Python Training

By Satish (Data Scientist)

 Why Python
• Very simple and very less number of lines
• It is like English language
• Python is a general purpose Language
• we can use python in various domains like
Data science, Machine Learning, A I, Robotics
• This support huge stranded libraries
• Python is high Level Language
 Why Python
• We can write program very easily just like
English with less code
• Java :
java C
• In java ,C first we need to compile and then
run
• In Python No need to compile code just
directly run the code in idle
• C ,Java statically typed language but python is
Dynamically typed programming language
 By Using Python
• Desktop application
• Web Application (Django)
• Database application
• Data science, AI, Machine Learning
• Networking
• IOT
• Robotics
 Which companies using python
• Google
• Youtube
• Dropbox
• NASA
 Features of Python
• Simple and easy to learn
• When we read Python program, we can feel like
reading english statements.
• The syntaxes are very simple and only 30+ key
words are available.
• When compared with other languages, we can
write programs with very less number of lines.
Hence more readability and simplicity.
• We can reduce development and cost of the
project.
• Freeware and Open Source:
• We can use Python software without any
licence and it is freeware.
• Its source code is open,so that we can we can
customize based on our requirement.
• High Level Programming language:
• Python is high level programming language
and hence it is programmer friendly language.
• Being a programmer we are not required to
concentrate low level activities like memory
management and security etc..
• Platform Independent:
• Once we write a Python program , it can run on
any platform without rewriting once again.
• Internally PVM is responsible to convert into
machine understandable form.
• Portability:
• Python programs are portable. ie we can migrate
from one platform to another platform very
easily. Python programs will provide same results
on any palt form.
• Dynamically Typed:
• In Python we are not required to declare type for
variables.
• Whenever we are assigning the value, based on
value, type will be allocated automatically.
• Hence Python is considered as dynamically typed
language.
• But Java, C etc are Statically Typed Languages b'z
we have to provide type at the beginning only.
• This dynamic typing nature will provide more
flexibility to the programmer
• Both Procedure Oriented and Object Oriented
• Python language supports both Procedure oriented
(like C, pascal etc) and object oriented (like C++,Java)
features. Hence we can get benefits of both like
security and reusability etc
• Interpreted:
• We are not required to compile Python programs
explicitly.
• Internally Python interpreter will take care that
compilation.
• If compilation fails interpreter raised syntax errors.
Once compilation success then PVM (Python Virtual
Machine) is responsible to execute.
• Extensive Library:
• Python has a rich inbuilt library.
• Being a programmer we can use this library
directly and we are not responsible to
implement the functionality.
Identifiers
 Identifiers
• A name in Python program is called
identifier.
• It can be class name or function
name or module name or variable
name.
• a = 10
 Rules to define identifiers in Python
1. The only allowed characters in Python are
• alphabet symbols(either lower case or upper
case)
• digits(0 to 9)
• underscore symbol(_)
• By mistake if we are using any other symbol like
$ then we will get syntax error.
• cash = 10
• ca$h =20
 Rules to define identifiers in Python
2 . Identifier should not starts with digit
• 123total
• total123
3 . Identifiers are case sensitive Of course Python
language is case sensitive language.
total=10
TOTAL=999
print(total) #10
print(TOTAL) #999
 Rules to define identifiers in Python
1. Alphabet Symbols (Either Upper case OR Lower case)
2. If Identifier is start with Underscore (_) then it
indicates it is private.
3. Identifier should not start with Digits.
4. Identifiers are case sensitive.
5. We cannot use reserved words as identifiers
Eg: def=10

6 There is no length limit for Python identifiers. But not

recommended to use too lengthy identifiers.
7 Dollor ($) Symbol is not allowed in Python
 Which of the following are valid
Python identifiers?
1. 123total
2. Total123
3. Java2share
4. ca$h
5. _abc_abc_
6. Def
7. if
• Note:
• If identifier starts with _ symbol then it
indicates that it is private
• If identifier starts with __(two under score
symbols) indicating that strongly private
identifier.
• If the identifier starts and ends with two
underscore symbols then the identifier is
language defined special name,which is also
known as magic methods.
• Eg: __add__
Reserved Words
 Reserved Words
• In Python some words are reserved to represent
some meaning or functionality.
• Such type of words are called Reserved words
• There are 33 reserved words available in Python.
• True, False, None
• and, or ,not, is
• if, elif, else
• while, for, break, continue, return,in,yield
• try, except ,finally, raise, assert
• import, from ,as, class, def, pass, global, nonlocal,
lambda, del, with
• Note:
1. All Reserved words in Python contain only
alphabet symbols.
2. Except the following 3 reserved words, all
contain only lower case alphabet symbols.
True, False, None
 Data Types
• Data Type represent the type of data present
inside a variable.
• In Python we are not required to specify the
type explicitly.
• Based on value provided, the type will be
assigned automatically.
• Hence Python is Dynamically Typed Language.
• Python contains several inbuilt functions
1.type()
to check the type of variable
2. id()
to get address of object
3. print()
to print the value
 int data type
• We can use int data type to represent whole
numbers (integral values)
• Ex :
a=10
type(a) #int
 float data type
• We can use float data type to represent
floating point values (decimal values)
• EX :
f=1.234
type(f) float
 Complex Data Type
• A complex number is of the form

3+5j

10+5.5j
• Note: Complex data type has some inbuilt
attributes to retrieve the real part and
imaginary part
c=10.5+3.6j
c. real==>10.5
c. imag==>3.6
• We can use complex type generally in
scientific Applications and electrical
engineering Applications.
 Bool data type
• We can use this data type to represent
boolean values.
• The only allowed values for this data type are:
True and False
• Internally Python represents True as 1 and
False as 0
b=True
type(b) =>bool
 Str type
• str represents String data type.
• A String is a sequence of characters enclosed
within single quotes or double quotes.
s1=‘satish‘
s1=“Ramu"
• By using single quotes or double quotes we
cannot represent multi line string literals.
• For this requirement we should go for triple
single quotes(''') or triple double quotes(""")
• We can also use triple quotes to use single
quote or double quote in our String.
• We can embed one string in another string
ex: '''This "Python class very helpful" for java
students'''
• Slicing of Strings:
• slice means a piece [ ] operator is called slice
operator, which can be used to retrieve parts
of String.
• In Python Strings follows zero based index.
The index can be either +ve or -ve.
• +ve index means forward direction from Left
to Right -ve index means backward direction
from Right to Left
Type Casting
• Type Casting: We can convert one type value to
another type. This conversion is called Typecasting or
Type coersion
• The following are various inbuilt functions for type
casting
1.int(): We can use this function to convert
values from other types to int
2. float(): We can use float() function to convert
other type values to float type.
3.complex():We can use complex() function to
convert other types to complex type.
Form-1: complex(x) We can use this function to
convert x into complex number with real part
x and imaginary part 0.
• Form-2: complex(x,y)
• We can use this method to convert x and y
into complex number such that x will be real
part and y will be imaginary part
4. bool(): We can use this function to convert
other type values to bool type
• 5. str(): We can use this method to convert
other type values to str type
• Bytes Data Type: bytes data type represents a
group of byte numbers just like an array.
• Conclusion 1:
The only allowed values for byte data type are 0
to 256. By mistake if we are trying to provide any
other values then we will get value error.
• Conclusion 2:
Once we creates bytes data type value, we
cannot change its values, otherwise we will get
Type Error.
• Bytearray Data type: bytearray is exactly same
as bytes data type except that its elements
can be modified

b[0]=100
• list data type:
• If we want to represent a group of values as a
single entity where insertion order required to
preserve and duplicates are allowed then we
should go for list data type.
Note: An ordered, mutable, heterogenous collection of eleemnts is nothing
but list, where duplicates also allowed.
• tuple data type:
tuple data type is exactly same as list data type
except that it is immutable. i.e we cannot change
values.
Tuple elements can be represented within
parenthesis.
• range Data Type: range Data Type represents a
sequence of numbers. The elements present
in range Data type are not modifiable. i.e
range Data type is immutable
• set Data Type:
If we want to represent a group of values
without duplicates where order is not
important then we should go for set Data
Type.
• frozenset Data Type: It is exactly same as set
except that it is immutable. Hence we cannot
use add or remove functions.
• Dict Data Type: If we want to represent a
group of values as key-value pairs then we
should go for dict data type.

Duplicate keys are not allowed but values can

be duplicated. If we are trying to insert an
entry with duplicate key then old value will be
replaced with new value.
Operators
 Operators
• Operator is a symbol that performs certain
operations.
• Python provides the following set of operators
• Arithmetic Operators
• Relational Operators or Comparison Operators
• Logical operators
• Assignment operators
• Special operators
• Arithmetic Operators:
• + ==>Addition
• - ==>Subtraction
• * ==>Multiplication
• / ==>Division operator
• % ===>Modulo operator
• // ==>Floor Division operator
• ** ==>Exponent operator or power operator
• Note: / operator always performs floating
point arithmetic. Hence it will always returns
float value.
• But Floor division (//) can perform both
floating point and integral arithmetic. If
arguments are int type then result is int type.
If atleast one argument is float type then
result is float type.
 Relational Operators
>,>=,<,<=
Note: Chaining of relational operators is
possible. In the chaining, if all comparisons
returns True then only result is True. If atleast
one comparison returns False then the result
is False
• equality operators:
== , !=
• Ex : 10==20 # False
• Logical Operators:
and, or ,not
• and ==>If both arguments are True then only
result is True
• or ====>If atleast one arugemnt is True then
result is True
• not ==>complement
• Assignment Operators:
• We can use assignment operator to assign
value to the variable.
• Eg: x=10
 Special operators:
• Python defines the following 2 special
operators
• Identity Operators
• Membership operators
• Identity Operators :
We can use identity operators for address
comparison.
is , is not
r1 is r2 returns True if both r1 and r2 are pointing
to the same object
r1 is not r2 returns True if both r1 and r2 are not
pointing to the same object
Note: We can use is operator for address
comparison where as == operator for content
comparison.
• Membership operators:
We can use Membership operators to check
whether the given object present in the given
collection.
in Returns True if the given object present in
the specified Collection
not in Returns True if the given object not
present in the specified Collection
 Input And Output Statements
• input():
input() function can be used to read data directly in our
required format.
EX : x=input("Enter Value”)
• Write a program to read 2 numbers from the keyboard
and print sum.
• x=input("Enter First Number:")
• y=input("Enter Second Number:")
• i = int(x)
• j = int(y)
• print("The Sum:",i+j)
• eval(): eval Function take a String and evaluate
the Result.
• eval() can evaluate the Input to list, tuple, set, etc
based the provided Input
• EX : 1
x = eval(“10+20+30”)
print(x)
• EX : 2
l = eval(input(“Enter List”))
print (type(l))
print(l)
 output statements
• We can use print() function to display output.
• Form-1: print() without any argument Just it
prints new line character
Form-2:
• Note: If both arguments are String type then +
operator acts as concatenation operator.
• If one argument is string type and second is
any other type like int then we will get Error If
both arguments are number type then +
operator acts as arithmetic addition operator.
• Form-3: print() with variable
• By default output values are seperated by
space.If we want we can specify seperator by
using "sep" attribute

Form-4:print() with end attribute

Note: The default value for end attribute is

\n, which is nothing but new line character
• Form 5 : print() with replacement operator {}
Name=‘satish’
course=‘Python’
print(‘welcome { 0 } for { 1 } course ‘
.format(Name, course))
Flow Control
• Flow control describes the order in which
statements will be executed at runtime.
 Conditional Statements
• If
• Syntax :
if condition :
statement-1
statement-2
statement-3
• If condition is true then statements will be
executed.
• Ex 1
name=input("Enter Name:")
If name==“satish" :
print("Hello satish Good Morning")
print("How are you!!!")
EX 2
num=int(input("Enter Name:“)
if num%2==0:
print(num “is even”)
• if-else:
if condition:
Action-1
else :
Action-2
• if condition is true then Action-1 will be
executed otherwise Action-2 will be
executed
• name=input("Enter Name:")
if name==“Satish" :
print("Hello satish Good Morning")
else:
print("Hello Guest Good Moring")
print("How are you!!!")
• if-elif-else:
if condition1:
Action-1
elif condition2:
Action-2
elif condition3 :
Action -3
else :
Action -4
Based condition the corresponding action
will be executed
• Write a program to find biggest of given 2 numbers
• Write a program to find biggest of given 3 numbers
• Write a program to find smallest of given 2
numbers?
• Write a program to find smallest of given 3
numbers?
• Write a program to check whether the given number
is even or odd?
• Write a program to check whether the given number
is in between 1 and 100?
 Iterative Statements
• If we want to execute a group of statements
multiple times then we should go for Iterative
statements.
• for loop
• while loop
• for loop:
If we want to execute some action for every
element present in some sequence(it may be
string or collection)then we should go for for
loop.
Syntax:
for x in sequence :
body
• where sequence can be string or any
collection. Body will be executed for every
element present in the sequence.
• To print characters present in the given string
• To print characters present in string index
wise
• To print Hello 10 times
• To display numbers from 0 to 10
• To display odd numbers from 0 to 20
• To display numbers from 10 to 1 in descending
order
• To print sum of numbers present inside list
To print characters present in the given string
s="Sunny Leone"
for x in s:
print(x)
To print characters present in string index wise
s=“ satish ”
i=0
for x in s :
print("The character present at
",i,"index is :",x)
i=i+1
• To print Hello 10 times
for I in range(10):
print(‘hellow’)
• To display numbers from 0 to 10
for I in range(0,10)
print(i)
• To display odd numbers from 0 to 20
for x in range(21) :
if (x%2!=0):
print(x)
• To display numbers from 10 to 1 in descending
order
for x in range(10,0,-1) :
print(x)
• To print sum of numbers present inside list
list1=[20,30,40,54]
sum=0
for x in list:
sum=sum+x
print("The Sum=",sum)
• while loop: If we want to execute a group of
statements iteratively until some condition
false,then we should go for while loop.
Syntax:
while condition :
body
• Eg: To print numbers from 1 to 10 by using while loop
x=1
while x <=10:
print(x)
x=x+1
• To display the sum of first n number
• n=int(input("Enter number:"))
sum=0
i=1
while i<=n:
sum=sum+i
i=i+1
print("The sum of first",n,"numbers is :",sum)
• Nested Loops: Sometimes we can take a loop
inside another loop,which are also known as
nested loops.
for i in range(4):
for j in range(4):
print("i=",i," j=",j)
 Transfer Statements
• break:
We can use break statement inside loops to
break loop execution based on some
condition
• continue: We can use continue statement to
skip current iteration and continue next
iteration.
• To print odd numbers in the range 0 to 9
• pass statement:pass is a keyword in Python.
• In our programming syntactically if block is
required which won't do anything then we can
define that empty block with pass keyword.
• pass
- It is an empty statement
- It is null statement
- It won't do anything
Write a program to accept some string from the
keyboard and display its characters by index
wise(both positive and negative index)
 len() in-built function
• We can use len() function to find the number
of characters present in the string.
• Eg: s='durga'
• print(len(s))
• O/p : 5
Write a program to access each character of
string in forward and backward direction by using
while loop?
Alternative ways:
 Removing spaces from the string
• We can use the following 3 methods
• rstrip()===>To remove spaces at right hand
side
• lstrip()===>To remove spaces at left hand side
• strip() ==>To remove spaces both sides
 Finding Substrings
• For forward direction:
find()

1. find(): Returns index of first occurrence of the

given substring. If it is not available then we
will get -1
s.find(substring)
• s="Learning Python is very easy“
• print(s.find("Python"))
• print(s.find("Java"))
• print(s.find("r"))
• Note: By default find() method can search
total string. We can also specify the
boundaries to search.
• s.find(substring,bEgin,end)
 Counting substring in the given String
• We can find the number of occurrences of
substring present in the given string by using
count() method.
• s.count(substring) ==> It will search through
out the string
• s.count(substring, bEgin, end) ===> It will
search from bEgin index to end-1 index
 Replacing a string with another string
• s.replace(oldstring,newstring)
• inside s, every occurrence of oldstring will be
replaced with newstring.
• s="Learning Python is very difficult"
s1=s.replace("difficult","easy")
print(s1)
Output: Learning Python is very easy
 Splitting of Strings
• We can split the given string according to
specified seperator by using split() method.
• l=s.split(seperator)
• The default seperator is space. The return
type of split() method is List
 Joining of Strings
• We can join a group of strings(list or tuple) wrt
the given seperator
• s=seperator.join(group of strings)
 Changing case of a String
• We can change case of a string by using the following 4
methods.
• upper()===>To convert all characters to upper case
• lower() ===>To convert all characters to lower case
• swapcase()===>converts all lower case characters to
upper case and all upper case characters to lower case
• title() ===>To convert all character to title case. i.e first
character in every word should be upper case and all
remaining characters should be in lower case.
• capitalize() ==>Only first character will be converted to
upper case and all remaining characters can be
converted to lower case
To check type of characters present in
a string
• Write a program to reverse the given String
• Program to reverse order of words.
Program to reverse internal content of
each word.
input: python is very easy
output : ysae yrev si nohtyp
• Write a program to print characters at odd
position and even position for the given
String?
• Program to merge characters of 2 strings into
a single string by taking characters
alternatively.
• Write a program to remove duplicate
characters from the given input string?
List Data Structure
• count(): returns the number of elements
present in the list

.index() :returns the index of first occurrence of

the specified item
• append() : We can use append() function to
add item at the end of the list
• insert() :To insert item at specified index
position
• extend(): To add all items of one list to
another list

remove() : We can use this function to remove

specified item from the list. If the item present
multiple times then only first occurrence will be
removed.
pop() : It removes and returns the last element
of the list. This is only function which
manipulates list and returns some element.
• reverse(): We can use to reverse() order of
elements of list.

sort() : In list by default insertion order is

preserved. If want to sort the elements of list
according to default natural sorting order then
we should go for sort() method.
• We can sort according to reverse of default
natural sorting order by using reverse=True
argument

clear() : We can use clear() function to remove all

elements of List
Tuple Data Structure
Tuple Data Structure
Set Data Structure
• pop():It removes and returns some random
element from the set
Dictionary Data Structure
Dictionary Data Structure
Important functions of dictionary:
Write a program to find number of occurrences
of each letter present in the given string?
Write a program to find number of occurrences
of each vowel present in the given string?
Write a program to accept student name and marks from the
keyboard and creates a dictionary. Also display student marks
by taking student name as input?
FUNCTIONS
 FUNCTIONS
• If a group of statements is repeatedly required
then it is not recommended to write these
statements every time separately.
• We have to define these statements as a single
unit and we can call that unit any number of
times based on our requirement without
rewriting. This unit is nothing but function.
• The main advantage of functions is code
Reusability.
• Note: In other languages functions are known as
methods,procedures,subroutines etc
 Python supports 2 types of functions :
1. Built in Functions
2. User Defined Functions
 Parameters

• Parameters are inputs to the function.

• If a function contains parameters, then at the
time of calling, compulsory we should provide
values otherwise, otherwise we will get error.
Write a function to take name of the student as
input and print wish message by name.

Write a function to take number as input and

print its square value
Return Statement
• Function can take input values as parameters
and executes business logic, and returns
output to the caller with return statement.
Write a function to accept 2 numbers as input
and return sum.

If we are not writing return statement then default return value is

None
Write a function to find factorial of
given number?
Returning multiple values from a
function
Types of arguments
Positional arguments
keyword arguments
Default Arguments
Variable length arguments
Types of Variables
 Anonymous Functions
• Sometimes we can declare a function without
any name,such type of nameless functions are
called anonymous functions or lambda
functions
• The main purpose of anonymous function is
just for instant use(i.e for one time usage)
 Program to Check Prime Number
num = 9

for i in range(2,num):
if num % i == 0:
print("Not Prime")
break
else:
print("Prime")
Program to Check Armstrong Number
# take input from the user
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

# initialize sum
sum = 0

# find the sum of the cube of each digit

temp = num
while temp > 0:
digit = temp % 10
sum += digit ** 3
temp //= 10

# display the result

if num == sum:
print(num,"is an Armstrong number")
else:
print(num,"is not an Armstrong number")