA SABINA

EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE (C.E. 400-700)

The early Christian Basilica has grown in part from the Roman house where the earliest Christian met
for worship, and in part from the pagan basilicas.

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE (11th & 12th Centuries)

Romanesque architecture is an extension and development of the Early Christian Basilica exemplified
by S. Apollinaire in Classes. Examples are Notre Dame La Grande at Portiers (Exterior) and the Abbayeaux-
Dames (Interior). In Romanesque cathedral, several small windows were combined in a compound arch; in
the Gothic, this process was continued until the arches appeared only as stone tracery.

EXTERIOR & INTERIOR

RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE (15th and 16th CENTURIES)

In renaissance architecture, the cathedral or temple is no longer the typical building; secular
architecture comes to the fore, as in roman times.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE (1600-1750)

Baroque architecture flourished in the 17the century and in the opening years of the 18 th century. It is
characterized primarily as a period of elaborate sculptural ornamentation.

THE 19TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURE

Is known as a period of eclecticism. Eclecticism in architecture

implies freedom on the part of the architect or client to choose among the
styles of the past that seems to him most appropriate. In a sense, the
renaissance was electric in its attempted revival of roman forms.

Beginning in about 1890, eclecticism changed its flavor.

Increasing wealth, greater speed of travel that made it easier to visit
Europe, and the spread of photography familiarized architects and the public alike with historic architecture as
never before modern eclecticism was not only pure in styles; it understood something of the flavor of the past
as well as its forms.
MODERN ARCHITECTURE

Modern architecture is an attempt to interpret one’s purpose through

building in a style independent of symmetries. New materials came to be
utilized- pre- stressed steel in tension, high – pressure concrete, glass block,
wood, metal, chromium, plastics, copper, cork, steel, gypsum lumber. Real and
artificial stone, all varieties of synthetic and compressed materials, and the
versatile plywood.

PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

The Philippines has shown knowledge and expertise in all the arts. In this country, along Roxas
Boulevard, Ayala, and Escolta, one can see that architecture in the Philippines has come up with the times.
Landscapes in tourist spots attract foreigners. They are impressed with the local use of the latest in our
architectural technology. The use of concrete, wood and coconut products, thin shells, a wide choice of marble,
and other locally available products is becoming extensive.

ST. AUGUSTINE CHURCH UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS MANILA CATHEDRAL

SAN SEBASTIAN CHURCH PAOAY CHURCH IN ILOCOS NORTE MORONG CHURCH IN RIZAL

CULTURAL CENTER OF THE PHILIPPINES

HISTORY OF PHILIPPINES ARCHITECTURE

Architecture in the Philippines is the result of various influences. It developed from pre-colonial
influences, the Spanish colonial period, American Commonwealth period and the contemporary times.

According to Architect Leonard Locsin, Philippines Architecture is a result of various foreign influences
while it makes full use of modern technology. It includes remembrance of the past framed in terms of
significance today.

The bahay kubo is a typical traditional house found in the Philippines. During the 19th century, wealthy
Filipinos built homes with solid stone foundations or brick walls. A derivation of the bahay kubo is the bahay
na bato. It used sturdier materials.

BAHAY KUBO MARANAO HOUSE BATANES HOUSE

JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE

As mentioned earlier, the close connection between religious rites and architecture is manifested
everywhere. Like the Egyptians, the religious rites of the Japanese are merely traditional and the traits are
reproduced in the architecture, both in tombs and temples

A JUTO (LONGEVITY TOWER)

Post-Competency Checklist (Formative Assessment)

1. What artistic standard must a building be measured.

2. What kinds of activities are closely connected to architecture?
3. Is renaissance architecture characterized by eclecticism? Explain your answer.
4. What architectural style is characterized by independence of fix symmetries?
5. Why is strength no longer synonymous with massive architecturally?
6. What factors may influence architectural style? Why?
7. Does our country have its own architectural style? Support your answer.
8. What is the derivation of the “bahay kubo”?
9. Take or make a collage of camera shots of different kinds of architecture.
Assignment:

1. What are the important uses of literature?

2. What are the elements of poetry?
3. Which element of poetry is considered as the most important? Justify your answer.
4. Why is a short story classified as interpretative rather than escape literature?
5. Give the elements of a short story.
6. Why is a plot an important element of a novel?
7. Compare drama and poetry.

Acknowledgements:

This modules for Art Appreciation (Humanities 1) is a part of a different kinds of textbooks and other
materials written by different authors to develop its own instructional materials anchored on the curriculum and
responsive to the aptitudes and the teaching and learning environment of the Philippine setting. The writer
compiles the information from different author and prepared the information in modular format.

I would like to express their great gratitude, deep appreciation and thank to the following:

Sanchez, Custodiosa, Loreto V. Jao, Paz Abad, Ballo, Guido, Calsado, Tony, Horst, Louise, Dudley,
L., Austin, Faricy, Ortis, Ma. Aurora, R. Teresita Erestain, A. Guillermo, and M. Montano for their books,
pamphlets & hand-outs that served as a reference in preparing this module.

The Google chromes, whose picture were used in this module and for the electronics copy of books,
pamphlets & hand-outs.

My students in Art Appreciation (Humanities 1) for sharing and prepared the materials in preparing
this module and whose interest has been a source of inspiration.

To you all, my heartfelt thanks.

EMGIL P. PANGINDIAN
INSTRUCTOR I