(Material) Safety Data Sheet

Issue Date: April 24, 2021 PURIFIED TEREPHTHALIC ACID

Supercedes: July 27, 2016

Section-1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE/PREPARATION

AND OF THE COMPANY/UNDERTAKING

1.1 Identification of the substance/preparation:

Commercial name: Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA)
Chemical name: 1-4 Benzene Di carboxylic Acid
Synonyms: Purified Terephthalic Acid
1.2 Use of the substance /preparation: Used in Polyester Filament Yarn /
Staple Fiber, Polyester Film, PET Resin, Unsaturated Polyester Resins
manufacturing.
1.3 MANUFACTURER & SUPPLIER: Reliance Industries Limited
Emergency Coordination Centre contact details:
Patalganga Mfg. Division SSM Office +91 2192-357600
MIDC,
PO: Patalganga, 410220
Dist: Raigad
Hazira Mfg. Division SSM Office +91 2614135050/+912614135056
Village Mora, +912616635050/+912616635056
Dist Surat, Gujarat, India
Dahej Mfg. Division SSM Office +91 2641 356021 /+91 2641 356022
Po Dahej 392130
Taluka: Vagra
Dist: Bharuch, Gujrat, India

SSM: Site Shift Manager

Section 2 – HAZARD IDENTIFICATION

2.1 Classification of the substance/preparation: Hazard class and

category code.
GHS Category:
Health Environmental Physical
Acute Toxicity Inhalation category: * Aquatic Toxicity – Flammable
Acute Toxicity Oral category: * Category- NA – Category
Acute Toxicity Dermal category: * NA
STOT - SE: Category 3 Respiratory tract irritation）
STOT – RE: Category 1 Respiratory tract irritation
Eye irritation: Category 2B
* Not sufficient for Classification.

NA: Not available.

Page 1 of 10
(Material) Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: April 24, 2021 PURIFIED TEREPHTHALIC ACID
Supercedes: July 27, 2016

GHS Category table for reference:

Study/hazard Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Category 5
statement
Acute Oral < 5 mg/kg > 5 < 50 mg/kg > 50 < 300 mg/kg > 300 < 2000 > 2000 <
LD50 Fatal if swallowed Fatal if swallowed Toxic if swallowed mg/kg 5000mg/kg
Harmful if May be harmful
swallowed if swallowed
Acute Dermal < 50 mg/kg > 50 < 200 mg/kg > 200 < 1000 > 1000 < 2000 > 2000 < 5000
LD50 Fatal in contact with Fatal in contact mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg May be
skin with skin Toxic in contact Harmful in contact harmful in
with skin with skin contact with skin
Acute See footnote
Inhalation below this table
Dust LC50 < 0.05 mg/L > 0.05 < 0.5 mg/L > 0.5 < 1.0 mg/L > 1.0 < 5 mg/L
Gases LC50 < 100 ppm/V > 100 < 500 ppm/V > 500 < 2500 >2500 < 20000
Vapours LC50 <0.5 mg/L >0.5 < 2.0 mg/L ppm/V ppm/V
Fatal if inhaled Fatal if inhaled > 2.0 < 10 mg/L > 10 < 20 mg/L
Toxic if inhaled Harmful if inhaled
Flammable Flash point < 23 Flash point < 23 Flash point > 23 Flash point > 60 Not Applicable
liquids degrees C and initial degrees C and degrees C< 60 degrees C < 93
boiling point < 35 initial boiling point degrees C. degrees C.
degrees C. Extremely > 35 degrees C. Flammable liquid Combustible liquid
flammable liquid and Highly flammable and vapour
vapour liquid and vapour
Note: Gases concentration are expressed in parts per million per volume (ppmV).
NOTE 1: Category 5 is for mixtures which are of relatively low acute toxicity but which under certain circumstances may pose
a hazard to vulnerable populations. These mixtures are anticipated to have an oral or dermal LD50 value in the range of
2000-5000 mg/kg bodyweight or equivalent dose for other routes of exposure. In light of animal welfare considerations,
testing in animals in Category 5 ranges is discouraged and should only be considered when there is a strong likelihood that
results of such testing would have a direct relevance for protecting human health.
NOTE 2: These values are designed to be used in the calculation of the ATE for classification of a mixture based on its
ingredients and do not represent test results. The values are conservatively set at the lower end of the range of Categories 1
and 2, and at a point approximately 1/10th from the lower end of the range for Categories 3 – 5.
GHS Category table for reference: Continued
Study/hazard Category 1 Category 2 Category 3
statement
Eye Irritation Effects on the cornea, iris or 2A: Effects on the cornea, iris or Not applicable
conjunctiva that are not expected to conjunctiva that fully reverse within 21
reverse or that have not fully days.
reversed within 21 days. Causes severe eye irritation.
Causes severe eye damage. 2B : Effects on the cornea, iris or
conjunctiva that fully reverse within 7
days.
Causes eye irritation.
Skin Irritation Destruction of skin tissue, with Mean value of >2.3 > 4.0 for erythema / Mean value of >1.5 < 2.3
sub categorization based on eschar or edema in at least 2 of 3 tested for erythema / eschar or
exposure of up to 3 minutes (A), 1 animals from gradings at 24, 48, and 72 edema in at least 2 of 3
hour (B), or 4 hours (C). hours (or on 3 consecutive days after tested animals from gradings
Causes severe skin burns and eye onset if reactions are delayed); at 24, 48, and 72 hours (or on 3
damage. inflammation that persists to end of the consecutive days after onset if
(normally 14-day) observation period. reactions are delayed).
Causes skin irritation. Causes mild skin irritation.
Environment: 96 hr LC50 (fish) <1 mg/L 48 hr 96 hr LC50 (fish) >1< 10 mg/L 48 hr 96 hr LC50 (fish) >10< 100
Acute Toxicity EC50 (crustacea) < 1 mg/L, 72/96 EC50 (crustacea) >1< 10 mg/L 72/96 hr mg/L 48 hr EC50 (crustacea)
Category hr ErC50 (aquatic plants) < 1 mg/L ErC50 (aquatic plants) >1< 10 mg/L >10< 100 mg/L 72/96 hr
Very toxic to aquatic life Toxic to aquatic life ErC50 (aquatic plants) >10<
100 mg/L
Harmful to aquatic life
Flammable Extremely flammable aerosol Flammable aerosol Not Applicable
Aerosol
Flammable Using the burning rate test, Using the burning rate test, substances Not Applicable
solids substances or mixtures other than or mixtures other than metal powders:
metal powders: (a) wetted zone does (a) wetted zone does not stop fire for at
not stop fire and least 4 minutes and (b) burning time <
(b) burning time < 45 seconds or 45 seconds or burning rate > 2.2
burning rate > 2.2 mm/second mm/second Using the burning rate test,
Using the burning rate test, metal metal powders that have burning time >
powders that have burning time < 5 5 < 10 minutes
minutes Flammable solid
Flammable solid
Flammable Gases, which at 20 degrees C and a Gases, other than those of category 1, Not Applicable
gases standard pressure of 101.3 kPA: which, at 20 degrees C and a standard
(a) are ignitable when in a mixture pressure of 101.3 kPA, have a
of 13% or less by volume in air; or flammable range while mixed in air.
(b) have a flammable range with air Flammable gas
of at least 12 percentage points
regardless of the lower flammable
limit.
Extremely flammable gas

Page 2 of 10
(Material) Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: April 24, 2021 PURIFIED TEREPHTHALIC ACID
Supercedes: July 27, 2016

GHS Label: GHS07 : Irritant , GHS08 : Systemic Health Hazards

Signal Word: Danger

Details of statements:

Hazard H335: May cause respiratory irritation (respiratory tract irritation)

Statements H372: Causes damage to organs (respiratory system)
H319: Causes serious eye irritation.
H315: Causes skin irritation.
H335: May cause respiratory irritation
Precautionary P 102: Keep out of reach of children.
Statement P 103: Read label before use.
Prevention P201: Obtain special instructions before use.
P202: Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.
P210: Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces* No smoking.
P 233: Keep container tightly closed.
P 240: Ground/bond container and receiving equipment.
P 241: Use explosion-proof electrical/ventilating/lighting/ equipment.
P 242: Use only non-sparking tools.
P 243: Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
P 260: Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray*.
P261: Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
P 264: Wash thoroughly after handling.
P 270: Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.
P271: Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.
P 280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection*.
P281: Use personal protective equipment as required.
Precautionary P312: Call a POISON CENTER/doctor/... / if you feel unwell.
Statement P314: Get medical advice/attention if you feel unwell.
Response P304+P340: IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for
breathing.
P305+P351+P338: IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P337+P313: If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention.
P403+P233: Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.
Precautionary P405: Store locked up.
Statement P403+P233: Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.
Storage
Precautionary Follow local regulation
Statement
Disposal
Ref: https://www.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/14-mhlw-2064e.html
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Terephthalic-acid#section=Safety-and-
Hazards

2.2 Information pertaining to particular dangers for human:

Dust is irritating to eyes, skin and respiratory organs.
2.3 Information pertaining to particular dangers for the environment: NA
2.4 Other adverse effects: Terephthalic acid dust, when finely divided and
suspended in air, is readily ignitable and produces explosions with high rates of
pressure rise.

Page 3 of 10
(Material) Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: April 24, 2021 PURIFIED TEREPHTHALIC ACID
Supercedes: July 27, 2016

Hazard ratings:
NFPA HAZARD CODES RATINGS SYSTEM
HEALTH: 1 0 = No Hazard
FLAMMABILITY: 1 1 = Slight Hazard
INSTABILITY: 0 2 = Moderate Hazard
3 = Serious Hazard
4 = Severe Hazard
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Terephthalic-acid#section=Hazard-
Classes-and-Categories

Route of entry:
Skin Contact Skin Absorption Eye Contact Inhalation Ingestion
Yes Yes Yes Yes (Dust) Yes
Ref: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7489

Section 3 – COMPOSITION & INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS

Ingredients / CAS No. EC No. Percentage

Hazardous
Purified
100-21-0 202-830-0 99.9% (wt.) min.
Terephthalic Acid

Section 4 – FIRST AID MEASURES

4.1 General advice

IMMEDIATE MEDICAL ATTENTION IS REQUIRED AFTER INHALATION OR
AFTER SWALLOWING.
In case of health troubles or doubts, seek medical advice immediately and show this
(Material) Safety Data Sheet.
4.2 Inhalation
Remove the person from the exposed area to fresh air immediately. Seek medical advice
immediately if adverse symptoms will appear.
4.3 Skin contact
Remove contaminated clothes and shoes immediately. Place contaminated clothes in bag.
Wash affected area with large amount of water until no evidence of substance remains (15-20
minutes). Seek medical advice immediately.
4.4 Eye contact
Remove contact lenses if used and irrigate exposed eyes with large amount water for at least
15 minutes. Keep eyelids open with the finger. Seek medical advice.
4.5 Swallowing
If swallowed wash mouth with water provided person is conscious. Do not induce vomiting. If
vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if
possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Seek medical advice
immediately.
4.6 Acute and Delayed Effects
Ingestion: Not known.
Inhalation exposure: Slight irritant.
Contact with skin: Redness.
Contact with eyes: Burning sensation, Redness of conjunctivae.
Sensitization: Substance may cause allergic reactions

Page 4 of 10
(Material) Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: April 24, 2021 PURIFIED TEREPHTHALIC ACID
Supercedes: July 27, 2016

Section 5 – FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES

5.1 Suitable extinguishing media

Foam, Dry Chemical Powder and CO2.
Fine spray of water can be used to cool containers and adjacent area to prevent
escalations.
5.2 Extinguishing media to be avoided: NA
5.3 Caution about specific danger in case of fire and fire-fighting
procedures
Dust may travel considerable far distances and cause subsequent ignition. Avoid
contamination with oxidizing agents. Prevent, by any means available, spillage from
entering drains or water channels.
Combustion products include: Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2), other
pyrolysis products typical of burning organic material. May emit irritant fumes.
5.4 Special protective equipment for fire fighters
Wear Full protective 3-layer IFR clothing and Self-contained Breathing apparatus.

Section 6 –ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES

6.1 Person-related safety precautions

Isolate hazard area. Evacuate all unauthorized personnel not participating in rescue
operations from the area. Avoid entry into danger area.
6.2 Precautions for protection of the environment
Prevent from further spill of substance.
6.3 Recommended methods for cleaning and disposal
Sweep up and place in clean, covered steel drums for disposal. Caution: avoid
creating dust clouds during cleanup activity. Never use compressed air to clean up
terephthalic acid due to the risk of explosion. Dispose off under valid legal waste
regulations. Bury on an authorized landfill site or incinerate under approved
controlled conditions.

Section 7 –HANDLING AND STORAGE

7.1 Information for safe handling

Take precautionary measures against static discharges. Wear recommended personal
protective equipment and observe instructions to prevent possible contact of
substance with skin and eyes and inhalation. Avoid spill to environment. Dust
explosion may take place, avoid dust generation. Use inert gas for conveying system.
7.2 Information for storage
Store in cool, indoor well-ventilated place with effective exhaust and in relatively dark
conditions, away from heat, direct sunlight and all sources of ignition. Store in
tightly sealed FIBCs / Bags / Silos and protect them from damage. Blanket Silos with
nitrogen before filling (due to explosion hazard from dust). Maintain good
housekeeping standards by using industrial grade vacuum cleaners to prevent PTA
powder accumulation and eliminate risk of dust explosion. Do not store more than
two bags in a stack. Recommended shelf life 6 months subject to storage as
prescribed. Beyond expiry of 6 months, product to be re-analysed and used in
blending after consultation with Reliance Industries Limited.

Page 5 of 10
(Material) Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: April 24, 2021 PURIFIED TEREPHTHALIC ACID
Supercedes: July 27, 2016

7.3 Information for specific use

Not applicable.

Section 8 –EXPOSURE CONTROL & PERSONAL PROTECTION

8.1 Occupational Exposure Limits:

Material Source Type ppm mg/m3 Notation

Purified ACGIH TWA NA 10

Terephthalic Acid
ACGIH STEL NA
ACGIH SKIN_DES TWA NA
NIOSH IDLH NA
OSHA TWA NA
OSHA STEL NA
NA: Data not available,

8.2 Occupational exposure controls

Collective protection measures: General and local ventilation, effective exhaust.
Individual protection measures: Personal protective equipment (PPE) for the
protection of eyes, hands and skin corresponding with the performed labour
has to be kept at disposition for the employees. In the case of continuous use
of this equipment during constant work, safety breaks have to be scheduled, if
the PPE-character requires this. All PPE have to be kept in disposable state and
the damaged or contaminated equipment has to be replaced immediately.
RECOMMENDED PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE):
HANDS EYES BODY RESPIRATORY

Respiratory protection: If the exposure limit is exceeded and engineering controls are not
feasible, wear a supplied air, full-face piece respirator, airline hood, or full-face piece self-
contained breathing apparatus.
Eye protection: Use chemical safety goggles and/or a full face shield where splashing is
possible. Maintain eyewash fountain and quick-drench facilities in work area.
Hand protection: Wear gloves of impervious material.
Body protection: Wear impervious protective clothing, including boots, gloves, apron or
coveralls, as appropriate, to prevent skin contact
Hygiene Measures: Wash hands, forearms and face thoroughly after handling. Appropriate
techniques should be used to remove potentially contaminated clothing. Wash contaminated
clothing before reusing. Ensure that eyewash stations and safety showers are close to the
workstation location.

8.3 Environmental exposure controls

Proceed in accordance with valid air and water legislative regulations.
Engineering measures: Use only with adequate ventilation. If user operations generate
dust, fumes, vapor or mist, use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation or other
engineering controls to keep worker exposure to airborne contaminants below any
recommended limits. The engineering controls also need to keep vapor or dust concentrations
below any lower explosive limits. Use explosion-proof ventilation equipment.

Page 6 of 10
(Material) Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: April 24, 2021 PURIFIED TEREPHTHALIC ACID
Supercedes: July 27, 2016

Section 9 –PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Appearance White Crystalline Powder

Odour Odorless
Solubility in water Insoluble
Relative Density (H2O=1) @ 20°C 1.51
Melting Point °C 300°C (Sublimes)
Relative Vapour Density (Air=1) NA
Flash point °C 260°C (open cup)
Auto ignition °C 650.5 °C (Dust)
Vapour pressure 0.5 mm Hg @ 120 oC
Octanol/water partition coefficient log Kow 2.00
% volatile None
Lower Explosive Limit 0.04 oz/cu. ft (Dust)
Ref: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7489 and Licensor Data

Section 10 –CHEMICAL STABILITY AND REACTIVITY INFORMATION

10.1 Conditions to avoid

Heat or fire, Dust generation.
10.2 Material to avoid
May react with strong oxidizers such as chlorine or permanganates and may form
explosive compounds when exposed to nitric acid.
10.3 Hazardous decomposition products
When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
Compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, including carbon monoxide and other
toxic gases. The exact composition will depend on the causes and conditions of
decomposition.
10.4 Polymerization: NA.

Section 11 –TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION

11.1 Acute effects

Acute toxicity data:
Parameter Route Species Values Exposure period
LD50 Oral Rat 1960 mg/kg Not applicable
LD50 Dermal Rat >2000 mg/kg Not applicable
LD50 Inhalation Rat >2.02 mg/L 2 Hr
Data reference: Ref: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7489

11.2 Repeated dose toxicity

Chronic effects cause irritation by dust
11.3 Sensitisation
Dust may cause skin & eye irritation.
11.4 CMR effects (carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, toxicity for
reproduction)
Not a carcinogen or a mutagen
11.5 Toxicokinetics, metabolism, distribution : NA

Page 7 of 10
(Material) Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: April 24, 2021 PURIFIED TEREPHTHALIC ACID
Supercedes: July 27, 2016

Section 12 –ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION

12.1 Ecotoxicity data:

Parameter Route Species Values Exposure Condition of
period bioassay
LC50 Tetra 800 mg/L 24 hours static, 30 deg C
Inhalation hymena
pyriformis
(Ciliate)
Data reference: Ref: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7489

12.2 Mobility:
High mobility in soil.
12.3 Persistence and degradability: Substance is biodegradable
12.4 Bioaccumulative potential: Low
12.5 Results of PBT assessment Persistence and Degradation: NA
12.6 Other adverse effects
Environmental Fate: NA.

Section 13– DISPOSAL CONSIDERATION

Local Legislation: Disposal should be in accordance with applicable regional,

national, and local laws and regulations. This product should not be dumped, spilled,
rinsed or washed into sewers or public waterways.
13.1 Recommended disposal methods for the substance / preparation
Product reuse or disposal in accordance with valid waste legislative regulations. Bury
on an authorized landfill site or incinerate under approved controlled conditions.
13.2 Recommended disposal methods for contaminated packaging
Product is transported in vehicles. Bury on an authorized landfill site or incinerate
under approved controlled conditions.
13.3 Waste management measures that control exposure of humans and
environment
Proceed in accordance with valid health, air and water legislative regulations.
13.4 Waste regulation
Follow local regulation.

Section 14– TRANSPORT INFORMATION

International Transport Regulation:

ADR/RID (Road/Rail), IMDG (Sea) and ICAO/IATA (Air)
The product is not regulated
14.1
Proper Shipping Name: Not classified
Hazard Class: Not classified
UN Number: Not classified
14.2 Special transport precautionary measures
Not applicable.

Page 8 of 10
(Material) Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: April 24, 2021 PURIFIED TEREPHTHALIC ACID
Supercedes: July 27, 2016

Section 15– REGULATORY INFORMATION

(M)SDS format on a 16 Section based on guidance provided in:

Indian Regulation:
Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rule, 1989.
The Factories Act 1948

International Regulations:
European SDS Directive
ANSI MSDS Standard
ISO 11014-1 1994
WHMIS Requirements
United States
Hazard Communication Standard
Canada
Hazardous Products Act and Controlled Products Regulations
Europe
Dangerous Substance and Preparations Directives
Australia
National Model Regulations for the Control of Workplace Hazardous Substances

The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of

Chemicals endorsed by The UN Economic and Social Council

* Risk phrases: R36/37/38: Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin

*Safety phrases: S7: Keep container tightly closed; S33: Take precautionary measures
against static discharges; S15: Keep away from heat; S23: Do not breathe
gas/fumes/vapor/spray

*These standard risk and safety phrases for use when interpreting (Material) Safety
data Sheets are derived from the European Union Regulation, CHIP Regulations -
Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply). They are required to be
used in (Materials) Safety Data Sheets to identify potential hazards and offer safe
handling advice.

Section 16 – OTHER INFORMATION

Training instructions
Personnel handling the product has to be acquainted demonstrably with its
hazardous properties, with health and environmental protection principles related to
the product and first aid principles.
Tremcard details/Reference: Refer Section 14
Local bodies involved (Applicable only with in India): Local District Authority and
Local Crisis Group

Page 9 of 10
(Material) Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: April 24, 2021 PURIFIED TEREPHTHALIC ACID
Supercedes: July 27, 2016

(M)SDS Revision Status:

Date of Revision Revised Sections Supercedes
Sep. 01, 2009 Format revised Feb. 01, 2008
Sep. 01, 2011 Section 4 (4.3) Sep. 01, 2009
Aug. 01, 2013 Section 2 NFPA Hazard statement Sep. 01, 2011
July 27,2016 Section 1.3,2.1,2.4,11.1,12.1,12.2 Aug. 01, 2013
April 24, 2021 Section 1.3, 2.1, 2.4, 4, 5, 6.3, 7.2, July 27,2016
9, 10, 15

This MSDS is issued by Patalganga, Hazira and Dahej Manufacturing

Divisions, Reliance Industries Limited.

Contact Details: For any enquiry/comment regarding this Material

Safety Data Sheet, kindly contact the Patalganga SSM Office - +91-2192-
357600 ; Hazira SSM Office - +91 2614135050/+912614135056
([email protected]) or Dahej SSM Office - +91 2641 356021
([email protected])

Disclaimer:
Reliance Industries Ltd, believes that the information and recommendations
contained herein (including data and statements) are accurate as of the date hereof.
NO WARRANTY OF FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE, WARRANTY OF
MERCHANTABILITY, OR ANY OTHER WARRANTY, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED,
IS MADE CONCERNING THE INFORMATION PROVIDED HEREIN.
The information provided herein relates only to the specific product designated and
may not be applicable where such product is used in combination with any other
materials or in any process. Company will not take any warrantee if this product is
used in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. Further, since the conditions and
methods of use are beyond the control of RIL, expressly disclaims any and all liability
as to any results obtained or arising from any use of the product or reliance on such
information.

End of (M) SDS

Page 10 of 10